ebvisvenn Sac pie errces RTS, Ms Sa aPous seca process ten itne as aS - HEBER atone Sunwear? HARVARD UNIVERSITY e Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology a i el a eo - 3 an a prc Prileitidnss Meevk miphadiiy, \aiul Mig: WE MAC iealarsran hy yen ad ala alesis eee i) Pali the Merisiinge fhirrrtisanets | / ot vet wipel Tene ae” a ij Naa! fimaeh Vieitinech OL » Gy amines | ies i biew 2 oem Begun in 1895 VOLUME 113, NUMBER 354 APRIL 20, 1998 Neogene Paleontology in the Northern Dominican Republic 18. The Superfamily Volutacea (in part) (Mollusca: Gastropoda) by Emily H. Vokes Paleontological Research Institution 1259 Trumansburg Road Ithaca, New York, 14850 U.S.A. wen 3 Be) SE Bete ias se Wit ote r: -4 Me PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION Officers PRESIDENT ete cocks cabs caenvetiys cotter eaeeie rokeeee CONSTANCE M. SOJA Bu RRS TOV IEE-PRESIDENT: ce 3 = ee eae tel nicntaceniepaere aero nee DONALD L. WOLBERG Sa SECONDS VICESPRESIDENT jo.c -\inti: seiectes Socio See cre eee een SHIRLEY K. EGAN SECRETARY: . vay ctece-cial cle tecteys eraad Gene eye iret epee a ah evi oe reas Oreos HENRY W. THEISEN PIRBASURER US Arsrscd seis cock ee see Be Stee RIS oe aeatratendens HOWARD P. HARTNETT TOTREG TOR srr si.d ote esis sci: eae aetna long oven thea aye uel ater aey oragete WARREN D. ALLMON Trustees CARLTON E. BreEtTT (to 6/30/98) MEGAN D. SHAY (to 6/30/99) WILLIAM L. CREPET (to 6/30/00) CONSTANCE M. Soja (to 6/30/97) J. THOMAS DuTRO, JR. (to 6/30/99) JOHN C. STEINMETZ (to 6/30/97) SHIRLEY K. EGAN (to 6/30/98) PETER B. STIFEL (to 6/30/00) M. G. HARASEWYCH (to 6/30/98) HENRY W. THEISEN (to 6/30/98) HowarD P. HARTNETT (to 6/30/99) Mary KANE TROCHIM (to 6/30/98) HARRY G. LEE (to 6/30/00) GREGORY P. WAHLMAN (to 6/30/99) Amy R. McCCUNE (to 6/30/00) THOMAS C. WHITELEY (to 6/30/00) SAMUEL T. PEES (to 6/30/98) DONALD L. WOLBERG (to 6/30/99) EDWARD B. Picou (to 6/30/98) Trustees Emeritus HARRY A. LEFFINGWELL ROBERT M. LINSLEY JAMES E. SORAUF RAYMOND VAN HOUTTE WILLIAM P. S. VENTRESS BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY and PALAEONTOGRAPHICA AMERICANA IWARRENMID SS ATEEMON: yor cio settee ok tec tnas ered Rie onn Oe Ee eee EDITOR Reviewers for this issue Peter Jung Gary Rosenberg A list of titles in both series, and available numbers and volumes may be had on request. Volumes 1—23 of Bulletins of American Paleontology are available from Periodicals Service Company, 11 Main St., Germantown, New York 12526 USA. Volume | of Palaeontographica Americana has been reprinted by Johnson Reprint Corporation, 111 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10003 USA. Subscriptions to Bulletins of American Paleontology may be started at any time, by volume or year. Current price is US $67.50 per volume. Numbers of Palaeontographica Americana are priced individually, and are invoiced separately on request. for additional information, write or call: Paleontological Research Institution 1259 Trumansburg Road Ithaca, NY 14850 USA (607) 273-6623 FAX (607) 273-6620 © This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). i LIBRARY ILUME 113, NUMBER 354 APRIL 20, 1998 Neogene Paleontology in the Northern Dominican Republic 18. The Superfamily Volutacea (in part) (Mollusca: Gastropoda) by Emily H. Vokes Paleontological Research Institution 1259 Trumansburg Road Ithaca, New York, 14850 U.S.A. a ee ISSN 0007-5779 ISBN 0-87710-445-X Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97-75708 This publication is supported in part by a Corporate Membership from Exxon Exploration Company Printed in the United States of America Allen Press, Inc. Lawrence, KS 66044 U.S.A. CONTENTS Page NGS cant 6 Gudlin Sie 6.8 Saas Cea oes teio) unre iO sa icin OO. OLceeat OE ORORn eRe Ol EEG Oke Baoan nenans Stcapaere tO dio ncl seth, Ce TeIE LEAT ORS aie eMeeaeT ehh cis IRS No Fay 8 5 cio chG.o Cre cLOIerD cue coke ene Ose crcl heh O Rta mre opeolch TR RORaEcey Geminis clinica tive, pockc mero, ture ion ens ue Coenen i cecrcmereAiet cS. a 5 INTL ERo vs [efw to) hy 4. SB cates ac comet ere ba cn ee cha PAR ORE G DG er oEA cl Cove cg EAGT Old mi © CroRC OAc otc Pari oe ROnCR CRORE eemera oy Hen eee. Se ce rea 5 J NESTON UES Ta SUS oe 05 1S. BE Oe Pier E DO OSORNO ET Oe ARE, CLOT Sea cobere ayn 6 a cickeno kt ERG n Onat a OR ORCR Ee e-em era cea ence. D 6 spp eletlalhy 5.00 Boa did Soe o.oo PON Iae Cod ba aon om moar diobin cicurare © clalod ofc ae omeoie auneen Oe er ere Oo Sacto 1 PALEY gacogco Rae GODSDSOCHSMIN DOOD RECOM U SO SU ON DUDS UD OA OHOB ESR HOODEO DO DOOD DDE DOCOO DEH OOsunOU dos 7 Systematic Paleontology IMMA. sac es bohss Sr Seee Seat moes AS Ome e MEO Om eo Ow Gow cna a moo cdc ayes cnn Bane Chane Sects Gee € 7 PADDLE Via HONS aL OlstN CP OSILOLICS wessgecer were cet oat eles h ear ileti= etic eee esau Micte MeN serac Manner sn meson cee etek creein ep eerie era Se eacely = fe ecto eos surfers aes 7 Systematics ITNT WCE CER ent ot etnsd Gus S cyeus, Bite bad ol Okbenu din tad Gen abo ae aennre Dic cl ataadanle & SeMNOUN pin Gia crop ny Gob cube emcoime 6 dee oie ote 8 STATIK) Soyo) SUITES 5 es cine a os beep o Simrolo-n lee nlawhan! caved Gaoitichcdorene elo ISyoyonaMA oracle clo OOO Ooo oes Berea oe 8 SHEA (LYGOIIS: « S56, She dis Bdsm diSkole soll oh Glew Hf ao.on Mead cen oo nine Mood oe Rub Sean OU Rend Gon eb eee 9 REMAN his EPO) Eee 6 Gi cxer 6 Ale losng Bis. ced Dun Geos nee aio ttceenclln COLONES Cec tyeiipenings Oasis CaO einen herd 0 erin ocho GinU Ginn ao ace mele dood 13 DO LarUly a Elan in acer ae ma eae eee rene eso Tete) cleric ovis ier elias titers cievienlcnie fexetts: Suismeuceomahe’ eet feitsueutcMer(s et eyes cuimusereriegiemens feast 13 Shea EUS Z NG ei TETIN Gots ocala iS aeioncle eietlo. 5, plier Bah Syome nib o a bio Reborn 6 Picci Bichon cnc bth cud. See Gunns ce EIS Reg Eo OS tiem O28 14 Fan S) IMAGES soos ano vopdiea det odo oot ende ose Gh onove SH odEeDapoboD RC So Sb ob onDonotoeaoodeosen 20 SU Dian VRRULDINeGInac Ieete meer trae ate ote: ecane cel acne Semen ee msn demet stra nacre saa ale eenieelan settagie tthe ence sed urtioe sateen here tt Re women 20 SMM ky WEST NG 5 2a a catia o omidhe clin wo to eua licololo Abr SIG c Gyoleno-O log cfd Old oma Old c Old. OisIGIDS C1DIO 010 DIDID O'S OlOrOLolo Gi0,6 S'6:0 25 J \openteine SHIGE ay Leer SAIDELA, Geen cobb bcknags cope oncdnoD bocbs cts oo pebo cu oD DRO OnDOaboOomooGm oO oDOD ec 31 I ROR MES (Chil . oto wie eierotavendhn EBlous Gotan Ones IOUS laya oop pass eae are emer itinlea toll cmche te tase aio o-aNainnG inked Gr acbiolnn -tecmensnGye oraorn 32 IFIBUES. 6.6 cvc.g bis. DS .coare eid Ho Bio Ser SIS ho 8.6 piaClon ie.0 Home artes Member Dol pho pmo oD. Es Choe ooo Pow coe UD 39 INGGSS. s.c.00 & ofoB-ee oid Sonar aie Gtotd io is -cucvend I is enoreat yaa eine ieiodeec ewes Intent tol States Siraioin rr cae hh butt Ae oe uewA Po is 8 ods peste sneer s cce b 50 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Text-figure Page 1. Locality map for the sections measured and described by Saunders et al. (1986) .~.. 2.2... ee ee ee ee eee 6 NEOGENE PALEONTOLOGY IN THE NORTHERN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 18. THE SUPERFAMILY VOLUTACEA (IN PART) (MOLLUSCA:GASTROPODA) Emity H. VOKES Department of Geology Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70118, USA ABSTRACT This study concerns a group of taxa formerly included in the Superfamily Volutacea, most characterized by the presence of columellar plications. In all there are 19 species, divided among eight genus-group taxa. Numerically, the largest genera are Vasum, with six species, and Turbinella, with four species. The other groups include only a few species each: Scaphella s.s.— 1; Lyria s.s.—3; Lyria (Enaeta)—1; Harpa—1; Morum s.s.—1; and Morum (Oniscidia)—2. Only one species, Scaphella (Sca- phella) striata (Gabb), occurs in beds of the Gurabo Formation that represent deep-water deposition. All others occur in shallow- water beds, often in association with coralline facies. The shallow-water portion of the Gurabo Formation contains the largest number of species, 11 in all; however, only two are confined to these beds, the others also occur in the other shallow-water formations as well. The stratigraphically older Baitoa Formation contains seven species, of which five are endemic (three certain and two presumed to be from the same unit). Although the Mao Formation is generally representative of extremely deep-water deposition, five species occur in gravity-flow deposits of shallow material into the deeper beds. Fourteen of the species were described from the Dominican Republic by Sowerby, Gabb, and others; two are new to the fauna (one known previously only from the Chipola Formation, and one known previously only from the Recent of the Caribbean); and three are new species: Lyria gabbi, from the Baitoa Formation; Turbinella pilsbryi, from unnamed beds of Cercado age; and T. praetextilis, from the shallow-water Gurabo Formation. RESUMEN Este estudio trata un grupo de taxa previamente incluidos en la Superfamilia Volutacea, caracterizada principalmente por la presencia de pliegues columelares. En total hay 19 especies, divididas en ocho taxa al nivel genérico. Los géneros con mas numero de especies son Vasum, con seis especies, y Turbinella, con cuatro especies. Los otros géneros incluyen solamente unas pocas especies cada uno: Scaphella s.s.—1; Lyria s.s—3,; Lyria (Enaeta)—1; Harpa—1; Morum s.s.—1; Morum (Oniscidia)—2. Solamente una especies, Scaphella (Scaphella) striata (Gabb), ocurre en los estratos de la Formacion Gurabo representativa de deposiciones de aguas profundas. Todas las otras ocurren en estratos de aguas bajas, con frecuencia en asociacion con faces coralinas. La porci6n de aguas bajas de la Formaci6n Gurabo contiene la mayoria de las especies, 11 en total; sin embargo, solamente dos se limitan a estos estratos, las otros también ocurren en las otras formaciénes. La Formaci6n Baitoa, estratigrafi- camente mas antigua, contiene siete especies, de las cuales cinco son endémicas (tres con certeza y dos que se presume sean de la misma unidad). Aunque la Formaci6n Mao generalmente representa deposiciones de aguas extremadamente profundas, se encuentran alli cinco especies en depositos de material de aguas bajas en estratos mas profundos debido a corrientes de gravedad. Catorce de estas especies fueron descritas como provenientes de la Repiblica Dominicana por Sowerby, Gabb, y otros; dos son nuevas a la fauna (una previamente conocida s6lo de la Formacién Chipola, y otra previamente conocida solo del Reciente del Caribe); y tres son especies nuevas: Lyria gabbi, de la Formacién Baitoa; Turbinella pilsbryi, de estratos sin nombre de la edad de Cercado; y T. praetextilis, de las aguas bajas de la Formaci6n Gurabo. INTRODUCTION The paleontology of the northern Dominican Re- public has been the subject of a number of papers, beginning with G.B. Sowerby’s (1850) study of the material collected by T.S. Heneken, a British Army officer. This was followed by W.M. Gabb (1873), whose material was reworked by Pilsbry and Johnson (1917), who named certain of his undescribed mate- rial; later Pilsbry (1922) illustrated most of the Gabb Collection. In 1916 Carlotta Maury mounted an ex- pedition to the Dominican Republic, which resulted in the publication of the most complete study (1917) of the stratigraphy and paleontology up to the present se- ries. Beginning in 1976, Harold E. Vokes and I spent a considerable amount of time (some seven months in all) collecting the Dominican fossil fauna. Shortly thereafter, in 1978, Peter Jung and John Saunders, of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, embarked upon their major assault on the stratigraphy of this enticing area. Soon we combined forces and the results of this collaboration now have been documented in a series of publications, the first being Saunders er al. (1986), wherein the framework of the stratigraphy, measured 6 BULLETIN 354 9 10 20km 4 Rio Cana 2 Rio Gurabo 3 Rio Mao 4 Rio Amina 5 Cafada Zalaya 6 Rio Yaque del Norte 7 City of Santiago 8 Arroyo Punal 9 Rio Verde (4 Upper Cenozoic | Oligocene - Early Miocene ? Mesozoic {>> SANTIAGO JANICO .", °°". Text-figure 1.—Locality map for the sections measured and described by Saunders er al. (1986). The TU collections were made in these same areas but in intervening areas, also. See Appendix 4 of that work for a complete description of all Tulane localities. sections (see Text-fig. 1), and maps of all collecting localities, including those of the Maury 1916 expedi- tion, the United States Geological Survey’s 1919 ex- pedition (shown as USGS), the Basel team (shown as NMB) and the Vokes’s collections (shown as TU). The history and philosophy of all of these various collecting ventures has been discussed at length in a study of the Dominican Muricidae (Vokes, 1989), and they will not be repeated here. The reader is referred to Saunders er al. (1986) for detailed information on the various localities mentioned in the text below. One of the principal purposes of our original field work in the Dominican Republic was to localize, geo- graphically and stratigraphically, the many species originally described as coming from simply ‘‘Santo Domingo.” In most cases we believe that we can now say with a fair degree of certainty a given species was originally collected at a particular locality. Therefore, where there was no type locality mentioned by the original author, I have restricted the type locality to a Tulane locality number. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As a small part of a much larger project, it would be impossible to single out everyone who has provided assistance in some way during the years we were col- lecting in the Dominican Republic. In addition, parts of this particular study long precede the Dominican Project (Turbinella: Vokes, 1964; Vasum: Vokes, 1966; Lyria: Hoerle and Vokes, 1978) and my grati- tude to persons who provided specimens and other as- sistance for these previous studies must be carried for- ward to the present. Certainly, principal among the “pre-Dominican Project’ help would be the late L.R. Cox, British Museum (Natural History) (now the Nat- ural History Museum, London), who provided photo- graphs of the Heneken material, many of which are used in this paper for the first time, and Horace G. Richards, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, who loaned many Vasum specimens from the Gabb Collection. In a more recent time frame, deepest gratitude is extended to Peter Jung and John Saunders, Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, who collected much of the material studied, and in particular, who origi- nally located the Arroyo Hondo and Lopez localities that are assumed to be the source of much of Gabb’s material. To the more current personnel at the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (Gary Rosen- berg, David G. Robinson, Elena Benamy), the United States National Museum of Natural History (Thomas R. Waller, Warren Blow, the late Joseph Rosewater), the Paleontological Research Institution (Warren D. Allmon), and the Natural History Museum, London (Patrick Nuttall, L.R.M. Cocks, Paul Jeffery), I am grateful for the loan of specimens, hospitality in their institutions, and other less tangible means of assis- DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES 7 tance. Alan G. Beu, New Zealand Institute of Geolog- ical and Nuclear Sciences, was most helpful with the Moruminae. Eugenio de Jesus Marcano, Santo Domin- go, Dominican Republic, provided locality information and fossil specimens from his personal collection. Em- ilio Garcia, Lafayette, Louisiana, and Kevan and Linda Sunderland, Sunrise, Florida, kindly loaned or donated comparative Recent material. And last, but far from least, I must acknowledge the people of the Cibao Val- ley, Dominican Republic, who helped collect so much of the material in this study. BIOSTRATIGRAPHY The Neogene strata in the northern Dominican Re- public have been covered extensively in the previous studies and a brief summary will suffice here. The ear- liest beds are those of the Baitoa Formation, which occur only in the vicinity of the type locality, where they rest upon the upturned strata of the Oligocene Tabera Formation (see Vokes, 1979, text-fig. 2; Saun- ders et al., 1986, text-fig. 28). On the basis of the ostracode fauna, Bold (1988, p. 11), has dated the Bai- toa Formation as Neogene Zones N.7—10, or upper Lower Miocene. The Baitoa was deposited in shallow water with gravel and coral boulders mixed in with the mollusks (see Vokes, 1979, text-fig. 1). Elsewhere the basal beds of the Neogene consist of the Bulla Conglomerate, resting unconformably upon the Mesozoic basement, and containing large granitic boulders that mark the shoreline of the Late Miocene marine transgression. The Bulla Conglomerate rapidly grades upward into a marine facies known as the Cer- cado Formation, which is clearly very shallow water, with smaller boulders mixed in among the beautifully preserved molluscan shells. Gradually, as one moves both away from the shore- line and up in time, the faunas indicate deepening wa- ter. These deeper beds have been named the Gurabo Formation. The nature of these two ‘‘formations”’ has been the subject of much discussion, and it is my con- clusion that there are two distinct lithologic units in- volved, the Cercado being a coarse, highly fossilifer- ous sand and the Gurabo a fine siltstone, with scattered fossils. The contact is indeed gradational and there is some debate as to where the exact break should be placed. Nevertheless, at most localities there is no doubt as to whether one is in the Cercado or the Gur- abo facies. The time-line between the Late Miocene and the Early Pliocene has been placed by Saunders et al. (1986, p. 19) at the point where the Gurabo For- mation shows a marked deepening, which they attrib- ute to a rise in sea-level at the onset of the Pliocene. Through the Early Pliocene the waters continue to deepen until the Gurabo Formation gradually is re- placed by the even younger (Upper Pliocene) and much deeper-water Mao Formation. In the uppermost beds of the Mao Formation there is a mélange of grav- ity slumps with shallow-water mollusks and gravel, signaling the beginning of the uplift that has brought all of these strata to a position several hundred meters above sea level today. PALEOECOLOGY On the basis of the muricid fauna, by analogy with closely related living forms, Vokes (1989, p. 21) de- termined that the Baitoa and the Cercado formations were deposited in water depths of 0 to 20 meters, and the shallower portions of the Gurabo Formation, in- cluding the coralline beds, in depths of about 20 to 50 meters. The moderately deep portions of the Gurabo Formation were deposited in depths of 50 to 150 me- ters, and the deepest portions of the Gurabo in 150 to 350 meters. The Mao Formation is thought, on the basis of planktic foraminifera, to have been deposited in water depths exceeding 350 meters. The mollusks in the present study agree with this previous assess- ment. SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY INTRODUCTION In the various genera presented in this study we are hampered by the fact that the majority of the species may not have closely related living relatives either in the western Atlantic, or anywhere else. The most sim- ilar appearing species often prove to be only distantly related and so the inferences about ecologic conditions are largely guesswork. Nevertheless, there is a certain amount of information that may be extrapolated from the living faunas. The synonymies presented here are as complete as possible and comparisons have been sought where they may be found. The only terms that might be con- fusing to the reader are ‘‘non,”” which implies a senior homonym that preoccupies the taxon in question, vs. ‘not,’ which refers to a misidentification on the part of the author being cited. In addition to the bibliographic references the orig- inal description is also included, as the wording given by the original author provides a special insight into the understanding of the species as originally con- ceived. Although many species have been provided with new descriptions, in some cases I do not feel that the work of a previous author can be improved upon and so these are provided instead of a new description. Repository Abbreviations ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, PA, USA 8 BULLETIN 354 Natural History Museum [British Museum (Natural History)], London, England, UK MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA NMB Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzer- land PRI Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY, USA AU) Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA USNM _ United States National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA SYSTEMATICS Superfamily VOLUTACEA Rafinesque, 1815 Remarks.—Although the Superfamily Volutacea has been subsumed into a larger group entitled “‘Super- family Muricoidea” by Ponder and Warén (1988, p. 304), the Volutacea, originally proposed for those gen- era possessing columellar plications, is still a useful concept. The present study comprises a number of nu- merically small families, once included in the Volu- tacea, which are not being treated in other monographs in this series (e.g., Olividae, Marginellidae, Mitridae). Once also considered a part of the Volutacea, the Fam- ily Cancellariidae is now the sole family in the super- family Cancellarioidea and already has been mono- graphed by Jung and Petit (1990). Family VOLUTIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 Subfamily SCAPHELLINAE Adams and Adams, 1858 Genus SCAPHELLA Swainson, 1832 Scaphella Swainson, 1832, pl. 87. Type species.—Voluta junonia Lamarck, 1804, by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847. Maculopeplum Dall, 1906a, p. 143. Type species.—Voluta junonia Lamarck, 1804, by original designation. Clenchina Pilsbry and Olsson, 1953, p. 4. Type species.—Voluta dohrni Sowerby, 1903, by original designation. Subgenus SCAPHELLA s:s. Remarks.—Although Clench (1946, p. 55) placed Voluta dohrni Sowerby, 1903, and V. gouldiana Dall, 1887, in the subgenus Scaphella (Aurinia) Adams and Adams, 1853, in a subsequent study of the radulae of the American volutes, Pilsbry and Olsson (1953) sep- arated these species into a new subgenus they named Clenchina (type species: V. dohrni). Abbott (1974, p. 244) accepted the subgenus Clenchina but placed V. dohrni (and several other taxa) in the synonymy of V. gouldiana. Emerson and Old (1979, p. 11) accepted Abbott’s synonymy of the various species but placed Clenchina in the synonymy of Scaphella s.s, stating that the supposed radular differences between Sca- phella, with a central radular tooth having no small basal cusps, and Clenchina, with the central radular tooth having minute accessory cusps, were so minor that “the genus-group Clenchina is of questionable taxonomic value.” There seems little doubt that Emerson and Old are correct in their evaluation of Clenchina, but I cannot accept the synonymy of S. dohrni and S. gouldiana. All of the other taxa that have been assigned to the genus Scaphella and/or Clenchina are marked by spi- ral rows of intense brown dots; only S. gouldiana lacks these dots, although it may sometimes develop faint spiral bands (see Clench, 1946, pl. 30, fig. 3; Abbott, 1974, pl. 10, fig. 2663; Abbott and Dance, 1982, p. 224). The overall shell morphology is similar, with both species developing strong nodes at the shoulder for the first few teleoconch whorls, but S. dohrni is a more elongate shell. Both S. dohrni and S. florida (Clench and Aguayo, 1940), which has the greatest morphological resemblance to S. gouldiana, have three or four strong columellar plications but S. gouldiana has only two weak plicae in the adult shell. Therefore, I consider S. gouldiana to be a valid spe- cies, assigned to the subgenus Scaphella s.s. This is relevant to the Dominican fauna because the single species of volute present is extremely close to S. goul- diana. Scaphella (Scaphella) striata (Gabb, 1873) Plate 1, figure | Scapha striata Gabb, 1873, p. 219; Guppy, 1876, p. 528. Scaphella (Aurinia?) striata (Gabb). Dall, 1890, p. 88. Aurinia striata (Gabb). Pilsbry, 1922, p. 339, pl. 22, fig. 9 (lecto- type); Ramirez, 1950, p. 25, pl. 3, fig. 9; 1956, p. 12. Diagnosis.—Elongate Scaphella with about 20—25 markedly pinched axial nodes per whorl at shoulder of third to fifth whorls; two strong columellar plications. Original description.—**Two very young shells, ev- idently of this genus, occur in the collection, and I venture to name them despite their immature condi- tion. Although the largest is barely over an inch long, they have both lost their nuclei and have the usual prominent but blunt apices. The larger is elongate, rather slender, the shoulder bears a series of short lat- erally compressed nodes which form a coronated an- gle. The suture is well marked and the whole surface is crossed by fine revolving striae. Below the angle, the sides are nearly straight and narrow sinuously in DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES 9 advance. Columella with two prominent oblique folds.’ (Gabb, 1873, p. 219) Description.—Maximum size of adult unknown; large blunt protoconch of approximately two and one- half smooth whorls, then gradually becoming orna- mented with elongate axial ribs at shoulder. Ribs ex- tremely weak on first ornamented whorl, approximate- ly 20 in number, becoming stronger on second orna- mented whorl, increasing to as many as 25 in number, then weakening again on third whorl, and (presum- ably) successive whorls. Ribs developed only at shoul- der, about four times as long as wide; lateral margins markedly compressed giving a rectangular appearance to each rib; a strong angulation developed at shoulder. Spiral ornamentation of fine threads covering entire surface from suture to siphonal canal. Threads almost equi-sized but slightly heavier anterior to suture and over axial ribs; becoming somewhat weaker on re- mainder of body whorl. Suture appressed; subsutural slope concave into shoulder angle. Aperture elongate, outer lip simple, with angulation at shoulder; no callus developed on inner lip. Columella with two narrow, strongly oblique plications. Type material and measurements.—Lectotype, ANSP 3274; height 25.0 mm, diameter 11.2 mm (des- ignated by Pilsbry, 1922, p. 430). Paralectotype, ANSP 79166; height 13.0 mm, diameter 5.4 mm; lo- cality unknown. Type locality—Gurabo Formation; Rio Yaque del Norte, east bank, across from intake for water system, approximately 3.3 km (airline) upstream from bridge at Santiago de los Caballeros, and 0.5 km downstream from La Barranca, Dominican Republic (fide Ramirez, 1950, p. 25; here restricted). Material studied.—Known only from the type lot of two immature specimens, plus a third, somewhat larg- er, specimen (height 38.0 mm, diameter 13.0 mm) col- lected by Ramirez (1950, p. 25). Remarks.—In the Gabb Collection (Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia) there are two incom- plete examples of a species of Scaphella, similar to the living S. gouldiana (Dall, 1887). In all our collecting no further examples have been discovered, but a third, more complete, example was collected by Ramirez (1950, p. 50, pl. 3, fig. 9) at a locality neither Tulane or Basel ever reached, on the Rio Yaque del Norte, just downstream from La Barranca. The beds at La Barranca, as well as those in the vicinity of Santiago de los Caballeros, are the deepest of the Gurabo For- mation, having been deposited in depths of at least 200 meters (see Vokes, 1989, p. 21). This deep-water habitat is no doubt the reason for the rarity of S. striata in collections. If the depth pref- erence of S. gouldiana is any indication, then S. striata must have preferred depths on the order of 500 meters (records are from 143 to 926 meters, averaging 452 meters: Clench, 1946, p. 56). Comparisons.—The most closely related species is the western Atlantic Scaphella (Scaphella) gouldiana (Dall, 1887) (Pl. 1, fig. 2), which differs in having the earliest non-ornamented whorls less extended and in having the shoulder nodes less “‘pinched.” Although the holotype of S. gouldiana is larger (height 69 mm) than available specimens of S. striata, it has about three noded whorls, in contrast to the two and three- quarters noded whorls in the specimen figured by Ra- mirez, or the two noded whorls in the holotype of S. striata (these counts refer to the noded whorls rather than the “‘teleoconch” whorls because of lack of a precise dividing line between teleoconch and proto- conch). A fully mature example of S. striata probably would be nearly the same size as S. gouldiana. As noted above, S. gouldiana is unique among the species of Scaphella in lacking the characteristic brown color dots of the majority of the forms in the group (see color photographs in Abbott, 1974, pl. 10, fig. 2663; Abbott and Dance, 1982, p. 224). These intense color spots usually are visible even on fossil specimens, with the aid of ultraviolet light, but the two specimens of S. striata show no pattern suggesting that, like S. gouldiana, this species was monochro- matic. Occurrence.—Gurabo Formation: Rio Yaque del Norte, Dominican Republic. Distribution.—Gurabo Formation, Dominican Re- public. Subfamily LYRIINAE Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954 Genus LYRIA Gray, 1847 Lyria Gray, 1847, p. 141. Type species.—Voluta nucleus Lamarck, 1811, by original designation. Otocheilus Conrad, 1865, p. 24. Type species.—Fulgoraria mississippiensis Conrad, 1848, by subsequent designation, Hoerle and Vokes, 1978. Sannilyria Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954, p. 23. Type species.—Voluta pulchella Sowerby, 1850, by original designation. Dallivoluta Okutani, 1982, p. 115. Type species.—Dallivoluta surinamensis Okutani, 1982, by original designation. 10 BULLETIN 354 Subgenus LYRIA s.s. Lyria (Lyria) pulchella (Sowerby, 1850) Plate 1, figures 4—6 Plate 2, figures 1-12 Voluta pulchella Sowerby, 1850, p. 46, pl. 9, fig. 4; Guppy, 1866, p. 575; 1867, p. 160; 1874, p. 440; 1876, p. 528. Voluta soror Sowerby, 1850, p. 46; Guppy, 1866, p. 575; 1867, p. 160; 1874, p. 440; 1876, p. 528. Lyria pulchella (Sowerby). Gabb, 1873, p. 219; Dall, 1890, p. 84, in part, not pl. 4, fig. 3 [= L. sp. cf. L. mississippiensis (Conrad, 1848)]; 1915, p. 58, in part, not pl. 10, fig. 11 [= L.(Harpeola) heilprini Dall, 1915]; Maury, 1917, p. 73(237), pl. 11(37), figs. 10, 10a; Vaughan, Cooke, Condit, Ross, Woodring, and Calkins, 1921, p. 97, et seq.; Pilsbry, 1922, p. 338; Ramirez, 1950, p. 24, pl. 3, fig. 8; 1956, p. 12, et seq. Not Lyria soror (Sowerby). Pilsbry, 1922, p. 338, pl. 24, figs. 11, 12 [= L. (L.) gabbi, n. sp.]. Lyria (Sannilyria) pulchella (Sowerby). Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954, p. 23(293), pl. 3(27), fig. 2. Lyria (Lyria) pulchella (Sowerby). Pflug, 1961, p. 53, pl. 14, figs. 10-15 (figs. 11, 15 = lectotype); Hoerle and Vokes, 1978, p. 112, pl. 2, figs. 3. 4 (fig. 4, color pattern under UV light). Lyria pulchella soror (Sowerby). Pflug, 1961, p. 54, pl. 15, figs. 1, 7 (“‘lectotype”’). Diagnosis.—Medium-sized Lyria (maximum height about 50 mm), spire short and broad, about 15 axial costae on globose final whorl. Original description.—*‘Testa oblongo-ovata, lae- vis, longitudinaliter costata, anfractibus senis subro- tundatis, spira acuminata; costellis plerumque antice subobsoletis; labio externo intus laevi, columella pli- cata, plicis anticis majoribus.”’ (Sowerby, 1850, p. 46) Description.—*‘Shell globose with short spire; axi- ally costate. Adult specimens consisting of five convex whorls plus one and one-half well-rounded nuclear whorls. Final teleoconch whorl with fourteen to six- teen sharply rounded, slightly sinuous axial costae, costae tending to fade anteriorly. Suture deeply im- pressed but not channeled. Outer lip ascending, with a broad terminal varix; margin sharp, smooth within. Pa- rietal callus heavy, abapical half free-standing; two, occasionally three, coarse, oblique columellar plaits anteriorly, eight to twelve long lirations ornamenting remainder of columella. Siphonal fasciole weakly de- veloped, with a few fine, wavy, spiral threads; siphonal notch broad and shallow.” (Hoerle and Vokes, 1978, ps wl2) Type material and measurements.—Lectotype, BMNH G 83 956; height 37.0 mm, diameter 18.0 mm (designated by Pflug, 1961, p. 54). Holotype of L. so- ror (Sowerby), BMNH G 83 597; height 42.1 mm (in- complete), diameter 33.0 mm. Type locality.—Locality TU 1219, Gurabo Forma- tion; Rio Amina, west of Potrero, Dominican Republic (restricted by Hoerle and Vokes, 1978, p. 112; see Saunders ef al., 1986, text-fig. 34). Material studied.—This is the most widespread spe- cies of the Dominican *‘Volutacea,”” with hundreds of specimens in the collections taken from almost every locality in the Gurabo Formation, as well as rare ex- amples in both the Cercado and Mao formations. Remarks.—Lyria pulchella is by far the most abun- dant species of Volutidae in the Dominican beds. In the Tulane collections there are specimens from almost every Gurabo Formation locality, although the major- ity occur in beds of “‘shallow-water Gurabo,”’ such as Potrero (loc. TU 1219; see Vokes, 1989, p. 18). There are a few specimens from the Cercado beds (locs. TU 1374 [2] and 1375 [7]) and, more surprisingly, in the gravity-flow of shallow-water material into the deep- water beds of the Mao Formation at Gurabo Afuero 12 examples have been collected. These younger ex- amples have a somewhat larger protoconch (2 mm in diameter vs. 1.5 mm in Gurabo shells) but otherwise are identical to typical Gurabo specimens. Comparisons.—This common species sometimes occurs together with the less common L. incompetra, which differs in having a more slender shell with a proportionally higher spire. The angle of the spire in L. pulchella measures from 67 to 70 degrees but that of L. incomperta is from 55 to 60 degrees. The final whorl in L. pulchella is more globose and the outer lip has a notable abapical flare. From the Lower Miocene Pirabas Limestone of Bra- zil, Maury (1925a, p. 172/173, pl. 8, fig. 13) has de- scribed a species as Lyria musicinoides that is perhaps closely related to L. pulchella. Although she compared it to the Tampa Limestone species Falsilyria musicina (Heilprin, 1886), it bears much less resemblance to that form than does the other species she named L. calligona (Maury, 1925a, p. 172/173, pl. 4, figs. 9, 14), which even more closely resembles the Chipola For- mation species Falsilyria pycnopleura (Gardner, 193%7): The type specimen of the Pirabas L. musicinoides is an incomplete external mold, which if complete would have measured approximately 40 mm in height. Ac- cording to Maury, it bears about 10 strong rounded axial ribs on the last whorl. On the basis of this in- complete impression, the species has a more deeply impressed suture than does L. pulchella and the axial ribs lack the sinuous fold immediately anterior to the suture. But with no better material than is known, it is impossible to be sure just how distinct the Brazilian form is from the Dominican species. There is no living western Atlantic species that has more than a generic resemblance to L. pulchella. Su- perficially, it resembles L. deliciosa (Montrouzier, 1859) from New Caledonia (see color figure in Abbott and Dance, 1982, p. 213) but that species has four DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES 11 strong anterior plaits and no posterior lirations. The apertural ornamentation is more nearly like that of the Indo-Pacific species L. planicostata (Sowerby, 1903), but otherwise the shells are not especially similar with the latter being much more elongate than L. pulchella. From the Pliocene Punta Gavilan Formation of Ven- ezuela, Rutsch (1934, p. 87, pl. 7, figs. 7, 8) has fig- ured a specimen he cited as “Lyria n. sp. aff. pul- chella.”’ It is just that, a new species resembling L. pulchella in the nature of the apertural ornamentation but more similar to L. incomperta Hoerle and Vokes (which follows) in the slender outline and the lesser number of axial ribs. Occurrence.—Cercado/Gurabo formations: Rio Gurabo (TU 1210-1215, 1231, 1246, 1277, 1278, 1296, 1374, 1375; NMB 15803, 15805, 15807, 15815— 15817, 15820, 15843, 15848, 15849, 15861, 15863-— 15869, 15871, 15898, 15899, 16808-16810); Rio Cana (NMB 16864, 16865, 16868, 16880); Rio Mao area (TU 1225, 1292, 1293, 1409, 1410; NMB 16910): Rio Amina area (TU 1219, 1220, 1248, 1370, 1411, 1412; NMB 16807); Santiago area (TU 1206, 1227, 1227A, 1250; NMB 17270). Mao Formation: Rio Gur- abo area (TU 1208, 1352, 1413; NMB 15821, 15833). Distribution.—Cercado, Gurabo, and Mao forma- tions, Dominican Republic. Lyria (Lyria) incomperta Hoerle and Vokes, 1978 Plate 1, figures 3, 9 Plate 2, figures 13—24 Lyria (Lyria) incomperta Hoerle and Vokes, 1978, p. 112, pl. 2, figs. 152; Diagnosis.—Small Lyria (maximum height about 45 mm), slender, high spired, about 14 axial costae on narrow body whorl. Original description.—‘*Adult specimens with one and one-half nuclear whorls plus six axially costate whorls. About fourteen low, rounded axial costae, bent forward at the suture and reaching nearly to the base on the final whorl. Suture distinct, slightly undulated by costae. Aperture elliptical; outer lip not ascending, terminal varix broad, smooth within, margin sharp; pa- rietal wall callused, three strong oblique plaits anteri- orly with the posterior one slightly weaker, ten to fif- teen long thread-like lirations on remaining portion of columella. A few wavy spiral threads marking the weak siphonal fasciole; siphonal notch broad and shal- low.” (Hoerle and Vokes, 1978, p. 112) Type material and measurements.—Holotype, USNM 253221; height 24.7 mm, diameter 12.7 mm. Paratype, USNM 253222; height 24.0 mm, diameter 11.7 mm; locality TU 1215. Type locality—Locality TU 1215, Gurabo Forma- tion; Rio Gurabo, bluffs on both sides from the ford on the Los Quemados-Sabaneta road, upstream to ap- proximately | km above the ford, Dominican Republic (= locs. USGS 8539-8543; Maury’s Zone D; see Saunders ef al., 1986, text-fig. 5). Material studied.—Numerous specimens, primarily from the coralline facies of the Gurabo and (rarely) Cercado formations. Remarks.—This species is almost totally confined to coralline facies. Although originally described as com- ing only from one coralline locality, TU 1215, subse- quent collecting has provided a few examples from other localities in the Dominican Republic. The ma- jority of the specimens are from the TU 1215 area (95 examples in all) but other similar coralline facies, such as Canada de Zamba and the Rio Cana area, have yielded some specimens (38 examples). There are also a few (10 examples) from the unnamed reefal unit at Lopez (see Vokes, 1989, p. 20). Only another 12 ex- amples have been taken at “‘shallow-water Gurabo”’ localities. A single example has been taken in the ree- fal Cercado beds of Arroyo Bellaco (loc. TU 1422). Comparisons.—See L. pulchella, above, for com- parison. Occurrence.—Cercado/Gurabo formations: Rio Cana area (TU 1354, 1356, 1422; NMB 16818, 16821, 16828); Rio Gurabo (TU 1211, 1215, 1277, 1278; NMB 15842, 15845-15848, 15850, 15854-15859, 16883, 16934). Unnamed formation: Lopez area (NMB 17273). Distribution.—Cercado and Gurabo formations, and unnamed unit of the same age as the Cercado For- mation, Dominican Republic. Lyria (Lyria) gabbi, new species Plate 1, figures 7, 8 Lyria pulchella (Sowerby). Gabb, 1873, p. 219 (in part, not Sow- erby, 1850). Lyria soror (Sowerby). Pilsbry, 1922, p. 338, pl. 24, figs. 11, 12 (not Sowerby, 1850). Diagnosis.—Small Lyria (maximum height about 45 mm), slender, high-spired, about 24 axial costae on body whorl; margin of outer lip with a series of for- ward-directed barbs. Description.—Adult specimens elongate, with a protoconch of two and one-half whorls plus five axi- ally costate teleoconch whorls. On first three teleo- conch whorls about 11 rounded axial costae, bent for- ward at the suture; on fourth teleoconch whorl costae increasing in number to about 15 and on last whorl from 22 to 26, strongest at shoulder but reaching near- ly to base of whorl. Axial sculpture only on anterior portion of body whorl, with about eight faint, flattened cords (well shown in Pilsbry, 1922, pl. 24, fig. 11). Suture distinct, slightly undulated by costae. Aperture elongate-oval; outer lip not ascending, terminal varix broad, on outer margin a series of about 18 sharp, forward-directed barbs; on inner edge numerous nod- ules, that at anterior end strongest. Parietal wall with strong callus, appressed in posterior portion, free- standing in anterior portion; three oblique plaits ante- riorly with the posterior one slightly weaker; about 10 long lirations on remaining portion of columella ex- tending well into the aperture, the posterior-most form- ing a small nodule. No siphonal fasciole; siphonal notch broad and shallow. Etymology of name.—In honor of William M. Gabb. Type material and measurements.—Holotype, NMB H 17645; height 36.8 mm, diameter 18.3 mm. Para- type, NMB H 17646; height 34.5 mm, diameter 17.5 mm; locality NMB 17265. Unfigured paratype, USNM 486258; height 39.5 mm, diameter 22.1 mm; locality USGS 26274. Unfigured paratype, USNM 486259; height 32.1 mm, diameter 19.5 mm; locality USGS 26274. Unfigured paratype, BMNH GG 20184; height 41.3 mm, diameter 17.3 mm; locality unknown. Type locality.—Locality NMB 17290, Baitoa For- mation; east side of Rio Yaque del Norte, just above the mouth of Arroyo Hondo, Dominican Republic (see Saunders ef al., 1986, text-fig. 21). Material studied.—The holotype and figured para- type (NMB), plus the two Gabb specimens at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia figured by Pilsbry (1922, pl. 24, figs. 11, 12), one Heneken Collection specimen (BMNH GG 20184), two incom- plete examples from the USNM and two incomplete examples from TU 1363. Remarks.—From material presumed to be in the Gabb Collection (ANSP), Pilsbry figured two speci- mens (1922, pl. 24, figs. 11, 12) as Lyria soror (Sow- erby, 1850), stating that they were clearly a different species from Lyria pulchella (Sowerby, 1850). He is correct; however, his specimens are not L. soror but a new species from the Baitoa Formation. They un- doubtedly are the specimens to which Gabb was re- ferring (1873, p. 219) when he said of L. pulchella: ““Among 7 shells I have one variety almost undistin- guishable from L. Delessertiana.”’’ Unfortunately, these two specimens can no longer be located in the collec- tions of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel- phia (Elana Benamy, personal communication, 12 July 1994) but should they be found they may be consid- ered paratypes of this new species, based upon Pils- bry’s excellent illustrations. Pflug (1961, pl. 15, figs. 1, 7) figured the so-called “‘lectotype”’ of L. soror (refigured here, Pl. 1, fig. 5), a specimen which is in fact the holotype, as Sowerby (1850, p. 46) stated of L. soror: ‘There is only a single 2 BULLETIN 354 individual of this species, which has lost its spire.” This individual is extremely large but, as may be seen by comparing it to our largest example (PI. 2, fig. 12), it is no more than a very large specimen of L. pul- chella. In the same collection at the Natural History Mu- seum, London [British Museum (Natural History)] there is another specimen (GG 20184) labeled as “?Syntype” of L. soror (perhaps by Pflug), which is not L. soror but is the new species from the Baitoa Formation here named L. gabbi. That there should be examples of this Baitoa species in the Gabb Collection is no surprise, for our collecting has determined that much of Gabb’s material was taken from the Baitoa Formation. Heneken also col- lected some material in the Baitoa area: for example Turbinella valida (Sowerby, 1850) is common along the Rio Yaque del Norte, near Boca del Rios. There- fore, the presence of an example of L. gabbi in the Heneken Collection in the Natural History Museum, London, is not totally unexpected. In the collections of the U.S. National Museum of Natural History there are also two specimens of this new species (USNM 486258, 486259), collected by A.A. Olsson and C.E Dohm in 1940 from a locality said to be “‘Baitoa, lower bluff on river.”’ Inasmuch as at the village of Baitoa the lower part of the bluff is composed of the Oligocene Tabera Formation (see Vo- kes, 1979, text-fig. 2; Saunders ef al., 1986, text-fig. 28)) and the Baitoa Formation occurs only at the top of the bluff, clearly their locality does not correspond to the type locality at Baitoa. The description, how- ever, could refer to the Baitoa Formation exposure at Lopez (see Saunders ef al., 1986, pl. 9), the type lo- cality of the new species. Comparisons.—This new species is immediately distinguishable from the other Dominican species of Lyria by the presence of sharp barbs along the margin of the outer lip. In this character it is most similar to L. limata Hoerle and Vokes, 1978, from the contem- poraneous Chipola Formation of northwestern Florida. But otherwise the two species are not especially sim- ilar, with L. limata having only about 13-14 axial cords in contrast to the 22—26 of L. gabbi. In the Recent fauna of the western Atlantic, L. beauii (Fischer and Bernardi, 1857) is presumed to be the descendant of L. gabbi. There has been much writ- ten lately, primarily in the French literature, as to whether L. archeri (Angas, 1865) is simply a shallow- water ecophenotype of L. beauii. When one considers that L. beauii is usually taken in traps in depths of 100-150 meters but L. archeri is taken in depths of only 3—15 meters (Bail, 1993, p. 9), it is difficult to accept these as the same species. But in any case, cu- DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES 13 riously, it is not the shallow-water L. archeri but the deep-water L. beauii to which L. gabbi has the greatest morphological similarity. Both are smooth-shouldered, elongate shells, with numerous narrow, axial ribs. The color pattern in L. gabbi consists of fine spiral lines about | mm apart. This pattern is visible on the ho- lotype specimen (NMB H 17645) but could not be brought out by ultra-violet light and was too faint to be photographed (it is most similar to the pattern seen in L. deliciosa Montrouzier, 1859, as figured in Abbott and Dance, 1982, p. 213). There is no evidence of color spots on the edge of the outer lip, characteristic of the living species. Occurrence.—Baitoa Formation: Baitoa area (NMB 17265, 17290; TU 1363). Distribution.—Baitoa Formation, Dominican Re- public. Subgenus ENAETA Adams and Adams, 1853 Enaeta H. Adams and A. Adams, 1853, p. 167. Type species.—Voluta harpa Barnes, 1824 [V. har- pa Barnes, 1824, non Mawe, 1823, = V. barnesii Gray, 1825], by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 1899. Remarks.—There is a difference of opinion among various workers as to whether Enaeta should be con- sidered a subgenus of Lyria or a full genus. Species assigned to Enaeta are smaller than those of Lyria s.s., and have a small nodule approximately mid-way along the length of the inner side of the outer lip. Except for the presence of this labral nodule there is very little difference between the two groups and L. archeri has been referred to Enaeta because of the presence of such a nodule (see Abbott and Dance, 1982, p. 213, for a good illustration). In view of the considerable morphological similarity between the two, the subge- neric assignment seems the better course to take. Lyria (Enaeta) perturbatrix (Maury, 1917) Plate 1, figure 10 Mitra (Strigatella?) perturbatrix Maury, 1917, p. 76(240), pl. 14(40), figs. 1, 2. [Enaeta] perturbatrix (Maury). Woodring, 1964, p. 289. Enaeta perturbatrix (Maury). Emerson, 1964, p. 14. Lyria (Enaeta) perturbatrix (Maury). Hoerle and Vokes, 1978, p. 118, pl. 3, fig. 3. Diagnosis.—Small, elongate Enaeta (maximum height about 20 mm), with axial ridges on the anterior half of each whorl; strong rounded callosity at poste- rior end of inner side of the outer lip. Original description.—*‘Shell slender, somewhat Columebelliform, spire a trifle shorter than the aper- ture; suture distinct; whorls eight, the first two smooth, nuclear; post-nuclear whorls slightly convex, orna- mented with weak, equidistant longitudinal plications, about twenty on each of the last two whorls; the pli- cations are strongest over the convex portion of the volutions and fade out near the sutures; aperture nar- rowly elliptical, inner lip with a callus; columella with three sharp anterior and two weaker posterior plica- tions; outer lip thickened with a stout, marginated ex- ternal band, marked by an internal posterior Strombi- noid notch and showing traces of obsolescent crenu- lations within, not lirate.”” (Maury, 1917, p. 240) Type material and measurements.—Lectotype, PRI 28710; height 19.5 mm, diameter 8.5 mm (designated by Hoerle and Vokes, 1978, p. 118). Paralectotype, PRI 28709; height 19.5 mm, diameter 8.7 mm; locality WMO WANS). Type locality.—Zone D, Gurabo Formation; Rio Gurabo at Los Quemados, Dominican Republic (= lo- cality TU 1215; see Saunders ef al., 1986, text-fig. 5). Material studied.—In addition to the two specimens in the type lot, five specimens from locality TU 1215, and another from NMB 15862. Remarks.—In spite of intensive collecting by both ourselves and the Basel team, only an additional hand- ful of specimens have been discovered, all at the type locality, a coral reef on the Rio Gurabo (Maury’s Zone D = loc. TU 1215; see Vokes, 1989, p. 16). The living analog of this species is the equally rare L. (E.) reevei (Dall, 1907), which according to Garcia and Sunderland (1990, p. 19) is confined to the Bay Islands, Honduras, where it lives in sandy patches in- side the reefs in about 3 meters of water. Comparisons.—There are three species of Enaeta described from the Recent fauna of the western Atlan- tic that have a degree of similarity to L. (E.) pertur- batrix. Of these, only L. (E.) guildingii (Sowerby, 1844) has the posterior callosity on the inner side of the outer lip (see Hoerle and Vokes, 1978, pl. 3, fig. 3c), but it is lower spired and more strongly ribbed; L. (E.) reevei (Dall, 1907) is morphologically the most similar to the Dominican species, but lacks the marked median tooth on the outer lip; L. (E.) leonardhilli (Pe- tuch, 1988) has the tooth as well developed as in L. (E.) perturbatrix, but has a cancellate surface orna- mentation. All three are found in shallow-water reefal situations. Occurrence.—Gurabo Formation: Rio Gurabo (TU 1215; NMB 15862). Distribution.—Gurabo Formation, Dominican Re- public. Family HARPIDAE Bronn, 1849 Subfamily HARPINAE Bronn, 1849 Remarks.—The family name Harpidae Bronn, based upon the genus Harpa, was threatened by the trilobite 14 BULLETIN 354 family based upon the genus Harpes Goldfuss, 1839. Application to resolve the conflict was made to the Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Beu, 1971) and in Opinion 1436 (ICZN, 1987) the Commission placed the name Harpidae Bronn, 1849, on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology. Genus HARPA Rodding, 1798 Harpa Roding, 1798, p. 179. Type species.—Harpa nobilis Roding, 1798 [= Buc- cinum harpa Linnaeus, 1758], by tautonomy. Harpalis Link, 1807, p. 114. Type species.—Harpalis major Link, 1807 [= Har- pa major Roding, 1798, both for Martini, 1777, pl. 119, fig. 1090], by subsequent designation, Rehder, LOS: Harparia Rafinesque, 1815, p. 145 (nom. nov. pro Harpa Lamarck, 1799, non Roding, 1798). Cithara “Klein” Jousseaume, 1881, p. xxxviil. Type species.—Harpa harpa (Linnaeus, 1758), by subsequent designation, Rehder, 1973. Remarks.—The group of “‘Harp Shells” is one that is readily identifiable and was denominated as Harpa by several early authors. The oldest name often cited is Walch, 1771, but this is a non-binomial work and the first valid usage of the name is that of Rédding (Rehder, 1973, p. 237). Harpa americana Pilsbry, 1922 Plate 3, figures 1, 2 Harpa rosea Lamarck. Gabb, 1873, p. 214 (not Lamarck, 1822). Harpa americana Pilsbry, 1922, p. 337, pl. 23, fig. 13; Rehder, 1973, p. 257, pl. 228; Vokes, 1984, p. 56, pl. 1, figs. 7, 8. Not Harpa americana Pilsbry. Perrilliat Montoya, 1960, p. 24, pl. 3, figs. 18, 19 [= H. isthmica Vokes, 1984]; Pitt, 1981, p. 155, text-fig. 1 [? = H. crenata Swainson, 1822]. Not Harpa cf. americana Pilsbry. Gibson-Smith and Gibson-Smith, LO79S p: 22, [i2, H. myrmia Olsson, 1931). Diagnosis.—Elongate species of Harpa, with low, nodulated varices; shell surface not polished. Original description.—*‘The shell is ovate, of about 6 whorls, of which three smooth ones form the nipple- shaped embryonic shell, the last whorl of which, to- gether with part of the first sculptured whorl, are very narrow. The last whorl has about eleven low and nar- row axial ribs which rise into small spines where they pass over the angle bounding a narrow flattening be- low the suture. The whole surface below this angle is spirally striate, the striation strongest in the concavity of the sides below. The aperture is narrow for the ge- nus. A thin callus spreads forward over the ventral convexity.” (Pilsbry, 1922, p. 337) Type material and measurements.—Holotype, ANSP 4061; height 33.3 mm, diameter 19.4 mm. Type locality—Dominican Republic, exact locality not known. Material studied.—Two specimens, the holotype and a second example collected at locality TU 1444. Remarks.—The name Harpa americana has been applied to almost every specimen of fossil Harpa dis- covered in the Neogene of the New World, but a pre- vious study (Vokes, 1984) demonstrated that all of these references are incorrect and H. americana is known only from the unnamed Late Miocene forma- tion that crops out along the Rio Yaque del Norte at L6pez (see Vokes, 1989, p. 20). The small group of species consisting of H. doris R6éding, 1798, and H. crenata Swainson, 1822, in the Recent fauna, and H. isthmica Vokes, 1984, in the Pliocene of Veracruz, Mexico, are all apparently de- scended from H. americana. They differ from the typ- ical Indo-Pacific forms in having much less strongly developed varices, which are ornamented by nodules. The shell surface rather than being highly polished is finely cancellate, with a linen-like texture. Comparisons.—Although Gabb used the name of the Recent West African species (H. rosea Lamarck, 1822 = H. doris Roding, 1798) for the Dominican shell, in many ways the latter is more closely related to the West American H. crenata. In both of these New World species the axial ribs are extremely narrow and low, being little more than raised ridges on the shell surface. Both have a series of pronounced nodes on the ribs, anterior to the spine at the shoulder. It is pre- sumed that H. americana gave rise both to the Pacific H. crenata and to the Atlantic H. isthmica, named from the Middle Pliocene Agueguexquite Formation, Veracruz, Mexico. The Mexican shell differs in having heavier varices and a smoother shell, and the contem- poraneous H. crenata, which occurs in the Pliocene Esmeraldas beds, Ecuador, has a more inflated shell. Occurrence.—Unnamed formation: Lopez area (TU 1444). Distribution.—Unnamed unit of same age as the Cercado Formation, Dominican Republic. Subfamily MORUMINAE Hughes and Emerson, 1987 Remarks.—Although the genus Morum Rd6ding, 1798, has long been considered a member of the Fam- ily Cassidae, anatomical work by Hughes (1986) and Hughes and Emerson (1987) has shown the group to be more closely allied with the Harpidae; therefore, a new subfamily Moruminae (so named to avoid hom- onyny with the fish Family Moridae Goode and Beane, DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES IS 1896) was proposed (Hughes and Emerson, 1987, p. 35/7): Genus MORUM Roding, 1798 Morum Réding, 1798, p. 53. Type species.—Morum purpureum Roding, 1798 [= Strombus oniscus Linnaeus, 1767], by monotypy. Lambidium Link, 1807, p. 112. Type species.—Strombus oniscus Linnaeus, 1767, by monotypy. Oniscia Sowerby, 1824, pl. 233. Type species.—Strombus oniscus Linnaeus, 1767, by subsequent designation, Hermannsen, 1847. Plesioniscia Fischer, 1884, p. 660. Type species.—Oniscia tuberculosa Sowerby in Reeve, 1842, by monotypy. Oniscis “Sowerby” [sic]. Clench and Abbott, 1943, p. 4, error pro Oniscia. Subgenus MORUM s:s. Morum (Morum) oniscus (Linnaeus, 1767) Plate 3, figures 3—9 Strombus oniscus Linnaeus, 1767, p. 1210. Cypraea conoidea Scopoli, 1786, p. 78, pl. 24, fig. 3. Morum purpureum Roding, 1798, p. 53. Oniscia triseriata Menke, 1830, p. 64. Oniscia lamarckti Deshayes, 1844, p. 12 (non O. lamarckti Lesson, 1840). Oniscia oniscus (Linnaeus). Reeve, 1849, pl. 1, fig. 1 (said by Reeve to be “the pink-lip variety to which M. Deshayes has given the name O. lamarckii’’). Morum oniscus (Linnaeus). Gabb, 1881, p. 357; Woodring, Brown, and Burbank, 1924, p. 251; Clench and Abbott, 1943, p. 4, pl. 3, figs. 1-5; Abbott, 1954, p. 192, pl. 25s; Warmke and Abbott, 1961, p. 97, pl. 23, fig. r; Dance and Emerson, 1967, p. 96, pl. 12, fig. 4; Work, 1969, p. 656, figs. 2A, 2B (egg capsule), 2C Guvenile); McGinty, 1970, p. 55; Hoerle, 1970, p. 63; Humfrey, 1975, p. 116, pl. 11, fig. 7; Kaicher, 1983, no. 3752; de Jong and Coomans, 1988, p. 67; Petuch, 1994, pl. 86, fig. D (not cited in text). Lambidium oniscus (Linnaeus). Dall and Simpson, 1901, p. 419. Morum floridana Tucker and Wilson, 1933, p. 9(71), pl. 1(10), figs. 3-5. Morum (Morum) oniscus (Linnaeus). Rios, 1970, p. 68; 1975, p. 75, pl. 21, fig. 306; 1985, p. 72, pl. 26, fig. 317; 1994, p. 139, pl. 44, fig. 595; Abbott, 1974, p. 160, fig. 1732; Vokes and Vokes, 1983, p. 22, pl. 9, fig. 13. Morum lamarcki (Deshayes) [sic]. Kaicher, 1983, no. 3760; Petuch, 1994, pl. 86, fig. C (not cited in text). Morum floridanum Tucker and Wilson. Petuch, 1994, pl. 86, figs. E, F (not cited in text). Diagnosis.—Low spired Morum with spiral cords and axial ribs intersecting to form heavy nodules on dorsal side; outer lip thickened and denticulate on in- ner side. Original description.—“‘S. testa obovata cingulis nodosis, mucrone subulato laevi. “Testa magnitudine coryli obovata, cingulis tribus subnodosis: nodis ordine longitudinali itidem disposi- tis, pallida, maculis nigricantibus sparsis contaminata. Spira obtusissima cingulo solitario noduloso: apice tenuissimo albo. Apertura alba, longitudinalis, colu- mella laevis. Labro exteriore vix repando. Cauda nulla & basis vix manifeste emarginata.”’ (Linnaeus, 1767, p. 1210) Description.—“‘Shell reaching about 25 mm in length, subcylindrical and roughly sculptured with blunt tubercles. Whorls 7; the first two or three nuclear whorls are papilliform, forming a sharp point at the top of the low spire. Color varying from a white back- ground with fine brown or gray specklings to a graying background with large mottlings of black-brown. Dead, wave-worn specimens are mottled with a light chestnut-brown. Tip of spire usually white, rarely tinged with deep rose. Columella and lip white, the latter often flecked on its outer edge with brown. Pa- rietal wall thickened with a translucent glaze which is often ingrained with numerous white dots. Sometimes these dots are developed into minutely raised pustules. Interior of aperture white (occasionally lavender). Out- er lip is thickened and bears a row of about 15 small teeth on the inner side. Suture slightly indented and wavy, somewhat overlapped by the whorl below. Three bands of rounded blunt nodules usually seven to eight to the row, run spirally on the body whorl. A series of coarse small spiral threads run in between these rows. In live specimens the growth lines in the periostracum cross these threads to form a minute lace- like network.” (Clench and Abbott, 1943, p. 4) Type figures.—Seba, 1761, pl. 55, figs. 23a-g (des- ignated by Clench and Abbott, 1943, p. 5). Type locality.—St. Thomas, Virgin Islands (restrict- ed by Clench and Abbott, 1943, p. 5). Material studied.—From the Dominican Republic, four specimens from the Cercado, Gurabo, and Mao formations. Numerous fossil and Recent examples from throughout the western Atlantic. Remarks.—This well known western Atlantic spe- cies has been cited in numerous references; by no means are all listed above, only those that are either well-figured or that add geographic or stratigraphic in- formation. Dance and Emerson (1967) have given an excellent review of the genus Morum. In their annotated list of fossil representatives they note the occurrence of M. oniscus in the Moin Formation, Costa Rica (after Gabb, 1881). In the Tulane collections we have several specimens from the Moin Formation (Robinson, 1992, p. 516, p. 23, fig. 8), which is now considered to be 16 BULLETIN 354 Early Pleistocene in age. In addition, we also have a single specimen from the Late Pliocene Agueguex- quite Formation of Veracruz, Mexico (locality TU 1046). Dance and Emerson (1967) also list Morum flori- dana [sic] Tucker and Wilson, 1933, from the ‘‘Plio- cene”’ at Prairie Creek, Florida. Although the original authors gave no age or formational assignments for their new species, they also described “‘Arca’”’ [Ca- loosarca] aequalitas from Prairie Creek (Tucker and Wilson, 1932, p. 41). This bivalve is typical of the Pleistocene Bermont Formation (H. Vokes, 1969, p. 2) and it is presumed, therefore, that M. floridanum is also from the Bermont beds. Both McGinty (1970, p. 55) and Hoerle (1970, p. 63) reported M. oniscus from the Bermont and in the Tulane collections we have numerous specimens from this unit as well (PI. 3, figs. Dy Us ey Although M. floridanum was stated to be distin- guished from M. oniscus by having “six axial ribs while oniscus has only three’ [Tucker and Wilson, 1933, p. 9(71)], M. oniscus has seven or eight axial ribs and three spiral ribs. Their holotype [ibid., pl. 1(10), figs. 3-5] shows eight axial and three spiral ribs. The surface of the shell is somewhat smoother than the typical ““warty’’ M. oniscus but from Bermont For- mation localities along the Caloosahatchee River (locs. TU 759, 803) we have dozens of specimens that range from the typical M. oniscus morphotype (PI. 3, fig. 8) to the smooth M. floridanum morphotype (PI. 3, fig. 7). All of these specimens have identical protoconchs and apertures and except for the difference in orna- mentation are indistinguishable. Petuch (1994, pl. 86, fig. D) has figured M. oniscus (plus *“M. lamarcki,”’ pl. 86, fig. C) from the Bermont beds and M. floridanum (1994, pl. 86, figs. E, F) from the Caloosahatchee Formation,' implying that there is a stratigraphic distinction to be made between the two forms. We do have the M. floridanum morphotype from the Caloosahatchee Formation (TU 1512) but we also have typical M. oniscus from the Pinecrest beds (TU 797) and there seems little reason to separate these smoother specimens as a different species. Thus, the previously known examples of M. oniscus are all from Plio-Pleistocene formations, and the two Late Miocene Cercado specimens (locs. NMB 16844; ' Petuch states that his figured specimen of M. floridanum (1994, pl. 86, figs. E, F) is 31 mm in height. The largest specimen in the Tulane Collections is just 25 mm and most are about 20 mm in height. Comparison of the diameter of the protoconch in the enlarged photograph with the diameter of 1 mm characteristic of the species indicates that the actual height of the specimen is about 26 mm, a more realistic dimension TU 1301) are the oldest occurrence of the species to date. Comparisons.—On the west coast of tropical Amer- ica is the cognate species M. tuberculosum (Reeve, 1842), which is more elongate and is usually larger (see Pl. 3, fig. 10), although we have one M. oniscus from Barbados (Pl. 3, fig. 9) that is as large as any specimen of M. tuberculosum. In addition, M. tuber- culosum has the spiral cords less pronounced and the outer lip is thinner. The protoconch is also different: M. oniscus has a protoconch consisting of two and one-half bulbous whorls, of which the first is some- what larger than the second (Pl. 3, fig. 5c); but M. tuberculosum has about two and one-half conical whorls. Kaicher has figured the protoconchs for M. tuberculosum (1983, no. 3747) and for M. oniscus (1983, no. 3752) but the latter does not seem to be correctly identified, appearing more like M. tubercu- losum. She also figured (1983, no. 3760) the protoconch of a species identified as ‘““M. lamarcki,”’ which appears to be identical to typical M. oniscus and does not dis- tinguish M. lamarckii, as she suggested. Specimens taken off the Atlantic coast of Panama have a lavender aperture and are often identified as M. lamarckii. But there are no morphological differences between these specimens and typical M. oniscus and M. lamarckii is no more than a color variety without taxonomic valid- ity. Clearly Réding (1798, p. 53) believed the two forms were the same when he named the sole species of his genus Morum as “*“M. purpureum. Die purpuri- farbene Maulbeere (The purple-stained mulberry).” The only other species that may be referred to the genus Morum s.s. is the enigmatic M. strombiformis (Reeve, 1842), which Dance and Emerson (1967, p. 95) assigned to Cancellomorum (= Oniscidia) but which Beu (1976, p. 224) regards as a species of Mo- rum s.s., thereby demonstrating the gradation between the two taxa. Dance and Emerson (1967, pl. 12, fig. 3) have fig- ured a juvenile shell from Cartagena, Colombia, which they believe to be a juvenile of this species. The type locality of M. strombiformis is said by Reeve to be “Honduras” and examples, which look much like the Colombian one, have been taken by divers in | to 2 meters off Roatan, Bay Islands, Honduras. These shells have every indication of being adult but the spire is not as high as in the holotype, nor is the shell as large (the holotype is 24 mm in height; our speci- mens and that figured by Dance and Emerson measure about 18 mm in height). But the protoconch, the or- namentation, and the color pattern are identical to that of the holotype; perhaps the height of the spire is with- in the range of specific variation in M. strombiformis. DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES 17 Certainly, as indicated above for M. oniscus, adult size is variable in this group. Occurrence.—Cercado/Gurabo formations: Rio Cana area (NMB 16844; TU 1301, 1354). Mao For- mation: Guayubin area (TU 1281). Distribution.—Cercado, Gurabo, and Mao forma- tions, Dominican Republic; Agueguexquite Formation, Mexico; Pinecrest Beds, Caloosahatchee and Bermont formations, Florida; Moin Formation, Costa Rica; Re- cent, Bermuda and Bahama Islands to Brazil. Subgenus ONISCIDIA Morch, 1852 Oniscidia Swainson, 1840, p. 299, error pro Oniscia Sowerby, 1824. Oniscidia Mérch, 1852, p. 111. Type species.—Oniscia cancellata Sowerby, 1824, by monotypy. Pulchroniscia Garrard, 1961, p. 16. Type species.—Pulchroniscia delecta Garrard, 1961 [= Oniscidia bruuni Powell, 1958], by monotypy. Cancellomorum Emerson and Old, 1963, p. 18. Type species.—Oniscia grandis A. Adams, 1855, by original designation. Onimusiro Kira in Kuroda, Habe, and Oyama, 1971, p. 198. Type species.—Oniscia grandis A. Adams, 1855, by original designation. Remarks.—A great deal has been written concern- ing the taxonomic problem of the name Oniscidia, which as originally put forth by Swainson (1840, p. 299) was clearly an error for Oniscia Sowerby. Dall (1909, p. 68) discussed the problem in detail, pointing out that Morch was the first to use the Swainson spell- ing for those species of ““Morum”’ with a cancellate sculpture. Since there is certainly a need for this taxon, the matter has finally been decided by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and in Opinion 1040 (ICZN, 1975) the name Oniscidia Morch was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. For the best discussion of the no- menclatorial problems surrounding this name, the reader is referred to Beu (1976). MacNeil (in MacNeil and Dockery, 1984, p. 113) has taken the position that the genera Morum and On- iscidia have been distinct since the Eocene, and as he could find no evidence that they either converge or are closely related, rejected the concept of Oniscidia as a subgenus of Morum. Certainly the cancellate morpho- type has been extant since the Eocene, but comparison with typical examples of Morum s.s. (see Pl. 3, figs. 3—10) demonstrates the marked similarity between the two forms. Inasmuch as Hughes and Emerson (1987) in their anatomical study of the group saw fit to place the two taxa together, this seems the reasonable course. Although authors make much of the number of axial and spiral elements when differentiating species of On- iscidia, they tend to ignore what seems to be the most fundamental character of all, the nature of the orna- mentation on the columellar shield. From the Eocene onward, there are two different types of ornamenta- tion, one similar to the morphotype named Herculea Adams and Adams, 1858, which is characterized by the presence of rugae on the columellar shield. The second, similar to M. domingense (Sowerby, 1850), has fine granules. Through time one can see a gradual shift from rugae to elongate pustules or granulations and, in fact, certain species in the M. chipolanum Dall in Maury, 1925a, lineage (see below) still retain a mix- ture of both. As Beu (1976, p. 224) notes, a number of New World fossil species have been referred to Herculea on the basis of the strong anal channel, but this is not consistent and it not regarded as a valid generic char- acter. The type species of Herculea (M. ponderosum Hanley, 1858) has weak spiral sculpture, very like that of Morum s.s., combined with the rugose shield or- nament of Oniscidia. The taxon is monotypic and does not encompass any of the New World species, all of which have strong cancellate sculpture and either ru- gose, or granulose, or both, elements on the columellar shield. The group of Morum s.s. is much younger geolog- ically, known only from the Upper Miocene and youn- ger beds of the New World (see above) and it would seem to be derived from the Morum domingense lin- eage, as it has fine granulations on the columellar shield. Morum (Oniscidia) chipolanum Dall in Maury, 1925a Plate 4, figures 1—4 Morum (Oniscidia) chipolanum Dall. Maury, 1925a, p. 114/115, pl. 4, fig. 4; Gardner, 1947, p. 538, pl. 54, fig. 18; Woodring, 1959, p. 203; Dance and Emerson, 1967, p. 96; Landau, 1996, p. 54, pl. 1, fig. 3; Raymond, 1997, p. 141. (2) Morum cf. M. chipolanum Dall MS. Mansfield, 1937, p. 141. Oniscidia chipolana (Maury). MacNeil and Dockery, 1984, p. 113. Diagnosis.—Low-spired, cancellate Morum, pus- tules on columellar shield in the form of elongate ru- gae. Description.—*‘Shell of moderate dimensions for the group, rather thick and heavy, ovate trigonal. Ap- erture nearly as long as the entire shell. Spire broad, scalariform. Whorls of conch probably five, closely appressed, increasing rapidly in diameter. Posterior tabulation wide, almost at right angles to the axis; 18 BULLETIN 354 sides of whorls of spire shorter than the width of the shoulder and approximately vertical. Body somewhat obliquely constricted into the short, broad, ill-differ- entiated pillar. Sutures inconspicuous, finely crenulated in harmony with the axial sculpture, the later whorls so closely appressed that the posterior margin creeps up a little on the preceding whorl. Protoconch not pre- served [one and one-half bulbous whorls] but doubt- less very small. Axials very sharp and narrow and in the later whorls distinctly laminated, and the free edges fluted by the spirals; the number increasing from seven on the first whorl of the spire to 15 on the body. In- crementals appearing as thin, papery, overlapping plates, from four to six between each of the axials on the body. Both the incrementals and the costals per- sistent from suture to suture on the whorls of the spire and, on the body to the anterior fasciole; approximate- ly vertical on the sides of the whorl but distinctly re- tractive on the shoulder. Intercostal areas broadly con- cave, about twice the width of the costals. Primary spirals strong, well-rounded cords, subequal, and reg- ularly spaced over the entire conch, one or two on the whorls of the spire and 11 on the body not including the lower, narrow spirals on the pillar; spirals separated by concave interspaces of approximately their own width though slightly wider at the extreme base of the body; posterior primary outlining the periphery; sec- ondaries not developed except for a couple of ill-de- fined threadlets on the shoulder. Anterior fasciole lam- inated by the axials but not spirally sculptured. Aper- ture narrow, obtusely angulated and obscurely sulcated posteriorly. Outer lip very feebly arcuate, thickened, somewhat reflected, and lirate along the inner margin, the lirae corresponding in position to the spaces be- tween the spirals. Inner lip widely reflected over the body wall and pillar. Outer margin of callus discrete, parallel to the axis through the greater part of its ex- tent, broadly arcuate behind; surface of callus coarsely granulated, the granules for the most part irregular but tending to be elongated and oriented normal to the axis along the oblique inner margin of the aperture. Ante- rior canal very short and broad, its entrance indicated on the labral side by a short, oblique liration. Anterior extremity narrowly and deeply emarginate.”’ (Gardner, 1947, p. 538) Type material and measurements.—Holotype, USNM 114095; height 32.0 mm, diameter 20.0 mm. Type locality.—Locality USGS 2213, Chipola For- mation; Chipola River, ‘“‘one mile below Baileys Fer- ry,’ Calhoun County, Florida (= loc. TU 457). Material studied—Numerous examples from the Chipola Formation but only the two figured specimens and a third, incomplete, example from the Baitoa For- mation. Remarks.—In the Baitoa Formation there are rare examples of a species of Morum, which not surpris- ingly proves to be the same as that one described from the correlative Chipola Formation of northwestern Florida. Woodring (1959, p. 203) has discussed the problems of authorship of this species, which is based upon a Dall manuscript name. Although Gardner (1947, p. 538) cited the species as “Dall MS,” it pre- viously had been published by Maury (1925a, p. 114/ IIIS): According to Woodring, the specimen figured by Maury is not the same as that figured by Gardner as the holotype, which is corroborated by the fact that Maury gives the size of her illustrated specimen as approximately 36 mm and Gardner cites the holotype as 32 mm in height. But, Maury did not indicate that her shell was supposed to be the “holotype”; she merely says of the illustration (1925a, pl. 4, fig. 4), ‘for comparison with the Pirabas species.”” Therefore, although the name may be valid as of Maury, 1925a, the shell that Gardner figured (1947, pl. 54, fig. 18) should be accepted as the holotype, as it was that one originally identified by Dall (and if Gardner’s discus- sion is examined it would seem to be a unique ex- ample). Presumably, the shell figured by Maury was one collected by G.D. Harris and A.C. Veatch for the Cornell University Collection (see Maury, 1910) (now housed at the Paleontological Research Institution, PRI). Comparisons.—The species that Dall identifed as M. chipolanum from the Tampa Limestone is not the same species; the ornamentation on the columellar shield consists of a series of coarse rugae rather than elongated pustules. [The Tampa species is very similar in appearance to that figured by Woodring (1959, pl. 25, figs. 11, 17) as Morum (‘‘Oniscidia’’) sp., from the Middle Eocene Gatuncillo Formation, Panama. ] The nature of the ornamentation on the columellar shield is probably the best species character in this subgenus. The group of M. chipolanum, characterized by horizontally elongated pustules (presumably de- rived from rugae) originates with the Peruvian Eocene species M. peruvianum Olsson, 1931, includes the Oli- gocene M. harpula (Conrad, 1848), and the Plio-Pleis- tocene M. macgintyi Smith, 1937 (of which M. ob- rienae Olsson and Petit, 1964, is almost certainly a synonym, as suggested by Emerson, 1967, p. 289).* * Although Olsson and Petit (1964, p. 556) suggest that Morum macgintyi may be from “Unit A” (= Bermont Formation), the type locality at Clewiston, Florida, is more likely in the Caloosahatchee Formation. In any case, we have no Bermont specimens of M. mac- gintyi in the Tulane collections. Furthermore, Petuch (1994, pl. 86, figs. A, B) has figured both “species” from the same Caloosahatchee locality at Cochran Rockpit, Hendry County, Florida (= loc. TU 991). DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES 19 In the correlative beds of the Cantaure Formation, Venezuela, another closely related form has been named Morum (Oniscidia) jungi by Landau (1996, p. 53, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2). This more southern species differs from M. chipolanum in having fewer axial and spiral cords, together with numerous axial lamellae that give the shell a lacy appearance. The columellar shield is less expanded in M. jungi and the pustules are fewer and more elongated. From the younger Dominican species, Morum dom- ingense (Sowerby, 1850), M. chipolanum differs in its shorter, broader outline, and especially in the nature of the pustules on the columellar shield. In M. domin- gense they are fine, regularly rounded projections, which are randomly placed on the lip. In M. chipolan- um they are coarser and more elongate, having a ten- dency to reflect the underlying spiral ornamentation. In the latter trait, M. chipolanum is more closely related to a large species described from the Pinecrest beds as Morum (Oniscidia) meganae by Raymond (1997, p. 141, pl. 1, fig. 1). Other than the exception- ally large size (holotype = 60 mm), M. meganae is scarcely distinguishable from the older M. chipolanum. Both share a low-spired, sharply shouldered shell (in contrast to M. domingense, which has a sloping shoul- der) and a surface ornamentation covered with growth lamellae. They differ, however, in M. meganae having fewer, but stronger axial ribs and an aperture with a larger, more flaring aperture. The living representative of this group is M. lindae Petuch, 1987, from off the Goajira Peninsula, Colom- bia. But this species is a descendant of the correlative but more southern M. jungi rather than M. chipolanum. The somewhat similar appearing M. matthewsi Emer- son, 1967, perhaps is a direct descendant of M. tam- panum, or the similarity may be the result of conver- gence. Occurrence.—Baitoa Formation: Baitoa area (NMB 16937; TU 1226, 1363). Distribution.—Baitoa Formation, Dominican Re- public; Chipola Formation, Florida. Morum (Oniscidia) domingense (Sowerby, 1850) Plate 4, figures 5—9 Oniscia domingensis Sowerby, 1850, p. 47, pl. 10, fig. 3; Guppy, 1866, p. 574, 588; 1867, p. 158; 1874, p. 439; 1876, p. 525; Dance and Emerson, 1967, p. 96. Morum domigensis [sic] (Sowerby). Gabb, 1873, p. 223. Not Lambidium domingense (Sowerby). Dall, 1903, p. 1567 [= Mo- rum tampanum Mansfield, 1937]. Morum domingense (Sowerby). Dall, 1915, p. 85, in part, not pl. 12, fig. 28 [= M. tampanum Mansfield, 1937]. Morum domingense (Sowerby). Maury, 1917, p. 112(276), pl. 13(18), figs. 7, 8; Vaughan, Cooke, Condit, Ross, Woodring, and Calkins, 1921, p. 98, et seq.; Pilsbry, 1922, p. 363; Woodring, 1959, p. 203; Ramirez, 1956, p. 9, pl. 3, fig. 19; Pflug, 1961, p. 37, pl. 7, figs. 9-12, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 (figs. 6, 7 = lectotype). Not Morum (Oniscidia) dominguense [sic] (Sowerby). Petuch, 1981, p. 319, figs. 24, 25 [= M. lindae Petuch, 1987]. Morum (Oniscidia) domingense (Sowerby). Landau, 1996, p. 54, pl. 1, fig. 4; Raymond, 1997, p. 142. Diagnosis.—High-spired cancellate Morum, fine pustules on columellar shield. Original description.—‘‘Testa ovata-oblonga, sub- ventricosa, crassiuscula, anfractibus senis, coronatis, decussatim costatis, postice subplanulatis; apertura elongata, postice acuminata, margine interno labii ex- terni transversim costellifero, costellis sub-bifariam coordinatis; labio columellari granuloso. “When young the granules of the columellar lip are indistinct, and do not extend so as to cover the lip, but when full-grown the columellar lip is entirely covered by granules; in which character it differs from O. can- cellata. It is also distinguished from that species by the nature of the denticulations on the inside of the outer lip, which in O. domingensis are extended across the lip. It is worthy of remark, that O. cancellata is a Chinese species.” (Sowerby, 1850, p. 47) Description.—Shell triangular in outline, six teleo- conch whorls and a protoconch of about one and three- quarters smooth, bulbous whorls. Spiral ornamentation on each spire whorl of about six flattened, equi-sized cords. On body whorl about 12 such cords, with nu- merous secondary threads intercalated. Shoulder ramp initially flat, giving a stepped appearance to the spire; but becoming more sloped by about fifth teleoconch whorl, with the suture increasingly appressed, es- pecially on the sixth whorl. Axial ornamentation of eight or nine flange-like varices on early spire whorls, increasing to about 12 on adult; at shoulder angle small open spines produced, and on some specimens smaller open spinelets where varix crosses each major spiral cord. Numerous axial growth lamellae between each pair of varices. Combination of axial varices and major spiral cords giving rise to a cancellate appear- ance; in addition, combination of axial growth lamel- lae and secondary spiral threads giving a linen-like texture to entire shell surface. Aperture elongate, strong posterior notch, heavy parietal shield covered with numerous pustules only slightly elongated in an adapertural direction. Outer lip thickened, recurved abaperturally, covered with a series of elongate lirae, ranging from 24 to 30 in number and of varying lengths. Siphonal canal slightly recurved dorsally, forming an elongate siphonal fasciole, often covered by parietal shield. Type material and measurements.—Lectotype, BMNH G 83 846; 29.0 mm, diameter 18.0 mm (des- ignated by Pflug, 1961, p. 38). 20 BULLETIN 354 Type locality.—Locality TU 1293 (here restricted), Gurabo Formation; Rio Mao, west bank, bluff just be- low Paso Chorrera, or about 12 km (by road) south of Mao (Valverde), Dominican Republic (= locs. USGS 8519, 8520; Bluff 1 of Maury; see Saunders et al., 1986, text-fig. 29). Material studied—Numerous specimens from the Cercado Formation and shallow-water portions of the Gurabo Formation; one example from the shallow-wa- ter gravity-flow into the Mao Formation at locality NMB 15833. Remarks.—Although never common at any one lo- cality, M. domingense is fairly widespread in the Cer- cado Formation and the shallow-water portions of the Gurabo Formation. The locality with the greatest num- ber of specimens is Maury’s Bluff 1, on the Rio Mao (= loc. TU 1293, 36 specimens; = loc. NMB 16910, 10 specimens), a place where Heneken almost certain- ly collected. Therefore, the type locality is restricted to this site. The living analog of M. domingense is the beautiful M. dennisoni (Reeve, 1842), which occurs from off North Carolina to Brazil (Abbott, 1974, p. 160) and has been recorded in depths ranging from 2 meters to 265 meters (Bayer, 1971, p. 139). This wide variation in depths is comparable to that of the Dominican spe- cies, which seemingly occupied a similar, though not quite as extensive, range. We have taken it in beds estimated to have been deposited anywhere from 20 to 150 meters, although it is most abundant in the 50 meter range. Dance and Emerson (1967, p. 93—94) cite living specimens from 62 to 138 meters, so the Recent form may prefer slightly deeper water than did the fossil one. Comparisons.—Maury described Morum harrisi (1925a, p. 114/115, pl. 4, fig. 14) from the Lower Mio- cene Pirabas Limestone of Brazil, which is similar to M. domingense. On the basis of her unique holotype, an incomplete external mold, M. harrisi is larger than any known specimen of M. domingense (her shell is estimated to be 40 mm; our largest example of M. domingense is 38 mm and most are about 30 mm). More importantly, the Brazilian shell has a strong spi- ral cord on the subsutural ramp, not present in M. dom- ingense. Unfortunately, we have no information on the nature of the columellar shield ornamentation, which is not preserved in the holotype. The earliest species to demonstrate the finely pus- tulose ornamentation on the columellar shield is M. coxi (Trechmann, 1935; figured by Jung, 1971, pl. 10, figs. 1-5), from the Grand Bay Formation, Carriacou, Grenadine Islands, West Indies (Middle Miocene; Neogene zone N.11). But, except for the shield, there is not a strong resemblance to the younger M. dom- ingense, for M. coxi is a more rotund shell, with a smaller columellar shield. The large species of Morum described from the Pinecrest beds under the name M. meganae by Ray- mond (1997, p. 141, pl. 1, fig. 1), is, as noted above, more closely related to the older Floridian M. chipo- lanum than to the contemporary M. domingense. The two Florida species share a step-like spire, with a sharp, flat shoulder, due to the deeply incised suture. In M. domingense, and the living M. dennisoni, the shoulder is markedly sloped and the suture is ap- pressed. From the living M. dennisoni, the Dominican shell differs in having the spiral and axial ornamentation relatively stronger than in the Recent shell, which gives the fossil species a more cancellate appearance than the Recent one. The pustules on the columellar shield in M. dennisoni are relatively finer than those of M. domingense. Petuch (1981, figs. 24, 25) figured a specimen from 11 meters depth off the Goajira Peninsula, Colombia, as M. domingense, noting at the time that the fossil species has 12 axial ridges (it varies from 10 to 12) whereas the Recent shell has 16. Subsequently, he named this Recent species M. lindae (Petuch, 1987, p. 95, pl. 23, figs. 1, 2), reiterating that M. domingense is “the direct ancestor” of M. lindae and noting that the fossil species “‘has fewer axial ribs, is broader and more angled, has a smaller parietal shield, and is far less sculptured and less squamore.”” However, the na- ture of the low, stepped spire, with its incised suture, and the numerous fine axial lamellae suggests that M. lindae is the linear descendant of the more recently described Cantaure Formation M. jungi Landau (1996, p. 53, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2) rather than of M. domingense. Occurrence.—Cercado/Gurabo formations: Rio Cana area (TU 1230, 1354, 1356); Rio Gurabo (TU 1210-1213, 1215, 1231, 1246, 1278, 1373-1375, 1377, 1419); Rio Mao area (TU 1225, 1293, 1294); Rio Amina (TU 1219, 1220, 1248); Santiago area (TU 1227A, 1250, 1449). Mao Formation: Rio Gurabo (NMB 15833). Distribution.—Cercado, Gurabo, and Mao forma- tions, Dominican Republic. Although Petuch (1981, p. 321) reported this species from the Gatun Formation, Panama, and the Bowden Formation, Jamaica, Wood- ring (1928, 1957-1982) has not recorded any occur- rences and I am not aware of any specimens from ei- ther formation. Family TURBINELLIDAE Swainson, 1840 Subfamily TURBINELLINAE Swainson, 1840 Genus TURBINELLA Lamarck, 1799 Xancus Réding, 1798, p. 134 [placed on Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names, ICZN Opinion 489 (ICZN, 1957)]. DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES Pl Type species.—Voluta pyrum Linnaeus, 1767, by subsequent designation, Dall, 1906b, p. 296. Turbinella Lamarck, 1799, p. 73. Type species.—Voluta pyrum Linnaeus, 1767, by monotypy. Turbinellus Lamarck, 1801, p. 83 (? emendation). Type species.—Voluta pyrum Linnaeus, 1767, by monotypy. Buccinella Perry, 1811, pl. 27. Type species.—Buccinella caerulea Perry, 1811 [= V. pyrum form napus Lamarck, 1822], by subsequent designation, Abbott, 1950, p. 203. Scolymus Deshayes, 1843, p. 375 (non Scolymus Swainson, 1835). Type species.—Turbinella scolymus Lamarck, 1816 {= Murex scolymus Gmelin, 1791], by tautonomy. Mazza “Klein” H. Adams and A. Adams, 1853, p. 156. Type species.—Voluta pyrum Linnaeus, 1767, by subsequent designation, Abbott, 1950, p. 203. Turbofusula Rovereto, 1900, p. 169. Type species.—Turbinella fusus Sowerby, 1825, by original designation. Remarks.—Although Abbott (1950, p. 203) and Ab- bott and Dance (1982, p. 210) cite Voluta pyrum Lin- naeus as of 1758, the species was not described until 1767 in the 12th Edition of Systema Naturae (Murex pyrum Linnaeus, 1758, is a species of Cymatium). The problem of usage of the names Turbinella vs. Xancus was discussed in an earlier paper (Vokes, 1964, p. 66). The replacement of the Lamarckian Tur- binella by Xancus Réding, 1798, created such contro- versy that ultimately the case was presented to the In- ternational Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Baily, 1956) and that body, over the strong objections of leading malacologists in the United States (e.g., R.T. Abbott, Myra Keen, H.A. Rehder, and PE. Morrison, all quoted in Opinion 489), voted in Opinion 489 (ICZN, 1957) to restore Turbinella as the taxon to be used for this group. Such were the emotions engen- dered by this decision that Woodring made the state- ment “I am unable to accept Opinion 489” (1964, p. 287) and he continued to use the name Xancus for the remainder of his publications. In the Dominican beds there are four species of Tur- binella: one in the Baitoa Formation, and three in the Cercado and Gurabo formations. Each is distinctive and cannot be mistaken for anything else. The older T. valida (Sowerby), from the Baitoa Formation, may be assigned to the “Ancestral Lineage”’ (as delimited by Vokes, 1964, p. 42), which is characterized by hav- ing a relatively small protoconch and a shouldered shell. Among the younger species, the well-known and abundant 7. praelaevigata Vokes (= Xancus praeo- voideus Maury non Vredenburg) is a member of the smooth “laevigata Lineage”’ (Vokes, 1964, p. 49) and the other two, both new species described herein, are referable to the ““angulata Lineage” (Vokes, 1964, p. 58), characterized by a shell with a noded, angulate shoulder and an extremely large protoconch. Although the three younger species are presumably members of two distinct lineages, they share one very peculiar shell character. All three have, on the inner side of the shell along a line slightly anterior to the shoulder at the approximate line where the suture will fall, a row of very pronounced nodules (see PI. 6, fig. 2c; Pl. 7, fig. 2b; Pl. 8, fig. 1c). Every specimen of all three species has these nodules, which do not occur in any other Turbinella species of any other age, so far as I am aware. One is tempted to attribute these nod- ules to some outside force, a parasite or symbiont, per- haps, but why should every shell have them, if that is the cause? Some specimens of Turbinella from other times and places may develop a thickened ridge along this line, but none have the nodules. At this point I have no satisfactory explanation for this phenomenon, but it is certainly intriguing and warrants further study. Turbinella valida Sowerby, 1850 Plate 5, figures 1—5 Turbinellus validus Sowerby, 1850, p. 50; Guppy, 1866, p. 575; 1867, p. 157 (in part); 1874, p. 438 (in part); 1876, p. 523; 1910 (as Turbinelus), p. 6 (in part). Not Turbinelus [sic] validus Sowerby. Guppy, 1910, p. 9 [? = T. trinitatis (Maury, 1925a)]. Turbinella valida Sowerby. Gabb, 1873, p. 218; Vredenburg, 1923, p. 125; Vokes, 1964, p. 47, text-fig. | (lectotype). Xancus validus (Sowerby). Maury, 1917, p. 83(247), pl. 13(39), fig. 5; Vaughan, Cooke, Condit, Ross, Woodring, and Calkins, 1921, p. 113; Maury, 1925a, p. 154/155; Olsson, 1922, p. 112(284); Woodring, 1928, p. 252; 1973, p. 479; Ferreira and Cunha, 1957, Pa35: Xancus rex Pilsbry and Johnson, 1917, p. 167; Pilsbry, 1922, p. 342, pl. 26, figs. 5, 8; Vredenburg, 1923, p. 127; Woodring, Brown, and Burbank, 1924, p. 182; Woodring, 1928, p. 251; Weisbord, 1929, p. 47(279): Mansfield, 1937, pp. 15, 112. ?Not Xancus validus (Sowerby). Hubbard, 1920, p. 155 [= T. are- cibonense (Hubbard, 1920)]. Not Xancus validus (Sowerby). Pilsbry, 1922, p. 342, pl. 25, fig. 3 [= T. pilsbryi, n. sp.]. Xancus species. Woodring, 1964, p. 286. Xancus ct. X. rex Pilsbry and Johnson. Woodring, 1964, p. 286. Not Xancus validus validus (Sowerby)?. Woodring, 1964, p. 286, pl. 47, fig. 13 [= T. hysterus (Woodring, 1973)]. Xancus cf. X. validus (Sowerby). Woodring, 1973, p. 479. Not Xancus rex Perrilliat [Montoya], 1973, p. 13, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5; pl. 4, figs. 1—4, pls. 5, figs. 1, 3 [= new species]. 22 BULLETIN 354 Diagnosis.—Large (maximum height over 280 mm), high-spired Turbinella, with 10 to 12 angulate tubercles at the shoulder. Protoconch about 3 mm in diameter. Original description.—‘‘Testa oblongo-subfusifor- mis, laevis, postice acuminata, antice coarctata, an- fractibus 6 ad 8, subventricosis, spiraliter striatis, pos- ticis transversim obtuse costatis, intermediis subtuber- culatis, anticis duobus postice tuberculatis; sutura can- aliculata, margine levata; apertura magna, canali valido extus striato. “This species somewhat resembles 7. scolymus: it differs, however, materially in its general form not be- ing hexagonal; in the suture, whose margin is elevated and with a narrow channel; and in its tubercles, which are small and rounded.” (Sowerby, 1850, p. 50) Description.—‘‘The shell is biconic, large and pon- derous, the periphery about median. First whorl dis- torted, bulbous, smooth, next whorl contracted and narrow. Succeeding whorls have massive axial folds, 6 or 7 on a whorl, traversed by about 7 spiral cords. After the mid-neanic stage the spiral sculpture weak- ens, and the folds gradually give place to strong tu- bercles at the shoulder. On the last whorl of the type there are 12 such tubercles. Above the shoulder there is a steep, slightly concave slope to the suture, the surface being conspicuously, finely plicate and having a few spiral cords, which are indistinct in the adult stage. The whorl is appressed at the suture, the axial wrinkles becoming strong retractive laminae there. The basal half of the last whorl has many spiral cords. The inner lip is heavily calloused, columella with 3 strong plaits.”” (Pilsbry and Johnson, 1917, p. 167, as T. rex) Type material and measurements.—Lectotype, BMNH GG 20212; height 130.0 mm, diameter 57.0 mm (designated by Vokes, 1964, p. 48). Paralectotype, BMNH GG 20216; height 97.3 mm, diameter 34.6 mm; locality unknown. Holotype of 7. rex, ANSP 2628; height 212.0 mm, diameter 117.0 mm; locality unknown. Paratype of 7. rex, ANSP 2828; height 115.0 mm, diameter 62.0 mm; locality unknown. Type locality.—Locality NMB 17265 (here restrict- ed), Baitoa Formation; east side of Rio Yaque del Nor- te, just below mouth of Arroyo Hondo, Dominican Re- public (see Saunders ef al., 1986, text-fig. 21). Material studied.—About 30 complete individuals, plus fragments, from several Baitoa localities. Remarks.—Because Sowerby did not illustrate his species 7. valida, a great deal of confusion has been introduced into the literature. For whatever reason, Pilsbry and Johnson (1917, p. 167) concluded that the shell identified by both Gabb (1873) and Maury (1917) as T. valida was not that species but another, which was subsequently figured by Pilsbry (1922, pl. 25, fig. 3) as “Xancus validus”’; this specimen is treated herein as T. pilsbryi, n. sp. (below). With this second species identified as 7. valida, the relatively common form from the Baitoa Formation was without a name; there- fore, Pilsbry and Johnson gave it the name T. rex. Under the names ‘“‘Xancus species” and ‘‘Xancus cf. X. rex,’ Woodring (1964, p. 286) identified several incomplete specimens from the Culebra and La Boca formations of Panama (see Woodring, 1973, p. 479, for change in stratigraphic assignment of localities cit- ed in 1964), which were not figured but which may well be examples of T. valida. Comparisons.—Due to the confusion between T. valida and T. pilsbryi, n. sp., Woodring (1964), in his study of the Gatun fauna, originally figured as Xancus validus validus a species which bears little resem- blance to the true 7. valida. After the lectotype of T. valida was figured (Vokes, 1964, text-fig. 1), Wood- ring named the Panamanian species Xancus validus hysterus, stating that “the large size, late appearance of knobs, wider and more pinched knobs, and absence of strong, widely spaced, exaggerated growth threads on the slope between the suture and the shoulder dis- tinguish this subspecies from the nominate species” (Woodring, 1973, p. 479). There is little reason to consider this form a sub- species of 7. valida, as the appearance of the two forms is quite different. The Panamanian species is more elongate, with much more subdued ‘“‘knobs”’ at the shoulder and marked spiral cords on the body whorl. Perrilliat (1973, p. 13, pls. 3-5) has figured yet an- other species under the name of ‘‘Xancus rex.” Her specimens, from the Upper Miocene beds at Santa Rosa, Veracruz, Mexico, are more similar in appear- ance to 7. valida than the Panamanian examples, but differ in having a smoother shell, lacking the strong growth lamellae on the subsutural ramp, so character- istic of T. valida, and also having the tubercles at the shoulder with a more “‘pinched”’ appearance in the an- terior/posterior dimension. The Santa Rosa specimens clearly represent another undescribed species in the T. valida line. Previously (Vokes, 1964, p. 47), I included in the synonymy of 7. valida the Venezuelan species “‘Xan- cus”’ aviaguensis Hodson, 1931, described from the Lower Miocene Agua Clara Formation. Although the two species are similar, and probably closely related, I no longer believe they are synonymous. The subsu- tural ramp is more sloping in 7. valida, giving the shell an elongate outline. In 7. aviaguensis the subsutural ramp is almost perpendicular to the suture, giving the shell a more “‘stepped”’ outline. Occurrence.—Baitoa Formation: Baitoa area (NMB DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES 228} 16935, 16938, 16942, 16945, 17265, 17280, 17281, 17283, 17284, 17285, 17288; TU 1226, 1363, 1364, 1448 [river float]). Distribution.—Baitoa Formation, Dominican Re- public; Thomonde Formation, Haiti; Culebra and La Boca formations, Panama. Turbinella pilsbryi, new species Plate 8, figures 1, 2 Xancus validus (Sowerby). Pilsbry, 1922, p. 342, pl. 25, fig. 3 (not Sowerby, 1850). Diagnosis.—Large (maximum height almost 200 mm) Turbinella, with only slightly shouldered shell, having numerous (ca. 15) indistinct tubercles at the shoulder angulation. Protoconch unknown, but esti- mated to be about 4 mm in diameter. Description.—**The shell is obesely fusiform, pon- derous. The embryonic stage is unknown, but the early and middle neanic whorls have thick, rounded axial folds, weak below the suture, six or seven on a whorl, and fine axial costulation, over which about eight rath- er acute, narrow spiral threads run. On the last two or three whorls the axial folds are replaced by small, rounded tubercles disposed along a slight shoulder an- gle; the spirals become weak and sparce except to- wards the base. The suture is rather narrowly, deeply channeled. At resting stages and the final lip the suture rises very little. There are three strong plaits, the an- terior one lowest and thickest.” (Pilsbry, 1922, p. 342, as T. validus) Etymology.—For H.A. Pilsbry, in honor of his study of the Gabb Collection of mollusks from the Domin- ican Republic. Type material and measurements.—Holotype, ANSP 2631; height 178.0 mm, diameter 77.0 mm. Paratype A, PRI 45265; height 70.8 mm, diameter 52.5 mm; locality TU 1445. Unfigured paratype B, ANSP 79411; height 175.0 mm, diameter 82.0 mm; locality unknown. Unfigured paratype C, ANSP 79411; height 110.0 mm, diameter 52.0 mm; locality unknown. Type locality.—Locality TU 1445, unnamed for- mation; west bank Rio Yaque del Norte, at ““‘La Ven- tana” tunnel (L6pez-Angostura hydro-electric project) between hard ledges just upstream from entrance to tunnel, Dominican Republic (not mapped by Saunders et al., 1986). Material studied —rThe holotype and two other specimens from the Gabb Collection, plus one incom- plete specimen from near L6pez (loc. TU 1445). Remarks.—Because of confusion over the identity of T. valida, Pilsbry (1922) identified another less no- dose species, which occurs in the unnamed formation on the Rio Yaque del Norte, near Lépez (loc. TU 1445) as T. valida. Inasmuch as the section at Lépez seems to have been one of Gabb’s localities (see Vo- kes, 1989, p. 20), it is not surprising that in the Gabb Collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phil- adelphia, there should be three specimens of this un- described species. As with all of the species of Turbinella present in the beds of the Cercado and Gurabo formations, this one is marked by a peculiar row of heavy nodules on the inner side of the shell, in a line anterior to the shoulder (Pl. 8, fig. Ic). Comparisons.—This species bears little similarity to T. valida Sowerby, which is characterized by very strong, pointed nodes at the shoulder. The new species has only weak shoulder nodes and is perhaps most nearly allied with the Early Miocene Brazilian T. ama- zonianum (Ferriera and Cunha, 1957), which is based upon an incomplete external mold. From the appear- ance of a “‘plastotype”’ in my collection the Brazilian species has a more angulate shoulder, with the whorls less inflated, giving an almost square appearance to the whorls. As Pilsbry noted (1922, p. 343), there is some re- semblance to the form he named as 7. textilis jamai- censis and figured for comparison (1922, pl. 25, figs. 5, 6), from the younger Bowden Formation of Jamaica. The latter has fewer but stronger nodes at the shoulder and is more like the species treated herein as T. prae- textilis, n. sp. (below). Occurrence.—Unnamed formation: Lopez area (TU 1445). Distribution.—Unnamed unit of same age as the Cercado Formation, Dominican Republic. Turbinella praetextilis, new species Plate 7, figures 2, 3 Diagnosis.—?Large species (maximum height not known, but probably about 200 mm) species of Tur- binella, relatively low-spired, with about seven strong tubercles at shoulder. Protoconch approximately 4 mm in diameter. Description.—Shell with probably seven teleoconch whorls; protoconch not preserved in present material. Axial ornamentation from first teleoconch whorl to last, of six or seven ridges; initially symmetrically rounded into ridges and valleys, becoming increasing farther apart and more knob-like at shoulder as shell increases in size. Spiral ornamentation beginning with about six equi-sized threads, increasing in number by intercalation as shell enlarges; diminishing in strength on about fifth teleoconch whorl, body whorl essentially smooth except for about 28 spiral threads on the si- phonal canal. Suture appressed on early whorls, be- coming increasingly incised by a raised rim along the 24 BULLETIN 354 more anterior whorl. Subsutural ramp marked by nu- merous axial growth lines, bent abaperturally at shoul- der tubercles, almost in the manner of a turrid notch. Aperture narrowly elongate, three sharp plications on columellar wall; decreasing in strength from posterior to anterior. On inner side of outer wall of shell, along a line anterior to shoulder tubercles (where suture will fall as shell grows) a series of heavy, rounded nodules, the last two formed about 15 mm apart. Etymology.—Named thus because of similarity to the younger T. textilis (Guppy, 1873). Type material and measurements.—Holotype, PRI 45264; height 122.5 mm, diameter 47.5 mm. Paratype, BMNH GG 20213 (presently missing from collections at the Natural History Museum, London); height 142.8 mm, diameter 74.0 mm; locality unknown. Type locality.—Locality TU 1278, Gurabo Forma- tion; large arroyo on east side of Rio Gurabo, just be- low the bridge/ford on Los Quemados-Sabaneta road, Dominican Republic (see Saunders ef al., 1986, text- fig. 5). Material studied.—Four specimens from the Gurabo Formation, one example in the collections of the Nat- ural History Museum, London, and several poorly pre- served specimens from the Gurabo-aged beds along the Rio Yaque del Sur. Remarks.—In the Tulane collections we have four incomplete specimens from the shallow-water Gurabo Formation on the Rio Gurabo and Rio Guanajuma, which cannot be referred to any known species. In addition, there is a single large example (GG 20213; height 142.8 mm), said to be a “‘paratype”’ (7.e., syn- type) of T. valida, in the collections of the Natural History Museum, London. From the Gurabo-equiva- lent beds on the south side of the Dominican Republic, along the Rio Yaque del Sur near Quita Corazo, there are four poorly preserved specimens that also seem to be referable to this species but are too poorly pre- served to be considered as paratypes. This species, as do the other Cercado/Gurabo spe- cies of Turbinella, bears on the inner side of the shell, at the mid-point of the body whorl, a row of nodules (see Pl. 7, fig. 2b), which are identical to those seen in 7. pilsbryi (above) and T. praelaevigata (below). As noted above, the three species have no more than a generic similarity, and so one wonders at the signif- icance of these nodules. Comparisons.—In general, this species has the most resemblance to the Jamaican T. textilis (Guppy, 1873) but differs in having a lower spire, fewer axial nodes (about seven vs. ten) and in having the protoconch and early whorls about one-half as large (compare PI. 7, figs. 1 and 2c). Occurrence.—Gurabo Formation: Rio Gurabo (TU 1231, 1278); Rio Guanajuma (TU 1411). Unit of the same age as the Gurabo Formation: Rio Yaque del Sur (NMB 16849, 17373; TU 1255). Distribution.—Presumably confined to the Gurabo and equivalent formations, Dominican Republic. Turbinella praelaevigata Vokes, 1964 Plate 6, figures 1—4 Turbinellus ovoideus Kiener. Moore, 1850, p. 40; 1853, p. 130; Gup- py, 1866, p. 575, 576 (in part); 1867, p. 157 (in part); 1874, p. 438 (in part); 1876, p. 523; 1910, p. 6 (in part) [not Kiener, 1841; the Guppy references in part = (?) 7. riosecana (Hodson, 1931)]. Not Turbinellus ovoideus Kiener. Guppy, 1910, p. 9 [? = T. riose- cana (Hodson, 1931)]. Turbinella ovoidea Kiener. Gabb, 1873, p. 218 (not Kiener, 1841). Xancus proaevoideus [sic] Maury, 1917, p. 83 (247), pl. 14 (40), fig. 18. Corrected to praeovoideus in errata. non Turbinella praeo- voidea Vredenburg, 1916. Xancus praeovoideus Maury. Vaughan, Cooke, Condit, Ross, Woodring, and Calkins, 1921, p. 119, et seg.; Pilsbry, 1922, p. 343; Maury, 1925a, p. 623, pl. 7, fig. 12; Hodson, 1931, p. 40; 1931, p. 13(107): Rutsch, 1934, p. 162; Ramirez, 1950, p. 26, pl. 4; Ferreira and Cunha, 1957, p. 27. Turbinella praeovoidea (Maury). Vredenburg, 1923, p. 125. [?] not Xancus praevoideus [sic] Maury. Maury, 1925b, p.207(359), pl. 38(49), fig. 1 [? = 7. riosecana (Hodson, 1931)]. Xancus validus falconensis Hodson. Woodring, 1964, p. 286 (in part). Turbinella praelaevigata Vokes, 1964, p. 52 (nom. nov. pro Xancus praeovoideus Maury, 1917, non Turbinella praeovoidea Vreden- burg, 1916). Xancus dodonaius praelaevigatus (Vokes). Woodring, 1973, p. 479 (in part). Diagnosis.—Large (maximum height over 200 mm), moderately high-spired Turbinella, with the shoulder rounded. Protoconch approximately 4 mm in diameter. Original description.—‘‘Our recent shells of X. ovo- idea collected by the Hartt expedition at Bahia, Brazil, show that the spire is spirally striate, not costate. In the fossils the spire is strongly tuberculately costate for about five whorls, and the three columellar plica- tions are decidedly heavier.’ (Maury, 1917, p. 248) Description.—Heavy, massive shell with seven te- leoconch whorls and a protoconch of two and one-half large, bulbous whorls, first one and one-half whorls much larger than last whorl. First five whorls of teleo- conch with axial ornamentation of about seven round- ed ridges. Spiral ornamentation on first five whorls of about seven threads, becoming weaker with each suc- cessive whorl. After fifth whorl shell devoid of axial ornament, and spiral ornamentation only of about a dozen alternating larger and smaller threads on si- phonal canal, plus about six extremely faint threads between suture and shoulder. Suture initially undulated by axial ridges, becoming incised by a raised rim on anterior whorl; subsutural ramp marked by numerous DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES DS somewhat retractive growth lamellae. Aperture ovate, inner lip with heavy callus, three columellar plications, decreasing in strength from posterior to anterior. Inner side of outer shell wall with a line of heavy nodules at approximately the midpoint of body whorl. Type material and measurements.—Holotype, PRI 28723; height 178.0 mm, diameter 71.0 mm. Type locality.—Locality NMB 16913 (here restrict- ed), Cercado Formation; Rio Mao, west bank, bluff just above Paso de los Perros, or about 5 km (by road) north of the Moncion-San Jose de las Matas road, Do- minican Republic (= TU 1294; USGS 8525; Bluff 3 of Maury; see Saunders ef al., 1986, text-fig. 29). Material studied.—About 40 specimens from the Cercado and shallow-water Gurabo formations. Remarks.—As Maury (1917) noted, the common Dominican species of Turbinella that was identified by the early workers as the Recent 7. ovoidea Kiener, 1841 (= T. laevigata Anton, 1839), differs from that form in having a larger size (over 200 mm in height; although most measure about 170 mm in height) and in having strongly costate early whorls (the axial ridg- es in JT. laevigata persist for only about the first two teleoconch whorls in contrast to the first five whorls in T. praelaevigata). The multiple taxonomic problems involving the name of the Dominican and the Recent species were discussed in a previous paper (Vokes, 1964, p. 52) and the homonymous Dominican species was renamed 7. praelaevigata. Although Woodring (1964, p. 287) was of the opinion that there is little relationship between the fossil and Recent species, the Dominican species would still appear to be the logical ancestor of the Recent form, which lives along the northern coast of South America (Brazil to Barbados). The fossil species shares with the other Dominican species of Turbinella the peculiar row of nodules on the inner side of the shell, in a line anterior to the shoulder (see Pl. 6, fig. 2). The Recent T. ovoidea may have a thickened ridge in the same location but the nodules are not present. Maury did not designate a type locality for this spe- cies but said that it occurred at Bluff 1 (Gurabo For- mation) and Bluff 3 (Cercado Formation) on the Rio Mao. Inasmuch as the species is most abundant in the Cercado Formation and as there are five huge speci- mens (the largest 225 mm in height) in the collections at the Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, from Bluff 3 (loc. NMB 16913), this is chosen as the type locality. Comparisons.—Woodring (1964, 1973) greatly complicated the synonymy of 7. praelaevigata. In 1964 (p. 268) he included it under T. falconensis (Hod- son, 1931), which he made a subspecies of the only distantly related 7. valida. In 1973 he admitted the earlier assignment was incorrect but then placed T. praelaevigata as a subspecies of the Chipola Forma- tion species 7. dodonaia (Gardner, 1944), which is at least of the same general smooth outline. Unfortunate- ly, the Gatun species that Woodring illustrated (1964, pl. 46, figs. 4-6) is neither 7. praelaevigata nor T. falconensis but is probably 7. trinitatis (Maury, 1925b), described from the Springvale Formation of Trinidad. In the Springvale Formation there seems to be two species of Turbinella present. Guppy (1874, p. 438; 1876, p. 523; 1910, p. 6) repeatedly cited both **Tur- binellus validus” and ‘‘Turbinellus ovoideus” from Trinidad. Maury (1925b, p. 359), in her study of the Springvale fauna, included all of these references un- der Xancus praevoideus [sic] but it is more reasonable to assume that only what Guppy was calling “‘ovoi- deus” is the same form as that figured by Maury as “Xancus”’ praeovoideus [pl. 38(49), fig. 1] and the one cited by Guppy as ‘‘validus” is the species that she named ‘“‘Xancus”’ trinitatis [pl. 39(50), fig. 1]. In any case, the species that Maury cited under the name X. praeovoideus is not the Dominican species, as it is much more inflated than any specimen in our collec- tion from the Dominican Republic and it lacks the channeled suture characteristic of 7. praelaevigata. It probably is better referred to 7. riosecana (Hodson, 1931) (see Vokes, 1964, p. 54, for further discussion). Occurrence.—Cercado/Gurabo formations: Rio Cana (TU 1230); Rio Gurabo (TU 1231, 1277, 1298, 1358, 1359, 1375, 1377, 1378, 1419; NMB 15898, 15904, 15906-15909, 15912, 15913, 16920); Rio Amina (TU 1219, 1412); Rio Mao (TU 1293, 1379; NMB 16913, 16917, 16919, 16923). Distribution.—Cercado and shallow-water Gurabo formations, Dominican Republic. Subfamily VASINAE Adams and Adams, 1853 Genus VASUM Roding 1798 Vasum Roding, 1798, p. 56. Type species.—Murex turbinellus Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation, Winckworth, 1945. Volutella Perry, 1810, pl. 2 (sig. B1), fig. 1. Type species.—Volutella divergens Perry, 1810 [= Vasum muricatum (Born, 1778)], by monotypy. Cynodonta Schumacher, 1817, p. 73. Type species.—Voluta ceramica Linnaeus, 1758, by original designation. Scolymus Swainson, 1835, p. 21. Type species.—Turbinella cornigera Lamarck, 1822 [= Murex turbinellus Linnaeus, 1758], by subsequent designation, Abbott, 1950. 26 BULLETIN 354 Remarks.—There are six species of Vasuwm in the Dominican Republic. All are found in shallow-water, coralline beds, and four of the species occur in the Cercado and Gurabo formations, frequently together at the same locality. The nature of the columellar plica- tions, however, in combination with the overall shell morphology permits separation readily. The members of the Dominican Vasum fauna have been covered in detail in two previous papers (Vokes, 1966, 1979) and much material presented there is not repeated here. Vasum dominicense Gabb, 1873 Plate 9, figures 1, 2 Vasum dominicensis Gabb, 1873, p. 218. Vasum dominicense Gabb. Maury, 1917, p. 84(248); Pilsbry, 1922, p. 344, pl. 27, figs. 4, 5 (lectotype); Ferreira and Cunha, 1957, p. 39; Vokes, 1966, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 8 (lectotype); 1979, p. 113, pl. 2, figs. 5 (lectotype), 6. Not Vasum dominicense Gabb. Vaughan, Cooke, Condit, Ross, Woodring, and Calkins, 1921, p. 140 [= Vasum aedificatum (Gup- py)]. Diagnosis.—Small (65 mm in height), elongate, non-spinose Vasum, with heavy axial ridges; three col- umellar plications. Original description.—*‘Shell small, very robust; spire about as long as the mouth in old shells, not so long in the younger stages, whorls 10, concave above, angulated; body whorl convex in the middle, concave in advance and broadly umbilicated; surfaces marked by about 7 larger slightly oblique longitudinal ribs, more or less tuberculate on the angle and crossed by numerous revolving ribs, the whole rendered more or less squamose by lines of growth; there is a larger revolving rib or row of tubercules in advance. Aper- ture elongate-oval; inner lip covered with a heavy plate, with four transverse folds.”” (Gabb, 1873, p. 218) Description.—Shell massive, small for the genus (maximum height about 65 mm); high-spired; proba- bly eight teleoconch whorls in adult shell, nature of protoconch and early whorls not known. Axial orna- mentation on all whorls of eight heavy, swollen ribs about twice as long as wide; in addition, numerous axial growth lamellae. Spiral ornamentation of alter- nating fine and coarse cords, four to five stronger cords - on body whorl, plus one very heavy cord on siphonal canal. Between stronger cords numerous secondary ones, alternating with major cords between shoulder and base of body whorl; several minor cords on sub- sutural ramp and on depressed portion between body whorl and major cord on siphonal canal. Intersection of spiral cords and axial lamellae giving a reticulate pattern to shell surface; where major cords at shoulder and siphonal canal cross axial ribs, small open spine- lets produced in early stages, lacking in mature spec- imen. Suture deeply indented; subsutural ramp con- cave into angulation at shoulder. Aperture elongate; inner lip heavy, smooth, appressed at posterior end, free-standing at anterior end. Three strong equi-sized columellar plications, almost perpendicular to shell axis. Outer lip simple, approximately eight lirae along inner margin. Siphonal canal short; recurved at distal end, giving rise to a relatively large open umbilicus. Type material and measurements.—Lectotype, ANSP 2623; height 60.0 mm, diameter 37.5 mm (des- ignated by Pilsbry, 1922, p. 344). Paratype, ANSP 2623A; height 32.0 mm, diameter 19.0 mm (fide Pils- bry, 1922, specimen lost); locality unknown. Type locality—Dominican Republic, exact locality not known. Material studied.—The type lot, consisting of two specimens in the Gabb Collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and two small spec- imens from the Chipola Formation of northwestern Florida. Remarks.—As was noted previously (Vokes, 1966, p. 8), although Gabb described this species as having four columellar plications, the two specimens in the type lot have but three. It is assumed that Gabb was including in his concept of the species specimens of the form later described as Vasum aedificatum Guppy, which does have four plicae. Vaughan ef al. (1921, p. 140) list V. dominicense from the Gurabo Formation at locality USGS 8528 (Rio Amina). This is probably an error for locality USGS 8538 (Rio Gurabo), as there are no specimens in the USNM collection from USGS 8528, but there is a specimen of V. aedificatum (Guppy) from USGS 8538 (which is in the adjacent column), which might have been confused with V. dominicense. In any case, the report of the occurrence of V. dominicense in the Gurabo Formation is an error. I previously suggested (Vokes, 1966) that V. dom- inicense came from the Baitoa Formation, inasmuch as subsequent collectors have not located the species. Today, in spite of all the collecting done in the Do- minican Republic by both the Basel team and us, no additional material referable to V. dominicense has been discovered in the Dominican beds. In the Chipola Formation of Florida, we have collected two speci- mens (PI. 9, fig. 2), which seem to be referable to V. dominicense. Otherwise nothing can be added to the knowledge of this form. Comparisons.—This species is probably most close- ly related to the younger V. gurabicum Maury, 1917, which also has three strong columellar plications. However, in V. dominicense the axial ribs are much stronger and the siphonal canal is shorter. DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES 27 Occurrence.—Not known, probably Baitoa Forma- tion. Distribution.—(?)Baitoa Formation, Dominican Re- public; Chipola Formation, Florida. Vasum pugnus Pilsbry and Johnson, 1917 Plate 9, figure 3 Vasum pugnus Pilsbry and Johnson, 1917, p. 167; Pilsbry, 1922, p. 344, pl. 27, fig. 1 (holotype); Ferriera and Cunha, 1957, p. 39; Vokes, 1979, p. 113, pl. 2, figs. 6 (holotype), 7. Vasum pugnans [sic] Pilsbry and Johnson. Vokes, 1966, p. 9, pl. 2, fig. 3 (holotype). Diagnosis.—Moderate-sized (80 mm in height), elongate, non-spinose Vasum; number of columellar plications not known. Original description.—‘‘The shell is biconic; spire elevated, the whorls having rounded peripheral nodes, about 8 on a whorl, and spiral threads, about 12 with a few minor ones, on the penult whorl. On the last whorl there are short, thick axial folds extending a short distance downward from the shoulder, and an inferior row of blunt tubercles. From the shoulder down there are low, well-spaced spiral cords, with about 3 smaller spirals in their intervals.”’ (Pilsbry and Johnson, 1917, p. 167) Type material and measurements.—Holotype, ANSP 2626; height 80.0 mm, diameter 50.0 mm. Type locality—Dominican Republic, exact locality not known. Material studied.—The holotype. Remarks.—There is nothing that can be added to the information concerning this species in the Dominican Republic. We have no additional material, although the preservation of the holotype and the fact that much of Gabb’s material came from Baitoa, suggests that this is the source of the unique type specimen. In the Chipola Formation, northwestern Florida, we have collected a single battered specimen (see Vokes, 1979, pl. 2, fig. 7) that may be referable to V. pugnus. It has a more marked subsutural constriction but oth- erwise (on the basis of the battered shell) seems closer to V. pugnus than any other species we have seen. Comparisons.—The only species that bears even a remote resemblance to V. pugnus is the French Aqui- tanian V. stephenense Peyrot, 1928, which has a higher spire and, thus, a more elongate shell. Occurrence.—(?)Baitoa Formation. Distribution.—(?)Baitoa Formation, Dominican Re- public; (?)Chipola Formation, Florida. Vasum tuberculatum Gabb, 1873 Plate 9, figures 4, 5 Vasum tuberculatum Gabb, 1873, p. 218; Guppy, 1876, p. 523; Dall, 1890, p. 100; Cossmann, 1901, p. 66; Pilsbry, 1922, p. 344, pl. 26, figs. 2, 3 (holotype); Ferreira and Cunha, 1957, p. 39: Vokes, 1966, p. 8, pl. 2, fig. 4 (holotype); 1979, p. 112, pl. 2, fig. 1 (holotype)—3. Not Vasum tuberculatum Gabb. Vaughan, Cooke, Condit, Ross, Woodring, and Calkins, 1921, p. 113 [= V. haitense (Sowerby, 1850)]. Diagnosis.—Large (more than 120 mm in height), high-spired Vasum with heavy, bifid, projecting shoul- der spines; five columellar plications, three larger ones alternating with two smaller ones. Original description.—‘‘Shell large, ponderous, broad; spire elevated, half as long as the mouth, whorls about eight or nine; broadly angulated, concave and sloping above, bearing a few very large tubercules on the angle; body whorl tapering rapidly below the angle and strongly ridged in advance. Surface covered with a few revolving lines. Aperture broad behind, nar- rowed in advance and expanded at the termination of the anterior ridge. Inner lip with four or five large folds.”” (Gabb, 1873, p. 218) Description.—Shell large (maximum height over 120 mm); high-spired; probably eight teleoconch whorls in adult, protoconch and early whorls not known. Axial ornamentation on earliest preserved whorls of eight elongate nodes, gradually decreasing in number to only five per whorl in fully adult shell. Numerous axial growth lamellae. Spiral ornamentation of fine threads on spire whorls; on body whorl five primary cords, alternating with several secondary ones; on siphonal canal two cords, one very strong, one somewhat weaker anterior to it. Cords decreasing in strength as shell grows larger; adult specimens al- most smooth, only faint traces of major cords still vis- ible. On immature shells, where spiral cords at shoul- der and on siphonal cross axial ribs, small open spines produced; other major cords giving rise to raised welts only. In particular, welt generated by that primary cord immediately anterior to one at shoulder becoming very large, creating in fully adult shell large bifid projec- tions at shoulder, with a low, open spine at posterior end. Suture extremely appressed, especially on early whorls, strongly sinuated by projecting axial ribs; flat- tening out somewhat with increasing size. Subsutural ramp markedly convex in early stages, less so in ma- ture specimens. Aperture elongate-oval; inner lip with a smooth, appressed callus wash. Columella with five unequal plications; first, third and fifth plications strong, two intermediate ones much weaker. Outer lip simple, numerous elongate lirae extending well within aperture. Siphonal canal short, broad, recurved at dis- tal end, giving rise to a deep umbilicus, largely filled in by columellar callus. Type material and measurements.—Holotype, ANSP 2624; height 111.0 mm, diameter 86.0 mm. 28 BULLETIN 354 Type locality.—Locality NMB 17284 (here restrict- ed), Baitoa Formation; east side of Rio Yaque del Nor- te, just upstream from the mouth of Arroyo Hondo, Dominican Republic (see Saunders er al., 1986, text- fig. 21). Material studied.—The type specimen, plus eight additional specimens from the Baitoa, Cercado, and Gurabo formations. Remarks.—Vasum tuberculatum occurs in beds that are shallow water (Baitoa, loc. NMB 17284) and, es- pecially, associated with coral reefs, whether in the Cercado (loc. TU 1422) or the Gurabo (locs. TU 1215, TU 1354) formations. The largest number of speci- mens (four) comes from the “‘float”’ in the Rio Gurabo. In addition to the occurrences in the Dominican Re- public, in a previous work (Vokes, 1979, pl. 2, figs. 2, 3) I figured examples of V. tuberculatum from the Chi- pola Formation, Florida, and the Cantaure Formation, Venezuela, both believed to be correlative with the Baitoa Formation. Vaughan ef al. (1921, p. 113) list only Vasum tub- erculatum from USGS 8668 (Baitoa). In the USNM collections there are two specimens (USNM 483300), which are both V. haitense, and no specimens of V. tuberculatum. However, the species does occur at Bai- toa. There are specimens in the Basel Collection from the Rio Yaque del Norte at Arroyo Hondo and, as we know this was one of Gabb’s localities, locality NMB 17284 is here restricted as the type locality. In 1966 I indicated that Pilsbry had selected ANSP 2624 as “‘lectotype,” implying that there was more than one specimen in the type lot. This is incorrect. The holotype is the only specimen in the type lot. It is also as good a specimen as we have; there are two other equally large specimens in the Tulane collections (the largest, from TU 1422, measures 123.5 mm in height), but neither is as well-preserved. Comparisons.—The adult of this species is unmis- takable, with its heavy bifid spines. The juveniles may be confused with similar sized specimens of V. aedi- ficatum, but the five columellar plications in V. tub- erculatum, in contrast to the four in V. aedificatium readily separates the two forms. The surface is also more scabrous in V. aedificatum and the suture is less appressed. Occurring with V. tuberculatum is the - equally large V. haitense, which may be distinguished by the less markedly bifid shoulder spines and the low- er spire. There is a striking resemblance between the Domin- ican V. tuberculatum and the living Indian Ocean spe- cies V. rhinoceros (Gmelin, 1791), but the latter differs in having just three strong columellar plications, in contrast to the invariable five in V. tuberculatum. Occurrence.—Baitoa Formation: Baitoa area (USGS 8668; NMB 17284): Gurabo/Cercado forma- tion: Rio Cana area (TU 1354, 1422); Rio Gurabo (TU IDNs 123i): Distribution.—Baitoa, Cercado, and Gurabo for- mations, Dominican Republic; Chipola Formation, Florida; Cantaure Formation, Venezuela. Vasum haitense (Sowerby, 1850) Plate 9, figures 6-8 Turbinellus haitensis Sowerby, 1850, p. 50; Guppy, 1866, p. 575; 1867, p. 157; 1874, p. 438; 1876, p. 523, pl. 29, fig. 3 (lectotype); Cossmann, 1901, p. 66. Vasum haitensis (Sowerby). Gabb, 1873, p. 218; Hanna, 1926, p. 459; Emerson, 1964, p. 7. Vasum muricatum (Born). Gabb, 1881, p. 354 (in part, not Born, 1778). Turbinella (Vasum) haitense (Sowerby). Dall, 1890, p. 100. Turbinella (Vasum) haitense var. engonatum Dall, 1890, p. 100. Vasum haitense var. engonatum (Dall). Dall, 1903, p. 1569; Hanna, 1926, p. 460. Vasum engonatum (Dall). Dall, 1903, p. 1576; Maury, 1925a, p. 158/159; Ferreira and Cunha, 1957, p. 40. Not Vasum engonatum Dall. Dall, 1915, p. 63, pl. 11, figs. 2, 3; Mansfield, 1937, p. 113; Cooke, 1945, p. 94 [= unnamed n. sp.; see Vokes, 1970, p. 89]. Vasum haitense (Sowerby). Maury, 1917, p. 84(248), pl. 13(39); 1925a, p. 158/159, pl. 9, fig. 16; Pilsbry, 1922, p. 344; Ferreira and Cunha, 1957, p. 38; Vokes, 1966, p. 10, pl. 3, figs. 1—4, pl. 4, fig. 3, text-fig. 1 (lectotype); 1970, p. 88, text-fig. 1; 1979, p. Vil). Vasum tuberculatum Gabb. Vaughan, Cooke, Condit, Ross, Wood- ring, and Calkins, 1921, p. 113 (not Gabb, 1873). Vasum cf. haitense (Sowerby). Maury, 1925a, p. 156/157, pl. 9, fig. 18; Ferreira and Cunha, 1957, p. 3. Vasum aff. V. engonatum (Dall). Gardner, 1944, p. 441. Diagnosis.—Large (over 130 mm in height), low- spired Vasum with sharp strong shoulder spines di- rected at right angles to axis; four or five columellar plications. Original description.—* ‘Testa subtrigona, turbinata, transversim striata, tuberculata, spira subdepressa, sub- acuminata; anfractibus senis, postice anguliferis, ad angulum tuberculiferis, lateribus declivibus; antice ser- iebus duabus tuberculorum, quarum postice multo ma- jor; labio columellari quadriplicato; canal extus sub- tuberculato. “The flatness of the spire at once distinguishes this from T. pugillaris Lam. [= V. muricatum (Born, 1778)].”” (Sowerby, 1850, p. 50) Description.—Heavy, massive shell with nine teleo- conch whorls and a protoconch of one and one-half smooth, bulbous whorls. Axial ornamentation on early teleoconch whorls of about eight low, strap-like ridges; by fourth teleoconch whorl small open spines devel- oped on each ridge at shoulder. On body whorl, an- other two rows of spines on siphonal canal. Spiral or- namentation initially of about four equal threads, in- DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES 29 creasing in number by intercalation; two threads at shoulder increasing in size relative to ones on subsu- tural ramp. On body whorl these two heavier cords becoming spirally elongate knobs anterior to shoulder spine. Entire exterior shell surface covered by numer- ous spiral threads, of varying strength, crossed by less obvious axial growth lines, giving a linen-like surface texture. Suture on early teleoconch whorls located at periphery of shell but beginning on fourth teleoconch whorl (at same time as shoulder spines develop) suture moving increasingly adapically to envelop shoulder spines; angle of subsutural ramp changing from ver- tical to horizontal, with a resulting change in profile of shell. Suture markedly undulated as a result of fol- lowing contour of shoulder spines. Subsutural ramp with retractive growth lines extending abaperturally from suture back to shoulder spines and then adaper- turally anterior to spines. Growth lines also enfolded into spines on siphonal canal. Aperture narrow; only with final adult shell a heavy expanded parietal shield formed. Columellar wall with four strong plications, of varying strength from anterior to posterior: first and third of moderate size, second weakest, fourth (pos- teriormost) strongest. Outer lip on most specimens thin and opening into spines at shoulder and siphonal canal. On mature adult outer lip with a thickened margin in advance of spines. Type material and measurements.—Lectotype, BMNH GG 20270; height 78.7 mm, diameter 74.9 mm (designated by Vokes, 1966, p. 11). Type locality.—Locality TU 1226 (here restricted), Baitoa Formation; east side of Rio Yaque del Norte, below the village of Baitoa, and above the confluence of the Rio Yaque and the Rio Bao, Dominican Repub- lic (= USGS 8558; see Saunders et al., 1986, text-fig. 21). Material studied.—Twenty specimens from the Bai- toa Formation, an unnamed unit of the same age as the Cercado Formation, and shallow-water portions of the Gurabo Formation, Dominican Republic, plus nu- merous examples from the Chipola Formation. Remarks.—This is the largest species of Vasum found in the Dominican beds. From an unnamed for- mation of Cercado age (see Vokes, 1989, p. 21) the Basel team collected a magnificent specimen (NMB H 17654) measuring 130 mm in height (and weighing just over | kg), and from locality TU 1404, near La Barranca, we have another incomplete specimen that would have been of comparable size. From locality USGS 8668, Vaughan er al. (1921, p. 113) cite as V. tuberculatum what prove to be two specimens of V. haitense (USNM 483300), the larger of which measures 100 mm in height. Both species occur in the Baitoa Formation, but V. haitense is the more common. Comparisons.—As Sowerby noted (1850, p. 50), the flatness of the spire distinguishes this species from the living Yasum muricatum (Born, 1778) and any oth- er species of Vasum as well. Juvenile specimens, which still retain the high-spired outline, may be con- fused with juveniles of V. tuberculatum but the pres- ence of five columellar plications in the latter readily separates the two species. Gerontic specimens of V. haitense may develop a weak fifth columellar plication between the third and fourth plicae, but by the time this happens there is no problem distinguishing the low-spired V. haitense from V. tuberculatum. An unnamed species of Vasum occurs in the Tampa Limestone of Florida (Dall, 1915, p. 63, pl. 11, figs. 2, 3), which has been identified as V. haitense (Vokes, 1966, p. 11, pl. 4, fig. 3). In this form, however, the suture is placed anterior to the shoulder spines, giving a “‘stepped’’ appearance to the spire. In the Recent fauna, the eastern Pacific species V. caestus (Broderip, 1833) in some ways bears the strongest resemblance to V. haitense. Both have four (and rarely a fifth) columellar plications. In both, the suture envelops the shoulder spines rather than re- maining anterior to them. The obvious difference be- tween the two is the higher spire in the Recent form. In overall appearance it is V. muricatum with a can- cellate surface ornamentation that seems closest to V. haitense. In V. caestus there are only four heavy spiral cords and the shell has a relatively smooth appearance. Occurrence.—Baitoa Formation: Baitoa area (NMB 17283, 17284; TU 1226, 1363). Unnamed formation: L6épez area (NMB 17278). Gurabo Formation: Rio Cana area (NMB 16862, 16864; TU 1354); Rio Gur- abo (TU 1231, 1277, 1278); Rio Mao area (TU 1225, 1293); Santiago area (TU 1250, 1404). Distribution.—Baitoa, Gurabo and unnamed for- mations, Dominican Republic; Chipola Formation, Florida; Pirabas Limestone, Brazil. Vasum aedificatum (Guppy, 1876) Plate 10, figures 1—6 Turbinellus aedificatus Guppy, 1876, p. 523, pl. 28, fig. 5; Dall, 1890, p. 99. Vasum dominicense Gabb. Vaughan, Cooke, Condit, Ross, Wood- ring, and Calkins, 1921, p. 140 (not Gabb, 1873). Vasum gurabicum Maury. Vaughan, Cooke, Condit, Ross, Wood- ring, and Calkins, 1921, p. 140 (in part, loc. USGS 8549 only). Vasum edificatum [sic] (Guppy). Pilsbry, 1922, p. 344 (in part, ex- cluding references to V. subcapitellum, and V. gurabicum); Fer- reira and Cunha, 1957, p. 40 Vasum aedificatum (Guppy). Mansfield, 1937, p. 15, 113; Vokes, 1966, p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 5, text-fig. 2 (holotype). Diagnosis.—Small (maximum height just over 70 30 BULLETIN 354 mm), high-spired Vasum, with small spines at shoul- der; four columellar plications, of which the anterior- most and two posterior ones are larger, the second from the anterior end smaller. Original description.—‘‘Shell solid, rimate, very shortly fusiform, spire high, composed of seven or eight whorls adorned with strong longitudinal ribs each terminating on the angle in a subtubular spine, and with numerous close spiral ridges, which are crossed by fine squamose lines of growth. Aperture narrow; inner lip covered with a thick callus bearing about four plaits.”” (Guppy, 1876, p. 523) Description.—Shell small for the genus (maximum height about 70 mm); high-spired; protoconch of about one and one-half conical whorls; teleoconch of nine whorls. Axial ornamentation of six or seven pointed nodes on each whorl; on about fourth teleoconch whorl moderately long, pointed spines developed on each node at shoulder. On body whorl axial ornamentation of about seven elongate ridges, very strong and ex- tending to base of body whorl on immature examples but almost disappearing on fully adult shells. Numer- ous axial growth lamellae. Spiral ornamentation on spire whorls consisting only of small cords on subsu- tural ramp; on body whorl five or six major cords, plus two major cords on siphonal canal; alternating irreg- ularly with secondary threads. Where spiral cords cross axial ridges long spines produced at shoulder cords, and sometimes a second row of spines on major cord anterior to shoulder. In addition, on siphonal ca- nal two rows of spines, the more posterior row stron- ger than anterior row. Combination of axial growth lamellae and spiral cords giving an extremely scabrous apprearance to entire shell surface. Suture extremely appressed, reaching to base of shoulder spines on spire whorls, and sinuated by spines; subsutural ramp con- vex into shoulder spines. Aperture narrowly diamond- shaped with anal channel formed by appressed suture. Inner lip smooth, heavy, appressed at posteriormost portion, but generally free-standing along entire length. Columella with four plications, perpendicular to axis of shell; of these, anteriormost and two poste- rior ones largest, second from anterior end, smaller. Outer lip thin, scalloped on margin by major spiral cords, folding into spine at shoulder and larger spine on siphonal canal. Siphonal canal short, broad, rec- curved at distal end, forming a deep umbilicus. Type material and measurements.—Holotype, BMNH GG 20255; height 62.6 mm, diameter 33.3 mm. Paratype, BMNH GG 20222; height 72.1 mm, diameter 46.3 mm; locality unknown. Type locality.—Locality TU 1215 (here restricted), Gurabo Formation; Rio Gurabo, bluffs on both sides, from the ford on the Los Quemados-Sabaneta road, upstream to approximately | km above the ford, Do- minican Republic (= locs. USGS 8539-8543; Maury’s Zone D; see Saunders et al., 1986, text-fig. 5). Material studied.—35 specimens from numerous lo- calities in the Cercado, shallow-water Gurabo, and cor- alline Mao formations (Mao Adentro member). Remarks.—In 1966, I attributed this species to the Gurabo Formation, on the basis of Mansfield’s (1937, p. 15) statement that the species occurred in this for- mation. Presumably his assignment was based on the USNM material collected by Vaughan ef al. (1921). But the species name V. aedificatum does not appear in their faunal lists. In the collections at the USNM, there are two specimens of V. aedificatum labeled (in Woodring’s hand) as “‘V. tuberculatum,” which seem to correlate with the material listed as V. gurabicum Maury from loc. USGS 8549 and V. dominicense Gabb from USGS 8538 (?= USGS 8528), both of which are in the Gurabo Formation. However Mansfield made his determination, the in- formation proves to be correct; the species is found in the shallow-water portions of the Gurabo Formation (locs. TU 1215, 1278, etc.) but it is more common in the Cercado Formation (locs. TU 1230, 1422), and also occurs in the coralline beds of the Mao Formation (loc. TU 1252, Mao Adentro member). Unfortunately, in the same work (Vokes, 1966, p. 13), I indicated that the type locality for the species is the Rio Yaque, but this is one place where the species has not been found. Therefore, as a substitute, TU 1215, a locality where Heneken, who provided the ma- terial studied by Guppy, was likely to have collected. (The largest number of specimens [13] in our collec- tions come from TU 1231, river-float in the Rio Gur- abo, and this is very likely the actual source of He- neken’s material as well!) Comparisons.—Gabb apparently failed to separate V. dominicense and V. aedificatum. Both are relatively small, elongate species of Vasum. But, in addition to the difference in the number of columellar plications, which immediately separates the two, V. dominicense is marked by much heavier axial ridges. There is also a strong similarity between juvenile examples of V. aedificatum and V. gurabicum. Once again the number of columellar plications separates the two forms. In addition, V. aedificatum is a more massive shell, which becomes relatively smooth in the mature adult. In con- trast, V. gurabicum retains the elaborate surface or- namentation up to the largest specimens seen. Occurrence.—Cercado/Gurabo formations: Rio Cana area (TU 1230, 1422); Rio Gurabo (NMB 15816, 15848, 15863; TU 1212, 1215, 1231, 1278); Rio Mao area (TU 1225); Santiago area (NMB 17270). Mao Formation: Santiago area (TU 1252). DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES 31 Distribution.—Cercado, shallow-water Gurabo, and coralline Mao formations, Dominican Republic. Vasum gurabicum Maury, 1917 Plate 10, figures 7—9 Vasum dominicense var. gurabicum Maury, 1917, p. 84(248), pl. 13(39), fig. 7; Pilsbry, 1922, p. 344. Vasum gurabicum Maury. Vaughan, Cooke, Condit, Ross, Wood- ring, and Calkins, 1921, p. 140 (in part, loc. USGS 8539 only); Vokes, 1966, p. 14, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7. Vasum sp. indet. Vaughan, Cooke, Condit, Ross, Woodring, and Cal- kins, 1921, p. 140. Vasum edificatum |sic] (Guppy). Pilsbry, 1922, p. 344 (in part). Diagnosis.—Small (under 60 mm in height), high- spired, spinose Vasum; three sharp columellar plica- tions. Original description.—**We have a number of spec- imens resembling V. dominicense Gabb but with only three instead of four plications on the columella.” (Maury, 1917, p. 248) Description.—‘‘Shell biconic, moderate in size, with eight whorls in the adult. Spiral sculpture of four strong ribs which may bear long spines where they cross each of eight axial ribs. In addition, another spi- nose rib at the base of the short, somewhat recurved siphonal canal. Secondary spiral ornamentation of a network of fine spiral threads crossed by axial growth lines giving rise to a fimbriate surface texture. Suture wavy, appressed, occurring just anterior to the second row of spines on the previous whorl. Aperture elon- gate, approximately the same length as the height of the spire. Columella bearing three strong plaits and a free standing inductura on the parietal wall. Outer la- bium markedly lirate with about a dozen paired lirae.”’ (Vokes, 1966, p. 14) Type material and measurements.—Holotype, PRI 28708; height 37.0 mm, diameter 24.0 mm. Type locality—Gurabo Formation, Zone D, Rio Gurabo at Los Quemados, Dominican Republic (= loc. TU 1215; see Saunders ef al., 1986, text-fig. 5). Material studied.—Nearly 70 specimens from nu- merous localities in the Cercado, shallow-water Gur- abo, and Mao formations. Remarks.—Although V. gurabicum is the smallest of the Dominican species of Vasum, it attains a size larger than the holotype would indicate, as we have three examples approximately 60 mm in height. This species evidently lived in a high-energy environment; in the entire lot of almost 70 specimens not one is unbroken, including the holotype. Most of our speci- mens are from the type locality (= loc. TU 1215, 24 specimens) or the “‘float’’ in the Rio Gurabo (loc. TU 1231, 10 specimens), which probably also came from the type locality. Comparisons.—There are three smaller species of Vasum in the Dominican beds. Of these V. aedificatum may be distinguished by the presence of four colu- mellar plications; only V. dominicense and V. gura- bicum have three plications. Of the three species, V. gurabicum is the smallest and the most spinose, al- though most specimens are not as spinose as two ex- amples in the Gabb Collection (ANSP 31242*; both figured by Vokes, 1966, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7; the first re- figured here, Pl. 10, fig. 7). These two specimens were identified as V. aedificatum by Pilsbry (1922, p. 344), who included V. gurabicum in the synonymy of V. aedificatum and, as a result, believed that “‘the neanic stage [of V. aedificatum] is rather profusely spinose.”’ This Dominican species is most closely related to the living V. capitellum (Linnaeus, 1758), found today throughout the Caribbean. The Recent form has some- what heavier spiral cords and slightly more pro- nounced axial ridges, but in truth there no absolute criterion to separate the two. Occurrence.—Cercado/Gurabo formations: Rio Cana area (NMB 16865, 16868; TU 1282, 1354, 1356, 1422); Rio Gurabo (NMB 15811, 15846, 15857, 1S 85955863. aS 2S lA O27 ae 1278); Rio Mao area (TU 1225); Santiago area (TU 1277A). Mao Formation: Rio Gurabo (TU 1352); San- tiago area: (TU 1252). Distribution.—Cercado, shallow-water Gurabo, and Mao formations, Dominican Republic. APPENDIX SUPPLEMENTARY LOCALITY DATA The following are Tulane University localities not in the Dominican Republic, which are cited in this paper. For all Dominican Republic localities see Saun- ders et al. (1986). 457. Chipola Formation, west bank of Chipola River, about 4% mile below Tenmile Creek (SW% Sec. 17, TIN, R9W), Calhoun Co., Florida. 458. Chipola Formation, east bank of Chipola River, above Farley Creek (SW Sec. 20, TIN, R9W), Calhoun Co., Florida. 546. Chipola Formation, Tenmile Creek, about 1 3/4 miles west of Chipola River (NE% Sec. 12, TIN, R1OW), Calhoun Co., Florida. 547. Chipola Formation, west bank of Chipola River, about 2000 ft. above Fourmile Creek (SW% Sec. 29, TIN, R9W), Calhoun Co., Florida. ‘In 1966, I cited these two specimens as ANSP 31242 and 31243; however, I am advised by Gary Rosenberg of the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences of Philadelphia that both specimens are catalogued under the same number ANSP 31242. Specimen number ANSP 31243 is a Jenneria. 32 BULLETIN 354 554. Chipola Formation, east bank of Chipola River at power line crossing (SW% Sec. 17, TIN, ROW), Calhoun Co., Florida. 705. Bowden Formation, type locality, Bowden, east of Port Morant, Parish of St. Thomas, Jamaica. 727. Bermont Formation, borrow pits 2.2 miles east of U.S. Highway 27, 15 miles south of South Bay, Palm Beach Co., Florida. 759. Bermont Formation, spoil banks north side of Caloosahatchee River, 2 miles west of Ortona Lock (NE% Sec. 29, T42S, R30E), Glades Co., Florida. 797. Pinecrest Beds, material exposed during con- struction of “Alligator Alley” (now Everglades Parkway), 13.3 miles east of Florida Highway 29 (T49S, R32E), Collier Co. Florida. 803. Bermont Formation, spoil banks south side of Caloosahatchee River, two miles west of Ortona Lock (NE% Sec. 29, T42S, R30E), Glades Co., Florida. 991. Caloosahatchee Formation, Cochran rock pit, 2 Y% miles west of La Belle, on north side of Flor- ida Highway 80, Hendry Co., Florida. 1046. Agueguexquite Formation, roadcuts on both sides of old Mexico Highway 180, 4.7 km west of junction with new Highway 180, or 12 km east of junction with side road into Coatzaco- alcos, Veracruz, Mexico. 1196. Chipola Formation, Farley Creek, about 0.8 mile east of bridge on Florida Highway 275 (NE% Sec. 21, TIN, R9W), Calhoun Co., Flor- ida. 1269. 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Mesoamerican Ecology Institute, Monograph 1 (Middle American Research Institute, Pub- lication 54), 183 pp., 50 pls., 9 text-figs., 3 tables, 1 map. Vredenburg, E.W. 1916. Note on the geological history of Turbinella in India. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 123— 125: 1923. On the phylogeny of some Turbinellidae. Records of the Geological Survey of India, vol. 55, pt. 2, pp. 119-132, pl. 19. Walch, J.E.1. 1771. Die Naturgeschichte der Versteinerungen zur Erlauterung der Knorrischen Sammlung von Merkwurdigkeiten der Natur, vol. 3. Nurnburg [not seen]. 38 BULLETIN 354 Warmke, G.L., and Abbott, R.T. 1961. Caribbean seashells. Livingston Publishing Company, Narberth, Pennsylvania, x + 348 pp., 44 pls., 34 text-figs., 19 maps and end-papers. Weisbord, N. E. 1929. Miocene Mollusca of northern Colombia. Bulletins of Amer- ican Paleontology, vol. 14, no. 54, pp. 1-57, pls. 1-9. Winckworth, R. 1945. The type of the Boltenian genera. Proceedings of the Mal- acological Society of London, vol. 26, pp. 136-148. Woodring, W.P. 1928. Miocene mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica; Part 2, gastro- pods and discussion of results. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 385, 564 pp., 40 pls. 1957-1982. Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and ad- joining parts of Panama. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 306, 759 pp., 124 pls. [pt. A, pp. I- 145, pls. 1-23 (1957); pt. B, pp. 147-239, pls. 24-38 (1959); pt. C, pp. 241-297, pls. 39-47 (1964); pt. D, pp. 299-452, pls. 48-66 (1970); pt. E, pp. 453-539, pls. 67— 82 (1973); pt. EK pp. 541-759, pls. 83-124 (1982)]. Woodring, W.P., Brown, J.S., and Burbank, W.S. 1924. Geology of the Republic of Haiti. Republic of Haiti, De- partment of Public Works, 631 pp., 40 pls., 37 figs. Work, R.C. 1969. Systematics, ecology, and distribution of the mollusks of Los Roques, Venezuela. Bulletin of Marine Science, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 614-711, 5 figs. PLATES 40 BULLETIN 354 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1 Figure Page lee Scaphellai(Scaphelia)tstriatan(Gabb) ih cmu-teoi eoice enon ern ance ene aie ene ne eae eee een ene ee ee mo 8 ANSP 3274 (lectotype). (?)Rio Yaque del Norte, Gurabo Formation, exact locality unknown. Height 25.0 mm; diameter 11.2 mm. a. Apertural view, X 2. b. Abapertural view, X 2. 2s Scaphellai(Scaphella)eouldianal (Dall) Wee et eae eed eee tee NN he Renn tienen ei W amare 9 USNM 83872 (holotype). Recent, A/batross Station 2625, southeast of Cape Fear, North Carolina, 500 meters. Height 62.0 mm, diameter 23.5 mm. a. Apertural view, * 1. b. Enlargement of apex, * 2%. SE CE Jonnie) Hac paaa! sal Enel Mol 5 oc op ohdhocooto dob ED OOS MOS SUCH do OSH Oooo DOS OOo ESE ON OoNt OS OOO 11 3. USNM 253221 (holotype). Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1215. Height 24.7 mm, diameter 12.7 mm. a. Apertural view, X 2. b. Abapertural view, X 2. 9. USNM 253222 (paratype). Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1215. Height 24.0 mm, diameter 11.7 mm. a. Apertural view, X 2. b. Abapertural view, 2. (Color pattern as revealed by ultraviolet light.) A=Guabyriai (Lh yrid) | pUulChella\(SOWELDY) lasers «eke eleeest awed Ue hee neh Wek nee ica -een nea nae tence Menon Rot acne ee en Ao 10 4. BMNH G 83 956 (lectotype). (?)Gurabo Formation, exact locality unknown, ex Heneken Collection. Height 37.0 mm, diameter 18.0 mm. a. Apertural view, ¥ 1%. b. Abapertural view, < 1%. 5. BMNH G 83 597 (holotype—L. soror). (?)Gurabo formation, exact locality unknown, ex Heneken Collection. Height 42.1 mm (incomplete), diameter 33.0 mm. a. Apertural view, * 1%. b. Abapertural view, x 1%. 6. USNM 253224 (hypotype). Rio Mao, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1293. Height 23.5 mm; diameter 14.3 mm. Adapertural view, * 2. (Color pattern as revealed by ultraviolet light.) Tone eM Chae yINAIGE hy dogs ooMenn oO CUO OOD BOOB oo OD AOA ADO GD amos HOD MD ono Moo D OSD GS CSGO0S0HSOD R08 11 7. NMB H 17645 (holotype). Rfo Yaque del Norte, Baitoa Formation, locality NMB 17290. Height 36.8 mm, diameter 18.3 mm. a. Apertural view, X 1%. b. Abapertural view, X 1}. 8. NMB H 17646 (paratype). Rio Yaque del Norte, Baitoa Formation, locality NMB 17265. Height 34.5 mm, diameter 17.5 mm. a. Apertural view, 1%. b. Abapertural view, * 1%. c. Lateral view, < 1%. lO yriai(Enaeta)\ perturbatrizg (Maury) verar cei cactenena aoe ie erie eerie clic ated eee aa nae ree aie ee ee nna nena 13 USNM 253226 (hypotype). Rfo Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1215. Height 20.5 mm, diameter 9.0 mm. a. Apertural view, X 2%. b. Abapertural view, X 2%. BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, VOLUME 113 PLATE | BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, VOLUME 113 PLATE 2 Figure Eerie 1h) IDULCRELLAL (SOW ELDY) tacme verre es oeeccs) 2) ee esrnne) HM ey ere er eth he & ecslae oe x aire fepatye acre: ore yah cules 3is0 vo PeP eee ee ores . PRI 45221 (hypotype). . PRI 45222 (hypotype). PRI 45223 (hypotype). PRI 45224 (hypotype). PRI 45225 (hypotype). PRI 45226 (hypotype). PRI 45227 (hypotype). . PRI 45228 (hypotype). . PRI 45229 (hypotype). . PRI 45230 (hypotype). . PRI 45231 (hypotype). . NMB H 17647 (hypotype). Rio Cana, Gurabo Formation, locality NMB 16865. Height 53.5 mm, diameter 30.5 mm. 13-24. DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES 41 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2 All specimens abapertural views, all x 1% 30.0 mm, diameter 17.0 mm. 26.8 mm, diameter 18.0 mm. Height 26.6 mm, diameter 16.4 mm. Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1211. Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1211. Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1211. Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1211. Height 29.6 mm, diameter 17.8 mm. Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1211. Height 33.4 mm, diameter 19.6 mm. Santiago area, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1206. Height 35.6 mm, diameter 19.7 mm. Santiago area, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1206. Height 35.8 mm, diameter 22.3 mm. Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1211. Height 31.0 mm, diameter 19.0 mm. Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1211. Height 29.4 mm, diameter 16.5 mm. Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1211. Height 38.2 mm, diameter 23.5 mm. Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1211. Height 43.4 mm, diameter 24.8 mm. Height Height VIIA (LEVI IE ENLCOMNPECTIA TLOCLIE SANGO VOKES ge soso. cet SACU Men PSE EWEN Go) ease: (ws iol cn puts su bel first ley ey cy-sus silt ihe wer et iepanis peueree ese av 11 NMB H 17648 (hypotype). Rio Yaque del Norte, unnamed formation, locality NMB 17273. Height 27.8 mm, diameter 13.6 Se 14. 15* 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Piste 99 24. mm. PRI 45232 (hypotype). PRI 45233 (hypotype). Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1215. Height 28.8 mm, diameter 14.8 mm. Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1215. Height 28.8 mm, diameter 14.5 mm. NMB H 17649 (hypotype). Rio Yaque del Norte, unnamed formation, locality NMB 17273. Height 35.4 mm, diameter 16.6 mm. PRI 45234 (hypotype). PRI 45235 (hypotype). PRI 45236 (hypotype). PRI 45237 (hypotype). PRI 45238 (hypotype). . PRI 45239 (hypotype). 23° Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1215. Height 36.3 mm, diameter 18.2 mm. Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1215. Height 34.0 mm, diameter 18.1 mm. Rio Cana area, Cercado Formation, locality TU 1422. Height 39.6 mm, diameter 21.3 mm. Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1211. Height 32.6 mm, diameter 17.0 mm. Canada de Zamba, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1354. Height 32.3 mm, diameter 17.6 mm. Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1277. Height 37.0 mm, diameter 19.6 mm. NMB H 17650 (hypotype). Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality NMB 15848. Height 43.4 mm, diameter 22.4 mm. PRI 45240 (hypotype). Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1278. Height 45.2 mm, diameter 23.7 mm. 42 BULLETIN 354 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3 All figures * 2, except protoconchs as noted Figure Page Ll; (2iHarpa americana Puspry: soo choses ucts s, sve eG. sesuisyse. sy Wise or OPIS RN Or Sits CNT sieve wearers, Gus seulomoiref ite? Siren sue nCRenC an oon aOR a oan 14 ile 2: ANSP 4061 (holotype). (?)Rio Yaque del Norte, (?)unnamed formation, exact locality unknown. Height 33.3 mm, diameter 19.4 mm. Abapertural view. USNM 377397 (hypotype). Rio Yaque del Norte, unnamed formation, locality TU 1444. Height 23.0 mm, diameter 14.3 mm. a. Abapertural view. b. Enlargement showing protoconch, * 10. 3-9: Morum (Morum)ioniscus (Einnaeus)) ince. jays cee, soy Green, 5 w/e ee gs ue oy a SE woes) ERROR RTGS or) TO IRC REN oor NMB H 17651 (hypotype). Rio Cana, Cercado Formation, localiy NMB 16844. Height 23.7 mm, diameter 16.4 mm. a. Apertural view. b. Abapertural view. . PRI 45241 (hypotype). Guayubin area, Mao Formation, locality TU 1281. Height 23.1 mm, diameter 16.0 mm. a. Apertural view. b. Abapertural view. PRI 45242 (hypotype). Southern Florida, Bermont Formation, locality TU 727. Height 19.8 mm, diameter 13.4 mm. a. Apertural view. b. Abapertural view. c. Enlargement showing protoconch, 10. . PRI 45243 (hypotype). Dominican Republic, Recent, locality TU R-390. Height 19.8 mm, diameter 13.8 mm. a. Apertural view. b. Abapertural view. . PRI 45244 (hypotype). Southern Florida, Bermont Formation, locality TU 759. Height 21.1 mm, diameter 13.6 mm. Abapertural view. - PRI 45245 (hypotype). Southern Florida, Bermont Formation, locality TU 759. Height 19.0 mm, diameter 13.8 mm. Abapertural view. . PRI 45246 (hypotype). Barbados, Recent, locality TU R-543. Height 29.7 mm, diameter 20.5 mm. a. Apertural view. b. Aba- pertural view. nMorum)(Morum)itubeyculosum (Sowerby ai7iReeve) nari) noite nero en ere anne anne een ee nen net PRI 45247 (hypotype). Jalisco, Mexico, Recent, locality TU R-166. Height 26.9 mm, diameter 15.0 mm. a. Apertural view. b. Abapertural view. BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, VOLUME 113 PLATE 3 PLATE 4 BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, VOLUME 113 Figure DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4 Fel CATAL COMES CIAL IC RID OLAL Ler Al Wa PL NAAUILY 3 5 cites ix.s2 aeteetfaaeas. = ¥el12/ 5zie eee es Crees Ge. 38 LSE NETO O TO ale Geary ® 1. te PRI 45248 (hypotype). Chipola River, Chipola Formation, locality TU 554. Height 25.4 mm, diameter 17.6 mm. a. Apertural view, X 2. b. Abapertural view, X 2. PRI 45249 (hypotype). Rio Yaque del Norte, Baitoa Formation, locality TU 1226. Height 24.3 mm, diameter 17.6 mm. a. Apertural view, 2. b. Abapertural view, X 2. PRI 45250 (hypotype). Arroyo Hondo, Baitoa Formation, locality TU 1363. Height 22.7 mm (incomplete), diameter 20.5 mm. Apertural view, X 2. PRI 45251 (hypotype). Chipola River, Chipola Formation, locality TU 547. Height 27.8 mm (incomplete), diameter 18.0 mm. Apertural view, X 2. Eee OT LT ONISCIGIG TAOMIN ZENSEASOWELDY)) fe. cperric sn 2 = cs xi UME Po cdede ORS ORNATE eee e OI SISe 1 veh ote SWEAR OMI elas: eke Weve OcnlaGh 6. 3: PRI 45252 (hypotype). Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1231. Height 23.1 mm, diameter 15.5 mm. a. Apertural view, X 2. b. Abapertural view, X 2. PRI 45253 (hypotype). Rio Mao, Cercado Formation, locality TU 1294. Height 31.7 mm, diameter 19.0 mm. a. Apertural view, x 1%. b. Abapertural view, < 1%. . PRI 45254 (hypotype). Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1215. Height 33.0 mm, diameter 20.7 mm. a. Apertural view, X 1%. b. Abapertural view, X 1%. . PRI 45255 (hypotype). Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1215. Height 33.0 mm, diameter 21.0 mm. a. Apertural view, X 1%. b. Abapertural view, X 1%. . PRI 45256 (hypotype). Rio Cana, Cercado Formation, locality TU 1230. Height 38.2 mm, diameter 25.3 mm. a. Apertural view, * 1%. b. Abapertural view, < 1%. 43 Figure Purbinella: valida SOwerbys erase vse scans d ies fo. say ths de Meets Tee UH SeIC vs -Soioy edsius a= Sil sags: ENC LLOs OT ROMANO Oe [Oech ee eT RRR CER 1-5. il tu BULLETIN 354 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5 NMB H 17652 (hypotype). Rio Yaque del Norte, Baitoa Formation, locality NMB 17265. Height 154.0 mm, diameter 66.0 mm. a. Apertural view, * 1. b. Abapertural view, x 1. - BMNH GG 20216 (paralectotype). (?)Rio Yaque del Norte, Baitoa Formation, exact locality unknown. Height 97.3 mm, diameter 34.6 mm. Abapertural view, < 1; photograph courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London. - BMNH GG 20212 (lectotype). (?)Rio Yaque del Norte, Baitoa Formation, exact locality unknown. Height 130.0 mm, diameter 57.0 mm. Abapertural view, X 1; photograph courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London. - PRI 45257 (hypotype). Arroyo Hondo, Baitoa Formation, locality TU 1364. Height 60.7 mm, diameter 21.8 mm. Abapertural view, X 1. . PRI 45258 (hypotype). Arroyo Hondo, Baitoa Formation, locality TU 1364. Height 16.4 mm (incomplete), diameter 8.8 mm. Abapertural view, * 3. BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, VOLUME 113 PLATE 5 BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, VOLUME 113 PLATE 6 Figure 1—4. Turbinella praelaevigata Vokes J. to DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES 45 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6 PRI 45259 (hypotype). Rio Gurabo, Cercado Formation, locality TU 1379. Height 129.5 mm, diameter 54.5 mm. a. Apertural view, X 1. b. Abapertural view, < 1. PRI 45260 (hypotype). Rio Gurabo, Cercado Formation, locality TU 1419. Height 103.4 (incomplete), diameter 44.2 mm. Interior view to show nodules, < 1%. PRI 45261 (hypotype). Rio Mao, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1293. Height 94.8 mm, diameter 35.4 mm. Abapertural view, oG AE PRI 45262 (hypotype). Rio Gurabo, Cercado Formation, locality TU 1379. Height 28.1 mm, diameter 11.0 mm. Apertural view, xX 2 46 BULLETIN 354 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7 Figure Page Ls iurpinellastextilish( Guppy) power wen csr eh arash) =. jou eeu oy Ma ReN PREP nis). 00) ss aay e coue Reg eet eee eee ee ee ee eee ee 24 PRI 45263 (hypotype). Bowden, Jamaica, Bowden Formation, locality TU 705. Height 32.8 mm, diameter 16.8 mm. Abapertural view, X 2. DS Lurbinellay practextilis: MEWESPECIES 5... =<) suciacrodseehotsr ste ee ea CE EER Le tos, SPovipenst ere eee chien) crtanrw ete fous esek it eee nein ea 23 2. PRI 45264 (holotype). Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1278. Height 122.5 mm, diameter 47.5 mm. a. Abapertural view, 1. b. Interior view to show nodules, * 1%. c. Early whorls, * 2. 3. BMNH GG 20213 (paratype). (?)Rio Gurabo, (?)Gurabo Formation, exact locality unknown, ex Heneken Collection. Height 142.8 mm, diameter 74.0 mm. a. Apertural view, * 3/4. b. Abapertural view, * 3/4. BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, VOLUME 113 PLATE BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, VOLUME 113 PLATE 8 DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES EXPLANATION OF PLATE 8 Figure I, 2, TE MAA, WOW Gases ss coasebeohenwensgoneonnsod se ogo dn meoDo DODO ame DORON CRC o RG ONO DGOE oS Jon 1. ANSP 2631 (holotype). (?)Rio Yaque del Norte, (?)unnamed formation, exact locality unknown, ex Gabb Collection. Height 178 mm, diameter 77 mm. a. Apertural view, * 3/4. b. Abapertural view, 3/4. c. Interior view to show nodules, * 1%. 2. PRI 45265 (paratype A). Rio Yaque del Norte, unnamed formation, locality TU 1445. Height 70.8 mm (incomplete), diameter 52.5 mm (incomplete). Abapertural view, < 1. 47 48 BULLETIN 354 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 9 Figure Page 1, 2. Vasum dominicense Gabb 1. ANSP 2623 (lectotype). (?)Baitoa Formation, exact locality unknown. Height 60.0 mm, diameter 37.5 mm. Apertural view, xe 2. USNM 263957 (hypotype). Farley Creek, Chipola Formation, locality TU 1196. Height 33.5 mm, diameter 17.4 mm. a. Apertural view, X 1%. b. Abapertural view, X 1%. B&aVasum puonusiellsbry ange OhNnsOnewr ie cae eerie een a icnaicion icin tk ner aeneece Cncncn on ohne esi kate ees 7} ANSP 2626 (holotype). (?)Baitoa Formation, exact locality unknown, ex Gabb Collection. Height 80.0 mm, diameter 50.0 mm. Abapertural view, 1. CS SE VG AR NGE atinoteroe nem oa oo ORO GRO Aa ee OU OA nD EDO Oo oop Scone opaagemoo bas ao goons en céooe 27 4. ANSP 2624 (holotype). (?)Baitoa Formation, exact locality unknown. Height 111.0 mm, diameter 86.0 mm. a. Apertural view, * 3/4. b. Abapertural view, X 3/4. 5. PRI 45266 (hypotype). Canada de Zamba, Rio Cana area, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1354. Height 36.8 mm, diameter 26.0 mm. Abapertural view, * 1%. 6—ShaVasumihaitense) (SOWeIDY)) = <1... = «edensnota aeons enced tet eet ied ee elec neici cht each ech entat seca een n CRC nr oil melt teed at-tt-Se a etic 28 6. BMNH GG 20270 (lectotype). (?)Baitoa Formation, exact locality unknown, ex Heneken Collection. Height 78.7 mm, diameter 74.9 mm. Apertural view, * 1; photograph courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London. 7. PRI 45267 (hypotype). Tenmile Creek, Chipola Formation, locality TU 546. Height 35.0 mm, diameter 27.9 mm. Abapertural view, X 1%. 8. PRI 45268 (hypotype). Santiago area, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1250. Height 83.5 mm, diameter 75.0 mm. Abapertural view, X 1. BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, VOLUME 113 PLATE 9 BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, VOLUME 113 PLATE 10 Figure DOMINICAN VOLUTACEA: VOKES 49 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 10 Page 1=@. Vier Geehaaio (GUD D)s oc ogo s0cnmobasduo00e 5 Dep oupCOUdM yoo Goo DOOD MeO odo Un ono aya e en hes Ona cooOs 29 1. BMNH GG 20255 (holotype). (?)Gurabo Formation, exact locality unknown, ex Heneken Collection. Height 62.6 mm, diameter 33.3 mm. Apertural view, * 1. 2. BMNH GG 20222 (paratype). (?)Gurabo Formation, exact locality unknown, ex Heneken Collection. Height 72.1 mm, diameter 46.3 mm. Apertural view, X 1; photograph courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London. 3. PRI 45269 (hypotype). Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1278. Height 53.5 mm, diameter 42.8 mm. Abapertural view, x 1. 4. PRI 45270 (hypotype). Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1278. Height 54.4 mm, diameter 35.7 mm. Abapertural view, ale 5. PRI 45271 (hypotype). Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1215. Height 37.7 mm, diameter 25.5 mm. Abapertural view, x 1%. 6. PRI 45272 (hypotype). Rio Cana, Cercado Formation, locality TU 1230. Height 37.0 mm, diameter 20.7 mm. Abapertural view, x 1%. Ves. Win eT INEUGT oo comoebocoucDL a Os eb oO DU o CMU RUD OC OE Om DOU R OBA Oo Oe Oto OOM DO OEE ONO CDO.9 Oe 31 7. ANSP 31242 (hypotype). (?)Gurabo Formation, exact locality unknown, ex Gabb Collection. Height 44.0 mm, diameter 27.0 mm (including spines). a. Apertural view, * 142. b. Abapertural view, x 1%. PRI 45273 (hypotype). Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1215. Height 51.2 mm, diameter 28.5 mm. a. Apertural view, X 1%. b. Abapertural view, X 1%. . PRI 45274 (hypotype). Rio Gurabo, Gurabo Formation, locality TU 1246. Height 32.6 mm, diameter 16.3 mm. Abapertural view. aes INDEX ADOC (OS O) Warermetr crac ote ereisisle scloteColas sisteleinicicie/oletajaratereratetcieieetare 2125) 7Nohoroy ini (UE BY: 5) nsacdnopeccuassacnesasensecceoeedosnnonesrecsesnddaapaooe i) INYO (CIOL) copqacaansceaaspb onsnodonsecndddGnacnastecass 89OS S20 Abbott ands ancerQ1982) ec ..c ince cree cieicciiciecerils 8-10, 19, 13, 21 CRN TANT WES. nadsconsononnpgecosennaonasancscaKee 26, 28, 29, 49 GEAIICOLUS WUT DINELLUS ere) anie cals eases eels eesti 29 aequalitas, “Arca” [Caloosarca} 16 PXEADEY (CUGTEN JEOLTUELNOYN. 5 sogmomoaoboaonn osononancsappagsososoqaAbenacte 22 Agueguexquite Formation 32 amazonianum, Turbinella 23 GMCTICANGME AID merece ere oecinciseeeiiciiseeseie(eretete sicieieieieieiciavetare , 42 ONGULALAV TUT DINEL] Gimmes eiesalper-Tetatersie este aye atele|ohayojere1s(aistelass/ojeje( LMoseecuscessedssaends 5, 6, 9, 12, 14, 22, 23, 26, 27, 31, 47—49 (PAP DERE VIIA (EE YTAD) Me SPs orcraisrarsielerseicls siete oles eiielsisl=i6/6 sielsisile 10, 11, 40 Garciarandssunderiang (1990) Secs renee ceils elereinierelereieie/eieis seterale (Gaen (WO Yb) oe cs coecebcesaseonpuccsuncoscunasouaddonsbacscuMonbod (Gairehnor (USE GDN SescSS cases concandescseagacuoucocnadoecocGsabubdbac (ClO TROON SongedanundosedcoasgdoucsuasasdacaTEscoBeNoa Gahimoillo POrMAtiOny <.\ jcc sere eisse eieieic cieinicies <[eivie'e e/nie 235924531 POT EVITEY Gauoncc.cnone season aao Cor eo sibs Daaacaronnenaamauaan 16, 18, 22, 23 PASO) COLTER ase acta wane arete saicia aerate wieis ote at nis ofeleinje nie chciavelelelain s'atelnrs sis eles 20 IPASOVGOMOS PELTOSH ace cineca or aisle ote afore ieieielnintcta aleielelolaitlelsinese cleieleieielein sce 25 Perrilliat Montoya (1960) 14 Perrilliat [Montoya] (1973) 22 IRON Kn sonccnepabnosedceseapatinocesbebooodsbocopsooneeSoosuRborEssoceasriog peruvianum, Morum Harel (MISES) Sade saasespooasadoans asses soscasnsccopescaosanoanndsn Petuch! (1987) <2. ....------- learn (WIREYD) oonocasoporene peturbatrix, Enaeta peturbatrix, Lyria (Endeta)) <2... ewesienesecne sence sees 13, 40 peturbatrix, Mitra (Strigatella?) . 0... ...iccc-seceeen cece rece eccerne 13 iii: ((HCTSID) sdandeaseestbsasedeascossoncoosccopaqsoasroassince 10, 12, 19 Pilsbry (1922) 5, 8-12, 14, 19, 21-24, 26-29, 31 Pilsonysand Johnson) (97) ese - eee seaeeeenc ess) Ds alee eee) PUSSY enGl OSerN (UCI) snoosspnosnonsonecAaseocuopsesupnoqdaposgsor 8 BU SbrEyFAnd OISsSOns (LIDS) eeretarayaratatsteleteatelclalctaiarerels oietelcleterele's)ere\aleisjaselale 10 pilsbryi, Turbinella, n. sp. 21-24, 47 BIN eGRESHIDEGS ieee eee ease aets oe 19, 20, 32 Pirabas Limestone ......... 18520529 [eriiy ((IGESINY conten cage sondsorenqesonne spss soCnnEpeouanocescaccuenoconuta 14 UTTAR T AVL IY AG) ssohcncccesnaseanegeonoccobab sags sasssgocesSsKacqa¢ 11 PVEQTA PAT ascdspncqcbasoaosoncoose donno gna codgoossnobescooseduaodude 15 |Poyna ter aiatel Were (CUBR So anooanncoscosnesondoccseansqccounaonscacoos 8 PO RDRNIUTS IV OTLUD) socopesco pen aconScconesoconsceseoumanencusoosous 17 EEC) ScescasenconnnaacanooconogasabonaspeasanobossoussroesourogabenddS 10 praelaevigata, Turbinella ...........2.0000cceceeeeee es 21, 24, 25, 45 PIEACOVOIAC A MUS DINE LIC ar raetststa asta etcteie ree eseie cep sees eer 24 (PHANG AT BY OGIUGTD: codanccoseptnoocanenacpaooEpopADseoodSsoHedas 21, 24 (I OTIS, MORAY UGE Te Ss coconnnnscenbeonpetcopadocuaccuuos 23, 46 (PATA, HGYGTO. sno nectisnaccsnobebe co seuapeaDeOu G0 DeCoOGo5000 24, 25 [PARTON G ET, OGG S copane scene coosbaEbEHTuSbboecoasdueoacoaancdsaae 24 [Grey EVAN 222.05 283. ao boca peep nn seopeseonseacooececbennaspadcoannce 32 IAG TTS. VWERTTO ont cqeoenr goes coocebeocosbocoobascooesoseoudacansassso 27 (ITO. WERT 2baccencbehonbacoare cos pcesopnannaacecopeancepaoods lias) IE ara, TITRA coocoocécooobeacabeecesboonocnscessussoacuosogc 28 PRIGRFONISCIG srs eee see se ease sere ac seen toca ier 17 GULETEE G1 Re Shee OSC ROC CRE RE OOGHUR BOLDED ona osoeeanescsAsansooaace 17 PIMATANTE HSTTE esagonecasoges cone URSScne aS Deonaabensotboponooscone 10-12 jy fel TALE IRV NCB YG) Gopennossnusbooecuscsedossbeceosooe 10, 40, 41 PUMICE RE YT IG (SANMILYIIA)\ ananiasisas)rinsceisicie selene el eoielalle)elsielelelelnie 10 UICC ON VOM eee ceae eines enim senna ean soe aoa sielraeieelee 9, 10 ILC LI SOTOT MIST oa rece cereale olota clue alate otalalala siataloleleipieteteieiefriei=(-l=i-I-i= 10 Pirnitey Gavilan BOTA OM seater ere siers otal e ore lel aletele eb ateiastalaseelayei= 11 LOGIT, IGT: sconeocnentoouoooosouesoapéoasspabeasueaeaweee 15, 16 Ma ATARES, TTR MATE ececoopneaqcnaondo Dag edaapDEnassosonusoassnas 10 [STALE ATURE. oo. Sees COrCOOaDE COORDS ESRC CCONBOS COBB CaGHAdonASHeGONo0 21 STATS MATTEL 6 aseaneen00 COC OS bObRBDESBRDDSODDHE toc OuREEONOOBAOOOOoSE 21 EMITATIINTICLD ILS VOY OLUS Gere ere eats as nese reece erm aayereaalela stereos 21 MOVIN ERMC OLAZA Yee esac ce cee ae eases mesic dneiee nee teisseieraterets 24 Reannrez (LO 50) eaeaassnmesn se desea ses tose cede senescence 8-10, 24 ICE neva (ES S13) CC ob anec conc coonnnocSHa CC BAndnaseEpencpouseades SP 10) 19. ReAayMONG (LOOT) cons «esas ce ctoe ncn sence da eates maaan alactclols 175 19520 FREE VEN UO IO) cs csste sre eine daw clad rats re deatareloinleld wots saielalciesie sisiinnns 15 idailty Toate (CE 4 0) apa cmepo oa snmannarenoeT CoB ROcMODCOSHICOOuEOGoCe 13 RENOEMAGLOU-S)) ee ctonttcersscinrtac ornate anaes sina acl seciarsisisienieental stron ereisiele 14 Po TAT RAY LATS oe Bone Ra SC OSE RE CoA ECG BDO KCD BARODA HEC DS AEOCHOIBOSS 22 TEX RANCUG (ceils aclaen cee oie wane ne oiacis sa Seis is oe eile vlsleinlale e Aeteielelsinle Pils P72 RN ee ARE ATR] c COS ER ULES COBE-EBOBEHECEREDD: . apoddabogouopeerns 28 FRG RANIUINIA Ne soeeteins ete alae oats nian cain aiod on ela clones 10, 11, 20, 25, 26 SS@PIBEVG) noonqeoconoccaonnooscpoccconaeoc aun vocapeanceqpoddAadacacooode 29 RYO, Gamay re cteelersteiieiciaroretsicisieisire 11, 17, 20, 25, 28-31, 41-43, 48, 49 IRV) (CHET EN TIE ooo acasecconsadnoncnosonsndoonensdsncecosnsoropnconcone 24 Rio Gurabo ..... 11, 13, 20, 24-26, 28-31, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 49 RioiMaoms etree men eenenccscciseeiies 11, 19, 20, 29-31, 40, 43, 45 Rio Yaque del Norte .......... 9, 12, 14, 22, 23, 28-30, 40—44, 47 Rio Yaque del Sur 24 Reto ICAO) GecosooceacsonceEbscnecconosdaeen4eceEEcRoagedcosBoc0GdDa0c 15 Rios (1975) ...... 15 Rios (1985) ...... 15 IOS (UGE) ssec6nqdecaso00s6 15 TLOSEGONG MNUTDINELLOmmeen eee err eeeiitaeeeese yee eee ae 24, 25 IXoJoy beso) nN (COP) Goonacadosdonaoosodosaedoanbonaacoooosdssq0R00sNo000 15 FRG Ain 5 (UT9B) a asareisic st sctereteoete eto otetoloelo rove faietatelya/steteielstatalets welstere aatelers 5}, 1@ neky aati c (2) gfe Nacanneddseeccserddeorsbocendeacadescocesfbecnesesoconccan 14 RUtSCI (UGB A) a ajesacctaisisteratataajnararotorsletelecetarstere clorstele sciswioe cients octets 11, 24 NYA DI Ieh oaoeaaeocnonnocogaEcaSboocUaADocooooDacenesacaonasnaupapscocnas 9 Santiago de los Caballeros ................ 9, 11, 20, 29-31, 41, 48 Saunderstefialn (986) ieececeecceeenceer 5-7, 10-13, 22-25, 28-31 SGaphia Str tates os ats<,cjejssscie = sisciois stv stareisanyatctos)assi2 sjnetaunleticte soon elasteeeiee 8 Scaphella) ccsitwenacwssscunce sss aceon sieeee siecle am ejereslnwie shi e emer 8,9 PlOTAG -aajaisis ni giizinw eicle arate a Jaisiste ovals steljate store das aie eee sla leee eS 8 POMGMGTNA o-oacananascesacnenodsnacdos anoodnondcsdcane s90saasassossaces 8 Scaphellan(Aurinia) pecmaterecceereecbeeceeccr creer eee er eee eee ree 8 SERIAL Perso isastoptacteciiieeiacatelee tee nck