WIA SS 3 IANS SI QA C' AQ RN \ SS LYS \ MAA QA WX \ ACK RO WS AN OS MAG SONY UY iH) . iN Mi OF THE ING OFFICE. SMP SO NAN iINsait UT TON: UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. {Serial Number 45.| BULLE TEN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. IND Oy te4e: THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. BY EE DC @ ye Ei. Wests EEN G WON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1889. ADVERTISEMENT. The present publication (Bulletin No. 34) is the forty-fifth of a series of papers intended to illustrate the collections belonging to the United States, and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 1846. The publications of the National Museum consists of two series—the Bulletins, of which this is No. 34 in continuous series, and the Proceed- . ings, of which the eleventh volume is now in press. The volumes of Proceedings are printed, signature by signature, each issue having its own date, and a small edition of each signature is dis- tributed to libraries promptly after its publication. Full lists of the publications of the Museum may be found in the cur- rent catalogues of the publications of the Smithsonian Institution. Papers intended for publication in the Proceedings and Bulletins of the National Museum are referred to the Committee on Publication, consisting of the following members: T. H. Bean, A. Howard Clark (editor), Otis T. Mason, John Murdoch, Leonhard Stejneger, Frederick — W. True, and Lester F. Ward. ; S. P. LANGLEY, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. WASHINGTON, April 9, 1889. 2 a Et ES PAE x NORTH AMERICA. Ee J), @ © EE. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1889. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. PHILADELPHIA, February 18, 1887. DEAR Sir: I have the honor to present to you for publication among the Bulletins of the United States National Museum the manuscript of a general work on the Batrachia of North America. It embraces the results of a thorough study of the characters of the species, with their variations, which has been rendered effective by the very full collection contained in the National Museum, and which this work thus illustrates. Besides this descriptive part, I have presented the results of a thorough study of the osteology of the class, based on the material contained in various museums of the United States and Europe. I have expressed these results largely in systematic form, in the belief that descriptive zoology will never be complete until the structure is exhausted in fur- nishing definitions. Wherever practicable, reference is made to the relations between the extinct and living forms. I have been greatly indebted to you for the use of the manuscript prepared by yourself and Dr. Girard many years ago with such a pub- lication as the present one in view. Of the descriptions of the fifty-three Urodela, nineteen are from your pen, and of the forty-seven Salientia, twenty-one are the work of yourself and Dr. Girard. This has materally lightened my labor, the only additional work necessary to these descrip- tions being such as increase of material has required. In the same way the figures of the external characters of the Urodela of which your de- scriptions appear in the text, were prepared under your direction, and the drawings of the crania of the same Urodela were partially prepared at the same time, and have been completed by myself, now appearing for the first time. The other drawings were made by myself, excepting some which are credited to others at the proper places. Besides the collection of specimens in alcohol, the collection of skele- tons prepared by yourself, and now part of the National Museum, has been of the greatest service in the preparation of this work and of the various papers by myself which have preceded it. Iam, with much respect, yours, truly, EK. D. Cops. Prof. S. F. BAIRD, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. CONTENTS. Page hetteriof.transmiittalis 5 oosecc oe Ace eee eek ateeen eRe eee hee Ree eee Bs Batrachian co cs co) oases eh Pals Sie ee See ee cee ae ee eee “aieinie 7 Generalicharacters 4-22--).---22 ssoeeeeeee oe E cisals se eee See Ee eee 7 General:anatomy ss soos cc ce ade, peso maeeresiee ee Seen eee eee EEE ee 7 barval: characters . 0522 5620/5 o Sada S ose oe eens aoe ee ee ene Cee 12 Classification cciges 2.52 bho. ascies a sees Gee ee eee eee 13 ATMITeS: We Se ee oa Bes che Sa San aiaaiae cious selene Sere eee eee 13 Phylogemye en oo ooo aac eigenetocia oe et iais i are eee ree 14 Explanation: of terms =< Js555. ceecsas code eee ee eee ae eae eeeee nee 16 Nomenclature:and, history 12 2-r. cosets eee eee eel ae eee eee 16 Proteidaycss cous) Sse sees eee ae ee ee RL eee ee 21 Wrodelave csc siece eae ane Be eke aa ee pat UN fa SU epoca (aut ayeare 29 Trach ystOma tay ssp es Sis Pee NP a Pp ae se 223 Salientiay si. 020 See eer ears oie Sorel erste arcuate a 232 Recapitulation. oy 2206 5. .cue Acie Se scene se Selene ie aie eee eee eres 451 Addlemday soe Sl eee Sia Erato aera ete ress a See re 453 Bibliography. 52222 eee ae ase De ae MERE MACE IGAS0 Ge GONG 461 Addendum to bibliography .----.---..2--5-.--.-- aboInsudonco dood ce 485 histof Cuts... 22 Sivie. 25S oe arg Sees he aoe SU eee eC eee SS Explanation of lettering on plates....-...... .-.-+----.-------- saSisee 493 Explanation-of plates s22 22.0 225.5 sosSse dees cies eke se ee eee 497 Mn exe Jee siwa GS isisiscieie oitiain le aiclore Sot ielete eleiera ete Geer ease creme ee ee eee ee 517 6 THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. BATRACHIA. Bongniart, 1800. Amphibia Latreille, 1825 (not of Linnzus 1766). GENERAL CHARACTERS. Vertebrata with a distinct coracoid element of the scapular arch and with an os quadratum. The limbs consist of a single proximal element, two propodials (sometimes united), a carpus and tarsus, metapodials, and phalanges. The cartilage of the basis-cranii unossified (except some- times a basioccipital ossification), but supported by the single mem- brane bone, the parasphenoid; vertebral column consisting entirely or in part of intercentra. Stapes present. Brain with the cerebellum small, and the mesencephalon smaller than the prosencephalon (“hemispheres”); the latter with the ventricles on the inner side of their principal mass. Heart with three chambers, two auricles, and a ventricle. Three or four aorta bows on each side. Lungs always present. Gall-bladder and urinary bladder present; oviducts entirely distinct, and opening by fontanelles into the abdominal cavity at a distance from the ovaries. Reproductive, renal, and digestive products discharged into a cloaca. Male without distinct intromittent organ. In development the embryonic life is prolonged during a period of freedom subsequent to leaving the egg, constituting a larval stage. During this period the young is branchiferous and generally aquatic in its habits. Noamnion nor allantois. Segmentation of the yolk complete or holoblastic. GENERAL ANATOMY. The auditory organs resemble those of other terrestrial vertebrata, and differ from those of fishes, in the presence of a fenestra ovalis of the internal ear, which is closed by a stapes. The other ear bones or their equivalents are fused at an early stage of growth with the sus- -pensorial cartilage of the lower jaw (Parker). There are three semi- circular canals, but the helix is represented only by a diverticulum of the saceulus. ; The hyoid apparatus is less complicated than that of the Visces, and more so than that of the vertebrate classes above them in the series. > é 8 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. There are always a distinct so-called ceratohyal; one or more axial ele - ments or basibranchials, and lateral pieces, or ceratobranchials. There is no glossohyal. Further than this nothing can be said of the class, as the orders differ among themselves in the details. In the carpus and tarsus there is always an os centrale, except in the tarsus of the Salientia. In the extinct Carboniferous genera Eryops! and Archegosaurus,” there are two centralia in each foot (pes of Eryops © unknown). The intermedium is either present or fused with one of the adjacent bones of the first row. There is a series of carpalia and of tarsalia, giving attachment to the metapodials, whose number and con- dition differ in the different families. The number of digits is generally not more than four in front and five behind. There is very often a rudi- mental thumb on the anterior foot in the Salientia, and in the extinet rhachitomous genus Eryops there are five well-developed digits on the manus. (Plate 45, fig. 1.) In the Salientia there is often a rudimental sixth toe internal to the hailux. (Plate 67-8.) The shoulder-girdle is not connected with the skull in the Batrachia, excepting inthe genus Hemisus. There is a large supra-secapula. The osseous coracoid is of various proportions, and it has various cartilagi- nous extensions, as epicoracoid and procoracoid. These are ossified in some of the extinct forms. There is much variety in the pieces which occupy the middle line of the scapular arch: The orders may be ar- ranged as follows on this basis: An episternum and no sternum: Ganocephala, Rhachitomi, Embolomeri, Stegocephali. An omosternum and sternum ; no episternum, Salientia. No median sternal elements: Trachystomata, Proteida, Urodela (except Trematodera). The pelvis is always furnished with an ilium, but the pubis is want- ing or represented by rudiments, except in the extinct forms, where it is present. The ischium is primitively an undivided cartilaginous plate. No obturator foramen. There are some characters which are common to all or nearly all Batrachia, but which may be found on further knowl- edge of the extinct forms not to have been always present. One of these is the continuity or fixed articulation of the quadrate cartilage or bone with the skull. The proximal part of this bone is intercalated between the squamosal and exoccipital, and the pterygoid when present, so as to present only its distal extremity free. In the Salientia it is an insignificant element, being generally cartilaginous. The vomeropalatine bones are always double, except where wanting, which is only the case in the Trachystomata. They are nearly always dentigerous. The orbitosphenoid bone is always well developed. In the existing orders the atlas is undivided. I have put forth the hypothesis® that the vertebral bodies in the existing and most of the 1 Cope, American Naturalist, 1888, p. 436. ?Baur, Carpus u. Tarsus der Vertebraten, 1887, Batrachia, pp. 6-12. *On the Intercentrum of the Terrestrial Vertebrata, Transac. Ainer Philosoph. Soc., 1886, p. 243. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. E 9 extinct orders of Batrachia are not the centra of the higher vertebrata, but are intercentra, which are occasionally seen in the higher vertebrates. - in arudimental condition. This is especially the case in the remark- able saurian of New Zealand, the Sphenodon, and in the extinct order of the Theromora. Owen has shown that the intercentra exist also in the mole. I have given the following reasons for this view: 1. The intercentra are very large in the Ganocephala and Rhachi- tomi. 2. They support the neural arch in the Embolomeri. 3. They are not rudimental in existing Batrachia. 4, The chevron bones, which originate from the intercentra of Rep- tilia, are continua with the caudal vertebral bodies in Batrachia. 5. The ribs, which originate from the intercentral cartilages in Rep- tilia, originate from the vertebral bodies of Batrachia. The paleontology of the Batrachia and Reptilia shows that the order Embolomeri is the only one with complete vertebral bodies, and so probably gave origin to the reptiles; while the intercentra in some Batrachians become so connected with the neural arches as to lead to the belief that they become the vertebral bodies of later forms of the class which have descended from them. In all the orders, genera with well-developed anterior limbs display well-developed distal condyles of the humerus. They are better de- veloped than in any order of reptiles, with the exception of the Thero- mora. With regard to the cranial nerves, it is to be remarked that the latera- lis branch of the vagus is present, as in fishes; also that the glossopha- ryngeal is united with the vagus. In the Urodela the nervus facialis is distinct from the trigeminus (Fig. 1), but in the Salientia they are united. (Plate 43.) Fic. 1. Diagram of chondrocranium and cranial nerves of Salamandra, side view (from Wiedersheim). In the muscular system the Batrachia differ from the fishes in the modifivations which partially take the place of the myocommata, and the development of the muscles of the limbs and their extension on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body. Myocommata persist in. 10 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the caudal regions of all the tailed orders, and are transient in the tails of the larve of the Salientia. Remains of the same are seen in the segmented dorsal muscles of the Uro- dela, and the segmented median ven- tral, or pubosternal muscles of the tailed and tailless orders. Between these median series of muscles extend two layers, which support the sides of the body cavity, the external and internal oblique. In the Urodela the external oblique is divided up at the superior border into separate heads, each of which arises from the extrem- ity of a rib. Between the ribs is a band of narrow longitudinal mus- cles—the intercostals—which are par- allel to the dorsal muscles. Owing to the modification of the skeleton the dorsal muscles in the Salientia SS | are much modified, and form chev- ops rons with the apex posterior. The Fic. 2. Diagram of chondrocranium and cranial limb muscles are much like those of nerves of Salamandra, from below (from Wie- joher vertebrata. dersheim). 2) lle NOS <\ NHS AWS The heart of the Batrachia pos- sesses three chambers, two auricles and one ventricle, and there is a sinus venosus at the entrance of the vena cava. The bulbus arteriosus is not muscular, and has a longitudinal valve or partial septum, or is completely divided into two in the Proteida. In the Urodela there are four aortic branches on each side, which are in the larval state branchial arteries. As many veins return from the branchiz and unite above the heart to form the aorta. In development to maturity the arteries be- come connected with the veins by longitudinal vessels, the ductus botalli, which complete the ‘‘ aorta bows” where the branchial system disap- pears. The first and last of these arches become subordinate, and the intermediate on each side function as “aorta roots,” whose union forms the aorta. The carotid artery is a continuation of the ductus botalli connecting the first and second bows, and the last bow is modi- fied into the pulmonary vein. In the Proteida and Trachystomata three aorta bows remain on each side, and the branchial arteries and veins persist. In the Salientia three aorta bows remain, but the second on each side only form the aorta, the first and last forming the carotid artery and pulmonary vein. The venous system consists primitively, as in other vertebrata, of two anterior and two posterior cardinal veins, which unite on each side into a single transverse vessel, the Ductus cuvieri, which empties into the sinus venosus. Subsequently two other pairsof longitudinal veins 5 THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 11 arise parallel to the cardinal veins, and empty into the anterior cardi- nals on each side, in front of the Ductus cuvieri. These are the verte- bral veins. The portion of the posterior cardinals between the Ductus cuviert and the kidney disappears, so that what remains of the pos. terior cardinals are only renales advehentes. The anterior cardinals become the jugulars. The principal posterior vein is the vena cava pos- terior, which is median, and consists originally of the renales revehentes from the kidney. It receives the hepatic vein before emptying into the sinus venosus. The iliac veins pass directly into the kidney after re- ceiving the v. caudalis. The lymph cavities of the body in the Batrachia are extensive. This is especially the case with the Salientia, where the skin is loosely at- tached, and incloses large spaces immediately beiow it. The lymphatic vessels from the digestive system open into these cavities. The ves- sels also empty into the veins, and present at such points enlargements which contract rhythmically, and are known as “ lymph-hearts.” They are situated in the sacral region, one on each side, in the tailed forms, while an additional pair is present in the scapular region in the Sali- entia. The reproductive and urinary systems are closely connected in the Batrachia, and must be treated of together. Both discharge their con- tents into the alimentary canal, forming a cloaca. Their structure is best understood by reference to that of the sharks. In these fishes a primitive longitudinal vessel on each side of the dorsum of the abdom-. inal cavity sends branches to the outer side, which there form convo- luted lobules, the primitive kidney. In the Batrachia this longitudinal or archinephric duct divides longitudinally, and the inner portion re- mains as the Miillerian duct. This becomes the oviduct of the female. The external half with its series of branches becomes the urogenital duct. The testes and ovaries are developed independently external to the kidneys, and the former send their efferent ducts directly into the latter. The ovaries discharge the eggs into the abdominal cavity, whence they pass into the oviducts by the free open extremities of the latter, and are thence ejected by the anus, after receiving a covering of albumen. The male organ homologous with the Miillerian duct is of reduced size in all the Salientia except the Rane and allies, where it is aborted. It has been shown, however, to persist in our Rane virens. In the Urodela the vasa deferentia pass through the kidney and enter the genitoiirinary duct, and so intothe cloaca; but in the Salientia the efferent ducts of the kidney collect themselves into a separate tube or ureter, which, however, joins the single vas deferens before entering the cloaca. But the Discoglosside agree with the Urodela in this, as in several other respects. A urinary bladder is always present in the Batrachia. The testes are single on each side in the Salientia; there are several in the Urodela, especially in the Ceciliide. The penis is wanting. Impregnation is accomplished by copulation in the Urodela, 12 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. but in the Salientia the spermatozooids are discharged on the ova after leaving the body cf the female. (Plates 18, 19, 32, 42.) The alimentary canal in the Batrachia is simple, since it is not highly specialized into distinct parts. The liver is large and is divided into a varying number of lobes, which are especially numerous, and arranged like a roll of coins in the Ceeciliide. The gall-bladder and pancreas are present. The teeth are not implanted in alveole,and are in the recent forms more or less pleurodont. LARVAL CHARACTERS. In the course of the growth of a batrachian there is always a period which follows the freedom of the embryo, in which there are structures for securing respiration in the water. These gills differ from those of fishes, in that the fringes in which the blood is aerated stand on fleshy processes of the branchial arches, and not directly on the arches them- selves. Similar structures are found in the preliminary stages of some fishes. During this stage the tail is more or less modified as a swimming organ, and the condition of the skull differs materially in character from that of the adult. In the tailless or anurous Batrachia the limbs do not appear until this period has nearly closed, while in the tailed or urodele order the limbs appear almost immediately after the gills. Besides these transitional characters, the Urodela possess in their early larval condition along process in front of the first gill on each side, which is termed a balancer. This remains in a few abnormal cases in salamanders, but is permanent in the suborder of the cecil- jans or worm-like Batrachia. A similar process exists in the larva of the frogs of the genus Xenopus, which resembles superficially a siluroid fish; but in the Salientia generally the balancers are wanting. The gills in the Salientia (frogs, toads, etc.) are soon concealed by a growth of the skin, which leaves a small orifice for the discharge of water from the pharyngeal cavity. In one group of these animals this opening is on the middle line below, but in the great majority it is single and is situated on the left side. The changes undergone by the skull in the metamorphosis are much more important in the Salientia than in any other order, and are treated of under the head of that order. The eggs of Batrachia are always deposited in the water or in damp places. In a few instances the young do not seek the water, and in one species (Salamandra atra) they are born free from the egg. Under the head of the Salientia will be found a table of the various modes in which the eggs and larve of those animals are deposited and cared for prior to maturity. Under the respective orders the descriptions of their characteristic peculiarities of development will be found. (Plates 30, 44, 78.) THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 13 CLASSIFICATION. There are several orders of Batrachia, and they display remarkable diversities of skeletal structure. For the better understanding of these I give the following table of their principal definitions :! I. Basioccipital, supraoccipital, intercalary,? and supratemporal bones present. Pro- podial bones distinct. a. One cotyloid occipital condyle. Vertebral centra replaced by one basal and two lateral elements AIR OME DMG Una ALC Werte tcyaraetelncets ae asia teleeaielatsicite te Se foerefare Ganocephala. aa. Two occipital condyles. Vertebral bodies, including atlas, segmented, one set of segments LOGEHHeLSUpPPOLbING ONEs.alrCh) asecsesie see Seas se cess =e) sie 2) Rhachitomi. Vertebre segmented, the superior and inferior segments each complete, forming two centra to each arch..........-....---. Embdolomeri. Vertebral bodies, including atlas, not segmented; one to each HIG Meaney sia cata emyatin cia is ote Si cree sees aeala eae ics ere larevarnio we sfotts e\eiwinial myaieie Stegocephali. II. Basioccipital, supraoccipital, and supratemporal bones wanting. Frontal and propodial bones distinct. a. An os intercalare. A palatine arch and separate caudal vertebre ........-...---.-.... Proteida. aa. No os intercalare. A maxillary arch and vomers; palatine arch present, imperfect ; nasals, premaxillaries and caudal vertebre distinct .............. Urodela. No maxillary or palatine arches; no vomers; nasals and pre- maxillary, also caudal vertebra, distinct .................. Trachystomata. III. Basioccipital, supraoccipital, intercalare, and supratemporal bones wanting: Frontals and parietals connate; propodial bones and lumbosacral vertebre each confluent. Palatines distinct from vomers; a palatine arch; astragalus and calcaneum elongate, forming a distinct segment of the limb. ....Salientia. The animals of the Division I are all extinct. Division II includes the Salamanders and their allies, with the worm-like Ceecilians (Apoda), while the third division embraces the frogs, toads, ete. AFFINITIES. The Batrachia are, then, intermediate in characters, and therefore in position, between the fish-like forms and the reptiles. Among the former the Dipnoi approach them most nearly, while the extinct reptiles of the oldest order, the Theromora,’ are the nearest allies on the rep- tilian side. It belongs to the series of vertebrates which have a dis- tinct coracoid bone in the shoulder-girdle, and a distinct quadrate bone in the skull. The greater part of the basicranial axis is cartilaginous, but it is protected below by the membrane bone, the parasphenoid. In all these respects, and in the absence of an amnion of the embryo, the Batrachia agree with the fishes. They differ from thisclass in the pres- ence of legs and absence of fins, and in the absence of various bones which belong to the branchial and opercular systems, and to the sus- pensor of the iower jaw. 1This is partly derived from the table which I have given in Vol. II, Paleontology of the Geological Survey of Ohio, 1874, p. 352. See also American Naturalist, 1884. 2Of Cuvier: Epiotic of Huxley, according to Vrolik. 3 Theromorpha Cope olim; name preoccupied. 14 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The characters displayed by the three divisions in question indicate their relationship to be as follows: The orders of Division I present in their cranial structure a greater resemblance to the limb-finned or crossopterygian fishes than do either of the others. The third division is the most divergent from the type, and is in various respects the most specialized. This specialization consists not only in a departure from the primitive Batrachia, but also from all other forms of vertebrata. Its specialization is seen in the loss and codssification of various parts of the skeleton. The Urodela display characters intermediate between the extremes of the class. Near them the Trachystomata (Sirenide) are still more inferior by loss of parts of the skull and of the pelvic arch. The Proteida have lost the maxillary arch of the Stegocephali, but re- tain their os intercalare. PHYLOGENY. The class Batrachia holds an important position in the history of the vertebrata, as the first member of that kingdom which occupied the land on the advent of the conditions suitable for air-breathing types. It thus stands in ancestral relation to the lines of the Sauropsida and Mammalia, and as the immediate descendants of the fishes. As regards the extinct orders, the primitive type is evidently the Ganocephala, whose vertebral column displays an arrest of characters which are transitional in the higher vertebrata. From this group the orders Rhachitomi, Embolomeri,and Stegocephali have been evidently derived. We may then present the following genealogical table of the class Batrachia : Salientia. Trachystomata. Urodela. Proteida. Embolomeri. Stegocephali. Rhachitomi. Ganocephala. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 15 As regards the connection of the class, as a whole, with other classes of vertebrata, it is very probable that the extinct orders, as the Gano- cephala, were derived from some extinct form of Dipnoan fishes, more or less related to the group of which the genus Ceratodus is a represent- ative. In this type we have a persistent chorda dorsalis, fins which present the type from which ambulatory limbs were derived, a pelvis, and a cranium nearer that of the batrachians than most other fishes present. The Crossopterygia are a little on one side of the parental stem, since they have no pelvis, and their limbs begin to show a begin- ning of that reduction and specialization which is carried to such an extent in the Actinopterygia, or typical fishes. From the Ganocephala we derive the remaining orders, all of which possess two occipital condyles. The intercentra, which are small in the prepelvic vertebral axis of the Ganocephala, assume a large development in the Embolomeri, which thus have two bodies to each neural arch throughout the series. It is probable that the reptiles took their origin from this group by the gradual reduction of the intercentra, and the continued dominance of the centra. It is possible also that the Em- bolomeri possess but one occipital condyle, which, uniting with an in- tercentrum, formed the single occipital condyle of the Reptilia. In the direction of the Rhachitomi there is reason to believe that the intercentra became predominant in the vertebral axis, and that the centra soon disappeared. ‘This order gave origin to the Stegocephala, in which the centra are wanting; and this order was the source of the Proteida on one hand, and the Salientia on the other. The former,-of all the existing orders is the only one which retains the os intercalare of the Paleozoic types. From the Proteida we get the Urodela, and from the latter the Trachystomata, as will be more especially shown under that order. The Ganocephala (Trimerorhachis) and the Rhachitomi (Zatrachys) had a well developed columella auris, which extended from the fenestra ovale and turned upwards and backwards to the notch of the posterior outline of the skull between the os intercalare and the base of the quad- rate. It is highly probable that this notch was occupied by a tympanic drum.! In the Proteida, Urodela, and Trachystomata, there is no col- umella. In the Salientia there is a chain consisting of one bone and two cartilages extending between the stapes and the membranum tym- pam. ‘Thus the Urodela in this respect have undergone degeneration, while the Salientia have undergone specialization. With regard to other parts of the skeleton all the later and recent orders must be re- garded as having undergone degeneration, in view of the extensive loss of parts. (See Origin of the Fittest, by E. D. Cope, On the Evolution of the Vertebrata, progressive and retrogressive.) 1See Cope On the ossicula auditus of the Batrachia, Amer. Naturalist, 1868, p. 464; Journal of Morphology, November, 1888. 16 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. EXPLANATION OF TERMS. The Canthus rostralis is the ridge more or less defined which marks the line of separation anterior to the eyes8, between the top and side of the head. The outer nares or external nostrils are situated in or a little below this angular line, and between the eye and tip of snout. The Canthus orbitalis is the corner of the eye, either anterior or posterior. By ramus of jaw is meant either of the two branches, one on each side. The rictus is the point of junction between the upper and lower jaws. The commissure is the line along which the two jaws meet when closed. The internal nares or choane are in the roof of the mouth a little ante- rior to the eyes. The Eustachian apertures, or ostia pharyngea, are sit- uated very far back in the roof of the mouth near the end of the jaw, one on each side. The angle of the jaw is just behind the point of articula- tion of the two jaws. The concealed surfaces of the body are those which are internal and pressed against each other when the limbs are flexed. The teeth in the roof of the mouth are vomerine or vomeropalatine when they are within or near the inner nares, and on the bone of same name; and they are parasphenoid, or loosely, palatine, when considerably be- hind the level of the inner nares and placed on the parasphenoid bone. The enumeration of the fingers and toes commences with the inner ones, the fourth finger and the fifth toe being the external. The term finger always belongs to the anterior extremities, and toe to the posterior. The phalanges are numbered from the metapodial bone. By articula- tion is understood the hinge between two adjacent bones, which them- selves are called segments. The tympanum or membranum tympani is the circular disk seen on each side the head, posteriorly and just back of the eye, in the Salientia. NOMENCLATURE AND HISTORY. By Linneus, in the tenth edition of the Systema Nature (1760), in the twelfth (1766), and in the thirteenth (1788) reptiles and batrachians are included in a class “Amphibia.” The two classes were not recognized even as subordinate divisions of the Amphibia. These divisions were the Reptiles, Serpentes, and Nantes. The last named included only fishes. Four genera were included in the reptiles, one of which was Rana, which embraced all the Batrachia Salientia. The Urodela were - enumerated as species of the genus Lacerta. The genus Cecilia was placed among the Serpentes. Laurenti, in the Tentamen Systema Reptilium, 1768, first used the class name Reptilia for a combination of the two classes, Reptilia and Batrachia, as at present recognized. He proposed three orders of Reptilia, the Salientia (= Batrachia Anura), the Gradientia (= lizards and Batrachia Urodela), and the Serpentes, in which he included the Ceecilias. Lacépéde, 178890, did not distinguish Reptiles from Batrachia, and THE BATRKACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 17 did not give distinctive names for the groups which he proposed, which were very artificial. Bronguiart published his system in 1800-03, in the Mémoires des Savans Etrangers de Institut. He did not distinguish the Batrachia as a class from the Reptilia, but he distinguished it first as a natural group and namedit. Hedivided the Reptilia into the four orders, Che- lonia, Sauria, Ophidia, and Batrachia. He placed the salamanéers in the Batrachia for the first time. Latreille published a system of Reptilia in the Nouveau Dictionaire d’ Histoire Naturelle in 1804, Vol. xxiv, page 61. He adopts the sys- tem of Brongniart. The Batrachia are divided into two sections: I B. coureurs, and il B. pisciformes. Thesecond section inciuded the gen- era Proteus and Siren; section I, all other Batrachia known to the author. In 1825 Latreille published another classification in the bro- chure “Les Familles Naturelles du Régne Animal.” He divides the vertebrata into warm-blooded (Haemathermes) and cold-blooded (Hae- macrymes). The latter include Pulmonées and Solibranches. The lat- ter includes the tishes. The former division has two subdivisions, Rep- tiles and Amphibia or Batrachia. We here find the system of De Blainville adopted in the recognition of the Batrachia as distinct from the Reptilia, and the name Amphibia is used for it for the first time. Daudin in 180203 published his Traité Générale. He adopted the classification of Brongniart. Dumeéril, in 1804, in the Traité élémentaire (histoire naturelle, also adopted the system of Brongniart. He placed tthe Ceeciliide among the Ophidia. In his Zodlogie Analytique, published in 1807, he followed the same arrangement, and divided the Batrachia into Anura and Uro- dela. The latter included four genera: Triton, Salamandra, Proteus, and Siren. Lamarck, in 1809, published a Distribation Genérale des Animaux, as (the chapter vu of the Philosophie Zodlogique. He did not distinguish the Batrachia from the Reptilia as a class, but recognized the four orders of Reptilia already proposed by Brongniart. The Batrachia are divided into two divisions: Urodela and Anura, Cceecilia is placed in the serpents. Cuvier, in the Legons d’Anatomie Comparée, in 1800, and in the regne Animal, in 1817, adopted the system of Brongniart. In the second edition of the latter, published in 1829, he divides the Batrachia into five genera, viz: Ceecilia, Rana, Salamandra, Proteus, and Siren. Oppel published his “ Ordnungen Familien u. Gattungen der Rep- tilien” in 1811 (Munich). He adopts the class name Reptilia, and divides it into three orders: Testudinata, Squamata (snakes and lizards), and Nuda or Batrachia. The Batrachia are divided into three families ; the Apoda (Ceecillidse), Ecaudata or Anura, and the Urodela. De Blainville published in 1816 in the Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences de la Société Philomathique of Paris a Prodrome @une neouvy, distribu- 19521— Bull. 84-——-2 18 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tion systematique du Régne Auimal. He first proposed to regard tie Batrachia as a distinct class of vertebrata, the Iv of his series, under the name ‘* Nudipelliferes, les Amphybiens.” On a subsequent page he divides the class Reptilia into two subclasses, “les Reptiles” and les Ichthyoides. The latter are subdivided into four divisions, viz: - Batraciens (Grenouilles); Pseudosauriens (Salamandres); Amphibiens (les Protées et les Sirénes); Pseudophidiens (Ceecilies). We here find the Batrachia for the first time set off from the Reptilia as a division of equal rank with it. Merrem, Tentamen Systems Amphibiarum, 1820, reverts to the Linnean name Amphibia for the combined reptiles and batrachians, but recognizes the two as subordinate divisions, He calls these Pho- lidota and Batrachia. The Batrachia he divided into the Apoda (Ce- cilia), Salientia, and Gradientia. The Gradientia or Salamandres are divided into Mutabilia (Salamandra, ete.) and Amphipneusta, or the forms with permanent branchie. Gray published in 1825, in the Annals of Philosophy of Philadelphia, a synopsis of the genera of Reptiliaand Batrachia of North America. He separates the two classes distinctly as such under the names Rep- tilia and Amphibia. The former are divided into the orders Emydo- sauria (crocodiles and extinest marine reptiles), Sauria, Saurophidia, Ophidia, and Chelonia. The Amphibia were divided into Mutabilia and Amphipneusta. The latter division included the branchiate forms, with the Cryptobranchide and the Ceeciliida. The Mutabilia embraced all other Batrachia. Harlan also, in 1825, published Genera and Synopsis of Species of Rep- tiles of America in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. He adopts the system of Brongniart, and divides the Ba- trachia into three divisions, dependent on the characters of the external respiratory organs. In the first there is an external fissure only; in the second, external branchie and fissures; and in the third, neither the one nor the other. Fitzinger, Neue Classification der Reptilien (1826), adopts the names of Leuckart for the primary divisions of the Reptilia, the Monopnoa cor- responding to the Reptilia and the Dipnoa to the Batrachia. He places Ceecilia among the Monopnoa. The Dipnoa are divided into Mutabilia and Immutabilia. The latter includes the families Cryptobranchoida - and Phanerobranchoida. The Mutabilia include ali other Batrachia. Duméril and Bibron, in the “ Erpetologie Générale,” published be- tween 1834 and 1841, adopt the system of Brongniart. The fourth order of reptiles, the Batrachia, is divided into three suborders, viz: the Peromela (Coeciliide), Anura, and Urodela. The Urodela are divided into Atretodera (Salamandres) and Trematodera, which embraces the Cryptobranchide and forms with permanent branchie. Johannes Miller, in Stannius’ Handbuch der Zodtomie (1856), uses the Linnean name Amphibia for the combined Reptilia and Batra. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 19 chia. The latter two divisions he regards as subclasses, under the names Monopnoa and Dipnoa. The Dipnoa (Batrachia) are divided into Urodela and Batrachia (=Anura). The Urodelain turnare divided into Perennibrancbiata, Derotremata (Trematodera pt. of Duméril and Bibron), and Myctodera (salamanders in general). Haeckel published in 1866 his Generelle Morphologie. He then dis- tinguished the Batrachia not only as a class from the Reptilia, but placed it in a separate group of the vertebrata, which he called the Anamnia, from the absence of the amnion, along with the fishes. He uses indiscriminately the names Batrachia and Amphibia for the class. Ife divides it into two primary divisions, the Phractamphibia and Lis- samphibia. The former are the extinct forms, together with the Cvci- hide. The Lissamphibia are divided into three divisions: Sozobran- chia (Perennibranchs), Sozura (Urodela), and Anura. Cope, ina “Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia of North America,” 18638 (Proceedings of the Academy Philadelphia), recognized the Batra- chia as a class distinct from the Reptilia, and divided it into six orders, as follows: Trachystomata (Sirens), Protcida, Urodela, Gymnophidia (the Ceciliidw), Stegocephali (extinct forms), and Anura. Ina paper on the Batrachia of the Permian Period of North America, 1884( American Naturalist), two orders were added, the Rhachitomi and Embolomeri, both extinet. In the “ Origin of the Fittest” (Philadelphia, 1886) still another order is added to the Batrachia, the Ganocephala of Owen, anid tie Gymnophiona (Ceeciliide) are united with the Urodela, making eight ovders inall. This system is adopted in the present work. In 1865, in i. paper on the Primary Divisions of the Batrachia Salientia (Natural History Review) the Anura were divided into Aglossa, Bufoniformia, Arcifera, and Raniformia. These divisions are here adopted, except- ing the Bufoniformia. Huxley, Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals, 1871, divides the verte- brata into Lehthyopsida, Sauropsida, and Mammalia. The Ichthyopsida correspond to the Anamnia of Haeckel, plus the Leptocardii and Mar- sipobranchii. This division is divided into two classes, the Pisces and Amphibia (Batrachia). The Reptilia and Aves form the Sauropsida. The Amphibia embrace, according to Huxley, four orders, viz: Uro- dela, Labyrinthodonta, Gymnophiona, and Batrachia or Anura. The Urodela are divided into Proteida and Salamandrida, which corre- spoud to the Trematodera and Atretodera of Duméril and Bibron. Professor Huxley gave the first clear osteological definition of the class. Gegenbaur, in the Elements of Comparative Anatomy, 1872, follows the system of Haeckel so far as regards the higher groups of vertebrata. The Batrachia are called Amphibia, and have the three divisious pro- posed by Merrem, but under the names Urodela, Annra, and Gymno- phiona. In the preceding review no attempt has been made to present the views of all naturalists who have written on the vertebrata, but Lhave 20 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. endeavored to include all the works in which the Batrachia and their internal and external relations haye been expressly considered and new views introduced. The system which appears to the writer to express most fully the natural relations of the contents of the class is presented in the following pages. But I devote a few words to nomenclature, The earliest name for a given conception derived from individuals is adopted. Species must be defined or figured; genera and all higher groups must be defined, since figures can not express the generaliza- tions such names are intended to represent. As the conception of the extent of a genus varies with discovery, it is impossible to require that the definition accompanying its earliest name shall be necessarily exact, so that a bona fide definition is all that is obligatory, according to the rules. Inthe case of the higher groups the case is different. It has been customary to require that the definition accompanying the name adopted shall correspond with the thing adopted. If the definition does not so correspond, the name has generally remained unused. Such names are the Mutabilia and Immutabilia, Caducibranechiata and Peren- nibranchiata, which have been applied to systematic ideas not in corre- spondence with the true relationships of the members of the Batrachia. They have fallen accordingly into disuse. Such are also the so called orders Emydosauria and Saurophidia. The division then receives the name which was first applied to it, and not to something more or less corresponding to it on ommission or addition of contents, The rank as- signed to such division is immaterial; the idea of the division itself is everything. Applying these principles to the vertebrates which form the subject of this book, I find the following to be the names to be adopted. I find that Brongniart first perceived the correct limitation of the Batrachia, and that in 1800 he gave it that name. In this he was followed by La- treillein 1804; by Daudin, in1802-3; by Dumeéril, in 1804; by Lamarck, in 1809; by Cuvier, in 1800 and in 1817; by Merrem, in 1820; by Harlan, in 1825; by Duméril'and Bibron, in 1841; and by various modern writers since that date. The name Amphibia I find first used by De Blainville in 1816 as interchangeable with the name Nudipelliferi, and also as a subdivision of itself equal to the Perennibranchiates of some later au- thors. The name is first definitely adopted by Latreille in 1825, a quar- ter of a century after the introduction of the name Batrachia. Le is followed after a long interval by Haeckel in 1866, who, however, uses the name Amphibia as interchangeable with Batrachia. It is exclu- sively used by Huxley and by Gegenbaur, and by a number of modern — naturalists, chiefly anatomists. From the above record it is quite evi- dent that the proper name for this class is Batrachia. The true classification of the contents of the class was of much later discovery. The tailless division was recognized, it is true, by the earlier authors; and, first of all, in 1768 by Laurenti, who called it the Salientia and gaveitadefinition. Thisname must be therefore retained. Thediyis- THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 21 ion of true Salamanders was not properly distinguished before the pub- lication of the system of De Blainville, in 1816, who called them the Pseudosauria. He, however, omitted from them the Creciliidee. In this omission he was followed by 211 subsequent authors, except Cope, who called the entire order, including the Ceeciliidze, the Urodela, adopting a name already proposed by Duméril, in 1804, for a division of wider scope. On this account the name Urodela is adopted in the present work. The name Gradientia was first used to include only Batrachia, without lizards, by Merrem, in 1820. The two branchiate orders, Pro- teidaand Trachystomata, wereincluded in the Urodela or Grailientia by all authors except the following: De Blainville combined them in one order, the Amphibia; Gray, Harlan, and Fitzinger followed, but com- bined them with unrelated forms; Duméril and Bibron kept them to- gether with the Cryptobranchide in a division, Trematoderes, follow- ing Vitzinger (1826); [laeckel follows De Blainville, but renames the Pseudosauria of that author Sozobranchia, and includes in his Am- phibia the non-related Axolotls. In 1866* Cope first distinguished the Trachystomata and Proteida as orders, and purged them of the Axolotls, which he placed in the Urodela. PROTEIDA. Os iuterealare present; no supra or basioccipitals; O. maxillare and prefrontalia wanting; vomero-palatinum and pterygoideum present, coutinuous; orbitosphenoid elongate, not forming part of palate; cera- tohyals connate. This order agrees generally with the Urodela, but presents one most important feature of difference, in the presence of the Os interealare. It is this point that gives the Proteida its position between the Stego- eephali and the Urodela, and which indicates the line of connection between the extinct forms of the Carboniferous period and the mod- ern types. The hyoid apparatus differs from that of adult Urodela, and resembles their larvee in having three epibranchials, iustead of one only. The second basibranchial is also connected with the first, which is not the case with the Urodela. The centrale is present in both carpus and tarsus. No extinct genera are certainly known to belong to this order, but there is one that resembles it nearly, and may belong here. This is tie Cocytinust (Cope), which has been found in the coal measures of eastern Ohio. If it be not a larval Stegocephal, it belongs to this order. It would not enter the same family as the recent forms, as it has a small maxillary bone. Another extinct type from the Wealden of Belgium has been suspected to belong to the Proteida, but the cranium is not *On the Arciferous Anura, Journal Academy Philadelphia, 1866, p. 102. t Geological Survey of Ohio, 11, Paleontology. Dae BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES. NATIONAL MUSEUM. sufficiently well preserved to allow of a positive determination. This is the Hylwobatrachus croyti of Dollo.* It differs from any of the known genera of the order in having five digits on all the feet. There is but one existing family of Proteida, which is defined as fol- lows : PROTEID A. No median sternal elements. Vertebrae amphiccelous. Carpus and tarsus cartilaginous. Inner wall of vestibule osseous. Nasalia want- ing. Teeth on all the usual bones except the maxillaries, which are wanting. The second ceratobranchial is present, as in Urodela gen- erally. Stapes direetly connected with the suspensorium. Of this family but two genera are known. They are the following: External branchi; digits 4-4; eyes.exposed --..---.-..-...---...--- 222 =e Necturis. External branchix; digits, 3-2; eyes hidden...---...---...---..----...---. Proteis. Of these Necturus is North American and Proteus is European. The latter is represented by three or four species, which live in subterranean waters in the southern parts of Austria. These genera differ somewhat in the hyoid apparatus. The hypo- hyal is present in Necturus, but is, according to Wiedersheim, wanting in Proteus. In the former the second ceratobranchial is much smaller than in the latter, and is not connected with the basibranchials. The connections between the inferior arches and the skull are inter- esting. In Necturus the columella is osseous and is bent abruptly for- wards, and articulates with a short posterior process of the squamosal bone. The ceratohyal is free from the skull, but is connected with it by the two ligaments, the hyosuspensorial to the middle of the quadrate, and the mandibulohyoid, to the angle of the mandible. (Plate 48, fig. 1.) In Proteus (Fig. 2) the arrangement is similar, except that the ~ processes of the stapes and squamosal do not meet, but are connected by a strong ligament. The intermedium of the carpus and of the tarsus is confluent with the adjacent external element, the ulnare and the fibulare. There are three carpalia and three tarsalia, the internal on the inner side of the carpus and tarsus. The carpus and tarsus are thus very much alike. (Plate 45, fig. 2.) The procoracoid cartilages are distinguished from the coracoids, but are continuous at the point of janction with them. They are much produced forwardsin Necturus. The coracoids meet on the middle line. No sternum. The ilium is the only ossified part of the pelvis. Itis con- nected with the single sacral vertebra by a true rib, which is rather larger than the others. The inferior elements of the pelvis are continuous car- tilage. In Necturas the ischiadic portion is subquadrate, while the public portion forms a triangle, well produced forwards to an acute- angled apex. Femur with a trochanter in Necturus. * Bulletin du Musée Royal du Belgique, 1885, p. 85. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 29 NECTURUS Rafinesque. De Blainville’s Journal Physique, LXXXvul, 1819, p. 417; Wagl. Nat. Syst. Am- phib., 1830, p. 210; Gray, Catal. Brit. Mus., ed. 1, p. 65; Boulenger, Catal. Bat. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 83. Phanerobranchus, part., Leuckart, Isis, 1821, p. 260. Fitzing., Neue. Classif. Rept., p. 68, 1826. Menobranchus, Harlan, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1, 1825, p. 221; Tschudi, Batr., p. 97; Dum. & Bibr., rx, p. 183. : External gills persistent. Fingers and toes, four; vomeropalatine teeth in a single series. Hyes exposed. This genus is distributed throughout the eastern district of North America only, where it is represented by two species. These are distin- guished among other characters by the following: Muzzle longer, more depressed 5 branchie shorter; teeth, premaxillaries 11-15 ; vom- erimes 2-15) brown, darker spotted; larger..--..-.-=-. .-2--- .----- N. maculatus. Muzzle shorter, less depressed; branchie longer; teeth, premaxillaries 6-8; vom enmesse—9es palewunspotted :smallers: 222621520554. ss asceees cee aise = N. punctatus. NECTURUS MACULATUS Raf. Plates 1-11. vecturus maculatus, Rafin., 1. ¢.; Holbr., N. A. Herp., v, p. 111, pl. 37; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 84. Triton lateralis, Say, in Loneg’s Exped. Rocky Mts., 1, p. 5. Phanerobranchus tetradactylus, Leuckart, 1. c. Menobranchus lateralis, Harlan, 1. ¢.; Tschudi, Batr., p. 97; Holbr.,1. ¢., p. 115, pl. 38; Dekay, N. Y. Faun., Rept., p. 87, pl. 18, f. 45; Dum. & Bibr., p. 183; Wied, Nova Acta Leop.-Carol Xxx, p. 138, pl. 7, f. 1. Menobranchus tetradactylus, Harlan, Journ. Ac. Phla.,1v, p. 324; Gray, Ann. Philos., x, 1825, p. 216. Menobranchus sayi, Gray, |. c. Necturus maculosus, Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 1, p. 66. Proteus maculatus, Barnes, Amer. Journ., XI, p. 258. Menobranchus lacepedii, Gray, in Griff. A. K., 1x, p. 108. Phanerobranchus lacepedii, Fitz., 1. ce. Necturus lateralis, Wagl., 1. c¢. Siredon kyemalis Kneeland Proceeds. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. v1, p. 152, 1856; p. 218 (1857). Menobranchus hyemalis Kueeland, 1. ¢., p. 280, 1857. In this species the body is only moderately elongate, measuring, with the head, four and a half to five times the greatest width of the latter. The body is depressed, though not so much so as that of the known species of Cryptobranchus. The section of the tail at the base is a ver- tical oval; beyond this point it is more compressed, so that the distal half is flat and oar-like, with a wide dermai border above and below. The length of the tail varies somewhat. It usually enters twice into the length from its base to a point posterior to the eye, but sometimes this point is anterior to the eye, and even rarely as far as the end of the muzzle. The head is a flat oval, and the muzzle is flat, rather short, and some- what truncate in outline. The eye is situated anterior to the middle of the head and is quite small, its longer diameter entering the interorbital 24 BULLELIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. space five times. The nostrils are small, and are situated near the border of the lip. The distance between them equals from three-fifths to two-thirds the interorbital space. The upper lip is rather full and has a thin edge. It overhangs the lower lip, concealing the posterior part of it, and embracing it at the canthus, since it is attached within the groove which bounds it below. The lower lip is decurved, and the anterior part is deeper, or more convex downwards, than the posterior half, and is separated from the corresponding part of the opposite side by a considerable interspace, which is without groove. SS WS SS = Fic. 3. 1-7, Necturus maculatus Raf., No, 8815, Mount Carmel, Ill.; 8, Siredon mexicanum Wael., larva, _ head; 9, Chondrotus tenebrosus B. & G., larva, head. All natural size. The branchial processes are undivided, and form vertical plates, which thin out downwards. The external and internal faces, the inferior margin, and the free extremity are fringed with rather short fimbriz. The anterior processes are shorter than the two others, which are sub- equal. The longest about equals the length of the muzzle from the eye; THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 25 they are frequently shorter. In two specimens from Kingston, Upper Canada, they exceed the length of the muzzle, but this is very seldom the case. The tongue does not reach the symphysis of the lower jaw, and is obtusely rounded in front. It is considerably free anteriorly. The in- ternal nostrils are an oblique slif on each side, which lies obliquely and opposite to the interval between the vomerine and pterygoid teeth. The premaxillary teeth are in two straight divergent series, which unite at a rounded angle in front, which would be, if completed, a little less than aright angle. Each side usually contains cleven teeth, but there are sometimes thirteen and in one large specimen (No. 8560) fifteen teeth. The vomerine series is parallel within the premaxillary, forming, like them, an obtuse angle anteriorly. There are twelve or thirteen: teeth on each side, but sixteen in the large specimen (No. 8560). Imme- diately posterior 6 these and at a short interval, the pterygoid series commences. It is slightly convex outwards, and embraces usually six teeth, rarely five, and in the large (No. 8560) ten teeth. Thedentary bone Supports twelve or thirteen teeth, which are directed obliqueiy inwards ata slight angle. The splenial none supports four and sometimes five teeth, which form a short series posterior to those of the dentary bene, whose base ascends gently backwards. In two specimens from Grass River, N. Y.(No. 7038) the teeth are rather fewer in number, viz: Pre- maxillaries, eleven; vomeropalatines, eleven; pterygoids, fone: The limbs are well developed, but short and weak, as in fyalamanilens generally. The twoexternal fingers are subequal in length, and shorter than the two middle ones, which are also subequal. There are no dis- tinct palmar or subdigital warts. The phalanges are, beginning on the inner side, 1-3-3-2. The toes are all unequal. The inner is the shortest; then follow in order the fourth, the second, and the third. There are no solar or subdigital tubercles. The phalanges number 1-2-2-2. The limbs are of about equal length, and are equal to the width of the head just in front of the branchix. Pressed to the side, they are separated by a distance equal to one length and a half of either of them. The skin is entirely smooth, and has no longitudinal lateral fold. There are fourteen transverse folds—very rarely fifteen—which are not visible on the belly nor on the median dorsal region. A fold crosses the throat, connecting the branchial fissures; itis not very profound, and becomes obscure in specimens which have not been well preserved. There are two branchial fissures only, there being none behind the pos terior branchial arch. The vent presents two short obtuse processes inwards and backwards at the posterior part of its lateral borders. An- terior tc these there are three short processes, one on each side and one at the anterior angle, which are principally composed of fine pappillex. Besides these, the entire walls are pappillose. These are especially prominent at the breeding season, 26 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Measurements of No. 9897. M. TOtAl eM conc ces co5665 season voUb00 Hoda coScou HOOKS fidGoudeooou oAboboSAoKee 0. 360 enothitorendiof vents. co. Gane eeceio- ne eee Seiae a seee ene eee ee see eer eter eres . 200 LSD N WO OO OOMS CARON 3 oq hoc5c0 g5555565 G600 G4u5 0o0b00 codccH CONtDOGcoscES . 220 ILEMARHN GO) QD DOMU BAN, soos 5600 655600 5006 o05560000e00 5005 D5D800 Coma booD oes . 080 Leneth tovoppositesanterion branchilaer seersscce es eeeeisce lie ae eee eee eee . 055 Genethytovopposibereyeren. --6 assess. sacs eee oceans eee eens ee ene eee O15 Widthiofineadiat Cyes! isc oeeicc.ce Eee e5 SoaoC OSE an Seem ease 171 ILGMOAUM, WO GOCUOE VEN oaoese douncosaos osecibouaUseead Bees Se eine an at . 120 LEM LO CPOCSHWS GOO Goo55ensceso coos caseec shoscd Guus Dobeeo pees Gene bases . 099 Lichen 1 ODDOSING Gee Biccccas sodas» coon Suse sod snuo™ Bade sUbcen Bonosane des . 035 Length to opposite anterior branchia........---.- S00. 000060 aBd0 Good 5uu6 dousaS . 023 ILemeriln tO. GO OOSMUS Gye osdlasedescocp.secacdicuse Gansiodoscobo Gas seeeo cree NesoEe . 006 Wieral, Oi lA@acl AW OVOS Bea seoeyecceda cop osu bose eo S COS SES macs eae SH aense meee 015 ideo perdi betwieel: CMESE sje msemiece cho eistiss Soa ras sclo wees Seeds cece . 010 (Cneavestanadunvot head jose caa meso ceizees ce nee ne see Woe AU SN ea O17 Lemartin Ot @mieBloreMhbin yy Gea ees Ste ce ee ece Saat she aes Seer iSaes sae ieee ee .019 em aaINO tea POSTCTROTA MND soccer a(e 2 = acl coe Sra aie 65so0 609005 0050 090600 boDDGE BsSOSEoOOO HEes Apoda Oppel.* The Trematodera, Amphiumoidea, and Apoda contain one family each, viz: the Cryptobranchide, Amphiumide, and Ceelcitide. The value of the differences separating them is diminished by the fact that in the larve of the Pseudosauria the 1, 2,3, and 4 epibranchials are present, and the ceratohyal is frequently divided (e. g, Chondrotus tenebro- sus, Plate 25, fig. 1). The subordinate differences presented by the families and genera are indicated under their respective heads. The Urodela, excepting the Apoda, have limbs. The toes number from two in both feet to five in the posterior foot, and four in the anterior foot. No Urodele agrees with the extinct genus Eryops (Cope), from the Oppel, Isl i, not Apodes of Linneas (in fishes); Psewdophidia De BI., 1816, THE BATRACHIA OF NORTIL AMERICA. oll Permian beds of North America, where there are five toes in the anterior foot. In the carpus there is at least one intermedium, except in some Salamandride and Pleurodelidz,* where it is united with the uli are. Centrale always present. The carpalia are five in Cryptobranchus and Amblystoma, and three in Plethodon and Diemyctylus. In the tarsus there are three bones in the first row, a large fibulare and intermedium, and a small tibiale. There is one centrale, as in the carpus. The tarsa- lia number five. except that there are four in the Salamandride and Pleurodelidie, where the carpalia are only three. The internal or first tibiale is not distal, but lateral in Amblystoma and Plethodon. It is distal in Cryptobranchus. (Plates 45, 46), Development.—The eggs of Urodela are laid in the water or on land. In the former case they are attached singly or in small numbers to the leaves of aquatic plants. In the latter case they are laid in little con- cavities beneath stones or bark. In Desmognathus the albumen con- necting them dries into threads, which hold the eggs together. One of the parents lies by and watches them. Inthe Amphiumoideat and the Apoda¢ the female coils lerself in a circle over the eggs. In the growth of the larvee the branchiw and balancers are first devel- oped, and afterwards the anterior limbs. ‘The posterior limbs follow. Those spiracles or branchial fissures between the epibranchial bones which support the gills give passage for water from the pharynx. There are no internal gills such as are found in Anura. The branchial pro- cesses vary in form, but all terminate in fringes, in each of which is a vascular loop. The varieties displayed by larve of Urodela as com- pared with those of genera with permanent branchie are as follows: (Plate 2.) I. Septa with bipinnate rami. aman hemanyatinreadelike tinlbpiiceeensseeeecse eee eee Siren. II. Septa with unipinnate rami. A rudimental inner row of rami; fimbriz thread-like............. Proteus. III. Septa with simple rami. A. Rami long, compressed ; fimbriz dependent from lower edge. Fimbrie thread-like, extending on both outer and inner face of process. Necturus. Fimbriz flat, long, chiefly confined to the lower margin of process. Lar- vee of Spelerpes ruber; 8S. bilineatus, and Gyrinophilus porphyriticus. JONES Iw, SUUOCIERAUCs coon pnscedes boobed cane cocsec Plethodon cinereus. AA. Rami long, narrow; bearing fimbriz only on the side next the body. Eimmbricey simp) estates sul e qaleers aces eras ss ee see Amblystoma. AAA, Rami very short; fimbriz extending on the vertical septa. Fimbri in numerous rows on the edge of the septa; slender, unbranched. Larva of Chondrvotus tenebrosus. iV. Septa without rami. Septa bearing flat, thread-like fimbriz, which arise posteriorly, and are often divided. Larva from Simiahmoo, Washington Territory, prob- ably of a Chondrotus. * i. q. Molge vulgaris (Dugés), Diemyetylus viridescens, tO. P. Hay, American Naturalist, 1828. | { Sarasin, Embryology of the Ceciliide. oO BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. In the development of the vertebra all are first biconcave, or fish-like. The intervertebral cartilage ossifies later, and attaches itself to the centrum posterior to it, forming an opisthoccelous articulation. There are no proceelous vertebra among Urodela. The feet are first simple at the extremity (Plate 20, fig. 6), but soon become bifureate (Fig. 5), or with two digits. This was first observed by Rusconi in 1821 in the European Hemisalamandra cristata. Pro- fessor Baird* first observed this in the Amblystoma punctatum in larve of 1.4™™ in length. The same has since been observed by myself in 1869,} and later by Géttey in his essay on the development and re- generation of the foot-skeleton in the triton; also by Strasser and by Hoy. In Amblystoma punctatum the numbers of digits succeed each other as follows: First stage, 2 before, hind limb none; second, 3 before, hind limb none; third, 3 before, hind limb 2; fourth, 3 be- fore, hind limb 3. Sometimes the auterior digits are complete in num- ber before the posterior foot appears, and we have combinations of numbers from 4—0 to 4—3, and 4—4 to the full number, 4—5, which is found in alt specimens of 2.5™" and upwards. As already observed, the Batrachia are supposed to have been de- rived from the Dipnoi. Spccimens of Lepidosiren annectens have been described § which have the extremity of the limbs abnormably bifur- eate, but the abnormality is perhaps in the direction of the evolution of digits. Dr.G. Baur believes that the third, fourth, and fifth digits have erown or sprouted successively in time from the external distal angle of the ulna and fibula, while the first and second are represented by the two original branches. || In the eranium a good many important changes occur before the benes appear.f[ Among the first of these is the division of the five simple transverse branchial cartilages into two segments each, epibranchials and ceratobranchials, or, in the case of the anterior arch, into eerato- hyal and hypobhyal. So the mandibular cartilage immediately anterior to the ceratohyal, divides into the superior quadrate, and the inferior meckelian or mandibular. A subsequent change is the fusion of the quadrate cartilage at its superior end with the trabeculum of its side, and with the pterygopalatine arch with the inferior end. (See Plate 4s, fies. 7-9) At this time the chordadorsalis has retreated till it is only present between the exoccipital cartilage below. When ossification com- mences, the vomers, palatines, and pterygoids are all distinct. Towards the end of the metamorphosis the former two unite, and the pterygoul separates from the palatine. Both these clements contract away from each other until they are widely separated, and the pterygoids are much *feconographic Encyclopedia, 1351. + Proceedings Phila. Acad., p. 95. t 1879. § By Steindachner. || Beitriige zur Morphogenie d. Carpus1. Tarsus der Vertebraten, 1887, p. 67. q'The facts as to the first stages of the skull of the iarva of Amblystoma are derived from Dr, W. K. Parker, Philosoph. Transac. 1877, p. 520. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 33 reduced in size. In some families the pterygoids never ossify, and dis- appear. An illustration of the late persistence of the osseous ptery go- palatine arch is seen in the larva of Chondrotus tenebrosus. (See Plate 24.) f The systematic arrangement of the Urodela may be represented as follows : I. Lateral and median hyoid elements distinct. A. Two pairs of ceratobranchial bones; stapes connected with quadrate arch ; no double hypopophyses. Trematodera. No first epibranchial ; no double hypopophyses of vertebrw; vertebrie am- phicelous; ceratohyal connected with quadrate by ligament only ; vomeropalatine bones with teeth on the anterior margin; vestibule with membranous inner wall; no parasphenoid tecth. Cryptobranchide. B. One pair of ceratobranchial bones; stapes connected with quadrate arch; hypo- pophyses double. Amphiumoidca. No first epibranchial, several others present; vertebree amphicalous; an eth- moid; scapular and pelvic arches present; ceratohyal connected with quadrate by ligament only; liver little sub divided... Amphiumide. C. Two pairs of ceratobranchials; stapes not connected with quadrate arch in adult; only the first and rarely second epibranchials present; verte- bre without double hypopophyses. DPseudosauria. 1. Vertebrie amphicelous. Vomeropalatine bones with teeth on the posterior margin; ceratobyal connected with quadrate by cartilage; no parasphenoid teeth; vesti- bule with osseous walls; carpus and tarsus ossified ; an otoglossal cartilage ; no second epibranchial element ........... Amblystomida. Vomeropalatine bones with teeth on the posterior margin ; no parasphe- noid teeth; no otoglossal cartilage; a second epibranchial. Hynobiide Vomeropalatine bones with teeth on the posterior margins ; parasphenoid teeth; vestibule with osseous walls; ceratohyal connected with quadrate by cartilage; no otoglossal cartilage; no second epibranch- ial; carpus and tarsus cartilaginous; no pterygoid .... Plethodontiva. 2, Vertebra opisthocelous, Vomeropalatine bones not sending processes over parasphenoid bone; ceratohyal connected with quadrate by cartilage; parasphenoid teeth; no postfrontosquamosal arch; carpus and tarsus cartilagi- MOUS) ods Shee Sera He Se GCs eer ee a eee es na Desmognathida. Vomeropalatine bones not produced posteriorly ; parasphenoid teeth; no postfrontosquamosal arch; carpus and tarsus osseous..-.---. Thoriide. Yomeropalatine bones extended over parasphenoids in two dentigerous processes ; no parasphenoid teeth; no osseous postfrontosquamosal arch; ceratohyal only connected with quadrate by ligament; carpus MinG! UATSUS CSTSOUS sod acunaenosabonasboos oboeuo GeoquAs Salamandrida. Vomeropalatine bones extended over parasphenoid in two dentigerous processes; no parasphenoid teeth; an osseous postfrontosquamosai arch; ceratohyalonly connected with quadrate by ligament; carpus MING! TATSUS OSSCOMS 663 556G55 6605 5655 ceGbou 2500 54600 Gone Pleurodelide. fl. Hyoid elements continuous across middle line. No distinct median elements. : Stapes connected with quadrate boue. Apoda. Vertebre with double hypopophyses; an ethmoid bone } scapular and pelvic arches wanting; liver greatly subdivided ....... Gun dH Sedo Caciliide. 1951—Bull 34 3 o4 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The Creciliide are generally regarded as representing a distinct order, which bears the names Apoda or Gymnophiona. The definition given to this order by Mr. Boulenger* is: “Nolimbs; tail rudimentary. Males with an intromittent copulatory organ. Adapted for burrowing.” Of these definitions none is of ordinal value. The tail in some species is distinct. The intromittent copulatory organ in Dermophis mexicanus, Gymnopis procimus, and Herpele ochrocephala is not an especial organ, but is merely the eve:ted cloaca. The hard papillae observed by Gtin- thert in the Ichthyophis glutinosus are wanting in the above species. The protrusion of the cloaca is effected by two especial muscles, which are wanting in Amphiumide. As to limbs, their extremely rudiment- ary character in Amphiuma is well known. To regard their condi- tion as indicating ordinal separation from the Ceciliide is not in accord- ance with our practise in similar cases in the Reptilia, as in the order Lacertilia. I have endeavored to sustain the order Gymnophiona by the character of the fusion of the nasal and premaxillary bones found in the majority of the genera.t But Stannius§ shows that these bones are distinet in Ichthyophis. Huxley states (Anatomy of Vertebrate Animals, p. 150) that in Ichthyophis glutinosus a distinet bone nearly encireles the orbit. This he compares to the supra and postorbital bones found in the Stego- cephali. But in Chthonerpeton, Cecilia, Dermophis, and other genera, this bone forms part of the maxillary, so that it is not characteristic of the family, and may not be homologous with the bones which occupy the same position in Stegocephali. Wiedersheim calls it maxillary. With these fact in view I have united || the Ceeciliide with the Urodela, a proposition which I fully believe to be sustained by the evidence. The Ceciliide is a family of Urodela, connected with the typical forms through the Amphiumide. Geographical distribution.—The distribution of the families of the Urodela and their contents is as follows: None exist in the Australian realm and, excepting some Ceeciliidee, in the Ethiopian realm. In the Neotropical they are restricted to the Central American and Mexican districts, with a few species in the northern Andes, and one reputed to be from the West Indian island, Santo Domingo. The Ceciliide are more widely distributed, belonging especially to tropical regions. * Catalogue of the British Museum, 1882, p. 88. t Reptiles of British India (Ray Society), p. 441. ; American Naturalist, 1884, p. 26. § Zodtomie der Amphibien, 1856, p. 44. | American Naturalist, 1885, p. 244, note, and Proceeds. Amer. Philos. Soc., Feb, 1886 p. 442. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTIL AMERICA. 30 en rg Pale | | Ethio- Neare-| Neo- |, Families. | arctic. | Indian. | pian. tic. |tropical Total. i | (CRF plmlbiain@lnndes) = SSescosaenccccto secu beseee caeees 1 song bSaljoopeccne Ca eee Aumnibly stimnnlWes S556-s54dsa6counsogsseseeesoEE coeene 1 aE retertee TOW |e ee 26 INSpM@INNIGHS s2 seo obec cesees socousanos snoudd seeceas 8 |-------.)---.---.]---.--2-/-- 22-8. | 8 Lhe iwtihomiiee. 5 seeassbegcosasedoossecacecoubenoobE i Eyal eee i ete ane - 96 9 36 Deesimonenawnndlass = o5scosccusponsscuonscesuoueo boocEd||seeaneee eeiccieia Sell leeraereictos OH lapis oben 3 IUROHIES seeas: ss SpecsenOSSoUnSbsOnen CoS ereeoresoce jaconoeqe | Re ee | serra | Meine ita] l Solomemlii@les 2s3aascceccacseeecee aoaer cs sseEccrerne Hed Gwe sual ceaeaes| ees deer llees pane 2 Wiens 22455 essndccnddodeesepesouoosne coecce US fe conoceolecceoce @ loscogse 16 ZA\finpliinianG RO SS ecaccpeqooece 9 denneHecee sceaed SagaeC ||soasceaE lseseroselesscoses Wilesaqoses | 1 COSC Mt eye ays ceia oes Re Win dinies clei cise bie wicieesnaillae cs eevee | 5 6 Inceeas 2] | 3) peters | Sey ee, [ls i a ea | Woiall 252 csceossoesGneseosnae secses Sscose 36 6 | 6 | 54 | 31 | 138 | The temperate regions of the New World is, then, the home of the greatest number of species of Urodela, after which the tempcrate re- gions of the Old World follow. The distribution of the families and their species in North America is as follows Regions. Families. Eastern. eel Central. | Sonoran. | Pacific. (CRFMOLTAMCINIE -ceoonbcanccoonoe yO EHOEEOBOOSee 25 2 llecoacesaas|pscsoasos |loocono see |laacssosuce ANNO SONATE S| Cec deeSdoseousdoEs GedcoaBOau seaaee 12 6 1 1 8 NBIGWHOMON GIG ey racic tiers cle ° ye Fie. 5. Oryptobranchus allegheniensis Daud.; No. 9752. Pennsylvania; natural size. Body moderately elongate and depressed; the limbs quite short. The tail much compressed, about one-half the length of the head and body. The neck wide; the head a little wider, plane above, flat and much de- ypressed, with very short, wide, and rounded muzzle. The nostrils are near the labial border, and look forwards. The space separating them is about half the interorbital width. The eyes are quite small, and are covered with a rather thin cornea, but are without dis- A) BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tinet eyelids. They are oval in outline, the long diameter anteropos-. terior. They are widely separated from each other and are not far from the labial border. The jaws are equal in front, and the muzzle is per- fectly flat. The upper lip is not pendulus except at its posterior end, where it is also thick. The free lower lip is decurved, and extends only about one-third the distance round the lower jaw. The mouth is wide, and the rictus falls below the posterior-canthus of the eye. The maxillopremaxillary are of teeth extends to a point a little posterior to a line dropped from the posterior edge of the eye. The vomeropalatine series is quite close to the maxillopremaxillary, and extend about one half way as far posteriorly as the external row. At the middle of the are it sometimes presents a convexity backwards for a shortdistance. Ateachof its extremities is situated the posterior nostril, which is an oval more or less open, and never a slit, as in the C. fuscus. Its position differs from that seen in Amphiuma means and Necturus in its being at the end of the row, and not external toit. The roof of the mouth is everywhere flat. The tongue is wide and is considerably free in frout, the free border narrowing laterally and posteriorly. It nearly fills the floor of the mouth, leaving but a narrow space between it and the man- dibular are. Its surface is thrown into numerous elevated folds, which are thin, and generally anteroposterior in direction. They intercom- municate by lesser oblique folds, which with other delicate ridges form anet-work between the principal ones. In old specimens or badly-pre- serve. ones the plicee may be flattened or lowered. The legs are quite short; when pressed to the side they are separated by a space equal to 1.25 the length of the anterior limb. The fingers are short and rather free, and the external one is considerably shorter than the internal one. The others are subsequal. An extensive fold of the skin extends from the axilla to near the extremity of the external finger, forming the posterior expanded border of the limb. It is most prominent at the lower part of the upper arm. The posterior toes are rather short, and are free from web as to the phalanges. The first is the shortest, and the second a little exceeds the fifth. The third and fourth are subequal, and, with the fifth, are somewhat depressed. This appearance is produced by adermal wing on the external border, which increases in width from the third to the fifth, becoming very wide on the latter. It continues from the fifth toe on the hinder border of the leg to the base of the thigh, corresponding with the similar fold on the fore leg. The epidermis is not hardened into ungues in this species. The skin is perfectly smooth, but is thrown into a longitudinal undu- lating fold on the sides between the fore and hind legs. This fold is obsolete in some specimens, apparently on account of the distension of the body with food or eggs. There area shallow median dorsal groove and fourteen costal grooves. The latter are not distinct on the back or belly, and are best seer on the sides of the latter. The tail has a free dermal border or its superior edge, but none on the inferior edge, thus THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 41 differing from the species of Necturus. A groove along the side of the tail divides it into a superior and inferior portion, and a lateral wedge- shaped mass, covered with longitudinally folded skin, intervenes between the two for about one-third the length of the member. Dermal mucous pores are especially abundant on the head of this species. They generally appear in the middle of a low, elongate, dermal papilla, dividing it into two papille. These are closely placed in a triangular patch, of which the maxillary border forms the hypotenuse, a line extending backwards from the nostril parallel to the middle line, another side; and the other border transverse, passing about its own diameter posterior to the eye. But there are numerous other similar papillae posterior to this patch, and on the sides of the anterior half of the neck. so6 cog dee'!pooobe poodes snogobecds 6565 Kboeod bods cobb eaes .039 Length of anterior foot ...-....-...-. LOGS EUS Gos ECA SOEs AS CAON bb epeneis ee .015 ILemg@iiln Oi DOSWORIOP IOC 5cb cnogas ob0m00 dob0 6 eo5ues debucoeSde bese Sane done soe. 053 emo tEhyotepOSteriOr fo Obese cs cients satiate etn se tistics ee wis aiek Ble se da we ween .0245 Waiclthmbetweenvexternall Mares =< <. scise cieteln. 22 srinsSie cleice, Sena Lage coca seca ceees .012 NWAlGHITAM DD Chane CTIROMDUS Re sai tcrn itr ee cree ah Deere our A ON Ge Mis Rie 025 ridin OP Thoms SSSEs Slee see te aa ere eee SI ion ie ea ee au Gal ianear nae’ O51 Diweypilin OF wall ey WMGIGNS 6 segs 6oncos eda cose cone coauisoue SSencos Ga5Ges Sees coeE 042 The color of this specimen is a rich chocolate brown; the inferior sur- faces rather paler than the superior. Nospots. Catalogue number. | No. species. Locality. Donor. Bee aietes cistsiccaersiete oe 1 Knoxville, Tenn .......-...]| Professor Mitchell. AMBLYSTOMID., This family is of particular interest among the Urodela, as furnishing connecting forms between the ordinary types of the order and those larger species which we suppose to be more characteristic of former periods of the earth’s history. It also furnishes us with transitional conditions of characters which have been regarded as indicating very diverse origin and nature. The species are mostly of large size, and are probably coafined to North America; perhaps a species exists in Farther India. AG BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The characters which restrict the family are as follows: Noethmoid. Paiatine bones not prolonged over parasphenoids, bear- ing teeth on their posterior margins. Orbitosphencid separated from prodtic by membranous walls. Internal wall of vestibule osseous. Car- pus and tarsus ossified. Vertebre amphicclous. Prefrontals and pterygoids present. Premaxillaries fully developed. Parasphenoid without dentigerous plates. An otoglossal cartilage; only one, the first epibranchial ; second basibranchial isolated. We may here observe the significance of the features defining this family. Two of the characters assigned are what I have termed morphic; that is, one has not been assumed after possession of the other, nor is it identical with the immature stage of the same. Such are the short- ened form of the palatine bones, as compared with the posteriorly pro- duced lamines of the Salamandride, and the absence of dentigerous plates on the parasphenoid in the Plethodontide is a character of the same kind. Under such circumstances we infer that the families ex- hibit an ontogeny modified by ccenogeny. The biconcave vertebre constitute a persistence of a larval feature. The presence of pterygoids has the same significance with referevce to other families. The ossification of the carpus and tarsus are characters in which this group develops beyond the larval condition which is permanent in the family Plethodontide. Thus of eight characters two are morphic and six developmental ; of the six, two are of advanced development and four of repressed development, aS compared with other families. The writer characterized this family nearly as above in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy, 1866, 105. Dr. Hallowell proposed it in the same work, 1858, 337, but on insufficient characters. Many of the char- acters of the principal genus Amblystoma had been already pointed out by Professor Baird. The genera included by Hallowell were Am- blystoma, Xiphonura Tsch., and Onychodactylus Tschudi. Gray had previously embraced the same genera with Heterotriton Gray, in his first section of the Plethodontidé, which corresponds with this family. The writer in 1859 embraced Onychodactylus, Amblystoma, Camarataxis Cope, aud Megalobatrachus Tschudi. In the above-cited essay of 1866 the genera are limited to the two first mentioned with Hnsatina Gray. The mvestigation of the subject which I gave in my monograph of this family, published in 1869, resulted in the following disposition of these supposed genera, Baird having already shown the identity of Aipho- nura with Amblystoma. ‘ Heterotriton is identical with Amblystoma. Megalobatrachus, the great salamander of Japan, I have determined to pertain to the Cryptobranchide. The genus Camarataxis, as will appear further on, was established on a larval character, permanent in some individuals it is true, but not permanent in any species. On the other hand, there is some probability that one or both of the species of Hynobius Tschudi from Japan enter the family, but this Iam not THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. : AG able to establish.” The latter genus, together with Ranidens, Onycho- dactylus and Salamandrella from Asia, have been since referred to the Amblystomidxe by Boulanger, but I now tind the hyoid apparatus to be quite different in the two groups. Three genera of this family are known to me. Another has been distinguished on dental characters (Dicamptodon), but whether iden- tical with or distinct from those I have seen I do not yet know. I. Vomeropalatine teeth in a transverse line, which is straight or angulated and not much interrupted at the middle. Otoglossal cartilage forming a ring, attached posteriorly to the first basibran- Cla @ AGT UOC ye eree sass ayreiaia Sie euctenice tr sial nic feneleminge wie dlareuwis ebteriereree Amblystoma. Otoglossal cartilage forming a subtriangular plate attached posteriorly to the HUESOMMASUOTAMCITALS 255 ese ose cose oalsie wim s) isc Scie ve eres ereic ¢ Chondrotus. II. Vomeropolatine teeth in two series, separated by a wide interspace. Otoglossal cartilage not annular, free from the basibranchial, on which it moves; (@ill POUNCE 6565 Sooemocucs coon ebDooU doo Sea seoU Unop DUOd eos OUoaG Lingucelapsus. Tail compressed ; dental series converging backward .........----. Dicamptodon. The species of these genera are all North American excepting the Amblystoma persimilis Gray of Siam. AMBLYSTOMA, Tschudi. Tschudi, Batr., p. 92; Baird, Journ. Ac. Phila.(2), 1, 1850, p. 281; Gray, Cat., p. 34; Dum. & Bibr. rx, p. 101; Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1867, p. 166; Strauch, Salam, p. 60; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 2d ed., 1882, p. 33. AXiplonura, Tschudi, l. c., p. 95; Gray, l. ¢.; Dum. & Bibr., p. 161. Salamandroids, Fitzing., Syst. Rept., p. 33. FHelcrotriton, Gray, l. ¢., p. 33. Camarataxis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1859, p. 122. Pecioglossa, Mivart, Proc. ZoG6l. Soc., 1867, p. 698. Larval forms: Siredon, Wagl., Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 209; Dum. & Bibr., p. 176. Axolotes, Owen, Ann. and Mag., N. H., X1v. p. 23. Desmiostoma, Sager, Penins. Jour. Medic., 1858, p. 428. Vomerine series of teeth in the same line, though often interrupted. Quadratcjugal bone wanting. Premaxillary bones distant from each other, not embracing a fontanelle. Tongue attached by its whole base, but with a narrow free margin on all but the posterior portion, capable of but a moderate protrusion. The otoglossal cartilage forms a ring, which passes entirely round the circumference of the interior base of the tongue. It sends a process on each side near its base, which terminates above the ceratohyals with- out articulating with them. Hypehyal cartilages slender, of moderate length. (Plate 20.) Ceratohyal articulating by its abruptly recurved superior extremity with the posterior distal part of the quadrate. (Plate 48, figs. 8-10.) Digits 4-5, free, not connected by natatory membrane. A stratum of crypts more or less thickened on the parotoid region aud along the superior lateral region of the tail. A series of mucous pores round the orbit and for some distance ante- rior to it. 48 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The second basibranchial element is transverse, generally angulated forwards, and is well ossified. The other parts of the hyoid apparatus that are ossified are the proximal portion of the ceratohyal, the ante. rior part of the first basibrancadial, and the free extremity of the first ¢pibranchial. The larvee are characterized by the long, slender processes of the three branchial laming, which bear the vascular fimbrie, rather than the laminze themselves, as in Chondrotus. The internal nostrils are con- fined between the maxillary series of teeth and the palatine arch, which is concentric with the former and near to it, and is continued backwards on each side in line with a similar series on the pterygoid bones. A relation of nostrils to palatine teeth similar to the above is permanent in Aimphiuma, and one intermediate between it and the adult condition of Amblystome of groups 11 and Iv characterizes Cryptobranchus. The tail and back have a free dermal margin, but there is none on the limbs or digits. Tne tail is short and deep. The following are some of the most readily observed characters which are assumed by the Amblystome at the period of their transformation : (1) The series of teeth on the splenial bone is shed; (2) the carpus and tarsus ossify; () the tail narrows and lengthens; (4) the branchie dis- appear; (5) the tongue enlarges and covers the floor of the mouth; (6) the pterygopalatine series of teeth becomes more hearly transverse; (7) brightly colored pigment is deposited in the chromatophore of the derm. These changes are stated in the order of their occurrence. But in some of the protean species this order is not exactly observed in all individuals, and in consequence of the assumption of one or the other character of maturity in advance of another the number of species has been supposed to be greater than it is. The same irregularity in the successional appearance of structures is well known in the earlier pe- - riods of embryonie life, as stated by Vou Baer in the scholia of his Ent- wickelungs-geschichite. In the chick, different portions of the vertebral axis and the abdominal plates may or may not appear in the usual order of succession. In Amblystoma the approximation of the period of reproduction to that of transformation varies with the species, and it is evident that the closer this approximation, under the above principle of variation, the more protean will the species be. As we know from the experi. ments of Hogg, Duméril, and others that metamorphosis is greatly has- tened or delayed by the conditions of temperature and light,what would not be the effect on individuals of such a protean species of a change of topographical situation, such as the elevation or depression of the land? And I have no hesitation in saying that if the peculiarities of series of individuals of A. tigrinum, in the respects above enumerated, were permanent, they would characterize those series as species as completely as any that zodlogists are accustomed to recognize. for the evidences on this head, see the discussion of this species below. ee THE BATRACHIA OF The experiments of Hoge, NORTH AMERICA. 49 above alluded to, are as follows, as given by him in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History. He placed a number of impregnated ova of frogs in vessels arranged at regular distances from the light in a cave. The lessening degrees of light were of course accompanied by a corresponding but much less rapid decline in temperature. sis may be tabulated as follows: The resulting effects on the metamorpho- Month. Mean, Fahrenheit. 6° | Larva free = INR se eOs.bonuteSEaeee Larva very large Metamorphosis com - plete. IGA VEWHRO) oscoae cee Metamorphosis com- plete. ‘plete. Larva free. * wee ew emt ewe peewee -- ee 10 | Metamorphosis com- plete. Other experiments, which will not be quoted now, are equally con- clusive as to the effects of light and heat on their process. The dis- tinction between maturity, or adult age, and complete development must be bornein mind. The former condition is attained when the ova are fitted for impregnation and the spermatozodids are capable of accom- plishing that result. Development may or may not advance much beyond this period. As one or more periodsin the life of every species is characterized by a greater rapidity of development (or metamorpho- sis) than the remainder, soin proportion to the approximation of such a period to the epoch of maturity or reproduction is the offspring liable to variation. The great difference between the different species and between indi- viduals of the same species in this respect, may be illustrated by the following comparison between the size of the animals at the time of losing the branchi, so far as known, and that to which they ulti- mately attained : Tae | | sizeat | Nae erania | | Average | Species. lossot | +} rsh branchiv. | full SIZE: In. Lin In. Lin. Atm ip hySiomn ettersOmlan WM ssa se eels cecal asses = seeeie seis se cinvele Selene MB TS) 6 ANTM TSO, OUNCE 506455 sooo oe enes 4a ee HOS csooS Ean snes oboe SdoueeSOOcro 1 10 O26 ASMVK SOI, COME NSIS Sosoub oscaddce dua ccoccec across eeucUneSosoooddEeeEace 1 10.5 | Cele ATMNVIVEIOND Oeewnlin se sosh0eqdsdacccadcoseoveccor eas soseseSselsmepreds6oueree 2) °2 3 {6 Chrondno fisabo am Speyer cre cece eee ele iieece cise Som cieincieisicic cite sinctelciescisiemicale melt 2 Chondrotus microstomus 2) BB) | 4 Amblystoma talpoideum Bs 3 O65 Chondrotus paroticus............------ 8 7.5 | UC DoW ASTA DWV SEONE) HB & BacaooeSGosas soc ose ane cadaesseonsuecrods sononneeoodcad| 3 ale . Clhondlnatims (ome ROSE) Ssegecs kecod bbb ocoaubedoossdecs coveebeacseesesconsar ; é | ai | *Perhaps too large. } Not smallest. 1951—Bull 3 4 50 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. In this connection it is desirable to ascertain how far characters dis- tinguishing undoubted species fall into the line of successional changes common to all the species, as answer to this question would solve an important part of the inquiry as to the origin of species. Wecan not go into it exhaustively at this time, but direct attention to these char- acters in the synoptic table. The following are developmental char- acters which distinguish known species: (1) The direction of the pala- tine series of teeth; (2) the length of the body and tail, as compared with the width of the head, is greater in large and old individuals of A. tigrinum ; (3) the widening of the muzzle and greater separation of the external nares; (4) the spotted as distinguished from the uniform coloration. Characters to which no such relation can be assigned: (1) ‘The number of costal folds, whose interspaces correspond with the vertebrie ; (2) the number of phalanges. Baird, in the first synopsis of this genus published, enumerates eight species; Gray in 1850 catalogues ten, after we exclude some species of other genera erroneously included. Duméril, likewise including species of other genera, gives five true Amblystome. Hallowell, 1858, increased the number to sixteen. In my monograph of this genus, published in 1867, the species described numbered eighteen, six new ones being added. Dr. Boulenger, in the Catalogue of the British Museum, second edition, published in 1882, gave the number as seventeen, including a Siamese species. In the present work thirteen species are admitted, one of which is the Siamese species A. persimilis, after the subtraction of nine species placed in the genera Chondrotus and Linguclapsus. For the study of this genus the collection of the Smithsonian Institution is unequaled. Probably the second best collection existing, that of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, has also furnished its humerous types, aud several species mostly described by the late Dr. Kdward Hallowell. Synopsis of species. I. Series of teeth extending along the external fissure of the internal nares. Plicw of tongue radiating from its posterior portion. Parotoid glands not forming an ovoid distinct mass. Four phalanges in fourth toe.” A. Costal grooves, ten. a. Vomerine series, three. Head broad; width 3.5 to groin; muzzle contracted ; external nares much closer than internal; palatine series convex backwards; tail short, compressed; blackish-brown, gray specked.......----A. talpoideum. B. Cestal grooves, eleven. a Vomerine series three. (3 No, or one indistinct plantar tubercle. Middle series transverse or concave to behind posterior margins of nares ; width of head in specimens of 3 inches, greater than one-fourth length to groin; in adults, 4.7 times; black above, with gray cross-bands. A, opacum. * Vide ap exception under A. tigrinwin. fA SGA NS THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. Hl Teeth as in the last; width of head in small specimens, 3.5 to groin; in adults, 4.5 times; a strong dorsal groove and longer tail; blackish above, with a series of round yellow spots on each side of the back. A, punctatum. _ Median series of teeth convex, advancing beyond posterior margin nares ; width of head much less than one-fourth length to groin; tail short, no dorsal groove; lead-colored, with an inferior lateral and usually superior series of small irregular yellowish gray spots.-. A. conspersum. BB Two distinet plantar tubercles; Median series of teeth straight, nearly divided; external nares much closer together than internal; width of head more than one-fourth length to groin; muzzle very short; tail much compressed ; black- ish above, with large, irregular, yellow spots, confluent on sides; be- LOMWaeyiellll Owe nere Gis sie crore o miers ein See Oe tle ie oe ns ieee Ste eho wl DICOLOT: ac Vomerine series four. Teeth in four series, which form an obtuse angle directed forwards; width of head, 3.6 times in length to groin; length from muzzle to axilla equal length from axilla to groin; tail nearly as long as head and body; dark brown, with a dark brown band on side ...A. copeanum. (°. Costal grooves, twelve; x Larger species, with two distinct plantar, tubercles and mucous pores on the side of the muzzle. 8 No canthus rostralis; tail shorter than head and body ; chin not projecting. Vomeropalatine tooth series with the median portion presenting a very obtuse angle forwards, rarely straight, sometimes with the lateral portions separated; brown, with large yellow spots of larger or SiIMalersSiZ Ciera ets sce ee Sa eee ears es eee Se ELG UI ILN Ys Muzzle broad obtuse; dark brown, with vertical yellow spots on sides ; teeth in four distinct series, in a nearly transverse line. A, trisruptum. 88 Canthus rostralis distinct; chin projecting. External nares nearer together than internal ; muzzleobtuse; head small, width 5 times to groin; front convex; tail longer than head and body; vomerine teeth in one series, slightly convex forwards; yel- low, with irregular brown bands above. ...--..----.------ A. xiphias. aaSmaller species; the mucous pores not extending beyond the orbits; teeth in three series; no, or one indistinct plantar tubercles. - External and internal nares equidistant; vomerine series nearly trans- verse; width of head, 4.5 to 6 times in length to groin; length of eye, 1.75 to 2.5 times in width between anterior canthus of same ; lead colored to brown or black, with or without pale or distinct LAUEHAM SNOW, Lase'sso5 65s Goad subos6 esoocu sce paceoul ls WOIARSOUGDIN ie Nares equidistant; width of head, 5 times to groin; muzzle contracted ; length of eye, entering 1.66 times in width between canthus of same, once to nostril; median dental series angulated forwards; digits long; brown or lead colored, usually a broad gray band on vertebral line of tail and body expanding on occiput: sides, dark reddish-brown. A. macrodactylun. Muzzle wide; width of head entering length to groin 4 times; tail long as head and body to groin; digits short; black, upper surfaces bright Velo wwe ss Cece eee Bete se Syllnea Reais sp Leal et NOEM A, epixanthum. These species are distributed as follows: One, the A. persimile Gray, is said to be an inhabitant of the mountain regions of Siam. The others are all North American. One species only, the A. tigrinum, extends 52 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. southwards on the Mexican plateau as far as the City of Mexico. The remaining species are distributed as follows : EASTERN REGION.—A. opacum; A. punctatum ; A. conspersum ; A. bicolor; A. cope- anum (?); A. tigrinum ; A. xiphias ; A. jeffersonianum. AUSTRORIPARIAN REGION.—4. talpoidewm. CENTRAL REGION.—4A. tigrinum; A. trisruptum. i Paciric ReGION.—dA. tigrinum ; A. macrodactylum ; A. epixanthum. As but one specimen of the A. copeanum is known, little can be said of its distribution. AMBLYSTOMA TALPOIDEUM Holbrook. Gray. Catal. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1850, p. 36; Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gen., VII, p. 109; Cope, Proceeds. Acad. Phila., 1867, p. 172; Strauch, Salam.,63; Boulenger, Catal. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 11 ed., 1832, p. 40. Salamandra talpoidea Holbrook, N. Amer. Herp., v, 73, Pl. 24. Shortest, stoutest, and most clumsily formed of all the terrestrial Amblystomata. Character of skin as to glands pits, ete., much as in A. punctatum and cpacum. A row of large pores on the head, interior to the eye and nostrils, extending anterior to the latter, This passes behind and beneath the eye, reaching forward nearly to the nostril; a patch on the cheeks above the lateral groove and another below it, probably extending forward along the lower jaw. é The head is very broad, and large, and is wider than the body anterior ; to the constriction at the neck. Its width is about equal to the distance from snout to gular fold (thus wider than long), and is contained about 3$ times to the groin. The eyes are superior and rather small, separated anteriorly by nearly three lengths of the orbit; about one orbit from the nostrils, which are separated about 13 orbits. The muzzle is rather angular. The upper jaw is visible beyond the lower when viewed from below. The body is short, squat, and depressed. There are 10 costal grooves on the side. The tail is contained about 14 times in the rest of the animal. If is much as in A. opacum, but higher, though without a crest. The digits are rather long and slender, scarcely different from those of A. opacum. The palatine teeth are in a transverse series of three sections. The middle section is not interrupted along the median line. In the type ‘ it is Slightly coneave anteriorly, scarcely reaching to the inner line of the inner nares, and behind the range of the lateral sections, which begin a little interior to the outer line of the nostrils. The middle and lateral sections are separated by the width of the inner nostril. In another specimen the middle patch is nearly straight; in another, com- posed of two ares concave anteriorly. The tongue is thick, fleshy, and adherent, though the edges are free at the sides; lessso at the tip. Its width is not more than half that of the head. The papillose purtion is separated posteriorly by the exten- 40s THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA 53 sion forward of the plain basal portion of the tongue, although thereis no groove, and exhibiting two prominent cornua to the tongue proper. The papillose ridges are longitudinal and nearly parallel. In alcohol this species is a light brown above, paler beneath, irregu- larly sprinkled, blotched, and marbled with silvery or plumbeous gray, of a lichen-like character. Specimens when alive show the ground color to be a dark brownish or liver black, more livid on the sides, and per- haps lighter beneath; everywhere sprinkled with the silvery-gray dots of larger size on the back. The upper part of the tail is of a purer brown than elsewhere, and is bordered by a series of obscure blackish spots; seen also near the lower margin.. A few similar dusky spots ap- pear scattered on the back. ‘The iris appears to be a dark brown with- out metallic luster. A series of specimens from Prairie Mer Rouge, Louisiana, is quite similar. Some of them appear to have just completed the change from the tadpole state, and the tail is higher, more compressed, and somewhat crested; the toes, shorter, flatter; the papillose folds of the tongue more indistinct. Measurements. Inches. Length from snout to transverse line of mouth .........-....-.---.-+--- ---eee . 30 EMS CheLomysMO lt bor omar tOld\ 26 ILemattlh TOMO R® TOG s6spemees nose onee GOON) deenothetiromlellbow-sscemecoeeee os 45 Length to hind leg .---.....--.---- 1.90 | Length from knee ----..--..---..-- .55 The principal difference in form and structure between this species and A. punctatum are seen in the absence of any dorsal furrow, and a less prominence of that on the side of the tail. The limbs are more feeble, the head narrower, the tail shorter, ete. In specimens from Prairie Mer Rouge, 4033? the body is thicker and more clumsy, the legs weaker, the toes shorter than in Pennsylvania specimens. The teeth, too, appear more transverse, and there is little or no interval between the middle and lateral combs. This species is found in drier ground than is congenial to most sal- amanders. I have taken it in the sandy regions of New Jersey and Delaware. 2 Fic. 8. Amblystoma opacum Gravenhorst. Gloucester, Va. rea s 56 BULLETIN 54, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. RESERVE SERIES. Be |e me | oy Aare NY : ce S B Locality. ner ace. From whom received. etpee 85/4 a tS) nD 5268 3 | Riceborough, IDies WIE VONGS sescsss. cosose Alcoholic. 4877 2 INO VLOM Vaiss oa Na ee, inact | ede a pe CH pc Do. 9191 BD |) Ine, Ns eo coecsooeode ——— 187 | J.W.Milne, ...............-. Do. 9289 eA ea) oe He.) 0 eters Ie ee as ie Se ca eee No. 4100 3 | Somubherin IWIN eo Soe soecosoollsasocommoo con: IR IM AMMOOHG Soong ccosasoae se: Do. 4087 8 | Prairie Mer Rouge, La......-- Beene can ccc led AMIE Suhail Omar eae Do. 10892 7 | Wheatland, Ind :......-...--. Apr. —, 1881 | Robert Ridgway .........--- Do. 12051 10 | Mount Carmel, Ill ..........-. Nov.—, 1881 | L. M. Turmer ....-............ Do. 4085 & |) Joamvonsiere, OMNO saccecocscascallsccaoecaosases Prof, L. Lesquereux .....-..-- Do. 8979 Zak's tonveNpi Chasse tesaceseeeee —— —, 1873} J. W. Milner Do. 3981 | IN we Moree ses So sche = wierece sel ens ai sk See ees | ene re oe ee Do. 4920 |: Mloridan ssh ase eee ee see | bose sense INS GLO GRE Sa 5 ao ee ee Do. 3954 2 MORAG ek ae Beso ate ya Sea an ater eres Prof. EK. B. Andrews ..-..----- Do. 12598 4 | St. Jerome Creek, Md ....---- Feb. —, 1882 | EH. N. Walker.....-.......--- Do. 3911 1 Alb bewalllle SG Pee years hap rasa aie ree J BEB ar nat tee ee eee Do. 13555 1) New Bedford; Mass. (222 ecs)|2a2-eeseces ee We. INAy © nyt cies ic eats ae a ee Do. 3933 | Aveo isyoimes, Wem. 2o6 asesdsllbcosousqoosede Professoi@Owonl 2225-2) seo To. 4018 MANO? OBER Ga easoodeosecclbedodaconauess IN @s ANCAdLINAG. SGI sconcsses Do. 3982 13 | Carlisle, Pa 2--. Poel Gea eo ee ee ee IORI Sp dts BEIM - secs cecoasec Do. 39149 1 Kemper County, Miss. Sepa etcra lt cbse erer eye DaC. Lloyd's-2Secaeeeeee cece Do. 3064 1 | Racine, Wis.--.-... Rane E Aa ose oa seseeane DE es seein Ac omc oSor c Lo. 3958 1) Aux Plains River, LTR ore iy pea 18, KO MMOH caaooccecaoomouse Do. 3953 Si pale nase = ehe scien Se eiall ese a eee Jbl binebacheeneese sere Do. 73 GENERAL SERIES. | 8347 Th || UkGtne ord, IN, O Soscocadoousoccos —— —, 1873!) J..W. Milner .----2 22. <25.-2|/ “Allcoholie: 3751 oF I CHOMCAHAS Wiasese sarcocsedlesdanoconeuses C3Manneeeeeseees aeclse Do. 40387 85 | Prairie Mev Rouge, La.-....-.||.----.---2-4-- CAS IMME) Scoacccodses cocoee Do. 3928 2 SAIC ENSON +s Cheers Seleneee ae Berner ee mene Waniels sass see Do. 3929 SIM GCOnm an eevee eee ee See eee Ree ee eee JelelConteness seeeence seseeee Do. 3948 is PA RaNe Oy ROy IN [a On caoscanedodonasulcapeLaconcone ds JAIRO P Gao sacctsoodsoss Do. 3927 | 8) Glowcester wid oon soon Soe Se eee eeu le Ge eeeeeee ee ee eee eae Do. 4008 | I © rom bus Gee ees Re) Se pete te ee O. Greesnen a nent eee eee Do 14484 I Nie fp G oR A a Sin ere ER Re Cte (PS OT ee 2 a ee ee eee Do. 3943 | 1 | Meadville Pay need hseeiny cee Velen eaeaoeaeese J. EF. Thickston..........----- Do. 3924 | GAG cor mie ys Ne ai cee ae Neal | rE ee eo IDR Wo HO COM cccescocacoose Do. 3962 | La SRA ple yal @ biases ape eee are creel | Sieseree ees Hay ic bse eee Do. 114 | AMBLYSTOMA PUNCTATUM Linn. (Plates 14-18, 25, figs Amblystoma punctatum, Cope., Proc. Ac. Phila., . 4, 5; Plate 48, fig. 10.) 18 67, p.175; Strauch, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1582, p. 41. Lacerta punctata, Linn., Lacerta maculata, Shaw, Zool., 111, p. P}. 22. Lacerta subviolacea, Rept., p. 74, Pl. 2, fig. 36. S. N., 1, p. 370. 304. Salamandra venenosa (Bart.), Daud. Rept., VIII, Barton, Amer. Phil. Trans., Salamandra subviolacea, Hari Journ. Ac. Pave | Amblystoma subviolaceum, Tschudi, Bar., p. 92. Amblystoma caroline, Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., Soc. 1853, p. 11. Amblystoma punctata, Dp. dol. Amblystoma argus, Dum. & Bibr., No. 3950 3. VIII, p. 103. Body swollen, stout, cylindrical. p. 229; Holbr., , p. 108, Pl. 4 fig. 6. Ty p. ed. I, p. 35; N. A. Herp., Salam., p. 635 v, p. 67, 317; Dekay, N. Y. Faun., Gray, Proc. Zool, Baird, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), 1, p. 283; Hallowell J. ¢., 1v, 1858, Head depressed. Skin entirely smooth, though pitted with pores, which are most numerous on THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. yl the tail. Of these there is a patch of larger ones on the parotoid region, and another on the top of the head inside of the orbits and extending anteriorly in a straight line towards the nostrils and passing backwards semicircularly behind the eye. A double row around the edge of the lower jaw; a pair on each outer costal space along the side of the body, and a row on each side of the top of the tail; the latter indicated gen- erally by a whitish dot. Head broad; depressed; width nearly equal to distance from snout to gular fold, and nearly one-fourth the distance to insertion of hind legs. Length of mouth along axis of body half distance from snout to gular fold, which is nearly continuous across the nape. There is a constriction behind the angle of the jaws, interrupted above and below, and a fur- row connecting the two along the parotoid regicn and extended in a lateral line to the orbit. Distance from snout to gular fold contained 35 times in distance to insertion of hind legs (four times in another speci- men). Theeyes are moderately large; the length of the orbit contained 45 times in distance from snout to gular fold; about once in distance from the nos- trils, and about once in the distance between the two nostrils; nearly twice in distance between the anterior extremities of the orbits. Body nearly eylindrical, perhaps slightly depressed, and swollen a little in the middie; on each side are eleven costal grooves, including in- guinal and axillary ones; all strongly marked and nearly continuous above and below; the axillary is, however, usually quite inconspicuous; four more of these furrows to behind the anus, where the last is conflu- ent with the first caudal furrow; these become less and less distinct to near the middle of the tail. There is a slight groove down the middle of the back. The tail is oval in section, the larger end of the oval below ; becom- ing more and more compressed to the tip, without indication of any ridge. There is a lateral indentation along the whole length, which is about equal to the distance from the base to the snout. In alcoholic specimens the tail is bent or curved, sometimes upwards, sometimes down, sometimes laterally. The digits are nearly cylindrical, or slightly depressed, without web or margin. The third or longest finger is contained about 25 times in the distance to the elbow. The second finger reaches to the last artic- ulation ; the fourth to the penultimate. The fourth toe is longest, contained 24 times in the distance to the knee; the third, second, fifth, and first successively shorter. The dis- tance between the outstretched hind toes is rather more than 1% the length to behind anus. The tongue is thick, fleshy, and attached, although free at the edges except behind; it is about two-thirds the width of the upper jaw, nearly orbicular, though the outline of the papillose portion is a little emar- ginate behind. It almost seems as if the tongue were capable of closing round an object in its center, as in the hollow of the hand. 58 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The transverse line of teeth is in three parts or combs; a central about two-fifths the width of the head, and separated from the lateral by a slight interval. The central patch is nearly straight in its middle, but the ends curve a little forwards, and continuously with the lateral por- tion of the line which forms a curve concave backwards, bounding the orbit. The inner edge of the posterior nares marks the extent of the central row of teeth. The lateral comb of teeth is about half the length of the central. The color of the specimen described is, in alcohol, of a dark liver brown above, abruptly light olivaceous beneath. On each side of the back is a series of nearly circular rounded spots about the size of the orbit, about three on each side of the head, eight or nine on the body, and as many on the tail, where they are sometimes confluent. These spots are white in alcohol, but yellow in life. Along the sides and more sparingly be- neath are some scattered, quite small whitish spots, not very conspicuous. The legs are of the color of the under parts, not of the upper; they show some of the small light spots seen on the sides. Measurements. Inches. Inches. Total length of 3950............... 6.50 | Length of tail behind anus.-....... 3.10 ene th-ofimouth sss cases -e tO ee Waldithson bead erecta eee eee . 65 ene thetovomlanwtol (lees sss ase seee 782) |pAcmetromuellbowseeees eee eeeeeeeeee . 60 ILEMGADN TO GWOWN g2ssoo0cnedsa enaos S28 o0n |) amd ile ostmomekaCerees seers e eee. Length to behind anus ......-....- 3.40 In the preceding paragraph I have described a specimen from Abbe- ville, S. C., as a locality nearest to that whence the original of Linnzeus’s description was obtained. An examination of a large series of speci- | mens from different localities shows certain differences, which, however, are not of a character to indicate specific separation. The external appearance of the skin varies considerably with the strength of the aleohol used for preservation, and probably with the season when captured. The animal, when alive, is perfectly smooth and lustrous, and readily exudes a large quantity of a white milky juice from the upper half of head, body, and tail, or from the dark-colored portion. This is due to the presence of glands closely implanted in the skin, the pores of which are sometimes quite inconspicuous ; sometimes very dis- tinct. On the tail they are much largest and deepest, and the lateral groove marks their inferior boundary, being there implanted vertically. When these pores are very full of their milky juice and the alcohol is very strong the contraction of the skin between the mouths of these pores gives more or less the appearance of rounded, thick-set granules, of rather large size. This also gives rise to an apparent depression of the digits, the skin forming quite a margin. The proportions of the body vary slightly. The tail is generally not so long as the rest of the animal, the groin being more usually nearer ne, THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 59 the middle point of the axis. Younger specimens appear to have shorter tails. There is considerable diversity in the curve of the transverse series of palatine teeth. In nearly all more northern specimens the central row is formed of two ares, concave anteriorly, more or less continuous with the lateral, which are anterior and convex anteriorly. The two central ares are continuous at their inner ends, forming an inverted angle on the axial line. Sometimes, however, as in most of the specimens from Prairie Mer Rouge, this central angle is wanting, and there is only a single are or curve, concave anteriorly. In the type specimen described this central row of teeth is nearly or quite straight (which is quite apt to be the case in very large ones), while in one specimen of No. 4684 it is convex anteriorly. The transverse extent of this middle line of teeth varies. Sometimes there is quite an interval between it and the lateral, while in 3930, from New York, they are con- tinuous without appreciable interruption. There are no very great variations in the pattern of coloration. Gen- | erally the outer surface of the limbs is colored like the back, in which case there are one or more large, rounded light spots. The under parts are generally dark bluish; the sprinkling of smallwhite specks on the sides'and beneath varies considerably in prominence. The large dorsal spots are always nearly circular, and vary in number, generally only one Series on each side. In living specimens from Carlisle, Pa., the iris is dark brown, without metallic color, scarcely distinguishable from the pupil. The color of the animal above is a deep anthracite black; beneath, dull livid. On each side the dorsal line is a series of large, nearly circular, gamboge- yellow spots, somewhat symmetrically disposed. These vary from 10 to 20 from head to tail, and sometimes are larger than the eye; usually about its size. On the sides and beneath are sparingly scattered small bluish-white specks. The spots, both yellow and bluish-white, are some- times found on the legs. In younger individuals the yellow spots are brighter and the black ground deeper.—s. F. B. Professor Baird (Iconographic Eneyclopeedia, 1851,) thus describes the reproduction of this species: _ Harlyin April, or towards the end of March, large masses of gelati- nous matter may be observed in ditches, pools of water, or mountain streamlets, which on closer inspection will be found to consist of a num- ber of hollow spheres, about a quarter of an inch in diameter, embedded in or combined together by a perfectly transparent jelly. Within each sphere is a dark object, a spheroidal yolk, which in the course of some days becomes considerably elongated and exhibits signs of animation. Omitting, as unsuited to our pages at present, any account of the em- bryonic development of the animal, we resume its history at the time when its struggles have freed it from the shell of the sphere in which it 60 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. was inclosed. At this time it is about half an inch in length, and con- sists simply of head, body and tail, the latter with a well-developed fin, extending from the head and anus to theextremity of thebody. Res- piration is performed by means of three gills projecting from each side of the neck, of very simple construction, however, and with but few branches. The absence of limbs is compensated by the existence of a club-shaped appendage on each side of the head, proceeding from the angle of the mouth, and representing the cirri observed in some adult salamanders. By means of these appendages the young salamanders are enabled to anchor themselves securely to objects in the water. In the course of a few days a tuberele is seen to form on each side, just behind the head and under the gills, which elongates, and finally forks at each end, first into two, then three, and at last into four branches, thus exhibiting the anterior extremities, with the four fingers, which latter, in the larva, are very long. Before the fore-legs become com- pletely formed those behind sprout out in a similar manner, with first three, then four, and finally five toes. During this time the gills have increased in the number of branches, and finally exhibit a beautiful arborescent appearance, in which the circulation of the blood ean be distinctly seen by means of a simple lens. (See plate 16.) Fic. 9.—Amblystoma punctatum. Hampton, Va. ee Se ee et THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. RESERVE SERIES. 61 Sot Oe See Sq Ss 2 Locality. 4 aes From whom received. = o 4730 1 | Whitfield County, Ga-...--- IX, COMO osadacasence- 5270 4 | Riceborough, Ga..-....---.- Dr. W. L. Jones-....--. 8769 3 | Belleville. HLS eee en bea Sept. —,1874 | Dr. A. Reuss........... 9188 it |) Ciena) InN Seo sesiaocnodssun|seacoeoddeeosses Sweeiyees tees eee 4399 1 Between Indianola and El.|..........--...- Col. J. D. Graham, U Paso, Tex. Army. 4912 tL |locoeds soeeed sac cocasaosc0nDcdloospec span ec oo sbloseosseocoscecooussquenasE 9190 D | lstilliitass, INO SCOR coseacullgcocds suocodeoes DisGilibertis sce eteeee 10893 fel Vsheatlandein dese fee Apc. —, 1881 Robert Ridgway.-.....- DOMME GRECO ALNSIGte arctic feces socee|en bs Paste cise sie. Prof.5. EF. Baird BSN 3950 Se Ab bevilleviSs Ces eoe te scieelslll da seaeihceciecese Drees wbarratberecscos 3927 5 | Gllome@esiign) Vals saoscoacasssu |doosces suescsendlboosse suc cuouseauoaeooonee 3930 OalAdler anya Coumibys Nie) © --1)-1-!eie ses leeleel> Drastevensesceseereseee 4098 TO || Cook Gonminy, 1Wese5a5 ssanculloosecoocecesoace Dr. R. Kennicott.....--. 4084 ® || Gresinel Conge Iles cocesosasel soococcesesesaor dig Weinien So aceoassoese 4077 2| Fort Dawson, Red River, |.............-.. Dr. L. A. Edwards, U._| Ark. S. Army. 4086 1) /). \WAIREINIVIES CS Er eS eetoe Renood ec CnESe See eaeee para saks priin sate i my nes 3938 GEIPRAcCinGMWihSe cece. sce eee ee | ccc ncee cee os ooee Protos he oalrdess cee 3947 8 Carlisle, IPasescecce Basen Merecsce aoeeo een lbce oe (nes a ecatn ess aa 396d 10 | Prairie Mer Rouge, 1G ipaca haan RENE Us James Fairie . --- 3986 1G Cleveland’ Oliopeeks sas-ccoalh ca eceSece cecene Dr. J.P. Kirtland ..... 12054 1 Mount Carmel, Te ose INOWees— LSS) | Me ren ers sess eee 3961 3 | Summerville, N. Y.-...--.--. WRC) Berguoecoerae ceicodamare 3934 || Caibtiglo, leheebssousaoopeecd Prot S eh Baird eee 4886 1 | Mount Joy, Pa.--.....-.:..- aes Te Stautlemeeessseeeeeeae 3944 1 | Centre County, P. 3 SHS LUC OC Lae ieiaeieeeirats 3963 & || kutemahwile, Jess coosccoeseese a [ra (te) Soe Raines LipCS aie oe ts 3946 i) || (Chyaliigies 12h eoosuacco ccoseede Prof. S: i Baird..-. -2. 14485 Ne PE alitaxssNOWaISCOblas ee aloe -resseee eee IDR CMON noso2cocesecce 14494 TL | MYCHOW Wes gasasosesoas 1885 | Mrs. Ff. L. Lee.--...---- 4686 GiaClovelandsiOhioue- seer asec lacee Sec ceecene ONE, JkhAMENNL. 5 GosSosucss 3936 1 || QWEOG.os6c025066oq0c000ud ballbocasnousy secdoc Re Niettlemeeeecetses ease 3925 2 || Seine LOOENS WO. shoe sehe5nd|coosoo ssesboboce Dr. G. Englemann .-.-.. 3942 3 | Knoxville, Peary eae salir ou ake Professor Mitchell... ..- 3929 EM VIOS bOLUMUNE ase eee cee sa [emcees cece wes ce Go AWe Iai csscoscoccas 3786 il | Clewalemnal, Olm@s sageuesdosee lssesbosaaseosere lOye, Ike scSéccooneEs 3905 62 | Prairie Mer Rouge, La...... James Fairie no = — Nature of speci- men. Alcoholic. Do. Young. | Alcoholie. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. than the two preceding, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. AMBLYSTOMA CONSPERSUM Cope. Phila., 1859, 123; 1867, ag ® aa & 63; Boulenger, Cat. B. G. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1832, p. 42. This in one of the smallest species of the genus, and though less stout it resembles in general features. Skin everywhere smooth. In some Strauch, Salam., p. is more so than the A. jeffersontanum, which specimens only a series of pores may be traced along the superciliary region and in a line to near the s i y reg nostrils; several are on the parotoid region. The skin of the body is remarkably free from visible pores, while, as usual, the superior part of the tail is thickly studded with them. The head is a broad oval, its width making the length to the groin 4.5 times or a little more, and is a little over three-fourths distance to gular fold. Hye fissure equal length to nostril, and 1.75 times between anterior angles, and a little more than distance between nostrils. last distance is a little less than that between inner nares, The Posterior canthus of eye a little anterior to canthus oiris; anterior canthus oppo- site middle of upper lip from anterior point. Furrows behind the orbit inconspicuous, but present. Muzzle longer than chin. Costal grooves eleven. Tail short, everywhere compressed, measuring from its origin (at end vent) to axilla or to gular fold. No marked dorsal groove. The limbs are short; the digits long and slender. When appressed the fingers reach to the heel, or beyond bases of toes. Digits subey- lindrical; anteriorly, third longest, then 2, 4, 1; posteriorly, 4, 3, 2, 5, 1. Two small tubercles on edges of sole. Expanse of outer toes equal from end muzzle to posterior canthus of eye. . Teeth in three patches, the median longest, commencing opposite inner margin of nares, and convex to between nares, or nearly so, in one specimen. Tongue longer than broad, the laminar portion prolonged in two lateral bands posteriorly. 62 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. | % Measurements. Lines. Benethiyfromisnoutito, cular tolde 22 ee eeee eee eee eae ae eee ee eee eee 4.60 Weneth fromssnout tol eroinesc.nae- hose tees ee ee see eee eee a eee eee 16. 25 ene thitrom snout vo ends armse sean eecee secessensceeer see ae ee eee 1), Wen eth ero mysmoO mt Ose mic staple p seers ee ee eee ee ee 31.9 Length of mouth on median line Length of fore-arm and hand from elbow ..............-..----.+.---------- Beneth oflegand:foot trom) knees=. sass 2- see Se ose Widthiof Head pinictsa ee aed S522 eS a ss | General color above leaden, below pale leaden, the latter usually bounded by the line of the limbs, but in one specimen rising as high as the line of the eye. Lower parts of sides and sides of tail more-or less varied with small whitish spots, the former often in a regular line. A similar line on the upper part of the sides is present in Some specimens ; in others wanting. The end of the muzzie is sometimes pale marbled. Hight specimens of this species before me confirm its validity in every respect. Specimens of the developed young of both A. opacum and A. punctatum are of considerably smaller size, and maintain their peculiar. colorations and a greater width of the head, ete. From the appended localities from which it has been sent the range is seen to be extensive. 2 6 Fic. 10.—Amblystoma conspersum. No. 3934. Carlisle, Pa. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. No. | No. spec. | Locality. | Donor. 3934. | 3 Carlisle, Pa......----------i---------------+--- Sugick Veto eeeienas S. F. Baird. 3915 | Ieee eke | essere Oly sSuaGau ogo UcHecoaddooUO oN coooobOCEe CSD KObOOe S GoKoDCsSS5gs6 Do. PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY MUSEUM. Olle, Sb Ocssadecasesoscceedascode pocdon usceSsu ocacodsoos0ec¢ Dr. Haliowell. Liberty County, Ga* -.--.----+2-----2 222-2 ee eee ee eee eee John Le Conte. (Ofhosirere CMUIMINy, JEN oSsces coco posocucosac cess eeccoasssansscesosos EK. D. Cope. eee "e Specimen described. i Type. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 63 AMBLYSTOMA COPEANUM Hay. Proceedings U. S. National Museum, 1885, p. 209, Pl. xiv. The head is large, somewhat wider than the body, and flattened; the body short, and the tail long and compressed. The skinis for the most part smooth, but everywhere, as seen under a lens, is pitted with the openings of the cutaneous follicles. Of these, there are a few enlarged ones in a band surrounding the orbit and extending forward to the nostril. Others are found above the angle of the jaw, and a few still larger ones on the posterior border of the parotoid region. The promi- nent keel and the whole tip of the tail are so richly provided with ‘enlarged pores as to present a granulated appearance. The width of the head is somewhat greater than that of the body. It is possible that the breadth and flatness of the head have been exag- “gerated somewhat by the injuries that it has received; but this can be true only to a very slight extent. The breadth is about the same at the angle of the jaw and the corner of the mouth. From the former point the head tapers backward, the outline being concave to its posterior border, where it is suddenly constricted into the neck. From the cor- ners of the mouth the head tapers forward to nearly opposite the nostrils, beyond which it is rapidly rounded to form the snout. The width of the head is a little less than the distance from the snout to the gular fold, and is contained in the distance from the snout to the groin 3.6 times. The distance to the gular foid is contained in the distance to the groin 3.2 times. The depth of the head, on a line joining the angles of the jaws, is a little less than one-half its width. The gular fold does not overlap, as it does in some species. It may have done so in life, but manipulation of the skin fails to restore an overlapping fold. The upper jaw projects beyond the lower. Eyes of moderate size. External nares small; their distance apart somewhat less than the width of the orbital space. The tongue is not notably different from that of A. tigrinum. The - teeth are arranged in four series, which together form an inverted VY, the angle of which is very obtuse. Thelimbs of the Y, as seen with the unaided eye, appear nearly straight, and are seen to extend beyond the internal nares along their external fissure. Examination with a lens proves that the inner series are each slightly ~~ shaped, and so disposed as to make the angle of the Y rounded off. The outer series on each side is nearly as long as the corresponding inner series ; is plainly separated from it, and nearly straight or slightly concave on the posterior side. Inner nares mere distant than the external. The body is somewhat depressed, but has not the swollen appearance presented by A. opacum. The distance from the snout to the axilla isjust equal to that from the axilla to the groin. There are eleven well-marked costal grooves. here is a median furrow, not deep but distinct, beginning on the occiput and running alone the back, deepening on the sacral region, and ending over the middle of the vent, at the commencement of the caudal crest. 64 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The cloacal region is considerably swollen, and is broad and rounded, or slightly emarginate behind. ‘Che distance from the groin to the pos: terior end of the vent in this species is greater proportionally than in any other of the genus so far as I have been able to determine. It is contained in the distance from the snout to the groin but 34 times. The tail is equal in length to the distance from the snout to the be- ginning of the vent. It is much compressed and rather high. Ithasa well-developed keel or crest, which begins immediately over the cloaca and extends to the tip of the tail. The keel is sharp above, and is bounded below on each side by a shallow groove. Inferiorly the tail is broadly rounded for its anterior third or more, and is traversed by a median jongitudinal groove. The remainder of its lower border is compressed to asharp edge. A transverse section ofthe tail, taken just behind the cloaca, would form approximately an isosceles triangle whose base would be about one-half its height. One-third of the distance back toward the tip the height of the tail is three times its thickness. - The limbs are well developed. The posterior are a little longer, some- what stouter, and the foot broader than the same limbs of a specimen of A. tigrinwm that measures the same distance from the snout to the end of the vent. They are also fully as long as the same limbs of a specimen of A. punctatum that measures from snout to the end of the vent three-fourths of an inch more than the specimen I am describing. The toes are flat, much like those of A. tigrinum, perhaps not so broad, while they are not so slender as those of a specimen of A. punctatum now before ne. They are provided with a narrow marginal and basal membrane. There are two distinct plantar tubercles. Measurements. Length: Inches. Lines. From snout to end of tail.......----..-----..- BEC OS ASIANS GB SSAS gobe 5 8 EFrom-snout to oular toldges ssc 6 ae sees secee aee Cee) ee eee 0 85 LMromisnoubt boinc jorminioeascalllse secee see eete eee elec erase eee eee ie eet JB ROI SHOU 10), AKON cao scoisaqnuo soeode ones coggou sed ceoG doug SScue0Sze5 Dy ROI NOUN Wo CMG Ole WeMiososen secs 55500 coGG06 SooobeD Seseos essa cess a TDROVIN, VG! CHP WING (HO iy Ol WAV 65655 okadoe cocoon cacdos sobous onto ose5 DB IMroyin, PU lley WO ROMMs nc doo dec p55 con505 S50 bedq08 Hac0 boS000 Sogson soce We, 1 IDTRONN, CARI 1K Gavel OIE WONG soocoa o66n550059000 5onG o59SeR 055605 0006 cocc 0° 885 Widthvoteheadvabranel rota ese eeeeee tea iseer nn eee eee eee O 755 Distancesbetweenvanterioncamblileere ees ae= selec cee emia cee re ieee 0 4.6 JUmeiernore DURE B]DENES) 55454 o6n5 6 cooeas odObod canoe bonoc0 CD EboD DO DESO Good sS0C Q seh Ghecmicsn NENOlah OPAC WH. oS oo5 Ssccce s5o00es casees cpg pce basGc0 coscoe coud 0 5 Mhickwess ot tanltat aie lies bap OMG sapere ayaa ae reel Q 2 Henle;thyoteqwpnoll erp tore Ne eae cert meee ere reat ete ee eee ee 0 11 ILO er yen AMG Np SoG Soos woo cou ona a6ga Gone eooe duoN oHeSc coos Coa ccKS OAL Pere Cre WinbACl MMC. coos Geko cos ceo oes cagSed Sane Sood See dce seRcasE OES O 25 IBLhadiere Ibid), woul emetdhs soo o6so55 chceds 55009 suc os pooSSUUSesSE Sa eDases 1 0.05 owerleotandfootpaeeeee tee Loe ee eee eee oe e eee eee Pee See pecsce sD. Bree portion:tourth) toe. =s- ees eee eee eee eee eee ORS Expanse of outstretched hinder limbs....-..----.----------------+-------- 2 5 Distance between externalomanes.) s-52e- esse see ae) = eee On Distancesbetwiechwnnermareseeseeeeeeee eee eee eee eee Jas eee aerate Oo B - THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 65 Proportional dimensions. Muzzle to gular fold: Timea. fimdistamcesinomssno ut tO) SLO qacis oe clatter once tie viciee 6 Slee cicieisiseincteisie = << 3a MRCS an cenoxendo havent (@eaLhy)seseecsciece sco -eeeseeeceies soceee acess 452 Fore-arm and foot: MAGS AMC eRLOLONOMM Ree seers el so euasicreitieeciseiaaeeee see acinve wees caus 3.6 Mamas tance borendvoOf vientiacss-ccemcicicicse cc cess cae. Sas bposUMToNEaes Baas 4.7 Lower leg and foot: 1 CISi@DCO TOU RROMS 56eda5 sob sod odo ACES E OA DOE eee EE CIE ee parse Barer 3 UD CIAiaDes TOCHIGI CMUGE Sts Ca5o SOOe CE eee Cee eee tae ames arene eae 4 Width of head: MMS UMC OstOROT OIE. so cnieteeicicny: telcjalnioeicinis aieie'o.cic's clecieiss) feineiscie codes scien ee 3.6 Ee Fic. 11. Amblystoma copeanum Hay, natural size; copied from Hay. The color is dark brown, almost black, above, brownish yellow below Between the fore and hind legs the light color of the belly mounts up on the sides to a level with the upper surfaces of the |] mbs. The mid- dle of the belly is of a duskier bue than its sides, Pectoral, inguinal, and pubic regions slightly brighter yellow than the sides of the belly. Head above like the back, below like the other lower parts. Just behind the symphysis of the lower jaw are indications of a bright yel- low spot. The upper halfof the tail is not so dark as the back, the lower half duskier than the belly. The limbs below and in front yellowish, as other lower parts. Feet, especially above, dark. This species must be compared with A. bicolor and A. tigrinum. The last belongs to the group which has twelve costal grooves. A. tigrinum has the internl nares no more widely separated than are the outer; the limbs of the vomerine Y/ are decidedly concave, and the inner series of teeth are about twice the length of the outer. It is also a rather long. bodied species, the distance from the snout to the axilla being contained in the distance from the snout to the groin nearly 2.4 times, while in A. copeanum the latter distance is but twice the former. Indeed, this form differs from al) others, in the shortness of the body, or the equality of the distances from snout to axilla and from axilla to groin. oo50 ccSoe Scots o550 S000 60096009 4, 25 esrtinvotemtenile Carteem cle vem) a5 ose cre ciefe rca see taieialaiasie Neiscciste tie reere rere ici 1.95 \Widliln OW GGG sae Sas Se Bene eee SS Ae cays aia eee eta tera rete Smee Gore aaa 1.00 Menehiomone-anm TOM DOW ac soccer ceteeeciecisrce seieemietes Ge eeies = seteeecs 90 Monette le nnceleoptromukneeascecssene ca ee et ecrse eee tee eee ease ees cece 1.10 Stretch of hind leg .......----. eR ae aye gS Ya Soe0 obey) A specimen entirely similar, except in size and coloration, was found by Dr. Horn near Beesley’s Point, N. J., a well-known locality for the species. The tail is remarkably thick and deep at the base, and only equal from its basis to the canthus of mouth; a groove in the dorsal line behind; tail not grooved. ‘The color is a dark leaden brown, sprin- kled everywhere with small yellow spots; spots larger on tail; belly yellowish. ‘Total length, 6 inches and 5 lines. From the preceding investigation we gather that larval characters in this species are in part only contemporaneous; that the branchize are lost first; the tongue develops next, and the teeth last; that the de- velopment extends.in older age to the lengthening of the body and tail; that the progress may be arrested at a time when any degree of com- bination of these and other features exists. That reproduction may take place at any of such different stages is evident from the condition of development of the ova of many of the various specimens, and it is known to take place in other species at earlier stages than any re- corded here as adult. It is also to be noted that specimens from New Jersey are almost always more fully developed than those from the Western regions; the former is a warmer district than the latter. Of two specimens from New Orleans, however, one only exhibits the dentitional characters ot the New Jersey individuals. The characters common to the Western individuals have occasioned the opinion that it was another species, which was called A. mavortium. Of this form Iremarkedin my monograph of the genus Amblystoma, published in 1857, already referred to, that it ‘“ differs absolutely only in the broader muzzle and wider separation of the outer nares. The A. tigrinum retaius in this case a feature characteristic of the larva of A. mavortium and of all other Siredon species. The range of color vari- ation is only partly different in the two, but the majority of speci- mens each belong to different color types. Each occupies a different geographical area, both of which are well marked in the distribution of many other reptiles. Nevertheless, ultimately I think it quite possible that they will have to be viewed as developmental forms, like so many other supposed species which are not sufficiently isolated from one 74 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATiS NATIONAL MUSEUM. another at the present time to warrant them distinct places and names in the system.” Dr. G. Boulenger, in the last edition of the catalogue of the species of salamanders in the British Museum, 1882, has taken this view of the case, and has reduced the name mavortiuwm to the posi- tion of a synonym of tigrinwm. In the present work | take the same view of the relations of the Eastern and Western forms. The following is a description of a specimen of the Western animal: Palatine teeth in a transverse series, more or less angular anteriorly, reaching to the posterior border of the inner nares, or one diameter be- yond; the angle sometimes flattened or rounded. The series scarcely or not at all interrupted on the median line; never (?) on the limbs, which are generally a little undulating. Inner nostrils separated by the same space as the outer; rarely a lit- tle farther apart. Tongue broader than long; more than half the width of the head, ‘which is fleshy. . Body heavy, with twelve costal furrows. Head very broad, con- tained about three and one-half times in distance from snout to grein. Tail about equal to the same distance, much compressed from the base. Males in breeding season with a distinet fin from near the base of the tail above, and from beyond the middle below; tail more oval at other seasons. Cloacal region of male much swollen, emarginate ; angular behind. Legs moderate; digits much depressed, very broad at base, tri- angular, and adapted for swimming. Free portion of digits about one-third the distance from their tips to elbow or knee. flee = @ & \s Ip 4. Fic. 18.—Amblystoma tigrinum Green, No. 4059. Natural size. Fort Ripley, Minn. General color dark brown or blackish, in alcohol, varied with blotches of yellow. These are disposed along the median line of the back and THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 15 tail, extending down on the sides as transverse ellipsoid bands of large size, perhaps equal to the space between two costal grooves; the blotches of opposite sides sometimes alternate, sometimes are opposite, and are frequently confluent here and there, which is generally the case on the tail, where they form yellow encircling rings, interrupted below. Along the sides of belly and lower part of the sides is a simi- lar series of yellow ellipses, but usually larger; those of the same side usually somewhat confluent, sometimes entirely so, leaving a dusky central line of the belly. The limbs are blotched black and yellow. The yellow sometimes predominates so as to almost form the ground color, encroaching largely, too, on the yellow of the belly. In general, however, there is little or no tendency to an anastomosis or reticula- tion of the dark interspaces, as in an allied species. Smaller, rounded, irregularly scattered spots of yellow are seldom, if ever, seen as in Eastern form. The ground color is sometimes anifonmly dusky above, although the lighter transverse ellipses can be usually made out; perhaps they are always appreciable in life. Duméril and Bibron have given a ‘good colored figure of this form under the name Ambystome a bandes. The green is, however, too bril- hant. In the preceding general description I have endeavored to represent the distinguishing features of what I believe to be asingle species vary. ing very much in shape of palatine teeth, proportions, color, etc. From the synonymy it will be seen that I combine under the oldest name of mavortium, proserpine and nebulosum aiso. Although the type speci- mens of these supposed species differ sufficiently among each other, yet there are sufficient connecting links in the large series before me, and it would be no difficult task to pick out a dozen more specimens each as distinct from the other and the above as the latter are among them- selves. One great source of the diversity of character in different specimens of this Protean species is to be found in the very different sizes of speci- mens in the same stage of growth, while in some the full metamorphosis will have been accomplished with a length of three or four inches, in others the branchiz are still visible at a much greater size. In one female specimen of 8 inches in length (4978), the branchie are still ap- preciable, the fissures in the neck not being closed up, although the ovaries and oviduct would indicate that it was captured when in full breeding condition. This embryonic tendency isalmost always indicated further by shorter gape of the mouth, the tongue smaller, flatter, more adherent, not at all or very little free at the edges, and little or not at all papillose, but exhibiting a cartilaginous surface. The palatine teeth in the embryonic state are more arched anteriorly, more or less parallel with the maxillary series, less prominent above the soft palate, and extending a less distance laterally. The digits are more depresed, 76 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. their outlines more oval than triangular, the third and fourth toes and second and third fingers more nearly equal. The development of the different embryonic conditions may be carried ov very unequally in different specimens, so that one cannot see the true specific charac- ters in small individuals, or even in large ones in which there is the slightest indication of the branchial slits or thei? tufts. The same adult individual differs, too, in different seasons. While some species appear to reside almost entirely in water, others do so only partially. Even the same species may pass a more aquatic life in one year than in another. |) Auburn, Me....-. 2... —— —, 1883} G. P. Merrill. - subadha Do. 14490 4 | Fort Wingate, N. Mex.| —— —,1885| Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U.S. A Do. 4706 | Gieaadl O@igein. Way esscllcosncecacaccse Saint Charles College ..---- Do. 3887 1 | Ann Arbor, Mich..--- joeesdsoacsoce|| JPR Sh IM JANI Soca acco Son Do. GENERAL SERIES. 5119 ill pplSGasTN SAS wee eee ara eles oorall ote ciel See sion ceieisisiele seleci tien es P ACONO]IC: 11838 1G ROTASH onthe ob byl exer imnese series ID Ralme reese Do. 4060 7 | Bridger’s Pass, Wiy0-.-|.--..-------- Lieut. F. 1. Bryan, U.S. A-. Do. 4613 lei Cheyenne weasseceeecelle-eci-e cee Dri. Swift; WU). S.Acs =... =. Do. 4020 Short, Laramie; Wiyo--.|_---5-2-1------ Lieut. S. Warren, U.S.A --.- Do. 11720 5) || IBbuaKe Welle IMG Sas|\bascocousodoce CHD rexlOMeereen eaten as Do. 3955 AG sHortblissh Nig lexc: tee |e | Dr. S.W. Crawford, U.S. A . Do. 10895 G30 | (il ees Secs Saas an Ress Sey ers mee ieee 1D, meena oo kes gasadneosas Do. 10890 a Iams Tau eee ere ee eee Reyer noe | JOO DIVE Sooccoooesacnc Do. 10894 pA Ns ((2) ees ee paren ee ot aie ae PR ee Hee Me pial ie PL Be Sires ray ave Sim sje ata takns Do. 3899 2 | OyaWOth, MGIC. seccconsllecoaun sasoose JNA SHISG & cepa cb eaooRaaseseTe Do. 9416 Ae aWeacleeoan animes nL ah eae fe We MONG soaceaucooa eae Do. 11925 1 | Northern ‘Boundary SEL 1ONR) 1, CONES Sec50e soesenbose Do. Survey. 11549 Pa aAlr CEA) Es 2 ate NON erg a aero hh a oe (Gye aie a nena Do. 4057 eNews Mextconsccsccce aleenceeee cen: (2) ice eA oe ln em eccopae Do. 11710 11h ek (2) seers Noam eee eae Se nae eo | Gh dS eb ls CS Ssc6 sonbouesse Do. 4084 il jf (SPU FEO, Wo INIGd= Sse bocca sdhacose bel Vir ees eee te Aen sae ae oe Do. 3983 1 | Rock Tsland, eee ee isaac meee | J. B. Sargent ----.---.-- sia Do. 14112 | il) Im@ligna, sos5ses4couse. ee ee HG || Oy LE Hay bee sete aie sxe vere Do. 14426 | 1 | Southern Kansas ..-.-. doyeeesss.|) Chass aay Be adosadoosedae Do. 14427 5 at se LOPE en SN Woy ceo eebokoe | hapenninck SRO EE ARS cio Ooo arse Do. 3971 | Wiarcienin.: Omntoc 22 cascllbsceadaccoease Professor Andrew..-..---+. Do. 14449 ILA ACO) eee renee oes eral eee) Serene eee [a2 Westen eesem cree ein steerer Do. 14462 | AIR (2) phe rite ee ae Re IS Se en ee [EQ ) AGERE ES ce Ce ee ee Do. 14481 lt INGny WuiGxake)s hoo sosasalleedossecocdsaes DISS Mc @Olellanisemeeereeeiaae Alcoholic type. 14483 | HLH WEE) eee oe ee eel ne el] ode Seats) fan ate (UN eae here aan ce ae er Se Alcoholic. 14486 IW HC (B)): Se ae ayn eee ee ee ilo Su amet na ete (Rs iste amass eee iaiaoisic Do. 34487 Asli (2) eerste crete one en er Reet ua ern Dr. F. V. Hayden. . eee Do. 86 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Amblystoma tigrinuwm californiense Gray. Catalogue|No. of Gre When : Seana Nature of speci. number. spec. locality: collected. ¢ From whom received. men. 4081 Oulectaluman@ alleeerena cece ereeeee E. Samuels. -- og sovecdes sock Aleoholie. 11794 1 | Fresno, Cal..--. be bees (et 7 Omi GUS Gchvalyt Ss Cee eee Do. 14073 1G | PEE asomlexerseeerrie —— —, 1884 | Newton Simmons..-.......-. Do. ! — AMBLYSTOMA TRISRUPTUM Cope. Proceeds. Acad., Phila., 1867, p. 194. The species is stout and heavy in build; the head very broad and much depressed. The skin is granulated by contraction of the alcohol, but in respect to glands, pits, ete., appears much like other species. There is, however, a decided feature in certain particles which crowd the parotoid region, and are seen also on the top of the head along the inner margin of the orbit, and perhaps below the eye. I have not noticed this character in any other species east of the Rocky Mountains. The head is broad, ovate, rather pointed anteriorly. The inner and outer nostrils are nearly the same distance apart. The tongue is broader than long, more than half the width of the head, filling the interspace of the same anteriorly. - The teeth are in four very distinct patches, with decided intervals. They form one transverse series, nearly straight centrally (where they are in a line with the posterior border of the internal nares), but curving slightly backwards laterally. The two central patches are wider than the lateral, which vary a little in length and are separated by an inter- val half the diameter of the inner nares. ‘Their distance from the exte- rior patches is about twice as great, the center of the interval falling - about opposite to the inner border of inner nares. ‘The outer patches ex- tend about half a diameter beyond the outer border of inner nares. The remaining external characters of the specimen are not different from those of A. tigrinun. The colors of the specimen are much obscured by bad preservation. It appears to have been of a uniform dark blackish or bluish brown, with a single series of large transversely elliptical blotches of yellow from head to tip of tail, half on body and half on tail; the foremost one rounded and placed behind the eyes. Those of opposite sides nearly meet on the back, and are confluent on the upper edge of the tail. This is the only species I have seen of the group in which a strictly transverse series of palatine teeth behind the eye is divided into four groups. The only known specimen is the following : No. 4068; 1 specimen; Ocate Creek, New Mexico. @°. Ocate Creek is on the eastern side of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southern part of the eastern range of the Rocky Mountains in New Mexico. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 8 Proportional dimensions. (Spec. 4063. Ocate River, New Mexico. 9.) Head : Length of gape of month to its width...-.....---.-.-.--. little more than half. Width to distance from snont to ular fold...:.-....--...----- not quite equal. Width to distance from snout to groin. ........--2...---..-.--.------ 4 times. From snout to gwar fold contained in distance from snout to groin.... 24 times, Distance anteriorly between eyes in length of orbit. .....----..--.---- 3 times. Distance from eyes to nostrils in length of orbit.---.....--......----- 1} times. Distance between external nostrils in length of orbit......--- not quite 2 times. Distance between internal nostrils in length of orbit..2-.....-..-.---- 2 times. Width of tongue to width of head. ..........-.-...-.- .---.----- over one-half. Limbs : Free portion of longest finger contained in distance from elbow KOMUID EM ees Sacer eset cisiclco s seyncrn.s! Osse since ieee teers aes little over 5 times. Free portion of longest toe contained in distance from knee to tip.-... 34 times. Distance between outstretched toes in length from snout to groin.. about equal. Tail: Leneth from behind anus to rest of animal.......-...-...--..-..-------- less. Body: Number of costal furrows (including axillary and inguinal). ....-..--- 12 @). Measurements, in inches. Length, measured along axis of body: Body: Distance between armpit and From snout to gape...--..-.---- ~ 45 ONOMM eos eke eee ees 1. 80 From snout to gular fold. ...--. £90) | Rail’: From snout to armpit...--.-.--- 1.45 Height of tail where highest... . 46 From snout to groin -..-..----. 3.15 Breadth of tail where highest... 24 From snout to behind anus .... 3.80 | Limbs: From snout to end of tail ...-.- 6. 80 Free portion of longest finger... 26 Head : From elbow to tip of longest WWadiunvortghve adie = 5 asieisei-y <-)=r . 80 INGORE esa cue ieee tine ale . 90 Width of tongue .-....---..--. 45 Free portion of longest toe.... - 29 ILGMGHHN Oi, OH = saocds sods sace 5 Mite From knee to tip of longest toe. . 96 Distance between eyes anteri- Distance between outstretched OW cE SSSe nega c ee AeS ae eeee 50 OCS See as ube een rete OU) 5 Distance between outer nostrils .22 Distance between inner nostrils .30 AMBLYSTOMA XIPHITAS Cope. Proceeds. Acad. Phila., 1867, p. 192; Strauch, Salam., p. 64; Bouienger, Catal. Batr. Grad., Brit. Mus., ed. 1, 1882, p. 45. The specimen selected as the type of the description has the skin somewhat altered by alcohol, so that an exact description can not be made of the glands, pits, and pores. Thero does not, however, appear to be any material difference from A. tigrinwmn in these respects. The head appears small in proportion to the size of the animal, and the cheeks unusually swollen; the width of the head is contained about four and one-half times in the distance te groin. The eyes are rather small, distant three lengths of the orbit; the inner nostrils are consider- ably more distant than the outer. The tongue is large and fleshy, filling 88 BULLETIN 34, UNITED. STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the rami anteriorly, and more than half the width of the head. The inner nostrils are quite lateral. The palatine teeth form a very obtuse angle anteriorly, reaching to about opposite the middle of the inner nares and ectenmine laterally beyond them by about one diameter. There is a slight interruption along the median line, but no appreciable one elsewhere. The limbs of the V are not entirely straight, but form a double curve (scarcely appre- ciable) on each side. There are twelve costal grooves. The pelvic grooves are not appreciable, and only those at the base of the tail. 6 a Nea 2 Wiac. 14.—A mblystoma xiphias. Ne. 4135. Columbus, Chie. The tail is very Jong, considerably exeeeding the rest of the animal, much compressed from the base, though not elevated ; oval in cross-sec- tion, and only becoming sharp near the tip, without any crest. No erooves are visible along dorsal or ventral outline. There do not appear to be any peculiarities in the feet distinguishing it from other aquatic Amblystomas. The color of this species is a yellowish-olive; brighter yellow be- neath, with more or less ana stomosing or reticulating bands of well-de- fined brown on the back and sides, and a few rounded spots of the same on the belly. These bands in width average, perhaps, the diame- ter of the eye, though variable in this respect. Compared with A. t- grinum, this species has a proportionally smailer head, more prominent lower jaw, much longer tail, and different color; yellow predominating in the one and brown in the other. The relationship, however, appears to be very close. The digits, perhaps, are narrower, though also trian- gular and depressed. The only specimen of the A. viphias yet known is from Columbus, Ohio (No. 4135). ; eRe apie cat wueees THE BATRACHIA OF NORTILT AMERICA. 89 AMBLYSTOMA JEFFERSONIANUM Green. (Plate 25, fig. 9.) Cope, Proceeds. Acad. Phila., 1867, p. 195, Strauch, Salam., p. 64; Bou- ' lenger, Cat Batr., Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1832, p. 46, Pl. 11, fig. 2. Salamandra jeffersoniana, Green, Contr. Maclurean Lyceum, p. 4; Holbr., N. A. Harp., v, p. 51,-Pl. 14. Xiphonura jeffersoniana, Tschudi, Batr., p. 93; Dum. & Bibr., p. 161. Triton niger, De Kay, N. Y. Faun., 111., p. 85, Pl. 15, fig. 35. Salamandra granulata, De Kay, N. Y., l. ¢., p. 78, Pl. 23, fig. 66; Holbr., N. A. Herp. V, p. 63. Ambystoma jeffersoniana, Baird, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), 1, p. 283. Amblystoma fuscum, Hallow., Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), 11, p. 355, 1865. Amblystoma jeffersonianum, var. fuscum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1857, p. 197; Boulen- ger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 46. Costal grooves twelve; mucous pores on each side of the muzzle not extending beyond the orbits. Teeth transverse, or nearly so, in three series. No or one indistinct plantar tubercle. External and internal nares equidistant; lead colored to brown and black, with or without pale or distinct lateral spots. This definition covers a considerable range of variation, which is ex, pressed in the following diagnoses of three subspecies : Width of head 4 to 4.5 times in length to groin; length of eye 2.5 times in width of head above; uniform lead color to brown...--..-...----.---.A.j. jeffersonianum. With of head 5 times in length to groin; length of eye one-half width of head be- tween anterior canthus of eyes; black with white spots on sides and belly. A. j. laterale. Width of head 5 times to groin; length of eye 1.75 in width of head as above ; tooth series slightly convex ; slender; uniform lead color ...-...-..-.--. A. j. platinewm. Amblystoma jeffersonianum jeffersonianum Green. The synonymy given under the head of this species in general is applicable to this subspecies only. Body decidedly more slender and elongated than in A. punctatwm. Skin everywhere smooth, and showing through the transparent epi- derinis the ends of the glands which thickly stad the entire surface. Under a lens are seen numerous small, rounded, shallow pits between the glands, not on them. The contraction of the skin in strong alcohol between these glands would readily impart a granulated appearance. The glandules are accumulated into a thin stratum above the parotoid groove. The head is elongated, with the muzzle obtuse or truncate, the great- est width contained 1.5 times in the distance to the gular fold, and from four and a half to five times to the groin; the distance to the gular fold is contained 32 times in that to the groin. The eyes are rather large and situated far behind. They are distant once the length of the orbit from the nostrils (which are separated by nearly twice this length). The anterior extremities of the orbit are distant more than twice their length. 9() BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The gular fold or furrow is distinet, not very prominent above; that behind the angle of the jaws is inconspicuous, as is the lateral parotoid furrow. There are twelve costal furrows, including the inguinal and axillary. The tail is a little shorter than the body and head (measuring from posterior extremity of vent). It is oval in cross-section, widest below, though without any ridge or crest. It is little higher than broad at the anus, but becomes more and more compressed to the tip, the upper and under outlines remaining nearly parallel for a considerable distance. The anal slit is prolonged into a groove, which extends beneath the tail to its very tip. The limbs are largely developed and the toes very long. The digits are cylindrical, depressed, without any lateral or basal web. The third finger is longest, then the second, fourth, and first. It is one-third the length of arm from elbow. The fourth toe is longest; then the third (but little shorter), second, fifth, and first ; itis contained about two and one-half times in the length of leg from knee. The expanse of the out- stretched toes is very nearly equal to the distance from snout to the groin. The length of the limbs varies a little; when extended on the sides they may scarcely meet or considerably overlap. The tongue is thick and fleshy, much as in A. punctatum. The teeth are in four patches; the two central in a nearly straight line, or forming in smaller individuals a very obtuse A, the angle ante- rior but not passing the posterior border of the internal nares. The sides of the V are perhaps slightly concave anteriorly. This patch or line extends to the inner nares, and is there continuous with the lateral patches, which are short, nearly straight, about one-fourth the cen- tral patch, and form the posterior border of the inner nares. These are large, far back, and widely separated. In alcohol, after long immersion, the specimen is nearly uniform Tight liver-brown, paler beneath, without any spots. Measurements. Inches. Henethetromysnouitstoyoulan told yaeseeseaseeeae eae ee cacieeaiccies seen eree .70 ID EINCADN sero ITOUNG WO MIKO 55566 passa cooded enoGes 6555 960508 oe baaGee casa Gaee 2,59 Meno ths tromisnomnt to;endrotvanuis sose5 sacee se eee eee eee eee ee eeeneeee 3. 20 Length from snout to remnant of tail...-- SSL SCE es Eee ho oe oe a eee 2. 50 Wadthcoieh ead eases 42 Sere este eis gee ka ten yee eye ree Sena ne eee 00 Menoth ofsmouth along wmedianvhineresses|s eee saeene seco eee eee Eee eee 38 Fore-arm, fromel bows. so2b kiss oi steciacicclone escionis esters Se eee ee ener 62 d by cyoag b oy ddtel CGIYe( oe are sC ee Sore aC NE SNe. ana Or SMe HA AGAMAtS DASG on Soccéo . 85 The specimen from which the preceding description has been taken is, if not the original upon which Dr. Green’s species was founded, at least one collected in the same locality and named by him, having formed part of his collection and presented many years ago by its owner to the Smithsonian Institution. The “light-blue spots” so con- Spicuous in fresh specimens have disappeared. ———-v oo. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 91 Dr. Holbrook, in describing this species, has mixed with it the ac- count of the tongue and teeth of Plethodon glutinosus, which it some- what resembles, but which may readily be distinguished externaliy by the lighter silvery spots and much shorter digits. This induced Dr. Hallowell erroneously to make the species a synonym of P. glutinosus. The error had its origin, no doubt, in the nearer resemblance of the var. A. j. laterale to the latter species. 3 q Fig. 15. Amblystoma jefersonianum jeffersonianum. No. 3968. is) 9 . =: W. Pennsylvania. except f. 5=— 4 A comparison of the specimen described with the type of De Kay’s Salamandra granulata exhibits no appreciable difference except in the darker color, rather more depressed toes, and perhaps more massive- looking jaws of the latter, the muzzle a little more pointed—all uncer- tain characters in alcoholic specimens. The palatine teeth are in bet- ter preservation than in the specimen here described. The central patch is interrupted along the median line, and does not extend quite so far laterally. The legs and digits are much lengthened, the figure and description of Holbrook (see De Kay) conveying a very erroneous Impression in this respect. The granulation referred to is in part the optical effect of the glands of the skin showing through the transparent epidermis, partly the result of contraction of the skin by alcohol. In the type specimen there are no symmetrically arranged patches of pores on the head. ‘Their absence may be owing to the long-continued preservation of the specimens, or to some accidental deficiency. In the type of S. granulata these are quite visible. They are very distinctly shown in No. 4688, where there is seen a straight series interior to the eye and nostril (not reaching to the latter), bending abruptly behind the eye and passing beneath it. On the parotoid region above the lat- eral groove is a slightly curved line of six or eight pores and a shorter Straight one above it. Below the groove is a crowded patch, which is continued in a simple series along the inner edge of the lower jaw. One or two are seen at the side of the base of the lower jaw, and others along the sides of body. It has been stated that in the type no indication of light spots was visible. In others, however, of more recent preservation these are 2 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. quite evident. In the smallest specimen of 3998 are visible numerous rounded, irregularly disposed light spots on the lower part of the sides, with some scattered over on the belly, averaging half the size of the eye, but with faintly defined margins. Some scattered ones are seen on the side of the tail. These may be plumbeous or bluish in life. In the largest specimen of 3979, Ripley, Ohio, these bluish spots are quite evident on the side of body and tail. Generally the ground color of the alcoholic specimen is lead-colored to olive brown and blackish; light beneath. The color of the living animal is similar to that seen in alcoholic specimens. Specimens have been found at localities rather distant from each other of a dark-brown color, with a lateral shade of a still darker hue. Such specimens are of the stouter type of the species as to proportions. Of two speci- mens from Clark County, Va., the width of the head enters the length to the groin 44 times in one specimen, and the other but little over four times. Other specimens are from Saint Catherine’s, Ontario, in the National Museum, and from southern Indiana in the Philadelphia “Academy. They have been referred to as distinct species and described as Amblystoma fuscum by Hallowell, but I cannot find any charaeters to distinguish them from the A. jeffersonianum proper. ‘They resem- ble almost exactly the A. copeanum in color, but differ entirely in pro- portions. In that species the body is not longer than the length ante- rior to the axilla, while in this one the former dimension much exceeds the latter, a Vic. 16. Amblystoma jeffersonianum, type of var. fuscwm. No. 3897. Clarke County, Va. 3 | A specimen of A. jeffersonianum about 2 inches long is not mate- rially different from the adult, although the two inner palatine patches are more arched, Amblystoma jeffersonianum laterale Hallow. Amblystoma laterale, Hallow., @. ¢., p. 352. Amblystoma jeffersonianum, var. laterale Cope l. ¢., Boulenger; Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 47. This form is quite distinct from the typical A. jeffersonianum, and would rank as a species were it not that its character and those of the latter interblend. In typical specimens of the A. 7. laterale the head is narrower and the body more slender. When the limbs are laid along the sides they frequently do not meet by a short interval, while those See THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 93 of the A. j. jeffersonianwm touch each other and even overlap a little. The median portion of the dental series usually exhibits a slight angu- lation anteriorly, while that of the typical subspecies is straight; but this character is in some cases not retained. The color is generally easily recognized: black with light lateral spots. It resembles in this respect the Plethodon glutinosus, and to a less degree the Amblystoma microstomum as pointed out by Hallowell, and the unwary observer may easily confound it with one or the other of these species. But lateral spots appear in some specimens of the typical variety, and the ground color varies, as has been already described. This form is altogether northern in its distribution, being especially abundant in Canada. Amblystoma jeffersonianum platineum Cope. Check-list, p. 26; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit, Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 47. Amblystoma platineum, Cope, l. ¢, p. 198; Strauch, Salam., p. 65. This is a very elongate form of the A. jeffersonianum. The head is oval and the muzzle rounded. The length of the fissure of the eye equals the distance of the nostril from the same ; is but little less than the distance between nares, and half or a little more of the distance between the anterior canthus of the same. Inner and outer nares the same distance apart. Greatest width of head 5.5 to six times in length from end muzzle to groin, five-sevenths length from chin to gular fold. Canthus of mouth behind canthus of eye. A series of ' pores along the superciliary, which pass round the orbit behind and below; a scattered longitudinal series on the parotoid region, and a transverse aggregation of the same on each side below parotoid groove ; a single series of the same for a short distance inside the ramus of the mandible. The parotoid region possesses a thin stratum of dermal crypte. Costal folds twelve. The anterior isa little distance behind the axilla. Toes subcylindric, similar to those of the A. jeffersonianum; in one specimen (type) they are separated by nearly an intercostal space when the limbs are pressed to the sides; in another they meet. Tail rounded above at base, finally much compressed, but not elevated; equal in one specimen to body and head to middle of orbit, measured from posterior extremity of vent. In the type, however, it is much shorter, extending from its basis only to the eighth costal fold (from groin); but I suspect that this is abnormal. Color leaden ; in type paler below, with numerous indistinct whitish blotches. Eyelids yellowish margined. Specimen 4688 has the abdo men darker and without spots. The narrower head and more elongate body will distinguish this species from the typical A. jeffersonianum. Itis readily distinguishable 94 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. among many individuals. Nevertheless many of those of the subspe- cies A. j. laterale approach it in the proportions of the parts of the head to each other, including the closer approximation of the eyes and of the nostrils. The body is, however, always shorter. The size of the A. j. laterale is considerably less. Those of the typical variety of the same subspecies are invariably stouter, not only in body, but especially in the head. Amblystoma jeffirsonianum jeffersonianum Green. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue) No. of : When ; ne Nature of speci- number. | spec. Locality: collected. aon Winona Received: meu. 3968 1 | Western Pennsylvania).......--..--.! IDit do Corse sos cacao cccese Alcoholic type. 3979 A len, OO. essdccsaclsccosuoocusaos Drv Bend OVe ace scae cee eee Alcoholic. 3997 GMO Nike sooueenulleseuosccccdedallocooos MOMS ae es Apart Do. 4690 1) St-; Catherine's, Can: '|)--.2--.------ Dr 4D SWreBeadl ere een ee Do. ada. 4884 1S MountJloy eae ce |eeccieceee ee J. Stauffer........- afar’ - Do. 3888 P|) TAHA HOETCON, With csgooollkano (ocesoas Ee dihompsonenesssaee eee Do. 10820 1 | Lucknow, Ontario ..-.| July 15,1881] Dr. J. H. Garnier ....... 2... Do. 3877 LOI Osis Sep sinras eel etone adie se eeree tae IDS eishIN@wMNOAy esosse coe Do. 3981 | 2 |) NOM OOS sescco 065006 ss5cee S0500000||soboDDOGeKGG acooSsSeasessodee- Do, 3998 A) ChewalennGl, OMOs.casas\lecoodsasconsac ID Tee hointl an dieses seer Do. 13625 De Wiest avalioimiagennceee| oer SS Aer John W.M. Appleton. ....-. Do. Amblystoma jeffersonianum fuscum Hallow. i} Catalogue No. of Shane When = Bihan | Nature of speci- number. | spec. Locality. aMeenctil. From whom received. | ion 4022 Asis Ontdaxeyebaes, (Oghie locoqao Gasace Drs siWere Beadlessesess sae Alcoholic. ada. ; 3897 | |) Olevdke (Commins Watosclloodosaqsocc5e> (RY eee eS Se crea re mance Do. 14471 2h laste. Catherimer:sss Com eeeee see ceeece Dir AW Bbeadlenssseeeesee Do. ada. Amblystoma jeffersonianum platineum Cope. E ; Catalogue] No. of Sonia When a Scam | Nature of speci- number. | spec. Tocalinys collected. From whom received. men. 7145 1 |FClovelands Ohio jee. \ssss42 cee Professor J. P. Kirtland -. 4688 IP} AUUSMONS ososdecesorl|: cocadspoesue Professor Agassiz .......--. : 5368 1 | Moose River, British |............. CoD rexleriis aa essere Alecobolic. | America. Amblystoma jefersonianum laterale Wallow. Canora ne! of, aa ae When a Bo aoe Nature of speci- rnp Neye. “spec. | Locality. collec code From whom received. aa. SUERS een eiasee Co Drexlente see aece ese eee||| AL conolice 5041; 3) Near Lake Abitib, | | Hudson’s Bay. | 4 . hee ee ee ee THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 95 “AMBLYSTOMA MACRODACTYLUM Baird. (Plate 25, fig. 6.) Baird, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2) 1, p. 292, and U.S. Expl. Expedition, xu, part 2, Pl. 31, fig. 3; Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1867, p. 198; Strauch, Salam., p- 65; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 48. This species is the slenderest of all our species of Amblystoma; in this respect, as well as length of digits, exceeding the typical A. jeffer- sonianum, but resembling the A. j. platinewm. The head is rather large, depressed, and elongated, with.a moderate constriction at the neck. The eyes are prominent, and distant less than two lengths of the orbit. The outer and inner nostrils are each about one orbit distant. The width of the head is about three-quarters the distance to gular fold. The tongue is oval and longitudinal. The palatine teeth are in three or four patches, the central largest, occasionally separated by an in- terval less than half the diameter of the inner nostrils. Together they form a line slightly angular anteriorly where they reach to about op- posite the center of the inner nostrils; laterally they pass a little the outer margin of the inner nostrils. The body is cylindrical, depressed, with twelve costal furrows. The tail is long and is compressed for its distial half. The digits are longer than in any other species of the genus, the interior being well developed on both extremities. On the fore foot it equals the external toe in length, while on the hind limb it is a little shorter than the fifth. The pha- langes are: Iu front, 2, 2, 3, 2; behind, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2. The color in alcohol is leaden brown, with a well-defined broad dorsal stripe of grayish-brown, which, involving the whole upper surface of the head and neck, contracts on the nape, swelling again on the back, with an average breadth of the outer orbital space. This stripe extends to the end of the tail. On each side of this dorsal stripe is a suffusion of dark brown, which gradually pales through the color of the sides onto the belly. There are also a few spots of the same in the dorsal stripe. There are a few grayish-white dots scattered along the sides, and perhaps on the limbs. Two specimens (4054) from Puget Sound agree in form with the preceding specimen, the two central patches of palatine teeth perhaps a little more angularly arranged. Instead of the grayish dorsal stripe, however, there is a brownish-red one, and the sides are of a darker and more continuous brown. No. 4711 has a similar character of palatines, but a coloration more like the type. The palatines, in fact, extend a little in front of the anterior border of the inner nostrils. Proportional dimensions. Spec. No. 4042, (type). Head : WenoulheoOmorapeol moublT to UbspyAldthe a saeee seein ses esios) eee two-thirds. Width to distance from snout to gular fold ..........-.-. about three-quarters, Widths tomigtance trom Snoutao) COs seeeeieeer esac sacee oe eeenee 5 times, 96 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ) Head—Continued. From snout to gular fold contained in ictanes from snout to groin...- 34 times Distance anteriorly between eyes in length of orbit .......... less than 2 times. Distance between external nostrils in length of orbit.......-......-..- one orbit. Distance between internal nostrils in ler gth of orbit.......-2...22-- - one orbit Limbs: _Free portion of longest finger contained in distance from elbow to 1 Se eee are an me NEM RRM mera ores an Ge ao tas oS calaes S10 oo about 23 times. Tree portion of longest toe contrined in distance from kuee to tip.--.. 24 times. Distance between outstretched toes in length from snout to groin.. about equal. Body: Ntmber of costal furrows (including axillary and inguinal) ...-...--- 12 Measurements, in inches. Length, measured along axis of body : Body: Distance between armpit - rom snout to gape..---..----- 20 ANOUL IRON sec ece sao6 cacsos . 90 From snout to gular fold. ..---- .44 | Tail: Height of tail where 1eweRt 5 ile} From snout to armpit...-..-.-. .65 | Limbs: From snout.to groin -...--.---- 1.50 Free portion of longest finger.. .15 From snout to behind anus .... 1.82 From elbow to tip of longest - From snout to end of tail.. broken. fin @er: 20.325 sesot 3 a ae See OS, Head: Free portion of longest toe .... .20 WidithiofanCadseeee chess sceeree 2307) From knee to tip of longest toe .50 WANG Oe KOMBO. -6ss50cb55 5060 enliG) Distance between outstretched IDemMoOmby Oil ORO sosess aaccoesc- ol2 WO8SS se dca Bee eee 1.50 Distance between eyes anteri- | Total length of a larger speci- CONDI ree UO et ae Ota aA 20 BVO DN er ee ee 4in. 4 lin Distance between outer nostrils .12 Distance between inner nostrils. .12 This species is found in suitable localities throughout Oregon and Washington, ranging as far east as Fort Walla Walla, and even as far as Tort Ghiien, near the Big Horn River, Wyoming, from which a specimen was brought by Capt. Chas. Bendire. Numerous specimens from Fort Walla Walla and six from Fort | “J 1 2 Se 3 7 Fic. 17. Amblystoma macrodactylum. No. 4042. Astoria,O regon. = Z——~ | bo Klamath differ from those from more western regions in the absence of the dorsal color stripe. In some of the former the width of the head enters the length to the groin 5$ times, showing a narrower form than in the typical form. In others of them the head has the usual width. The single specimen from Fort Custer has the dorsal band. A salamander from the Flathead River, Montana, was described by Professor Peters under the name of Amblystoma kraussii.* There is nothing in the description to show that this specimen does not belong * Sitzunesberic hte der Gesellschaft Naturforschende Vreunde, Berlin, 1832, p. 145, THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 97 to the A. macrodactylum. The width of the head, says Peters, enters the length to the groin 43 times. The dorsal band is ochraceous, while in typical A. macrodactylum it is glaucous or mauve color. Amblystoma macrodactyInm Baird. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue) No. of aries When col- 5s Raa Nature of speci- number. | spec. Locality. lected. From whom received. men. 4054 2 | Puget Sound, Oregon.|...-...--..--. Dr. Geo. Suekley, U.S. A..| Alcoholic. 4012 1 | Astoria, Oregon.......| -.-...-.--.-- PACING Shy BUI) | SoSenaowass Do. 5982 6 Ome ILANE@, |lososccesosascs Dr. C. B. R paeiee HoSRNS Do. reg 6878 S| SB ob eo Sq ORB STaO She Sots ASS Meola Se tantit aBe cartel crete eis eae ae aeinnw ers ce Do. 8863 2 | Fort Klamath, Oregon. Oct. 2 1876 | Willis Wittich -..........-- Do. 12591 2 Garrison Creek, Wiest sense sakes s Cant Chas Bendire....-.-- Do. 11468 L | Fort Walla Walla, Asana IH Nee ooeGlO) 6eceseeodeodos tenenoo Do. Wash. 5248 ie aac Oeste ssiseisc| suiciowiciis Auecs Lieutenant Mullen-_..-..--. Do. 12587 74 || ORGS Sscseonsaocsosce ———, 1881 | Capt. aes: Bendire..-..--.. Do. 10922 AD eK ont! Walla Walia), ||——— 5 WeS iis 22 doe aes. se eee nee nse cee. Do. ash. 11591 (ulheasae GOs ee wis Seth sae -——, 1881]..-.-. CD aera Sears meee ere Do. 14466 Quleeeks Oe ree ———, 1881].-.-.. does are eee eS ea. Do. 6 | Fort Klamath. Oregon |.....--...---- H. McElderry, M. D....--.-| Do. 14524 1 | Fort Custer, Mont ...| ...........-. Capt. Chas. Bendire........ | Do. 4711 1 | Semiahmoo, Wash ....|....-..--..--. ACICampbvellacs-e eases Do. 4035 2 Washington ANSAMIORS ncaa soonosede Dra) Gal oopereascsns os: Alcoholic larva. AMBLYSTOMA EPIXANTHUM Cope.* Proceed. Acad. Philad., 1883, p. 16. Nearly related to Amblystoma mac rodactylum Baird, and to be placed next to that species in any synopsis of the genus. Costal folds twelve. No canthus rostralis. Upper jaw overlapping lower. Tail strongly compressed, as long as head and body to groin. Head wide-oval; its sreatest width one-fourth in total length to the groin. Digits all rather short; four phalanges in fourth posterior digit. Internal nares as widely separated as the external. Eye-fissure one-half width between the anterior canthus. Median dental series presenting an angle for- wards. Tongue large, deeply plicate. Length, m. .083; length to ax- illa, .017; to groin, .040; length of anterior limb, .012; of anterior foot, .004; of hind limb, .014; of posterior foot, .0065. Sides of body and tail and superior surfaces of limbs, shining black. Dorsal region to end of tail and muzzle, gamboge-yellow. The yellow expands on the head and forms two cross-bands on the upper surfaces of each of the limbs. The black of the sides is eccasionally inter- rupted by the yellow spots irregularly placed. Below, dilute black, dusted with minute white speckles. The structural differences between this and the A. macrodactylum are not many, but are well marked. They are: (1) The greater width of the head, which enters the length (without the tail) five times in the latter, and four times in the A. epivanthwm; and is also seen in the greater interorbital width; (2) in the short toes, which are very much longer in the A. macrodactylum. In color this species is the more bril- * Plate 25, fig. 8 1951 Bull. 34——7 98 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. liant; the coast species being described as brown with a gray dorsal stripe, instead of black with a yellow dorsal stripe. In it the limbs are not banded, and the bellyis uniformly pale, contrary to what holds in the present species, which is the handsomest of the genus. I ob- tained four specimens of this salamander, under logs, in a swamp near the head of the South Boise River, on the south side of the Sawtooth Mountain range, Idaho. 4 i =o V7 Nl 5 6 7 Fia. 18. Amblystoma epixanthum, Atlanta, Idaho; 4. This species is in all respects more robust than the A. macrodactylum, and is more brilliantly colored. Its tints are those of the European Salamandra maculosa, and are brighter than those of any other species of the genus. Its hyoid apparatus is represented on Plate 23, fig. 8. CHONDROTUS Cope. American Naturalist, 1€87, p. 88 (January). Otoglossal cartilage triangular, attached Oy a base to each side of the hypobranchial cartilage. In other respects this genus agrees with Amblystoma. The larva of the type species (C. tenebrosus), the only one I have identified, differs from those of Amblystoma in the absence of basal branchial processes, and of splenial teeth. (Plates 20-21.) I have examined the hyoid apparatus of five species of this genus, and I refer two others to it. One of these, C. cingulatus, very probably belongs here; the position of the other, C. texanus, is altogether uncer- tain as yet. Considered with respect to the forms of their otoglossal cartilages these species fall into three sections, as follows (see Plates 25 and 26): (1) The cartilage uninterrupted in front. C. tenebrosus, C. aterrimus, and C. decorticatus. (Figs. 1, 4-5, 8-9.) (2) The cartilage divided in front, and without median processes. C. paroticus. (Figs. 6-7.) (3) The cartilage divided, each half with an internal and external proc- ess in front. (Figs. 1-2, Pl. 26.) 0. microstomus. In addition to these characters, it may be observed that in the C. tenebrosus and C. aterrimus there is a sheet of strong fibrous tissue extending anteriorly from the otoglossal cartilage, and forming the base of the tongue. A few similar fibers are found in the correspond- ing position in the A. paroticum. Besides the characters of the otoglossal cartilage I have already given, I may add that in the species with entire anterior border, the crest of the superior surface of the basibranchial appears to pass through a THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 99 foramen in the base of the otoglossal cartilage. Where the latter is fissured the crest appears to be decurved through it, as in C. paroticus, Pl. 25, Fig. 6. The species of this genus are distributed as follows: AUSTRORIPARIAN REGION.—C. microstomus and C. cingulatus. PActiFIC REGION.—C. paroticus, C. decorticatus, OC. aterrimus, and C. tenebrosus. The C. microstomus is not common in the eastern part of the Aus- tioriparian region, but is chiefly found in the Mississippi Valley and Texas. The Pacific species are all northern, none being yet known from the middle and southern parts of California. The species of Chondrotus are characterized as follows: 1. Vomeropalatine tooth series extending exterior to the line of the internal nares; lingual plice radiating from behind ; parotoids not distinct. a. Canthus rostralis distinet; tail shorter than head and body. Muzzie elongate, flat, produced beyond nostrils; vomeropalatine teeth in two rather short series, which present an open angle backwards; brown, marbled with darker brown spots ...--..25--2-------------- C. tenebrosus. II. Series of teeth extending to external fissure of inner nares; lingual plice radiat- ing from behind; parotoid glands forming a distinct ovoid mass. a. Teeth in three series (no canthus rostralis or plantar tubercles); fourth toe with three phalanges. Muzzle not produced; median series of teeth forming an open angle forwards; width of head 4.5 to groin; legs stout; toes long; tail longer than body ; MINUON lOROWNILES Ghee coocgu senacomene sede ease neounose mecsne C. paroticus. Ill. Series of teeth not extending beyond inner line of nares; lingual plice radiat- ing from behind; no distinct parotoid mass (species large). a. Twelve costal folds; no plantar tubercles ; fourth toe with three phalanges. Vomerine teeth in one transverse series behind posterior line of choane; tail nearly as long as head and body; muzzle very obtuse; nostrils terminal ; light brown, with reticulations of dark brown ....-.--.-- C. decorticatus. Vomerine teeth in two sigmoids, which converge and join anterior to choanv ; tail only as long as body; muzzle flat, produced beyond nostrils; uniform nba Cheese mmce eee nyehvAL tteran ck bots he. moan cele iltemta C. aterrimus. aa. Fourteen costal folds; fourth toe with four phalanges. Teeth arched between inner nares; head one-fourth to groin (in small speci- mens) ; eye one-half width between canthus; muzzle broad; outer nearer together than inner nares; brown, with a series of lighter spots on upper part of sides, below yellowish; muzzle and tail marbled with the same. C. texanus. IV. Series of teeth not extending beyond inner margin of nares; lingual plice radi- ating from a median longitudinal furrow of the tongue; no distinct paro- toid mass (species small). a. Two series of teeth; no canthus rostralis (fourth toe with four phalanges). 6. Tail compressed, equal to the body. Mandible shorter than muzzle; head elongate, width between eyes behind equal from same to nares; width of head 6.5 times in length to groin ; limbs longer, separated when appressed, by two intercostal spaces ; black, with numerous narrow gray annuli on body and tail--.--.- C. cingulatus. Mandible longer than muzzle; head short, broad ; width between eyes behind equal from same to end muzzle; body stouter; width of head 6.5 to 7 times in length to groin; limbsshort, separated by six costal spaces; lead- colored, with a few gray shades below..-......-.-..----- CO. microstomus. 100 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CHONDROTUS CINGULATUS Cope.* Amblystoma cingulatum Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1867, p. 205; Stranch, Salam., p. 655 Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 50. This species approaches the C. microstomus in general, but may be readily known by its more elongate-ovoid head, with long muzzle, more slender form of body, and peculiar coloration. Mucous crypts and pores are not much developed in this animal; a few only of the latter extend along the superciliary region. The costal folds are fourteen, and are visible across the abdomen. The head is elongate, convex both transversely and longitudinally ; the upper face of the muzzle is narrowed, and projects beyond the mandible. The width at the jaws enters the length to the groin 63 times, and 13 to the edge of the gular fold. The external nares are quite close together, nearer than the long diameter of the eye, and nearly 1.5 this diameter in advance of the eye. The anterior angles of the latter are 2.33 diameters apart. The folds on the side of the head and neck are as in other species. The distance between the inner nares is 1.66 times the distance between the external. The tongue is oval, quite elongate, but not filling the space between the rami of the mandible; its median groove strongly marked. The palatine teeth are in a single row, slightly convex forwards, entirely between the inner nares, their posterior margins of the ends of the series and nares corresponding. The gape of the mouth is short, but longer than in C. microstomus; its external canthus falls anterior to the posterior canthus of the eye, while the anterior canthus of the same measures the posterior third of the gape, commencing at the middle of the premaxillary region. Costal grooves fourteen; a median dorsal groove strongly marked.. An unusually strong fold across between angles of mandible, which sends a branch to the orbit; gular fold continued on neck, sending a parotoid groove forwards. Length to gular fold 3.75 in length to groin. Length of tail nearly equal from basis of same to the mental cross- fold. It is of rather uniform depth, much compressed, keeled above and for its distal half below. General form of the body slender and compressed, elevated at the scapular and pelvic regions. Limbs stout; the fingers slender, but not very elongate. Appressed to the sides they fail of meeting by the length of the sole and longest toe; length from tip to tip when outstretched, .66 length to groin. Length of lower leg and foot, scarcely .S from muzzle to gular fold. No visible plantar tubercles. Fourth toe distinetly longer than third; then 2,4,1. Fingers 3, 2, 4, 1. Color in alcohol black, the under surfaces thickly speckled with gray. A vertical narrow gray line passes between every pair of costal folds and meets its fellow on the dorsal line or bifureates to meet a similar bifurcation in like manner, embracing arce. These narrow annuli ex- * Text, fig. 117. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 101 tend nearly as far forwards as the orbits, and surround the tail to its extremity. Muzzle black. Measurements. In. Lin. ‘Totall lemertiit.. 655 46660 seaees cnd555 sosues esc0 0s iSUO Renan ease ad soUupeearoS 3. 6. Length to canthus oris (straight) ...--...--...----.------+ 2222 eee eee 2.25 TLem@uln to Guilin TO) thee ss Shee ks AR Ace saad n5nabo Houses lcecuas subobe soca eeerS 6. LemGiln U® GROW 665 5344e 646d csHeno. dan5bo doouos sand. adcudo See oumCo Coen saanee 18.7 WHHL IP Trey ol Se ea er Ce ge aT Ie yacht ae ey as Eee te ea 3.2 SWVAT CHAR MN OMe wee IAN OMA ays ls = see oe oh eye seals aie evaboceys Riss anak Saino se eee obec ioonsine 2,25 The shades of coloration in this creature are those of the Amblystoma opacum, but are differently arranged. No. 3736; 1 spec.; Grahamville, 8S. C.; —— Bailey. CHONDROTUS MICROSTOMUS Cope.* American Naturalist, 1887, p. 88. Amblystoma porphyriticum, Hallow., Proc. Ac. Phila., 1856, p. 8 (nec Salamandra por- phyritica, Green). Amblystoma microstomum Cope Proc. Ac. Phila.; 1867, p. 206; Strauch, Salam., p. 65; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 50, Pl. 1, fig. 4. This species is among the most slender of American Amblystomide, and has other peculiarities by which it is readily recognizable. The skin is very smooth and slippery, with the glands less evident in the skin than in A. opacum, jeffersonianum, etc. The skin is everywhere covered with small shallow pits, only visible when the mucus is removed, which shows the tail to be sometimes conspicuously granulated, the granules probably corresponding to the ends of the glands. There are no evi- pores or pits of larger size than the others on the head and parotid, as dent in some Amblystomata. The head is very small, narrower than the body, with little or no constriction atthe neck. Itis contained about six and one-half to seven times in the distance to the groin. The muzzle is short and wide. The head is much arched in every direction, the eyes far forward and lateral. The lower jaw projects a little beyond the border of the upper, concealing the latter when viewed from above. ‘The eyes are distant less than the leneth of the orbit from the nostrils, their anterior extremities sepa- rated by 14 times this unit. The nostrils are one orbit length apart. The anterior edge of the orbit falls opposite the middle of the gape instead of in its posterior third, as in Amblystoma jeffersonianum. The gular fold is distant from the snout one-fifth the distance to the groin. The body is slender for the genus. There are fourteen costal furrows, including the inguinal and axillary. There is a slight indication of a dorsal groove posteriorly. The tail is about two-thirds the head and body. It is nearly eylin- drical at base, and then becomes slightly compressed, nrore and more so to the tip, where it is quite flat, but without crest, although the edges are sharp. Viewed from the sides, there is a constriction at the base of the tail. It is one-fourth higher in the middle than at the base. * Plate 25, figs. 1,2. aves ae 102 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, The limbs are weak. The digits are however very long, cylindrical, depressed, without membrane. The proportions of the digits are as in A. punctatum. The longest finger is but one-third the fore-arm; the long- est toe isa little more than one-third the leg from knee. The out- stretched hind legs are about two-thirds the head and body to groin. When the fore and hind legs are extended and appressed to the sides they are separated by six of the intercostal spaces. This indicates that the legs are shorter than in any other species of the genus. The tongue is thick, fleshy, and attached, although slightly free at sides and tip. There is a longitudinal groove in the tongue, separating the two papillose portions, of an oval shape, placed side by side, with the edge of the tongue projecting beyond them. The papille form parailel series in each oval oblique to the central groove. This is not found in Ambly- stoma jeffersonianum. There are only two patches or lines of palatine teeth. These occupy the middle of the palate, forming an /, the angle anterior and reaching as far forward as the anterior border of the inner nares. The postero- external ends do not pass the inner margin of those nares (in the soft palate, the proportions being a little different in the skull). Sometimes these two patches form nearly a straight line, or at least the central portion is straight, the lateral bending slightly backwards. ar Fic. 19, Chondrotus microstomus. No. 3999. Saint Louis, Mo.; 4. 5 7 a The color in alcohol is a dark brownish-black, a very little paler be- neath, and thickly and irregularly sprinkled on the sides with plum- beous spots about the size of the eye, of no definite outline. These are less numerous above and below, sometimes nearly wanting ; sometimes they are larger than as described, and look not unlike patches of a gray- ish lichen growing on the sides. Measurements. Inches Length along axis of body from snout to angle of mouth ........---...-. Se eiea ord) Lenethsfromisnoutetonoularstol diesem sseeee specie neice eee-e eae ee eee 45 eng thitromsnoutitoyeroin) Saeeeeeeeeeee ee cere esas ees ne eee teee eee eee 2. 20 Benethtromsnout)tobehindtanus--eeeee seen ene -e eee eee eee eee eee 2. 50 Lene thifromisnontitonbipofitalleess secre eeneee es cere tree oieeee eee tees 4.00 Lenothyot tail 2 3ss05 ces 5 Se ee ee Se co een Se ee 1. 50 Width of headiss s20cc2 5 eee oe sei seek OS 0 9 cy Chea ee ee ees .3 ene throfstore-armisfrom elbows scr eoeoe ene ease eC eee eee eee eee 49 Length of leo from knee: 2 eee a ee ee oo LO Pxpanse of hind legs rei. eos Teeeacae ees eee ee eee eee eee eee Se ccee ldo 103 The total length of largest specimen seen (399, Saint Louis) is 6 inches, of which the tail forms 2.60. The smallest adult is 2 inches long. In the just perfected young is seen a series of illy-defined light spots, larger than elsewhere along each side of the back. The belly is quite light colored. This species bears a close resemblance to Plethodon glutinosus, from which the generic peculiarities, the longer digits, etc., readily distinguish if. The bluish spots, too, are much less sharply defined and duller, less silvery, and do not occur on the back to anything like the same extent as in P. glutinosus. From A. jeffersonianum it will be known by the projecting lower jaw, much smaller and more arched head, greater number of costal furrows, more evident spots on the sides, etc., besides the important peculiarities of tongue and teeth. This is one of the species whose metamorphosis is completed some- time before it attains full size. A specimen in which minute stumps of the branchiz remain measures 2 incies in length; another without traces of them, 2.15 inches. The width of the head enters the length to the groin 4.2 times, and the tail falls short of the axilla from its base. These measurements may be compared with those of the adult in illus- tration of the general principle that the relative lengths of body and tail increase with increased size. The well-developed lateral processes of the otoglossal cartilage ap- proach the character of Amblystoma more than is seen in any other species of Chondrotus. Its very long median processes are not found in any other species of this genus. Although they lie closely appressed in the long axis of the tongue, they are homologous, each with a haif of the circle of Amblystoma. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. Chondrotus microstomus Cope. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue] No. of, eee When 5 enh Nature of speci- aiihibers llapec. Locality. AN aaa From whom received. cae Pp 8875 1 | Mandeville, La ....-- Nov. —, 1876} N.O. Academy ..-.---..-.--- Alcoholic. 8837 1 | Mount Carmel, Ill .--.) June —, 1875} Samuel Turner.......-..--. Do. 3999 i} }) Searbaty JOMUUIS, NWO). coaaallesocoocaasouse Dr. Geo. Englemann.......- Do. 5982 Th (GQ) Abe ee oo ee ree da ese eee en comma ENE ame eee aaa ae Lae Ae eet Do. 3884 5 Erainie WIG? IROMEG, leacsaoosaaccus DPS LIOENIN® Sosodmoquboescone Do. a. 3902 45) New: Madrid Mo) jseces|s-eeeeceeeee = R. Kennicott -.---- Do. 4037 iL |) INoanishapithn, AGA sosecelt Seascossoesos Dr. B. F. Shumard . Do. 11056 3 | Mount Carmel, Ill .-..| Nov. —,1881 | L. M. Turner ..-.- Do. 11878 9 | Wheatland, Ind....--. Apr. —, 1881 | Robert Ridgway -.- 4 Do. 3995 1} Colwominng, Orvis 85 colleseees sscgucue Prof. L. Lesquereu -| Two larve. 3949 @ | INO WE~GtaGh IN @sceeecl) soooosesoaese Valenmicottmeaneeeeae acces Pulli. 11050 3 | Mount Carmel, Ill ....| Nov. —, 1881] L. M. Turner........--..-.. Alcoholic. 8906 iL|| Opnidleng Sb C= soacahcce Apr. 5,1887) F. W. Hayward ............ Do. 12058 8 |) Wioore Ceyamel Obl 655) soecodecoccoos JG WE, GNWANEe Soacoodaacenads Do. 8777 2) Hohen AMI so saocoe! || ssoeseucooesec Dr yACVIeuSSisssemtericeeeisincr Do. 13846 1 Hidson's' Bay? =.=. 225. —— —,1884/} F. W. Hayden...........--. Do. 11564 SiN CN): eek ep | el De ae esate Gasaspnceses Do. 14472 Os ACC) eee ce pe ee be sttoeic ses woes AW is elo cs So cetesc anaes Do. 14474 iL || SSeuintiy IC@uneL ING) s556S6l| ssob00cGbosbe Dr. Geo. Engelmann..-..... Do. 4096 30) Southern Mlinoiss. sse-|---1s-2-6-5¢- Re Kennicobtisss-+ ===) Do. 4001 2 | iMCASIGe OM. -ocasallsoodeossasenee Iby IO CSO PHO ROK So etondosdebe Do. 4687 2) (Grand Coteau la. ...-|52s5s02+5+ese- St. Charles College ......--- Do. 104 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CHONDROTUS TEXANUS Matthes. (Plate 51, fig. 19) Salamandra texana, Matthes, Allgem. deutsche naturh. Zeitung, 1, 1855, p. 266. Amblystoma teranum Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Sury., 0, Rept., 29, Pl. 35, fig. 15; Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1867, p. 204; Strauch, Salam., p.65; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 50. The description of this species is taken from specimens which are not fully grown. The proportions are, however, much those of the C. microstomus at the same age. This, with the large number of costal grooves, renders it almost certain that the full-grown individuals are much like those of the latter species, and very probably of near the same size. Skin everywhere quite smooth ; no traces of pores on the head or paro- toid region in many specimens. Costal folds fourteen, distinct; head folds slightly marked, the gular slight. A median dorsal groove. Head oval, rather flattened and broad; canthus rostralis somewhat marked. Mouth large; canthus behind eye, anterior canthus of latter marking middle of margin. Nostril a little nearer eye-fissure than length of latter, probably equal in older specimens. Width between anterior canthus of eye double length of fissure; external separated by one length of same, which is less than the distance between inner nares. Tongue small, as in other young, but not fissured or grooved, as in those of the two preceding species. Palatine teeth forming an arched series between nares, extending to their anterior border, and not beyond their inner border in the lateral direction. From their resemlance to those of A. microstomum of the same age I suspect they are similar, in old individuals. Body rather slender; width of head at jaws four times in total length to groin, and .75 length to gular fold. ‘Tail short, longer when older, equal from its basis to axilla. Limbs moderately stout; digits elongate; third and fourth toes nearly equal then fifth, second, first. Fingers 3, 2, 4, 1. Fig. 20. Chondrotus tevanus, young. No. 4044. San Antonio, Texas; 2. Above, light brown, with a series of light spots along upper part of sides; these are small, and one is between each pair of costal folds. Sides and belly yellow. Pere hi i RENE er er THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 105 = : Measurements. In. Lin eneth from end muzzle to canthus oris ------..----- .----..----.-------- Oe 250 LiBiah Wael Cinch wn kaa Wo) EMER S 6o65c0S5c5 asad Scbens acess scconoEenoos 0” 6.5 enor heiromeend mmtzZ)e) tO) STOMN <1 veesee eae i= lei le oe) 0 14 Hom canetrom end muZzleto end: taili-o. 5 sasenc -= csi -\1- sl 2 oi = o=- 2 ah Memarneiconelibow, tO end! ANGer soe oe ete ns aan ef stniors se cele close oo de Oy Byil Meme tlio mulcnee) COLE COC =. aici) ele cis) 2 . 7 is} 6 Fic. 23. Chondrotus aterrimus, No. 5242; natural size; Rocky Mountains. The color is black above, lead colored below. Measurements. In. Lin. Length from snout to gape (flat projection) .........--.----.--2-. ---. --e Oe eal Hengsthitrom snout Go cular fold ys cecilia enna ele ae aeeee 0 12.7% Beng thetrom smo ut, tor axa eee cr teeta cllae) etal h tateterata oneal ttre re ae ee @ yi Wene chy froma SOG tO) OrONM see ae eee ate tet earela ae = one eielaliclatatale ale 0 39 Lene th) from snout tovendiokivembioer aces secee ascii selene eee eee OMEAS Weng thefrom snout) tore md otter ere weer geal aie ser ell lteter ne eee G \WViGhidey Ore INCH SoSooo oSoone Goda cece Gone G05 B500 coau dG6500 soda osSdS0 65 C050 @) 9), 75 Watdbhyotstomowe aria Bae a periietoge Hoare on rats aiveeis tate ore cere sieiciate eteteiarers ae tetete poe 0) WiidithibetweenteyesrambertOrliveemmercirlaceisasteisienetaisisisieleieeteiisiene eene eters @ & WGlidoy locineO mMORNAUKs 56555 665550 650660 sooG50 6456 5500 045500 6655 S556 Cac0 Oeer:| Wadthrbetweenpnnmerenos tril seems seein selects cisenssicei each ee eee Q 8 Wadithitromyeyentomosbtrilies acts smcmiiseseckeceiceieces cise ee ene eee OR OR25 Circumferencejor) belllyenes ease eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 0 \23.6 Greatestsheighityofitarl ieee ose cee epee cietetacrssmate ets sisi) helen ene eae O 5.4 Greatest wadth of tatlirc 252 ssmicice ale sein sissies eins ae see ae eee ne 4h 6 Mreewportionyorl ones tshim Memes seer ere ete eee rete ote ee QO 2 Krom elib owavostipotehimoensaeeiee eer er eae eee cee ae eee eee eee 0 9.75 Bree partiof lommest tock! 22 eee ke Sve ae eeu eee ae Poy Spen tay crore actontcl ee ey ne ORS GAELS) THO) 1H) OLE OMIT WOO Sco°-so0 acoade aac comoGe dese 0505 GoD EN cass coSuoE OFT: Extention outstretched tOes co asec aaeneree eee ene ee eee ae eee OY G&G No. 5242; one specimen; North Rocky Mountains; Lieutenant Mullen. THE BATRACIIIA OF NOKTIL AMERICA. 111 CHONDROTUS TENEBROSUS Ba. Gird. (Plate 22-23; 24, figs. 1-3.) Cope, American Naturalist, 1887, p. 88. Amblystoma tenebrosum, Baird and Girard, Proc. Ac. Phila., 852, p. 174, and U. 8. Expl. Surv., Xil., part 1., Pl. 31, fig. 1; Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1867, p. 202; Strauch, Salam.,p. 65; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 49. Xiphonura tenebrosa, Gir., U. 8. Expl. Exped., Herp., p. 14, Pl. 1, figs. 9-17. This species is especially characterized by its massive frame and huge size among true salamanders, as well as by other peculiarities, hereafter to be mentioned. The skin is less glandular than in A. punctatum or tigrinum, although scattered glands may be detected closely and evenly distributed on the whole back and sides and on the chin. The remaining under parts and snout before the eyes are smooth. The head is very massively built, iarge, broadest behind the eyes and triangular, the sides being nearly straight to the narrow and rounded tip. The eyes are very large and prominent, separated by less than two lengths of the orbit, and distant less than one length from the outer nostrils, which are separated by 14 orbits distance, and placed on the side below the distinct canthus rostralis. The outer nostrils are much more distant than the inner, which are very large, much excavated, and have the external canal occupied by a soft, plaited membrane. The tongue is thick and fleshy, nearly orbicular, but angular anteri- orly. It fills up the lower jaw pretty well, and is more than half the width of the head. The palatine teeth are in two patches only; each very slightly convex anteriorly, coming together at a slight angle, with the apex backward, but separated along the median line. Laterally the patches of teeth form the posterior margin of the inner nares, and do not extend beyond their outer margin. The entire series is thus posterior to the nostril. In younger specimens the series are more transverse, the inner extrem- ities slightly incurved. The width of the head is contained 14 times in distance to gular fold and 4 times to groin. The body is rounded and depressed. As nearly as can be ascertained there are about twelve costal furrows. The tail in the two specimens before me is considerably less than half the total length. It is much compressed from near the base, and the edges near the end are quite sharp. It is far short of being as deep at the base as the body. The limbs are stout. The digits, the fingers especially, are short, con. siderably depressed, but linear and blunt at the tips. The under sur- faces of these are somewhat swollen into a kind of bulb, which in alcohol contracts into something the appearance of a disk. The third finger is 10S? BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. longest, but is very little more than the second, and this than the first and fourth. The third finger is contained nearly four times in the dis- jance from elbow to tip. The fourth toe is longer than third in three specimens; in one the second exceeds the fourth a little, and the same are nearly equal in case of the fingers. The color of this species in alcohol is a kind of dark reddish-brown; paler beneath, mottled and marbled above, and on the sides with darker brownish; most distinct on the head, especially on the snout, where the skin is perfectly smooth. The head shows a tinge of grayish in the ground color. (For fresh color see the figure in Girard’s Herpetology of the United States Exploring Expedition.) There are two varieties of this species: a. Where the loreal region is flat and the muzzle narrower before the orbits, and the marblings con- fined to the head; the body being of a nearly uniform brown. Repre- sented by specimens 4710 and 4053. 3. The loreal region swollen in front of orbits, and hence the muzzle broader; the ground color gray- ish, with coarse brown marbling, like large hollow spots, distributed ‘over the whole upper surfaces of the body and tail. Represented by No. 5981 and a large specimen (length 8 inches 6 lines) in Mus. Phil- adelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, from Body Bay, latitude 38° 18’ north, on the coast of California, procured by George Davidson, of the U.S. Coast Survey. Chondrotus tenebrosus Bd. Gird. RESERVE SERIES. | | | Catalogue No. of! ‘ pie When e eae Nature of speci- number. | spec. Locality. collected. oD yO WSCC EE men. — _—_— ale — — — — _— -- | 4710 | 1 | Oregon ..-.-..---.----|.----0-------- Exyloring expedition ...-.- Alcoholic type. 4053 1 _, Astoria, Oregon ......|....-..--..--- Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge, | Alcoholic. U.S. Army. 5981 1 | Chilowyuck Lake, |....-...-..--. Dr. ©. BR: Kennerly= 2222. Do. Oregon. 14482 1 | Puget Sound, Oregon -|.....-.--.---.|-=---- Gl sgocsbosssobassoocece Do. 14491 1 | Portland, Oregon ..---. Tete) || di WA WR OM Se sccocsacencodes Do. 14559 1 | Shasta County, Cal... HES || In Wo Caw -cacssscdcoosce Do. 13781 B |loodace GIO) so5nascodHocnee 1885 | Chas. Townsend.-........--. Ad. and larvie. Proportional dimensions. Head: Length of gape of mouth to its width. ..........---------.----.---. two-thirds. Width contained in distance from snout to gular fold.....-.---...--.. 1} times. Width contained in distance from snout to groin .-...----.-..--.------ 4 times. From snout to gular fold contained in distance from snout to PTOI: 62ee sce Slee een ce a oe etaeieneleelie Seen cies easier te reer aT © ROM geome Distance anteriorly between eyes in length of orbit....-..----. not quite twice- Distance from eyes to nostrils in length of orbit. .....--.-----.------ four-fifths. Distance between external nostrils in length of orbit -.......---..-.- 14 times. Distance between internal nostrils in length of orbit........--.---- four-fifths. Wadthvortoneuesto:widthiot head ss: ses-s see eee eee ee seer one-half. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA, L113 Limbs: Free portion of longest finger contained in distance from elbow 1 WD soocne 6656 46506606 daca boon sos eoomodaoeHED ones seco osEodE nearly 4 times. Free portion of longest toe contained in distance from knee T® fHYD ode seo coeeed oad caude0 o6d 990 C3060 5508 do0GHG HUB anboE, nearly 34 times. Distance between outstretched toes in length from snout to groin-..... one-third, Tail: Length from behind anus to rest of animal....-.....-.-.-.-- contained 13 times. (uenieth from behind anus to total length _.--..---...-....----..-.-- . two-fifths, Measurements in inches. Length, measured along axisof body: Body: From snout to gape...--...---- . 80 Circumference of belly. --...---- 4. 00 From snout to gular fold. ..-... 1.50 Distance between armpit and-. From snout to armpit---...----- 2.10 (CON ls Poago sca sensuancoeecane 2.65 From snout to groin ..---..---- 4,55 | Tail: From snout to behind anus. ...- 5. 65 Height of tail where highest... .65 From snout to end of tail. ..--.-. 9. 30 Breadth of tail where highest... 36 Head: Limbs: Wich @t M@syele 555 Sess scoooee 1.15 Free portion of longest finger.. .28 Width of tongue .-...-....---- . 60 From elbow to tip of longest fin- Width of orbit ---..----...---- 34 PIA coos onb5ed goes ehG000 cOEE 1.05 Distance betweeneyes anteriorly .58 Free portion of longest toe..-.-. .36 Distance between outer nostrils . 40 From knee to tip of longest toe. 1.35 Distance between inner nostrils .30 Distance between outstretched Distance from eye to nostrils... . 26 WOES) casddoddodcs sdodouségousce 3. OF i 2 Fic. 24. Chondrotus tenebrosus. 4053. Astoria. 7. The larva of this species frequently exceeds ii dimensions that of any other species, and quite equals the adult, Itis a uniform lead color, 1951—Bull 34—8 114 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. or sometimes blackish, and the muzzle is rather abruptly shortened. The tail has a fin at its extremity, which extends also well anteriorly on the superior edge. The digits are flattened, and their apices are pro- tected in many specimens by a horny cap of a blackish color. This larva, however, differs from that of other species of the genus in other characters of more importance. First, There are no teeth on the splen- nial bone. (Ihave not examined very small specimens.) Secondly. The branchize have a peculiar shape.* ‘There are no processes such as exist -inali other Urodele larvee, but the fimbriz arise from the edges of the vertical lamin, which separate the pharyngeal fissures (Fig. 3, p. 3, No. 7). The superior part of the lamina is a little more produced than the inferior, so as to form in some specimens, on the third lamina, a short process. This type of external branchie does not resemble any of those of the perennibranchiate types, where there are always proe- esses which are frequently furnished with more or less numerous rami. Thirdly. The teeth of the larva are stronger than in the adult. They are compressed, double-edged, and acute, having thus a dagger-shape. They can inflict a severe bite. As they approach maturity the marbled colors begin to appear. They can probably reproduce without undergoing a metamorphosis, since I have found eggs in the ovaries ready for deposit. I observed these larve in some tributaries of the McCloud River, near Baird, Cal. They swam with great rapidity, darting about and hiding themselves among the fallen leaves that covered the bottom. I took from the stomach of one of them a larva of its own species of one- third its size. They are common in the mountain streams of northern Californiaeand western Oregon. The skeleton of a large specimen from Salem, Oregon, is figured on Plates 20-21.* The hyoid apparatus of a younger larva is represented on_Pl. 22, figs. 2-3. . LINGUZELAPSUS Cope. American Naturalist, 1887, p. 88. Otoglossal cartilage free from the basibranchial, and capable of an- teroposterior movement on it, and not forming aring. ‘ail cylindric. In other respects this genus is identical with Amblystoma. The dif- ference in the otoglossal cartilage is great, and is presented under mod- ifications by two species. ‘This cartilage is drawn backwards by two pubohyal muscles, and forwards by two corresponding geniohyals. (Plate 22, figs. 10-13.) The species of Linguzelapsus resembie in the character of their tongue and vomerine teeth the type of C. microstomus and the genus Chondro- *See page 31, antea. *The fourth ceratobranchial was present in this specimen, but was overlooked by the artist. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 115 tus. They are the only Amblystomidée with cylindric tail. They differ as follows: I. Folds of the tongue radiating from a longitudinal furrow ; vomerine teeth not ex- tending external to internal nares; tail rounded in section, a Cornua of otoglossal cartilage turned forwards; muzzle very short; jaws equal; legs short, separated from each other, when appressed, by four inter- spaces; blackish, with light cross-bandson head, body, and tail. L.annulatus. aaCornua of otoglossal cartilage turned backwards; muzzle elongate, project- ing beyond chin; legs longer; separated, when appressed, by two intercostal spaces; grayish-brown, with numerous pale transverse lines, which form a reticulate pattern across the tail ........-.--------------++-0--- L. lepturus. LINGUZLAPSUS ANNULATUS Cope.* American Naturalist, 1887, p. 88. Amblystoma annulatum Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1887, p. 525. This species resembles the Chondrotus microstomus rather than the C. cingulatus or the L. lepturus. However, it approaches the last-named species in the form and length of its tail, and exceeds that and all the other species of the family in the length of that part of the body. The muzzle is very short, and the head is not distinguished from the neck. The legs are short, and when appressed to the sides are sepa- rated by a space of three and paris of two other intercostal spaces, equal to four spaces. The tail is in section cylindric at base, and widely oval to near the extremity, where it is more narrowly oval. Itis not an- gulate, and has no dermal margin on the middle line above or below. Its length exeeeds that of the head and body by the length of the anterior foot, ard it may have been longer, as the extremity is injured. The head is short, and the width enters the length to the groin six and a quarter times. The front is convex to the upper lip or profile, and transversely between the orbits. The parietal region is very con- vex transversely. The width between the canthi oculorum behind ex- ceeds the length from the same point to the end of the muzzle. The nos- trils present anteriorly, and they are not quite so close together as in the Fic. 25. Lingucelapsus annulatus. No. 11564; natural size, except Fig. 5. L. lepturus, as the distance between them measures two-thirds the width between the eyelids. The vomerine teeth form two transverse fascicul, of several rows of teeth each, between the choanz, convex forwards, and separated on the middle line by a very short interval. The skin is perfectly smooth. There is a postgular fold, and the sides are crossed by thirteen folds, with space enough at the axilla for * Plate 24, figs. 10, 11. - 116 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. a fourteenth. The tail is also very distinctly annulate-grooved. 1 count thirty-one grooves behind the femora, and the injured extremity is not grooved. Indistinct grooves are apparent on the tails of several of the species of Amblystoma. There are no rows of mucous pores on the head or body of this species, nor pooummtleiaons of crypts on the — head, body, or tail. The palm is wide, and the fingers not long, though of unequal length. The lengths of the fingers, beginning with the shortest, are, 2, 5,3, 4, and their phalanges, 2, 2,3,2. The toes of the hinder foot are, in order of length, 1, 5, 2, 3,4; and the phalanges, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2. This species is larger than the L. leptwrus or the Chondrotus micro- stomus. : Measurements. M. Motallenme tars.) . sice ccc ciareisinle- sales iere slalsjaia see se cls aes eis ieiee eee nee ee eee eee . 186 Beng th tolbase Of ‘tal ee se cee sci see seeieel saiiee cree nee eee eerste eee . 092 Tene th sto veroin so-so sce cas see evswome s (weer ee eee eens see ee eee 077 Iheno bh togasclllay sic eis Se Sle ee ere eta seer eee eee ee eee eee 022 Teneth to canthus orig... Soke sak wend oe en es ee 009 enathvofstoresimbatromvyaxdlllassee eae eee eee eee nee nee ene 0172 Lene h of fore foot eon isis oer ere wae ost at esa een a 007 Leora, Cry. lanl Wit) WRIT GARONING 55 Sob coGbc0b coo kd6 Hdou ned cod bobo SGO See Sous 022 eno th of hind foot see8 ses Nes ee eae Ey yk eh ec oe 012 Wer hata sof Tae aah es eee oS a 2 SU de a sa Ne 012 Depth of tavatimiddles sels. seas see eae eae sce jeicel ya ASS Gilee a ta ayes a . 009 The typical and only specimen is preserved in alcohol. The color above everywhere is dark brown; below, very light brown. The sides are paler, perhaps pale yellow in life, and the color ascends at several points, so as to form cross-bands of moderate width and very well de- fined. One of these crosses at the occiput and one at the axille; be- tween the latter and the groin there are five, nearly equidistant. There is an imperfect one at the sacrum, and there are seven on the tail, one of them imperfect. The coloration of this species is quite unique in the genus in its regularity. The locality of the only specimen, No. 11564, is unknown. LINGUZALAPSUS LEPTURUS Cope.* American Naturalist, 1887, p. 88. Amblystoma lepturum Cope, Proc. Amer. Philsoph. Soc , 1886, p. 524. This species resembles the Chondrotus cingulatus, but differs from it in the entirely different form and proportions of the tail. This part is very slender in the LZ. lepturus, with round or vertical oval seetion, without keel above, and lacking very little of being as long as the head and body together. The legs are of the same proportions as in the C. cin- gulatus ; that is, when appressed they are separated by a space equal to the length of the posterior foot, showing their greatly superior length to those of the C. microstomus. The body is cylindric. The head is * Plate 24, figs. 12, 13. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 117 an oval, with produced and rounded muzzle, which projeets beyond the lower jaw. The animal resembles a Plethodon rather than the species of Amblystoma, but its vomerine teeth and tongue have all the char- acters of the Chondrotus microstomus. The vomerine teeth form a convex series, extending forwards to a point between the choani, where they are slightly interrupted on the middle line. The tongue is large, filling the floor of the mouth, and is extensively free at the sides only. The external nostrils are nearly terminal and are rather near together, the space between them being equal to just half that between the bases of the eyelids and about three- fifths that between the choane. The width between the eyes behind is equal to the axial length from the same to the end of the muzzle. The width of the head enters the length to the groin seven times. The length from the muzzle to the axilla enters the distance from the latter to the groin 12 times. The lateral digits are distinct and the median ones moderately elon- gate. Their lengths, beginning with the shortest, are: Fore-foot, 2, 5, 3,4; hind foot, 1, 5, 2,3, 4. The phalanges are: Fore-foot, 2, 2, 3, 2; hind foot, 2, 2, 3, 4,2. No palmai or plantar tubercles. The skin is perfectly smooth, and between the axilla and the groin it is marked by fourteen grooves. There are no dermal margins to the fingers or the tail. The cloacal orifice is a simple slit. ‘There is a dis- tinct postgular fold. \ 4 Fic. 26. Linguclapsus lepturus. Nat. size, except fig. 5. Measurements. j M. MO Gelge le mov neers tales tse yee ead cian ais sicie ms, aia sie ebwisin eictecyeiaeies aoe ainlees eee ee ecmie -115 iene th trom) endvof muzzle to baseof tail 2252225 .-sec-2 sss seles lane <= . 092 ILAMGNiIn TOM SMEl OH MMU (HO) ARON S >05G6 c6a50d gooooe coon GoaobS ono6 DdGKKd 56 0515 Wenathetromuendiot muzzle tovaxdlaes sea. sec ooccae sees seen saeesess-, 3020 eneth from end of muzzle to canthus oris .....-22-. 25... .-2+---.----- ----- . 0065 IL@MGUIN OF iWoMeAlGee 556 ccosas bobeoe b6OGoE eae omrercin ga am Saar as cin are is ere ciate . 013 ILGMGEN, OF HOROATOO Ss eeanooecc os edoseo Coen oe ee ae Bate ene eee enete roemoras . 0055 ILem@ih OIF Iniaghieyer eae ee eas hoes oo ce HiGoe qAnOsS Coe meee See ne om ae a Smear crc . 016 Tgina lin OE JONNY SOOT eG eer Se ROBE IIe SES ITEC eee Ie eae Re . 0075 Width of head's. 2.---2..2.- Fa es es oo cot tap SETS a a lla ett te eGR ey pet . 0075 Deprumo teal ea hamid Wem see noe eee nee ns Oe Cece ie eh ae . 0025 The color of the typical specimen in alcohol is purplish-brown above and paler below. There are numerous not well-defined whitish spots on the sides and a few on the belly, and there are some very faint and delicate gray lines across the posterior part of the back. The tail is densely speckled with gray on the sides, and delicate gray lines across 118 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the upper surface of the tail in a reticulate manner. The limbs are paler than the back, and the digits are cross-barred with whitish. The habitat of this species is unknown. The only specimen was found in a jar with a specimen of Diemyctylus torosus and one of Rane temporaria; the former Californian, the latter Palearctic. DICAMPTODON Strauch. Strauch, Salam., p. 68; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 2d ed., 1882, p. 38. Tongue nearly entirely adherent. Palatine teeth in two long trans- verse arched series, convex forwards, converging backwards, situated behind the line of the choanse, separated from each other by a wide in- terspace. Toes five. Tail compressed. This genus I have not seen. Its characters and those of its only species are copied from Boulenger’s work above quoted. DICAMPTODON ENSATUS Esch. Strauch, J. ¢., p. 69; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 2d ed., 1882, p. 38. Trilon ensatus, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, p. 6, Pl. 22. Head broad. Snout rounded. Body stout. Limbs short. Toes free. Tail sword-shaped, curved upwards, as long as head and body. Skin nearly smooth; parotoids and costal grooves apparently absent. TRed- dish-brown; back marbled with brown. Total length about four decim- eters. I have not seen this species, and know it only from the figures and descriptions above cited. It is said to come from California. HYNOBIID. Hynobiidae Cope, proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 125. Otoglossal cartilage, none; a second epibranchial. Second basi- branchial not continuous with the first. Vertebre amphiccelous. No parasphenoid teeth; vomerines on the posterior edge of the vomeropalatine bene. Pterygoid bones distinct. According to Wiedersheim* two genera of this family, Hynobius and Ranidens, possess a lachrymal bone in addition to the prefrontal. Whether it is a characteristic of the other genera remains to be ascer- tained. The same author shows (I. ¢.) that the hypohyal cartilages are very elongate im the two genera named, and are not articulated with the basibranchial, thus permitting of independent motion. (See Plate 25, figs. 10-11.) He also figures a cartilaginous connection between the stapes and the quadrate, as occurs in the Trematodera, which is a char- acter of much importance. * Das Kopfskelet der Urodelen, pp. 66-71. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 119 The latest work on this subject, that of Boulenger, throws much light on it, owing to the opportunities enjoyed by its author for the study of the forms of salamanders found in Asia. He gives the follow- ing table of the genera of the family, but refers them all to the Amblys- tomidee : I. Series of palatine teeth converging backwards, forming a V-shaped figure. THORS LTV) oc eee ies ERS CRO ESC SEITE II Te ea yey PAPE Sees AP es acy ROT eo Hynobius. PROCS BLOWIN nce eco. Si ees ee ersay eemala aa ae eine Miser amie S atstes Salamandrella. II. Series of palatine teeth uninterrupted, doubly arched, forming a (-Y)\-shaped figure. Fingers and toes with epidermic claws ..............---.-.---- Onychodactylus. Ill. Series of palatine teeth in two arches, convex forwards, separated by a wide interspace. Palatine series short, between the choane. Toes five .............--Ranidens. Palatine series short, between the choanz. ‘Toes four ..-...-... Batrachyperus. Of these genera all are Asiatic. The horny claws said to character- ize Onychodactylus may not be confined to that genus or be constant in it, as they develop by the hardening of the epidermis in Amblystoma and some other genera on exposure to dry conditions. There are twelve species of this family known, distributed as fol- lows: Hynobius 5; Salamendrella 2; Onychodactylus 1; Ranidens 3; Batrachyperus 1. The hyoids of three of these genera have not been examined. PLETHODONTID ZS. Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1850, 31, exclusive of Amblystoma and Des- mognathus. Plethodontide Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1866, 105. Spelerpine Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 123. Plethodontide Bolitoglosside and Hemidactyliide Hallow., Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1858, 338, 339. Plethodontine Boulenger, Catal Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus. ed. 11, 1882. Vertebre amphicelous, simple below. Ethmoid wanting; no ptery- goid. Carpus and tarsus cartilaginous. Vomeropalatine bones not produced posteriorly over parasphenoid ; dentigerous plates on the parasphenoid. Ceratohyal undivided, articulating directly with the quadrate bone or cartilage; no otohyal. One only; the first epibranchial in adults; second basibranchial not connected with the first. Stapes not connected with the quadrate by cartilage, in adults. Vestibule, inner wall osseous. The above characters define a very distinct and natural group of genera, which are all but one (Geotriton) confined to America. Many of the species are of small size, some of them indeed of very small size. The largest species, Spelerpes bellii, reaches the dimensious of the Amblystoma tigrinum or Axolotl. Some of the species are hand- 120 BULLETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. somely colored. All are distinguished for their power of projecting the tongue. Some of the species of Spelerpes, where this organ is free all round, can project it entirely from the mouth, while the Geotriton fuscus has almost the power of the chameleon in this respect, projecting the tongue for a distance equal to one-half the entire length of the ani- mal.* Appropriately to this habit, the basibranchial bone and its pair of short hypohyal processes are free from the ceratohyals, thus admitting of free movement, and the epibranchials are very long. In all of the genera the extremity of the ceratohyal is attached to the quadrate, as in the Amblystomide, showing that it is not this element which is pro- jected. Butin Geotriton and Spelerpes sp. the epibranchial is greatly elongate, extending to the side of the nape and interscapular region, a structure necessary to projectility. In the characters of the scapular and pelvic arches this family does not differ from the Amblystomide and Salamandridz. The foramen which separates the procoracoid from the coracoid is well marked and intermarginal; in the Amblystomide it is smaller, and in the Sala- mandride marginal. .The femur always presents a strong trochanter. It is weak in Stereochila marginatum. In Triturus and Diemyctylus it is quite weak, but in Salamandra strong. In most of the genera of this family the enamel does not cover the entire crown of the tooth. In Spelerpes ruber, longicaudus, and belli, and Plethodon glutinosus and cinereus the external part of the crown termi- nates in a transverse cutting edge, while the inner extremity is more prolonged, leaving a transverse depression between the two. In Sp. bellit the inner apex is transverse and prolonged a little beyond the ex- ternal, while in the other Spelerpes and the Plethodon glutinosus the. inner crown is more prolonged and is ineurved conic. In P. cinereus it is a little more obtuse. In Desmognathus and the Amblystomide the two apices are of equal height and are both transverse cutting edges, the outer narrowed in the former. In the larve of Plethodontide that I have examined the crowns are simple. The teeth of Autodax are more like those of Cecilia, or of Hylonomus of the Coal Measures, and distinguish the genus from other Plethodontide.t They are large, compressed, and simple. This family is more remote in its skeletal characters from the Sala- mandride and Pleurodelide than is the Amblystomide. Thus the absence of parasphenoid brushes, the ossification of the tarsus and carpus, and the persistence of the pterygoid bones are characters com- mon to the two latter and wanting in the present family. On the other hand, the non-prolongation posteriorly of the vomers, the articulation of the ceratohyal with the quadrate, and the amphiccelous vertebra belong to this family and the Amblystomide only. The position of the * Riidinger in Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., Munich, 1885, p. 109. tSee Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1859, 124. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 121 latter family is, therefore, between the Plethodontidz and the Saia- mandridz. The Amblystomidz and Plethodondide may be thus com- pared with reference to the developmental character of the features which distinguish them. AMBLYSTOMID#. PLETHODONTID&. Superior. Inferior. Carpus and tarsus osseous. Carpus and tarsus cartilaginous. Premaxillary fontanelle closed. Premaxillary fontanelle open. Inferior. Superior. O. pterygoideum persistent. O. pterygoideum obliterated. The inferiority of some Plethodontide is seen in the non-distinetion of the digits (Gidipus), the thinness of the ossification of the parietal membrane bones (Batrachoseps), and in Gidipina the persistence of the membranous cranium by the limitation of the parietal bones to two small oval lateral scales and the wide divarication of the posterior ex- tremities of the frontals. The genera embraced in this family are as follows: Section I. The tongue attached from the central or posterior pedicel to the anterior margin in narrower or wider band. (Plethodontz.) A. Two premaxillary bones. Digits 4,5; maxillary bone regular, with numerous small teeth; parietals fully ossified ..... EES OSS is Biers avs Sore /ate ara sina eset a eee Plethodon. Digits 4,4; maxillary as above, parietals fully ossified....... Hemidactylium. AA. One premaxillary. a. Digits 4, 4. Maxillary regular, with small teeth; parietals not ossified .. . Batrachoseps. aa. Digits 4, 5. Maxillary normal; teeth small, very numerous; no premaxillary fonta- MOT Oe EME teaver ste Giaicio a eistcaisi eisai cio icc cus MEER SE EIS eSEl Stereochilus. Maxillary edentulous posteriorly, decurved, forming a cutting edge ; teeth few, large, knife-shaped ; a premaxillary fontanelle....--. -- Autodax. Section II. The tongue free all round; attached by its central pedicel only. (Spe- lerpes. ) A. Two premaxillary bones (with fontanelle). Digits 4, 5, closely united by a broad palmar membrane .......--- Geotriton. ones KAre eemibimelyatneemasse satin masscs cee cae cic censeiceicisesoe oe Gyrinophilus. AA. One premaxillary bone (with fontanelle). a. Digits 4, 4. Dinits free; parietal and nalAtine bones well ossified...--..--./ Manculus. aa. Digits 4, 5. Digits all free; cranial bones well ossified ......-.-.-..------- Spelerpes. Digits little distinct; parietal and palatine cartilages not ossified. (CEdipina. Digits entirely confounded as an undivided palm or sole ; cranial bones wielllkossitied ere base owiehe SNE seas a pbaeide cine ee eesble Sentai (Edipus. The generic relationships of the above-named groups are exceed- ingly simple, and the ease with which the animals can be analyzed ren- ders the case free from the doubts which constantly arise in discus- sions of generic relationships as to the probavle omission of characters 122 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. from the argument. Here it can be safely asserted that, as far as the skeletons are concerned, there exist no other generic distinctions than those given above. If, now, any principles can be derived from consid- eration of the osseous system, that which of all others presents us with by far the greatest number of minute modifications of structure, the same may be with considerable probability inferred for the other sys- tems. The primary groups are distinguished by the different degrees of at- tachment of the tongue. That form which is most attached represents and is identical with an immature stage of the species of section second, where it is more extensively free, as any onemay satisfy himself by the examination of a larva of Spelerpes at a certain period. The tongue will be found to be that of Plethodon. The secondary groups are distinguished by the separation or con- fluence of the premaxillary bones. Those presenting the latter type exhibit separate premaxillaries at the beginning of larval life, though the union often takes place very early. The number of digits dis- tinguishes groups of genera of less value; in some the hind limb has five digits, in others four. In an early larval stage all possess but four digits, and in some of those with five the inner consists of one phalange only even at maturity (Spelerpes chiropterus et.aff.) Not having as com- plete a series of larvee of Spelerpes and Plethodon as of Amblystoma punctatum, I describe the development of the digits in the latter as indi- cating the meaning of variations in the same at maturity. Ata length of 1.2™™ the fore limb only is projected, and bears two digits only, as in the genus Proteus. At 1.5™™ sometimes the posterior limbs are devel- oped, sometimes not, and from this size to 2.5™™ the number of digits bears little relation to the size of the animal, an additional digit some- ~ times appearing earlier, sometimes later. Their numbers are then at first 2-0; then always 3-0. With the hind foot divided, they are 3—2, and then 3-4. Sometimes the anterior digits are complete in number before the hind limb appears, and we have combinations of numbers from 4-0 to 4-3, 4-4, and the full number, 4-5, which is found in all specimens of 2.5™™ and upwards. Genera which exhibit reduced digits are in all other respects Spelerpes (i. e. Manculus) or Plethodon (Hemi- dactylum), or Hemidactylium with unossified parietal bones and consoli- dated premaxillaries (Batrachoseps). Applying the case of Ambly- stoma to these, we could not assert that Hemidactylium, for instance, is identical with the undeveloped stage of Plethodon, since when Ambly- stoma exhibits digits 4—4 it is branchiferous. But making the more legitimate cemparison with Plethodon itself, I find that the complete number of posterior digits appears much later in life than in Ambly- stoma, while the branchix are absorbed much earlier; that development in the first regard is retarded, while in respect to the gills it is accel- erated. Thus in Plethodon cinereus the exterior digit is longer than the interior; in specimens of 2.4™™ the outer digit is the shorter; in those THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 123 of 1.8, which are without gills, it is a very minute tubercle on the outer metatarsus. In a little earlier stage it can not but be wanting, though this I have not seen, and I have little doubt that it is then a Hemidactylium, unless, indeed, the parietal bones be not ossified. Another foetal condition rendered permanent is seen in the generic character of the genus Cidipus, which differs from Spelerpes solely in the foetal non-separation of the digits which continues even after the. bones of the digits have been developed. In the larva of Sp. ruber the digits are early entirely distinct, so that so far as this species is con- cerned Cidipus presents an mexact parallelism, but they are also more distinct than in the mature Spelerpes bellii, where, as might be sup- posed, the foetal union is delayed to maturity in other respects, as in a specimen from Orizaba, Mexico, of 16.5 lines in length. There the union is about as extensive as in Gdipus morio. In the young of Thorius pennatulus, the digits are not distinguished in specimens of .66 of the | full size, and otherwise entirely mature. In the adult they are distinct for half their length. The digits in the young larva of Gyrinophilus porphyriticus are as distinct as in those of Spelerpes rubra. Inone exam- ple I find the simple foot of earlier stages retained, resembling exactly that of Gidipus, excepting that there are emarginations for but three toes instead of five. Genera which have no premaxiliary fontanelle at maturity have it in the larval stage. Finally, closely allied genera, which only differ in the degrees of ossidcation of the parietal and pala- tine bones, represent simply the relation between undeveloped and developed conditions of the same form. The relations of the genera may be expressed as follows: Those of the first or Plethodontine section are related to those of the second or Spelerpine by an inexact parallelism, excepting Autodax, whose pecul- iarities exclude it from the comparison. Those in each section differing in the union or separation of the premaxillary bones are related in the same way to each other. The nearly allied genera in the Plethodon- tine group are Hemidactylium and Plethodon, and Batrachoseps and . Stereochilus. In the first case we have only inexact parallelism, because while Plethodon has the four digits of Hemidactylium, its parietal . bones are unossified, though an acceleration of development in these respects would render the relations one of evact parallelism. This is _apparently the relation between Batrachoseps and Stereochilus, for with the foetal digits of the latter the former preserves also its foetal cranium. It only remains to ascertain whether Stereochilus loses its branchic before or after acquiring the normal number of digits. From the very small size of one at least of these the former case seems prob- able, but I have not yet been able to prove it by direct observation. Should it be so, we would have a case of exact parallelism. In the Spelerpine group the relation between Geotriton and Gyri- nophilus is again one of inexact parallelism, since when the digits of the fatter are only separated at the extremities, as in the former, the 124 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. animal is still branchiferous and possesses the larval tongue, ete. The same ocurs in Spelerpes when certain of its species present but four hind toes, as in Maneculus; therefore the relation of these two is also of inexact parallelism. The relation of Thorius is also one of inexact par- allelism, for though its characters are found in some young Spelerpes at an immatyire age subsequent to the absorption of the branchie, it has opisthoccelus vertebrae. With Cidipus, if the condition be not that of exact parallelism with some species of Spelerpes, the approach to it is close, as above observed. It is chiefly prevented by the fact that the ossification of the parietal bones in most species of the latter takes place after the extremities are fully developed. It is to be observed in this connection that, as has been above pointed out, the separation of the digits takes place at very different periods in the history of the differ- entspecies of the same genus. Thus in the Spelerpes ruber they are en- tirely distinet at a very early period of larval life, while in S. cephalicus and S. bellit, which much more nearly resemble the species of Gidipus in the disposition of the vomerine teeth and cylindric form of the tail, this separation is much retarded. These genera may be parallelized also in the following manner in illustration of the law of heterology : * PLETHODONTA. SPELERPES. A. One premaxillary. No fontanelle. Stereochilus. A fontanelle. Toes 4-5. Teeth large. Autodax. Teeth small. Spelerpes. Toes 4-4. Batrachoseps. Manculus. AA. Two premaxillaries. Toes free. Hemidactylium. Plethodon. Gyrinophilus. Toes united. Geotriton. The minor relations may be more readily expressed thus: PLETHODONTA. SPELERPES. Digits 4-5. a. Digits distinct. Piethodon. Two premaxillaries. Gyrinophilus. Autodax. One premaxillary. Spelerpes. a. Digits united. Two premaxillaries, Geotriton. One premaxillary. Gidipus. Digits 4-4. Hemidactylium. Manculus. Batrachoseps. : *See Origin of Genera, p. 93. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA, 125 Or thus: Two PREMAXILLARIES. ONE PREMAXILLARY. Digits 4-5, a. Distinct. Tongue free. Gyrinophilus. Spelerpes. Tongue attached. Plethodon. Stereochilus. ; aa. United. Geotriton. Qdipus. Digits 4-4. Hemidactylium. anculus. Batrachoseps. Some other characters found in this fanily are those of low develop- ment and approximations to the larval condition. Thus three of the spe- cies exhibit at times a subnareal cirrhus, which occurs in some of the Ceecilidze, and Xenopus among Salientia. It is the persistence of that long subocular tentacle characteristic of the early larval stage of Uro- dela generally (see Plate 16), and of a later larval stage of Xenopus (vid. Wyman and Gray), where they resemble the appendages of the Siluride. They have been called crochets by Rusconi, and homologized with the cylindric cephalic processes of the larval Rana, with what cor- rectness remains to be proven by observations on other types. Esebscholtz correctly represents Batrachoseps attenuatus as without prefontals. An elongate process of the frontal occupies only part of its place, forming no suture with the maxillary. This is quite different from Demognathus, where the orbit is completed by the union of frontal and maxillary. In Manculus quadridigitatus the prefrontal occupies this depression as an elongate vertical scale. . In Spelerpes ruber the quadratum presents a small internal anterior ala, which has a superficial resemblance to a pterygoid. In this species there is apparently an azygus bone behind the premaxillaries. This is, however, only the exposed extremity of their united spines, which are nearly or quite isolated by the approximation of the anterior parts of the nasale. It does not occur in the Gyrinophilus porphyriticus. BATRACHOSEPS Bonap. Fauna Italica; Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus., 1850, 42 ; Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1869, p. 98; Stranch, Salam., p. 84; Boulenger, pt. Cat. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 52. Tongue adherent anteriorly. Digits 4, 4; alarge parietai fontanelle. Premaxillary single, pierced by a fontanelle. This genus embraces the forms which may be considered the lowest in the family. It differs from Hemidactylium as Thorius does from Spelerpes, 7. ¢., in the nonossification of the parietal bones. This low grade of development is here seen in the extremities also, which are 126 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. much reduced, and the snake-like form of one of the species. The species are four, as follows: I. Costal plice, eighteen; the toes well developed, palmate. Outer posterior toe well developed; hind limb extending over 7.5 costal inter- spaces, fore limb to orbit; tail equal body and head to orbit, more slender than the bodys belly, yellowalshy eee sesesee eee eeea cee us Pe BOs le seers B. pacificus. II. Costal plicwe, nineteen to twenty-one ; toes very rudimental, little distinct. a. Parasphenoid teeth in one patch. Hind limb extending over six costal iaterspaces; fore limb nearly to orbit; tail as long as body ning head to orbit; width of head seven times from annarile to groin; belly black-. eae yeieaeaaets S256 6b50 45 Se.c0 5 228% MURFOCODUTIS. Hind limb oxiondling | over four conte hierenecen: fore Fale not to angle of mouth; tail thick as body, as long as body and head plus the length from mize to axilla; width of head eight times from muzzle to groin; belly DOWD soe 5s Cu Oa ee seeks Rane see Se ee nose omens Seen weer B. atinmianes aa. Parasphenoid teeth in two patches. Hind limb extending over four costal spaces; tail more than twice as long as headvand body; sidesidark===serre eee reRe ee ent eee ee eee .. B. caudatus. BATRACHOSEPS CAUDATUS Cope. (Plate LXxx1, fig. 2.) Head short, wide, muzzle as long as eye, the nostril not quite ter- minal. Length from end of muzzle to humerus entering 3.33 times in length from humerus to axilla. These proportions are those of the B. attenwatus. Tail excessively elongate, 2.2 the length of the head and body. In the B. attenuatus the tail is 1.6 the length of the head and body and less (measurements made from femur). Limbs about as in B. attenuatus, the anterior reaching the first dermal groove behind the mouth, and the posterior covering four intercostal spaces when ex- tended forwards. The inner digits are rudimental, that of the anterior foot possessing a metacarpus only. The costal grooves number twenty- one; they extend across the abdomen, but are not visible on the back. The tongue is a longitudinal oval. The vomerine teeth form two con- vergent brands directed inwards and posteriorly from within the choanze. They are better developed than in B. attenuatus. The parasphenoid teeth are in two distinct patches, thus differing from those of the B. attenuatus, where they form a single patch. Measurements. M. AOUAINIGORN, oo S406 sob occ cessos SecEbe 06606 950050 o400 cuadoo SoUnbS Danton Goes . L60 ene th toramallliare casera cree crse ia aie Seve ciate elcte la telsio oreo ayer orate cate epee . 0115 Length) to;eroimis 25208 cose snes eeu 2th Bee ae ee te eer . 051 Length tovbase of tailssc: osc. coca oeseeeeee cece nbeicen eee Seep eee . 057 Width of head: 2.24 52c 522. on cecce come we oe Sieben sec ae a ote ee eee . 006 Lene thiottore limb 325.3522 saeco odse coco scces nee Soce see ec cece Ieee aE EEE Oes Lenethrof hind limbs sacssk ac foeae see ee Selon Se eee Sat eee eed The general color is brown. It is deeper on the sides to a line on each side of the back and on the anterior half of the abdomen and on the superior surface of the distal part of the tail. Gular region and chin yellowish. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 127 This is the most vermiform North American salamander, resembling the Gidipina uniformis Keferst. of Central America in its proportions. Its relations to the Batrachoseps attenuatus are close, but its differences may be summarized as follows: (1) The two patches of parasphenoid teeth; (2) the absence of dorsal grooves; (3) the very elongate tail; (4) the longer patches of vomerine teeth. The habitat of the B. caud- atus is much north of any from which the B. attenuatus has been ob- tained. 1 3 Fig. 27. Batrachoseps caudatus, No. 13561. Hassler’s Harbor, Alaska; ? except Fig. 5=4. Catalogue} No. of F When mate Nature of speci- number. | spec. Locality. collected. irony whom received. men. ‘ E BE eee hd 13561 1 | Hassler Harbor, Alaska |.--........... Henry E. Nichols .....- | Alcoholic. BATRACHOSEPS ATTENUATUS Esch. Bonap., Faun. Ital.; Hallow., Journ. Ac., Phila., rv, 1858, p. 348; Cope, Proceed. Ac. Ppila., 1869, p. 98; Strauch, Salam., p. 85; Gray, Cat. Batz. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 1, p. 42; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit Maus., ed. 7, 1882, p. 60. Salamandrina attenuaia, Eschsch., Zool. Atlas, p. 1, Pl. 21, fig. 1-14. This species is weil characterized by its slender form and its very weak extremities. The costal folds are nineteen, more rarely twenty or eighteen, and are well marked on the back and belly, and turned for- wards toward the median line on the former, which is marked by a delicate groove. There are four latera\ folds in front of the fore limb, three of which are crossed by a Jongitudinal fold from the orbit. The tail is longer than in any other North American salamander, except the B. caudatus, and is entirely cylindrical, and undistinguishable at the origin from the body; it is marked by forty-seven distinct annuli to the end of the vent. The toes are very small and obtuse, and free for the length of only one phalange; below this a web connects them. The inner toe on both feet is a mere knob. The extended fore limb reaches the transverse fold behind the canthus oris; and the extended hind limb covers four intercostal spaces. The head is short, broad, and flat, and the muzzle is as long as the diameter of the orbit. The lip is more or less prominent below and be- fore the orbits. The palatine teeth do not extend to behind the nares; they form two very oblique short series, which nearly meet posteriorly 128 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. on the median line, and are well separated from the sphenoidal patches. The latter are not separate, and form one wide oval brush. Measurements of No. 11801. MOAN IGEN SnSco5e sesso So5506 655550 050550 985595 sac cob onsone cesecsuSsec7 a0 = : iil Total length of head and body .------.-----.-.---..._-- So 6500 ooso00 So5500 o5505- . 047 Notalwengtheirom muzzle) tO. Stole seas eee ee alee alee eee eee ee eee . 044 Rotaldenethtrom muzzle tovaxilllapeac cera seectee-eeecceecieeiorasienee eee eee - .O11 Totalleneth-from muzzle to ‘canthus/oris 3225 s256--4) 26. see eas eeeeles eee eee Oe Wenethrotmtoreslimbessssee seep ene ee eee eee cae cee ores ee eee . 006 eng tlrofhind limb)... 32s kee ote Seieic Semis e sercielemiseeteia erste: + neeisekecieeee eee . 007 enethyot bing P00 bess st aciSeciciee nareiscre tale, cisions ereelae ets elects cele sere erets . 002 Wadthvof heads. foe Sec Se ee ene Sek cs ere wees ero Ce ee eee Cem Uc Fic. 28. Batrachoseps attenuatus. 13895, 3; fig.5 = 3. The color of the lower surface is brown, with a few whitish points on the gular region and tail, and frequently over the whole abdomen. The sides are darker, sometimes almost black. The upper surface is gener- ally a paler brown, with a light shade extending on each side from the nape to the base of the tail. These bands are composed of numerous short longitudinal streaks, which become separated on the base of the tail, and cover its surface to the end, or to the middle, as the case may be. This light color has generally a reddish hue, and in many speci- mens extend entirely across the dorsal region, forming a band, not un- like that of Plethodon cinereus erythronotus. Habitat.—This is an abundant species of the Pacific coast region of the continent, but it has not been found to the eastward of the Coast Range of mountains. I have examined eight specimens from near San Francisco, in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, from William M. Gabb, and one in the Museum of the Essex Institute from the same locality, obtained by Mr. Samuels, and the following: Batrachoseps attenuatus Esch. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue | No. of Localit When From whom Nature of number. | spec. y- collected. received. specimen. 6890 dS Californiazee ies sscccensee une cee oa eeeet ere eee Dr. Wm Stimpson | Alcoholic. 11801 10 | Fresno, Cal ...-.-..... epee 79 | Gustave Eisen..--- Do. 4009 Dye OPN ee Saar aeaobooce cocSeoasllcooouoabscualleadaco.coosodoosoudce Do. 8001 | 6 | Monterey, Cal ....-... Canfield ..-.--..-- Do. 4017 14 | Petaluma, Cal......... E. Samuels.---.--- Do. 4043 23 aCaliforniacee se ceewcn. eee one | Gaeee ee eee CXCSBowlewaeee Do. 13963 4 | Sierra Nevada Mountains, Cal ..-.| July, 1884 | R. E. C. Stearns --- Do. 14454 \eBallenaseBaya Calapan ee eeerin |meeneeeen ae K. Hemphill ..---.- Do. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 129 BATRACHOSEPS NIGRIVENTRIS Cope. . Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1869, p. 98; Boulenger, Cat. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 60. This small species resembles the next in general proportions, but is nearer the last in the rudimental condition of the limbs. Muzzle shorter than orbit; upper lip slightly angulated; a groove from the orbit posteriorly; a gular fold. Costal grooves extending to vertebral line, but not curved forwards there, as in Hemidactylium scutatum ; extending across abdomen. Body slightly compressed. The tail as stout as the body at the base, subquadrate in section, be- coming compressed at the tip; strongly annulate; not swollen. Inner digits on both feet minute. Vomerine series well developed; parasphe- noidals as in the last. Measurements, in inches. Lines Total length. . Bs ietetane ei SAORI AIG BB OS OC ON DA bH SA CUCB TON COCR ene pean anon Total length Eeclusive of ‘nfl eon te SES Or OO ere SS SCO CB SCO CoS Ce iiee) Lata) MICAANS THO Da eye Ges Se eS es SSS Scot SR i ir a a RL ay a eed Es AWailclihvofeltea deem stein a Sisanciee cco Me a ee ee oe MA eet meyer eerie eine 1.7 Menu ee OIeLOLE a IMD Materia Acces esate sam sis Stile oe es ces ee eee Sass Soseee ads 8 GEG HNO Fes NOGA aeons ates Gist a~ sme winldemin soca cee eee Ncw oe sos Sec dees 2 Color above deep brown, separated abruptly from the black of the lower surfaces; tail black. Two specimens of this species were brought to the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia from Fort Tejon, Cal. The only other specimen known to me is the following: Batrachoseps nigriventris Cope. ] | Catalogue | No. of ae ria When From whom re- Nature of number. spec. Age. | ECORI - collected. ceived. specimen. 139633 - 1| Young..| Sierra Nevada Mount- |.......-...... R. KE. C. Stearns .-| Alcoholic. ains, Cal. BATRACHOSEPS PACIFICUS Cope. Batrachoseps pacificus Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1869, p. 98; Boulenger, Cat. ‘Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 59. Hemidactylium pacificum Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1865, p. 195. The general proportions of this salamander are not unlike those of Hemidactylium scutatum Tsch. It differs from this in its uniform color above and below, and in some more important points. Upper surfaces dark brown, lower brownish-yellow. Vertebra and costal folds between axilla and groin eighteen, the latter not prolonged dorsally, as in the Hi. scutatum. Head oyal, elongate; lip rounded; eyes large, prominent longitudinal diameter longer than length of muzzle. Muzzle to hu- merus half length from latter to groin. Tongue elongate, oval; para- sphenoid teeth approaching near to the short oblique Series of vomer- 1951—Bull 34-——9 130 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ines. Fore limb to orbit, hind limb scarcely longer, reaching the eighth fold from behind. The inner digit on both extremities is so short as to render the members almost 3-3. Tail elongate, slender, subcylindrical, Gular fold represented by a line. Measurements, in inches, ; Lines Length of head to angle of mouth...--. .----. .-- ==. ooo ne oe eee eee 2.5 Breadth of head behind eyes .....-----.---------.----0+-ee- ssciseiee Seow eames 2 HrompmuzzlenbopmumMenw's secec sae see else cise sinclelvisisiokeictetn steteintelseteneieie teeters ure MRO NADA 1 GARONA, Soon 6586 con neo co50 Beuo0s ne50 DODDOD ga0D00 065050 05090790090 16.5 Tbermnreti) OF WAM, 2655 665 Se sos bo 5560556500 Hod0 co5500 DS ec09 CRE EES SocGerobSsD OTE: Uh IDR OF TOSCO WN) oa55 oc boo6 os65e0 oosSno coseny HHSSHn KoSSOSSoso esas ors 3.50 Batrachoseps pacificus Cope. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue) No of : When aU Nature of number. | spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. specimen. 6733 1 | Santa Barbara, Cal-...--|.-......---.-- Dreblayseesceccscteceec eee Alc. tyne: 4006 2 | San Francisco, Cal ..-...|.......--.---- RD Cuttshssssceseee neces Alcoholic. dees HEMIDACTYLIUM Tschudi. Classif. der Batrachier, Trans. Neuchatel, 1833, p. 54-94; Bonap., Fauna Ttal., 11, 131, Nro. 10; Fitzinger, Syst. Rept., 33; Baird, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 284, 1849; Hallowell, U. c., 1858, 365; Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus., 1850, 41; Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 99. Desmodactylus, Dum. & Bibr., Erp. Gen., rx, p. 117. Tongue adherent anteriorly; digits 4-4; parietal bones fully ossified, without fontanelle; two premaxillaries, with fontanelle; prefrontal bone present. This genus is only distinguished from Plethodon by the deficiency of its hind foot in digits. Those that remain are quite rudimental. It differs from Batrachoseps in the presence of the prefrontal bone. There is but one species known, and its habits are entirely terrestrial. HEMIDACTYLIUM SCUTATUM Tschudi. Batr., p. 94; Hallow., Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), 1, p. 366; Strauch, Salam., p. 76; Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 1, p. 41. Salamandra scutata, Schleg., Faun. Japon., Amph., p. 119, and Abbild., Pl. 40, figs. 4-6. Salamandra melanosticta, Gibbes, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., v, p. 89, Pl. 10. Desmodactylus scutatus, Dum. & Bibr., p. 118. Desmodactylus melanostictus, Dum. & Bibr., p.,119. Batrachoseps scutatus, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 59. Whole skin finely and beautifully granulated; viewed vertically, the sides.of head are parallel, the eyes forming the anterior corners, and not projecting beyond the line of head; muzzle not tapering, but sides nearly parallel, almost entirely truncate, and overhanging lower jaw; eyes nearer muzzle than Plethodon erythronotus (viewed from above) ; outline contracted behind the occiput, then expanding to middle of body THE BATRACHIA OCF NORTH AMERICA, aii and tapering to anus; expanding again towards middle of tail, then contracting to an elongated point. Thus there is a decided contraction at base of tail not seen in most other species. ‘Tail oval in its section throughout, though only exhibiting a ridge on posterior half. The back and sides curiously sculptured by furrows, disposed as fol- lows: At origin of hind legs begins a dorsal furrow, which continues to middle of vertex, when it bifurcates, sending a branch to each eye. There are fourteen vertical furrows (costal) on sides, which are more generally indicated across abdomen. A rather obsolete longitudinal furrow on each side marks the upper boundary of these vertical furrows and the outline of back. From the dorsal line proceed backwards, at an acute angle, furrows corresponding in number, and uniting with lines directed at a less acute angle from the superior ends of costal furrows. The lateral longitudinal furrows mark the origin of the latter lines. The sides of head also sculptured externally to the bifurcations and rough- ened between eyes. One or two furrows or constrictions go entirely around the tail behind the vent, marking the narrowed base of the tail, which then swells abruptly in many specimens. Feet very weak; toes very little developed, only four on hind foot, of which one is nearly obsolete. External and internal toes of fore-feet very small. Hyes not very large nor prominent. Pupil large, black. Iris above, golden bronze; beneath darker. A general resemblance to Plethodon cinereus in color. Back, dark chestnut, but above much lighter, both sprinkled with black, the latter more especially along the dorsal line. Snout above, eyes above, and in certain lights the furrows above the lateral longitudinal lines, light chestnut, approaching to golden bronze, faintly clouded in spots with darker; side of body finely mottled brown and bluish-white. Head, body, and tail below chalk white, with a tinge of blue, sparingly and irregularly marked with rather large black spots; spots disposed along sides and the white of tail be- neath. Central tract unspotted. omy Ma 2 u K 1 3 Fic. 29. Hemidactylium scutatum, No. 4094. W. Northfield, Ill.; 2. Measurements of No. 4091. Lines leur tiem ieee ae .re cine aie sccicroiait salne’ = chased beubiboobso.cuae Bebeorddoosue 40 2 ILETEID WO CNG Of WOMdebecd neces atuadsobed HESS SUIcHOOMaAS 6 SeauoraaSaeuaclsces 17.8 Meme lab owonOmmee ne teen mets sae eeen Gasset Secece eos Sas Gea eee Ride gee oe 15.6 LOTGWN WO exolllley Soocseondon cogucadaas CeDUED SUSU LS paee se ABSA Ded Bocuse oS cea 3.3 MMO CMELORC ANE MUS, OTISt ieee sa sole ea cise abe siete aces oes eniouaecnmncee sees 2 Seibencth, of fore limb-.:-........-.--. SIQCDD HEU A SGUCUs Hoo Mea UES SHeuecbocdess 3.2 Menai lO fenincdg many ze rcs Sess sciciret eeisnc Gee wees eeelee cs Shes GonoBonscoadtaee 3.75 Were theo reliindatOObnercrciscsscssce setae occas Aerie escent ces tc cot naeamce ces 1.1 \HVAGUB OG ODE] NSEC ey ee a et et ce ate I A SS GEO nee Dea S Aaa OomIneG 2.6 132 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Besides specimens from Chester County, Pa., from Huntingdon County, Pa., and from Chicago, Ill, in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, the following are in the National Museum. Professor Verrill says it is abundant near New Haven, and the Essex Institute possesses it from Gloucester and Beverly, Mass. Dr. J. HB. Gray, Catalogue of British Museum, gives Niagara. Dr. R. W. Gibbes described it from Abbeville, 8. C. Hemidactylium scutatum Tsch. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue] No. of : When F Nature of number. | spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. specimen. 4083 1 tarisls, Rae ee ects ee Prof. S. F. Baird ........-.-. Alcoholic. 4088 DilsooesoGks toques séoogumoosla Bllaccoos GOs eS seac see se ee 10. 4730 | St: Gree Canada.|. Dr. D. W. Beadle -..--...--. Do. 4093 | 1 | Ripley, Ohio.-.....-...-| LEIS ARO! cassoocoocoSscpao: Do. 4094 | 9 | Northfield, Ill..--..----. Rekennicotth eres seeeeee see Do. 4089 | 4 | Meadville, Pa...-..--.-- Walters ARN OOROOEEBOoSSCOSS Do. 4090 3 Riceborough, (CHE bapacolloncodooooeeooelln ecaéenesesacudbducusoodonss Do. 3743 1 | Anderson, 8. C.....--.-- es Damielt: ss. eacsceecens Do. 14459 N(R) eee soto eeeiee (B) BESS eSareciscsicemie ameter Do. 4091 1 | Washington, D.C..-.... (2) echo eccas eee emoe eres Do. 4724 | I |) @lawmaleys cocoosecassoodce Die Va JONES oGoaceccsceeucas Do PLETHODON Tschudi. System d. Batrachier, Trans, Neuchatel, 1838, 59-92; Bonap., Fauna Ital., 11, 131. Baird, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1, 292; Hallowell, ib., 1858, 342; Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1869, 124; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., m1 ed., 1882, p. 53. Heredia Girard, Proceed. Acad., Phila., 1856, p. 735. Tongue attached by the median line below, from the glosshyal bone to near the anterior margin; vomerine and parasphenoid teeth present ; a large fontanelle between the spines of the separate premaxillary bones. Toes 4-5, normal. Anterior teeth not enlarged. Cranium well ossified. Prefrontal bone present. This genus is highly characteristic of the Regio nearctica, where five species represent it on the Pacific slope and three in the eastern dis- trict. A species from Japan, named P. persimilis by Gray, is shown by Mivart not to belong to this genus. The species are all terrestrial in their habits, and three which I have observed (P. oregonensis, P. gluti- nosus, P. cinereus) undergo their metamorphosis while quite small. The last named, and probably P. glutinosus, never enter the water, but are hatched in damp places on land. The branchiz have therefore no functional service. The species are as foliows: THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 133 a. The parasphenoid patches in contact throughout ; vomerine series well separated medially. @. The tail cylindric. Costal plice 16 to 19; form slender; tail cylindric ; limbs weak; inner toes ru- dimental; vomerine series not extending beyond nares externally; belly brown-marbled; above plumbeous, or with a red longitudinal band. P. cinereus, Costal plice 14; form stout; tail rounded; limbs short, stout; inner digits distinct; vomerine series extending outside of inner nares; black, usually with gray lateral blotches and smaller dorsal spots...-.---. P, glutinosus. Costal plice 13; form as in P. glutinosus; tail longer than head and body; digits truncate, the internal ones very rudimental; vomerine series very oblique, not extending behind choane; black, with yellow spots, which are largest on the head, large on the back, and minute on the sides. P. ceneus. “Costal plice 13; form moderate, tail cylindric, shorter than head and body; vomerine series very oblique, not extending externally to choanx; toes more acute; black, with large yellowish spots; smaller on back, want- ie OW NCAGEY Semosoc asso ucoooU Gonaonn Pah eR Sits Le P. flavipunctatus. BB. The tail compressed. Costal plice 15; form slender; tail well compressed; limbs weak; inner toes rudimental; vomerine series not extending outside of nares; belly brown- marbled; above, with a red dorsal band................. P. intermedius. Costal’plice 14; form stout; head large; limbs robust; inner toes distinct; tail compressed from the base, shorter than length of head and body; uniform dark brown above, and lighter brown below....... P. crassulus. ac, Parasphenoid patches well separated. B. Tail rounded. Costal plicxe 13; form stout; head large, wide; lower jaw wider than upper; muzzle broadly truncate; vomerine teeth approximated medially; tail slender, subeylindric; black, limbs, belly, and spots of back, orange. 30900 aD0000 obeS0eDaE OSS e GUNS SeeuS5 bond Send Sancne couubeaEaE P. croceater. Costal plice 10-11; form stout; head wide; maxillaries wider than mandible; muzzle narrowly truncate; vomerine teeth approximated medially ; tail slender, subcylindrical; light brown above; limbs and below yellow. SE ORO OSES sea an eee eee nee eee tenes pee e ne eee ee eee. P. oregonensis. PLETHODON CINEREUS Green.* Salamandra cinerea, Green, Journ. Acad., Phila., 1, p. 356. Plethodon cinereus, Tschudi, Batr., p. 92; Cope, Check List N. Amer. Batr. Rept., 1875, p. 27. Salamandra erythronota, Green, Journ. Ac. Phila., 1, p. 356; Holbr., N. A. Herp., v, p. 43, PI. 11; De Kay, N. Y. Faun., Rept., p. 75, Pl. 16, fig. 38; Wied., Nova Acta Leop.—Carol., xxx11, p, 126. Plethodon erythronotus, Baird, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), 1, p. 285; Dum. & Bibr., rx, p. 86; Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1869, p. 100; Strauch, Salam., p. 72; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11,°1882, p. 57. Amblystoma erythronotum, Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 1, p. 37. Salamandra agilis, Sager, Peninsular Journal of Medicine, 1858, p. 429. This species is among the most elongated and slender of American salamanders. It is almost perfectly cylindrical throughout; a very slight amount of compression only being visible towards the end of the conical tail, which is longer than the head and body. It is much x *Plate 19, figs. 4-6. RS ie 134 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. slenderer and more vermiform, with much weaker legs than P. glutinosus. Thus in specimens of the two, measuring 1.80 from snout to groin, the head and body of P. glutinosus have the width one-third greater. There are eighteen well-marked costal furrows between the limbs, excluding any in the axilla. The posterior are situated in the groin, bifurcating above. In a single specimen of var. Cinereus (No. 3805) we reach a count of nineteen. This increase in the number of costal furrows is coincident with the wide separation of the limbs, the distance from head to axilla being contained about 34 times in that to the groin, instead of 23, as in P. glutinosus. The tail is longer than head and body ; sometimes considerably more so. This species, including all varieties, has an extensive range, being found throughout the United States east of the Mississippi River. It appears to be more abundant in the Middle States; its northern range is to the middle of Maine, Ontario, and Michigan. Its habits are entirely terrestrial, as it is never, even in the larval stage, found inthe water. It is abundant under stones and logs in the forests everywhere, and does not occur in open fields. The eggs are laid in a little package beneath a stone in adamp place. When the young emerge they are provided with branchi, but these soon vanish, and they are often found in this young stage apparently quite devel: oped. Plethodon cinereus cinerets Green. The color of the upper half of body and tail is a dark liver-brown ; beneath dirty whitish, finely vermiculated or mottled with brown in about equal proportions, giving rise toa “pepper and salt” appear- ance. There is sometimes a yellowish tinge towards the head, and a. plumbeous under the tail. On the sides the appearance is more that of whitish specks in adark ground. Sometimes the upper parts are clear brown, at others more or less varied with very minute spots of dull grayish-white. Sometimes the under paris areso much clouded with brown as to appear principally of this color, only faintly mottled with lighter (3805.) This species is easily distinguished from P. glutinosus by much slen. derer form, smaller limbs, more webbed digits, eighteen costal grooves stead of fourteen, vermiculated under parts, which have not the black in- ground, the absence of the appearance of pieces of lead foil on the sides, ete. The limbs are very small and weak. The digits are distinct, though short. The basal web extends rather farther forward than in P. glutinosus, the two terminal joints of the longest toes only being free, instead of two and a half. I can detect nothing in the characters of head and tongue different from P. glutinosus. Length, measured along axis of body: From snout to gape From snout to gular fold From snout to armpit Froms nout to groin From snout to behind anus .... 2. From snout to end of tail Tail Head: Width of head Width of orbit Distance between eyes anteri- ONIN ee eit ysisinele caine atomic Distance between outer nostrils THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA, Measurements, in inches. Se Body: .15 Circumference of belly. -.-..-.--- 75 305 OOD) Distance between armpit and ati So) OR OMNU eee e e ears iara ets eae 1,24 --- 1.80; Tail: 00 Height of tail where highest.... .12 .-- 4.10 | Limbs: 2.10 Free portion of longest finger . 05 From elbow to tip of longest Sey katy) HIDE 555556 asogen gasoou Gace .2L sag 9 lY) IF'ree portion of longest toe-.... 07 From knee to tip of longest toe. .25 12 Distance between outstretched . 08 CORSE ass Siac Reree es isin eos eS Plethodon cinereus cinereus Green. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue} No. of q When number. | spec. Locality. collected. 4885 1) Mount) Jioy, Ba -22--2-)-.------------ 4888 1 | Brookville, Ind .......]......---..... 5963 4 | Hudson’s Bay ‘Terri- |..-.....-..... tory. 4729 2 | St. Ganhonimds piSieyelsterare Janeane Canada. 3790 Nd || Chyahigh, 1ayecscoseccbolleaoocoosec 12610 1 | Potomac River, D.C..| Apr. —, 1882 8835 OBC ali slewuP aie series beers see eis ert: 8573 1 Bainbridge, iu Seeks Dec. 8, 1875 11449 Bis) | () Gbaoakcoacadeodessdollsecooooodoanad 12015 APA UY) Nate rearaioree ia hc aie cisre orl [tne Selene Disis tee 3818 13 | Clark County, Va_..-..|..-.....:...-- 3805 ie ColambustOhion 2922<|222055 82k, 3807 1 | Adirondack, N. Y-.-..|.-.......-.--. 3788 & || IRATE Walsh cooonoaded lasso soo455 dacs 4720 £1) (CICOGe eS gon oosdaaSunlleeassodoas 2660 13411 4 | Boston, Mass .......-.|.--.. Sate 3825 i || IBA Olt) sooqe0 Soalloooocscacapecs 3787 11, |) CORBAOIGIS, INlo YE GooeealleSsodcnauasso6 3770 15) || IDGHRONI, MIKE. coo secccllasseoonaoooeEe 13316 9 | Fairfax County. Va...) ....---...-- 3818 1 Clark CounliyeViaree ss noes see ciee 11708 1S HG) Sates AGE octets ws areca eek ees aang 3867 1 treme M oun- aks tains. 4726 4a ee iladeliphiaress eee eecceeceeee see 3813 1 | HampshireCounty, Va|.....-.-...--. 3824 2 | TyreeSprings, Tenn..|.....---...--. 4721 Dm RGreOnoiawere my wereniea| oie eee eraiaee 4731 A |) IO ENRONE INGO No S06 concllscoodsooan cous 4000 6 | Southern Illinois .-.--- From whom received. 135 Nature of speci- men. Prof. 8. F. Baird Puen Prindle feiad aha BY2y aye Linu an or reg arn 6 I’. Garrette .| T. Rooseveldt abies i William Jones P. eo Hoy C. sae ee ets tay tet Ak George Shoemaker C. B. R. eMonmlerly J.H. Richard M. McDonald ........-...-. Major R. Owen Dr. W.C. Jones Dr. A. Sager Alcoholic. Do. Plethodon cinereus erythronotus Green. (3766, Clark County, Virginia.) I have been unable to detect any difference in structure, proportions, and general character between this supposed species and P. cinereus. The only difference, if any there be, is to be found in the color of the back, that of the side and belly being very much the same. A. broad, -light-reddish stripe commences at the nape of the width of the inter- orbital space, and continues to the tip of the tail, on which it dimin- ishes gradually in width. The central region of this stripe generally 136 BULLETIN 354, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. exhibits a very fine mottling of brownish, scarcely obscuring the effect of the red ground. The mottling is sometimes equally distributed— sometimes concentrated in some places more than others. The sides of the body are abruptly and continuously dark brown, but soon fades off below into the pepper and salt of the lower sides and belly. There is sometimes the effect of a broad dark stripe on each side the red, but this is usually very illy defined below. : The color of the red stripe varies considerably. Sometimes it has a shade of pink—sometimes of orange or yeilowish. The close resem- 3 Fig. 30. Plethodon cinereus erythronotus, 4828. St. Catharines, Canada; 2. blance in size and character with the frequent association in the same localities between the two species have given rise to the belief that they were different sexes of the same species. That this supposition is in- correct is proved by the fact that both males and females are found of each kind, as was long ago noticed by Haldeman. As varieties they are very permanent ones, as I have found all the young of the same brood or set of eggs, whether in the eggs or just escaped from them, uniformly with either dark backs or red ones. I have found adult red- backed specimens watching eggs with red-backed embryos, and brown- backed in charge of brown-backed embryos. There is also some differ- ence in geographical distribution. Thus, on the west side of Lake — Champlain, in Essex County, New York, Professor Baird states that he has found the red-backed salamander very common, and never saw there the P. cinereus. Amongavery great number of specimens which I have examined in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences, and Essex Institute I have observed but four specimens of the red-banded variety and four of the gray which could be regarded as intermediate in character. This appears in a rufous cast in the dorsal color of the latter and a slight obliteration of the borders of the dorsal band in the former. Such coloration is, however, very uncommon in the living animal, which is everywhere exceedingly abundant. The statement made by J. A. Allen that such are abundant in Massachusetts is not confirmed by the specimens in the museum of the Essex Institute, Massachusetts. An examination of the types of Dr. Sager’s Salamandra agilis (3770) shows them to belong to this subspecies. His variety with livid back, is the Plethodon cinereus cinereus. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 137 Measurements, in inches. Length, measured along axis of body: Head—Continued From snout to gape...--....---. 14 Distance between outer nos- From snout to gular fold. ..----. .oo GrillsW etSeis cons HS ea cein ? (. 07) From snout to armpit....-.---. .48 | Body: From snout to groin ...--..-.-- 1.60 Circumference of belly.....---. .65 From snout to behind anus .... 1.82 Distance between armpit and From snout to end of tail.-.-.--. 3. 52 OUOMM ce se sa eerss ces weieee eee 1,10 Maile closers cece) 2 aoc 1.70 | Limbs Head: From elbow to tip of longest Mndihkof head) cs. 5. 22 oc. to. . 20 ARSELS a assess tse esersee LaeO Length of orbit..........---... . 09 From knee to tip of longest toe. .25 Distance between eyes anteri- Distance between outstretched OT ieee eis elie cio sisiziwisiese's sie'ae 12 toes. ...... Seaside ecw keene 76 Plethodon cinereus erythronotus Green. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue) No. of a When ‘ Nature of speci- number. | spec Locality. collected. From whom received. men. ‘ 4898 - Se washin ston wD) Cassese aaccn ssa Dr. William Stimpson ...... Alcoholic. 4891 TANGA nh Soe ea aeesee onl Sebacorees See eosaeoeEEortasoomas AneH bases Do. 5383 3 | Fort William, Lake | .-..-........-. RaIKennicothieaseseeanceeaes Do. Superior. 5415 2a |plake Superiore -- peace secea sear iae ee OOigeee clone access Seen Do. 5375 5 | South of Highlands..-.|.-.....--...-- CEDrexloreeseot sae Do. 7148 7) Rock Creek D. Ci... .|.2---<2-25-2-° 1a WG IOWNOUE osbscadoo Gooce Do. _ 1823 10 | Washington, D.C-.-.-.-.|------.--- Dr. E. Coues, U.S. A..-..--. Do. 9300 2 | Norfolk, Conn ........ Sept. 26, [S77 AS Mowoustet os kes es Do. 9258 1 | Wood’s Holl, Mass... 1871 | U.S. Fish Commission ...... Do. 3766 Z| Glevats Comin, Wes soac|eanaso: coueccie Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly. .-.--- Do. 3758 We} || ARES DOD ING Moc secobel|scasaasoooccoc Profs yh bairglssreeeee =: Do. 4828 2 | St.Catharine’s,Canada|...........--. Dr. D. W. Beadle .........-. Do. 4839 il | 1eiaoxe) eval), JONG Ceol cacsaonoosuce Dr. R. Haymond.:.........- Do. 4829 3 | St.Catharine’s,Canada|.............. Dr. D. W. Beadle ........-.. Do. 3788 Gil REVODIG EWA) eenecon ues || doaese spodeeeral aces socmeaas saeseo woneraasan Do. 4728 6 | West Northfield, Ill.--.|.............. ReelkenmicOttts see secen ese Do. 3768 2 | Allegany County, ies Va Meee cui Di Steveus:< ces sees cicess eis Do. 12611 1 | Potomac River, D.C-..| Apr. —, 1882 | E. Prindle..............--.. Do. 90 GENERAL SERIES. | 7823 36 | Washington, D.C..--.|.-..........-. Ale We lDakeantl osckoosoocooaos Alcoholic 3751 Dale GloucestermVidera=cess |eaeeceree eee RevaCsMannee- ec nensce sc Do. 9994 Syl eMaidd@letowary Conn Seas |tesaee a eee Wi EB AEN CSBae argos coe Do. 13410 GaieBoston. Massieee-ceacalnescceseceteet T. Rooseveldt .............- Do. 3783 S| SRiploya Ohio cers a5| pec cccmne ee cee ProtwlONgee pace seese eee Do. 12702 3 | Lookout Mountain, |.............. \Wedligd NOGy sSoagecuscooseemes Do. Tenn. 13570 5 | Norfoik, Conn ........]. Bact eee (QisSSe ee ee eee Do. 13314 onl Washington} Ds Caen ae aseceee cise ciec George Shoemaker ......--. Do. 13586 Zyl WA AEKYee Ela enesoenesl| jerishsscoddas Benjamin Millepsae 2 asc.25% Do. 3764 29 eMtendville Raster eee eer ecioe AWalltiam Seseiseieie olan eioisicteiios= Do. 3765 1] | JoinCAsiaE Oli) 22 Aallessessusshcoce L. Lesquereux.....-..-----. Do. 3763 1 Biississipp! Pe eee tenella eet eae Dr Shnmarde ease eee Do. 14452 ie | (@) Baers Se met a eet aE (Cy he ew Do. 3772 ORR Orano es Nie et ase | Wececer cena Dri J-G. Cooper =... 2.2625 Do. 3778 | 1) Oneida County, NENG See eae bese ERD awis iia msceiioucitieseinct Do. 3755 25a PCanlisl6s Pa cass we ee eee es Sh IN, BMS Sooscosoognesacos Do. 3816 i |) Whornae IDA NE IER. esGallbonoooassosbos Mr Smeltic. 25-2555 Se Do. 4727 5 | Philadelphia, Pa...--.|.-.-.-.--.---. JpeHRicharda-een-s esses Do. 4720 DERG COT ius seen ere ee ealos umes eea ee Dr. W.L. Jones..........--- Do. 3770 3 Detroit, Mi Chessciaciesesescieneaee ee Dr sacenereeee-eeeeseeseee Do. 138 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Plethodon cinereus dorsalis Baird. Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1869, p. 100 (name only). This subspecies has the size and proportions of body and limbs as in P. erythronotus, but may be readily distinguished by the smaller number of costal furrows, shorter body, and different character of the dorsal stripe. There are only sixteen costal furrows between the fore and hind legs, instead of eighteen, asin P. erythronotus. This indicates a shorter body, and accordingly we find that the distance from snout to armpit is con- tained only three times in that from snout to groin, instead of 34 or 34, as in the other. Iam unable to detect any difference in the mouth, tongue, teeth, or limbs. | In alcohol there is a broad yellowish-red dorsal stripe, which begins at the nape and extends to the end of the tail. On the back it is on an average as broad as the interorbital space of the head. The outlines, instead of being parallel or nearly so, are very irregular on the back, exhibiting four or five coarse dentations between shoulders and rump, which in some specimens are nearly opposite each other (causing the dorsal stripe to be twice as wide at some places than in others), or more or less alternating. On the tail the outlines are straight, converging slightly to the tip. The sides and beneath are dull brownish-yellow or whitish, finely mottled, or vermiclated with dark reddish-brown, which becomes more crowded to the dorsal stripe, and is sharply relieved against it. There is a distinct light line from the upper eyelid, passing internally . to the nostrils and meeting its fellow in an angle in the middle of the muzzle, then sending down a single line to the edge of the lip. Measurements, in inches. Length, measured along axis of body : Head—Continued. From snout to gape......----- oll Distance between outer nostrils .08 From snout to gular fold...... .34 | Body: From snout to armpit. .--..--- 46 Circumference of belly --..---- . 60 From snout to groin. ..---.--.. 1. 36 Distance between armpit and From snout to behind anus -.-. 1.62 PTO cccccees sees se eee . 86 From snout to end of tail...-.-. 2.94 | Tail: Height of tail where highest. .10 Aeneas ce See ee Cee eee oe 1.32 | Limbs: Head: Free portion of longest finger.. .05 Width of head ............---. 20 From elbow to tip of longest fin- Width of tongue .......-..-... 5 We) DOT ea a cite veer wilson etneeets .23 Length of tongue .....-....... alia, Free portion of longest toe .... .06 Length of orbit ...-.....--...- 09 From knee to tip of longest toe .23 Distance between eyes anteri-. Distance between outstretched OLly Hosea ctemiscocisneace Daee ee 5 1S GOCE oe eset ate cee eee 08 THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 139 This subspecies is readily distinguished from P. erythronotus by the different relative position of the limbs and number of costal furrows already referred to. The very jagged or irregular-outlines of the dor- sal stripe, the light line on the nose, and the lighter and more reddish shade of the lateral and inferior mottling will at once distinguish it as far as coloris concerned. The dusky shade of the sides is not continuous above, but shows distinctly minute mottling of lighter. It is somewhat difficult to assign to this form a definite status. I should be disposed to regard it as a good species, but for the fact that out of a great number of specimens of the P. erythronotus var. cinereus I find a single individual (Sm. No. 3825) from Ohio which presents the proportions of the present species, and the same number (sixteen) of costal plice. For the present therefore I refer itas a subspecies. Ihave seen five specimens, which agree in every particular; onein the Museum of the Essex Institute in a bottle with the common varieties of the P. erythronotus, the Spelerpes bilineatus, and Desmognathus, all from Ks- sex County, Mass., and four specimens in the Museum of the Smithson- ian as follows: : Plethodon erythronotus dorsalis Baird. Catalogue|No. of Locality. | When - Nature of speci- number. | spec. : collected. “ | From whom received. AST 3776 4 | Louisville, Ky .....--. | Sheieepiee eaeiee | eee: pa RON Ziel ated ch ears soouodDoagaaEsedco Habits.—The Plethodon cinereus is the most abundant salamander in the northern and central eastern United States. It is of terrestrial habits, and is easily found under logs and their bark, stones, ete. It feeds, like other species, on insects and their larve, capturing them by applying to their surface its flat and projectile tongue and jerking them quickly into its mouth. It frequently climbs to the summit of low vegetation, from which it springs by a sudden straightening or curvature of the body, as the case may be, in the manner of a cater- pillar. PLETHODON GLUTINOSUS Green.* Tschudi, Batr., p. 92; Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1869, p. 100; Strauch, Salam., p. 70; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1832, p. 56. Salamandra glutinosa, Green, Journ. Ac. Phila., 1, p. 357; Holbr., N. A. Herp., V, p. 39, Pl. 10; De Kay, N. Y. Faun. Rept., p. 81, Pl. 17, p. 42. Salamandra variolata, Gilliams, Journ. Ac. Phila., I, p. 460. Salamandra cylindracea, Harlan, Journ. Ac. Phila., v, p. 156. Plethodon glutinosum, Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. I, p. 39. Triton porphyriticus, De Kay, N. Y. Faun., Rept., p. 88, Pl. 16, fig. 37. Cylindrosoma glutinosum, Dum. & Bibr., 1x, p. 80. This species is of a stout form, the body depressed, the head, body, and tail continuous, with very slight constriction at the neck; the tail * Plates 26; 31, fig. 6; 35, fig. 2; 40, fie. 4; 45, fig. 5; 48, fig. 14. : 140 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. cylindrical, very slightly compressed towards the pointed conical tip, and longer than the body. Theskinis every where closely lined with short perpendicular glands for secreting a milky juice. These are largest on the upper surface of the tail and more scattered on the belly. The skin is also closely covered with shallow pits, visible only when the mucus is removed and through alens. I have not observed any large pores in patches on the head. The head is broad, the sides parallel to the eyes, then converging and distinctly truncated at the end. The eyes are large and prominent, separated anteriorly by one and one-half diameters of orbit; the dis- tance to the nostrils and between them rather less than this amount. The nostrils are lateral near the end of the muzzle. The upper jaw overlaps the under considerably, especially anteriorly ; where there is a slight protuberance downwards of the lip on each side, the muzzle giving a concave outline when viewed both from before and laterally. There is a Slight groove down the side of the muzzle from the outer edge of the nostrils to the swollen part of the lip. _ The gular fold is entirely adnate, without any overlapping. There are fourteen well-marked costal furrows, including the inguinal and one close to the fore-legs. They are distinct on the sides, but inter- rupted on the back and belly; none are distinctly visible along the pelvic region and the tail. There is a shallow furrow along the back, but not the least sign of ridge or compression on the cylindro-quadrate tai), although this is rather higher than wide towards the end. The limbs are moderately developed. The digits are short, broad, linear, cylindrical, depressed, and slightly swollen into knobs at the ends, where they expand very little, but without any appearance of a disk. There is a short, thickened membrane connecting the basal joints of the. digits, leaving three phalanges free of the longer toes and two and one- half of the fingers. This membrane has the effect to cause the bases of the digits to stand out very free and separate from each other. The second and third fingers are nearly equal, the latter rather longer ; the third toe longest; the fourth sometimes not shorter. The first finger and toe are quite rudimentary, being a mere knob. The distance from snout to axilla is contained less than three times in that to groin. The tongue is very large, in alcoholic specimens frequently protrud- ing beyond the jaws all round. ~ It is oval, longer than broad, fleshy, and highly papillose, thin towards the margins. It is very slightly emarginate behind, the notch bordered by a ridge on each side. It is pedicellate, free behind and on the sides, but affixed to it anteriorly; the point of adhesion visible externally, as a circular or lozenge-shaped whitish spot just behind the jaw-bone, and about as large as the orbit of the eye. The attachment is complete anterior to the pedicel, which again is free from its sheath only behind. The tongue is thus evertile and capable of being thrown outwards. There is no free space anterior to the pedicel. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 141 The palatine teeth form a series on each side in the shape of a short arc, the convexity antero-interior. These do not meet internally, but are separated by a short interval, as they are from the two plates of parasphenoidal teeth, beginning a short distance behind them and ex- tending backwards, meeting along the median line. The inner nostrils are rather small, placed anterior and interior to the commencement of the palatine teeth. Besides the broad, shallow, short channel proceeding from the outer end of these nostrils past the external extremity of the palatine teeth, there is a deeper and very narrow cne passing along the upper edge of the broad channel and along the margin of the upper jaw to its posterior extremity. oy RAL Fie. 31. Plethodon glutinosus. No. 3782. Abbeville, 8. C.; 4. This species in alcohol is of a livid bluish-black. The upper parts and sides are marked with well-defined specks of a grayish-silvery color, looking like torn pieces of foil. These vary with the specimen, but are generally more numerous and larger along the sides. The under parts are sometimes finely dotted with whitish, but this is usually the effect. of the whitish glands seen through the integument. The under part of the tail is of a pale bluish-gray. The light spot on the chin, showing the attachment of the tongue, has already been referred to. The soles of the feet are also whitish. The back is sometimes destitute of spots, or they are very minute, and these when present are often duller than those on the sides. There is occasionally a yellowish tinge in the lateral spots. A few spots of the same kind are sometimes found under the chin. Young specimens are marked like the adult, except in being whitish beneath, and in frequently having the white spots more punctiform and scattered, A number of young of eighteen lines in length from caves in Mont- gomery County, Va. have a series of small bright red spots on each side; some others from the same locality do not exhibit them. The variation is thus remotely similar to that in Desmognathus fusca. I have not been able to discover any permanent difference between the southern specimens of this species: and the northern. I have thought there was a greater tendency to expansion of the light spots on the side, so as even to form a continuous band, and to a reduction in size or disappearance of those on the back. I have, however, found 142 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. specimens of precisely similar character froin northern localities. Some southern specimens appeared to have the digits less webbed than usual. In certain specimens from South Carolina described by Hallowell the white spots fail to exhibit themselves on the sides, the color being every where a deep black, the gular region, lips, palms, and soles being of a clear yellowish-brown. This constitutes a well-marked color vari- ety, but no differences of a higher value can be found. There are four specimens of it in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy. The range of this species is from Texas to Maine. It is recorded by Packard as from Okok, Labrador (Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1868), but I suspect that this animal will be found to be the Amblystoma jeffersonianum var. laterale, which has, with the A. j. platinewm, the highest northern range. It appears to be common in Massachusetts and Maine. This salamander is entirely terrestrial inits habits. It is found much more abundantly in the mountainous districts, and haunts rocky loeali- ties as well as forest mold and fallen logs. I have found it more abundant in Pennsylvania and New York than in southwest Virginia. I believe that it prefers a cool climate; in the flat and warmer tertiary and cretaceous eastern coast region it is rare. In southern Pennsyl- vania I have only found it on the northern exposure of the south Ches- ter Valley hill, never on the southern exposure or other part of the north hill. In southwest Virginia it is more common in caves than on the surface. Measurements, in inches. Length, measured along axis of Body: body: Circumference of belly .-.-- ---- 1.60 From snout to gape....-..----. Jol Distance between armpit and From snout to gular fold....... .66 PTOI: So oscs oe eee eee 1.00 From snout to armpit....-.--.. .90 || Tail: From snout to groin...-..--..- 2. 50 Height of tail where highest... .32 From snout to behind anus. .... 3.00 Breadth of tail where highest.. .32 From snout to end of tail ...--- 5. 90 || Limbs: eI ET Disease ea ate a seas) 2.90 Free portion of longest finger.. .13 Head: 3 From elbow to tip of longest Width of head.........---..... . 48 ANGEL 32 ccc cesses eeee eee 50 Width of tongue ...---.----.-- . 40 Free portion of longest toe.-.-.- .16 Wenethororbitheccn ee -eeeeeeee 5 lz From knee to tip of longest toe. .55 Distance betweeneyesanteriorly .27 Distance between outstretched Distance between outer nostrils .17 UWOWSaome doondonaemoo sean ances 1.85 Distance between inner nostrils .15 | THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. Plethodon glutinosus Green. RESERVE SERIES. 143 Josue! No. of eS When : Nature of speci- palslogn spec Locality. allan. From whom received. Tei 8876 1 Mandeville, La...--..--. Nov.—, 1879.| N.O. Academy --.----...- Alcoholic 3756 3 @COWBE “soooos Gboncacdos||boooes cacisoons||caccce saecass so0ueGDE000=8 Do. 5267 O). el eee GIO soscdadipmoocceesa|lsonsoecouocces Dr. W.L Jones..-.-.--.- Do. 3766 1 Tyree Springs, Tenn..-.|...---.-----+--|------------+------+-+---- Do. 3757 | 1 DEVO, AID, cos Hodsor|[ootodoescosne A. Ii, Edgeworth ..-..-- Do. 3762 | 2 Delaware County, Pa stooge sess ccd |osoccsoesq5000¢ onscos00556 Do. 7905 | 10 (Camielles nescose sa0ann||sson0coossssos Prof. 5S. F. Baird eee See Do. 31s | 6 Nawene7, MU cecosteucdlcooeecoscossse Col. B. C. L. Wailes .-.-... Do. 8024 10 Somulneran IOV NOS sso ccn|leacosooceuacce R. Kennicott.....--...-. Do. 9289 1 Wil@wilti@ny, ANE = cosecdaces||esnacs6o500m5a|| csooopacos caqnoecoSpcosKEe Do. 5018 1 Somiln Caran cscc56sd|locascesouogso0||scoooséoosceuadoccoo scones Do. 9288 il. IK#eoeboedvoadoesuceducr ds collososcossoquondl|isdnosoopoUcscouomDoDdoGuE Do. 3760 6 Tyree Springs, Tenn....|.-..--.--.---- Prof. R. Owen..-.......- Do. 3759 6 Micadivillles Passe eel cr ee seiece i aiee Walliam'siessecesce eee Do. 9552 | B jseaceosdossooeaces saescoanlosoontodeSosecllasooocosacrSoucdocuos9qa00 Do. 3784 3 Cihawleston, ss © = sedsossellocodacsscedes |} Scone 0eccbGncecdssooeEDs Do. 3782 5 Abbeville, CI (St a Fe Oe aA I ME eee Do. 3781 | 8 Riceborough, C@scaceso ossocotusosscs||soocessocksobs aoa00esecc0e Do. 3754 | 8 Carlisle, TFG oye Sear ale ie are Prof. S. f°. Baird ---.-.-- Do. 4725 3 Wiewy Wremmalwey ls, Woxe Se) || Soossssoqsede Capt. S. Van Vliet, U.S. Do. Army. 3779 2 Clarke County, Via.-----|_--------.---- Dr.C. B. R. Kennerly ... Do. 4891 1 NIG Ge G0) b Sheen sasaneee ha ceceemercseas J. Stauffer .-.. ..-....-. Do. 3789 3 FTO MNCS Wal S eaiee Reo yal keys Rilo eo cterar | erieta fy scenes aeteicieis Do. 6889 7 Chrarles tome (2) aes eS eos ere are elon | oasis esate ao eeatonaiere emeeinis este Do. 3775 2 West Northfield, Ill ....].--.----.--.-- ReKennicotteece asco eeee Do. 11960 1 IN BIOS by Sen ee Aaa geent are deere ae Sie wWialkersser seer Do. 13315 1 Washington ss Cesseser | seeeeeaceaaeie George Shoemaker...-... Do. 3767 | 12 OrancevNe sige c-ae see eielee seis meee: DraCooperseceee-eeeeee Do. 110 GENERAL SERIES. 4889 1 WOBMNK, WMscceasosanes Ne ee er ebive Saray Scie | Mee enn ae cae ane ances Alcoholic. 3785 2 GrahammillesSs Cra saeealeseereericicice BatlevirssoseNaecace cess Do. 3781 | 3 IRON COMA, CMiasissaocd|lodaosoossacce! ||| sooessoacnousaqeaoucesour Do. 3759 | 9 Wigaihyile, Bkhos edo coasosl|seoocasdodcce: Wailliaim s\s-eeeeee eee Do. 9481 1 West Nurthfield, DI .-..].---..-..-..- R. Kennicott.--..--..--- Do. 10904 | 3 WOcihn Carobinar ss5556c5s\|boob0bcnsdopee Capt. William Holden .. Do. 3761 12 Wimions Countiyay Mom eres |peeace ease eer 125 Iie JBN GooeoosoaboDoU. Do. 4814 1 LBRO OSU, JONG) ~ceoscooallenapecucosnoce Dr. Haymond -.-.-...--.-- Do. 4832 1 IeOOK ING, onal oo secs seallonaocosoqaedss Dr. R. Haymond .....--. Do. 3763 2 WOES OO sosadcoese Gllesassesooocues Oe thibnnkey Gl SSeS secooor Do. 14453 | 2 Goose Creek, S.C ......-|/-.2---+.----- (itso Seek See ae Do. 3777 | 1 Western Missouniiessecl|peemcc cee acee Dirishumardees-ceecssee Do. 14458 | 1 (Qbear re erate eis arise sepegan cei eincree (Up eanocc ccecOeTenancocee Do. 4722 | 4 GeOTncine ye cossiwcneece ect cmeasecenaces Dr. W.L. Jones ......-.- Do. 3774 4 Kemper County, MUGS cdisadsooogoscacs 1B Clo. dsee eee enee Do. 5967 1 South Carolinaseeaseecen sc cnceccemees ely ()ecees ese ceaiwcm eis certs Do. Rete sniciin' 4 Wimlommnon ya}, AME) Scicoccer|loossanogecosce ER Showalter ......-.. Do. PLETHODON ENEUS Cope. American Naturalist, 1881, p. 878. Proportions as in P. glutinosus. Head oval, flat, its width entering length of head and body to thigh six times. Tail quite slender, cylin- dric from base, and longer than length of head and body by the width of the head. The limbs are well developed, and when appressed to the sides they overlap by the length of the distal phalanges. The tongue does not fill the floor of the mouth, especially anteriorly The vomeropalatine teeth are in two straight series, which are directed posteriorly from the internal borders of the choane at an angle of 45 144 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. degrees. They are separated froin each other on the median line by a short interspace and from the parasphenoids by a little longer one. This form is quite different from that characteristic of the P. glutinosus. There the series pass behind the choane, sometimes even beyond their external border, and from two arched series, not directed backwards in any such degree as seen in the P. wneus. The parasphenoid patches are close together, but a notch anteriorly and posteriorly indicates the extremities of the line of separation. The internal digits on both feet are rudimental and terminate ina single small phalange, which does not extend beyond the extremity of the second metapodial bone, and is connected with the latter directly by the integument. The terminal phalanges of the other toes are trun- cate and slightly expanded at the tips, as in the P. glutinosus. There are thirteen lateral dermal folds and a gular fold. The skin is smooth everywhere. Measurements. M. ALOE WeneAN cog code coccsn gacococces dancag DaGdTO Sseo Gos0 GoDOHD Kono OyOOSUCOSD .118- eng th ot head and body es ee ee ce tet imi= elm oe cee eae eet . 0525 ILAMAIN WO COUN 5.5656 0006 bG0008 o000 Gans gongoa ooDa DODGER DoObOES CS tae 047 . ICO UD CONEY Good boocee socece codusd segsed bo aso5 DSeGu0 HHSN bdo0 GooEEE DS Cee . 0185 IDENT 160) THORNS ONS So scosso05 cosces osess ob ases o6S005 c5Ueb0 csasco oSc6cE cone 007 ene thvot fore-lec frompaxilllajsececie ees eee eee eieccsinecieceee reece ne . 0158 IDOE, CHE CUINIEIS 6560 5566 c60500 5000 060000 095060 s5DSbE DO0SDO FONGc5 coSton esos . 0053 Length of fore-f00t.:-.-. 0... +2. - 22. eee eee eee ene ce een cece cece teen ee ones . 006 ene th ofclimd deo Wess sto Se se cece meee e apacisiere etcis ee erste aera sic lese ete erate .0175 Ibierneah Ort WNEY 6456 bo56 655060 co0Gbn SooGEo SoeccD bond cous BEDE bobo cous oon CoS . 0052 Lenethiof Jhind foot. goes cee ccore eae eee ce cee eae enone eee eee . 0085 Widthyot heady soe" as oot saeteciae wee icielseies tale eis ele aisnee ise ase et ee eee . 0083 Width between.eyes iso s.c sececclnniscce incisors eineslnnwcrne sole eeen ieee enn , 0036 2 6 7 8 Fic. 32. Plethodon eneus Cope. S. Tennessee; + The coloration is peculiar. Instead of the black color, with or with- out pale bluish dots, of the P. glutinosus, the sides and back are thickly spotted with large yellowish-green blotches of irregular form, produc- ing an effect something like the coloration of the Mexican Spelerpes lep- rosus. The dorsal spots are much larger than the lateral, and are often confluent. On the head they almost exclude the ground color. The spots on the sides are quite small, as are those on the feet. The lower sides of the tail and belly are anced with yellow, and the throat is neo dusted, and a little more coarsely than the belly. The characters which distinguish these species from the P. glutinosus are the different form of the vomeropalatine series of teeth, the absence of a costal dermal fold, and the coloration. There is some resemblance = Va THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA, 145 to the P. flavipunctatus of Strauch, from California, to judge by the de- seription given by that author. He states that the tail is shorter than the head and body, that the digits are more acute, and the spots are wanting on the head and smaller on the back than on the sides. In all these points it differs from the P. wneus. I have seen but one specimen of this species. J took it at the mouth of the Nickajack Cave, which is in the mountains at the junction of the boundaries of tke States of Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee. PLETHODON FLAVIPUNCTATUS Strauch. Salam., p. 71; Boulenger, Cat. Batr, Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 1, 1882, p. 55. Palatine teeth in two very oblique series, converging backwards, sepa- rated from each other by a slight interspace, not extending outwards beyond choan; parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches in contact throughout, widely separated from the palatine teeth. Tongue very large; posterior border free. Head rather long, with a median longi- tudinal groove. Body cylindrical. Limbs as in P. glutinosus, but the fingers more slender and more pointed. ‘Tail cylindrical, a little shorter than head and body. Skin smooth; thirteen costal grooves. Black, with large, irregular yellowish spots, more numerous on the sides and on the upper part of the tail, smaller on the throat and belly, absent on the upper surface of the head and the lower surface of the tail. To- tal length, 117™™. { have not seen this species, which is said by Dr. Strauch to have been obtained at New Albion, Cal. It must be rare or of local distri- bution. I have copied the above description from Boulenger’s Cata- logue of the British Museum, page 95. PLETHODON INTERMEDIUS Baird. Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 209; Strauch, Salam., p. 72; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 57. This species, in general appearance, proportions of body, etc., is very similar to P. cinereus erythronotus, although abundant differences are easily discoverable. The body, as in that species, is slender and de- pressed, but the tail is slightly compressed at the middle, and more strongly at the extremity. There are no apparent peculiarities about the head. The tongue is elongated, elliptical, without posterior emargination. There ave fourteen costal furrows, or perhaps fifteen, if we include one above the axilla. The distance from snout to axilla is contained rather less than three tines in that to groin. The digits are well developed; more as in P. glutinosus. There is little, if any, indication of web at their bases, the three terminal pha- langes of the third and fourth toes being free. The third and fourth toes are about equal. The outer toe is not more than half the second ; 1951—Bull 34——10 146 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the first finger and toe are almost rudimentary. The third finger is de- cidedly longer than the second. The dorsal surface of this species is traversed by a broad brownish- red stripe, extending from the nape to the end of the tail, the sides regular and nearly parallel, though more separated towards the middle of the back, where it is as wide as the interorbital space. The stripe is sparsely dotted with dusky spots throughout its extent. The sides are abruptly blackish-brown on each side the dorsal stripe; at first con- tinuous, but becoming more and more interrupted by mottling. The belly is light brownish-yellow, thickly mottled with dark brown in about equal proportions; lightest under the chin. There is a dusky line from the eye to the point of the muzzle. 1 4 3 5 6 7 Fic. 33. Plethodon intermedius. No. 4732. Fort Tejon Cal.; . The general proportions and structure of this species are more those of P. glutinosus than of P. cinereus, although slenderer of body. In both there are about fourteen costal grooves. The outer digit in P. in- termedius is nearly rudimentary, instead of prominent, as in the other species. A distinguishing feature, when compared with P. cinereus, is found in the fourteen instead of eighteen costal grooves, the fore and hind limbs being thus less widely separated proportionally. The legs are stouter and the digits much less webbed (scarcely at all in fact). The third and fourth toes especially are much longer. | Independently of the structural peculiarities I find nothing in the color to distinguish this species from P. cinereus erythronotus. Measurements, in inches. Length, measured along axis of Body: body : Circumference of belly ----.--- . 80 From snout to gape. .---.----. .14 Distance between armpit and From snout to gular fold..---. » 45 | CLOUD: bcos cee salo oe ce eee 1.25 From snout to armpit. -..-.-... 5 (05) ||| 4eawiile From snout to groin..---.-... 1.£0 | Height of tail where highest... 17 From snout to behindanus.... 2.15 | Breadth of tail where highest. - 16 ‘rom snout to end of tail..... 3.65 ) Limbs: A eee ES ese etbe Goer Rees ae 1.50 Free portion of longest finger... 07 Head: | From elbow to tip of longest Wadtheo tele adeeprss eee £25 | finer lse a esc eee ener -ol Widthrofetonpueres sens see. ce 15 | I'ree portion of longest toe..-. . 11 Length of tongue. ..-.....-... . 24 From knee to tipof longest toe... 37 Length of orbit..-............ .09 Distance between outstretched Distance between eyes anteri- HOCBis=-.acsweee ee ames So Secaee 1.10 THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 147 Plethodon intermedius, Baird. R | | Hi ee Catalogue! No. of De ion | When is : ptyscnony Nature of speci- a ae spec. Locali*y. collected. | From whom received. ere Se Nhs CE Ra cia cee ee 4732 1 ort) Mey on, (CAA ces see I} oscecsccoase Vo SCH MMIS- -Gacenccssesé Type of discrip- tion. 6635 1 Col mines, Vancouwer |. ---..-..---- Alden W. Hewson ..---. Island. I have also this species from near Salem, in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, so that it probably occurs throughout the entire Pacific region. PLETHODON CRASSULUS Cope. Platepmxcxcxar hice le Proceed. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 1886, p. 521. This species has a superficial resemblance to the P. oregonensis, but its manifold differences are easily perceived. The form is quite robust, and the head is large, its width going into the length to the thighs only five times. The tailis very much com- pressed from the base, and is also shallow; its length equals the dis- tauce from its base to tbe gular fold. The legs are robust, but not very long; when appressed to the side they fail to meet by the length of the posterior foot. The tongue is large, filling the floor of the mouth. The vomeropala- tine teeth are in two short series, which converge backwards, without coming into contact, from behind the internal eye of thechoanz. The parasphenoid teeth are ina single undivided patch, which commences well behind the vomeropalatines. ‘The maxillary and mandibular teeth are minute. GS 7 Fig. 34.—Plethodon crassulus. No. 9447. California; 1. 1 The head viewed from above is oval; in profile the muzzle is thick and truncate, and projects beyond the mouth. The edge of the lip is slightly angulate below the nares. The eye is rather large, its length equaling that of themuzzle. The distance between the nostrils isequa to that between the bases of the eyelids at their middles. The toes are short and free, one phalange of the first digit on each foot project- ing. The ends of the toes are obtuse and bulbiform. » Limbs: From snout to center of anal | Free portion of longest fin- SMT eacodo vaoaao.ooado Haas 4.5 Pelee see ee See 2.20 Head: From elbow to tip of longest Wiicdthvotdhealder sien =ae 6.75 RINGER CSc eee cee 7.25 Width of tongue........-.-- 3.75 ree portion of longest. om 2.75 Hens thor orbibeees espe 2.2 From knee to tip of longest Distance between eyes an- GO Greek Se Beet ee oe eee 8.5 teTvionhys i.e Sere eee 3.8 Digiamnes termes otisiere- Distance between outer nos- Cdl tOCS Heise eee epee 2 4.4 trils...-. Siemieasicies oS emits 208 No. 4701; one specimen; Fort Tejon, Cal.; John Xantus. STEREOCHILUS Cope. Character.—Tongue attached along the median line to the anterior margin; toes 4-5; premaxillary bones confluent, with a simple spine, without fontanelle. This genus is represented by but one Ree of the ae bron iparian dis- trict of the nearctic region. It is evidently of aquatic habits, and is ot larva-like proportions and appearance, but has the cranium fully de- veloped and in some respects more solidly than its allies. In the only skeleton I have examined the prefrontal is present on one side and wanting on the other. The premaxillary bone is like that of Desmogna- thus, while the tongue is slightly freer than in Plethodon. The species exhibits weak extremities. It is from southeast Georgia, and is quite rare. Costai plice, 17; elongate, head narrow, width more than seven times to. groin, more than twice to axilla; no canthus rostralis; tail compressed from base, finned; small; pale yellow, brown lined. .-.-.-..-. S. marginatus. STEREOCHILUS MARGINATUS Hallowell. Pseudotriton marginatus Hallow., Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 130. Spelerpes marginatus Strauch, Balen ., p- 83; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus. ed. 11, 1882, p. 64. This is a well-marked and peculiar species, and not nearly allied to any other. The head is more than usually elongate, with projecting, dat, truncate muzzle. The general dimensions of the head are small: the interorbital space is narrow and nearly plane, its width between the an- terior canthi of the orbits not quite 1.5 the longitudinal diameter of the THE BATRACBIA OF NORTH AMERICA. ALES eye. Both upper and lower palpebre are transparent, a feature pecu- liar to this species. The pores of the skin are large and on all the upper surfaces closely placed; on the sides more distantly. The mucous pores on the head are distinct and large. They form a double series along the canthus ros: tralis, and « single one above the orbit, which turns round the latter be- hind, and is continued below it and along the side of the muzzle to the nostrii. A series of similar large pores extends along the middle of each side, one a little in front of the median point of the intercostal spaces. The tail is compressed from the base, and not elevated; it carries a strong free dermal border along the median line above on the distal two-thirds; a narrower dermal margin exists on the inferior distal half. The limbs are short afd weak, but the digits are well developed. The posterior extended forwards measures 4.5 intercostal intervals; the anterior measures backwards 44 of the same, counting the axillar. The pha- langes number on the posterior feet ‘—2-3-3-2; on the anterior, 1-2—-3-2; the terminals are quite acuminate, especially behind, where in one indi- vidual they have a slightly corneous sheath. There are 17 costal folds and aa axillar space. The tail is not annulate. The rictus of the mouth measures nearly the diameter of the eye behind it. The tongue is small and free all round, except at the anterior margin and along the median line to the glossohyal pedicel. The vomerine teeth extend behind the nares in two series, which are con- vex posteriorly; they approach each other as though at an angle directed anteriorly, and then suddenly curve backwards and form the pterygoid series. These are more slender and more nearly approxi- mated than in any other species, and consist each of buat one rew of teeth to the point where they begin to diverge; 7. ¢., near the posterior part of the globe of the eye. They do not diverge widely and exhibit but a few series of teeth. Fic. 36. Stereochilus marginatus. Wo. 3907. Georgia; 2. The color is a delicate yellowish-brown, with numerous brown lines interspersed, which form several dark bands along the side. A nar- row dark line extends from the orbit. to near the axilla. A narrow yellow line, brown-bordered above and below, extends from axilla to groin. The tail, belly, and gular region are closely brown-specked,; similar specks oecur on the sides of the head behind. The ground color of the belly is yellow. 154 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Axial measurements. M. ORO HODAZIE) HO) DIM AOINOP CAMBS OWE so65 6050 o506 wbodDD cooOdD DUDOeS6 nou0 ba5ees . 002 From; Muzzle sto Giehus;Onis), sj sel seen crs a. cycle ci ieee ears See ae eee Cee . 0044 ESEOMUIMMUIZZIS LOLA Wa soe ca Gasisete cic ete ce Sek Satine Se ease teins SEE SCE CEere . 012 IDC MMV AA TOCA, Heeereoosooo sascoo dare ce caooedoos Ae ba see Bee see ae eee . 0412 Prom muzzle to posterior margin vent-.-.---.-----.-.--.- 7S Seah as Ate eta . 0446 Erommuzzleitoxe ma ot talc 3 sr reyes ee yay were we caer eye conn em nea . 0795 IGCepod MKC e aee nem Be rns Mien Wan mineGodG Gabo oSte . 006 Miengthkore=-fOOb soc 520 a osks cos cle oo en GAN re anor . 0025 Wengbh Wind Mimi so. sic o2 as os eee sy ieee ee aoe ae ys at eee ene thy nim Toot 2s Sais ele Seesaw aay See see ee ere Re . 004 Wadthebetween extern alimanesteseeeesse ames Serene eee ne ee eee . 001 Wadthebetweenrmiterhalematesnsse. s.r ee ere eee eee eae ee eee . 001 Width betwee nic amit l Sho rls yess ey eae et et eo tee , 004 Wilt et weer lnumrrve ren sent easel ape an . 0027 Waidthibetweenttemorajat oromieea= 2aee renee seeeores ace eee ere eee aaa eEre on This peculiar salamander is probably aquatic in its habits. This is indicated by the compressed fin-like tail and the transparent. palpe- bree. It is quite elegant in its coloration. Nothing is known of its habits, as it is as yet very rare in collections. Besides the type speci- men of Hallowell in the Museum of the Academy Natural Sciences, 1 have only seen the following: No. 3907; two specimens; Georgia; Dr. Joseph Jones. GYRINOPHILUS Cope. Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 108. Tongue supported only by the glossohyal pedicel, boletoid; cranium fully ossified, the premaxillary bones remaining distinct and embracing: a fontanelle. Digits entirely distinct, 4-5. This genus is distinguished from Spelenpes on acvount of the marked peculiarity of the premaxillary bone, in which it resembles Plethodon rather than the first named. But one species is as vet known. It has a superficial resemblance to the Spelerpes ruber, but differs in several osteological peculiarities. Its nasal bones are well separated, and the probtic-squamosal crests are peculiar. The anterior or prootic crest is short, distinct, and curved inwards and backwards; that on the proxt- mal extremity of the squamosal curves towards it, but leaves a consid- erable interspace. This is occupied by two osseous processes, like two teeth of a comb. In 8. ruber the anterior crest only is present, and _ forms a rectangle, the anterior limb being transverse and the angle in- wards. The nasal bones also are in contact across the premaxillary spines. The type of the genus remains for a more than usually long period in the larval condition, and just before its metamorphosis is generally identical in its osteological characters with the genus Necturus, except in the absence of the intercalary bone, and the number of posterior digits. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 155 Costal piicee 16. Head wide, width less than seven times to groin, not over twice to axilla; a strong canthus rostralis; tail rounded at the base, not finned; large; MUON PUA DICHeVEy DOK sq G55 255555 00con0 eas0 cee Goueee as50Ge G. porphyriticus. GYRINOPHILUS PORPHYRITICUS Green.* Cope, Proceed., Ac. Phila., 1869, p. 103, Salamandra porphyritica, Green, Contr. Maclur. Lyc., 1, 1827, p. 3, Pl. 1, fig. 2. Salamandra salmonea (Storer), Holbr., N. A. Herp., v, p. 33, PI.8; De Kay, N. Y. Faun., Rept., p. 76, Pl. 16, fig. 39. Triton porphyriticus, Holbr., l. ¢., p. 83, Pl. 28. Pseudotriton salmoneus, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), 1, p. 287; Hallow., l. ¢., Iv, p. 347. Amblystoma salmoneum, Dum. & Bibr., p. 110. Spelerpes salmoneus, Stranch, Salam., p. 83. Spelerpes? salmonea, Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 1, p. 46. Spelerpes? porphyritica, id., ibid. Spelerpes porphyriticus, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 64. This fine species of salamander has an elongated and slender body, much depressed throughout, with very little constriction at the neck, and the tail tapering very imperceptibly from the body. The skin is smooth and very slippery, everywhere under the lens showing appproxi- mated shallow pits, but no indication of glands. As nearly as ean be ascertained the pores of the head are as in Spelerpes ruber. The head is flat, depressed, and rather wedge-shaped, the whole upper part to the muzzle being nearly in one plane. The muzzle is promi- nently and broadly truncate, though a little rounded. The sides of the head are abruptly oblique and also quite plane, the canthus rostralis being very strongly marked as an angular ridge extending forward outside the nostrils to the edge of the jaw, where it forms a slight and obtuse projection. This ridge is further indicated by a light line (always present) from the anterior angles of the eye along its summit to the margin of the jaw; the two nearly parallel. ‘The nostrils send a narrow furrow from their cuter extremity down this ridge. The lower edge of the upper jaw viewed from before is concave, being bounded on each side by the ridge just mentioned. There is no well- defined cirrus however. The side view of the lower edge of the upper jaw is also coneave. The upper jaw projects largely over the lower, most so anteriorly. The eyes are large and prominent, distant anteriorly about one and a half lengths of the orbit; the external nostrils one orbit length apart ; the inner jess than this. The latter are very minute. The tongue is circular, entirely free, pedicellate, and greatly protractile. The teeth are much as in Spelerpes ruber; the parasphenoidal bands perhaps rather narrow. The body is rather vermiform, being of equal size throughout, much depressed, with a furrow from nape to above anus, where the tail rises into a sharp ridge, which continues to thetip. There are sixteen distinct ¥ * Plate 30, fig. 6; 33; 34, figs. 1-4; 35, fie. 6; 40, fig. 3; 48, fig. 13. 156 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. costal furrows, excluding an axillary one, and five pelvic. Similar far- rows can be traced to the tip of the tail. The tail is quadrate at the base, with rounded angles, broader than high, but becomes more and more compressed to the tip. The limbs are feeble and widely separated. The digits all distinct, but small; the first rather rudimentary. In alcohol mature individuals of smaller size are of a light brownish- red on the back, the sides and beneath pale red(tish-salmon color. The sides of body and tail, however, and toa less extent the back, are closely covered by a coarse, indistinct reticulation or net-work of rather dark brown, showing the lighter ground color in the areola, and conveying the impression of rather oblong light spots. The under parts are generally immaculate, though large specimens are sometimes finely sprinkled with dusky. There is always a light line from the eye along the canthus to the edge of the upper jaw; those of opposite sides parallel. With increasing age the reticulation of the sides becomes obscured by the extension of the ground color of the back over the sides and the fading out of the dark markings. There is, however, generally a dull clouding of darker and a faint indication of the light spots, especially on the lower part of the sides. This species differs from Spelerpes ruber in many details of external forr—the more vermiform and depressed body; more widely separated fore and hind legs; one more costal furrow; the more depressed, more truncate, and broader head; larger eyes; prominent ridge from eye con- tinued to margin of upper jaw, ete., not to mention the difference in coloration. To 8S. 7. flavissimus it is related by the protuberances on the upper jaw on each side the muzzle, but these are less prominent. The fifteen costal grooves and sharply defined black spots without reticulation on the sides distinguish the former. A specimen from Georgia (4716) differs in a more slender shape, and in having dark, horny tips to the digits, as in the aquatic Amblystome, as if having lived in a drier region than usual. There are only fifteen costal grooves to be distinguished. hee 7 Fic. 87. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus. No. 3374. Measurements of No. 3874a, in inches. Length, measured along axis of | Length, ete.—Continued. body: | irom! snout) to; eroinies =. sees 3. 40 From snout to gape...--..-..-- . 40 From snout to behind anus. ...- 4,10 From snout to gular fold....-.- . 50 Irom snout to end of tail ...--- 6. 50 From snout to armpib..---.---- 1.15 2 RES bahar ee eNOS Se, Beceee ieee 2. 40 THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. be Head : Tail: Widthvothead. .. 2. csecceee: .5D Height of tail where highest... .40 Width of tongue.s....-..¢..<- 225 Breadth of tail where highest... 35 ene phy Omori asc) = 2 5-2 .20 | Limbs: Distance between eyes anteri- Free portion of longest finger... .14 og ages eee 30 From elbow to tip of longest Distance between outer nostrils. . 24 finger ..--. 7 SSOORE SRR TOR DE5 » 45 Distance between inner nostrils. .15 -Free portion of longest toe..... . 16 : From knee to tip of longest toe. .60 Body : Distance between outstretched Circumference of belly...--..-- 1.85 Hie eee poh nee ES ORE OE 1.90 Distance between armpit and iei@lis OE NOUN soGeso Goss ooeebe 54 BROW cece coe see eae eon So Roce 2. 20 NAYS esi er ee ti a 60 There can be little doubt that, as Baird has suggested, this is the Salamandra porphyritica of Green. The angulation and pale color of the canthus rostralis is described accurately as well as the color of the body. The large larva, 4 inches long, is only referable to this species The Chondrotus microstomus, which Holbrook and Hallowell have im- agined to be Green’s species, is not indicated by Green’s description. It isnot so large, has not the canthus rostralis, the larva is very smali, and the coloration is quite different. Green’s figure represents it well, though the Amblystoma jeffersonianum on the same plate is represented as larger—a relation of size the reverse of what usually holds in nature. This is the only one of our Kastern salamanders which attempts scli- defense. It snaps fiercely, but harmlessly, and throws its body into con- tortions i terrorem. It prefers the coolest localities throughout the Alleghany mountain region, from New York to Alabama. Itis aquatic, but prefers the still waters of swamps or springs to running streams. It is common in the region whence Green procured it, while C. micro- stomus is rare, if existing at all. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Green. RESERVE SERIES. | Catalogue| No. of Samar When lees I oe ray | Nature of spec- “amber || spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. | es I | Z SuGGMmumaint \(Carlisle; Payess:< 2.26. 1874 | Prof. S. F. Baird.....--. | Alcoholic. 8874 CO Ste ORS resets sevefocel lie ere eee ein lieeesiak OR ee ery eer cesta 0) 3540 I Cannonsburch, Pa... -- Peete Reese IDR, 5 GneeeIN Secceessacc Do. 3847 2 Hoxburghy2ase--- =.= Reema tees IBTOfa sete vinden Do. 3852 6 WigaohyiliG, Jay; seon68 sdes|| Sooocasasesce Professor Williams. ---. Do. 3974 a ColumpbussOMossseerers peace occ Prof. L. Lesquereux.... Do. $266 10 Carlisle sPoemsae sence ces ae werenr mene JPiroym Sh hs IBA cooaas Do. 3841 lu IPOS) Qube NPE aaa oe iesl Baooecaoeoabenelleecced GO terse ence cere Do. 3878 1 Wijqoere DeWMER KOKYEIPS sSa5|l-aoooucscaqodallesoaue Gh} Seqnooo ee oe De. 3749 1 TRCAIDOROWE MN, (Ce)... ss064llosanaoosssadual) seeoosossaneoenna esooeuES Do. 12705 1 Loekout Mountain, Venn} Mar, —, 1882 | W. H. Foe ...--..--..--- Do. 3342 1 ANG IROMUEKeS Wis MoS ooccollbacscoseausce Se leBardeeseececeseeee Do. 3374 Biel |e atte stetee sie eee eee cine eel | eiceissieisieicisis nore 10), SPUN ascoagesnoseas Do. 8312 1 Columbiatss Cm sseesmers | eerie eae eae Dr. George H. Mor an, Do. U.S. A. 4716 3 INNA Oessaco Sool! eo0es Ee eae Di-ebarre theese. Do. 14468 1 Carlisle ape: see ees M cele More ee BrotaseH bain deeeecere oe Do: 11473 1 (CEE NSN a vere ee GG ATSEN cee we FEN ee ORG Gorin a IN Do. 3509 6 Meadville, P SARE Sara cis See aeea Professor Williams..... Do 3868 iL aullieeeters (OP ss nodpoceemiroanca |sooare cope ac| Seence ll nensroee coaecoseas Do. 4716 1 Uipperm Georgiaecsssecess|pesereseecceet Dr. we Tones eae Do \ 158 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. MANCULUS Cope. Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 95-101; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1832, p. 75. Tongue free ail round, boletoid. Toes 4-4. Parietal bones ossified, and without fontanelle. Premaxillaries codssified. This genus only differs from Spelerpes in the absence of a digit from the hind foot, standing thus in the same relation to it that Hemidacty- lium does to Plethodon. Its typical species was formerly referred to Ba- trachoseps, but, besides the great difference in the tongue, the latter has a parietal fontanelle and lacks the prefrontal bone. The latter point is indicated by Eschscholtz in his atlas. In the present genus that bone is present. The two species as yet known have a limited distribution. ‘They are the smallest North American salamanders. They are distinguished as follows: Tail stout, compressed; body shorter by length of femur; black, sides light Shel 5 ee ee es eae RAB e ake Me UP Re ao aga bos M. remifer. Tail slender, cylindric; body longer; muzzle broader; yellowish, a dorso-lateral ROM WANNCL Son G65 co59 bd o5o5 os Sees 645060555005 Sone GoSe00 0600 bODE M quadridigitatus. MANCULUS REMIFER Cope. / Rept. Peabody Ac., Salem, 1859, p. 84; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 76. In this small salamander the length to the fore limbs enters that be- tween the limbs but little over twice, indicating a less slender form than in the S. quadridigitatus of equal size. The head is an elongate oval, | its width entering the length to the groin nearly seven times. There are sixteen costal folds, including the axillar, and these are continued upwards to near a median dorsal groove. The tail is deep and flat and marked with the lateral intermuscular grooves, besides a strong median groove above. The latter gives way to a low fin on the distal half of the tail. The limbs are short and weak. The posterior extends forward over six grooves and half an interspace, the anterior over five and one-half, including the axillar. The fingers are slender; the interior on both limbs cuite short, though distinet. The vomerine teeth are in the two usual series, which are more pos- teriorly directed than is usuai. The parasphenoid patches cease far be- hind the first mentioned, and are in narrow, very convex brushes, which are distinct from each other throughout their length. The tongue is elongate oval. The color is black above and dark brown below; the black extends downwards and nearly meets round the neck below. ‘The lower part THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 159 of the sides of the head, body, and basal third of tail are dusted fine white dots. Measurements. M. Men eghreaxial strom end of muzzle toricbuS OTIS!) 52222. 2 s2c8 we see esto. . 00375 enmewhraxiul tromvend of muzzle to axilla. -f2. 22-2 ).-cimc0 wa ssee - cee 222 . 0086 Weninlinna xl trom End Of MUZZLG, TO SLO. 2 sees ss jose ase oe on See . 027 Length, axial, from end of muzzle to end of vent .........-......--.-.-.---- 5 OB Mensch axial from,end of muzzle to.end of tail-2- 2-232 -2_- 2. --- ee. ane fee . 058 PETC HATO TE PIT yay. petavelasnini arc anne ee cepa cum Ne are acs St Sie . 00575 LEDC OF KOLONOO BR s55 BRAM nes dooGe ema A Smee ASCs ee Se Ree meme a aan gem mgs . 002 ILeimgiiln OF Uniting! Vion ee eee Bee eee Se cy ae Ss esis mas AiR UE ee aig mate . 007 ILemeih Oi Ming OO. Be Aaa s ab eos eb eee aHcl GSoC ae Ser nena ie are ee . 0028 Rivitaliimoteltoadi nae sys ces Ao cetera s thls s Aeros em OM oe feicisioe Sem ouee . 0038 AW sllclitstnmovtial) 0 layers er sreetee te ece see ice arene at in nae LSE PEO ud ee Ne Red i . 0032 IV TIGUGLIN: OLE ora DL eee ae ea Sober ne ee halve teers . 002 Only one specimen of this species has come under my observation. It was found by C. J. Maynard, of Salem, Mass., at Jacksonville, Fla.,in February, 1869. It is preserved in the museum of the Pea- body Academy of Sciences, which institution lent it to me for determi- nation. From the form of the. tail it is probably a more aquatic animal than its congener M. quadridigitatus, and if the specimen be an average one it is not quite so diminutive. MANCULUS QUADRIDIGITATUS Holbr.* Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1869, p. 10L; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 7. Salamandra quadridigitata, Holbr., N. A. Herp., v, p. 65, Pl. 21. Batrachoseps quadridigitatus, Baird, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), 1, p. 287; Strauch, Salam. p. 85; Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 4, p. 42. This interesting species is among the least, if not the very smallest, of American salamanders. It is much like Spelerpes bilineatus in generak appearance, but is still slenderer, and with longer digits. I can see nothing distinctive in the head, except that the pedicel- late tongue is very large, oval, elongated elliptical, nearly twice as long as wide, and filling the interspace of the lower Jaw. The teeth appear as in S. bilineatus. ‘Tae head is narrower than in this species. The body is cylindrical, depressed, with fifteen costal furrows; a six- teenth would lie in the axilla, but can not be traced. The separation of the limbs varies considerably ; in the largest specimen the distance from snout to axilla is contained nearly three and one-half times in that to groin; in others hardly 3 times. The tail is slender, subquadrangwar, and longer than the rest of the animal. The digits are lengthened and slender; the longest toe contained about two and one-half times in the distance from knee to tip. The inner * Plate 27, figs. 5-7; 45, fig. 12. 160 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. toe is entirely wanting, without a trace of it being left. There are thus but four digits to each limb. a i Via. 38. Manculus quadridigitatus. No. 3804. Abbeville, 8. C.; 7, 4. The coloration resembles that of S. bilineata. There is a broad red- dish or brownish-yellow dorsal stripe from head to eud of tail, bounded on each side by a narrow dark line extending from the eye, fading gradually off below. The sides are closely dotted or mottled with brownish dots, the dark line referred to being merely a closer arrange- ment of the dots. The under parts are whitish in alcohol, finely mot- tled or dotted like the sides, but less closely and more indistinguisbably. The median line of the belly is generally immaculate. There is almost always a narrow light line on the side from the fore to hind legs. ~ The light dorsal stripe is generally more or less dotted with brownish, sometimes with a tendency toa median stripe. In one specimen the sides are distinetly dotted finely with white. This species was referred to Batrachoseps of Bonaparte by Professor Baird, without probably having seen the type of the latter, no doubt on the faith of Bonaparte’s erroneous description of the tongue of the same. It is evident that the two species ought not to be regarded as congeneric, since the B. attenuatus turns out to be more nearly allied to Hemidactylium than to Spelerpes. The known range of this, one of the smallest of land vertebrates, is from middle North Carolina to the border of Texas, including Florida, Measurements, in inches. Length, measured along axis of | Head—Continued : body: | Distance betweeneyesanteriorly .09 From snout to wape..----.----- .11 | Body: Circumference of belliveaesee . 6C From snout to gular fold. ...... 52s) || Ways From snout to armpit.-...----- 40 | Height of tail where highest... .15 From snout to groin .-:-....--- ils ke Breadth of tail where highest.. .11 From snout to behind anus .... 1.40 | Limbs: From snout to end of tail -.---. 3. 30) | Free portion of longest finger... 0d SM Ape ae ee Sie setter mish Mees eS eae OO) From elbow to tip of longest Head: | finger. ici 2 eee .18 Wirdiuligo tele ad ses eee mee eee .16 | ree portion of longest toe. .... .08 WAG OL WOMB, S5c6 6S5cc0 S66 . 10 | Irom knee to tip of longest toe. . 23 ILM CE WOME 545250 soe0 a46n 13 Distance between outstretched LAMAN OOM Sasa ososcacsoces / alo | TOES os ci eee eae Se rete eee THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 161 Manculus quadridigitatus Holbr. Catalogue} No. of : When : Nature of spec- aaniber! spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. imen. D 9337 3 Mandeville, La.......- Soll Owe. Bows) Cro OWN -seeccecooeasce Alcoholic. 3804 7 TIGOOOROW EN, (C8) Socssde||ssc- osboo0 sane (CYBES eae eee tac oremielomaas: Do. 8867 roman | Ske Teese oy ate eel tresses aria foto rare || arevetetels cieiatsieinie UN SS ee BES Cuma aS Do. 3904 1 AtbbevallenSiC@raeacsmeca pectetceeiccc sls ERO ete alrdieeeeeee Do. Spec aes sic Se MGA, We essoece siicallsoococooossqoel dls \Ni/e IMO e se ooaucodes SPELERPES Rafinesque. Atlantic Journal, 1, p. 22, 1832. Spelerpes Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus. 1850, 43; Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1869, p. 104; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 1, 1882, p. 60. Cylindrosoma Tschudi, Nat. Syst. Batrachier Neuchatel, 1838. Cylindrosoma et Bolitoglossa pars Duméril, Erp. Gén., Ix. Spelerpes et Pseudotriton Baird, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1; Hallowell, J. ¢., 1v. The tongue free, except at the glossohyal support. Palatine and parietal bones fully ossified; premaxillaries consolidated, and their spines embracing a fontanelle. Teeth small. Toes 4-5. This is a natural genus, and is abundantly represented by individ- uals in the eastern district of the nearctic realm, and the Mexican of the neotropical. Its digital characters only distinguish it from Man- culus, and some of the Mexican species approach that genus in the great reduction of the inner digit, which results from a diminution in the number of phalanges. The consolidation of the premaxillaries—a marked character—appears very early in the developmental history of such of the species as I have been able to study (S. ruber, S. bilineatus). The Mexican species pass their metamorphoses soonest; then such as S. bilineatus, and the S. ruber remains longest a larva. The characters of nine species of Spelerpes are given in the follow- ing table. I know of none others, thinking that the genera Cidipus, (idipina, and Geotriton should be maintained as distinct. Of these species four only inhabit the nearctic realm, and five are found in the Tierra Templada of Mexico, on the eastern side of the plateau. The nearctic species are all confined to the eastern region, the genus differ- ing in its range from Plethodon in not extending to the Pacific region. The largest species of the Spelerpes is the S. bellit of Mexico, which among salamanders is only exceeded in dimensions by the Chondrotus tenebrosus. The largest species of North America is the S. ruber. The species of this genus display more brilliant colors than any other of the family, yellow and red being the usual ones. I. Vomerine teeth not continued back to parasphenoid patches, extended outwardly beyond nares. _ a. Costal folds 11-12; tail cylindric; inner toes rudimental. Plices 12; extremities of inner toes free; others short, thick, subequal; a canthus rostralis; muzzle truncate; yvomerine series in contact ; lead-col- ored, usually with two dorsal series of red spots; largest....-. ~S. belli. OM, 64 — 9 162 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Plicxe 12; inner toe and joint distinct, other toes well developed, cylindric ; width head 5 to6 times, and length head to axilla, 2.5 to 3 times, to groin ; tail generally more elongate; black; sides, tail, and often back, gray WMG! 8 AVHRR. S655 46550 bono 6000 5000 GG0000 cose Cogan eee S. leprosus. Plicew 11; inner toe not distinct; other toes very short, margined ; width of head 42 to axilia, 1.3 to groin; tail short; black, unspotted ; medium. S. cephalicus. ia, Vomerine teeth not continued posteriorly to the parasphenoid patches, nor exte- riorly to beyond the nares. a. Tail round; costal grooves 11-12; inner toes rudimental. Plice 11 (without inguinal); width of head 4.5; length to axilla 2% times in length to groin; tailrather short ; toes very short ; upper lip more or less truncate and angulate....-..--------- -+-+------ 2+ +e S. chiroptcrus. aa. Tail subround; costal grooves 21; inner toes minute. Width of head near one-seventh, length to axilla .33 of length to groin ; limbs short ; tail thick at base; brown, with a dark lateral band on each side; gM soso cosSos oes oo osu Se bon050 0000 --S. multiplicatus. aaa, Tail monnppneeser costal grooves 8 13- Aas inner toes dicmnces Plice usually 14; width of head less than one-sixth to groin; head to axilla well over 33 of the same; body longer, tail not keeled above proximally, comparatively short; vomerine series turned obliquely backwards; yel- low, with two latero-dorsal black bands; tail dark laterally ; belly yel- low, immaculate: small. ---. -- 25-252 ee 2 ene 4 oe UT UN CMU Plice, 13; width of head equal one-sixth length to groin; muzzle to axilla more than one-third the same; tail long-keeled above; yellow, sides many black-spotted, a median dorsal series of spots; tail yellow, black- barred; belly immaculate; larger.......-...---.-.------S. longicaudus. Plice 13; width of head greater than one-sixth length to groin; from muzzle to axilla considerably more than .33 length to groin; tail long- keeled above; yellow, with three black bands ; tail black, yellow-barred ; belly Eolas larger. soe Hae Salen, del cele sina are ere er aeyOe gutiotinedtus: III. Vomerine series of figoiTh ponmenens nostentody with the semagebenctl brushes, and originating behind nares. Costal plicw 15-16; head wide, not more than seven times to groin, not more than twice to axilla; no canthus rostralis; tail rounded at base, not finned; large; vermilion red, black or brown spotted......S. ruber. SPELERPES MULTIPLICATUS Cope. Proc. Ac. Phila., 1869, p. 106; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. If, 1882, p. 67. This small species resembles in general proportions Hemidactylium scutatum. It is well characterized in this genus by its numerous costal plice and thickened, scarcely compressed tail. The width of the head enters the length to the groin 6.75 times; the length to axilla enters thrice. The hind limb, extended, passes six in- tervals from the groin; the foot is wide and the toes short, especially the inner and outer; the inner has but one minute joint free. The same may be said of the anterior digits. The tail is compressed a little and considerably thickened; in the smallest specimen the terminal .75 above and .33 below are keeled; in others the superior keel is more distal. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 163 Upper lip moderately truncate, with infranareal angles, and in one, rudimental cirri. The muzzle is rather thick and short, the head flat; in one smaller specimen the former is a little longer than in the others and the width of the head relatively less. The vomerine teeth form short series, each rather suddenly bent backwards; the pterygoid two narrow patches not approaching the vomerines, the relations in this respect being as in S. bilineatus. The color in four specimens is an unspotted brown, the inferior sur- faces paler, especially the gular region. In the smaller specimen above mentioned, which seems to constitute a variety, the brown color forms a broad dorsal band with dark points; the sides are of a pinkish gray, and the under surfaces light yellow. : ~ Fic. 39. Spelerpes multiplicatus. No. 4038. Red River, Ark.; ?, 4. Measurements of the largest specimen on the axis of the body. Inches Mem uhehLOUMINUZZLeHtbO:OLDUbis ot ioe - salem sis ci cls or BSE = olsiste Bored eee eee ees eceimers 05 ILAMetN, HOUT TA PAlG) HO BOUUI Sodo5 poadiaacode a556 nbbesAeoEeao eb abed dado05 Coe 12 ILeM@uln iiOMn TNA WO, Epo Ehecoo Gepeue pobeod soSsep ones Beeo soebeceend HootoEos 425 ILBMNGila TRON TM DHAAlS WO) PAYOINN Ces oo coboDS SOEs Cases Benes nocosD BAceee Esco soee 1.53 MenouherondenaiZzleivo EndyOra tales. isn se stone since ois els teenies ae eee: « 5 ILGOGun GE LOS bi esocen adocoupocues HoOboSu DOGO Seo Seb oSHebesuceonensd caGooe 233 JLGMGUIN OI WORD WOW SSobGe sbobL0 baad Sood coo On boron o pbs Coupe eoboSlecSror nck. 08 emethpotemin del mbm see \oee sofa ccm sic aeisiccsiscisicios se cisci\ecin ncaa cemes FoR a tine sy) Memos tpn Met Obs sere! ajesisinis a, -eaeeree Soe lej eo ssiavesic eine sere cigs + ve eece sce - £33 MadineGrehead: ateanteriorvaneleOrbitses.-2es-seh. ve\isce 2-055 se ee ees eee oll Warchinmot@head ateriGhUse cs \. 5 oscar sss conse sence. Sue eese cine cccecloes akoele 22 MMicluheOtbodyeat Sacrum sstie seat Ak tek Pes ee ec Le Leek eae oa 19 The form of this species would indicate it to be terrestrial in its hab- its. Ofits geographical range we have as yet little information, except that it belongs to the southern central region of the continent. Profes- sor Cragin sent me a specimen which was taken in southern Kansas, and the types were found as below stated. No. 4038; 5 specimens; Red River, Arkansas; Dr. L. A. Edwards. SPELERPES BILINEATUS Green.* Baird, Journ. Ac. Phila, (2), 1, p. 287; Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1869, p. 107; Strauch, Salam., p. 82; Cope, Amer. Nat. Iv, p.401; Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 1, p. 44; Hallowell, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), 1v, p. 346; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 66, Salamandra bilineata Green, Journ. Ac. Phila., 1, p. 352; Holbr., N. A. Herp., v, p. 55, ator Derktay, Neve Haun. Reptsy ps .7os Pl 23 tox 67. * Plate 28, figs. 4-6. 164 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Salamandra flavissima Harlan, Amer. Journ., 1826, p. 286. Salamandra cirrigera Green, Journ. Ac. Phila., Iv, p. 253; Holbr., U. c., p. 53, Pl. 15. Spelerpes cirrigerus Baird, l. c.; Strauch, l. c.; Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. I, p. 44. Bolitoglossa bilineata Dum. & Bibr., p. 91. In describing this species I have selected specimens from New Jersey as most like the type of Dr. Green from the same State. These are before me, but are in rather indifferent preservation. The general characters of the group as described under S. longicauda apply equally here. The chief differences of form appear to consist in a rather narrower head, a more elongate body, and perhaps propor- tionally more slender digits. There are usually fourteen costal furrows between the limbs; a fifteenth falling over the insertion of the fore-legs, and in some specimens possibly in the axilla. The distance from snout to axilla is contained about 22 times in that to the groin. There is only a slight obtuseness of the lip on each side of the muzzle to represent the cirrous appendage of the larva, which is sometimes persistent, thus presenting the characters of the supposed species S. cirrigerd. This species is of aclear yellow; the back with a tinge of brown on it, and this bordered on each side by a dark-brown line; sometimes very continuous, sometimes slightly broken here and there, beginning at the eye; sometimes at the muzzle and running through the eye. The space between the lines is finely sprinkled with brown or black, sometimes only appreciable under a lens, sometimes more distinct. In most specimens the larger spots are aggregated into a narrow median or dorsal series extending to the tail; the spots on the line sometimes partially or entirely confluent. The under parts are always entirely immaculate citron yellow. The sides are very minutely dotted with — blackish below the lateral stripe; in nearly all the specimens from Orange only distinguishable under the lens, and imparting a slight dusky shade. The amount of dotting here on the side is scarcely greater than that on the back. In perhaps the greater number of specimens the mottling of the sides is greater than as described, making a broad lateral band, sometimes fading gradually out of the dorsal surface, and fading out along the belly, sometimes leaving the lower edge of the dorsal stripe weil marked ; occasionally the whole sides are almost as dark as the lateral stripe. There is a row of pores on the upper part of the sides, one to each interspace between the costal furrows. These show in the dusky sides as a line of whitish spots, as they doin S. guttolineata. This may be owing in both either to the transparency of the epidermis or to the actual presence of spots of white around these pores. This species bears a close resemblance to Desmognathus ochrophea in some of its conditions of coloration. The latter may be always dis- tinguished independently of the generic characters, by the broad light, THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 165 generally dark bordered line which passes from the eye posteriorly obliquely to behind the angle of the jaws; and by the absence of yellow on the belly. In the large series of specimens before me are some specimens (4735) from the vicinity of Lake Oquassa, which appear distinct from any others in the collection. They have more the general appearance of Desmognathus, though truly Spelerpes. The muzzle israther longer and considerably higher at the end; the protuberance of the lip on the side of muzzle larger. The side of the head anterior to the eyes is much pitted with pores, scarcely appreciable in the others. The colors are darker; the dorsal stripe browner; and the mottling of the sides en- croaches on the belly. The chin is quite conspicuously mottled. These differences mark a variety which Baird records in his MS. under the name of S. b. borealis. . A few specimens have but thirteen costal folds, and one from Georgia (4737) has that number on one side and fourteen on the other. Those with the fewer plice have usually shorter bodies. This is particularly the case with three specimens (3748) from Georgia, where the width of the head enters the length to the groin but little over five times. The sides are in this variety dusky, with a series of white puncta below the lat- eral band. The dorsal region and top of the head are abundantly pune- tate; sides of tail uniform black; belly immaculate. This variety con- nects with the S. bilineata, the Salamandra cirrigera of Green. The fol- lowing description is taken from Green’s type in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution (No. 4743). The head is depressed and anterior to the eyes. The sides, instead of tapering toa truncated muzzle, are nearly parallel to the truncate but rounded muzzle. This squareness is produced by the development of the protuberances of the upper lips on each side the muzzle, which, al- though partially indicated in other species, here attain their maximum of growth, becoming cirri, which are cylindrical and a little knobbed at the ends, extending downwards past the lower jaw. They are about as long as the outer finger, or .05 of an inch in length. The appearance presented is not unlike that of the muzzle of a walrus or morse. The narrow groove extending from the outer edge of the external nares passes all the way down the antero-external surface of the cirri. There are but thirteen costal grooves, including an indistinct one in the groin. Yr iBairdGssssese a: Do. 8915 IBS|] NAVORTRDOATS Ilo NS 3655 oSa006|| cooeosousoseal| esone0@! Sasnumeda cas cased Do. 8R23 1} Yennessee — .------ JON. B. Searborough..... Do. +829 1 | Claiborne County, Tenn . COM ate tanee ane se Do. 8896 | 14 | Columbus, Ohio .....-.-. Prof. me . Lesquereux.. ae Lo. Biota 6 | Orange, Nik ed era’ JOP, Uo, Cr, COGMEPsconseocos Do. 6813 |) Pi DIME NS BE cies re aces||sooocsmantdodsllbsor jeunes caboose aaabaaeaane Do. O14 Sl Jeti nlavad! Omuminy, Olio) sallssssoosocdede | coosneccuocboubgoc suGc5e 4066 Do. 3908 3 ||| JUG. RY emo ceoeao cel leseacosomotees eae wi eo aon eeen ceaoooE ea naee 8891 5d | Mississippi -.-....-..-.- Col. B. L. C. Wales ...-- 3769 3 | Philadeipbia, Pa .....--. Alo IRON cose sooadasaos Do. 11532 L | Rock Crevk, D.C..-.-..-. POO OUVE Heat meee ee Laiva. 4843 1 | Brookville, Ind ...-...--- Dike Havinrondecs=ceece. Do. 3912 4 | Adirondack, N. Y....---.|. Sea earerte cere PR CL UO wise wee atismelesieie Do. 9301 2.| Norfoik, Conn .----...-.-- 1877 | A. ¥. Wooster ..----.-.-.- Do 14477 || Cniomeasiiain, WiGl scoecocbodllecaceacceouore (UO) EERE eee teenie Soere oe Do. 3925 S|) Ghomveesier, WOoccacegacas|| atougonseesae (ESO Barre es Grae eas Do. 3901 NO |) IEN@a oO ROMGIN, (Wis Soo cocccllaassoaccouses- Dr W. L. POMS cosoooados Do. 6831 fis NLO XA PWT SS sera eects n ies) Se aenaeeties C2Bilimaneeer eee ee eeeeeee Do. GENERAL SERIES 3909 AIRS al oma Ni One aevatetrctstsie)tecsicl| earn cls mieefawicccn levee Stare wiatinisens sisieieise wanes Aleoholic. Bold 2 Highland County, ORNs ORR aS Cay oe a eee uae Do. 3883 | 20 | Mer LGiaANlen Bawewas caesar emai trem ets Williams 32 sceecene aoe | Do. 8802 1 | Augusta, (CBR Cor, Ae peel ae ae Beene Wine hilbips eeess=aeee es Do. 6384 OER (2 are eet pte ease reer Riera ee ae (Ee nea Seo | Do. 8X28 2 | Franklin County Rennes Meee eee ct eae: J.N. B. Scarborough... .--. Do. 13317 1 | Washington, D. CRSA: NSEC taes eee ere (Nee Stoeaeaorsacoueoabasa Do. 8809 16 || Columb, SC 52. scscecdlosasecdeoosaoe Dr. Geo. A. Moran,U.5S. A | Do. 7830 27 Washington, ] ES 0 a ar eee a er IOP, 1B UOMeS gascososdosse Do. 3892 3 | Clarke County, Va......-|.....--...--.- C. B. R. Kennerly .-....--- Do. 3919 ee Salemi y Ne Ci eee arse ile oeesomaci caylee Jee ein ebackye mse rer Do. 3880 6 | Anderson, S.C.......---..!. Ailes So.) Woes IBM Goose. Gcoscoses Do. 6830 | Als COCA MS Soae sane Gee boudadl saeco nerBeces (Qo See eee eae ees Do. 883L | 2 | Chineimoantit Oti@c-coos caull-sooccdocoesss J.N. B.Scarborough...--- Do. 3784 | ||, Clnarlestam, SOs ccs sesousllouasooeoue (ae : Do. 11446 | le Wav. the wile sVialeeen tee als 1885 | Col. M. McDonald ......- Do. 7901 | 20H RC arhislesPaseessesateeee. mocoobdocoodes|| JEON Ish I, IBMT cocecocoss Do. BOUG) |) = 75) lone ones ery aeee ean CEI nd PEPE fe: donee ee Do. $763. | Ge MA SSISSIp pigs cme ees aay sere esac aie weeioks ryshummardys2.ee sess ee Do. 3921 IW ayitonwAN a tere ete esses ececicct ones ee Ndceworthi sessseneseseee Do. R845 | 1G PHauguier Counitiya Maier sesscceeeeee: ©. W. Sheurmann ..--..-- Do. 3876 | 4) Sob AVAN KE, NSO obsnooallssodedososcaos J MGIN aii eee eee eee Do. 3678 | Oils eal Ore pes eee eae yas ote [ Sizisae mine alsietes (BY eGlece descinsl Se os ne Do. 3910 | AR elenoswilleyhennieree seen sector eee ee Prof. J. B. Mitchell ..-..-- Do. 3905 | 1 | Coiumbia County, 1 EE rey [ese aes er eyes Di Pendersoneeseees see Do. 4718 Pi CCW RID LA Gease spon sasere Heecadcanenees DraWeslundicn CSyeeseee eee Do. 5039 | aD ial Pee Gee On ae eect ead Sete ae Soe ot RSLs e Gae Ma Pe oepeE Do. 4717 | Pal leet (IO) oak eco SEN Oa OOo He BEBE omer eel lane see Oe Nae Ue oe ei ae Do. 6830 | Dalene se On Sere sisters as Acree eee eee eee CIEL enone ee pen eae Do. 6832 | aA eae WO ericieraes Ro Pes as] ee caren woe (lees 2 CORRS pias stenoses S| Do. | 198 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Desmognathus fusca auriculata Holbrook. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue | No. of : When 5 Nature of number. | spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. specimen. 8906 8 i @npdlen Si Oeacessooccac Apri: 5, 1877 | fF. W. Hayward..-.....--. Aleoholic. 8819 10s eCaincinnatiqOhioseeresess seen eee eee J. N.B;Scarborough...... Do. - 3901 i Riceboroush Ga = 2s s-e2: pees ce eee Dr. W. L. Jones...-.-..--. Dos 6830 BabA U) Ceeeesnosre moa tene eae) Maduaaeesene ss (2) ie ome ce Agee emer: wake Do. 3866 Bl IeGnrayilles Ueno coossssell couse mncosons Prof. J. B. Mituhell ...--.. Do. DESMOGNATHUS NIGRA Green. * Baird, Journ. Acad. Phila. (2) 1, p. 286; Cope, Proceed. Ac., Phila., 1869, p. 117; Strauch, Salam., p. 73; Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 1, p. 40; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p.79. Salamanidra nigra Green, Journ. Ac. Phila, 1, p. 352. Triton niger Holbr., N. A. Herp., and p. 81, Pl. 27. Amblystoma nigrum Dum. & Bibr., p. 105. Plethodon niger Hallow., Jour. Ac. Phila. (2), 11, p. 344, partim. This is the most robust salamander of the eastern regions of our zoological realm; it is not so slender as the Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, and isa much stronger animal, As compared with the D. fusea it is much larger, the tail is more compressed and extensively finned, and the color is uniformly different. Besides the characters already pointed out in the table, it differs from D. fusca as follows: The parasphenoid patches of tecth are prolonged more anteriorly, and approach very near the vomerines in most instances; they are always prolonged beyond the middle of the orbits; their prolongation is at the same time narrowed, and in most the patches are not distinguished at this point. The vom- erine series are better distinguished (though not always), being oblique, separate, and not extending beyond nares. The tongue is in eight speci- mens examined nearly round, while it is always a long oval in the two other Desmognathi; finally, the only male does not possess the black pigment coat of the testes always present in the others, though, as in them, the vas deferens is black. The body is stouter, and the width of the head enters the length to the groin less than five times—in the others always more; this is also expressed by the existence of only twelve costal plice, and the fact that the appressed limbs are only s»p- arated by 24 intercostal spaces. The postorbital plicz are not strongly marked. The mucous pores are well developed, and the two lateral series are often distinct in alco- holic specimens by their white color; when they become dry they are difficult to observe. There are two rather distant gular series within the mandibular rami on each side, and one on each side extending in: wards and forwards from the gular plica. The superior lateral series extends from the orbit to near the end of the tail; the inferior round the humeri to each side the pectoral region. “Plate 49, fig. 1. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 199 The proportions of the fingers are asin D. fusca; they are entirely free. The eyes are prominent, with thick opaque palpebrae. A tubercle occu- pies the anterior angle, which, after an examination of that in D. fusca, is proven to be a dismemberment of the superior eyelid. The coloration is uniform in about twenty specimens examined. It is simple, viz: Uniform black above and below, except the muzzle from between the eyes, the lower jaw, the end of the tail, and the soles of the feet, which are brown. 1 oa 4 3 5 Fic. 50. Desmognathus nigra. No. 3923. Abbeville, 8. C.; 4, ? . Measurements of No. 3923, in inches. 3 : Inches Length, axial, from end of muzzle to orbit.--.-.--..-..-.--.------ Sul cars Sere . 29 Length, axial, from end of muzzle to canthus oris ------.-.---.---.----------- .55 Leneth, axial, from end of muzzle to axilla. .....--.-....----. -+---- ----.----5 1.22 Length, axial, from end of muzzle to groin ..-.....--....---.---..-+.--------- 3. 23 encthwaxial, trom end of muzzle to end of vent .----.------------- -7---2---- 3.40 Length, axial, from end of muzzle to end of tail ......-. Bes eee nian ee 6. 96 Cemerin Ol oe INDE Ss Skee aero sccss In aca nb oods cud austen coaeas ROSH ennabonese 5 (68) L@meulit OF MOR TOR AG e555 5555e0 coooeuoace 6660 cond dood eeoh co6erd ea sac ocogcneoe . 26 Lemiadi)n OF IMAC ONIN SSb Ses eoce cocdee. sonocs oe iu folevees ciaty-t-raitpntie a weaal te ny tani is 1.02 ‘Lem@iln @F Inia! Ob. 45 6e5eas coed cdodob Heda cete'osed 6s cess dos cada ac asus caeos 47 Wi@ilh OF Inin@ciOOncOley Se BAee cec6 6bhe ee bude ss05 eéceou souned ood caquEoodouounS 227 WisidulMehetmecnveyes IMMirOmt scores Soest a se ela vet cis calaa tse cetsiontledelses el ee OO \igitiin ani: Gamlelng Onis! 255 o65855 e555 bone bolscou cece seus cubase Sabo aces coco ocanee Olt) Wiclith ot hogy cocoggescd ce odes coke S5Eb coos culoenone so Beod Seine noonouiEooscooac 5 OD Width of body at sacrum.... -.-........-..--- Sears Win ee aoce Ben 54 Habits, etc.—This creature is aquatic; but after the fashion of the D. fusca it occurs only in shallow stony brooks. It is, so far as known, confined te the Alleghany mountain ranges from Pennsylvania south- wards. It is abundant in the streams of the rocky ravines and cold springs in the remotest depths of the forest, where its retreat is cool and dark. It seeks concealment under loose stones and slabs of slate with great activity, and is not easily caught. Its habitat does not seem to be shared by any species but the D. fusca; the Gyrinophilus porphy- riticus, the other characteristic Alleghany species, haunting standing ‘Springs and bogs, where stones are not so numerous. Green described it from Pennsylvania, but Baird, who is familiar with the Alleghany fauna of our State, says he has not observed it near Carlisle; nor have f met with it north of Virginia, where it is common. Besides Green’s 200 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. type and specimens from near the Kanawha River, in southwestern ~ Virginia, iu the Philadelphia Academy Museum, the Smithsonian con- tains the following: Desmognathus nigra Green. Catulozue |Number ans Whence and how number. | of spec. Locality. obtained. eo el ee wae | 3886 2 Wi GeOnmlal=csmeata ei jae a sesce Sere senteteae Gee ee ee erleee eee Be W. LL. Jones. 3023 CW ev) Dyna Kens Osman aes =e ARAN RG er Shan aed AGhaaE Po Vn JB, ae 2) Giles: CowntiyiViaks< ces sceaeestensee eee seen eae eereee = D. Cop 14419 | Te Wey the County: Viale cos esse ccbe weet ericene etmetmenteias Col. M. Meena SALAMANDRIDA* Gray Proceed. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, p. 142. Cope, Journ. Ac. Phil., 1866, p. 107. No ethmoid bone. Palatines with posterior separate processes ex- tending over the parasphenoid, bearing teeth on their inner margins. Pretrontals and pterygoids present. Parietal entirely separated from prefrontals by broad frontals. Orbitosphenoid confluent with prodtie. No dentigerous plates on the parasphenoid. No postfronto squamosal arch. The ceratohyal free, connected with the quadrate by ligament. Carpus and tarsus osseous. Vertebre opisthoccelous. No otoglossal cartilage. The hyoid apparatus in this family is like that of the Plethodontide. There is a hypohyal on each side of the anterior extremity of the basi- branchial which does not articulate with the ceratohyal. In Tritarus, Salamandra, and Hemisalamandra, it is short (Plate 36, fig. 8); while in Chioglossa it is recurved posteriorly, passing under the ceratohyal of each side, and almost reaching the basibranchial again near the point of origin of the ceratobranchial (Plate 36, fig. 9). It thus forms a nearly complete circle, supporting the circumference of the tongue. This circle has the same function as that in Amblystoma, but is of different homological value. Appropriately to this functional resemblance to the American forms, the proximate extremity of the ceratohyal is at- tached to the distal extremity of the suspensorium, but by ligament. In Hemisalamandra, on the other hand, it is attached to the proxinal part of the same by ligament, thus furnishing a condition intermediate between the types of Chioglossa and of Diemyctylus. This family is confined to the Old World. It embraces the following genera: I. Maxillary and pterygoid bones separate, the former not reaching quadrate. a. No ligamentous postfronto-squamosal arch. Tongue large, free, except on the anterior half of the median line; teethin two lon mitudimalicurvediseuiesseecesaneeeee ere ee eacorecee: Chioglossa. Tongue large, scarcely free at edges; teeth in two longitudinal curved se- Te Pe a emer enacts ueeema RS LP ene is Aas Co GnoodaboS Salamandra. Tongue small, not free; tecth in two straight paralicl series.. Hemisalamandra. IPod THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 201 aa. A ligamentous postfronto-squamosal arch, Tongue small; vomeropalatine teeth in longitudinal series, which converge and joinsanitenlorly. formimey a f\ yee ee seer elem eel) === Triturus. II. Pterygoid united broadly with maxillary bons. Postfronto-squamosal arch partly ligamentous; tongue little free; teeth KOMIMNNMN OMAR AN Ge eee ass alates eee ene es er sinaies Sawai eae eee Pachytriton The species of this family recorded in Boulenger’s Catalogue of the British Museum are the following: Chioglossa lusitanica Bocage, Portugal, and northwest Spain; Sala- mandra maculosa L., central and southern Europe, Algiers, Syria; S.atra, Laur., the Alps, 2,500 to 12,000 feet; S. cawcasica Waga, Caucasus; Hem- isalamandra cristata Laur., Europe; Triturus blasii De VIsle, north- west France; 7. marmoratus Latr., France, Spain, Portugal; J. alpes- tris Laur., central Europe; 7. vulgaris Linn., Europe, except southern France, Spain, and Portugal; temperate Asia; T. crocatus Cope, Syria; T. montanus Savi, Corsica; Pachytriton brevipes Sauvage, South Kiansi, China. PLEURODELID 2. Cope, Journ. Acad. Phila., 1836, p. 108. Pleurodelide and Siranotidw Gray, Proceed. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, p. 142. No ethmoid bone. Vomeropalatine bones, with posterior separate processes, extending over the parasphenoid, and having teeth on their inner margins. Prefrontals and pterygoids present. Parietals not embracing the broad frontals. No dentigerous plates on the parasphe- noid bone. An osseous postfronto-squamosal arch. Ceratohyal free, connected with quadrate by iigament. Carpus and tarsas osseous. Ver- tebree opisthocelous. No otoglossal cartilage. (Plate 34, figs. 2-7). This family differs from the Salamandridz only in its post fronto- squamosal arch. Rudiments of it already appear in some members of the latter. The genera of this family are all found in the Old World. One of them is represented by two species in North America. They are dis- tinguished as follows : I. Maxillary bone not reaching quadrate. a. Ribs not perforating the skin. PROCS At see Salesman erates sy Cee elas oe nutis setae cise ss Neca es Salamandrina.* TRO O) SARE AAR ORaG INO Ord GEO RE a enae Ts Aen se raw cea ceters sat my tutes Diémyctylus. aa. Ribs perforating the skin; vomcropalatine teeth ina A. INDES DSSS Ch ORS Ob SE She NaS Sa Bes SOR IsS ee a ee TRC Ieee CULO INCA EGS II. Maxillary bone reaching quadrate. (NO GRINS MARRS NaS SEB OO Grin Ge Smet mee i eee eae eee ane e ends) Glossolega.t The species of the above genera are as follows: Salamandrina per- spicillata Savi, Italy; Diemyctylus vittatus Gray, Asia Minor, Syria; D. palmatus Schneid., central and western Europe; D. montandonir Boul., Moldavia; D. bosce Lataste, Spain, Portugal; D. pyrrhogaster * Seiranota Barnes. 1 ep lotriton Anders. y 202 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Boie, Japan, China; D. sinensis Gray, China, D. torosus Esch., Cali- fornia, Oregon; D. viridescens Raf., North America, eastern and aus- troviparian regions; D. rusconti Géné, Sardinia; D. asper Dugés, Pyr- enees, Spain; Pleurodéles waltltt Michah., Spain and Portugal, Tan- giers; Glossolega poirett Gervais, Algiers; G.hagenmuelleri Lataste, Al- giers; G. verrucosa Anderson, Eastern Himalayas, Yunnan. DIEMYCTYLUS Raf. Annals of Nature, March, 1820, No. 22, p.5; Hallowell Journ. Ac. Phila. (N.S.), HI, p. 363; Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1859, p. 126. Notophthalmus Rafinesque, l. ¢,p.5; Baird, Journ. Ac. Phila., (N. s.) I, p. 284. Molge Merrex:, Tentamen, Syst. Amphibiarum, 1820, p. 185; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 11, 6, 1882, pars. Huproctus Géné, Syn. Reptil., Sardinia, p.28; Bonap., Fauna Italica ; Cope. l.c., p. 127. Cynops Tschudi, Batr., 1838, p. 94. Taricha Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1845, p. 25. The hyoid apparatus in this genus is much as in the Plethodontidze and the Salamandride. There is a small hypohyal, which does not articulate with the ceratohyal. In Diémyctylus torosus there is a second process on each side posterior to the hypohyal,* which may be homolo- gous with the similar second lateral cartilage in Linguelapsus annu- latus, or even with the otoglossal cartilage. The ceratohyal is divided. the proximal half osseous. The first ceratobranchial and epibranehial ure osseous. The second ceratobranchiais originate from a high ime- median longitudinal crest of the basibranchial. The free extremity of the ceratohyal is elongate, and in D. viridescens it extends all the way to the inferior surface of the exterior process of the exoeciptal bone,t with which it is in close contact. In the D. torosus it does not extend sofar. In both species the extremity carries with it the hyosuspensorial ligament which connects it with the quadrate bone, which thus becomes much longer than in other genera, (Plate 46, figs. 3, 4.) What name should be applied to this genus is uncertain, and may perhaps ever remain so. The circumstances are as follows: In 1819, in the Journal de Physique,t LXxxvul, p. 418, Rafinesque proposed to replace the name Triton of Laurenti by his own name, Triturus. In 1820, in the Annals of Nature§ for March, p. 4, he says: **My genus Triturus is the same as the Triton of Duméril, there being already another genus of animals called Triton. It differs from the Salamandra * First indicated by Wiedersheim in Der Kopfskelet der Urodelen, Pl. v1, fig. 91. + This was first shown me by Dr. E. E. Galt in one of her dissections. { Prodrome de soixante-dix nonveaux genres d’animaux découverts dans V’intérieur des Etats Unis @’Amérique, durant Vannée 1818. §Annais of Nature or Annual Synopsis of new Genera of Animals, Plants, ete., Dis- covered in North America, by C. 8S. Rafinesque, Transylvania University, Lexington, Ky., 1820. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 203 in having a compressed tail.” Under this genus he included five species: T. hypoxanthus, T fuscus, V. viridescens, T. nebulosus, and VT. miniatus. The TZ. fuscus is the Desmognathus fusca of Baird; the 7. viridescens and T. miniatus are included under the present genus, while the application of the other two names is unknown. Under the head of the fF. viri- descens (p. 5), he remarks: “It must form a peculiar subgenus Diemye- tylus, distinguished by the fore-feet semipalmate, with four equal toes, the posterior with only three toes and two lateral knobs; jaws nearly equal, eyes elliptic,” etc. Immediately following on the same page the author proposes the subgencric name Notophthalmus for the 7. miniatus, in the following language: “It has almost the characters of the sub- genus Diemyctylus, but differs yet from it by having the toes of the fore-feet free and unequal, the lateral ones much shorter, whence it may form another subgenus Notophthalmus.” The first publication of the name Triturus makes it synonymous with the Triton of Laurenti, and all subsequent uses of the name, even by the same author, must yield to this one. Now Laurenti does not in- clude a single species of Diémyctylus in his Triton, so that the name is not applicable to the present genus. It must be applied to a genus of Salamandridz whose species are placed by Boulenger in the section of his genus Molge, which is without postfronto-squamosal arch. One year later than Rafinesque, Merrem (1820) proposed the name Molge for a series of species which embraced, with those of Triturus, one species of Diémyetylus, D. palmatus (Molge palmata Schneid.). The Trituri being abstracted by the prior name, Molge should remain for the last-named species. But it was in the same year that Rafinesque proposed Diemyctylus for the same genus, and it now becomes a ques- tion as to the day of the year on which the works of these two authors were respectively issued. As Rafinesque’s bears the early date of March, I retain it until it is shown that Merrem’s Tentamen was pub- lished previously. On this point I have not as yet. obtained definite information. : The two North American species of this genus differ as follows: Head wider, flat, without keels; middle fingers and toes shorter ; colors uniform, un- SPOOL S Mee CESS A SOE cus Aine ee ee ta rea ene aren ea Eats D. torosus. Head narrow, more elevated, and with two longitudinal keels; middle fingers and toes longer; spotted more or less thickly ; smaller....-..---.------ D. viridescens. Both of these species are aquatic in their habits, and they are the only species found in North America which are truly so; that is, they do not live on the bottom or under stones, but swim or suspend them- selves in comparatively deep water. 201 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. DIEMYCTYLUS TOROSUS Esch. (Plates 36, fig. 2; 38, figs. 1-4; 45, fig. 8; 49, fig. 3.) Cope, Check-List Batr., Rept. N. Amer., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.,1, p. 28, 1875. Triton torosus Esch., Zool, Atlas, p. 12, Pl. 21, fig. 15; Strauch, Salam., p. 30. Salamandra beecheyi Gray, in Griff. A. K., 1., p. 107, and Zool. Beechey’s Voy., Pl. 31, fig. 3. Triton ermani Wiegm., in Erman’s Reise um die Erde, p. 24. Salamandra (Triton) granulosa Skilton, Amer. Journ. (2), VH, p. 202. Notopthalmus torosus Baird, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), 1, p. 284. Taricha torosa Gray, Cat., p.25; Girard, U.S. Expl. Exped., Herp., p.5, Pl. 1, fi. 1-8. Taricha levis Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1853, p. 302. Triton levis Strauch, l. c. Molge torosa Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., seoand ed., 1882, p. 20. This fine species is of rather robust proportions. The head is wide and distinet from the neck, through the protuberance of a posterior superior angle on each side. It is also perfectly flat and smooth above, excepting a gentle slope from a line connecting the orbits to the end of the muzzle. The body is slightly compressed, and its length from axilla to groin is just equal to the length from the axilla to the end of the muzzle. The tail is long, exceeding the length of the head and body by the depth of the latter. It is very much compressed, and has a wide dermal border both on the inferior and the superior edges. Viewed from above, the head is contracted towards the muzzle with curved lateral outlines, and the end of the muzzle is truncate. It also projects considerably beyond the lower jaw. The nostrils appear to be terminal, but directed laterally, and the space between them equals two-thirds that between the bases of the eyelids, and exceeds by one- quarter the space between the internal nares. It also equals the length from the eye to the nostril, and exceeds by a very little the length of the eye-fissure. The upper lip begins to descend posteriorly at a point half-way be- tween the nostril and the eye, and does not rise again, but conceals the lower jaw. The rictus is just behind the posterior angle of the eye. Anterior to this point it is joined on its internal side by a short lamina, which represents the lower lip of the perennibranchiate species of Batrachia. This lip is entirely concealed, and there is no fold in front of it, on the lower jaw. The tongue is oval, and very small. It is only free at the sides, and that but slightly. The vomeropalatine teeth are in two straight series, which converge forwards and join directly between the choane. The limbs are robust, the posterior ones the moreso. Applied to the side, they overlap by the length of the posterior foot with tarsus. The digits differ much from each other in length, but not so much so as in the D. viridescens. The second (first) finger is very short, and the fifth is a little longer, while the third and fourth are of usual length, the third the shorter. ‘Ihe phalanges are 1-2-3-2. The toes are arranged much as the fingers, the longer ones of medium length, and the first THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA, 205 very short. The lengths are, beginning with the shortest, 1-0-2-4-3. The number of phalanges taken in order is: 1-2-3-3-2. The epider- mis on the extremities of all the digits is horny. There are no distinet palmar or plantar tubercles. I have not discovered any horny plates on the inner sides of the posterior legs, such as occur in the D. virides- eens during the breeding season. The character of the surface of the skin varies according to the sea- son and locality. Ina majority of specimens the upper surfaces are smooth, but wrinkled more or less closely. In specimens which have been exposed to drought, the surface becomes rough, with small hard projections. The lower surfaces are always studded with minute horny points so as to behispid. These become more numerous and prominent in specimens where the dorsal integument is roughened. Lateral folds are very obscure in this species, and can only be traced on the superior part ofthe sides. Twelve such grooves may be counted, the first and last being opposite the humerus and femur respectively. There is a dis- tinct transverse postgular fold. The digits have thin dermal margins towards the base. The genitalia are very prominent during the breed- ing season, and the orifice is longitudinal, and its edges are marked with transverse wrinkles. Internally there is a large prominent papilla, simulating an intromiitent organ, which rests in a fossa, whose poste- rior wall is composed of a series of columnar papilla, which radiate backwards and downwards. The free membrane of the edges of the tail is much reduced, or is even wanting, in the specimens with rough- ened skin. Fic. 51. Diemyctylus torosus. No. 11407. San Francisco; 3, 2. Measurements of No. 11577. M. Total length ....-. -.-.---- 12+ + +222 eee ee ene nee eee ee ee te eee ee eee .170 Length of head and body... .----------- -----+ --- 222 eee eee eee eee eee eee eee . 078 IL@A/EAIY 10) CARON Se aoe so55c6 S506 ce ceou Seeds HoSnebe Sno Beane see an bes6 Doreods . 061 Length to axilla ...--. 2-2 --. -- 2. 2-20 22 oe ee ee eer vee eee eee eee - 026 Length to canthus oris ...-.. ---. ---- ------ 2-22 eee eee pec ee oe cree ee eee eee .012 Leneth to anterior cauthus oculi.....-----------------------.-----------.-..- . 005 Length of fore-leg...-...----. ---- ------ --- 222 ee eee ee ee enn ree eee eee eee . 027 LGM IUOT CUOMUE Ba56 s65564 s6d50cocd obood NOnees ConSED Beeenu on doce ecoose - O11 Meneth of manus s422+55-2-s8se-. soo 7-2 ~~ 2 em ewes Sees wale wie = 0115 Length of hind leg.........-- +. 2-2 ene cee ene ce een eee ee veces ee eee ee . 030 ILEMEHIN OF WII .Socc5 sooo coGees cgoddo Suae cadoce ound SbcD eseuod Bobp coodsH Boon > . 0085 ILEMEMA OE JOOS Geoscs cooddd soonen Nos oU9 ad00mU beasus Jon oben 6c5n 6o50 55cq sHbece . 0136 Innerocloniall Waihi <5 oS4s. 6ése ecu odoced bodedogdaaqude chosdo cDGCbo dogobu beau bebO's . 075 CROnTOSE WiGliln Or INGBHGl cosoco caus uedde 5 cooSe a HH odG0 cone cHOnbe H6obud ESodGAS . 0175 Wepth ortail atmiddles with fin 2.02522 ce caccce vece aie oloheereietsiciels/< sta oe eisoe .014 206 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The mucous pores of this species have the following distribution: They forma band on each side of the muzzle, which passes within the eyelid to just behind the eye, where it divides. One line extends back- wards and turns towards the middle line without joining its fellow of the opposite side. aud forms a patch en the loreal region. sists of a series of pores along the lower part of each side. The coloration of this species is simple. faces of the head, body, and limbs are brown, and the inferior surfaces are yellow. the yellow is correspondingly deep. pale, and has an olive tinge. lowish-brown; the lower yellow. This species has the widest range of any Pacific salamander, since it extends from San Diego on the south to southern Alaska on the north. It is very abundant in some parts of California, and may be seen swim- ming in the streams and ponds in numbers. The other branch passes behind and below the eye, On the body the system con- The sides and superior sur- Diemyctylus lorosus Esch. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue | No. of In rough specimens the brown becomes almost black, and. In smooth specimens the brown is The upper membrane of the tail is yel- Gens When col- : Nature of number. | spec. lueealuyy. lected. From whom received. specimen. 9056 CNsBusetsSound, Oregon =) |se-ese nse U.S. Expl. Exped .-....-. Alcoholic. 47 | fo) Calitotniagin sos ke sos eia| sein se ae Ga ee cece oe eee eae eee peer Do. 4070 1 | Fort Steilacoom, Wash ..]...........-.. Dr. Geo. Suckley, U.S. A. Do. 4028 oi eugene) City. Oregons =| ses ene onesies | Dr. C.G. Newberry-.-----. Do. 4046 3 | Fort Vancouver, Wash..|............-- Dr. J. G. Cooper .-----.--. Do. 9214 IS Hort stellacoomsawWins hes keer eee saeeie eeeeeese eee eee eer estat ere Do. 9215 Oiigasensesooonoeod csocuus Sole BOMOdOPaapoUolson abo cenauoDeeoosaopeaKoneS Do. 11407 | QHiaSanelranciscomoaleeasec|peeeereeeenee U.S. Expl. Pxped--....... Do. 11577 -| NO Ieecsee Uae Camas Sa 1879 | Gustav Hisen (2) .....-.-.. Do. 11764 Quehresno, Oalteeee eee secs S79) sGustavabisen esses. Do. 4052 avi) ANRNO Say, (ORO 2 -coopedsladsonsosnnoses Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge, Do. U.S. A. 9556 1S Californians ceeseecwece cel eeceeeere acai Dr. Wm. Stimpson ..-...-- Do. 6585 Is] wWit@yauerreny, CRU sooo ssescollodsdasancossce Dr. Canfield 2h. 22-40-01. Do. 13560 1 | Hassler’s Harbor, Alaskaj...........--. 181510, INM@EMNONS Seoccccsoaece Do. 14107 1 | Lake County, Cal . -.... 1S85s MEW irne reese eceeee Do. 13940 3) | Berkeley, Call 322-------- 1884 | R. E.C. Stearns.... .-.--. Do. 13946 TB eset chess Gore eee aes 1884) |e aaee do Sesser Se ee Do. 13952 1 | Howell Mountains, Cal.. 1884 |..-... LOGE ers ogee eae | Do 13381 | 2 | San Diego, Cal .-.--...-- 1883 | Chas. R. Orcutt ..-.......- Do. 14479 | 2 | Port Chester, Alaska. --. 1883 | Lt. H. E. Nichols, U.S.N - Do. 14480 | 25) Nasqually Oreconee es s-lteeyme eee Jdp.gol 1OEqyewlesas seoseasqu0e Do. 1449z | 1 | Revillajigedo Har., Alas. 1885 | Dr. TT. H. Streets, U.S. N-. Do. 13928 | M| evi GEMS Soa cosas soos 1885 | Chas. A. Townsend ...-.--- Do. 11556 | 2 | Humboldt County, Cal -.|.--..--..-..-- sencl® cacs ssosanccdooNseNde Do. 11764 | Hel) iE) Chliesoes adeqses |baeasccosaocee Gustav Hisen ......-...--. Do. 4014 | Shin Ine neneyeo,, OA soeses\leasdsossssseos Dry. elie contermeas- sees Do. GENERAL SERIES. 4027 | 1 | El Dorado County, Cal --|...- Soul 105, Ch Ob IKONS casasceascec Alcoholic. 4015 | 1 | San Francisco, Cal .----- [is he Sareea RD Cuttshssse-oeeeeeee Do. 4014 | AL) eee VOM hae tetekepeee ciao Wicdodcsucabese _Dr. J. L. Leconte ..-.----. Do. 11852 2 | San Quentin, Cal .....--- |April —, 1871 | Capt. Wm. Holden .-.--..- Do. 11764. | Os | eEresnomC alesse eee ere 1879 | Gustav Hisen ...-...<.---- Do. 12751 | 2; BallinasyBalyey alesse |Meat ee em phil Reeser BBE Do. 12153 | LAO alkslam di Gallia cae yee [ere ene Ie by OUR SGoebuog Sé5en0e6 Do. 4051 | 4 Pe talluane © allueseeeers saree aerate HA Samuelstececeeececeeece Do. 11471 | IFePuceh SoundsOneconi ten eeeeosesenen (Ue Ae AS tea te Do. 12010 | Ay oe Saas Ha (RR Se re Do. 4095 | 4°| Kort Umpqua, Oregon-: -|-on-ss--- 26122 Lientenant Michler...-.-.- Do. 14450 | Dae) iz dessa avaeeoin Sia oaks eel | eee RE (wpcaerecneasrasocencdoone Do. 14461 | LV Orecon acc Ss ES ace leone eee (2) ee at ac ats as oe oe Do. 14465 | 1 | Kelseyville, Cal-.....-.. NG || Ih, SOAS cous coscuowsconoce Do. 14469 | Ih) || ORO oseehoodse sss sauelSoaseasbdescae Hxpl. Exped.-......--.... Do. es Type ot T. levis. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTIL AMERICA. 207 DIEMYCTYLUS VIRIDESCENS Raf. (Plates 36, figs. 3-4; 39; 40, figs. 5-9; 41, figs. 3-4; 42, fig. 3; 45, fig. 95 49, fig. 4.) Hallow., Journ. Ac. Phila. (N.8.) 111, p. 363; Cope, Proceed Ac. Phila., 1&59, p. 126. Triturus (Diemyctylus) viridescens Rafin., Annals of Nature, 1820, No. 22. Triturus (Notophthalmus) miniatus Rafin., l.c., No. 24. Salumandra stellio Say, Amer, Journ., 1, p. 264. Salamandra dorsalis Harlan, Journ. Ac. Phila., v, p. 121; Wied., Nova Acta Leop., earol., XXxu, p. 131. ~Salamandra symmetrica Harlan, l.¢., p. 157; Holbr., N. A. Herp., v, p. 57, Pl. xvi; De Kay, N. Y. Faun , Reptil., p. 73, Pl. xv, fig. 33; Wied., l.c., p. 125. Salamandra millepunctata Storer Bost. Journ. N. H., 1, p. 60. Salamandra greenti Gray, Griff. A. K., 1x, Syn., p. 107. Triton dorsalis Holbr., l.c., p. 77, Pl. xxv; Dum. & Bibr., p. 155. Triton millepunctatus De Kay, l.c¢., p. 84, Pl. xv, fig. 34. Notophthalmus miniatus Baird, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), 1, p. 284; Gray, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 1, p. 22. Notophthalmus viridescens Baird, l. ¢.; Gray, l. ¢. p. 23. Triton punctatissimus Dum. & Bibr., p. 154. Triton symmetricus Dum. & Bibr., p. 154; Pl. 107, fig. 2. Diemyctyius miniatus Hallow., l. ¢. Triton viridescens Strauch, Salam., p. 50. Molge viridescens Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., ed. 1, 1882, p. 21. This variable species is the aquatic salamander of the eastern region of North America. Its distinctive characters have been already re- ferred to (pa ge 203), and will be more fully detailed under its appropriate subspecies. These are two, as follows: External finger half as long as fourth or shorter; back with small black-edged red SIVOUS Bese ieee ee origi sinituneis Sie cue Sie wr a iateled (ee sei Sch D. v. viridescens. External finger more than half as long as fourth; no red spots on back, but large black ones, which are present also on the tail.-......-........- D. v. meridionalis. INemyctylus viridescens viridescens Raf. There are two forms of this subspecies, which have received the names of viridescens and miniatus respectively. These having been shown to be stages of one. and the same animal, they are not distin- guished otherwise than as seasonal forms, which may be by reason of the environment rendered permanent for a longer or shorter time. I give, however, the characters that distinguish them. Cranial carine more prominent, and longer; tongue freer laterally; skin rough; cheek-pits more frequently wanting; color red -..---...---..----- form miniatus. Cranial carine less prominent, especially at the ends; tongue less free; skin smooth; check-pits rarely wanting ; ground color olivaceous. .--.-.--..-- form viridescens. The form Miniatus never has a caudal fin-membrane, while it is gen- erally present in the form Viridescens; but this is a seasonal character. The characters above mentioned are not always combined as described, 208 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. They will be referred to later in this article. Meanwhile I deseribo © typical specimen of the form Viridescens. aie = YY x 6 7 3 Fic. 52. Diemyctylus viridescens viridescens. No. 14163. Aiken, 8. C.; 4 2. The outline of the head seen from above is an oval, which contracts anteriorly and posteriorly, and is not distinguished from the neck ly the abrupt contraction of the latter. The back is roof-shaped, and the section of the body a vertical oval. The length from the axilla to the end of the muzzle is just a little less than the distance between the ax- ila and the groin. The tail is much compressed throughout, and ts as long as the head and body (vent included). The muzzle, viewed trom above, is truncate-rounded, and it projects a little beyond the mouth. The two ridges of the top of tke head in- ‘close a long lenticular open groove which is closed in front on the muz- zle, but open behind on the occiput. On their external sides is a shallow groove. There is a distinct but obtuse canthus rostralis, and the lorea' region is slightly concave. The profile is slightly dee rved at the muzzle. The eye is rather large; its length excceds a little the length from its anterior canthus to the end of the muzzle, and ts a little less than the interorbit 1 width. The nostrils are close together, and look upwards as well as outwards. The distance between them enters the interorbital space two and a half times. The eyes do not project upwards, so that the eyelids are nearly plane with the front. The lower jaw is only partly overlapped by the posterior part of the upper lip, and there is no distinct lower lip or groove. On the side of the head posterior to the eye is a straight row of four pits, the first of which is near the eye and the last is in the position of the first branchial fissure. These pits are shortly linear and curved, as though made by the pressure of an instrument with a short curved edge. The distances between them are equal to each other and to half the diameter of the eye. At the position of the posterior pit are traces of three branchial fissures in three vertical short rows of minute pits; but these are not always present. The cheek-pits, moreover, are frequently wanting. I give the results of the examination of seventy individuals of the forms Viridescens and Miniatus: Viridescens. Miniatus. NOSED WYOMING Saoose desssuece ss cone 5 | Fossas wanting 9.2.05 sees eee Fosse present .....- - wi) pepe ge eer 28 || Fossa present = 22sec: o> === eee eee The pits are generally symmetrical, but in a Miniatus there is but one pore on one side, and in a Viridescens there are no pores on one side and three on the other. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 209 The tongue occupies but little space on the floor of the mouth. Itis slightly free at the sides, but not at the anterior or posterior ends, which pass insensibly into the adjacent tissue. Its form is oval anteroposte- riorly. The vomeropalatine teeth are in two longitudinal series, which converge anteriorly, and join after running close together between the internal nares. The latter are about as far apart as the external nares. When applied to the side the fore Jimb overlaps the hind limb by the - length of the hind foot. While of nearly the same length, the fore limbs are not more that half as thick as the hind limbs. Their length is just equal to the distance from the axilla to the end of the muzzle. The second (first) finger is very small, with but a rudiment free. The third finger is long, and the fourth still longer, while the fifth is longer than the second (first), but generally less than halfas long as the fourth. The phalanges are l—2-3-2. The first and fifth toes are mere obtuse rudiments and of equal length. The other toes are not relatively so long as the fingers, standing 2-4-3 in order of length, beginning with the shortest. The phalanges are 1—2-3-3-1. In males in the breeding-season the hind legsare thickened, especially the integument of theinner side. It is then divided by trans- verse folds, and the portions between them become corneous or ehit- inous. ‘There are thus from ten to twelve transverse plates on the in- side of the thighs, and an irregular number on the inside of the tibia and tarsus. The rudimental external and internal toes have a cap of the same substance. These bodies aid the male in maintaining his hold ou the female during copulation. The skin in the form Viridescens is smooth on all the surfaces, but rather closely wrinkled. The tail has a free dermal margin or fin (of about equal width and length) on both the superior and the inferior edges. The genitalia are very prominent at the breeding season, and in the male the orifice is oval. It is very papillose, especially within the anterior border. (See Plates 39 and 41, fig. 3.) There is no trans- verse postgular fold, and there are no transverse lateral grooves. Measurements of No. 3795. M. TROL LONG, esdsécdducpyeuScas Seoe SAOOEC UD DEOL Se SAEs een Sameer ae ates ame . 090 Heme iEOieNeadcamaey Oly. Ss seat ae Mees o sictm soGins oe cic eee eee Saws Sie an ores . 046 |: Length (0, GROIN Ses ae BEE Os aero noe hee a ners eee ae eee eae ers een Meta ee 036 ILEMOWI WO) AE SAAB eRe os SR eo eee co oScorr CO eo Res eanes SASSSOOSO5 SSK S556 COOS . 016 Memes ig iOxe at NS OTIS! easier aie ocis 2 tats esice t= oes cence es Swc nec aee partes . 0065 Length of fore-leg...-.. - JSGES6 SoadE DasGUb oSone0 soDEEE GoGo obds aobadeaces eo 0145 Memestintor, CwiGUS 222-2 os acc cocoa = Gosh bces eos ceS ss S6 Da cietaeuns 25 eee ee eee . 005 WPerIcG lino EetOTe KOO lems Sayers eich yeu end elo Secs li Sac cs 42 Sas Mei . 0065 Wremnrertalnso Fallin (UB Le Opiate ees arts Seppe yay os ee te eres a a Lak ee ee . 0175 Weritonchigo iets iaweere Ser een esio Seiaeete ee oS ee Sie ee cae othe ea Ee . 0053 Benmecu boleh hoo Geet renee ies cee sok be aia locus a soe ete celle tr oa . 0088 WN srauiavOieeathennts sr cse tran taee Soe Vou. eS ae we cia es ee ear ee . 008 DV EclehetWveeneOnbibseee way seme ss aoc see cool ee oe cer U Sh) Ve ie 0046 DWepulvoteraileat mid dillon Aes ease ook cece ate cla. ae mise sibad oleic ane . 0075 1951 Bull 34 14 210 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The color of the form Viridescens is a light brownish-olive above, which is or is not marked off distinctly from the paler color of the lower surfaces along the side. he inferior surfaces are straw-color or dirty white. On each side of the vertebral line is a row of from three to six smail round red spots, each with a black border. The rest of the sur- face is marked with small black points, which are smaller but more dis- tinct on the lower surfaces. On the legs they are larger and more dis- tinct, and on the tail they appear to have run like ink spots on paper placed in water. In specimens without fins they sometimes form two rows on each side of the tail and a line along the side from the axilla to the groin. There is a faint dark line from the eye to the last cheek-pit. Chin and throat generally unspotted. In the form Miniatus the tail is narrow, being without dermal borders, The color of the superior surfaces is vermilion red and the lower sur- faces citron-yellow. The red spots are present as in the other form, but the small black spots are rarely present on the back. They are present on the sides, belly, limbs, and tail, and never rau together into lines. -In this form the skin of all the upper surfaces is rough, with numerous minute, semitransparent horny points of the skin. ‘These are not devel- oped on the inferior surfaces. These characters would be likely to follow the exposure of an aquatic Fic. 53. Diemyetylus miniatus miniatus Raf. 3802. Twice natural size. Root River, Wis. animal with soft skin to the comparative drought of the atmosphere. The greater acuteness and prominence of the cranial crests displayed by the Miniatus form is probably caused by the closer adherence of the thinner integuments under these circumstances. Direct observations as to these points, however, exist. Dr. Hallowell was the first to express his belief that the so-called distinct species were the same. I afterwards remarked, “ the nominal D. miniatus is a state of D. viridescens,” and that I have had it change to the latter in confinement. Dr. Howard A. Kelly, in an article in the American Naturalist, states, he “* brought home a number of D. miniatus (Raf.), or little red lizard, or red eft, and after keeping them in a dark box filled with saturated moss, they changed their color from a bright vermilion to the olive state characteristic of the D. viridescens,” and he kept them all winter. Col. Nicholas Pike says in the same journal (January, 1886): “I have gradually come to the conelu- sion that the two are identical. Some years ago [captured quite a num- ber of red ones in the Catskill Mountains, brought them home, and kept them in a box with other salamanders, where they could resort to water ) THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 211 if they chose. For some days they remained hiding under the wet moss and stones, but finally crept out at night and went into the water. I gave them some insects and worms, which they readily devoured. In about three months they lost their bright red, and in less than a year they were of the usual olive of the Viridescens. Another fact, still more decidedly bearing on the ease, is, that some two-year-old Viridescens taken from the ponds and put in earth and dead wet leaves in a tub in my garden, without water, in a month or so began to lose their green tint and assume a dingy, brownish hue.” Professor Baird thus describes the breeding habits of this sala- mander :* ‘In the spring of the year a broad fin becomes developed along the tail and back of the male, and the feet enlarge, with the addition of a black cartilaginous mass on the toes and inside of the thighs, for the purpose of enabling it to hold on to the female. This it does by clasp- ing her around the throat with the hind legs and retaining the hold for some hours or longer, jerking her around in the water most unmerci- fully during the whole time. A quantity of seminal matter is finally discharged, which becomes diffused in the water, and fecundates the ova while still in the lower part of the oviduct. The eggs are laid singly, of an ellipsoidal shape, and invested by a very glutinous coat, by which it is attached to the middle of an immersed leaf, which is then doubled over it by the exertions of the female. The eggs, after remaining for some time in this way, finally give birth to small larvee, the general character of whose metamorphosis is much the same as that of the species already described.” I have found the habits of specimens of this species in confinement quite as described by Baird. I found the axils of the leaves of Utricularia to be used as places for the deposit of eggs by the female. (See Journal Philadelphia Academy, 1866, p. 63.) Diemyctylus viridescens meridionalis Cope. Bulletin U. S. Nat .Mus., No. 20, 1880, p. 30. Molge meridionalis Cope; Boulenger, Ann. Magaz. Nat. Hist., 1888, January. This subspecies has the longer digits of the form Miniatus, and low cranial crests of the Viridescens, with which it also agrees in color. From both forms it differs in the absence of red spots from the dorsal region, Which is instead covered with rather large black spots, which continue on the tail. The ground above is olive ; below it is yellow, which is marked with numerous small black spots. A character which appears to be of importanee is seen in the fore foot. The outer. toe is more than half as long as the penultimate, while in the varieties Viri- descens and Miniatus it is less than half as long. The first specimen of this form which I met with was sent to the Smithsonian Institution from Matamoros, Mexico. G. W. Marnock *Teonogr. Encycl., vol. 11, p. 254, 1851. 212 finds it in the tributaries of the Medina River and southward, and Will- iam Taylor has obtained a good many specimens from San Diego, in southwestern Texas. It has not been found east of that region. BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL not see it in the plateau country. Dr. Boulenger thinks that this form should be regarded as a distinct Besides the characters I have cited he says the head is more depressed and the lores less vertical and the gular fold more distinct, species. than in the D. viridescens. Aes Fic. 54. Diemyctylus viridescens meridionalis. San Diego, Tex.; 1. Diemyctylus viridescens miniatus Raf. RESERVE SERIES. MUSEUM. I did atalog : When col- A Pataloece Locality. ee ‘sy cel From whom received. supose | 3802 | 8} | IROOM Iyer, WG) Sssaooeclloooeoascoasase | Prof. S. F. Baird Alcoholic. 3819 | G | Coo Comsmny, JON cooosseal| Seebececccues IW. Kennicobtt.--2--2222:--. Do. 3x64 Gal Mieadwvallle Bae sacs | eeaee seeeae se Professor Williams-....... Do. 8958 1 | Kinston, INC ea A OraWVes Min CLs ere eeeeeer Do. 8824 LO incinnati, Ohio essa oaa aes eee aee J.N.B.Scarborough..-.-. Do. 7829 2 Washington, SDE Gea io noel lnecenuoocwue | Dr. I. Coues, U.S. A..-.. Do. 9299 | 1 | Norfolk, Conugee eee Sept. 26, 1877 | A. F. Wooster ..........-. Do. 3793 GB MVE IEG, Ie Moos oascecllosoocesbocoose Brot ss hy Bair dueeseeerere Do. 9398 Gi || Wa Nee IN DIS WANN aono5Gl|sooees case soocladcans ossoccuSoHanoeecosecor Do. 9305 Ba SOR OE RSC Serie ens siete cee || ea eee clisier es Gal | genera a NS SN a Do. 4026 1 | Brazos Rivers BDexieetacclass coker ‘Dr. B. F. Shumard.......-. Do. 9189 GHG) ee SS Rie ictere erstateray enol sees fay bee ees (USS e5 3 aah Sioa = Ce ee Do. 9279 Ay slr CR) i Seis Stat sssts ae ectanaaree ea | a seyapeeie aay sepa (ORES Ces Sere Bones eee Do. 11465 | BUNCE SERA oe SUES de seen call peeee ewan nen (Cee Sener cnanad Do. 9555 | @ |) Avex elleninsyegkyee, JUIN sl) asoaoss5ec--s C.B.R. ‘Kennicott Sees Do. 13581 | 1 | Washington, D C.....--. Oct., 1883 | E. H. Hawley Do. 5969 1 | Hudson “Bay Rare ete ay Brera eae Se en C. Drexler .--.-..-- 4 Do. 13585 Dill EVAN LOW, nV chire serererelerelaeiajerl | yereinteisiee eres Ben y Maller Meese sass Do. Diemyctylus viridescens viridescens Raf. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue aoe When col- i Ge Nature of RATERS Locality. lecrods From whom received. specimen. 3492 )\eAuixsPlainspRiven lls |Re=see eee e Re dsennicottesse-ss-eeeeee Alcoholic. * 38808 4a PRioga County Nexgeccse specs eee K. E. Howell ...--..-..---. Do. 8795 Ga M@anlislewwhaaseseeeemesere Hee Prof. 8. I’. Baird...-....--. Do. 7902 0 URS ACL OU eres S < aeytatare lebvere tel lteter ene eleva opal ay eae DO See Nie OR Do. 5042 2G GOOR Pla sesh ce eee Sessa eee Some eee Wels WOmOSesccssccces Do. 5416 6 | Tllinois (CLR iS fe a at (ee es ees Kenn Cottessen-eeeseeee Do. 3817 0 | Abbeville, S. Cee om meme de Dr. J. B. Barratt .-..-...- Do. 3826 Sill New orice eesse eae Weisiaettice Prot Sah Baindgeeeeeeeace Do. 8849 @) || sbesainetian, Wiccooooecdcellessacccondecs red. Mather Sosa 3 : Do. 9290 46 Moulton: =A cl aeevs asc cteters| Steiner Saco Pe Se eee eee Do. 12053 4 | Mount Carmel, Ill....-... Nov. —, 1881 | L. M. Turner ...-.. Do. 3803 Gurdersey. City Nid osc cre ptsertserccisten | Ricloamerae eins aera ae ae Do. 9557 6 | St. Catharine’s, Canada--].......--..... Dr. D. W. Beadle .......--. Do. 7056 (olGrandi Coteau ape sseans| seer ieee St. Charles College........ Do. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 213 Diemyctylus viridescens viridescens Raf. GENERAL SERIES. Catalogue | No. of : When col- ued eats Nature of number. | spec. Locality. lected. Buoraiywhomere ceived: specimen. 7902 Tie BOarlislewbas- cess ease ser seme cece Prof. S. F. Baird.......---.| Alcoholic. 3795 GY lssesse OM Saosqduaasondehbo|laceconquaasetel||sonoce OP ss epee eyes isietsen ye eee Do. 9118 ik | Syed ConiMiys Wis bosseolescesesose se PACS eeuMILe My see ee eee ae Do. 9331 i) Natemiibeseetaseonencseos May 28, 1876} Fred. F. Talbot...--..-..-- Do. 3814 9 | James River, Virginia... -| Feb. 20,1877 | 5. F. Baird .-....-.-...---. Do. 3799 He WASCOMSII aso. Posey eos cme leeteeratot See LOWS ame cisieta ately Scene = Do. 1402) 1 | Norfolk, Conn......----- July, 1853) Dr. Wm. H. Jones.--...--. Do. 131424 SuGarrisonisy NpeYs eens see Nov. 1884 | ‘I. Rooseveldt...........-- Do. 3801 4 | Cook County, Ill. .-..-.. 1876 | R. Kennicott........-.-.-. Do. 14463 TB (Sse SaaS aoe Oeeeretens lSSHe eon Sates (2) PEE See aie aiziar ce arate Do. 14463 MG meANI Men Ss Chenscce oes cs or| soci sooneee (CNY Bert ae ah nas LS UN Bi gis Do. Diemyctylus viridescens meridionalis. Fernie l | When col- Catalogue | No. of | Br = s ee Nature of ATTA | spec. | Locality. TAS | From whor received. | apecimen. : | — == SS |S 2 | Matamoras, Tamaulipas.|........-...-.. | Lieutenant Couch ........ Alcoholic. 3 | San Diego, Tex .....--.-. Re ee Wasa OT ass syeetereecer ore | Do. | | | | " : c | AMPHIUMID 45. Ethmoid bone present; vestibule osseous internally. No malar or quadratojugal bones. Vertebrie amphiccelous, with two anteriorly di- rected hypapophyses at the anterior extremity. Seapular and pelvic arches and limbs present. Vomerine teeth on anterior or external border of vomer, which does not bound the choane posteriorly. No parasphenoid teeth. Liver not finely divided. Cloaca without pro- jectile muscles. Tail developed. No external gills. There is but one ceratobranchial bone, and but one basibrauchial. There are three epibranchials. Besides hypohyals there are basihyals. No otoglossal. The stapes is direetly connected with the quadrate by cartilage. By all authors the genus Amphiuma had been included in the same family division with Protonopsis and Megalobatrachus until 1866. At that time the writer proposed to separate it from the latter genera as the type of a family Amphiumide, while the other genera were placed in another family with the name Protonopsidz. This course has not been followed by later writers; in the catalogue of the British Museum by Dr. Boulenger (1882), for instance, the three genera are included in one family, the Amphiumide. The reasons for keeping the Amphiumidee distinet from the Protonop- side were stated to be the following :* AMPHIUMID 2: “An axial cranial bone (? vomer) in front of orbito- sphenoids, and one forming palatal surface in front of parasphenoid. * * * Parietals prolonged laterally, not reaching prefrontals. Vesti- * Journ. Ac., Phila., 1866, p. 104. 214 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bule, wall osseous internally. Premaxillaries consolidated. Occipital condyles on cylindrical pedestals.” PROTONOPSID: ‘ No anterior axial cranial bone. * * * Parietals and prefontals prolonged, meeting and embracing frontals. Wall of vestibule membranous internally. Premaxillaries separated. Occipital condyles sessile.” The following observations were made on the Amphiumide: ‘The occipital condyles and temporocervical tendon are quite as in Desmogna- thus; they have not been previously described.* In Amphiwma means there is a minute non-articulated bone on the suture between the o. o. frontalia and prefontalia in the situation of the lachrymal. There are some approximations to Cecilia in Amphiumide. It does not appear to have been noticed that the * * * free margin of the frontal seems to foreshadow the overroofing of the orbit and temporal fossa seen in Cecilia. There is also a very large foramen or canal passing through the o. maxillare from near its middle to the orbit, foreshadowing the canalis tentaculiferus of Cecilia: a narrow one occurs in the same situa- tion in Protonopsis. Further, the prominent horizontal anterior infe- rior processes of the vertebral centra are the same in Amphiama and Cecilia.” The characters assigned as above to the two families Amphiumide and Cryptobranchide are abundantly sufficient for retaining them as dis- tinet.+ The form of the occipital condyles might be excepted from this estimate, and the axial bone in front of the parasphenoid proves to be abnormally cut off inthe specimen then examined. The Protonopside agree with other Urodela in all of the characters given, except in the exclusion of the frontals from the supraorbital border, and in the mem- branous characteristic of the internal wall of the vestibule. The Am- phiumide differ from other Urodela in the presence of a large ethmoid bone (the one referred to as? vomer in the diagnosis above quoted), in the presence of temporal ridges, and of two anteriorly directed hypapo- physes of the precaudal vertebrae. It is interesting to notice that three of the four characters just cited are shared by the Ceciliide. The presence of the ethmoid is of especial importance, as it is an element constantly wanting in the Urodela. 1 have not found it in Desmognathus, Anaides, Spelerpes, Amblystoma, Salamandra, nor Cryptobranchus, nor is it present in Necturus or in Siren. It is, on the contrary, always present in Creciliidet (see Plate Ix, 3). The double anterior hypapophyses are otherwise confined to the same family. The characters of the hyoid arches also distinguish this family from the Cryptobranchide, and they differ from those of the Pseudosauria *They were described by Dr. J. G. Fischer, Anatomisch. Abhandl. iib. Perenni- branch. u. Derotrem., Erstes Heft, p. 61, 1864. + Proceed. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 1836, p. 442. t{Wiedersheim, Anatomie der Gymnophionen, Jena, 1879. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. PL) as well. They are uniane in the presence of only one ceratobranchial, Necturus only approaching it in this respect. In the absence of the second basibranchial it agrees with Cryptobranchus, and approaches the Pseudosauria, where a part of it only remains. It also agrees with Cryptobranchus in the absence or confluence of the first epibranchial and in the presence of the three succeeding epibranchials. This family is only known from North America. There is but one genus of this family, which is defined as follows: A pharyngeal slit on the side of the neck; vomerine teeth in antero-posterior series ; no scales; limbs much reduced ; digits, two or three on each foot; prefrontal and nasal bones present; a temporal crest; palatine bone not inclosing choanz pos- feMOrhy-pLemaxt) any aa, With sacral diapophyses cylindric. § Colostethide. t Ranide. Ili. Teeth in both jaws. a. Sacral diapophyses not dilated. Amphignathodontide 2 Sa PEE RoR Gr nen dase caace Ceratobatrachide. Hemiphractide ....-. 5 Buea is ee Pee, Ea he THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 249 The families of Arcifera with opisthoccelous vertebre are omitted from the table as having no counterpart among the Firmisternia. These two series are what I have called “homologous groups,” and the corresponding genera “ heterologous terms. I have also supposed that one such series may have been derived from the other, in evolu- tion, by a change in the one character which distinguishes the two series. In the case of some homologous series it is not unlikely that this may have taken place, but it is necessary, in order to be sure that such has been the process of evolution, to distinguish between two dif- ferent kinds of homologous groups. In one kind the parallel charac- ters of theone group may have been derived from those of the other by descent, according to the principle called by Lankester ‘‘ homogeny.” In the other case, like modifications of structure have arisen in differ- ent series of animals as a result of the operation of similar energies, as that of the animal anditsenvironment. This is the principle of “homo- plassy.” To the latter kind belong the imitations found to exist be- tween the piacental and didelphian mammalia. The relation between the arciferous and firmisternial Anura may be one of homogeny. We may then parallelize the families which may exhibit true cases of de- scent as follows: FIRMISTERNIA. ARCIFERA. Phryniscide. Bufonide. Dendrobatide. Dendrophryniscide. Dyscophide. Pelodytide. Ranide. Cystignathide. Ceratobatrachide. Hemiphractide. It is, however, probabie that the Pelodytide is the generalized form from which most of the arciferous families have been derived ; and it was itself probably a descendant of the families with opisthoccelous verte- bree, as already indicated. The Ranidze embraces many genera which imitate in details many genera of Arcifera. The metropolis of the former, as of the Lacertilia acrodonta, is the regio Palwotropica, while the latter have but few representatives out of the A. R. Neotropica and Australis, where but one or two species of the former oceur. In both we can trace a series in which the outer metatarsal is gradually liberated from the penultimate, to afford greater extension for the web in the most aquatic types, and among those where these bones are bound, from webless to webbed types. In both we have burrowing and arboreal genera. 250 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. In strict reference to the extension of the webs the following parallels may be drawn: RANID Ab. ARCIFERI. External metatarsal free: Aquatic. Rana. 5 Pseudis. Subfossorial. Hoplobatrachus. Myxophyes. External metatarsal attached : Feet webbed— Burrowing. Pyxicephalus. Ceratophrys. Arboreal (vom. teeth). Leptopelis. Hyla. Arboreal (no vom. teeth), | Hyperolius. Hylella. Aquatic. Heteroglossa. Acris. Feet not webbed— - Terrestrial. Cassina. Cystignathus. Terrestrial, spurred. Hemimantis. Paludicola. It is, however, remarkable that the raniform tree-frogs nearly always have the external metatarsal bone free; the arciferous always bound. The terminal phalanges of the latter are constructed on a ball-and-claw type. In the former they are T-shaped or bifurcate, except in the single West African genus Leptopelis, where the South American type is re- peated. I have also discovered another series of parallels which the genera of most of the families of the Salientia present, in the degree of ossifi- eation of the superior cranial walls.* In the least-ossified erania we find the superior part of the ethmoid still cartilaginous, the superior wail of the brain-case membranous, and the prefrontals represented by narrow lateral splints of bone. In genera of slightly advanced type the roof of the ethmoid is ossified, and the prefrontals are wider. In better-developed genera the frontoparietal bones ossify and close the fontanelle. The higher ossification shows itself in an exostosis of the superior cranial walls, which, in further stages, involves the skin, so that it is no longer free from the cranium. The next stage roots over the temporal muscle with bone, and the highest stage, known only in a genus of Bufonide (Otaspis Cope), incloses the membranum tympani behind. The following table expresses these facts. These series give an excellent illustration of the development of a single character independently of other characters, and show how the generic characters originate quite independently of all others. *See Nat. Hist. Rev., 1865; Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1868 (on the Origin of Genera); Origin of the Fittest, 1887, p. 213, Plates tv and v. OLE A PERE THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 201 Classification. Bufonide. — | Scaphiopidee. uaa Hylide. Ranide. A. Ethmoid not ossified .-..| Mycobatra- |...--...--..-- Eusophus --| Thoropa....) Ranula. chus. AA. Ethmoid ossified above: 1. A frontoparietal fon- tanelle— a. Prefrontals narrow.-|.---------»--- Didoeus .--.| Borborocm- | Hypsiboas - - tes. Cyclorham-} aa. Prefrontals wide ..-.| Epidalea....| Spea..-...-. phus. -| Hyla (sp.) -- Hyperolia 4 11. No fontanelle; skin free; no exostosis— Go JPRDREOMANS MMO s|lbsooaosseseoedl| doesoooabauoas INJLOSEY C1EOc4|laoesdgocoescas Rana (oxy- rhyncha). aa. Prefrontals wide ..-.| Bufo sp.---.|..--------.--. Hylodes, ete.) Seytopis.--.) Rana (hexa- dactyla). 111. No fontanelle; skin free; exostosis— Gic PROMO MINS INH ARON~os |boocoanoe co5s||soondonoonbeoas|boseoos5un5coes Osteocepha- lus. AG, PKETROMI WAKE) socc|| IBWUO Gssseclleacscaaoaqocadl|aamescondsocqau|sauoouconssces 1111. No fontanelle; integu- |) Peltaphryne Seaphiopys)) ment involved in te ranoph- | Pelobates.->| Phractops --| Trachyceph- | Polypedates. exostosis. |) ryne. alus. 11111. Skuli exostosed, in- volving integu- ment; temporal LOSSAROOLE Cesar |e oee ees i ele Cultripes -..| Calyptoceph-|.---.......--. 111111. As last, but membra- alus. num tympani in- closed behind -.--. Ofaspisess Al sassesossc nas peaceoweccicece|bencelee sem eien Figures of these and intermediate types of crania will be found in Plates 68 to 75. The adaptive result attained by these changes in the cranial ossifica- tion are two. Both in burrowing in the earth and in presenting a de- fense against enemies, the top of the head is presented to the resisting object. On being atacked, a Salientian Batrachian always depresses the muzzle and presents the top of the head to the enemy. The types with well ossified crania have a great advantage over those in which the front is membranous or cartilaginous, especially in the case of at- tack from venomous snakes, stinging insects, ete. There is, however, no definite distribution for the respective types, either in time or space, except that the genera with unossified ethmoid all belong to the South- ern Hemisphere. Also, types with unossified frontoparietal bones pre- dominate in the Australian and Neotropical realms, are unknown in the Ethiopian, and rare in the Paleotropical. Types with exostosed frontoparietals chiefly abound in the Neotropical realm, and occur in the Nearetic and Palearctic. Paleontologicaily, both exostosed (Latonia) and membranous frontoparietals (Alytes) appear together in the Miocene brown-coal of Bonn, in Rhine-Prussia. As regards the distribution of Salientia in North America, the follow- ing general remarks may be made. The eastern district, with its com- paratively humid climate and abundant-water courses, is the home of the genus Rana. For similar climatic reasons the middle and northern parts of the Pacific region have several species of Rana. The eastern region, the land of forests, possesses nearly all the species of Hyla. The Pacific coast has but one, a fact due, perhaps, to its long dry season | Va 252 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The arid regions of the Southwest furnish the greater variety of species of Bufo, but one species inhabiting the eastern region. The Austrori- ?) to) bo) parian region is the home of several small forms of Hylidz and Bu- fonidse. The distribution of the Scaphiopidze is chiefly in the dryer regions of the West; three species are found in the Sonoran, while but one occurs in the Pacific, and one in the eastern and Austroriparian regions. The distribution may be tabulated as follows: Genera. ae Eastern. | Central. | Sonoran.| Pacific. BUTOW Sewers ee sie ae ste ae ais eee ele Ce eae iano 4 1 2 5 1 SCD) DINIODUIS sgn asada onqosaducacosoonscdoss secon 1 it 1 3 1 Choropiilnsteeeeeecteeeeseecee eens eresere eae 5 1 | sopra ste BER e eee ISI Ey deanoo bapbas ssoosabon pb dunaboesomaqaesnoscs 6 dD eemoaeare 1 1 NYO S Ge S een Ses ele e ees Sea ree ee hie ANS AE Re 1 1 AE eeepc snonoe.cacc Eyl odes eee ae ieee nog says eee ae eeie eee 2 le S66e||Sadosbancclacoos0 osd|\osascanace Syrnhophusws- 28. sso sass esis nes aise cieeveeeeaats W Wecosegees lccoocscSoqedaaceso= |faoxosoesa- D RSE OES Hey ery ae iA Sed ee ts es Meese ch ane ee 4 | 8 | 1 2 4 RG basi. ates a ben De neests wea er 24 16 6 | 11 7 AGLOSSA. The few members of this suborder have the vertebre opisthoccelous and deprived of ribs; the diapophyses of the third and fourth vertebree are extremely elongate, and those of the sacral are strongly dilated and confluent with the urostyle. The third ceratobranchials are greatly elongated. In Pipa there are only seven presacral vertebree. The frontoparietals are entirely ossified, and there are true ossa nasalia. The sternal apparatus belongs to the arciferous type, though the epicoracoid cartilages do not overlap. The larve are provided with two spiracula, one on each side of the body. (Boulenger). There are two recent and one extinct families of this suborder, which are defined as follows: PIPID As. No ribs; vertebrae opisthoccelous; urostyle simple, attached to a single condyle. Coracoid and epicoracoid divergent, their connecting arches not overlapping. No manubrium. ‘Teeth none; sacral dia- pophyses dilated. The neotropical genus Pipa has the atlas confluent with the second vertebra, so that there are but seven anterior to the sacrum. There are distinct nasal bones, and the median septum of the ethmoid is partially ossified. The prefrontals are completely in contact with each other and with the frontoparietal. Frontoparietal completely ossified. Terminal phalanges acute, simple. External metatarsals separated by a web. (Plate 69, figs. 1-2.) “ae THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 253 XEHNOPIDZ5. No ribs; vertebre opisthoccelous ; 0s ilium attached to the ninth vertebra only. Coracoids and epicoracoids well separated from those of the opposite side. Teeth present; sacral diapophyses dilated. One genus, Xenopus, with three species in the regio Aithiopica. In this the interorbital ethmoid plate, though long, is not produced ante- riorly, and is entirely concealed by the frontoparietal. Frontoparietal strongly ossified, overhanging the confluent prefrontals. The prefrontal does not always extend to it. The first two vertebra are separate, but the sacral and coccyx confluent. There are ossa nasalia above the nares. Terminal phalanges acute, simple. External metatarsals sep- arated by a web. (Plates 49, fig.10 and 69, fig. 2.) PALHIOBATRACHID. No ribs; os ilium attached to the diapophyses of the confluent ninth, eighth, and seventh vertebrie, which form a disk; urostyle attached by «a double glenoid cavity. Frontopariectal strongly ossified, not produced farther than the separate prefrontals. External metatarsals probably separated by a web. The genus Paleobatrachus, Tsch., represented by several species in the Miocene cf Germany. The superior plate of the ethmoid was cou- cealed, and the atlas confluent with the first vertebra, leaving but six between the occiput and sacrum.* Von Meyer describes the vertebree of P. giganteus as procelous, while some of them are figured as opisthocelous. Woltersdortft states that they are procelous. oaceca so0e5 50 ANOBII BEE 5 saekSmanocdeccesecan CEG Total) 222/332 oo as se eee 517 JI UNO THEGNOMS, Sosco5 4055 00506b500 1S SilnktwoMe sons esse esses eee 2 The small proportion of species occurring in the Old World, exclu- sive of Australia, ig evident, though they represent six families, while those of the New World represent but six also. The tribe Arcifera was first defined and its extent and distribution indicated by the author in the Natural History Review, 1865, though explained a year previously at a meeting of the Zoological Society of Loudon. The sternal feature characterizing it was noticed by Steet- ze, Cuvier, and others in isolated cases, but its general significance not perceived. Dugeés (Recherches, 64) attributes it to the tree-toads, the toads, and the Bombinator, Alytes, and Pelobates. In Stannius’s Zootomie der Amphibien (73) it is assigned to the Aglossa and Bufo, as distinguished from Rana and Cystignathus. The characters of the last genus must have been taken from the Old World Cassina (formerly called Cystignathus), as the structure in Cystignathus and its allies is that of the true Arcifera. DISCOGLOSSID Ai.* Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev., 1865(Jan.); Journ. Phila. Ac., 1866, p. 74; Lataste, Actes de la Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux, 1879, p. 277; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, 444. Vertebre opisthocel.t Diapophyses of sacrum dilated. Urostyle with a basal diapophysis. Ribs present.t Bones of distal carpal series all distinct. Sternum of two slender postero-exteriorly diverging fibro- cartilaginous or cartilaginous styles. i In the known genera tongue is round, entire, and little or not at all free behind. Males without vocal vesicle. A marked peculiarity characterizes the larve of this family. The spiracle or branchial opening is situated on the median line below, while in all other tongued Anura it is situated on the left side. If we commence the series of the Arcifera with the great family of the Cystignathide, we will end it with the families Asterophrydide and Diseoglosside, which are perhaps equally connected with that which precedes then—the Scaphiopodide, The former leads to Xen- opus through Paleobatrachus; the latter, as far as our present knowl- * Plate 78. + Observed by Dugés and Gervais in Alytes. = t Observed by Dugés in Alytes and Bombinator, and by Daméril in Discoglossus. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 25 edge indicates, finds its completest development in the extinct genus ‘Latonia, established by Von Meyer on the JZ. seyfriedi from the Miocene of Oeningen. A species also occurs in the fresh-water deposits of San- san (£. rugosa), whose salamander-like vertebre have been noticed by Gervais.* These animals.were nearly related to Discoglossus, and had, like it, short posteriorly directed processes on the ribs, as in the genus Salamandra. ‘They were, however, much larger, had the fronto- parietal bones completely ossified, and the whole of the cranium roughened externally by a dermo-ossification. On this account the genus has been compared with Ceratophrys, which belongs to the family of Cystignathide. In the remaining and recent genera the structure of the sternum is worthy of note. In old individuals of Discoglossus it is sometimes fibro- cartilaginous, as in Pipa. The sternum, homologous with the sternum of the Lacertilia, resembles the united heemapophysial cartilages of the an- terior ribs. In the genera in question + this part is divided nearly up to the peint of attachment to that preceding, each moiety being directed outwards and backwards, and tapering into a lateral linea semilunaris. Between these and the pubes there are in Discoglossus the usual three pairs of line semilunares, connected on the median line by a strong linea alba. In Discoglossus the prefrontalia are strongly developed, being in contact for most of their length, sometimes touching the fronto- parietalia. In Alytes they are also in contact throughout, but are transverse and do not reach the fronto-parietals; the fontanelle is larger, and the ribs without processes; the whole animal is weaker. In this genus, as well as the preceding, the pupil is a vertical slit; elsewhere found in Hylorhina, Platyplectrum, Limnomedusa, Pelody- tide and the Scaphiopide. A species (A. troschelii)t has left its re- mains ib the Miocene Braunkohle along with Palwobatrachus. Bom- binator is similar to Alytes in its osseous structure, except that the prefrontalia are in contact anteriorly only, and that the sacrum pre. sents but one condyle for the articulation of the coccyx, as is typical of the Asterophrydidze and Aglossa. Along with Alytes and Xen- opus it has true ossa nasalia, which bound the external nares exte- riorly, thus explaining their anomalous position in Breviceps, where they are inferior. In Bombinator there is no cavum tympani or auricu- lar ossicles, and the tube Hustachii are rudimentary or wanting. This character is said by Tschudi and Bruch not to be exceptionless in adults, and that the tube and tympanum are always present in the young of both this genus and Pelobates. All European, except Lio- * Paleontologie Frangaise, p. 494. | Duges has given a figure of it in Bombinator, Pl. 3, fig. 24. { Cope, Journ. Acad. Phila., 1866, p.75. Lana troschelii (Von Meyer, Paleontograph- ica, I, p. 138). 1951—Bull. 54 17 258 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. pelma, which is from New Zealand. The toes are webbed in all the genera, and the external metatarsals are separated. Cephalic integument involved in cranial ossification, which completes the o. o. fronto- parietalia; two coccygeal cotyli and diapophyses; ribs with posterior proc- (SSSR eaes nein nt Hi eter ee Rear rer ie Rom otc ay SMe Se Latonia Von Meyer. Cephalic integument free; a small frontoparietal fontanelle (sometimes apparently closed by the ethmoid); prefrontralia largely in-contact; two coccygeal co- tyli; ribs with posterior process; pupil round; cavum tympani present. No DAROLWONG! GIES 55565 c560.66 cog0 cnd600 so00ms po050G bBBGQSeG00 Discoglossus Otth. Cephalic integument free; a frontoparietal fontanelle; vomerine teeth present; two coceygeal cotyli; pupil triangular; no tympanum or Eustachian tubes (Bou- es ntxe)) AACE nee seo h AR Oe Ses Bon Bem SeaeculsoeE caGooS Liopelma Steindachner. Cephalic integument free; a frontoparietal fontanelle. Prefontalia in contact throughout; two coccygeal cotyli; no rudimental digit; typanum and cayum tympani distinct; pupil erect; parotoid glands present ......... Alytes Wag]. Cephalic integument free from cranium; a frontoparietal fontanelle; prefontalia in contact anteriorly ; one coccygeal cotylus; no inner digit developed; no tym- panum or cavum tympani; Eustachian tube rudimental or wanting; paro- TONG! lng MOMs cscaus bosSao S504 bd6500 500550 HouScocUOCED Bombinator ‘Wlgezan. All the characters of this family go to show that it is the nearest of ‘the Salientia to the original and now extinet type which formerly con- nected that order with the Salamanders. These are, the presence of ribs, the opisthoceel vertebra, the distinctness of the carpal bones of the distal row; the inguinal grasp of the male in copula, and the fre- quent presence of the iain veins. BUFONID &.* This is the only cosmopolitan family of Anura. It is chiefly repre- sented by the genus Bufo, which exists in all the zoological realms ex- cepting the Australian. The variations in structure are not so great as in some other families. They are thus summarily reviewed by Boulenger: “The omosternum is generally absent; if present, it is reduced to a narrow cartilage. The sternum is usually a cartilaginous plate, which in a few cases is ossified along its center; in Engystomops there is a well-defined bony style supporting a cartilaginous disk. ‘The vertebre are proccelous and without ribs. The diapophyses of the sacral vertebrie are more or less dilated, but never to such a degree as in the Pelobatide. The urostyle is attached to two condyles. “A frontoparietal fontanalle is present in Myobatrachus Engystomops Pseudophryne and Epidalea; + and in a few species of Bufo the derm is completely involved in the cranial ossification. “In two genera the pupil is erect. “The distal phalanges are simply obtuse or T-shaped. ‘““The Bufonidi include terrestrial, burrowing, thoroughly aquatic (Nectes) and apparently arboreal (Nectophryne) types. Khinophrynus is a baile ant: eater, as are 2 several forms of eevee cy Pl ate 78 oat | This genus is not admitted by Bonlenger. | Catalogue Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1, ed. 1882, p. 274, THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 259 Other characters are: superior plate of the ethmoid completely ossi- fied; very rarely prolonged anteriorly; usually covered by the com- pletely ossified frontoparietals, or by these and the prefontals together. No pterygoideum. Tongue free, not retractile posteriorly. In Otilophus and Phrynoidis* there are but eight vertebra, the atlas and second beingconfluent. In Nectes there are resemblances to the As- terophrydide. The prefontals are narrow, divergent, in contact only anteriorly; the superior plate of the ethmoid is small, tranverse, not entirely covered by the frontoparietals, which are but weakly ossified medially, although embracing no fontanelle. In the other genera the prefontals are in contact with each other and with the fronto-parietals throughout. In none of the genera known to belong to the family is there a manu- brium sterni. he xiphisternum is aslender weak cartilage in Pseudo- phryneand Phryniseus and Bufo kelaartii. In the other species the style supporting the terminal disk is stronger, sometimes fibro-cartilaginous; in Bufo vulgaris and B. melanostictus it is broader and nearly bony, and in Nectes subasper strongest and broadest. In Bufo kelaarti the terminal phalanges have a slight terminal trans- verse extension. Myobatrachus, Notaden, and Pseudophryne the weakest and least developed torms, are Australian; Eupemphix, Phrynoidis, Bufo, Pelta- phryne, Otaspis, Ollotis, Crepidophryne, Cranophryne and Khinophryne are Neotropical; Bufo and Nectophryne, Ethiopian; Bufo, Nearetic ; Bufo and Hpidalea, Palearctic; and Scutiger, Bufo, Nectes, and Necto- phryne, Paleotropical. The characters are the following: I. Terminal phalanges-simple. A. Two condyles for the urostyle. B. Tongue bound in front, free behind. *A frontoparietal funtanelle. Ethmoid bone incomplete above; sternum ossified on the middle line; ear perfectly developed ; pupil erect. - Myobatrachus Schl. Ethmoid bone complete; fingers and toes free; sternum a weak CREA NEN) arts SUEEUSe nae dean euay elena Pscudophryne Fitz. Ethmoid bone complete; toes webbed, sternum distinct. Mpidalea Cope. **No frontoparietal fontanelle. a. No vomerine teeth. 8. Tympanic chamber present. Toes free; tympanic drum not inclosed; sternum an osseous SUID n650c0 god0 be oe pace de cu onod us be ce Suon MUG MUHe Swenindl. *The raised orbital ridges of this genus do not constitute its essential character, as formerly supposed, but rather the division of the neural spines and the wide separa- tion of the lateral portions (they stand above the zygapophyses) throughout the ver- tebral column. Perhaps the fusion of the atlas with the second vertebra is important in the same connection. There is but one species at present known, P. asper. 260 BULLETIN 33, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Toes webbed; tympanic drum not inclosed by bone; sternum a WENO ecuasteooe Cong Golsen vane aSooeboebooee aces Bufo Laur. Toes webbed; tympanic drum inclosed with ossification. Otaspis Cope. Toes webbed; nostrils directed upwards.....---. Nectes Bleeker. BG. Tympanice chamber wanting. Cranial derm free; digits webbed ......-..---...-. Ollotis Cope. Cranial derm free; digits not distinct, inclosed in a common in- tegument 222. =. 25-2 see esioe 25-1 Cepia op Ey meme Ones Cranial derm ossified ; toes webbed ....--... Cranophryne tCope. aa. YVomerine teeth present. Sternum rudimentary ; toes webbed...--..--... Notaden }Guuth. BB. Tongue bound or retractile posteriorly ; slightly free anteriorly. Sternum rudimentary ; pupil erect -. Rhinophrynus Dum. & Bibr. AA. One condyle for the urostyle. Pupil vertical; no vomerine teeth; toes frce; a sternal style. Scutiger Theob. Il. Terminal phalanges T-shaped. Fingers and tees more or less webbed; the tips dilated into disks ; sternum cartilaginous...-.....- Nectophryne Buch. & Peters. _ The distribution of these genera is as follows : A : 2 i 3 2 S| ee eS 8 5 | § i - > Rss cl 8 | 2s 2) mS Ss x = SA 3 5 se = ij Gi soocodosllecooades|loscood dallocacqo se iia eset cs 3 Nal scouscoaodedaoosuasousunssauanosaasopaoas 6 : 41 10 10 5 30 i ' | BUFO Laurenti. Syn. Rept., p. 25; Wagl., Syst. Amph., p. 206; Tschudi, Batr., p.88; Dum. & Bibr., vii, p. 662; Giinth., Cat., p. 55; Nat. Hist. Rev., 1865, p. 102. Oxyrhynchus Spix, Spec. Noy. Test. Ran., p. 49 ; Espada, Via). Pacif., Vert., p. 170. Otilophus Cuv., R. A.; Tschndi, Batr., p. 89; Giinth., Cat., p. 69; Cope, l.c. Hylaplesia sp. Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 294. Chaunus sp. Wag]., Isis., 1828, p. 744. Phryne (Oken) Fitz. Syst. Reptil., 1, p. 32. Chilophryne Fitz. l.c.; Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1862, p. 357. Phrynoidis Fitz. l. c.; Cope, l. ¢., and Nat. Hist. Rev., 1865, p. 102, pars. Anaxyrus Tschudi, Faun. Per., erp., p. 78. Schismaderma Smith, ll. S. Afr., Rept., App., p. 23; Giinth., U. ¢., p. 133; Cope, Ul. ¢. *Crepidius Cope preoceupied. tCranopsis Cope preoccupied. t This genus may have a eranial fontanelle. The skull has not been examined. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 261 Adenomus Cope, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1860, p. 371. Rhebo Cope, eod. loc., 1562, p. 357, and Nat. Hist. Rev., 1865, p. 102. Ansonia Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc., 1870, p. 152. Dromoplectrus Camerano, Atti. Acc. Tor., xtv, 1879, p. 882. Vupil horizontal. Tongue elliptic or pyriform, entire and free behind. Vomerine teeth none. Tympanum distinct or hidden. Fingers free; toes more or less webbed, the tips simple or dilated into small disks. Outer metatarsals united. Omosternum generally missing; if present, cartilaginous; sternum, a cartilaginous plate, sometimes more or less ossified along the median line. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra more or less dilated. Terminal phalanges obtuse or triangular. In the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy for 1854 Dr. Charles Girard gave a synopsis of the North American species of this genus, which embraces thirteen specific names. Wight of these are recognized in the present work, and two others as subspecies. In 1886 the writer gave a synopsis of the species in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, the result of the study of which bas been incor- porated into the present volume. I. Head without bony crests above. a. Interorbital space wider than eyelid. Parotoid glands small, as wide as long, not wider than head; legs longer, end of tarsus reaching to from front of orbit to end of muzzle; meta- tarsalstuberclesamsionin camber sees cere eee. secs B. punctatus. Parotoid glands large, long, spreading posteriorly, much wider than head ; legs short, end of tarsus to tympanum; metatarsal tubercles insig- TUM C ANG aera elects ate: aeicte Se ee eicreiee eee Muibis siecle sie gia L. debilis. aa. Interorbital space narrower than eyelid. Parotoid gland oval; metatarsal tubercles insignificant; a large gland Oni bibiary SIZ MALO Onss sc ec coe ores scene ae B. columbiensis. Parotoid gland oval; both metatarsal tubercles with cutting edges, the internal very large; muzzle very short; no large gland on tibia; SIZepSIMallerMepgnneta ie Nee see mun sows EA eee Sra B. compactilis. II. Head with bony crests above. 1. Interorbital space wider than eyelid, A strong postfrontal crest; superciliaries divergent backwards; parotoid gland narrow and elongate, descending towards axilla; large glands on thigh and on tibia; head four times in the length; metatarsal tub- role sysen alll peeps epee apes mooie ea Vc NE ROE REN SG hea B. alvarius. 2. Interorbital space narrower than eyelid. a. No postorbital ridges. Superciliary crests parallel; tympanum distinct; two cutting metatarsal GuUperclespmremunlarcell vetkeeysseascecee ese. -1s so eis B. hemiophrys. aa. Postorbital ridges present. Two large cutting metatarsal processes; superciliary crests very diver- gent and distinct posteriorly, confounded in a nasal boss anteriorly ; spots verydarees.-2 2.25.25... Ren, Sk NE sie ais ual ee B. cognatus. One smaller metatarsal crest; superciliary crests not incurved and trans- verse posteriorly; parotoid glands narrow, not descending behind UNyCay eNOS NEHRU A oc uc Go aeddnaboun dose seAumodedsce B. lentiginosus. One smaller metatarsal tubercle; superciliary crests incurved posteriorly so as to be transverse; a supratympanic crest; parotoid gland de- scending on sides to inferior part of tympanum .....-.-. B, quercicus, \ 262 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Of the species above defined, the B. columbiensis and the DB. lentigi- nosus are the only ones which display any great variability, the latter having four well-defined subspecies. They are also naturally the species which present affinities to other species. Thus the B. lentigi- nosus sometimes approximates, without becoming confused with, the B. cognatus, and the latter in turn varies towards the B. compactilis. BUFO PUNCTATUS B. & G. Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1852, p. 173; Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Sury., vol. 1, Rept. p. 25, Plate xxxix; figs. 5-7 (not good), 1859. Bufo beldingti Yarrow, Proceed. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 441. The head is wide and flat, and enters the total length three and a third times. The width at the posterior borders of the tympana exceeds the length by the diameter of the eyelid. The latter is about four-fifths the very flat interorbital region. The only cranial ridge is the vertical one which extends from between the eyelid and the parotoid gland along the front of the tympanic membrane. The latter is very distinct and is nearly round, and is just half the long diameter of the eye. The prefrontal bones are rather prominent at the canthus rostralis, and are roughened with raised points. The end of the muzzle is strongly convex in profile, ifs extremity overlapping the premaxillary border. The nostril is nearer the extremity than it is to the orbit. The granular roughening is present on the extremity of the nose, on the posterior part of the vertex, on the eyelid, the pretympanic ridge, and on the par- otoid gland. The tongue is narrow and subcylindrical, and the choane are large and anterior. : The parotoid glands are subtriangular to round in outline, and are as wide as or wider than long. The warts of the dorsal integument are quite small, and stand nearer together on the sides than on the median region. The derm of the inferior surfaces is not roughened nor granu- lar, except for a short space on the gular region, but is more or less dis- tinctly areolate. The external surface of the arm and of the tarsus and hind foot and of the entire sole is spinulose; on the superior surface of the tibia the spinulose tubercles are mingled with larger tubercles. When the posterior limbis extended the end of the tarsus reaches the anterior border of the orbit, and from that point in a few instances to the end of the muzzle. ‘The first finger is longer than the second. The posterior foot is rather small, and the web is deeply emarginate to opposite the middle of the first (fourth) plalange of the fourth toe. All the toes have a narrow dermal margin to their extremities. Subdigital tubercles not large, single. The two metatarsal tubercles are distinet, the internal quite narrow, and with prominent obtuse extremity ; the external rounded, and not presenting a free edge. In large specimens from Lower California the tubercles are coarser, and the granular rugosities of the head smoothed off. There is a trace THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 263 of raised border to as far as above and behind the tympanic membrane, thus imitating faintly the B. lentiginosus americanus. Fic. 60. Bufo punctatus. No.5305. Cape Saint Lucas; }. Measurements of No. 2618. M. Menethvothend and body... sc ssscc- e--- em cnes ooo ss er SUI CSR ORME Se opEeroseE . 052 Length of head to posterior edge of tympana .......--..----..--..----- 22-2. . 0115 Width of head at posterior edge of tympana .....-...-..---.----------.------ . 019 ETO MBO FEO LEWIN seem ee eee rae eee aya seein Nieves are arenas mete coy eS lets earns 027 Length of posterior limb.......-..--... Breve iis cpose ale aisiuisn sisisiae aie Sess cial eos . 060 ILemerhin OF Mar cles Gcgooee cea ESE CER Cee Sea Se ae eeeacis cinerea at easier peas . 019 Meme RO tmDATSUS etsy eee yese sarc s caciscc sa sicie cds dices eciewieiesn ae reise en nests os O11 Menoiheotremainder Ot toObeeayacc-a Ja. 5 ste cone asce sae eeeces ese ecacss. =4 O18 This species is of rather variable coloration. The type (No. 2618) is a uniform light brown above and yellowish-white below. In two other specimens from the same locality the dorsal tubercles are pale, with a dark ring at the base. The latter is the prevalent coloration, for while there are six specimens which show it, there is only one other of the uniform brown tint. Specimens from Cape St. Lucas have red warts, with a black ring at the base, and have the ground color of the sides black besides. -‘The hinder extremities have large blackish blotches, in- closing tubercles which are pink. There is also a black spot on the eyelid, one below the canthus rostralis running longitudinally, and one which extends below and sometimes behind the tympanum. This is one of our best marked species. Its distribution extends from western Texas from as far north as Fort Concho, and along both sides of the boundary line between the United States and Mexico, to the Pacific ocean. It is found as far south as San Antonio, in Texas (Marnock), and in Lower California to the extremity of the peniusula (Xantus), and in Mexico to Guanajuato (Duges). The paired gland-like ridges on the back, represented in the figure of this species in the Report of the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, are merely the projections caused by the dorsal and sacral dia- pophyses, somewhat exaggerated. 264 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. € Bufo punctatus Baird. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue | No. of sinters When bites Nature of number. | spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. specimen. 2618 8))|| (Sean eXeyb eo, Bede co ccemosl|cosadao cca ssea|loosoce ssascedanasa so costes Alcoholic. 2617 1 Castanuelas, WUGMED ssos|laccooonsbocec0 Lieut. B. Couch, U.S. A... Do. 2315 2) Ringgold Bar racks, Mex | ea ee ZA SChOtE es eeeee ce neces Do. 2634 LAS ON OLA em eeetleee)-iae|| Peis eee ee “do scclesnee eee Do. 2618 1 | Rio San Pedro, N. Mex ..|........------ ‘Dr. S. W. Woodhouse F Do. 8168 IL || AVROINES cocagosesncseancs 1871 | F. Bischoff See Ree Do. 2614 Yin hy ea (p66) wenecocuecna lsenconpaccoods A. Schott .:-.-. : Do. 4103 2 | Upper California Region|.......--..--. Hi. B. Mollhausen ° Do. 12661 Il | Lop) Jeg, ID ORM cooscoceanc 1882 | L. Belding ------. : Do. 12669 Sala ne domes nen. oom IED | o5cc00 @O cose 2 Do. 12670 SA Aseeee GO casos ussssasens NEY, | ocoec @O sscdac : Do. 10196 1 | White River Canon, Ariz 1879 | Dr. R. T. Burr Do. 12660 8 | Joe eA, Ji, Ol dcccacasess 1882 | L. Belding ..... nas Do. 5305 5 | Cape Saint Lucas, L.Cal.|........-..... VOhin Sew SooosSecscccs Do. BUFO DEBILIS Girard. Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1854, 87; Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 0, Reptil., p. 27; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus , 2 ed., 1882, p. 289. Bufo insidior Girard, Proced. Ac. Phila., 1854,88; Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 0, Reptil., p. 26, Pl. x1, figs. 13-18. Fie. 61. Bufo debilis. No. 2620. Chihuahua, Mex.; 3. This species of toad is nearly related to the B. punctatus and agrees with it in most respects. The form of the head and the characters of the skin are quite the same; so is the form of the posterior foot. The differences are well marked, and are as follows: The length of the head is contained in the total more than four times. The first finger is shorter than the second. The hind leg is shorter, the end of the tarsus only reaching the posterior border of the tympanum when the leg is extended. The form and dimensions of the parotoid gland are very different. The eland is very large, extending posteriorly to an acuminate extremity which is a little beyond above the axilla. The superior borders of the glands are divergent, so that the total width at their apices is one and one-half times the width of the head at the tympana. ‘The inferior out- line presents the apex of a very obtuse angle downwards at a point posterior to the tympanic drum and on a level with its inferior border. The inferior surfaces are more distinetly granular than in the B. pune- tatus. Metatarsal tubercles insignificant; the internal, subconie. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 265 Measurements of No, 2628. M. Length of head and body......--.---- .----- ------ ++ +222 -2 25 2-50 eee wees ee eee . 040 ‘Length of head to posterior edges of tympana..---..----.---.---+-------------- . 008 Width of head at posterior edges of tympana.....--..--.---------------------- . 013 Lem@isln oi iors Itten|) ston Bey 6645 466650 5660 co60 Sooo ease cone eosads saecos ences 6 020 ILAMGUN Oi WOMMOL ROW AKON Ge e6o5 S6650 6050 coN0 5550 Sogn asadeD enec Sesdnodds . 040 lemarsn OF {illbley. tsoic6de poe shoodescd coocos vodesu odtesd 4400 bo Uaduod.coUeRenoCodE . 012 Wemno wow Tarsus: ss. -s= e= eee = A COSC CSOD SHUG DOU e OMe DEE ee Coes Seats . 009 Lengih OF Remeninglee Olt 1OOUsceedn sa50 neon 6655 Shco5c00 hobo cooy HoSco coSabO GOES O14 The average size is less than that of the B. punctatus. The color of the Bufo debilis is a light ash. The small tubercles are generally black, and are without the red or yellow centers seen in the B. punctatus. The limbs have narrow black cross-bands, or rather wide incomplete black bands, with the pale center so large as to leave only the black borders. The eyelids and parotoids are crossed by simi- lar black lines. Below and concealed surfaces unspotted. The range of this species is much like that of the B. punctatus, but it extends further east. Mr. Isaac found it on the upper Wichita in Texas, and Mr. W. Taylor at San Diego in southwest Texas. It occurs westward through northern Mexico and the southwest territories to Guaymas, on the Gulf of California. It has not yet been found in Lower California. It was originally brought from the valley of Mexico, and the Smithsonian Institution subsequently received it from Mazat- jan. Baird reports it from the lower Rio Grande. It is probably diag- nostic of the Sonoran region. Bufo debilis Girard. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue} No. of aas When a Pd oe Nature of number. | spéc. Locality. collected. From whom received. specimen. 2624 1 | Delaware Creek..-...--.].----- rae epnisnal neon emis et seisels sce cn eins Alcoholic. 2620 2) Chihuahua, Mexico -.--./|.-5--..------- Dr: Thomas Webb -.-..-.-. Do. 2621 6 | Matamoros, Mexico ..-.-..|...........--. Lieut. B. Couch, U.5. A-.-. Do. 2627 1 | Matamoros, Mexico ..-.-.).----...-..-.. Lieut. B. Couch, U.S. A... Do. 5381 LA (MNecsese Se eos anal HEGOR BR elMenmicobtiesseenreeee Do. 2619 f)|\Brazos) River Texas 2. ..|\---2-.-------- Dir Bek s humianrdsssseeees Do. BUFO ALVARIUS Gizard. Baird’s Reptilia U. S. Mex. Bound. Sury., 0, p. 26, Pl. xv1, figs. 1-6. This very distinct species is as yet known from a single specimen, which is preserved in the National Museum. It has a general relation- ship to the B. punctatus, and also to the Cuban Peltaphryne peltacephala of Cuba. In its large size it equals the B. marinus. Head short and wide; muzzle obtuse and vertical in profile, not pro- jecting beyond upper lip; nares terminal lateral, the canthus rostralis forming a convex line from nares to the orbit. Front wide, superciliary ridges obsolete at anterior third of orbit, moderately elevated behind 266 BULLETIN 33, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. this point, and forming a regular curve with the postorbital ridge. No branch crests. A very short robust supratympanic crest, a short narrow precrbitalcrest. Tympanic disk large, round, its diameter three-fourths the length of the eye-fissure. Tongue elongate-obovate; truncate poste- riorly. Border of eyelids thickened, presenting an angle at each ex- tremity, anterior and posterior. Fig. 62. Bufo alvarius. No. 2572. Fort Yuma, Cal.; 3. Measurements. M. Lengthiof headvand body <2 Ss. 2e sate e see tec aoe hnice eee eee eee ee eee . 16 Length-of head including tympanal secs sese=s Secs oes 2 eee oe eee Width rothead includine thy mpanay-seeeeeesere ces eee eee eee .--- .060 Hength of forelimb fromvaxallayesssee oases ese ee ee ee eee eee eOnS Leugth of fore-foot |... sess wet ode 5 2s sats Bec cone os. es ei ee see eee henge th ofthind Veg oss seh. Sane Boyes Rae he cntye ayaa Secon ee Rene thot, tibia nce: 28 Sse ye oe er ae 1 ec ee Oe ees eco np () Lene th of tarsus elo. sue eesk. 5A cise ee oe he Ee se en eee ee OS Bene th of restiok foot: ssc e acces aes oe a ee (555 Parotoid gland a long oval, with parallel sides, descending from the usual commencement above the tympanum to a position above the pos- terior edge of the humerus, and nearly on a level with the posterior border of the membranum tympani. Dorsal integument with rather Sparse small tubercles. A huge oval gland on the superior face of the vm, ; a eS THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 267 thigh, and another larger one extending almost the entire length of the superior edge of the tibia. A prominent round wart directly posterior to the rictus oris, preceded by two or three smaller ones. Inferior sur- faces areolate, most closely posteriorly. Fingers short, first and third equal, fourth shortest. Second (first) finger with a very large tubercle at the base of the proximal end of the second phalange; a sinaller one in the same position on the second. The usual two large palmar tubercles; distal to which the entire palm is covered with closely placed tubercles. Toes webbed to the extremi- ties, but the web scalloped, so that the edge between the third and fourth toes is opposite the extremity of the first phalange (from meta- tarsal). Sole with a pavement of rather smal! warts, a single rather larger one below the proximal extremity of each phalange excepting the distal ones. External metatarsal tubercle large, little defined; the internal small, oval, and with free conical extremity. Its inner edge is: close to a free dermal margin, which extends from the edge of the first toe and turns forwards on the tarsus and is lost distad to its middle. When the hind leg is extended the heel reaches the middle of the tym- panum and the end of the tarsus reaches the extremity of the muzzle. The length of the head is considerably less than its width, and enters the total length nearly four times; or, measuring from the supraoccip- ital line, four and a half times. The color of the specimen is probably somewhat paler than normal from the effect of the alcohol. Girard states the fresh color to have been “uniformly dark green.” At presentit is light brown, and below whitish, with a few pale spots on the thoracic and gular regions. Thighs uniform light brown behind. The figure of this species given by Baird, as above cited, is good, except that the parotoid gland is represented as too wide. This gland in this species is quite peculiar in its form and position. No. 2572; one spec.; Fort Yuma, Cal.; A. Schott. BUFO COLUMBIENSIS Bd. & Gird. Bufo columbiensis Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1853, p. 378; Girard, l. ¢, p. 77, Pl. 5, fig. 4-9; Cope, Check List Batr. Rept. N. Amer., 1875, p. 29. Bufo boreas Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1852, p. 174; Girard, U.S. Expl. Exped., Herp., p. 74, Pl. 6, fig. 4-9; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., p. 296, fig. Bufo halophila Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1853, p. 301; Girard, Proc. Ac. Phila., 1854, p. 87, and U.S, Mex. Bound. Surv., 11, p. 25, Pl. 41, fig. 7-12; Boulen- ger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 205, fig. Bufo chilensis, part, Giinth., Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1868, p. 57. Bufo microscaphus Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1866, p. 301; Report U.S. G.G. Expl. W. of 100th Mer., G. M. Wheeler, Vv. p. 522. Bufo pictus Cope, Report U.S. G.G. Expl. W. of 100th Mer., v., p. 522, Pl. xxv fig. 4-5. This is a variable species, so much so as to present the appearance of including a number of subspecies. But these intergrade in so many specimens that I can not maintain them as distinct, and I shall use the term variety as more applicable to their case. 268 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The head is short and wide, and its length varies so as to enter from four to four and a half times in the total length. The extended hind leg brings the heel to the posterior lower or middle of the orbit. The muzzle viewed from above is rounded, and in profile is truncate, and not projecting beyond the premaxillary border. It is shorter than the length of the orbit, and the nostrils are terminal. The tongue is flat and thin, and is a long oval in outline. The membranum tympani is quite distinct, and is subround. Its diameter is a little less than half the length of the eye slit. The parotoid gland varies in form from nearly round to a moderately elongate-oval; in either case it has an anterior prolongation to the border of the orbit. The glands of the in- tegument of the upper surfaces vary from moderate to large size. They are smaller on the sides and on the limbs, excepting a large oval one on the superior face of the tibia. The inferior surfaces are coarsely areolated, with a few’ more distinet tubercles posteriorly. There is an infolded ridge on the inner edge of the tarsus. The pos- terior foot varies in relative width in different individuals and loeali- ties. In northern specimens the sole is wider, and the palmation extends to the ends of the toes. Itis emarginated, so that the edge is Fig. 63.—Bufo columbiensis columbiensis. No. 11516. Kewakin Valley, W. T.; 2. Measurements of No. 328. M. Meng thofiead and bodiy ie. saecee sae seco) alae are es aye Sea ee ee 2a Length of head to posterior edge of membranum tympani.----..---.--------- Oz Width of head at posterior edge of membranum tympani....-..---------.----- . 034 Lene th of fore limibe= 2-24 2226 f2e. 2 ISS clk RS kee ga ha ee . 061 henge th of) posterior Mian cy iia eS Behan meat At) ee Be . 116 Bes Neat) onan MD OYE ets Ae Tee ene a ee OS Bd cone . 039 Teno tlvonk barsug eee yee Sse eee react One ee oe eae ee . 024 Meno thiotremainder oooteneee asta ae ee eta eee eee eee ee ja ccoess . 045 THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 269 opposite the middle of the third phalange of the fourth toe, counting from the end. In the extreme southern form the web does not extend to the extremities of the digits, but leaves three phalanges of the fourth toe absolutely free. It is notched toa point a little proximal to the distal end of the fourth (first) phalange. Between these extremes of palmation (represented by specimens 328 and 2081) all the intermediate conditions may be found. The internal metatarsal tubercle is small aud narrow, with subconical extremity; the external isa low but rather wide tuberosity. The first finger is longer than the second. The northern forms are sometimes of a uniform olive-brown above, with a pale vertebral line, and with the abdomen indistinctly spotted. Sometimes the uniform brown extends for a short distance on each side of the pale vertebral line, exterior to which the surface has large brown spots on a light olive ground. In the southern forms the ground color is light brown or olive, or even clay color, with an irregular brown band on each side of the light vertebral line. On each side are large dark brown spots with a reddish wart for a center. Spots on the posterior legs like those on the back. Below unspotted. a Fic. 64.—Bufo columbiensis halophilus (from Baird, U.S. and Mexican Bound Survey) ; 1. The northern and southern varieties may be thus defined in extreme forms: Head 4.5 times in length; web extending to tips of toes, but deeply emarginate ; parotoid gland more elongate; colors dark ; size large..-...---. BL. ¢, columbiensis. Head 4 times in length; webs more deeply notched, and leaving three phalanges of ‘ou e free; parotoid shorter; colors light; size smaller......B.c. halophilus. fourth toe free; toid shorter; colors light ; I B.c. halophil There are, however, as many specimens which are intermediate between these extremes as there are specimens of the latter. These represent the Bufo microscaphus Cope. The specimens of the middle and south- ern Rocky Mountain region are referable to if, as well as many from 270 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Oregon and California. I think B. pictus is the young of this form. To the typical B. columbiensis belong Nos. 328, 2577, 2579, 4975, 9950, 10929, and 11516. To the intermediate type belong 9636, 8093, 11500, 11922, and 11923. To the halophilus type may be referred Nos. 2581, 9465, 11535, 11921, and 11922. No. 11505 is intermediate in the form of the parotoids, and the web is deeply excavated, but the free portion of the toes are widely margined. A complete series of the forms of the paro- toid may be traced, beginning with the short type of halophilus, No. 2581, through 13608, 11505, 11935, to 11923 of the elongate form. In Nos. 4975 and 9950 there are distinct traces of superciliary cranial ridges. They are perfectly straight, and there is no indication of post- orbital ri!ges. There are four specimens under 4975, and they are from Chilowyuck, Wash. Ter. The locality of the other specimen is untortu- nately unknown. The same character is seen in the type of B. micro- scaphus, according to my description, which is given below. The speci- men is unfortunately inaccessible to me at present. ‘¢ Upper surface of head nearly plane upon its middle region; orbits bordered by a low and rounded off ridge; its skin being thin and ad- hering to the skull. Parotoids well developed anu subreniform. Eyes and tympanum rather large. Tongue elongated, broadest posteriorly. Upper jaw emarginated. Two large carpal callosities. A membra- nous fold at the inner lower edge of the tarsus. Toes palmated; two metatarsal tubercles. Palms and soles coarsely granular. Upper sur- face of body exhibiting numerous glandular tubercles; large pustular swelling upon the thighs. Color uniformly dark green.” I also add a copy of my deseription of the young, under the name of Bb. pictus, as it embraces some peculiar characters, probably due to im- maturity : ‘Palmar and solar tubercles well developed, the larger or inner one of the latter not bearing a cutting edge. Cranium plane above; the muzzle produced, rather narrowed, and vertically truncate. Membranum tympant very small, externally invisible; ostia pharyngea exceedingly minute. Tongue large, oval, extensively free. Parotoids superior, broadly oval in form. Upper surfaces covered with large tubercles; inferior surfaces areolate. Limbs stout, especially the tarsus, which bears a longitudinal fold. The heel reaches to the middle of the par- otoid gland, and the toes are only webbed at the base.” The palmar and solar tubercles are yellow, and the warts of the body tipped with red; size small. There is 4 direct relation between the climatic conditions of the regions. and the forms of this species which inhabit them. It is well known that the degree of humidity of the Pacific region increases rapidly as we pass from south to north. The southern part of the region inhabited by this toad is quite arid, and the opportunity for aquatic life must be limited. Accordingly the natatory web of the hinder foot is reduced. In the specimens from the rainy north the web is mueh larger and the colors are darker. This increase of pigment is confirmatory of J. A. HE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. Pl Allen’s hypothesis, based on observations made on mammalia and birds, that dark pigment increases with increase of humidity. In its eastern distribution this species js not known to pass the limits of the Rocky Mountains. Capt. Charles Bendire, U. 8S. Army, has sent it from Fort Walla Walla, Wash. Ter., and I took it at Atlanta, Idaho, the most eastern locality known. It is abundant throughout the entire lake region of Oregon. It is especially numerous at Klamath Lake, where it covers the ba- saltic blocks which lie partially in the water, concealed by the Typhe, which grow from the bottom. They accumulate there in large piles, sometimes as large as a bushel measure, and afford abundant food for the Kuteetive, which are searcely less abundant. Isaw one specimen of this toad as large as the average Bufo marinus of Brazil, and a specimen seen at Warnet’s Lake, Oregon, was but little smaller. Bufo columbiensis Baird. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue} No. of Bi When = ; Bt a Nature of number. | spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. specimen. 2579 1 | Medicine Bow Creek..-..|..-.-..--..--- Dr. W. A. Hammond .....- Alcoholic. 4104 6 | Columbia River, Oreg..-|./......-..--- H. B. Mollhausen ..-....--. Do. 4975 5 | Chilowyuck Lake, Oreg.|..-....-.-..--. Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly ..... Do. 2628 1 | Fort Umpqua, Oreg ..--.).-.--..--.-.-- Dr. E. Vollum, U.S. A... -- Do. 4792 1 | Simahmoo Bay, Wash...|.......--.---- Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly . .- Do. 2577 1 | Shoalwater Bay, Oreg ...| -.....--..--- Dr. J.G. Cooper.----.. -- Do. 2574 TQ) |) Cayo) Maniicrya, WORN oS6)ecoseuecooe5culoessoosbos usedde cuaeed eneooE Do. 2590 1 | Monterey, Cal ace A Sulanoreaeceae ce siete Do. 2581 1 | San Diego, Cal Dr. a L. Le Conte... hs Do. 2586 ON oes QO)- Sacooesaauscaouae Dr. Thomas Webb ....--. Do. 2585 2a Benicia, Caleenes seer ee Dr. J. L. Le Conte-- by Do. 2585 1 | San Diego, Cal Dr. Thomas Wepb......-. Do. 2584 i PETresidion Calle-t eee nee Lieut. W. P. Trow Bridges Do. U.S.A. 9465 6 | Fort Tejon, Cal.......-.. lSeoasbaocouese dio ENN Cesoobooascoonede Do. 8691 1 | Santa Barbara, Cal.-...-. | July—, 1875 | H. W. Henshaw...-....... Do. 8678 IO: scence Gi secenae sseudesens | July—, 1875 | _..-. GO) ontcodoesssseccsede Do. 8696 1.| Lake Tahoe, Cal ..--..-- 1876 WO ea srehe seas Do. 8695 1! Virginia City, WG sosase 1875 | William Seckels ........-- Do. 8681 10 | Lake Tahoe, Cal......-.. Aug.—,1876 | H. W. Henshaw....------- Do. 11941 1 | Des Chutes River, Oreg - UGG) | oboe CLO rata erent pe elec Do. 13608 4 Senn IDG, Ohl eaccecceelsssesoeseo eee C2RSOrcuttpee seca Do. 9941 ISP Shoshoncerlaker-sssscces|posesecceee = Dr: @urtis .--..:-.--- SQOo0 Do. 11535 Te) ee coe a ed cane a ir aah old SORE Do. 11921 i Vontere ys Cal wre errs cece st rar —— Jordan -2.-....2- aye Do. 11922 5 | Northern boundary..... 18145) Dr Couesees-n = a= Do. 11942 Sal pOneconb=asee een cee 1878 | H. W. Henshaw........-- Do. 7016 1 | Simahmoo Bay, Wiashieee soe see Senate C. B. R. Kennerly -..-.--- Do. 11953 17 |) Dtorey Mey orn; CAL. GSe26coullocoosneose. o5 John Xantus ..-.....-.-- Do. 11505 1 | Fort Walla Walla, Wash. 1881 | Capt. Charles Bendire --- Do. 9636 2 Soman Iehyte Col ssoccesllees Goscoe JelRothrock-eeeeceane Do. 11923 1 | Northern boundary HED 1874 | Dr. E. Coues ......-..--... Do. 9950 15 | SLO Withe Sacco SUS sec ee er iceilieeeree siecle eee eelennicotteeeee- ees Do. 11516 1 | Kewakin Valley. : 1878 | H. W. Henshaw......-..--. Do. 10920 2 | Fort Walla Walla, Wash. 1881 | Capt. Charles Bendire .-.. Do. 8655. iL Ui bar eee eer eyers see teva eee | cen eotset ee Dr. H.C. Yarrow....-..-.-. Do. 11500 2 | Camp Bidwell, Cal .--.... 1878 | H. W. Henshaw....-...-- Do. 11742 1 | Upper Hum boldt Valley. 1867 | Robert Ridgway..---.-.--. Do. 8506 6 | Crittenden, Ariz .-...-.-|.-- elec? An IME METS Sos shoosecoous Do. 2573 1 | Shoalwater IE Nyy NW GRIM callagunoccoodaddo Drive G.iCoopers.----ss5- Do. 11519 ASE) ease ciater eters Sao eieette starter ll sees siaya) syecereyn et (UO) sagheomescooteeusanquacs Do. 6278 5 | Clark’s Forks, Kootenay |.-.-..-..-.--- C.B. R. Kennerly .......- Do. River. 7144 2h eKort) Crooks Caleessseeees|peeceeee sees D. F. Parkinson ---....-.- Do. 11946 7 | Bidwell, Cal.......--..=- 1878 ; H. W. Henshaw......-.-- Do. 2578 Le Uppers eiteRivens Callen sesh eese De SBUNIGM UE) OA yesoene ssen00 Do. 4568 12 | Fort Tejon, Cal..-....--. soaonaseesase ||| do IDS WESGyicsqobachoodsens Do. 4194 2-| Wort Bridger, Wtaly -:--.|.---.--2.--:-- CED rexlenieeccee see oe Do. 13793 1 | Baird, Shasta County, 1884 | C. H. Townsend ........--. Do. Cal. 13794 la eaaees dors se ee aseehecee TEESE | Soos GW sagsooseseacsaneede | Do. | | | 272 SULLEVIN 34, UNITED STATES SATIONAL MUSEUM. BUFO COMPACTILIS Wiegm. Isis, 1535, p..661; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1863, p. 89, and 1873, p. 624; — alenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., p. 302. /o 8p sus Girard, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1854, p. 86, and U. 8. Mex. Bound. Sury. 4, yp. 20, PL. 40, fig. 5-10. suf omalus Giinth., Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1868, p.57. ae vevifrons Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), 1, p. 187. noplectrus anomalus Camerano, Atti. Acc. Tor., X1v, p. 882. Head moderate; its upper surface smooth and even, else showing slight traces of superciliary ridges. Snout much shorter than length of orbit, subtruncated and rounded; nostrils subterminal. Mouth large; upper jaw slightly emarginated. ‘Tongue more widely oval than usual in the genus; flat; free posteriorly for the fourth of its length. sclleqcooeoenson053 Prof Rs Owienea-s-= cen Do. 2463 A Mosby wives cies eters sieiciaze | Steve erstsie ole vsinisieleil Meeioe sie eee teeetinels) seisisjoel| Do. 2468 1 ee hiladelp hie aeerecee|seemsceecceee OPEep Richard meeeeee eee Do. 2504 ibe, eee eis CLO Saat eos ios liter tamesiate ead | Sees ele ee Saree teietectetocies | Do. 2485 50 | Carlisle, Pa ......2-2----|. Bodobeososoos|| 1AKeisy Eee hil ese BOSE | Larva. 2498 IEP IN epyehaii eed ee Sa senasealsoremsceraaces J. F. Thickston .-......-.-| Alcoholic. 2512 Hee arlisloae acs sone wees. | sen seein tee eraeaetncmr ease oo ctcine see nec Do. 2556 4) 3Bradtord County Passe) eseceosneeee- CACEManting esses eee eer eos 2653 IL Godin] De Osseseseeds cel SeeeHoBnosed sel nce secbabebecceasersensasace | Do. 2507 10 | Kssex County, N. Y..-..|....-..---.--- Prof. S. F. Baird..-..-----.. | Do. 2494 3 | Oneida County, N. Y....|.......------- 18h DANA osoesodsu5bsogoRe Do. 4782 Tl AA) NSH NONE, IN Nee oosl ocooosenosadslleaaoscaccosdscodoodEsdoodade Do. 2481 On Ata xe Plains SNe sys |h isasesincee cee R. Kennicott.....--------. Do. 2 | SOOWAe An IMO 55 cael) caonocHoossosl|sa5o5s GWooqcohus sepcasonnos Do. ZED) | ooocccas AW CSIC IMPSSIQSY NY Ne Geallsscoccoceoccoalssoosecesosdeddc usdooddaduGe Do. 2497 Syl eN tinnesolayacer sees sas herr eneeereer INS AUE NARS Sousosaasesdaos Do. 5372 @ |) Soni oe veh@lhitnncky “Se Sa2s5ese5n556 CubDrexleneessecseceoeesee Do. 8503 I elazaideleAlcaidewNie Niel) eense nee see. Dr. H. C. Yarrow .....--.- Do. 2533 ln chee BlincEtivonplCans) sees eer ence eee Avo Ss WiOodlesssacsrooceace Do. 2510 Sup Bulle Ale aes ad wae Sel Caace man eonane Prof. A. Winchell.-...-- ; Do. 2584 1 | South Platte River, Nebr July 14, 1856 | W.S. Wood.....-..--..--- Do. 9120 3 | Milledgeville, Ga ....... June 4, 1876. Kumlien ke IBA seSombb ace Do. 2486 200 | Carlisle cee eer et NR oN Profs Sak buirde <2. -c se -6 Larya. 2552 HOT) Ae UALS ING Deis | ese eerie ee oe ete es ease ere Alcoholic. 9425 1 | Eastport, Me..-......... TSTON EWA Se Ore ny tae ae Larva. 2472 1 IRM Me Ik Aya coocaceslleseosaeasocons George Bibb.-..-..--..-- Do. 4916 il | Je@ApalRyere, WORE So5G5o0|/sonsabseosdes Miss H. Tunnison .......- Do. 4861 | GulmNebraskaieassserccestee njcesosbeaceesr Dr.George Suckley, U.S.A. Do. 9473 | oleate GO. Bias Sdn sos coke ee Oe eae lee pe A ana Do. 8971 I Wrood’s: Holl, Mass 22252. |. 22252525... - Oi MU ek Bees SoosaGaccee Do. 9286 4 | Havre do Gr: ace, Md . June 14,1876 | A. L. Kumlien ..---.------ Alcoholic. 9298 | 2) || Norfolk; Conn 2222-222. Sept.26,1877.| A. F. Wooster ....-.--.-.- Do. 8655 AO Ustalti esac cence sence 1872.| Dr. H. C: Yarrow..----.-- Type. GENERAL SERIES. 2549 | SouthtPlattert sens. selsesceee cesses Dr. W.A.Hammond, U.S. A Alcoholic. 2502 7 | Washington Co., Miss...|............-- Col. B. L. ©. Wailes ....-.- Do. 9174 81a (2) RE Se evar ete Tae See | RRR Rice act anak [ts meng aerate ava ete miomeme ciate Do. 9437 Bia |x (2 erecta seresyeaisee seister Brie a Stem on eesvatc ror] eee eine c corstege atsneictete mje citer -eieis Do. 9154 1 | Fort Mohave, Ariz...-.. April 15, 1862) Dr. J.G. Pooper: od 3 Do. 9433 MOQ ecoeseeano ce vosrOacserel sso eee SH ams (Geese enn A An cee Reema Do. 9434 TLS (Ge) ee seek Sx Oe ont ON pe ee peat Mere cae oem ea) cal eee aS) MALL ENE Wi ey oe eno oae Do. 9435 Pelee Camiakes Gareeemmemeee eee LAr Sol ep taan ps epee eo wc a Do. 9436 I Orta Beha ee Coes ae dcad| Seo OS aee Saal hAACOs GeabEeGoncoeaBeaareas Do. 9506 B31 FEV een eee hati Si Hae ce anit A |S EY oe Se elt ee Re Oa See Do. 2538 iu MPlattepRivierceceeecsceee July 1, 1857. We SSinjoodeeseraee nace Do. 2549 2) South Platte River......|......---..--- Dr.W.A.Hammond, U.S.A Do 288 BULLETIN 34, UNITED Bufo lentiginosus americanus Le C.—Continued., GENERAL SERIES—Continued. STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Catalonve No. of 5 Wheu col- : 4 Nature of number spec. Locality. lected. From whom reccived. specimen. DEB | 51 | Mississippi River..--...|.-.-...--..--. Col. J. H. Vaughan......-. Alcoholic 2477 2) IDEN eesh WES och omoonallaacdcapascsouc Pro S she aindeeseeeeeee Do. 3700 1 | Center County, Pa .....-|.-----.....-.. IBLUG Ors Rae naseee eines Do. 4101 BS MECN AEONE) Sacoadcasauollaaesoobusaccas FAY SCH O bts yee otter eee Do. 4543 245) MortyRiley, Mans) (2m er| sce. scene HS Brandtieeaeeereeseec eee Do. 4370 Ph || Wier, Olekng, ICs koosselloooctoescesseollSannoaqossoosadeunaseocccades Do. 8955 de eins tom Np Chas -jseiiarerral| pet ntoetiecieisee Jain Millneneaeereeneeecee Do. 8340 1 | Goldsborough) N. ©) 322 ese. Jel, We \WEIRIN@P Seeks sqsces Do. 9314 Th | IMD WEE sossdssoscc|louoandescsucce Dr.W.A.Hammond, U.S.A Do. 8341 (|| Tichnetrony, IN Oh cesso cooss||sgaosceoguadan nai Mall ners eee eee Do. 2507 8 | Essex County ,N. uaa REN UUNG Oe Prof.S. W. Baird.........- Do. 13847 1 | Hudson’s Bay ...---- 1884.| F. Walton Haydon......-. Do. 11485 ShiWiashine: tomsy Ds © ee seyarer |etsecteiiee tee 1D7ey AUS JEG BRM oocooesedcec Do. 11948 1| Wheatland, ind fees Seer 1881.| Robert Ridgway.--.....-..- Do. 10066 1| Saint James Par ish, La. 1879.| O. dela Peichardiére..-.-. Do. 14519 | 1 | Gainesville, Tex .....--- 1885.| G. ae Racsdalesasseeeesee Do, 14520 1 COREE Re aa nate eres 1885. Ms adoqdos00 ooccon poss Do. 5367 7 | Moose SAS OLe, IBV, ZATION I aoaacdocouaace Cc. Daeser Hel Deas Gi Ras Do. 2489 2a eSoublrernelllinolseasessse| peereeeeeee rs R. Kennicott.....----..-- Do. 11952 2 | Southampton County, Va NSYELo|) 1b, Gna GEI ec oc Scoasnoos « Do. 8504 7 | Colorado Springs, Col-.- 1874.) John Yarrow .--....-..--.- Do. 14175 I | Obneny IN Se oS See co oben] 1885.| John and Charles Walker Do. 13327 i JeDistrictlof Columpiahees|s-es-22-0eeee George Shoemaker -...-.. Do. 11530 1h || Chaney Wey ssoocsenosooncs 1879.| F. H. “Cushing Eb cigectes soe Do. 2515 LS Washinton wy Ceeere=-|pssseecee steer SstheBaind cases eee Do. 11077 GMs) eae a ea ES RSC QD) aE RAL TRE a Sai Do. 4541 1s "Grandi Coteau jal-escees||eeeeeeeceeeee (UREA SE aS ae Nore Do. 11506 1 | California -222-----.-2252 1877 L. MeGMeMMINTE ¢ Soegccqso0ases Do. 2506 2 | Srrimy IGOWHI} WC) seg osqsslloocaoonadqsous George Engelmann .-..... Do. 2527 1 | Mississippi.-.--.-.--..--. D.C. ‘Lloyd Aaa irene toes Do. 2504 2 | Philadelphia, Pa * Oeichardserereeeeer Do. 4842 1 | Brookville, Ga........... ; R. Haymond Do. 1148 1 | Pensacola, Pla ...-....-. AIGINGIES) Se sond deooooboudoeS Do. A well-marked variety of this subspecies, or perhaps a distinet sub- species, is represented by two specimens from Micanopy, Fla., which were obtained by Dr. Bean. The distinguishing peculiarity consists in the conversion of the superciliary ridges into flattened thickenings of the cranium, which meet or nearly meet on the middle line of the fronto-parietal region. They unite, leaving a faint line to mark the junction in the larger female, whilein the smaller male they form two beveled surfaces, which unite on the middle line at an obtuse angle. Posteriorly they, with the postorbital ridges, have a straight trans- verse boundary. The metatarsal internal digital spur is as well de- veloped as in many of the typical specimens, but the plantar tu- bercle issmall. The web of the foot is well developed, reaching the end of the first (proximal) phalange. It only reaches to the middle of the proximal phalange in the B. l. americanus. The color is somewhat peculiar, having a general clouded appearance above, without the well- defined spots of the typical subspecies Americanus. There is a pale band from one palpebral border to the other across the front. The me- dian dorsal line is indistinct. Size that of fully grown B. l. americanus. This form may be called Bufo lentiginosus pachycephalus. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 289 Bufo lentiginosus lentiginosus Shaw. Cope, Check-List N. Amer. Batr. Reptil., 1875, p. 29. Bufo lentiginosus Shaw, Zo6l., ut, p. 173, 1803; Girard, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1854, p. 86. Chilophryne lentiginosa Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1863, p. 357. Bufo musicus Latr, Rept., u, p. 127; Daud., Rain., p. 9, Pl. 33, fig. 3, and Reptil., vir, p- 190; Merr. Tent., p. 185; Gravenh., Delic., p. 59, Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpé!. V, Pl. 1; Dum. Bibr. Erp. Gen. VIII, p. 689; Leconte, Proceeds. Acad., Philada., 1863, p. 357. Head large; snout obtuse; superciliary ridges greatly elevated and terminating posteriorly in a knob; upper jaw emarginate, lower fur- nished with a hook in front; parotoid large, reniform, and reaching from below the tympanum to near the shoulder; tympanum large; vocal vesicle internal; body above warty, beneath granulated. The head is large, and without warts, except afew small ones on the eyelids, and the mouth is large. The snout is obtuse, and from its tip runs an elevated bony crest, subdividing at the nostrils, and forming the superciliary ridges. These diverge and increase in elevation as they reach the posterior part of the orbit, where they terminate in a rounded knob or tubercle. Their greatest height gives to the upper surface of the head a canaliculated appearance ; a second or postorbital ridge de- scends from each of these and completes the posterior border of the orbit. In consequence of the divergence of the superciliary ridges the postorbitals are short. There is always present a short but distinct ridge above the tympanum at right angles to the postorbital—the supra- tympanic. The upper jaw is deeply emarginate in front; the lower is furnished at its anterior part with a distinct hook, which is received in the notch of the upper jaw. The nostrils are small and round, placed near the point of the snout. The eyes are large, prominent, and very beautiful; the pupil is black, the iris reticulated with gold and black, and has an inner margin of yellow. The tympanum is large and dusky, with a minute spot of a lighter shade in the center. ‘The parotoid glands are large and reniform. The back and sides are dusky, and covered with warts of different sizes; a pale vertebral line extends from the head to the vent, on each side of which are found the largest warts; an irregular row of spots of yellowish-white exists on the flank, having somewhat the appearance of an indistinct band, extending from the inferior and posterior part of the parotoid gland to within a short distance of the thighs. The whole inferior surface of the animal is dirty white, with a strong tinge of yellow. The anterior extremities have the upper surface dusky, with blotches and bars of dark brown; the lower surface dirty white, tinged with yel- low. The posterior extremities are dusky brown above, marked with blotches and transverse bars of darker brown, and dingy white beneath. This species attains to the same size as the typical form of B. 1. amer- deanus. A specimen (4501) from Florida exhibits remarkably elevated 1951 Bull 34——19 290 crests and broad parotoid glands; the coloration is uniform cinnamon- brown; apparently a slight variety. BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Fia. 71.—Bufo lentiginosus lentignosus ; }. (From Baird & Girard.) Besides the presence of tuberosities of the frontoparietal crests and of a supratympanie crest, this subspecies is well marked by the rela- tively elongated head. It enters the length to the vent three and a half times in typical examples. In some specimens it enters the length 3.75 times, and in others four times, quite as in B. 1. americanus. The B. l. lentiginosus is confined to the austroriparian region east of Texas, and all statements to the contrary are based on error. It does not ascend the Mississippi Valiey, so far as is known. Bufo lentiginosus lentiginosus Shaw. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue! No. of | ane When ; A Nature of spec- aan Eee Locality. collected, | Ftom whom received. canoe iy 2525 IO} Wesleyan, (Ce, sceacaclsocbocoo scons Prof. 8S. F. Baird....... Alcoholic. 5902 1 Shelby County, Ga ..-..|.--------.---- Maj. J. Le Conte ......- 0. 2520 Sal@PensacolayeMlaseeesesece teeeceeercicicer Ue Whe re Hammond, Do. 2526 1 | Indian-River, Florida_..).......--..--. | G. Wurdemann ......... Do. 2519 | 1 | Georgetown, §.C.-....-. [Pietarsinierstetsie erate MV/ESUOU Sodseécqucen Ge Do. 8902 | 3 | Lake Monroe, Florida ..| Apr. —, 1877 | Prof. 8. F. Baird Do. 3383 2 (Charleston Ssi@2 esac einen acicemccterell| eereistereren eer eerste Do. 2521 Sulesieiss GW Sagcnbuade esasocs Dr. C. Girard...-......- Do. 2522 2 | Alabama | Prof. A. Winchell -..... Do. 2553 9 | Liberty County, Ga...-.|.-- DreaWielea Ones eee Do. 9426 2 | Beaufort, S. C....-..--. [Sige eer einieiaa SiG tvs eer Do. 9952 2 | Little Sarasota Bay, Fla. 1875 | Prof. F. B. Meek ...-.-.. Do. 9705 1| Arlington, Fla.-._--.--. 1878 | G. Brown Goode....-.--. Do. 2528 chi) AMON, Sb CO spesoscca||ssooocanoscuse Miss C. Paine ....-..... Do. 2527 Sh EMGssisSsippiteessees seeeee Seeeeee eee eee | D. C. Lloyd..----------- Do. 9472 T(t) es ese eee veciece July —, 1875} P. L. Jouy---.---.------- Do. 745 ils) Micanopyaekilaeeessssse sees ceeeeeerer Dro J. He Bean 22 =. 2. -- Do. 9438 Dil) (2) oe 2 Se Bae eeeitacSe se =n cae eae EES HOE Gone Bee e eee REO ACen Do. 3383 TS |) Charlestomyssesces ese 25 te ce asst tal Sa Oe ae eerie eee Do. 11502 1 | Nashville, Ga ..-....... 1880 | William J. Taylor .----.} Do. 11397 TO eM tomeeEhl aes ists |) So BPS Weer Socecesoss | Do. 11915 1 | Nashville, Ga...........| 1830 | William J. Taylor ...-.. | lo. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 291 BUFO QUERUCICUS Holbrook. North Amer. Herp., v, 13, 1846, Tab. 111, Cope, Proceeds. Amer. Philosoph. Soe. 1886, p. 515. Chilophryne dialopha Cope, Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 341 (erroneous locality). Bufo dialophus Boulenger, Cat. Batr, Sal. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, p. 319. Head broad; muzzle prominent, conic. Cranium strongly ridged. Preocular and postocular, supratympanic, and superciliary ridges well developed, the last making a very open angle with that of the canthus rostralis, and sending off posteriorly a parietal, which first converges toward that opposite, and then runs transversely on the occiput to meet it, failing in this by a very slight interval. A small nuchal pit. Tympanum in contact with postorbital ridge, only one-fourth the size of the orbit. Tongue small, narrow, half free; a strong symphyseal tubercle fitting a premaxillary pit. Parotoids large, short, descending on sides to opposite lower edge of tympanum. Skin everywhere rigidly rugose, subspinous on the tarsus. The joints of the extremities are pale and appear swollen. Fingers slender; first shorter than second, which equals the third. One metacarpal tubercle only. Toes short, one third webbed; two acute metatarsal tubercles, the internal large, incurved, like a flattened spur, yellow, brown tipped. Length of head and body, 10 lines; of hinder extremity, 12 lines. The head above is dusky, with a yellowish central longitudinal line; the superciliary ridges are gray, with a white mark in the center. On each side of this longitudinal line is an oblong black spot, extending from it to include most of the posterior part of the orbit of the eye; a small part only of the orbit in front of this is light colored; the upper jaw is light brown. Fic. 72. Bufo quercicus Holbr., 11394, natural size: Milton, Fla. The back of the animal is dusky brown, with a vertebral line of pale yellow, marked with a few scattered small warts of reddish-brown co'or. On cach side of this Jine are irregular black blotches, with here and there a slight tinge of reddish-brown. The back is covered with in- numerable warts and granulations of variable size and color, generally black, but the smaller ones of dusky red. On each flank, and extend. ing trom the axilla downwards toward the posterior extremity, is an oblong black blotch bounded with white both above and below. The throat is dusky; the abdomen silvery-gray, yellowish at the groin, and with a pale tinge of yellow around the vent. The anterior extremities, as well as the posterior, are dusky brown above, marked with black transverse bars or spots. Their inferior surface is colored like the abdomen, except the fingers and toes, which are reddish-brown, 292 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, This is the smallest known species:of the genus Bufo. The measure- ments of an adult are as follows. M. kenge thro fe hcadian deb odyerrectreniiam= seeeeteee eee eee eke eee eee . 027 Length of head to posterior edges of tympana.----..----.----.-.. +22. .---e- . 007 Width of head at posterior edges of tympana.........-.-...---.-.---------- . 0086 ILC Ole ENO OW Wepe. Seog oegn osesco esse nooG EES been shGe So0c Jecoe0 coos Hoe - 0146 length of anterior foOte sa. qsse . 23.5 222) .)------- eee eee Pelodytes. aa, Sternum without osseous style. Frontoparietal bones complete; vomerine teeth; two postsacral condyles. Batrachopsis. In the species of Leptobrachium and Pelodytes the external meta tarsi are bound together; in the only known species of Batrachopsis they are, according to Boulenger, slightly separated. This family has a peculiar distribution. Pelodytes is Muropean, Xenophrys and Leptobrachium are Paleotropical, and Batrachopsis, Australian (New Guinea). SCAPHIOPID®.* Cope, Journ. Ac. Phila., 1866, p. 69; Nat. Hist. Rev., 1865, p. 11, pars. Pelobatide Lataste, Actes Soc. Linn., Bordeaux, xxx, 339, pars; Boulenger Catal. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus. Ed. ii, 1882, p. 432, pars. Vertebre proccelian; no costal elements or coccygeal diapophyses ; diapophyses of ninth vertebra much dilated, thin, and triangular; uro style without condyloid articulation, its axial portion restricting that of the sacrum and connate with it: external metatarsi bound; distal phalanges continuous, simple. Manubrium cartilaginous. Tongue rounded, nearly entire. The small number of species embraced in this family are of stout toad-like habit, and furnished with a shovel-like development of the cuneiform bone and a coriaceous posterior digital palmation, to aid them in removing earth while making their subterranean abodes. Many of them very seldom come to the surface of the earth, and then only in darkness; for this habit the vertical cat-like pupil is an adapta- tion, a peculiarity not exhibited by the toads, which are crepuscular. we Platcicc eee THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 297 I. Cavum tympani and tympanum wanting. Xiphisternum with an ossified proxi- mal style. Cuneiform bone and sheath well developed. Pupil erect. Toes webbed. Derm involved in cranial ossification. Temporal fossa with a strong roof. Vomerine teeth: no parotoid glands ..........---.---------.---. Cultripes. Derm involved in cranial ossification. No roof over the temporal fossa, or par- CLOG lems” WON TEENA She oac6 edocs doag sone coee c6eeen sood Pelobates. Derm distinct from cranium, which is undeveloped above, two lateral fronto- parietal bars inclosing a median fontanelle. Vomerine teeth, No paro- GONG) .o co GH SUS Ses cus See a ae I ERP cn ets na tt eee etn ae Om Didocus. Cuneiform bone and sheath well developed. Toes more or less webbed. II. Cavum tympani and tympanum present. Xiphisternum entirely cartilaginous. Pupil elliptic erect. Derm involved in the cephalic ossification, whichis complete. Parotoid glands AnGlenvONTeriMme beG hh as .:5= eae mere soc cereal aes sae d) Seciav israel Scaphiopus. Derm distinct from cranium, which is usually only ossified superiorly in two superciliary bars. Parotoid glands and vomerine teeth..-.---...---. Spea. The extreme of divergence of the series of this family is, then, that representing its type in a pre-eminent degree. - This is seen in the genus Cultripes where the ossification of the superior cranial walls is espe- cially thickened, obliterates the sagittal suture, and is extended in an areh over the temporal fossa. The anterior ossification of the coceyx is applied by its axial portion beneath the axis or centrum of -the sacral vertebra, and becomes consolidated with it shortly after its commence- ment, furnishing a structure not rare among burrowing Anura. This character is maintained in the descending scale by Pelobates, Didocus, Scaphiopus, and Spea, though none of these have the temporal fossa overarched. Cultripes, with Pelobates and Didocus, exhibit an ossified basal xiphisternal piece, while in all below it is cartilaginous, as in most Arcifera; the extreme position of the former is also maintained by the obliteration of many portions of the auditory apparatus. The succeed- ing forms—Scaphiopus and Spea—resemble the first group in the toad- like form and in the strong cuneiform shovel and webbed feet. The distribution of the species of the family is as follows: R. Neotrop. | R. Nearctica. | R. Palwarct. Guilltripes passer cieccissisocs osce eee ace Bho aenaiare ce Seuss 0 0 (2) 1 RGLOW ALCS reyes ere eto ees cis ee eee ee elclci cee eise acces 0 1 IDIGIOGIEI SS oa See cater a tHe nO Sa eo Soe SSE eee ane eee sae 0 0 1 SCapliopusyreen.sencmeascierioes cepaclccee aiwiniscle ee meneie ce 0 2 0 SSID Ceres eteey erste aro rn release rs oraia stevia“ mainte isis e orclaie ets aie lees 0 2 0 es ——— —$<—<<— ———— The inferior dermal attachments of seven species of this family are as follows : Didocus calcaratus. Belly more than half attached. Pelobates fuscus. Irom half to two-thirds attached ; same in larva, with long tail; fe- mur one line below. Scaphiopus holbrookii. Free only opposite sternum; thigh attached only below on basal half. Scaphiopus couchii. Triangular free area to middle abdomen, 298 | BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Spea hammondiit. Very wide lateral infeiior attachments, which do not meet till femora. : Snea bombifrons. Belly with a free median band; femeral lines below and above be- hind. Spea multiplicata. A free dorsal line, very narrow in front, but wide as ilia behind; abdominal area with a broader free space. SCAPHIOPUS Holbrook. N. Amer. Herp., 11, p. 85; Tschudi, Batr., p. 83; Dum. & Bibr, vit, p. 471; Giinth., Cat., p. 38; Cope., Nat. Hist. Rev., 1865, p. 108, and Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), v1, p. 81; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 2d ed., 1882, p. 433. Cavum tympani and tympanic membrane present; sternum a carti- laginous plate; pupil erect; toes webbed ; internai cuneiform bone of tarsus well developed. This genus embraces species of robust form and of burrowing habits. The greater part of their lives is spent beneath the surface of the ground, but in spring they emerge and proceed to deposit their eggs in the nearest body of water. This is usually of a temporary character, and in adaptation to this circumstance the metamorphosis is corre- spondingly rapid. They are very irregular as to the period of its com- pletion, in dry regions losing their larval appendages while very small, while in other and well-watered regions they retain them until fully grown. During the season of reproduction they are very noisy, but after that time disappear, and are neither seen nor heard. They are of plain colors. Their general forms are like those of their allies of the Old World, the species of Pelobates, or somewhat like that of toads. There are two well-marked species of this genus, which differ as fol- lows a. Collections of glandular crypts on the post-tympanic and pectoral regions. Front wide; interorbital width entering length of tibia 2.5 times; vomer- ine teeth a little behind choane; color ee with or without two pale longitudinal stripes..-......-..- Bashan .-S. holbrookii. aa. No glandular enlargements on rn THOS ‘GTI DOMS | or econ regions. Front wide; interorbital width entering length of tibia three times; vomer- ine teeth a little behind nares; color light, with a net-work of brown LOE SIG Sere ae re Sens MBIT Fen Rl Sera Sain Am S. couchit. SCAPHIOPUS HOLBROOKII Harlan. (Plates 57, fig. 2; 68, fig. 3; 73, fig. 30.) Baird, Report U. 8. Pac. R. R. Surv., tv, Reptil., 1859, Pl. xxv, fig. 1. 1; Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1863, p. 54. Rana holbrookit Harlan, Med. Phys. Researches, 1835, p. 105. Scaphiopus solitarius Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., 1836, Vol.1, p. 85, P]. x1, ibid. (edit. alt.), 1842, tv, 109, Pl. xxvi1; Tschudi, Mém. Neuchatel, 1, 1838, p. 88; Dum. & Bibr., Erp. Gén., 1841, vir, 473; Le Conte, Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 129; Giinth., Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 38; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 2d ed., 1882, p. 434. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 299 Head iarge; maxillary outline rounded. Profile of front a rather steep descent from the swollen occiput, where the skin is thin, closely adhe- rent, and penetrated by osseous granules. Eyes prominent. Tympa- num distinct, half its extent larger than ostia pharyngea. Vomerine teeth in two fasiculi between and behind the posterior borders of the latter. Parotoids small, rounded, prominent. No gland on the tibia; one on each side of the thorax near the axilla. Skin of back minutely tuberculous, of sides more coarsely; below nearly smooth. Cuneiform process longer than in any other species of the genus, but not more prominent. Heel of extended hind leg reaching posterior edge of tym- panum. The inner nostrils are large, open, rather elongated transversely, and wider apart than are the external nares. The vomerine teeth are in two patches, situated within the inner nares, and on a line with their posterior borders. The teeth in the margin of the jaw are continuous, though not much developed. The tongue is longitudinally oval, not emarginate behind in the specimen examined, where it is free for nearly half its length. : : The skin above and on the sides is covered pretty uniformly with tubercles or pustules, with smaller hard black ones interspersed. The first mentioned are wanting on the head and outer surfaces of the limbs, where the others, however, may be observed. A few pustules about the anus on the buttocks which show little signs of granulation. There: is a Short parotid gland just above and behind the tympanum. The arm is well developed ; the hand much shorter than the fore-arm. The outer finger is very short; then the second; the fourth is a little shorter than the third, or longest. All are subtrunecate, or thickened at the tips. A thickened web may be traced between the bases of the fingers, although such palmation is not very evident. On the inner and upper faces of the two inner fingers is a black, callous thickening of the epidermis. The tibia is much shorter than the femur, and not one-third the total length of body; the foot and femur about equal. The metatarsal bones are firmly united nearly to the end by inter- mediate muscle, and a web extends between the tips of the short toes. The outer toe is very short, but little exceeding the third, and the web between it and the fourth toe is proportionally reduced. All the toes are much depressed, and invested by the thickened skin. At the base of the inner toe is an elongated, compressed, and well-de- veloped spade like process, with a sharp horny edge, of a black color; a trace of the same is seen on the inner edge of the tip of the inner toe. The sole is perfectly smooth, and there is no tubercle of any kind except the spade-like process. Color above, in spirits, either earth-brown, fulvous-brown, or ashy- brown, with a pale ashy band from each orbit; these converge again on the coeeyx. These bands are rarely unbroken, and are sometimes exceedingly indistinct; they sometimes inclose a pale area, Sides 300 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. sometimes marbled with pale ash, sometimes uniform. Sometimes a pale interorbital cross-band, sometimes two longitudinal bands on muz- zle. 3704 1 Woe Winn, Dos cssseclleosceaoocosecs Bi) Dennis: ceseeeeeeeee 3520 Platte River, 200 miles |............-. Wyo WOOL. cose coasacee west of Fort Kearney. 3703 1 iblanosistacadOeess eee leceeee enn: Capt. J. Pope .-......--. 9943 1 | Camp Thorne, Yellow- |..-.-......--- (Qi Ss sateencn Sse eee stone. 1 Hort) Benton, Mont e5s--\sssssn sense 186 10)> OOS oSascaaccoscs SPEA MULTIPLICATA Cope. Spea nultiplicata Cope, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), vi, 1866, p. 81. Scaphiopus multiplicatus Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1863, p. 52; Broechi, Mis. Sei. Mex. Batr., p. 25; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 2d ed., 1882, p. 436. Fig. 79. Spea multiplicata. No. 3694. Valley of Mexico; f. Form broad, squat. Head very short; profile rapidly descending ; maxillary outlines acuminate, oval; muzzle thick, rounded. An open froutoparietal fontanelle. Vomerine fascicles just posterior to the line THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 309 connecting the posterior nares. Eyes very prominent. From these a strong fold passes the posterior to the angle of the mouth and across the gular region; tympanum covered by a portion of the parotoid gland anterior to this. Parotoid proper very large, extending beyond scapula, bent upon the side; bounded inferiorly by a strong fold, which extends from the one above mentioned to the groin. Below this, on the sides, are two or more other folds. Skin of upper surfaces coarsely tuberculous ; that of the crown thick, of the extremities nearly smooth. A large gland occupies most of length of tibia. Abdomen minutely, pubic region coarsely, rugose. Cuneiform process rather short, very prominent. Choane smaller than ostia pharyngea. ‘Tongue entire, with a narrow free anterior border, one-third free posteriorly. Ex. tended heel reaching front of humerus; tibia three times as long as in- terorbital width. Three phalanges of fourth toe free from web. Color in spirits; above ashy brown, below yellowish ash. Measurements of No. 3694. M. Langa OF lend vemnd Minty poaceoscooeqsuceos Bebods SScencoo oss seer bopeSo esata . 055. iLemetih OF Ineaal xO PaiROWONGl Olle cA eee Bas Sha Aleheshoam sceeao ooo onoCoGooSEe .015 Widlilh OF Incnd! ats CalmEnticn Oise 555 ssoceconsao peesesesee sacs cooGodeseeaaancss ~ 023 LeMeih OF TORe Aim): ston Abie eee see abs BeeOneEOSe Sues Ban cenaa uss canoer . 023 Lemawlh OF Thine! Winn bys bron Pay itl 2 25 6 sea5o soon osen acon cone aes oosese aces ces Ube [Lemextitt OF WDA ce Rb eee oe Mera Senses es ae Re eS ms ere arene rea ar eR . 0175 Werner NBO te bAN SUS) ejsrec fae sectete 218 2 simitiern ye cts Cuca miesiieein seer as cincis sea eae wes oe . 0092 Wenotheotenest Ofaind Loot saccs. cssces sosee sees a6 Bice Seiataqeelye SS Sie hsteeieie se . 0204 The characters which distinguish this species are numercus. In its general appearance it has a great resemblance tv the Bufo compactilis of the s:me country. Bunt one specimen is known. No. 3694; one specimen; Valley of Mexico; J. Potts: alcoholic. CYSTIGNATHID.* Ranide, part., Cystignathide, part., Discoglosside, part., Alytide, part., Uperoliide, Bombinatoride, part., Hylodida, part., Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Cystignathide Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev., 1865, plus Scaphiopodide, part. Cysltignathide Cope; Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), vi, 1866; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal., Brit. Muas., ii ed. 1882. Bombinaloride, part., Plectromantide, Alytide, part., Polypedatide, part., Ranida, part., Discoglossida, part., Mivart, Proceed. Zool. Soc., 1869. Vertebre proceelous; no ribs; sacral Giapophyses cylindrical, obtri- hedral or slightly depressed distally, inclined upwards. Urostyle sepa- rate, attached to two condyles, without diapophyses. Terminal phalan- ges conti aous, either uniformly conic, or with divergent terminal proc- esses or theirrudiments. Sternum distinet. No teeth on the mandible. This, after the Hylidz the most extensive family of the Arcifera, em- braces one hundred and fifty-six species, which represent thirty-seven generic types. ; Ths most completely developed genus exhibits a cranium without * Plates 70,71. te 310 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. fontanelle and with complete ethmoid arch, and a styloid osseous xiphi- sternum, with terminal cartilaginous disk; the auditory organs perfectly developed; the lowest, undeveloped ethmoid arch and frontoparietal roof, and disciform cartilaginous xiphisternum without style, with Eustachian tubes and nembranum tympani wanting. Accompanying this succession, we have four modifications of the family structure to adapt to as many modes of life: the aquatic, the terrestrial, the arbo- real, and the subterranean. As the earth’s surface is the common medium between the above extremes, so the species of terrestrial habits furnish us with none of the adaptive extremes of structure, but remain an intermediate group, from which the succession of structures, inter- rupted, it is true, passes towards the divergent types. Developmental structures accompany and confirm the adaptive, but by no means al- ways coincide. The aquatic habit is attained when the digits behind are not only webbed, but when the external metatarsi are separated by membrane also; the arboreal, when the terminal phalanges are furnished with a terminal transverse limb, which supports an adhesive disk. The sub- terranean is shortened, and furnished with a great development of the first digit or prepollex of the tarsus, which is covered by a corneous sheath, and serves as a spade. The first type may be combined with the third, as in Mixophyes and Chiroleptes, or either may be furnished with a bony overroofing of the temporal muscles, and penetration of its integuments by the hyperossification of the cranium. The fossorial spur is weak in Helioporus and Paludicola, weaker in Mitrolysis, and just represented in Ceratophrys. The palmate foot is diminished in Calyptocephalus, reduced in Mixophyes and Chiroleptes, and represented by a trace in Hylorhina and Limnomedusa. The un- developed ear is seen in Telmatobius and in Alsodes. The variations in the development of the thumb are not so striking as in the Hylide. In Gnathophysa, Cystignathus, and Ceratophrys the trapezium supports an osseous metacarpal and obtuse phalange, which are concealed in a large tuberele. In Mixophyes, on the other hand, the metacarpal is slender, entirely cartilaginous, and does not support a phalange. There is nowhere a spur, as in Hypsiboas. With regard to the dermal attachments, the following important varieties occur; in the family generally, but especially among Hylodes and Cystignathi, the dorsolateral septum is placed especially high up: Pseudes.—Sepita in Pseudis as in Rana; in Lysapus the lateroventral line is a little widened. In Mixophyes fasciolatus the lateroventrals are very wide, and leave the ventral free space very narrow behind the middle. Ceratophrydes.—In Ceratophrys the lateral septa are narrow, and there are two posterior abdominal transverse septa, similar to those attached to the sternum. In Ceratophrys ornata these are wanting, but the dorsolateral line is very broad. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 311 Crinie.—Among these animals I have examined species of Heliopos rus, Platyplectrum, Crinia, Borborocetes, Kusophus, and Hyperolia, and in vone can [ find more than lateral traces of the epicoracoid and coracoid septa, except in the Hyperolia marmorata, where they are com- plete. The posterior abdominal is well developed in Husophus nebu- losus. Pleurodeme.—Ventrolateral low down, and posterior abdominal well developed in Pleurodema bibronit. Hylodes.—Dorsolateral and ventrolateral far apart; the transverse posterior abdominal septum in the species of Lithodytes, in Hphirexis longipes, in Enhydrobius vomerinus (Klosia Girard) and Hypodictyon ri- dens. Ihave not found it in Lithodytes conspicillatus Gthr., Enhydrobius parvus, and Limnocharis fuscus Bell (Hlosia nasus Girard). Cystignathi.—In all the species the structure is similar to that of Tana, except in the approximation of the dorsolateral lines, and the presence of the postabdominal septum, which is continuous with the lateroventrals, and is indicated externally in several of the species by a fold in its line of attachment. The accompanying table exhibits the affinities of the genera and the groups into which they naturally fall. This family was first characterized by the author in Proceedings Acad- emy Natural Sciences, 1863, 46; excluding, however, the genera Cera- tophrys and Tomopterna; and subsequently more exactly in the Nat- ural History Review, 1865. Several changes, approximations to nature, were proposed by me in 1866. Boulenger adopted this family as I de- defined it (Cat. Brit. Mus., 1882), but moditied the extent and definitions of the genera materially. Group I. PsrupDES.—Frontoparietal bones fully developed; toes webbed, external metatarsi free; terminal phalanges acute; sternum a cartilaginous plate; ear perfectly developed; tongue broad, entire, adherent. Cephalic derm distinct; vomerine teeth; no cuneiform shovel or lumbar gland; prefrontals closely united; pupil horizontal; no digutalidilatationsy 2 sae seco .---.--Pseudis Wagler. Cephalic derm distinct; vomerine teeth; no cuneiform shovel or lumbar gland; prefrontals widely separated from each other and frontoparietals ; ends of digits dilated...........Lysapsus Cope. Cephalic derm distinct; vomerine teeth; fingers and toes webbed; terminal phalanges bifurcate ; supporting disks..Centrolene Esp. Cephalic derm distinct; vomerine teeth; a cuneiform shovel; no lumbar gland; prefrontals not closely united; pupil vertical SESS CORSO SCOOT EINES ETS Ee rer a ae Mixophyes Gthr. Cephalic derm distinct; vomerine teeth; no cuneiform shovel; a lumbar gland; prefrontals well united, transverse. Sra ata ee RUE aoa pts ER Se ee Astaucrane sles adel Cyclorhamphus Tsch. Cephalic derm involved in a rugose cranial ossification, temporal fossa overarched, completing postorbital arch; vomerine teeth ; no cuneiform shovel or lumbar gland; prefrontals extensively unitedand prolonged posteriorly... ..-. Calyptocephalus D, & B. 312 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Group II. CERATOPHRYDES.—Frontoparietal bones fully developed; toes free or slightly webbed; the external metatarsi bound; terminal phalanges simple ; sternum a cartilaginous plate (so far known, emarginate); ear perfectly devel- oped; tongue entire, little free. a. Cephalic derm distinct ; no postorbital arch. Pupil vertical; prefrontals well separated; vomerine teeth; toes webbed; inner finger opposable ............-.-. Mitrolysis* Cope Pupil horizontal; prefrontals more or less united; vomerine teeth: — toes webbed; inner finger not opposable; abdominal derm areo- late; a strong cuneiform shovel......-.... Odontophrynus R. & L. Prefrontals widely separated; eyelids with dermal prolongation; vomcrine teeth; toes nearly free; cranium elevated ; form toad- like; inner finger not opposable..................Stombust Boie. Prefrontals in close contact; eyelids not prolonged; vomerine teeth on palatine arch; toes free; cranium broad; pupil horizontal; form squat; abdomen smooth......-..---....... Zachenus Cope. aa. Cranial derm involved in ossification; no postorbital arch. Pupil vertical; thumb opposed; toes webbed; vomerine teeth; pre- fontals separated; no dorsal shield....-.....-. Chiroleptes t Gthy. aaa. Cephalic derm involved in cranial ossification; a postorbital bony arch. Similar to Ceratophrys as below, but without dorsal dermal osseous shieldvss sc eros es as oe niente ecies Wicd SaeeE Int OCCIUIS EMSC IIE Prefrontals wholly or in part separated; eyelids with a dermal pro- longation ; vomerine teeth; toes more or less palmate; cranium elevated; form toad-like; inner finger not opposable; pupil transverse; a dorsal dermal osseous shield... -..Ceratophrys Boie. Group III. Crixia.—Frontoparietal bones embracing a large fontanelle; cephalic derm free; external metatarsi bound; terminal phalanges simple; prefrontals never closely united, rarely in contact; sternum not distinguishable into style and disk, broad, emarginate, cartilaginous. a. Ethmoid bone with superior arch complete ; toes webbed. Pupilserectcs vomerinen vee ties eres errs eae Helioporus Gray. Auditory apparatus minute; vomeriue teeth; pupil horizontal; ster- num with a proximal semiossified portion. ....-. Copheus § Cope. aa. Ethmoid arch complete, or nearly so; digits free; no cuneiform shovel. Large parotoid glands; no vomerine teeth; pupil horizontal. sei Sibin emit He Sila eno alate a miecohsalrsinie aye wieyet cpeneistam severe vey ney dy DENOLUCME GRAN No parotoid glands; vomerine teeth in transverse series; xiphister- num broad; pupil horizontal ............... Borborocetes || Bell. No parotoid glands; pupil erect; sternum a plate-...-Perialia Gray. No parotoid glands; pupil horizontal; vomerine teeth wanting or in minute fasciculi; sternum slender, without bony deposit; abdo- minal integument usually areolate ....-........--.- Crinia Tsch. aaa. Ethmoid arch cartilaginous above ; digits free; no shovel. No parotoids; vomerine teeth; pupil round; auditory organs rudi- MIO Mb Aa ee ee Fs eee aes eo) ae aye cee oem ee eect Eusophus Cope. aaaa. Ethmoid arch? No metatarsal shovel; ‘auditory organs wanting;” toes slightly webbed. Vomerine teeth: no parotoids.... -...-.-.---.-------.Alsodes Bell. * Type Chiroleptes alboguttatus Gthr. t Type Ceratophrys boiei Wied. { Phractops Peters. § Telmatobius Boulienger, not of Wiegmann. || Includes Limnodynastes Fitz., Giinther. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 313 Group IV. PLevROpEM©.—Frontoparietal bones embracing a fontanelle ; auditory apparatus developed; digits free, or slightly webbed; external metatarsals bound; terminal phalanges simple; sternum an osseous style, with one or more distinct terminal cartilage disks; tongue entire; cephalic derm free. a. Inguinal glands; pupil horizontal; sternal cartilage emarginate or bifurcate. Vomerine teeth; prefrontals well separated; metatarsal tubercles minute; terminal phalanges short...-....---. Pleurodema Tsch. aa. No inguinal glands; pupil horizontal. No vomerine teeth; prefrontals entirely separated; terminal pha- ENS GUO Sabcooosue Gano Sb conoeuGdoous aseoe Liuperus D. & B. aaa. No inguinal glands; sternal cartilage entire; pupil erect. Vomerine teeth; prefrontals widely separated by the osseous ethmoid; terminal phalanges elongate; limbs elongate....Hylorhina Bell. Group V. HyLoprs.—Digits free, or nearly so; external metatarsi bound; terminal phalanges with a transverse limb, which supports dermal disks; sternum without style, scutiform, emarginate or bilobed, osseous or cartilaginous. 1. A frontoparietal fontenelle. No vomerine teeth or tarsal spurs; prefrontal bones wide, uniting on WHE WARMING MWhN soso Gosoadl shGo0 és56eu soacae Malachylodes Cope. 2. No frontoparietal fontanelle. a. Prefrontals well separated, rarely the convexities of the inner borders in contact. b. Manubrium cartilas;::ous. Muzzle and canthus rostralis angulated, projecting ; vomerine teeth; digital dilatation ssmall....................-Hnhydrobius Wagl. Muzzle and canthus rostralis contracted, little marked ; vomerine teeth ; digital dilatations large.................Epirhexis Cope. bb. Manubrium osseous, styloid. Muzzle and canthus rostralis angulated ; no vomerine teeth Sita seuasinw oleae clas Msleya Reise ne gemer ss Gare eeeeis Limnocharis Bell. aa. Prefrontals united throughout by close suture, and usually in contact with frontoparietals. INO WOLAGANG) WEBWO soans5 ododoo ossd 6500 HdSG ob HaGdKn Syrrhophus Cove. Vomerine teeth; abdomen smooth...-...----...---- Lithodytes Cope. No vomerine teeth; belly areolate .-..........--- Hypodictyon Cope. Vomerine teeth; abdomen areolate -...........-..---- Hylodes Fitz. Group VI. CysTiGNaTui.—Frontoparietals and auditory apparatus fully developed ; cephalic derm free; external metatarsi bound, digits free, terminal phalanges simple; sternum a distinctly defined slender osseous style, with distal cartilagi- nous disk; toes free. a. Xiphisternal style emarginate, and with two distal cartilaginous disks. Vomerine teeth wanting; no tarsal spurs; inguinal glands Be eevee te sia alata, apse iesinleingaais\cisiaeicia esl «etna ee ew DD UDOMaSs ACOpes Vomerine teeth present; no tarsal spurs; inguinal glands wislaielnle sein lene cinice eas elnia ecieistiaine slesinis sels ache saiels Edalorhina Esp. No aaa al or vomerine teeth; isolated inguinal glands; two acute metatarsal spurs; pupil horizontal............ Paludicola Wagl. aa. Xiphisternal style and distal disk undivided. No inguinal glands; pupil horizontal ..........--Leptodactylus Fitz. Glandular aggregations on the loins; pupil horizontal Bees a TO Senet Re ant ae PI eet ra Cystignathus Wag). Noyolandss pupilverect/=23ass2e. eee sae eee Limnomedusa Cope. No glands; pupil horizontal; auditory apparatus atrophied. G00 0000 duG0a0 Ghd 05 co6bes0 H650FO5506 conn 6oanbe LLM MOKODINS WTESIrn. 314 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Regio Neotropica. Regio Australis. | Qniti and S. oie Iba (Eka. Central. | Mexican. nese ndian. Cxstionathitn. yvick decnosdes sete nceeecceeacece 0 2 29 5 3 1a hy) nl Chesser Serge aseauacsescerouesccusosooa 0 0 24 26 9 COBUOD MAGES scacaaccaovesccacsne5oconcodes 7 4 6 0 0 PP SCUGCS Vs ae seie lane Sere Hace Ee ecle 1 3 3 0 0 el CUPOd IME ts as svaceeie see eee eee eee 0 5 3 1 0 Cringe ys Bees ots ae sees este ea meee 13 10 2 0 0 There are then known twenty-one Australian species, of which all but two possess an incomplete cranium and none a bony xiphisternal style. In the Patagonian subregion twenty-four species, of which ten exhibit an incomplete cranium, and five a complete bony xiphisternal style; in the Brazilian subregion sixty-seven species, of which only six have an incomplete brain case, and twenty-four the osseous xiphister- nal style; Mexico, thirty-two species with complete cranium, and one of these with style; the West Indies with twelve, none having the fonta- nelle, and three the style. 5 |S. R. Pata-| S. R. S.R. S.R Australis. , chonica. | Brazil. | Mexic.| Ind. Oce. I So ~ — ' 5 ' ' ’ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ A ’ . ’ ' . ' ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ‘ ' ' , ' ‘ w uo — w on Cw) is — ar Prefrontals fully developed ..........2secceeeseee> Marinipertect-wa-nscrnosccsetsee a eee eee nee No vomerine teeth Tocs webbed % bo None oS Who ep CO = ee agel * Approximate. In regard to the cranial development, the West Indian region is pre- eminent in this family, as in the Hylidee; the Brazilian inferior, and the Australian vastly below all; the degradation appearing in a certain degree regular. In the lack of vomerine teeth (a feature of immatur- ity) South Brazilian and Argentine forms predominate. In possession of the raniform xiphisternum the West Indian and Mexican subregions show fewer representatives than the Brazilian. There are none in the Australian. One species—Lithodytes ricordii—wanders from the R. Neotropica into the southern projection—Florida—of North America, and twe others, Lithodytes latrans and Syrrhophus marnockii, have a distribu- tion in Southwest Texas; no others are known to occur beyond the borders already stated. No species is common to the R. R. Australis and Neotropica, and but one genus—Borborocetes. Two Brazilian species occur in the Southern West Indies and two in Southern Mex- ico; probably three of the same country must be included in the Buenos Ayrean list. As yet we are acquainted with the fossil remains of but one species of Cystignathide —a Ceratophrys, from a Brazilian eave. It has been THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 315 regarded as id. ntical with the C. dorsata by Gtinther (Aun. Mag. Nat. BUStin USSD, IE a Frontoparietal bones developed. An osseous xiphisternal style. ( Telmatobius Cystignathi, Cystignathus Bubonias 39 sp. ' ‘Leptod actylus Edalorhina l Paludicola Limnocharis Lah oa a cartilaginous disk. Hylodes ( Dene . nua tes seudis nhydrobius Pseudes, Hy lodes, | Lysapsus Epichexie Tsp. 59 sp. Mixophyes Syrrhophus Cyclorhamphus Malachylodes ( Ceratophrys Y. | Stombus Ceratophrydes, J Chiroleptes Vi 17 sp. } Zachenus | Odontophrynus/ / wh Frontoparietal bones undeveloped, embracijng a fontanelle. Xiphisternum with an osseous style. Pleurodeme, §¢ Pleurodema Hylorhilna 9 sp. ) Liuperus \ : Xiphisternumacartilaginous plate. \ f AV Helioporus Mitrolysis i. Borborocxtes Cun, Cophzus Crinia oS Alsodes Hyperolia Frontoparietals and ethmoid arch undeveloped. l Eusophus LITHODYTES Cope. Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1862, p. 153; Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), vi, p., 97. Hylodes pars, auctorwm. Terminal phalanges T-shaped; fingers and toes free; no enlarged metatarsal tubercle. Omosternum cartilaginous. Sternum a cartiiagi- nous plate. Prefrontal bones uniting on the median line of the muzzle. Belly smooth. This genus differs from Hylodes only in the smooth, as distinguished from the granular, or areolated, belly of the latter. Its species are nu- merous and inhabit principally the equatorial and northern parts of the Neotropical realm. But two are found in the United States: the L. latrans at the southwestern border, and the Z. ricordii at the extreme southeast. The latter is a West Indian species; the former probably occurs in Mexico, but its existence there has not yet been ascertained positively. a. Vomerine in two short patches between the nares. Form robust; muzzle short, wide; upper surfaces with brown spots...-Z. latrans. aa. VYomerine tecth in two long transverse curved series posterior to the internal nares. Horm elongate; muzzle acute; spotted above.-.--...---..-----.----- L. ricordii. 316 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. LITHODYTES LATRANS Cope. (Plates 51, fig. 15; 71, fig. 22.) Amer. Nat., 18738, p. 186; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, No. 17, 1880, p. 25. Size rather large; frontoparietal region flat, its width equal to the vertical diameter of the membranum tympani. Skin smooth, that of the abdomen thrown into a disk by a circular fold. Digital dilitations small on all the feet. The toes have no dermal free margins; those of the hand are long, while those of the foot are rather short. The fourth finger is as large as the forearm and exceeds the thumb, whieh in turn is considerably lomger than the second finger. There are two strong palmar tabercles, of which the external is divided into two by a longi- tudinal groove. There are two solar tubercles, and the entocuneiform is prominent and obtuse. The muzzle marks a point beyond the mid- dle of the tarsus of the extended hind limb. The tarsus to the eito- — cuneiform is just half as long as the remainder of the foot. ‘There are prominent tubercles on the inferior side of the digits of both extrem- ities. The head is wide and flat and the loreal region oblique. The nasal region is flat and gently decurved and the lip projects a little beyond the muzzle. The long diameter of the eye equals the length from its border to the external nostril, which is very near the end of the muzzle, and exceeds the long or vertical diameter of the membranum tympani by one-half of the latter. The width of the tympanic membrane is five- sixths of its height. The tongue is subround.: The ostia pharyngea are large, but smaller than the choanz. The vomerine teeth are in two short, nearly transverse patches, on elevated bases, their apices nearly in line with the posterior border of the choane. In younger individ- uals the choane are obliquely longitudinal. Length of head and body, .076™; length of head to line of posterior borders of tympanum, axially .024™; width at latter point, .031™; length of posterior leg, .107™. Color of superior surfaces brownish-gray, marked with a few large brown spots with pale centers. The largest of these is on each seapular region; a Smaller pair.is one over the extremity of each sacral trans- verse process. There are several on the pelvic region and above the groin, one on each eyelid, and one or two on the middle of the nasal region. Another covers the tympanum, and a brown band connects the orbits around the end of the muzzle. There are two large brown spots on the lip, one below the eye and one in front of it. The seg- ments of the limbs have broad cross-bands, excepting the humerus. Below pale, immaculate. This species is one of the larger forms of the genus. The nasal bones are in contact for most of their length, but diverge a little posteriorly, displaying a small portion of the ethmoid. This is not typical in Lithodytes, but approaches the state of things in Epirhexis. This frog inhabits the cliffs of the eretaceous limestone which are THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 317 found in every direction along the borders and river valleys of the first plateau region of Texas. Mr. G. W. Marnock, who discovered it, in- forms me that after rains it is very noisy, making the rocks resound with its ery, which is somewhat like a dog’s bark. It hides in fissures, and is so difficult to find as to be generally unknown to the country d20ple, who suppose that the voice proceeds from.a lizard. According to Mr. Marnock the eggs are hatched in winter, and the tadpoles pass their existence in temporary pools of rain-water which collects in holes in the rocks and at a distance from the creeks. Fia. 80. Lithodytes latrans. No. 1059. Helotes, Texas; 4. Additional specimens of this species received from Mr. Marnock show that it reaches a larger size than the above specimens indicate. I give the following Measurements. 3 M. ILEMAMH CH WAC AWM DOCKS do ccoe soos coodes Hoods SdOnIsn a GoD Banbe SEceBoalotc . 094 Weng ihvoighead ime ludimer tym pana -jeicto ce oesisisisie tellers = ecisee oes es eceeee . 025 Width of head at posterior edge of tympana......-.---.---.---- +22 ee ee eee eee . 039 ILGMeAy i OH WOR Jb) Cee do pobabs dasnes soeese Gooeoo Sone Oo Heos Hoe ooe ees oree ears . 055 ILSMGUN Of VNC MIN) cos coosat Sba on Cobo Sob oo ep SO aEEEHOBOOD cose BESbOs be eooe Hand .115 ILamain OF WholgiesscoSbe Ssoosnod HaeSne Clos ne mbue | DHOEE OBE eee saber eee . 039 LGBT OF WARS coos bacc.oons cogsob babosddde0 seanUS gocc nods coudée Eoeaosdoeues . 020 LENG OL WEG OF UO sco5doc665q sooubeo0 BU OSEs UUOR HUGO Ee50 Cobo poneed Osad God - 035 In the large and old specimens a mineral deposit takes place in the skin, as in the Phyllomedusa seleroderma Cope and Stereocyclops incrass:- satus Cope. It is especially abundant in the cranial derm, but which is not, aS in cases where the_ossification appears on the surface of the cranial bones, adherent to the latter. The Hylodes augusti (Dugés MS.), Brocchi Mision Scientifique de Mexique, 1881, from Guanajuato, Mexico, is related to the present ani- mal. I do not know what the speczific difference is, unless it be in the form of the vomerine patches, which I can not clearly make out from Broechi’s deseription. Catalogue} No. of res When ; : Nature of spec- SaiAHGE. spec. TiC eaL yy. collected. From whom received: imen. i 10751 nt Bexar County, Tex ...- | Feb. 10, 1880 Alcoholic. 10752 1 al S .. do. i, i ° Do. 10753 1 Do. 10058 2 Do. 10529 2 Do. 13633 il Do. 318 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. LITHODYTES RICORDIL Dum. & Bibr. Cope, Check-List N. Amer. Batr. Reptil., 1875, p. 31. Hylodes ricordii Dum. & Bibr., Erp. Gen., vit, p.623; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal, Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 213. Head as wide as or wider than the body, longer than broad; the lateral outlines curved; the end of the muzzle abruptly truncated. Ostia pharyngea oval. Vomerine teeth in two long curved series, which commence behind and opposite to the external border of inner nares; they are separated by a considerable space medially. Tongue elongate oval, slightly nicked. A subgular vocal sack. Tympanum half the size of the eye. Skin smooth above and below; sides rugose. Heel reaching the orbit. Digital palettes small. Two metacarpal, two metatarsal tubercles. Brachium longer than or equal to antebrachium. General color reddish-brown. The loreal region, a band between the eyes, one above the tympanum, and some dorsal spots, darker. Beneath — light brownish. A single specimen from Key West, Florida, is in the National Mu- seum. Its proper habitat is Cuba. SYRRHOPHUS Cope. Amer, Nat., 1678, p. 253; Proceed. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 1876, p. 268. Sternum a cartilaginous plate, notched; digits free; vomerine teeth none; ear well developed; nasal bones in contact, forming a solid roof over the ethmoid cartilage. Pupil horizontal. This genus is simply Lithodytes without vomerine teeth. In the former genus the nasals and ethmoid have the structure seen in EHlosia. Tour species are known, three of which are Mexican in distribution. They differ as follows from each other: Posterior limbs short, heel to tympanum; head wide; tympanum half orbit; rufous, POLO WM SP OCLC Ue Ae sche sepa eae tee Pl By eee age S. marnochii. Posterior limbs longer, heel to front of orbit; head wide, a canthus rostralis; tym- panum one-third orbit; brown, pale spotted. .--.......-....----. ---e-- S. leprus. Posterior limbs longer, heel to front of orbit; head narrow, no canthus rostralis; tympanum one-third orbit; brown, dark spotted...........----S. cystignathoides. Heel to front of orbit; head rather wide, flat; tympanum two-thirds eye-slit; sub- digital tubercles large; gray, with black spots ............-...---- S. verrucipes. SYRRHOPHUS MARNOCHII Cope. (Plate 71, fig. 34.) Amer. Nat., 1878, p. 253; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, p. 26. The typical specimen is as large as Hyla versicolor, and has a long flat head and remarkably short hind legs. The muzzle is flat and slightly depressed above, and projects a little beyond the edge of the THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 319 lip. The nostril is a little behind the apex, and as far in front of the orbit as the long diaineter of the latter. Tympanic membrane round, its diameter about half that of eye. Choane latera!, equal in size to the ostia pharyngea. Tongue longer than wide, full, entire. Integuments everywhere smooth; on the abdomen a faint discoidal fold. Digits short, moderately expanded and truncate at the extremity. Prom- inent tubercles at the proximal ends of the phalanges below. First and second anterior toes equal and shorter than fourth. The heel of the appressed hind limb reaches the middle of the tympanum, and the ex- tremity of the tarsus a little anterior to the orbit. The fore limb is rela- tively longer, the wrist extending beyond the extremity of the muzzle. The tarsus is two fifths the entire length of the posterior foot. The in- terorbital space is flat and wide, and is but a trifle narrower than the expanse of the sacral diapophyses. The color of the upper surfaces is a light purplish-brown, closely spotted with rather small closely placed and broadly defined dark brown spots. The spots are less distinct on the head. Inferior sur- faces light yellowish, immaculate, this tint commencing as small spots ‘on the pale ground of the sides. Limbs above brown, broadly cross- banded with yellowish: femora behind, light brown with a few light points. Catalogue | No. of pee When ; Ree Nature of spec- number. spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. imen. y wisi} 2 | Helotes, Bexar County, | .....-.------ G. W. Marnock.......-. Alcoholic. Tex. 13635 Tr ener LOSS yeaa eye erate papell haar arcb oy Ua oreane|| eystatetate GRE ae Sse eanoeedans Do. QO ® eas 0 9 2 { 4 6 Fic. 81. Syrrhophus marnockit. No. 13635. Helotes, Texas; tf. Measurements iM. Length of head and body.....--- SSbGGU cous bade cobues socuos BaggaU Cooasa 0GSusS .038 Eeneth of head, including tympana.---.-.----...---.------------ +--+ =. -- ee .0123 Wwidlilh OF Incad, imelncliine Thi rane, o5566 6660 bade 650 docu deou.udeuoE deeds Gane .013 Mencthyorrore limb trom axilla. oi. jt. sees cen orce eee nme oi eons .022 Length of hind limb from groin.........--. -. 2-0 eee eee vee ees oe eee ee eee eee 045 iLemaith OF RINE .6 566665 Goac s66000 cobobG GusEad GouES) Geeesn bas eouedcs saacicsaa .015 Leman OF TMHSUS) co 3oas coo0 nodose toon 555050 code pose ocucineed Gaue Seog baecindSeos .0093 ILEMaN OF RAG OH WOO ES Geos Sagdss coco sooces ceod cons bade ceuaases casdEo oaGcKe 015 Nothing is yet known of the life history of this species. It is prob- able that, like other species of the genus, it inhabits rocky places. I found the S. verrucipes in the bottom of a rocky ravine in the State of Hidalgo, Mexico, under a stone on the horders of a smali stream. 320 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. HYLIDA.* Vertebree procelous. Sacral diapophyses dilated, the simple urostyle articulated to two condyles. External metacarpi bound together. ‘Ter- minal phalanges articulated inferiorly onto the extremity of the penulti- inate, globular or swollen proximally, and giving rise, usually from a cen- tral emargination, to the curved, acute distal portion, which is of a more compact tissue. Superior plate of ethmoid never covered by fronto- parietals, usualiy produced anteriorly between frontonasals. Ear per- fectly developed. Abdominal integument generaily areolate. This family embraces the tree toads of Australia and America. It presents comparatively little structural variety, not containing as un- developed types as the Cystignathid, nor as high ones; it possesses neither earless nor fossorial, nor really aquatic genera. The adaptive modifications are: First, those which accompany a ter- restrial habitat, 7.e., the diminution of the digital dilatations and palma- tion. These occur in regularly increasing degree in a small number of the species of the typical genus Hyla, and are general in and distinctive of two other genera. Second, those which adapt the extremities to - grasping a limb by opposition of digits, instead of adhering to a sur- face by expansion of them in one plane. ‘This first appears possible in Agalychnis, and is structural in Phyllomedusa. Third, those which re- strict the light admitted to the retina, first, by the lateral contractility of the pupil; second, by therendering opaque of theinferior palpebra. The first characterizes the two genera just mentioned, the last occurs in the first two, but is inconstant in the second, and characterizes two other genera. Fourth, thatwhich adapts the female during the breeding sea- son to localities without water, or where perhaps the water contains enemies, by the inversion of the dorsal integument so as to form a sack, in which the eggs are carried. This occurs in and is accepted as char- acteristic of two genera. Another feature, which has a functional value, is the union of the abdominal integuments with the superficial fascia of the muscles by an areolar or fibrous net-work, continuous with that of the usual latero- ventral band. The skin of the inferior surfaces of these creatures, as in the raniform tree frogs, has a thickening in numerous close areole, the nature and function of which is lke that of the digital dilatations, and the derm of the tuber on the thumb of the male Rana, 7. e., to secrete an adhesive fluid as aid in maintaining the peculiar positions assumed. In proportion to the development of these is the extent of the abdomi- nal attachment, and hence may be supposed to be adapted for relieving the other areolar connections from the strain of the animal’s weight when in ap appressed or vertical position. Its uniformity in the burrowing genera of the Bufonide and Scaphiopodide, and especially on their dor- sal surface, rather confirms this view. This connection is, however, evidently not necessary to the use of the *Plates 72, 73. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. ail abdominal integument as an adhesive support, as this faculty is no- where better seen than in the Acris, where derm is free. This creat- ure will adhere for days to a vertical glass plate, not only by the abdo- men and digits, but by the interdigital membranes, and will light se- curely from a long leap on such a surface. Daudin and Duméril have related the same adhesive faculty in Pelodytes punctatus, which is not known in regard to the dermal attachments, but has not the abdominal areole present in Acris. The extent of the attachment is least where the dilatations are smallest, as follows: Abdomen entirely attached; 18 sp. Phyllomedusa four sp. Agalychnis three sp. Trachycephalus two sp. Noto- trema one sp. Seytopis two sp. Smilisca baudinii. Hypsiboas albomarginata, boans. Hyla agrestis, krefftii, phyllochroa. Posterior half or third of abdomen attached; lateroventral band wide. Triprion petasatus. Hyla fusca, arenicolor, gratiosa, versicolor, femoralis, squirella, andersonii, cc- rulea. Ranoidea aurea. Chorophilus triseriatus. Less than posterior third abdomen attached; the lateroventrals wide. Hyla arborea, regilla, lateralis, miotympanum, pickeringii. Chorophilus nigritus. Abdomen entirely free. Hyla leseurei, curta, gracilipes. Acris gryllus. Of distinguishing features, which are seen in the degree of develop- ment of the elements of the skull, there are, first, the deveiopment of the o. o. frontoparietalia ; second, of the prefrontalia; third, of the su- perficial cranial rugosities; fourth, of vomerine teeth; fifth, of a post- frontal arch; sixth, of the ethmoid arch. \WV/ln@io. MUIENIDE. OIF -SOECIOS c5a6 G95 cossaennogco sae sue snbdo0 boeBee au55 Socecs Esoaee 183 Brontoparmetalsstullliy developedeeae yes cae ae eos sae elec eerie ecm 22 Frontoparietals with rugosities penetrating derm........---...---.------.----. 9 PRAirOMiAMls ClOwelo vA =dsessccco euad sace edbedo Senn 560 Loguad eopbEE douemsaoesnaas 17 No vomerine teeth .........-......- Gee Dae e ee ahcsim Selarisbareis cme ale site ose wena 6 AX DOSUNROMEAY! TROCESS. 546500 po56de Gano eee OUoU U5eeu0 SB Hpoo GodU SUED osuSlseuGus Baca 1 LE, WATPOIGL TNGOMN MEWS BWOWS cas oss ce sosado Sbaoeo Haba bods bAocoe cUnSoU ono Se DoodoS 1 Of the above characters the lack of vomerine teeth is inconstant in Phyllomedusa, being present in some and wanting in other species. There is a tendency to the Pseudis and Rana liberation of the outer metatarsusin Hyla americana, hyposticta, and dimolops, aud H. ( Ranoidea ) aurea. Parotoid glands occur in some species of Hylide as an extensive stra- tum of crypts, but never exhibit the definition seen in Bufoniform and some Cystignathid genera. It even occurs in Scytopis venulosus irreg- ularly, being sometimes present and sometimes wanting in the female, at least. The xiphisternum exhibits the form which exists in the greater num- ber of Cystignathide, excepting in eight species, where it only lacks the posterior emargination. 1951—Bull 34 21 322 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STaTES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The natural genera are as follows: I. No teeth on the parasphenoid bone. 1. Pupil horizontal. a. A frontoparietal fontanelle; ethmoid not ossified above. TPOSBAEE Oi see areas Roar BRC RIO pee ay aT Cp yaa A Thoropa Cope. aa. A frontoparietal fontanelle; ethmoid completed. Toes free, or nearly so; digital dilatations very small; sacrum little @MleiOOl.o6sc55 S646 5005 bee coseae DoecED Sosa SsoSosS Chorophilus Baird. Toes fully webbed; digital dilatations minute; sacrum little dilated. Acris D. & B. Toes webbed; digital disks and sacral diapophyses more dilated; pollex consisting of one or more short concealed phalanges; palpebra trans- PALEM bee alate ies ete lav ince aes see oie ee eee eae Ayla Laur. Like Hyla, but the dorsal derm introverted forwards, forming a sac. judeiwekecdee sau eres Soe Sasa es ceae ta ae uncineieeeee 2 OLOUTeTtCm Damas ae Like Hyla, but pollex consisting of phalanges fused into a curved solid exsertible spine; palpebra transparent.........--... Hypsiboas Wag). Like Hypsiboas, but palpebra reticulate with fibers. -..Cincloscopus Cope. Like Hyla, but vomerine teeth wanting ......-.---.--.. Hylella KR. & L. aa. No frontoparietal fontanelle. Derm of the head free ; no postfrontal process.........--- Scytopis Cope. Derm of the head free; a postfrontal process ....-...---- Smilisca Cope. Derm of front free; bones exostosed ...---..-.--.---- Osteocephalus Fitz. Derm of the head involved in the ossification; no dermal sac. AES E OSES a une Aerie he soon ao imcid oSce as Trachycephatus Tsch. Derm of head involved in the ossification; a dorsal sac of the introverted GI Peso Se cia cen Benes lore cl nmaiciensiz ulate tetereteing mate eects Opisthodelphys Gthr, 2. Pupil vertical. fs. No frontoparietal fontanelle. Tongue scarcely free behind; no digits opposable; cranial ossification TMVOlvanoide Riis che Beas aerate arte eee, ie ogee eter ee eaaye Nyctimantis Boul. BB. Frontoparietal fontanelle present. Tongue extensively free behind; sternum deeply emarginate; digits not opposed when at rest; cranial skin free....-......- Agalychnis Cope. Tongue extensively free; internal digits opposable, more or Jess free ; sternum entire; cranial skin free............... Phyllomedusa Wag II. Teeth on the parasphenoid bone. Pupil horizontal; vomerine teeth; cranial derm involved in ossification of skull; labial borders produced -.........-....--2- Diaglena Cope. Vomerine teeth; toes webbed; derm of head involved in ossification ; labial border produced; pupil vertical.......-...-.-- Triprion Cope. In the series [-2 to Phyllomedusa a final diminution of palmation accompanies continued size of the digital palettes and increase in the length and breadth of the ethmoid and diminution of the frontoparie- tals, which features, however, are as marked in Hyla palmata as in these succeeding types; they carry to its fullest development the era- nial peculiarities of the family, and add other features before men- tioned; they inhabit the continental subregion of the Neotropical. The other main series (I-1) leads, first, to a fuller development of the: frontoparietals, then to an extension of the prefrontals, and finall y to. covering of the cranium with “ dermo-ossification,” on the one hand with the superaddition of a dorsal dermal sac, on the other without it. This. extreme finds its greatest expansion in the West Indian subregion... A THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA, By) singular incompleteness of the cranial box seems to mark Thoropa, which has the strong nasal roofing of this second series. Chorophilus exhibits an affinity to the Cystignathide, as does also Thoropa, which represents in inferiority Husophus in the same family. The following is the geographical distribution of the generaand species: | | R. R. R. R. | R. Re Australis. | Neotropica. | Nearctica. | Palsearctica. | Althiopica. | Paleeotropica. TNT OHO - agosecoceee|lboeccouenses iL IWROGNCMOSsc50 4e6an5||pooopesooede il Opisthodelphys ..-. | -----.----- 2 Trachyeephalus -...).-..--.--.-. 5 @steocephalus —-..-.|/.---...---.- 3 IN@UOMRSM= 556 66 ses ||baoooosesene 4 SAPO = 3 -< sosesoesooeasuooes 9 INS GUIANA <5 donde| |laessoneeeseT 1 Phyllomedusa - allitet mwiatsacsnc 13 AGATE so soosobe||eoeseeesooos 3 SIMUllhCe,- os ceecsavel seooeanoese 1 Cemiirorelings -s-bnosclleacssosbeace 3 PEL SUD. OMS eras ce min)~- || etetsioe = isicicicle Fs 16 LW ease ae Seeeeeee 29 60 sElbyal Clie eee eis 2 4 ANCINS SEES EEGASS SO SS ol ES SE eel les eee kc oe Ghhorophuilus esac ee eee sece a = il TINO ROME SSS geosnceae Heese eaosees 1 Motalveses 533-2. 31 128 The only genus in the above series which is not confined to a zoological realin is Hyla, and the species of this genus are all restricted to their respective regions. Smilisca baudinit extends from the Neotropical into the borders of the Nearctic region, and it is possible that Hyla cerulea extends from the Australian Islands into those of the Palaotropical archipelago, though the identification of the species may not be strictly correct. According to Bleeker it is found in Java and as far west as Padang, on the west coast of Sumatra.* The following is a distribution of these generic forms among the dis- tricts of the Neotropical] region: | Se | Mexican. | Colombian.|} Chilan. | Eastern. | IDNA erh2 SE SS BORO RMETES OSS BeBe Et ree ae ee meet Re een aa A iat SE SE Somes Neier eel eee eo er SUM DIAC S3ogno.csqdeaandpos Soeaaqesoacdusuaneousy|lcaceuauacs Ws) llecoosascoadbllaasscaupoes||sse00s co06 OpisUnOdleOINyy cod5 056550 d00ncecenaadueooeconaeslladsosenoss Mv) IeSaceqooaqse |---------- 1 IUPAC VEG DINE Sos Bonasoesugeoponseooedee Hodees Cee aa Sani eve Ite ntcrs sae lnBoauobeos 1 Qsieoceinalhtitt:, BGed re seqdigesbampe Sacto nCCAern Rati er leeches ceric eee eile |e rere tata en Peat A a 3 WOWOUROINA Sas See abe abe pAsbee ako Seca Gas oe en aa cate ase meee beamed Atos Tier rss taveteyeleya levee tare terete SOW UOMIE 2S ASO ee EOS Re BOBO Orme Ee ScE rs Ret als (dy) 2 lullpdassocboocsllessocdo Gas 8 INS @UIIMENUIS), S 5 ohne Sa eae lai Aerie crease reer eae (ean eee BRO O HO ENas SaaS eee Rename Seer 1 Ay OMME C'S Areetarsys 212 vi)=\s sielejsricisg weienee mee teem eils ceisiec ees Dip pie al eee seat es cts elaine 11 PRN CMTS pres erate cieteisicinelo eos aeteinel Seleio sies sii slew cls eis ao atone 88 RLsesaecdon sal EScodcencsllsasdbcades Sid MICA) SesS5 Soa dSus SOSA OBES Ra AaeseoacMesateea de Mae Eeee see bor lf hevetc reson syaye tall ee meratey etciniel| sis ere oteeyetoe CHMCHOS CONUS eee erecta se tales ee ee ohne one eae Reece aciereal Cure oe slat Sait cm clejsivertani ee mieereyeters 1 aS SIO AS eet esr peyate eaeis nicks see -ies eerie nmieeciolin soe acme 2 a NY Deal eee eer eter 15 STilbyl in sesseeya recs aoa) Sinicicidinicinetelnw cae clecseje eres 2 17 7 1 36 TRIG oe SSG BO GeO OSE IO eC StS res chet ciate aie a peris CENA Resear l lae ees Sek 3 (Cling rrp pling i miele tats a ale aes sie rs a Seg Leer Beal se ee See ers baa eereret eye IMORODEbs co SoG SSE BOAO OCIS See SEE SN cr tes ees ges Heer ese aie coh engl ecg yaar rota EN ag fe Ny 1 ORE Whe iis ey ieee Elec ae a SOEs ara een 7 31 13 1 80 Our present knowledge, as above, indicates considerable localization in the distribution of genera, and a marked predominance of the eastern *Over de Reptilign Fauna van Sumatra, P. Bleeker, Batavia, 1860, p. 8. O24 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. district. But three of the genera found in the latter are known to exist in any other. The poverty of the Chilian district is marked, while West Indian species are nearly all of one genus, the Scytopis noted being the S. ruber of Surinam, which occurs in Trinidad. None of the species ever pass these bounds, with the last-mentioned exception, and those of Scytopis venulosus, Hypsiboas albomarginatus and xerophyl- lum, which occur in the eastern and adjoining portion of the Mexican region. Our knowledge of this subject is, however, very incomplete. In the species of Hylidae coloration may be distributed into two regions; the first including that which is exposed to the light when the animal is crouched, with the limbs all flexed and close pressed to the ~ sides, the hands and feet concealed more or less ander the body; and the second embraces what is thus hidden from the light, especially the portions in actual contact in flexure. Any marked difference in color of the different surfaces will usually be found to have reference to this division into regions, generally very dissimilar in appearance. This is well seen in Hyla andersonii, carolinensis, and in Phyllomedusa and Agalychnis. For convenience of reference, I here, as in other genera of Batrachia Salientia, term the portions of the body and limbs which are exposed to the light external; those concealed in the flexure, in- ternal. AORIS Duméril and Bibron. Erp. Gén., vil, 506; Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1 ed., 1856, p. 71; Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev., 1865, p. 110; Cope, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), vi, 1866, 86; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, m1 ed., p. 336. But one species of this genus is known, and it is found throughout the greater part of the North American realin. It is quite possible that it may become necessary at some future time to unite this genus with Hyla. ACRIS GRYLLUS Le Conte. * Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén., vi, 507; Le Conte, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1855, 28; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, 336. Rana gryllus Le Conte, Ann. Lyceum New York, 1 1825, p. 282; Harlan, Med. Phys. Res., p. 104. Rana dorsalis Harlan, l. ¢., p. 105. Hylodes gryllus Holbr., N. Amer. Herp., Pl. 33. Head moderate, length to canthus oris equal breadth at same point. Muzzle narrowed, produced ; profile projecting or nearly perpendicular. Canthus rostralis weak, approximate ; external nostril little nearer edge of lip than to orbit. Vertex plane; diameter of orbit greater than in- terorbital breadth, three times in length from end of muzzle to posterior border of tympanic membrane. Latter indistinct; partially obscured by a fold one-fifth the size of the orbit. Skin of head and body above with rather distant tubercles, of which some on the scapular regions are more or less pliciform. No areolation on thoracie and gular region. A series of small tubercles on the outer border of the tarsus; two small metatarsal tubercles. Articular tubercles of the phalanges very small. *Plate 73, fig.29. x er THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 325 Tongue broad, obovate, sometimes nearly ovate, distinctly to not emar- ginate posteriorly. Vomerine teeth in two ovate patches between the interior nares, aS near them as to each other. The end of the fore-arm extended reaches the external nares. ‘The heel of the extended hind leg reaches to or beyond the end of the muz- zle. Two large metacarpal tubercles. Length of head to tympanum, one-third that of head and body. Average size: Length of body, 12 lines; from vent to outer end of femur, 6 lines; tibia, 7 lines; tarsus and foot, 9 lines. Typicai coloration: Above, brown or gray, with a blackish triangu- lar patch between the eyes, the apex directed backwards; the bor- ders of this are of a light color, which is light green in life, and is con- tinued as a band to the end of the body. Three dark bars on the lip, one from the eye to the anterior wy:per arm across the angle of the mouth, pale bordered above. A dark bar from the orbit across the tympanum, and one from scapular region to beyond middle of side. A dark bar from behind the scapular region restricts the dorsal line near the sacrum, and is usually continued with an interruption to the groin. Color of upper surfaces continued on a less part of surface of femur, which is cross-barred; behind this pale, with a longitudinal band or series of spots posteriorly. Throat in spring yellow. This species possesses the power of metachrosis or color-change in a high degree. The dorsal stripe and border of the interocular spot may be bright green, dirty white, or bright rusty; and the dorsal tubercles vary in color in the same way. The general tint varies from bright green to dull slate color. In its habits the Acris gryllus is a lover of the muddy borders of the water, into which it leaps when alarmed. As it does not conceal itself among vegetation, like the Hyla pickeringii, it is much more easily caught than that species, and is more common in museums, though not less abundant. As the structure of the feet indicate, it is a good swim- mer, and its powers of leaping are remarkable. This species is distributed from Florida to Texas, through Kansas and the Northwest to the Atlantic, and as far northeastwardly as New York. The northern and southern sections of this area produce forms which offer considerable differences, but which must be termed subspecies, on account of the existence in some localities of intermediate individuals. I have seen such from Illinois, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and elsewhere. These subspecies are as follows: Hinder foot less tarsus less than half the length of the head and body ; dermal tuber- cles larger; posterior femoral stripe less distinct .......----------4 g. erepitans. Hinder foot less tarsus longer than half head and body; dermal tubercles smaller ; PaMMOWA! SHAN OS WOR CHEWING Gedcac canoe baudeaadouodo douecueaedac scoh" A. g. gryilus. These subspecies are respectively of northern and southern distribu- tion; the A. g. gryllus ranging from North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 326 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. x Acris gryllus crepitans Baird. Acris gryllus Dum. & Bibr., Erp. Gén., vitt, 1841, p. 506, partim; Giinther Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 7, partim. Hylodes gryllus De Kay, N. Y. Zool., Reptil., m1, 1842, p. 70, Pl. xxu, fix. 61. Acris crepitans Baird, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1855, p. 59; Le Conte, l. ¢., p. 426; Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Sury., Rept., p. 28, Pl. xxxvuil, fig. 14-17. Fic. 82. Acris gryllus crepitans. No. 18924. Des Moines, Iowa, 1; 6 and 7, 2. Brownish above. The median region of head and body above bright green; a dark triangle between the eyes. Three oblique blotches on the sides, nearly equidistant: the first behind the eye, the last on the flanks and running up on the back; all usually margined with lighter, a narrow white line from the eye to arm. Beneath yellowish- white. Inferior face of thigh plain. Tibia a little more than half the length of the body. Foot rather smaller. Head rather obtuse, scarcely longer than broad. Web of hind foot extending to the penultimate articula- tion of the fourth toe. This subspecies is characterized by a rather long, narrow head, with the eyes farther back than usual. There is no constriction for the neck, the outline tapering towards the snout from about the middle of the body. The limbs are very muscular, and considerably developed. The eyes are large and prominent; their anterior edges decidedly be- hind the middle of the commissure, and their posterior barely anterior to the angle of the mouth; hence the snout is considerably produced. The nostrils are minute, situated on the canthus rostralis, rather nearer the tip of the snout than the eye, and separated by a distance less than one-third the width of the rami. The tympanum is small, not very dis- tinct, about half the diameter of the eye, and placed just above the ric- tus. The head is almost as long as-wide, especially in large specimens. The tongue is broad, oval, subtruncate, and but slightly emarginate behind; the anterior extremity rounded; it 1s free behind and on the sides. The inner nares are large, open, placed a little in front of a point opposite the anterior canthus orbitalis. The vomerine teeth are situated in two oval patches about the size of the nares, the slightly longer axes inclined a little to each other, backward. They are placed between the nares, their anterior edges nearly in the same transverse line with those of the nares, and extend- ing alittle beyond the nares posteriorly, and thus more anterior than in any other of the small Hyloids of North America. They are about as THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 327 far apart posteriorly as their anterior extremities are from the nares: The Hustachian apertures very minute, less than the inner nares. The lower parts are covered by a depressed pavement or granulation, extending half-way up the side and on the inferior face of the thighs In many specimens this appears to be wanting between and anterior to the arms. The upper parts generally are provided with rather scat- tered pustulations or warty elevations, with numerous pores opening between and on them; these pustules are most numerous on the sides and anteriorly. Some are considerably larger and longitudinal, and appear most distinct near the edges of the vertebral vitta. The hands are large and well developed; rather longer than the fore- arm. The tips of the fingers and toes are provided with very slightly enlarged, depressed pallets or disks, convex beneath and with a nail- like groove. The outer finger is rather longer than the second, and all appear to be connected by a very slight thickened membrane. The inner finger is set at a right-angle with the third and posterior to the rest. There is a soft large tubercle at its base, and a still larger opposite to it on the other side of the palm, the two with only a narrow interval. All the articulations of the fingers and toes have well-developed tubercles be- tween them. The femur is shorter than the tibia, rather longer than the foot; the tibia is more than half the length of the body. The two outer meta- tarsi are firmly united, the others cleft to the base; the intervals of the latter, however, filled up by a well-developed membrane, which extends as far as the bases of the disks, and filling up most of the space between the toes, except on each side of the longest, where the membrane forms a narrow margin on the penultimate joint. The third toe is a little longer than the fifth or outer. The cuneiform process makes a consid- erable prominence, while on the opposite or cuter side of the tarsus and foot are three or four small tubercles, at about equal distances, the distal one opposite the cuneiform process and largest. The tuber- cles beneath the articulations are very distinct. There is a rudimentary membrane along the exterior edge of the foot. In alcohol the general color above is of a dull brown. During life, however, an area bounded by lines extending from the nostrils and diverging to the middle of the edge of the upper eyelid, then converg- ing to the sacral vertebra, then again widening to the buttocks, is of a bright grass green. This is interrupted between the eyes by a well- defined triangle of brown, nearly equilateral, with rather concave sides, and its base connecting the edges of the upper eyelids. A dusky line extends along the canthus rostralis. The sides of the face and edges of the upper jaw exhibit three or four indistinct square blotches, sepa- rated by narrower intervals; one or more sometimes better defined than the rest. A dark broad line extends from the sides of the lower jaw to the lower part of the insertion of the arm, and another from the posterior 328 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. portion of the orbit to the upper edge of the same insertion ; the two are oblique and parallel. They are separated by a narrow light (even white) line, extending from the orbit a little behind the lowest part and running to the middle of the insertion of the arm. Behind the arm and on the side of the body is a still larger blotch, similar and parallel te the last mentioned, and behind this and higher up on the back still another, anteriorly covering the loins on each side, and running ob- liquely backwards so as to be parallel to the others. The blotches of this posterior pair are separated by the narrowest part of the green stripe, which is bounded to a considerable distance by these blotches. All the blotches just described, as well as that on the top of the head, are dark brown, margined by a lighter areola, which on the sides and back is sometimes yellowish in life. The under parts are yellowish- white or pure white; the throat sometimes bright yellow; sometimes closely or sparsely crowded with dark spots. There are no well-de- fined darker blotches on the arm; but the thigh, leg, tarsus, and foot each exhibit two or three transverse ones. The buttocks are yellow- ish, with the arms brown, and the posterior and anterior faces, with small blotches, some of which are occasionally confluent into an irreg- ular dark line along the anterior and posterior faces of the thigh. The granulation about the buttocks is usually white. A specimen from Russellville, Ky., has the blotches much smaller than usual. In a specimen from Carlisle the last vertebra has the transverse apophyses very little dilated, though somewhat enlarged at the ends. Inches. Inches. Motalblene thee seeeee se eee 12089). 00-|Parsus 265. 2.025 2 eee ss) OS Arm and hand ...-...-----..- fe Oia ec la 010 Meco mers ae ceo Gade coos 49 .45 JENN! NOME osood.coddac oadces .27 =. 25 | Total of leg stretched... .... 1.76 1.63 AMM sooesasegancnodSooS abco JOS ead a Widthiotheadeasssaemce Pere 58i0))- laa NO Me palais ciseieite eee eemoawer .58 o4 | Chord of upper jaw -----5 -22- sai) cad) The iris of this subspecies is golden and capable of excessive contrac- tion. A broad blackish spot occupies it at each end of the pupil, and a narrow black line above and below the latter. When the iris is con- tracted the pupil is shortly transverse, not linear as in many Hyle, and the brown spots are triangles, their apices inwards. Specimens from the lower Mississippi are frequently of obseure colors, of rather larger size, and with large tubercles. I have not been able to distinguish them as forming a constant subspecies. Mr. Boulenger, (Catal. Batr. Sal., Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 337) refers such a specimen to a ‘var. bufonia.” In connection with metachrosis in this species I observed in a speci- men lately dead that on the end of the muzzle, palpebre, canthus ros. tralis, outer line of humerus, ends of sacral diapophyses, where the derm was in a State of tension, that it assumed a bright green hue. The note of this species may be exactly imitated by striking two marbles together first slowly, then faster and faster, for a succession of THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 329 about twenty or thirty beats. The noise can not be heard at a very great distance. Like Hyla pickeringii, this species in confinement can readily be made to produce its note by imitating it, either with the voice or the clattering of two pebbles. It keeps on the higit grass in and around marshy places, seldom if ever ascending trees or bushes. When pursued it leaps with prodigious agility and hides under water. Acris gryllus gryllus Le C. Rana gryllus Le Conte, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1 (1825), 282; Harlan, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. V, (1827), 317, and Med. and Phys. Res. (1835), 104 (copied). Rana dorsalis Harl., Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila. v (1827), 317, and Med. and Phys. Res. (1835), 105 (Fig. on p. 72), (Florida.) Hylodes gryllus Holbrook, N. Amer. Herp., Ist ed., 1 (1838), 75, x11, and 2d ed., Iv (1842), 131, XXXII, partim. Acris gryllus Dum. & Bibr., Erp. Gén., vii (1841), 506; Aug. Dum., Ann. Des. Se. Nat., 3™€ serie, xx (1853), 153; Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 71, partim; Boulenger, Cat. Brit. Mus., 11 ed., 1882, p. 336. Acris acheta Baird, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1855, p. 59. Body slender; head pointed. Limbs much elongated. Head longer than wide. Web of hind foot extending only to the third articulation (from tip) of longest toe. Tibia two-thirds length of body. Foot more than halflength of body. Colors much asin A. crepitans, but brighter. Inferior surface of thigh plain, or very slightly freckied with darker. A narrow white line from eye to arm and a light line above the urostyle. Having presented a minute description of A. crepitans, it will only be necessary here to give the principal points of difference as compared with that species. Theentire form is much more slender, and the limbs longer in proportion. The head is much more acute, and the outline of the lower jaw elliptical, instead of being nearly semicircular. The chord of the rami is longer than their greatest width, not equal to it,and the cleft extends further back. The tympanum in both is searcely distin- guishable. The tongue is large, triangular, and fleshy. The teeth are in two small circular patches, between the inner nares, and separated by quite an interval. The pallets at the tips of the more elongated fingers and toes are very moderate, less prominent than in A. crepitans. The fourth or longest toe projects beyond the rest much more than in A. crepitans and the web scarcely extends on either side beyond its ante- penultimate articulation, while in A. crepitans this web reaches to the penultimate one and even as a very narrow margin to the very tip; nor between any of the phalanges does the membrane extend to the disks as in the other. The general distribution of color is the same, although the pattern is brighter and clearer. All the blotches have a narrow border of white. The posterior large one seems to extend higher up on the back. The up- per jaw has four narrow white lines perpendicular to its edge on each side, as in the other species, inclosing nearly equal spaces. There is a light streak down the posterior part of the back above the urostyle which we have not noticed in the other. The dark longitudinal dine on the 330 posterior face of the thigh is more distinct. barred above, three or four fascia on each joint; BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. surface of the hands and feet also finely barred. rather smoother than in the other, while the The ski n above seems throat is more granulated. As regards the transition between this subspecies and the A. g. erepi tans, a number of specimens display intermediate proportions. in some the posterior foot, minus tie tarsus, of the head and body. The limbs are more finely the upper and outer Thus is exactly half the length In some lots from a single locality some speci- mens have the hind foot one-half the length, while others fall a little below, and still others fall a little above this proportion. that from Cooper County, Mo., No. 3557. The distinctness of the posterior femoral brown stripe is subject to variation. by a darker shade. and its inferior brown edge is indistinct. Such a lot is In typieal A. g. gryllus it is sharp, and is bordered above and below by pale bands, of which the latter is again bordered below In other specimens the lower pale band is shaded, The inferior edge of the brown band becomes irregular, and in the A. g. crepitans it is a good deal interrupted by paler. Acris gryllus crepitans Baird. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue} No. of nye When eS Nature of spec- number. | spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. imen. ae 3553 4 Oconomowoe River, Wis-|....-.-------- Prof. S. F. Baird ......-. Aleoholic. 3556 | Dr disenicce QOS BS eeR ase ee ee SI An WS BALE ase eee eee Do. 3274 1 Moyet Miners, ANE G o466 ponaladdoodscabnaHe | Dr.C. B. R. Kennerly - Do. 3273) TGrten a ee GO eRe ee | RN Del eee CLO ieee es ena Ne Do. 3268 1 New Braunfels, Tex .-.-|.-.----------. | F. Lindheimer .......--. Do. 3265 1 Indian) ateliexeeeeraee es |teceeeecee eee |) dns Qendtescos. Seg es Do. 3555 3 Riassellwillles Keyes ser |peeoeeeee eee jbl Dacaccerssee nee Do. 3585 5 Prairie Mer Rouge, La..|.----..--..--. James Fairie ........-.. Do. 3279 1 INEST, AEH ooo sslloadoocacauoess Dr. B. EF. Shumard ....-. Do. SGD |B AAG, WHS cose Sbn6ccsllsonseoncoeeaes | Prof.S. F. Baird .....--. Do. 4899 2 Washington, D.C ...-.-- Dr. Wm. Stimpson ...-. Do. 3551 1 CarlislewRaaeaeseeesene IPLOh Spb balrdersee eee Do. 3266 | 2 Vierdieris Rivers... Jee Clarke: see- Do. 3264 | 5 North Platte, Nebr ..--. W.S. Wood...... Do. 3273 9 South Fork ............- -| Dr. F. V. Hayden Do. 8275 6 105 miles west of Fort WS a Wi00dSeeeereteree Do. Riley, Kans. 3269 3 Republican River, Mo -- Dr. W. A. Hammond, U. Do. S.A 3280 i Rock Martyr scares acne| seco mesaceeeer H. B. Mollhausen ...--- Do. 3575 | 6 Saint Louis, Mo yeis Byateraial| Ss See Tees Dr. G. Engelmann ..---. Do. 3565 | 3 Mason County, [ll ...---|......--....-- R. Kennicott...-....--- Do. 3568 4 South Grand River, Miss}...-...--..--. Drs Oy, sae-e= Do. 4909 | 2 IGN GEIS hS ReHeauecencr ons Ososadlenadsune Dr.J.G. Cooper eat ste Do. 8871 | 1 4 Mielititan, JUES Soees sconce Dec. 26,1876) Dr. T. H. Bean .....--... Do. 8344 8 Goldsboroneh Ne Cee. eae ie seer J. W. Milmer......-:.--- Do. 8178 | &0 Wieviony Camimntiny, WU) coseccllescscosesose4 R. Kennicott.-.......-- Do. L9BO | 2 Swampson Loup Fork -.-|........-..-- Dr. F. V. Hayden -.-.-- Do. 3550 15 Carlisleveba Naat enced ie sees pace AU tee le IEMUROY So eonoae Do. 3560 12 IMO, WHAGTENGL WIO Secadcallsacascaaanecce IRAKenmiCobbse sae Do. 9415 2 Wisuke can. Slee ner serial eccrscieyvse eres eaWite Maller seers Do. 7827 9 Weasmuinetionn, 1D) xos5ccllsssooquaoocee Dre iCones@eseeeseesee Do. 11480 3 (Ue eG eee aret kersectars resets eee ene Ug eRan (Si ERS Rs Pe es Dre Do. 1109 2 Pensacola hlaree-peeees Hee eee ee eeeee Dr. J. Hammond -.----. Do. GENERAL SERIES. 3271 1 oupyhor ka sesee ee sases ec essere | Tei G. Warren, U.S.A. | Alcoholic. 3566 1 SHUbN HR ILOMIS, WY oSsosenosscace oesoaeen ». G. Eng relmann ..---- Do. BRS aes | Do. 3277 | “3 | Fort Riley, Kens eae ean E.T. Bryan, U.S. A,| THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 331 Specimens intermediate between A. g. gryllus and A. g. crepitans. Catalogue| No, of ee When ao 1 : Nature of spec- number. | spec. Locality. collected. Enom) whomreceived. sanabes 3562 14 GCyrxsl IDEN, ILBY ssa gsallescccoksaoccce [ea Ibe BOY Goeenesccosse=4). AVEO NOne, 3557 15 Coorer Comm IMO. o505||cnoeesssdsccs llecenos COS Saas sece tee Do. 13328 20 Wiashinic tonsa Oa se cecs|peesmemnacre ere George Shoemaker...--- Do. 12073 2 Monnig Carmel Ulleenas | esecieeceare 16, Wie JUANES Seba caacos Do. 11913 3 Wagamlle, Ca) 5 so ceoaoollosoacoeonoooKG Aoish A AOR Soneboorcacc HOD) sosoesee South Grand River, Mis-|.............- Ue asec mo aae oeeeioe souri. SPL |lssconsos SaimtPomissMospsseeeasleseseeseee eee Dr.G. Engelmann ...... GRU(Gllepoaecen Blwerkiverekansaseeeeeleesecene eters. De teaon col rECBaOOSOGaop BpYA || Soa ice Selkirk Settlement .....|............-. Reiktennicotteeceee eee BG 5 eoasaec RedeRiveretsuherNorthy| peseeesercr ees |aseses knee, ene Sameer SB eeoocaae Saltpbakevjalloyeeee esse sere eae J.S. Bowman .........-. SBI | Sosocaoe HortiUmion sD alkeeseeern|peeeee eee re cee Dr. F. V. Hayden ....... Sole eves see WippereMhissouritees eee leeeeeeee cence nese OSes wens gece GED icooegoce IH OREHRIOET Cryer er arene eae ee cl eee Moers ese BET Ne Seer aalpaseee dose: Be is et hae a ae le Gov. 1.1. Stevens ..-..-- In some specimens from the Missouri River the head appears to be narrower aud more elongate, the tongue more orbicular and less notched. 344 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The granulation on the lower parts seems finer. The ground color is darker, though the pattern is much the same. The dorsal stripe does not bifurcate so soon, however; there is a tendency to spots between the stripes, and there are no spots on the breast. Measurements, in inches. Total length ....-..-.. sea a9 140008) Ebindsleg =a sees ee 1.03 1.368 Tibia Sel soe cee wcicceceeece (oem ool | Wad thiotsheadenr= sen iecreet 20 ue cas Remuri ease tee ee see .26 .360 |} Length of chord............ SG BO Hind Jeg from’ heel!--- 222. <3 ~ .04 .710/} Fore-arm from elbow......- .30 .396 Hind Hooters senses see OOM Iau The Chorophilus triseriatus abounds throughout the northwest, east of the Rocky Mountains. 1 obtained it at Franklin, on the Utah-[daho boundary, and sub- sequently found it very common in the ruts of the wagon trails on the plains east of Fort Benton, Mont. In the latter locality it was gener- ally of a bright green color. Specimens from Gloucester County, New Jersey, present the following characters: Body longer; head contained three and two-thirds times in total length, the width three to three and one-half in same; tibia measuring half the distanee from vent to middle and anterior border of orbit; smaller tympanum; teeth nearer each other than to nares; five longi- tudinal bands. In this form the limbs are rather stout, with their upper surfaces granulated or rugulose. Toes fringed or margined. ‘The heel extends to the orbit; tympanum one-third of latter. One, an inner tarsal tuber- cle. The median dorsal band is broad, unites with the interoculay tri- angle, and is continued part way to the end of the muzzle, giving a cru- ciform figure. Dorsolateral bands nearly straight, commencing some distance above and within thetympanum. Lateral stripe complete from end of muzzle nearly to groin. Ground color fawn; below pale, immac- ulate. Posterior limbs with half cross-bands. Measurements. Lines. Lines. Total lengths. 722 -.cos-cicseees 2 OOn), Mlblascee cc teccieeisisel Sele ae oe I Moe bb ae ess SON SE AD aoa leat Hoots see eee 95 Hemi trompyentecce esate esse This species I have found abundant on the sides of pools and ponds in the neighborhood of Gloucester, N. J. in thespring and early part of sum- mer. It delights in those small and often temporary pieces of water which are inclosed in the densest thickets of spiny Smilax and Rubus, with scrub oaks, and surrounded by the water loving Cephalanthus, where no shade interrupts the full glow of sunlight. Here they may be heard in the hottest part of the day, accompanied with a few scattering Acres, or rarely a Hyla pickeringit. Their retreats are not sought by THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 345 Ranz. As they scarcely swim, when surprised they seek refuge in the edge of the water, with so little movement as to render their capture no easy matter. This species commences its season early. I have heard the swamps of the barrens and thickets of southwestern New Jersey resound with them as early as the twentieth of March, when a skim of ice cov- ered part of the water. I have also heard it in other level paris of the same State later in the season, and in the lower part of Chester County, Pa. Its noteresembles that of the Acris in being crepitant, and differs from the toned cry or whistle of the Hyle. It is not so loud as the former and 1s deeper pitched; it may be imitated by drawing a point strongly across a coarse comb, commencing at the bottom of a jar and bringing it rapidly to the mouth; or, better, by restraining the voice to the separ- ate vibrations of the vocal cords, and uttering a bar of a dozen or twenty vibrations, beginning with the mouth closed and ending with it well opened. The spotted form, called by Professor Agassiz Hylodes maculatus, pre- sents the following characters. The description is made from Professor Agassiz’s typical specimen. This variety is of much the same delicate form as Triseriatus. The head is small and narrow. The limbs are short; the tibia two-fifths the length of the body. ‘The tongue is oval, nearly as wide as long; rather thicker than usual; free behind, and scarcely, if at all, emarginated. The teeth are in two very small circular patches, each situated within and but little behind the internal nares: separated by a wider interval than usual. The tympanum is small and inconspicuous, not half the diameter of the or- bit; the distance between the anterior canthi of the orbits is barely more than half that between the rami of the lower jaw, which is a little less than the chord of the ramus. The fingers and toes are cylindrical, truncate, and rounded at the tips; not dilated, but somewhat knobbed. The outer finger is longer than the third; the first is directed nearly at right-angles with the third, and considerably removed from the others. The outer toe is longer than the third; the web is confined to the intervals between the meta- tarsals, except a slight development between the bases of the fourth and fifth. A rounded tubercle at the base of foot on each side. Body everywhere granulated except on the interior surfaces. The ground color is of a brownish-ash above, with crowded and elongated blotches of darker arranged irregularly, or not serially, as in most other varieties; a dark stripe on the side of the head through the tympanum and extending to the shoulder, and in one specimen an elongated blotch on the side of the body may almost be considered a prolongation of the same. There is the usual light line along the edge of the jaw, extending to the arm. The limbs are blotched above, but 346 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. not fasciated. Beneath yellowish-white, with scattered brownish spots across the breast. Measurements, in inches. AONE MERI Sob os5cges bobseq 1,02 Wh OO | Warsi so5¢ scc1ndce sags0ss605 29 =. 28 Fore-arm from elbow. .--...-- AQ” PATH OO bie So san Sercisonoas auc serene .00 .49 iandateaveees sen cwencreseos 260s co) | Lotalkotshindele erase eee eee 1.56 1.53 IDGYNDe SSeSieada dsuSeassoesdeS “sat! Visatsl a AWaliiot IneAG) co4556 ccee seas 56) oll AMOR SR anaereer seb ae toes: 43 42 No. 3594; three specimens; Lake Superior, north shore; Prof. L. Agassiz. The Texan form described by Baird and Girard as Helecetes clarkit has the following characters. It forms the transition between those with longitudinal stripes as Triseriatus and the irregular spotted Macu- latus from Lake Superior. It presents the usual features in the acute head, entirely granulated body, except on the concealed surfaces (the granulation is quite coarse), nearly free toes, etc. The head is acute and elongated; the snout projecting more than in Maculatus. ~The tympanum is large, about two-thirds the diameter of the orbit. The external nares are very near the tip of the snout, or at about one- third of the distance from snout to orbit; they are separated by less than one-third the width of the rami. The internal nares are decidedly more separated than the external, and distant about one-third the in- terval of the rami. The vomerine teeth are in two very small rounded, depressed patches, having a considerable interval, and in a line with the posterior edge of the inner nares. The tongue is broad, ovate, slightly emarginate behind; thin on the edges. The fingers and toes are cylindrical, siender, amd dilated or thick- ened at the tips into rounded, depressed knobs. In the hand the outer finger is longer than the second; the cleft between the second and third is deeper than that of third and fourth, and there is the appear- ance of a very slight basal membrane between them, entirely want- ing between first and second. The outer toe is rather larger than the third; all the toes are connected by a slight basal web, which, however, scarcely extends beyond the metatarus; two tubercles at base of foot. The tibia is less than half the length of the body ; about half the dis- tance from anus to the eyes. Color above brownish-ash, with the back covered by ten to twenty large circular dark blotches, arranged in some specimens in two longitudinal series, with a few smaller intermediate ones; in another distributed uniformly over the back, separated by considerable inter- vals; a narrow dark line from snout through nostril to the eyes, thence through the tympanum, fading out on the sides of the body posteriorly. A narrow light line along the edge of the jaw to the arm. A few large subquadrate blotches on the upper surface of the limbs. Beneath, yellowish-white, with the gular sac tinged with brown. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 347 Differs from Maculatus in smaller number of spots, which are less con- fluent and more clustered, more slender form and longer tibia, with shorter feet; from the other varieties in being without dorsal stripes. Measurements, in inches. Motallensth= —--....-.--... BUS a UOT ARDO I eka ocoesso dass oceoanonge spetloe oe ArmetromelbOWr- =. << gov! GAS |) ANoyey! lavbovel Iheees -oa5505 cGGace ee PS iol STUN er eaieeee els Cae kisi ee .30 §©.39 | Maximum width of head...... oP gO TRUDE) Seb oe OC HEIRS eee sa) o 48) 1) Clnonel OF msm, Bo Seo socoodoce STOO! TIBHASNE) Ge caGO BE OeCesenD eater 523 oa No. 3317; one specimen; Indianola; J. H. Clark, United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. In one specimen the colors are much brighter. There is a distinct dark broad band from the snout through the eye, fading out about half- way down the side. A narrow white line along the edge of upper jaw to posterior insertion of arm. The blotches above are much darker; there is a triangular one between the eyes, extending backward, and those on one side are confluent into a longitudinal band with irregular outline. The blotches on the opposite side to this are elongated and rather oblique. The dark stripe from the jaw along the arm is here wanting. Other characters similar. No. 3315; one specimen; between Indianola and San Antonio, Tex. ; J. H. Clark. I have also this form from Helotes, Fort Concho, and Dallas, Texas, so that it is generally distributed throughout the State, to the exclusion of the ordinary form. Chorophilus triseriatus Wied. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue} No. of : When pi 9 Nature of spec- number. | spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. imen. 8553 5 Hairplaye Colopes-.-c-i- | July 11,1873 | Dr. J.T. Rothrock ...... Alcoholic. 3588 3 WrestpNiorntiitie) cesta | meee ene JR, KGMNINMEO sesccososae Do. 5934 3 ROG IRESOUUNTON sso Koc\|oouudaccoconuteueode Owe cot sakes Do. 3309 2 HontiOmion Ne Mexsseaal see eeniecsace Lieutenant Gross, U.S. Al Do. 3306 4 HontpeierrewNeb ree eee pee ee eee. | Governor Stevens ...-.. Do. 4573 1 BinepRinervKcansasseeen leases seee | Wieder Coon seesesuc | Do. 5146 2 Red River of the North-|..-.-......... | 1k, JK@MUMIOO Ao soos oces ase | Do. 8552 1 Pacosa; Colopesa-cecsn alte seer ee. IDR 8b Oh Va oceooae Do. 8551 geen ees GO eee ee ea eens fas Sept. —, 1874 '.-.--. do seh Se eset Do. 3619 2 SOmun Cremvil “IEE, lssosce coccocoe | Dr. P. R. Hoy seaneabeace Do. Western Missouri. 5382 6 Selkirk Settlement ..... ibRekenni coubseeeeceeseee Do. 9633 | 1 Fort Garland, Cal June —, 1872 | H. W. Henshaw...-..-.. Do. 3313 1 Galveston, Tex ...- DCAM s boosie eset Do. 9 Fort Pierre, Dak ....... a ea Culbertsonier-eeee ese Do. 2 Between Fort Wmioniand|Pesreceeeesee Lieutenant Grover...--. Do. Pike Lake, Dak. | i Between Fort Unionand |.....-..-..--- i DraGesackloyaase-.-- Do. Fort Benton, Dak. 348 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CHOROPHILUS OCULARIS Holbrook. Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 333. Hylodes ocularis Holbrook, N. Amer. Herp. Ist ed., 1, 79, Pl. x1v, 1838; and 2d ed., Iv, 1842. Hyla ocularis Le Conte, Proceed. Ac, Phila., 1854, p. 429. Chorophilus angulatus Cope, Check-List Batr., Reptil., N. Amer., 1875, p. 30. Eyes large; head acute; lower jaw narrow; tibia rather more than half length of body, decidedly longer than hind foot; terminal knobs well developed. Above chestnut, with an obscure darker dorsal band from snout to eye, bifurcating behind, and another on each side. These usually more or less obsolete; a much deeper dark chestnut vitta from snout through eyeand tympanum, along the sides; below this is a distinct white line; a light line along the outer edge of the tibia. This species, which appears to be the smallest of the genus, and in- deed the smallest of all the North American ecaudate Batrachia, has a close generic relationship to the other species. Its most striking features will be found in the large size of the eyes, the acuteness of the head, the small tongue, ete. The tibia is longer than in any of the genus. The head is more pointed than usual, a character best seen in the lower jaw; which, instead of being regularly rounded, has the rami nearly straight for two-thirds, then acutely rounded, almost \V-shaped. The tongue is small, ovate, entire behind, and free for half its length. The vomerine teeth are not distinguishable. The tympanum is very small, scarcely perceptible, and less than half the diameter of the eye. The limbs are well developed, compared to the other species. The tibia is rather more than half the length of the body. General color above dark chestnut, with an obscure dorsal stripe of darker from the snout to the posterior portion of the back, bifurcating behind. On each side of this is a similarly obscure stripe, while a much deeper and more distinct stripe extends along the side of the head, through the eyes, and along the flanks. Below this, on the edge of the upper jaw, is a white line, extending beyond the shoulder. Beneath yellowish-white, with obscure dark spots across the breast and chin. Faint indications of transverse bands across the thighs and legs, more decided than in the other species. The outer edge of the tibia is occu- pied by a distinct light line, on the inside of which is a darker mottling. In general it is distinguishable from all the allied species by its acute | lower jaw, chestnut color, and light line down the outer edge of tibia. Measurements, in inches. Totallength se-ssesse ess. ---- 64) 1,00) | Hand fon tieerese ne eee oo mmmnEeE UME Wectsare casos HoUCaCoaTene 2 OO) actos linn dele weasseyserm ere eee 1.09 1.70 Hemurie-c- o.oo eee eee e 0) 9479 Wadithvotdlowerkawieeceeeeece 18 ees Hind les fromtheelsecce--22s. 40) 2/20) Chordece sa. wia.wnin o eiiascle unten tee ame No. 3585; 3 specimens; Charleston, S. C.; C. Girard. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 349 The specimens of this species are for the present inaccessible to me. -I therefore have given above a MS. description of Professor Baird’s. HY LA—Laurenti. Specimen Synopsis Reptilium, 17638, p. 32; Dum. & Bibr., p. 542; Giinth., Cat., p. 98; Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev., 1865, p. 110, and Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), V1, 1866, p. 86, and 1867, p. 200; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, 2d ed., p. 337. Calamites Fitzing., N. Class. Reptil., p. 38; Wagl., Syst. Amph. p. 200 ; Tschudi, Class. Batr., p.72; Cope, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), vi, 1867, p. 200. Auletris Wagl., l. ¢., p. 201. HAyas Wagl., l.c., p. 201. Scynax Wagl., l.c¢., p. 201. Sphanorhynchus Tschudi, U. ¢., p. 71. Lophopus Tschudi, l. ¢., p. 73. Dendrohyas Tschudi, 1. ¢., p. 74. Ranoidea Tschudi, 1. ¢., p. 76; Cope, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), v1, 1866, p. 85. Litoria Tschudi, l.c., p. 77; Dum. & Bibr., p. 503; Giinth, Cat., p. 96. Bylomedusa Burmeister, Erliuter. Faun. Bras., p. 102. Chirodryas Keferst., Gdtting. Nachr., 1867, p. 358. Cophomantis Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1870, p. 651. Frontoparietal bones not developed, consisting of two narrow, sepa- rated supraorbital plates. Ethmoid largely developed anteriorly, dilated over the anterior part of the orbits, widely separating the oblique pre- frontals. Urostyle attached to two condyles. Belly areolated. No parotoid gland. Pupil round or transverse. Vomerine teeth present. Tongue attached to one-third free, posteriorly. Digital dilatations large or small; a more or less extensive web between the posterior toes. Corium-not involved in hyperostosis of the cranial bones. This genus, embracing more than half the family of Hylide, fur- nishesa type of structure intermediate between the extremes offered by other genera, of which that represented by Hypsiboas may be said to be the most typical. This genus is in some degree an epitome of the family in its distribution. The Hylide have leen created to inhabit the vast world of foliage that shades the tropics of the New World, and restrict the insect life that peoples it, and in proportion to this profusion of vegetable life is the abundance of species. The arboreal Anura as- signed to the same department of the Old World is of a widely different type, and, as has been shown, a branch of the higher stock of aquatic frogs that abound in the Northern Hemisphere. 350 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Of the one hundred and eight species of Hyla, forty-three occur in regions other than the Neotropical, viz, twenty-nine Australian, nine Nearctic, three Palearctic, and two Paleotropical, as follows: Australian. H. nasuta. 'H. dentata. H. freycineti. H. citropus. H. dimolops. H. ewingii. H. latopalmata. H. phyllochroa, H. affinis. H. gracilenta. H. nigrofrenata. H. rubella. H. leseuerii. H. kreftii. H. obtusirostris. H. adelaidensis. H. arfakiana. H. jervisiensis. H. vagabunda. H. peronii. H. impura. H. montana, H. thesauriensis. H. infrafrenata. H. parvidens. H. cerulea. H. verreauxii. H. dolichopsis, H. congenita. H. lutea. Nearctic. H. andersonii. H. femoralis. H. carolinensis. H. arenicolor. H. squirella. H. versicolor. H. regilla. H. gratiosa. H. pickeringii. Palearctic. H. arborea. HL. stephani. H. chinensis. Paleotropical. H. annectens. | Between species of Australia and South and North America there exist close relations. Those of smallest size occur in North America, where several spend but little of their time in trees, but like the African Hyperolii prefer low lands and swamps. Larger species of similar habit occur in Australia. The distribution of the North American species is as follows: Austroriparian District.| Eastern District. Sonoran District. Pacific District. H. versicolor. H. versicolor. H. arenicolor. H. gratiosa. H. femoralis. H. pickeringii. H. squirella. H. regilla. H. regilla. H. carolinensis. H. andersonii. ! > Of the eastern species, H. versicolor, H. pickeringit, and H. andersonit, are the only ones which extend their range north of southern North Carolina. H. andersonii has been found so far, east of the Appalachian range, from New Jersey to Georgia. H. versicolor and H. pickeringit THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA, 351 are characteristic of the whole region, occurring east of the Central Plains to the Atlantic, and from British America to Florida and Texas. H regilla of the Pacific district extends its range from British Columbia to Cape San Lucas and into New Mexico and Northern Mexico, presenting considerable variation in characters, With regard to the distribution of this genus in the Regio Neotropica, a synopsis had already been given under the head of the family. But two species occur in the West Indian district, and these are both in Santo Domingo only. The species of the outlying districts are; Mexican. H. uranochroa. H. puma. H. ebraccata. H. quinquevittata. H. bistincta. H. microcephala. H. nigropunctata. H. punctariola. H. elxochroa. H. gracilipes. H. salvini. H. miotympanum. H. gabbii. H. spilomma. H. nigripes. H. curta. H. staufferi. H. pulverata, H. eximia. Colombian. H. sordida. H. labialis. H. pheota. H. punctariola. H. molitrix. H. rhodopepla. H. splendens. H. lichenosa. West Indian. H. vasta. | H. pulchrilineata. Chilian. H. zebra. In all but two of the species which I have examined the vocal sacs are present; they communicate with each other posteriorly in H. fusca and Smilisca baudinit. The adhesion of the integument is opposite the middle of the tongue in these species; in H. carolinensis, opposite the posterior end. In H. lesewreit and H, curta the vesicles are wanting in the males. I. Fingers entirely free; fascicles of vomerine situated posterior to a line connect- ing the interior pares. Three phalanges of fourth toe free; upper lip not spotted; thigh with a few brown specks behind; no distinct lateral stripe..-..----. HI, pickeringii, II. Fingers entirely free; vomerine fascicles between the internal nares.* a. Three phalanges of fourth toe free from web. Upper lip with a dark border; a dark lateral band on body; thigh unicolor losinaels a WOR WEmGlO-ces coco Sebo oduosce d2s0 basons Sods coon HH. regilla- *In H. squirella the vomerine patches sometimes project posterior to the line connecting the nares. 352 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEIM. Upper lip and side with a narrow, poorly defined yellow line; thigh nnicolor behindsssmiallli- head sound dees ee eee H. squirella.- Larger; head short, rounded; upper lip unicolor; a plum-colored lateral band not defined below; sides and thigh behind spotted with yellow BERR O Sena ape Sen Pac Dodon Sabb bdoma keh asEeen Seda pabecconlels CMNOARIONIU. aa. Two phalanges of fourth ys free. Slender; head acuminate; a yellow band on upper lip and on side well de- fned above and Boloce ; thigh unspotted behind. ........ FH. carolinensis. Robust; head rounded ; no band on upper lips, nor spots on thigh behind Sota jaya aleie Cisiate sigiosusis on (ee saya « Gimeicee etensgers eae ee ee reared HI. arenicolor. III. External fingers shortly palmate; vomerine fascicles between nares. a. Dorsal integument not closely areolate. Three phalanges of fourth toe free; skin above smooth; upper lip unicolor; thigh behind dark brown with yellow spots....-.........-. H. femoralis. Two phalanges of fourth toe free; dorsal integument with small tubercles; upper lip spotted; thigh yellow, with coarse netting of darker color [NOSWEOKO MN, Caos cede Good 566655 asap csucoabedace Sccus caso oenalal, HEMNGDIIT. aa, Dorsal integument sata a close mmaalniion like that of the belly, Two phalanges of fourth toe free; dorsal areola more minute than those of belly ; upper lip with yellow edge; thigh behind unspotted. H. gratiosa. The North American species of this genus are easy to distinguish, since they are well defined. The only one which preseuts much varia- tion in characters is the H. regilla. A species was named and figured by Professor Holbrook as the H. delitescens. Other authors have not recognized this tree frog, and it remains uncertain whether it was not founded on immature specimens of the H. versicolor. The damp southeastern part of the continent naturally possesses the greater number of species of this genus. HYLA PICKERINGII Storer. (Plate 78.) Hylodes pickeringii Storer, Mass. Rept. (1839), 240; Holbrook, N. Amer. Herp., 2d ed., Iv (1842), 135, xxxtv; De Kay, N. Y. Zool., 111, Reptil. (1842), 69 xx, 51; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vt. (1842), 121. Hyla femoralis Nichols, Journ. Essex Co. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1 (June, 1339), 96 (Dan- vers, Mass.). Hyla crucifer Max. Von Wied., Reise in das inn. Nord-Amerika, 1 (1839), 249. Acris de pickering Aug. Duméril, Ann. des Sc. Nat., 3™° série, xix (1853), 153. Acris pickeringit Giint her, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1868, p. 71. Hyla pickeringii Le Conte, Proceed. Ac. Phila, 1854, p. vu, p. 429; Cope, Check-List Batr., Reptil., N. Amer., p. 31, 1875; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 399. Body sparsely pustular above; closely granulated on whole lower parts. Tibia not half the length of body, longer than hind foot, longer than arm from elbow. Above, ash-gray to wood-brown, with a well-de- fined narrow-lined X or Saint Andrew’s cross on the back; a ~-shaped mark behind the cross and a short line on each side, with their direction parallel to the posterior of the X angle; another similar mark between THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. BY) the eyes nearly parallel to the anterior branches of the dorsal KX. A dark vitta from the snout through the eye down the sides, and a narrow mottled light line along the jaw. Feet not webbed beyond penultimate articulation of third and fifth toes and antepenultimate of the fourth toe. In its general features this species agrees with the other American Hyle, except that the membrane between the toes is somewhat less de- veloped, and the transverse apophyses of the sacral vertebra are not quite so much enlarged towards the tip. It forms an approach to Chorophilus, but has, however, large pallets to the extremities. It is still more removed from Acris. The head is acuminate-ovate anteriorly, with the muzzle projecting well beyond the upper lip, and is contained a little over three times in the total length. The tympanum is about half the diameter of the eye and distinct. The tongue is very thin, subcordiform, rounded and emarginate behind, where also it is free. It varies in size in different individuals. The posterior nares are large, with the two groups of vom- erine teeth approximated and arranged with their longer axis oblique, anteriorly behind the center of the nares, and posteriorly entirely behind their posterior borders. The fingers and toes are well developed. The hand is longer than the fore-arm, and the two about equal or little longer than the hind foot, but not quite as long as the tibia, which is contained about two and a half times, or less, in the length of the body. The disks are large and conspicuous. There is no membrane at the bases of the fingers, of which the third is longest, the fourth or outer longer than the second. The heel of the extended hind leg reaches to the middle of the eye. There are distinct tubercles beneath all the joints of the hind feet, and the two at the base of the foot are well de- veloped. The last three phalanges of the longest toe and the two last of the rest are free from membrane, which is also nearly absent along the inner edge of the antepenultimate phalange of the third toe. The skin above is smooth, with occasional low pustules. The abdo- men and lower part of the thigh are very distinctly granulated, as is the pectoral region and the chin to a less degree. Pectoral fold not promi- nent. General color above, a pale grayish yellow with a dorsal X-shaped cross of narrow lines; beneath yellowish-white. Thedorsal cross consists of a short longitudinal median dark line, whose middle is a little anterior to the middle of the back. Anteriorly this bifurcates acutely, sending off branches which reach nearly to the eyes; posteriorly, similar bifur- cations, parallel in direction (sometimes nearly continuous) with the first, extend on to the sides of the body. Half-way between the poste-. rior fork and the anus there are two other lines meeting at an acute angle and parallel to the branches of the posterior fork just mentioned. | 1951—Bull 34 23 354 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. On each side of the back, and in the center of the space between the an- terior and posterior bifurcations, is a very short line, generally parallel in direction with the branches of the posterior fork. There is also a V-shaped line connecting the eyes (the apex behind), and a short longi- tudinal one above the snout. There is a narrow dark line from thesnout to. the eye, and another dusky tympanal vitta from the eye over the arm along the sides; this line is deepest on its upper edge, and more or less” obsolete on its lower; sometimes it is not distinct beyond thearm. The edge of the jaws is mottled, leaving the ridge lighter above; scarcely distinct as a line. Sometimes a broad vitta may be said to pass from the snout through eye and tympanum; indistinct below. The legs above are barred transversely in narrow lines, and the whole upper parts finely sprinkled with dark points. The posterior faces of the thighs are mar- morated or blotched with yellowish, on a brown ground; the anterior faces are plain. The outer edge of the soles and heel is mottled brown. The gular sac of the male is purplish-brown in the spring. The species varies considerably at times in the tint of the body, being of all shades to reddish-brown. The marks on the back are sometimes quite broad and coarse, instead of being narrow and more linear than in other specimens. The gular sac is quite extensible and in spring is brown. Sometimes the throat and breast are spotted with brown. H. pickeringii has more resemblance to H. femoralis than to any other species. This has the dorsal blotches, however, much coarser and never arranged as above described ; nor are the peculiar circular light spots on a brown ground on the posterior face of the thighs ever seen in H. pickeringiit. From young specimens of H. versicolor it may be distin- guished by the narrow lines of the distinct dorsal cross and the slighter web of the hind feet, with the absence of the light spot on the jaw, as well as by the position of the vomerine teeth and the form of the muzzle. A= 6 4 Fic. 88. Hyla pickeringii. No. 3608. Boston, Mass.; }, Measurements of No. 3609. length of head:and ‘bodys oss. ace sete aaa . 028 Length of head to posterior edge of tympana.............--..-scee ------ eee . 009 Width of head at posterior edge of tympana...........--....---------------- 010 Length of anterior limb from axilla..-.........-.....-.-- sciesin2e SS oe eee . 016 heneth of posteriorlimb irom eroinisss se ee. eee Jo eA Length of tibiaese ios sms os os. toss socne sce acces aot ae ee ee 015 Length of tarsustsecoces. ccc au ocisnisc asec cose one see 0085. Length: of rest of foots sas ne 0) oo. 2 Se Os a a eee 013 Habits—This, our most abundant eastern species, is much more gen- erally known by its voice than appearance. After the rattling of the Acris gryllus in the marshes and river banks in the lowlands is fairly a a er THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 355 under way, during the first bright days of spring, the shrill ery or whistle of this little creature begins to enliven the colder swamps and meadows of the hill country. Different individuals answer each other with differently toned voices of a single note. Thisis exceedingly shrill and loud; the muscular force employed in expelling the air from the lungs seems to collapse the animal’s sides till they nearly meet, while ‘the gular sac is distended with each expulsion to half the size of the head and body together. They are chiefly noisy in the end of the afternoon, butin shady situations or on dark days may be heard through the morning and noon. When the breeding season is over they may be still found, but with difficulty, among fallen leaves in low places, where their color admirably adapts them for concealment, or in cellars, or on the ground in the woods. Not till the near approach of autumn do we have evidence of their ascent into the trees. Then, when the wind is casting the first frosted leaves to the ground, a whistle, weaker than the spring cry, is heard, repeated at intervals during the day, from one part of the forest to another, bearing considerable resem- blance to the note of the purple finch (Carpodacus purpureus), uttered as if is while flying. These voices are heard during the same season, that of the Hyla being distinguishable as slightly coarser, or more like a squeak. Both are associated with the weak chirp of the late Den- dreca coronata as it gleans its insect food on its southern flight. These are the latest sounds of autumn, and soon disappear before the steady advance of the ice king. _ Hyla pickeringii Holbrook. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue | No. of F When Paes Nature of spec- number. | spec. Locality. collected: From whom received. Seay P 3604 1 Aux Plaines River, Ill..}............. Rw Kennicott sees. se Alcoholic. 3609 1 MariettasOhioecaristee-nlbee sere cecee ce. Prof. E. B. Andrews ...-. Do. 3602 1 Carlisle Barecmeriagen ces ltemoser once cer Prof. S. F. Baird..-...-.. Do. 3603 1 ANN MIG ESS Ose oacedecolloseacorsoenaae Drees Barkathiecescaee Do. 3668 2 BostonmpsMiasse secrececiete oil) Sovece cee ac es Prot. L. Agassiz ........ Do. 3505 1 Elizabethtown, N.Y ....| ............. JAC tSh Jy TEL UKOY Gonaocec Do. 3610 | 1 CanlislomPanes sen cusa ae taseic ot Socios cts| noe els WOR ane ae Sane Do. 9669 1 Exince George’sCounty, |.-.-...... sdel| Whe, Shs Jal ern Gas oaqocos Do. 5380 2 Selkirk Settlement......|........-..... R. Kennicott......-..... Do. 2 Cambridge, Mass Prof. L. Agassiz ..-..... Do. 1h dee aaas Ope see ies ONGurardessseeassecee ae Do. 1 Grosse Island, Mich ....].....-......-. Rey. Charles Fox -.-..-- Do. sosocoDe INT ZANE, WOO Ns coodoal|decaco obeousoel| Dey 7a ish ex) Oaeeunacacode Do. 7 Cook Counttysglllese-eecs|paeecche eee: Reennicottececseeeccee Do. 13325 10 Washinotons sD Cie sesas| paneer cecee George Shoemaker ...-. Do. HYLA REGILLA Baird and Girard. Proceedings Academy Philada., vi, 1852, p. 174; Girard U. 8. Expl. Exped., Wilkes, 1858-1860, 111, figs. 13-18. Proportions somewhat as in H. versicolor. Canthus rostralis distinct, rather elevated; muzzle obtuse. Digital dilatations rather small; fingers free; toes half webbed or less. Nares and choane small; vom- erine teeth in fascicles between former. Tongue large, nearly half free, emarginate. Tympanum less than half eye. Skin above usually 356 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. sparsely pustulated. Form of cranium variable; width at jaws from three and one-fourth to two and two-thirds times in length of head and body; from posterior margin of orbit to muzzle three and one-half to nearly four times in same. Olive or ash green above, plain or marked on each side, with blotches in two longitudinal series or stripes of darker and scattered smaller ones on each side of these. Frequently a trian- gular blotcb between the eyes. A narrow dark line from snout to eye; a broad postocular vitta to the arm, beneath which is a bar of grayish- white about half the width. Tibia half to two-fifths the length of the body; hind foot and arm from elbow searcely shorter. This species, like the H. pickeringit and H. curta, is annectant to Cho- rophilus, whose species it represents, as well as its own genus, on the Pacific slope of North America. The diminished web and digital pal- ettes constitute the resemblance; but they fall, nevertheless, within the range of the Hyla type. The H. regilla is distributed throughout its subregion and into the adjoining one of Arizona and Lower California under a slightly different form. Southern California possesses another variety along with the typical one. These varieties differ, as do those of the Chorophilus triseriatus in the proportions of the head and body; the first a long-headed and longer-bodied type; the most common, a shorter headed and longer bodied; and the most southern form, a still Shorter headed and short bodied, with more varied coloration. Head elongate; width enters length of head and body considerably over three times; canthus rostralis straight; a triangular patch between eyes. ....-.-- scapularis. Head) short: wadthione-thirdoPlene thoes. sass ee eee eee eee eee eee regilla. Head short, broad; breadth contained in total length two and two-thirds times; HON ATW coacecosecace Se se see Se ee EMLCLLCED Se I can not regard these forms as subspecies. Var. scapularis. Hyla scapularis Hallow, sp. from South California, U. S. Pac. R. R., Rept., X, 350, p. 21. Three specimens, said to be from San Francisco, are all that the Museum Smithsonian possesses of this variety, which is proportioned somewhat as the true var. Triseriatus in the Chorophilus of that name. The me- tatarsal bones are more closely bound and the web is less than in other forms. The skin is nearly smooth. Besides the interocular triangle there is a dark dorsolateral band and in one a median dorsal. In one specimen the tibia measures half the distance from the vent to the an- terior angle of orbit, another half-way to end of muzzle. This variety has every appearance of a terrestrial animal. It will no doubt be found to be connected with the ordinary type by annectant forms. VAR. regilla. Hyla regilla B. & G., Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., v1, 1&52, 174, 1853, 301; Girard, Herp., U. S. Expl. Exped., 1858, 60, Vol. 111, Figs. 13-18; U.S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Rept., Williamson Abbot, 12, Pl. xxvii, Fig. 3 (bad). Hyla scapularis Hallowell partim, Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v1, 1852, 183, and var. hypochondrialis, U. 8. Pac. R. R. Sury., &., 35 lat., p. 21. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 357 There are three styles of coloration prevalent among individuals of this variety, viz: That which prevails among more northern specimens, but which occur as far south as San Diego, where longitudinal bands are wanting or broken into irregular small spots, and where the inter- ocular triangle is often wanting. Second, where the general color is darker, with three broad dorsal bands or the spots into which they are resolved. The largest specimens are of this type; numbers having been brought from Fort Tejon and a few from northward. Third, rep- resented by a large female specimen from Monterey, Cal., is without markings above, but the borders of the exterior color of tibie, the sides, and the pectoral region are closely brown spotted; in all the others the under surface are immaculate. The tints of this style seem to be more delicate, and it has a more hyline aspect than some of the others. Head small, rather pointed, but broader than long. Tympanum small, nearly half the diameter of the eye. Hyes not very prominent; a slight fold of skin above the tympanum. A very prominent one - across the breast. Skin above finely pustulated with larger scattered tubercles, not so close as in H. versicolor. Tibia about half the length of the body. The gular sac is largely developed. Disks on extremities large; the largest equaling the tympanum. The hand considerably longer than the fore-arm; outer finger longer than the second; a slight web at base. Tibia half the length of body. Outer toe a little longer than the third. Membrane extending from disk of outer toe to middle of the third joint (from the tip) of the fourth or longest; from the third articulation (from tip) of the fourth toe obliquely to the disk of the third toe; from the third articulation of the third toe to the disk of the second; from the second articulation of the second toe to penultimate articulation of the first. Thus the mem- brane is nearly wanting along the inner side of three terminal joints of the third and fourth toes and the two terminals of the second, while on the outside it extends nearly or quite to the disks of the second and third and to the penultimate articulation of the first and fourth. A promi- nent tubercle at base of inner toe and a smaller one opposite on the sole. Expansion of sacral apophyses not very great. The heel of the hind leg extended reaches to the anterior border of the orbit. In a very large specimen the general color above is a greenish-ash (in some a dark olive) and blotched with darker. There is a conspic- uous subequilaterally triangular patch between the eyes, extended acutely backwards for a short distance. The back is variously blotched ; the most conspicuous of the blotches are considerably elongated, and arranged one or two ina line on each side of the back in a line with the eyes and parallel; the middle of the back and the extreme sides of the body are sparsely provided with smaller, usually subcireular, sometimes elongated blotches. There is a distinct and rather broad dark line from the snout through the nostrils to the eye and a wider vitta from the eye, involving the whole tympanum, to a little past the 008 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. insertion of the fore-arm. ‘The extreme edge of the upper jaw is dark, and the space between this and the preocular line rather lighter than the ground color. In the extension of this light space backwards it becomes lighter, until from beneath the eye it passes below the postocular band to the base of the fore-arm as a grayish-white vitta, usually about half as broad as the one above it. Sometimes a series of scattered rounded spots may be traced along the side in continuance of the dark postocular vitta. The extremities above are transversely and narrowly but indistinctly barred with darker. The rest of the legs is uniformly flesh color (thighs posteriorly dusky) except a few aggregated pustules below and about the anus, which are white (no marking on the inner faces of limbs); this is seen in other species, but . is very distinct here. The immediate border of the anus ds brown; beneath, white; edge of gular sac, black. In some specimens, especially those from Fort Tejon, the prevalent color above is ash-gray, with an elongated blotch along each side of the back for its whole length, and one or two others on each side of those dorsal blotches are nearly wanting. Sometimes the exterior edges — of the tibia and feet (when flexed), are blotched with brown. This variety resembles H. squirella, but the head is less depressed ; the colors are darker; the dorsal blotches are larger,and elongated longitudinally in two or three series; the white margin to the much darker postocular vitta is broader; the body is stouter, and usually more or less granulated. The toes are less deeply webbed. The figure of this species in volume ten of the Pacific Railroad Sur- veys represents an interdigital membrane anteriorly, which does not ex- ist, and that of the posterior limb is too extensive. | Fic. 89. Hyla regilla. No. 13796. Shasta Co., California; }. Measurements of No. 8688. M. ene th of neadiandib o clive ere set seers os tayae sted see ae otet sete erate aera rea . 039 Length of head to posterior line of tympana.----..----. -2-- 22s. 2 ee ce eee . O11 Wadthof head at posterior lime of tym patas ss sess reine stelaarsateeeeiee . 014 IberaverNUOvE toes) IBGIN)S SESE Soo sos coou coed oros cecHiou0d soud Deg auo bead asad Sage conn » 022 Gwar Gre laa MWA Gs 66 ccbe 5555 6505 conG ge0GNne pooSED SoGoRO ONOONO DOSOUO HboSed . 053 Jer OE wUDIE, soca ssguicsen cbdo caso coed HoUN Shes Sooo she EdO DON SOG CdO8 Sad DOSS 017 ID Omer: CHE EVISU Co66 Geos bass 0665 096505 SoNd GUO OB0 U6 65 oS OGD USeo00 DadaGD OnOD08 010 Length of rest of foot.. Sener ee hia eer Eanes eno neocs ccs | o OLS The specimen preneired is of mea size; another om the same locality has the length of the head and body equal to 45™, This, the only species of the Pacific region, is quite abundant there. 1 have caught them along the western edge of the Great Basin in Ne- vada and Oregon, where they inhabit the marshes which surround the THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 359 lakes of that region. In such localities they can not have arboreal habits, owing to the absence of trees; and it is probable that their habits are like those of the Hyla pickeringwi of the east. I append a description of the type specimen of the Hyla nebulosa Hallowell (U. S. Pac. R. R. Survey Rept., 35th parallel, Reptiles p.-21), which I afterwards called HH. cadaverina, owing to the pre-occupatiou of Hallowell’s name. The single specimen known is now in bad condition, and I am not sure thatit should not be referred to the H. regilla. The. description now given was taken from the specimen when nearly fresh. Size medium; form stout; legs elongate; head short, broad, breadth less than three times in the total length; muzzle rounded, little promi- nent; canthus rostralis straight, elevated; fingers free; toes two-thirds webbed; the digits short, stout; the pallettes large; a strong tarsal wing or fold; eyes small; skin smooth. Femora unicolor behind; no dark labial border or dark or light lat- eral stripes; color pale, with indistinct blackish dorsal spots. The heel of the extended hind limb extends to between the orbit and the end of the muzzle; the largest digital dilatations equal the tym- panum, which is indistinct and one-fourth the size of theeye.. The eye is smaller and less prominent than usual, its long diameter measuring the width between canthus rostralis at orbits, one and one-third times, and two-thirds length of the brachium. Foot one and three-fourths and one and five-sixths breadth of head at canthus oris; vomerine’teeth entirely between the nares, which appear larger than the ostia of the Eustachian tubes. Sacral diapophyses elongate; triangles very narrow proximally ; upper surface slightly convex, thus differing from the eximia, where they are broader, flatter, and not so produced. Skin nearly smooth above; abdominal areolations not extending on the sides; a pectoral fold. Toes stout, margined; the dilatations large (not proportionally to the digits), except on the thumb. Above gray, with an interocular and numerous dorsal irregular black- ish spots. Canthus rostralis and band behind eye dark shaded; lip and prebrachial region light, dark punctulate. Limbs indistinctly cross- barred; below yellowish, immaculate. Lines From end of muzzle to canthus oris.....------.-------- UPAR R eur s i 5.9 Dyeomn Gina! OF THA TOA sa os Gabe GOES OEE Coe oe BE Sn eee eBO enone ese S55: oI) Leman GH Wen Coa deo boo eae bod aaoece ce Gelade Me BoUe coeosume eee ee mabe sens ccc Length of tibia.. SN aig haere ene a Ta a en a ER UE RUD nema ep 1 ted (0315) Thapayern aie OURO SS 2 eS Pe TS Sn SS Se Qe ee Ra Res Ree See ee ILS} | Breadth between sacr aly processes. - Beate Two specimens in Museum Academy Philadelphia, from Tejon Pass, southern California, 3,388 feet above the sea. From Dr. A.L. Heermann. Var. laticeps Cope. Color much like that of var. Regilla from Fort Tejon; that is, a dark interocular triangle and numerous well-defined dorsal spots. The broad 360 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. head renders the proportions of form similar to those in H. curta from which there is some difficulty in distinguishing it. The latter may be known by the small size and lack of gular vesicle among the males. The muzzle is more obtuse than in the type of H. cadaverina, but-one specimen of Laticeps is similar in this point; there is no labial brown border, but we have it much obscured in a Laticeps; the diam- eter of the eye is less, measuring less on the humerus; the digits much broader and shorter, with the largest pallets equaling the tympanum, while they are more elongate and slightly proportioned in Laticeps and Regilla vera. There is a thin tarsal ala, extending to the cuneiform bone, which is scarcely marked in the Laticeps. There are more lateral dorsal spots. These characters can not now be proven evanescent, so — that this allied subspecies may be accepted. Ie Lines Menethetromlendsoemuzzalentomventtinn peeeee cee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 17/5 Ps Length from end of muzzle to canthus oviS...-.....---- 20 -- -20- cone eee nee eee 5 Keneth of-wholestoredimibee oss os Baek eece seine oe eee nee 10. 4 LenothiGt whole tama slinwl see ey pe ae leo eee eee ee Se 25.6 Diameter Ole ye sey ise Hes ee AN a ee eC rer sare ee et eae No. 5308; Cape St. Lucas, Lower California; eight specimens; John Xantus, Hyla regilla Baird. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue | No. of : When . Nature of spec- number. | spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. imen. 3246 3 Fort venue Wialshi sl eteccmcc cee Dr. op G Cooper...-.-.... Alcoholic 3232 S: SUREEC RAO ae eras eee Ci eS are eee eve rail are ei On Senet eter teyae arate Do. 9181 4 Puget Sound: A AIS aie Sale icv esse Se Ol [Pie is ive a ech aca Do. 9182 bes RA wee MOE EEE ee ra ee ee eeu C. P. Expl. Exped ..-.--. Do. 8512 1 Cerros Island, Lower Cal.|.............. Dr. J. H.Streets,U. 5. N- Do. 3229 2 MurbastCall 2o5 2 aot heed eee oaceaee Dr. C.G. Newberry ..--- Do. 3253 1 AKMO VEY, OVX Soodocco|lonccososacosoc Peat P. Trowbridge, Do. 4552 3 Fort Umpqua, Oregon ..|.------..----- Dr. E. Vollum, U.S. A.. Do. 3236 i Shoalwater Bay, SW ashi | aaron tare Dr. J.G. Cooper..-.-..--- Do. 3250 1 Fort Dalles, Oregon.....|...--....----- Dr. G. sacking U.S. A.- Do. 3240 Di aleesen CCU Re eae ees mera tea Sess saat Pane ean Op seece eee see eee Do. 3252 5 Puget Sound, Oregon ..-.|...-....------].----- Gone sess Do. 9424 1 Chilowyuck Lake, Orne gal seemeeecace Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly - Do. 9449 J California beepers | ooeenacn eee Dr. J. G. Cooper......--- Do. 9500 2 Southern California..... 1875 | H. W. Henshaw.......-. Do. 8704 1 Los Angeles, Cal ....... July —, 1875} William Somers ....----. Do. 8680 5 paula pos bara, Cal .---. July —, 1875 | H. W. Henshaw.......-- Do. 8701 Guts eee Ol One et eee eee June —, 1875 |....-. GO iseckceiyacehs Shock Do. 8686 20 Santi 5 Cr uz Island, Cal..| June —, 1875 |...-.- GligebacssosooooSene Do. 8702 1 Mount Whitney, Cal . Sept. —, 1875 |...... GW) scsacodecooobosec Do. 8697 1 Mountains near Fort Aug. —, 1875 |.....- @@coonbastecnacease Do. Tejon, Cal. 9499 5 Lake, ptabeg, Nevada..-.| Oct. 4,1876]...... COvssohse eae eset Do. 8682 OMe eee COL es acr ee mee eaic Aug, —, 1876 |...... Goweae= 5000 Do. 8703 4 Fort ‘Tejon, Cal each July —, 1875 |...... OO sdecnostasongecee Do. 4895 Oia Peerae (OE RUSE H ASEM Boer aa INSmeie wear ta John Xantus....-..----- Do. 5293 I< Jedosse Oe eee tierce rajeters tata ficisiecele ie ee eat il earn Ose Se ee Do. 3245 3 Monterey aC alive sere nenslcotere chee Dr. G. Suckley, U.S. A-.. Do. 9341 1 @aliformilayeaeceneeeecee UST oS Stonewereneeeecne eres Do. 8977 6 Puget Sound, Oregon ...| Aug. 11, 1872} Dr.C. B. R. Kennerly ... Do. 3235 8 California SEARS RN oer anata Sa ee A.L. Heermann .-..--.-- Do. 11574 8 San Diego, Cal.. sieleial yeteteisiermceescrsyels Dr. John L. Le Conte. --. Do. 3242 6 Fort Dalles, Oregon SFE ES A ae Dr. G. Suckley, U.S. A -- Do. 5932 3 Fort Crook, Caren PY | Saito a John Fielner.......----- Do. 11970 1 La Paz, Ci Rs Ca 1882} L. Belding ........-.---- Do. 11969 Ite PERS Sa6s lo. Same inate Rae TERRA cooacs (eeoosooedaopcecnc Do. 13796 1 Baird, Shasta County, 1881 | C.H. Townsend...... -- Do. Jal. * Klevation, 2.957 feet. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 361 Hyla regilla Barid—Continued. GENERAL SERIES. Catalogue} No. of ; When col- a Nature of spec- number. | spec. Locality. Tectodl From whom received. Fee 4568 21 Fort Tejon, Cal.....:---|-..--.--..---- Oe Enh hls seceoodeceaoas coholic. 9446 1 Califonmiaeerece sina asia | Seems Sane Dr. J. G. Cooper ---.---. Do. 5251 1 Fort Walla Walla, Wash.|......--.----- Lieutenant Mullen.-...-. Do. 8686 46 Santa Cruz, Cal....--...- June —, 1875 | H. W. Henshaw...--..-- Do. 6929 4 Santa Barbara, Cal..--..|......-....--- Dr iwWebbreses-veessee Do. 3238 4 Fort Reading, Cal ......|.........----- Dr. Hammond ........-. Do. 11940 3 Camp Bidwell, Cal ...... 1878) H. W. Henshaw....-.---- Do. 11481 1 OodenWitameeccessccina| mes saris eile _.-| Expl. W. 100th meridian. Do. 9486 1 MontereyaCalleatseecnclecccacescceess Wee Dalles ees. Do. 94196 il alleeeona OWS acne sosie | lrslefeeie ce sicietl leet Cow ise receeececee Do. 9491 1 Cottonwood Cafion.....-.|...... BS abana (CV SFE eee ee ea aee Do. 11529 1 Ringgold Barracks, Tex-|...........-.. Drewebbeeseseeee en aee Do- 8844 1 Fauquier County, Va ...|..........---- C. W.Sheurmann ....... Do. 11522 4 Chewaukan Valley ..... 1878) H. W. Henshaw...-...---. Do. 11944 1 Des Chutes River, Oreg. 1878 |...... Ge) cobenesoaecpadone Do. 11123 12 (Ey eB ene Gee eC RCO NC OE Eo Suen ei aeeaeer sees (UN aae eee eaaU cea Soeeees Do. 8688 15 Santa Barbara, Cal......|.-......-.---- H. W. Henshaw......-- Do. 11947 2 Plumas County, Cal ....|.-.-...--..--. G. Thompson........--- Do. HYLA EXIMIA Baird.” Proceed. Ac. Phia., 1854, p. 60; U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 11, Reptil., p. 29, Pl. xxxvul, figs. 8-10; Peters Monatsber. Berl. Akad., 1869, p. 880; Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris (7), 1, p. 128; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., ed. 11, 1882, 378. Hyla euphorbiacea Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., ed. 1, 1856, p. 109, Pl. x, f. ¢.; Steindachner, Novara Amphib., p. 59. Head small, width three and one-third times in total length; loreal re- gion straight; canthus rostralis strong. Sacral diapophyses small, well dilated. Tympanum half orbit or alittle less. Skin smooth above. Tibia not half the total length. Hind foot longer than arm from elbow, two and one-quarter to two and one-half times width of head behind. In spirits, bluish above, with or without two dark longitudinal stripes; be- neath white. A dark band from the eye along the sides, margined above and below by a white line, the lower one reaching only to the arm, be- hind which the outline of the dark band is indistinct. Legs not banded. The proportions of this species are much those of H. squirella, but stouter; the head short and broad, the body stout, and the limbs short. The skin above appears smooth, as in H. carolinensis ; beneath granu- lated. The tongue is large, apparently broader than long; shape slightly emarginate behind; one-third free. Teeth are in two rather elongated patches, inclined from each other backwards between the internal nares, and terminating about opposite the centers of the latter; then more pos- terior than in H. carolinensis. Tympanum moderate. A single vesicle, supported between the rami of the lower jaw. The fingers are provided with distinct pallettes and are very slightly webbed at base; the toes also with well-developed pallettes and webbed to their penultimate articulation (the antepenultimate is the longest toe). The tibia is longer than the thigh, but not half the length of the body. Above of a nearly uniform clear bluish lead color in alcohol; no doubt green in life; beneath white or unicolored. A brown line extends » ob2 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. from the nostril to the eye, back of which it widens, involving the tym- panum, and extends above the arm and along the side, fading out to- wards the groin; it is bordered above by a white margin, following it all the way from the eye; the upper edge not very clearly defined,-espe- cially behind, where it graduates into the blue of the back. The lower edge of the lateral vitta is margined by a distinct narrow white line (fading anterior to the eye into the blue), which margins the dark border of the upper jaw and extends to the insertion of the arm. The edge of the jaw isbrown. Posterior to the fore legs the dark lateral stripe has its lower edge indistinct and fading through bluish white into the white of the belly. On each side of the back there isa narrow dark band, commencing opposite the fore-arm and extending to the inguinal region, the two parallel, and about as wide apart as are the orbits; they are margined by an indistinct border of lighter. Above the anus and bound- ing the back posteriorly is a series of six or eight white spots in contact with each other. There are no bands or blotches across the limbs, al- though on the outer edges (when the animal has all the limbs flexed) there is an indistinct brown line separated from the dorsal blue by biu- ish white. Measurements of No. 3257 (92). Lines Muzzle to vente 22222 sek ne Sepa te Se SEE aie 16.5 Muzzle tonmiddlecor ty mpanumeeeee qeeeere ee eee eer ee eee e eee eee 4,2 Breadth “bet wieensOr vite 2 sere se ee ee eee e Antebrachimmalanmd se adie jens pee ere ee es ie scene ea a Ree Se cer Mee Bemurfrom-oroine sc le 2 Do a, Sa en eS oe ane ee ee 5.2 PUR IPR aires ie ea A Se RSE ge ek iy eee Sei ees 23 Petree] eh OO Urea Ss pers SE ARSE shes esas ee oe ae ee a ee eee 12.4 Measurements of No. 3248. Potalleneth,. Teese S35. Ge 2 SLs PO en a Beceem .81 1.00 d OCaH EEE ED Oo ears ) OCG ot aE ANG Kener srg SEIN ARS A MIEN SS SO eR oe ey he Sue 3 sae yaw) RVG TAU UT rs Sis pate I Saher ee AE Se VSO ACAI SET AL LU Se 50D) gals (Bibiates: <4 aes ae cece eee See aeseene oes as ea eee ae E37 AG TAL SUS ooo che Ste a ee ee I en ae Grae TSMR cline eta Ruste Ae Sp ph i c5 46) W EMCO YO) ese easy Mes Me a aS So gn a ana A a ck te a eee ees CS AR. Ue a a Boy 5 4133 Motaliof ima sl eoress see ee eee MeN ee A es SS Sis ee ete ao ene 1.19 1.47 Gatelpene) No.of 5 totality coheagt, | Fromwhom reesived. | Nature of spec: | — —— “4 = 3257 | 4 MalleyxoteN tex come ssee leeccem erence HON JAWS socndes csosos 3248 | 2 COniinys Oe A Wep:aGO) 6 Se onalleecoonccnocads WE MVR IRON se ccasaacce | 11 Pine bla Mieco seanee eral tmereniccerceer ¥F; Sumichrast ---.-2.--- According to Sumichrast this species is found during the winter sea- son in the vicinity of water, and has the habits of Lithodytes. I have found it near the water, in March, near the City of Mexico. It thus re- sembles its allies of North America proper, Hyla regilla and H. pick- eringit. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 363 HYLA SQUIRELLA Bose. Hyla squirella (Bosc.) in Sonnine & Latreille, Hist. Nat. Reptil., m1 (1802), 161 (Charleston, S. C.); (Bosc.) Daud., Hist. Nat. Reptil., vim (1803), 34, xc11t, 2; Le Conte, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., 1 (1825), 79; Harlan, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v (1827), 342, and Med. & Phys. Res. (1835), 107; Holbrook, N. Amer. Eerp., Ist acy 1 (1886), 105, xvitl, and 2d ed., 1v (1842), 123, xxx; Storer, Rept. Mass. (1839), 242 (copied from Holbrook); Dum. & Bibr., Erp. Gén., viii (1841), 587; ? De Kay, - N.Y. Zool., m1, Reptil. (1842), 72, xxi, 53; ? Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vt. (1842), 122; Le Conte, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1855, p. 429; Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1868, p. 11; Boulenger, 2d ed. Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1832, p. 398. La Raine squirelle Bosc., Nouv. Dict. Vhist. nat., xxvii (1817), 543. Hyla squirella Gravenhorst, Delicex Mus. Vratislav. (1829), 28; v1, 1, does not belong to this species. Calamita squirrella Merrem, Tentamen, p. 171. Auletris squirella Wagler, Syst. Ampb., p. 201. Above smooth. Hind foot less than arm from elbow. Tibia about half the length of the body. Light brown above (green in life ?), with small, rather subcircular blotches of darker. Legs rather indistinetly barred. Anterior and posterior faces of thighs without light spots of dark vermiculations. A dark line from snout to eye; a dark vitta from eye to arm through tympanum; edge of upper jaw mottled white, gen- erally showing distinctly as a light line, which frequently extends to the middle of the side. Body more slender than in H. versicolor. Limbs moderately devel- oped. Eyes prominent. Snout rather acute. Tympanum small, half the diameter of the eye. Tongue rather small, nearly orbiqular, hardly notched behind. Vomerine teeth in two small patches between the jnner nares and nearly in line with their centers. Tibia not quite half the length of the body. No web at the base of the fingers. Length of head a little more than three times in length. Heel of extended hind limb marking a point-between orbit and end of muzzle. The body above is smooth, beneath granulated on the abdomen and thighs. The toes are not webbed beyond the penultimate articulation of the third and fifth and the antepenultimate of the fourth toes. Above green, sometimes with irregularly arranged darker small blotches. Beneath white. There is a \YV-mark connecting the eyes above, although this is not very distinct. A small namber of subcir- cular blotches about the size of the tympanum, or larger, are sometimes scattered over the back, and may be of elongate form. There is a dark line from the nostril to the eye and a vitta from the eye through the tympanum toa point above the insertion of the arm. A narrow white line, rather indistinct, passes along the head very near to the edge of the upper jaw and below the tympanic vitta; this line rarely passes the arm; sometimes extends on the side, where it is generally very much confused. The upper faces of the leg are barred transversely, though generally not very distinctly, except across the tibia, where the . bars are usually decided. The exterior edges of the feet are mottled finely with brown and gray. The anterior and posterior faces of the 364 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. thighs are dull flesh color, very faintly clouded with brown; no indica- tions, however, of light spots or dark vermiculations. Specimens differ in less amount of white on the jaw, and in tint of ground color, which is described as green in life. With a considerable resemblance to H. femoralis, it may be always distinguished by the white line along the edge of the mouth and by the absence of distinet circular white (yellow in life) spots on the posterior faces of the thighs. 0 S 4 2 Fic. 90. Hyla squirella. 4 6 No. 11911. Nashville, Ga.; 4. é Measurements of No. 12008. ~ M. Length ofhead- and body: 225: sa5 28 see ee eee eee ease oe eee eee eee 030 Length of head to posterior edges of tympana......-...---.------....-------- 010 Width of head at posterior edges of tympana.........----...----.---.-------- .0105 ikenethivofptoreslimilbsstromvaxillla esse sees ee see see ee eee eee eee nee 017 length: of hind limbs fromieroin, 9. jee ee ane eee leer a eee .0455 hence thuotitibiasssnecee ccc cae oem eek cert ctes atin See ae ere er peer Ns 3 016 Tength ‘Of tarsus io scetses wet Sisk So mesa sie Shae cee mutes ee oe ot cena eee eer OOS) length of restiof footie ese iao! sasese cee Pcaeemeemiee ae sale SMS Seer Ole The specimen measured is of full size. frequently a little smaller. This species approaches nearly some forms of H. regilla, of which it may be considered the southeastermrepresentative, though the regions inhabited by both approach in Texas. It may be always distinguished by the more depressed head and weaker canthus rostralis; it is rarely so robust and usually of more delicate and less striped coloration. H. miotympanum Cope replaces it in Mexico; the resemblance between them is offset by the greater palmation and smaller tympanum of the latter. In its distribution this species extends well up the Mississippi valley. A specimen of larger than usual dimensions was sent me from near Brookville, Ind., by my friend Amos W. Butler. } They 4 are anol larger, and Hyla squiretla Bosc. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue | No. of ane When , : Nature of spec- number. | spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. imen. 3650 5 IGA COM, ING oconcdeaas|leouanoscacodes Dee A. Hammond, U. | Alcoholic. 3644 OTe rh NRC PE a TTS See SE Prof. L. Agassiz .-...--- Do. 3645 2 Liberty County, Ga .--.|--.---.-+..--. Maj. J. Te Conte: 25.210 Do. 3647 3 Grahamvyilles SiC eeeeeeepeceeeeceeereee Balloyin esac ae ae cine Do. 9955 20 Little Sarasota Bay, Fla. 1875 | Prot. yy B. Meek .....--. Do. 4551 8 INOW? OMERAG, IUP) S545 bollesogon omoob5a5 New Orleans Academy . Do. 5066 1 WOKE yA, INEissG605 cosallcoonoocasdcece DT Vor PB canara Do. 11911 1 Nashville, Ga.........-. 1880 | W.J. Taylor ......-.--- \ Do. 13479 7 Allapaha, Ga ...-..----- 1883 |...-.- GO sddsdonogecosooce Do. 12008 6 Georciana ehlaesseeeeeee |Seeeeeeee nee ‘waive Wittfield ...--. Do. 11510 1 (2) BRS Ss ase eee beens abe eet a) eee eee en Bae ar Ae Do. 10881 il ORE aitsh Catnbaenbescallbsconcesacosee {p W. Hayward..-.-..--. Do. 1131 1 Sonora ces hs Wee Dayana Ae open Rt As SOMO ic 55a5664000c08: Do. : THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 365 HYLA ANDERSONII Baird. (Plate LXxIv; fig. 1.) Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1854, p. 16; Cope, l. c., 1862, p.154; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 2d ed., 1882, p. 378. In proportions and general appearance similar to the Hyla arborea of Kurope. The skin of the upper surface of the body and extremities is smooth, minutely corrugated; that of the throat, belly, and under sur- faces of the femora is areolated. A cutaneous fold across the breast and one across the throat. Tympanum about one-third the size of the eye. Tongue broad, slightly emarginate. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the internal nares, each directed inward and backward. The head is short and wide, and enters the length three and a quarter times. It is nearly a third wider than long. The muzzleis rounded when viewed from above, and in profile does not project, but rather Slopes slightly forwards to the labial margin. The fingers are free, and the web of the toes leaves two phalanges free, except on the fourth toe, where it leaves three phalanges free. The four limbs are rather long; the hind limbs are moderate, the heel, when extended, reaching the middle of the orbit. The digital palleites are small, not half the diameter of the typanum. A tubercle on the under side near the proximal end of each phalange. Internal metatarsal tubercle distinct, oval; external, none. Coloration in life. The whole upper a rather deep pea-green, paler upon the sides and the margin of the upper lip. A narrow band of pur- plish-brown commences at the external nares, passes through the eye, and, including the tympanum, loses its inferior border a little beyond the insertion of the humerus. The color becomes paler upon the sides, where it is of an ashy mulberry tint, and extends as far as the origin of the femur. Anterior to this peint itis margined below by large irregular spots of a beautiful saffron, which are continued upon the anterior and posterior surfaces of the femur, and the whole inferior surface of the tibia, upon a ground of a paler shade of the same color. Tie supero- anterior surface of the tarsus, the three inner toes, and the webs of the external, also a small area behind the humerus, the posterior surface of the latter, the inferoanterior face of the fore-arm, and the inner finger, are tinted and spotted in the same manner. The superior surfaces of the | femur, tibia, humerus, and fore-arm are of the same color as the back ; that of the humerus separated from the green of the jaws by an isthmus of the purplish shade, and that of the tibia separated anteriorly from the saffron of its lower surface by a band of mulberry. The green of the back and extremities is everywhere margined with pure white, ex- cept posteriorly on the femur and tibia,and anteriorly on the former, where saffron takes its place. The green crosses the rictus and forms an oval spot upon each side of the throat. The borders of the latter and of {he chin are tinged with mulberry. Beneath whitish flesh color. 366 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The exposed surfaces of the anterior and posterior extremities, where not green, are of ashade intermediate between mulberry and chocolate. Fic. 91. Hyla andersonii. Anderson, S.U.; }. Measurements of No. 3600. Totallenotneads amd (OU yy seme i ee era eet ee eee ee ee . 0366 Length of head to posterior line of tympana..---.--................---..---. O11 Width of head’ at posterior linejof tympanas 2 o222 2 ese cea eee . 015 engthiof fore limb from axclaee sre ee eee eee eee eee ~. 0224 Length of hind limb from RON eoosne cércoans Sodo ocoU seco nias o656 cSeancecon . 0525 Length of tibia...- ..-- ---+----2+ eee -20 teens eee: eee eee eee eee eee eee .018 Length of tarsus... -.-.---+ 20-2 noe ces eon e 2 none 2 enw ewes eeoes O10 Length of rest of foot....-.-..----.------------ s-00-------------------.---. = 0155 This beautiful species is of much rarity, but two specimens having thus far come under the eyes of naturalists. The longest known is the type from Anderson, 8. C., which is representod in Plate LXxxtv; the second specimen was and by Professor Leidy, of Philadelphia, at Jackson, N.J., and was the subject of the description of coloration in” life given bane. HYLA CAROLINENSIS Pennant. (Plates 51, fig. 14; 72, fig. 19; 73, fig. 28.) Calamita carolinensis Pennant, Arctic Zool., 11 (17), 331. Calamita cinerea Schneider, Hist. Amph. Fase., 1 (1799), 174. Rana bdilineata Shaw, Gen. Zool. Amph., 11 (1802), 136. Hyla lateralis Daud. in Sonn. & Lat., Hist. Nat., Reptil., 1 (1802), 180; Daud., Hist. Nat., Reptil., vir (1803), 27, and in Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap. (1803), 16, 1; J. Le Conte, Ann. N. Y. Lye., 1 (1825), 279; Harlan, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v (1827), 341, and Med. & Phys. Res. (1835 ), 107 ; Dean & Bibr., Erp. Gén., oie (1841), 587. Hyla viridis Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., Ist ed., 11 (1838), 95, xx, and 2d ed., rv (1542), 119, XXIx. Hyla viridis arborea Catesby, Nat. Hist Carol., 1 (1743), pag. et tab. 71. Hyla semifasciata Hallow., Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1856, p. 307. Hyla carolinensis Giinther, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1868, p. 105; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 2d ed. 1882, p. 377. Head subacute; body slender, nearly smooth above; tibia rather more than half the length of the body; above and on sides uniform olive-green, with an occasional circular light spot above; beneath white. A distinct narrow white line along the sides of the head and body; simi- lar lines on the outer edge of the fore-arm and hand, the posterior edge of the tibia, and the outer edge of the hind foot. No bars on the limbs. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 367 Body slenderest of all the North American species ; limbs elongated. Outline of head acute, angled, slightly curved on sides, rather longer than broad. Snout rather pointed; sides of the snout somewhat ob- lique; length of head entering total a little over three times. Tym- panum small, about half the diameter of the eye, a fold of skin above it. Tongue rather ovate, slightly notched behind, where it is free for one- third its length. Vomerine protuberances small, rounded, their axis slightly inclined, almost exactly between the posterior nares; sepa- rated from each other and the nares by the sameinterval. The ranges of teeth are a little behind, about on a line with the posterior margins of the nares. The extremities are rather slender and elongated. The heel of the extended hind legs marks the end of the muzzle. Tibia about half length of body; hind foot as long as arm from elbow; two and a half times in total length. The fingers are dilated at the tip into disks, two- ~ thirds as large as the tympanum, and webbed at the base to the antepenultimate articulation of the longest. The third is longest, the fourth little shorter; then the second and first. The hind feet are w ephed to the disks (the Sonulitaes articulation in the fourth and longest toe), the web wanting on the inner side of the penultimate joint of the second and third. The third toe is a little longer than the fifth. There is a soft tubercle at base of inner toe and a very rudimentary one at base of outer. The skin above and on upper part of sides is smooth, without any pustules; in larger specimen a faint and softened granulation; the belly and inferior face of thighs strongly granulated; the throat moderately so; smooth between the arms. Color of body and legs above and sides olivaceous-brown or olive- green, with a few scattered, well-defined spots of white. Beneath white, no mottling anywhere. asacaaade 1 Callula -.....-.. Bog docnncnDds oo ne 7 Xenobatrachus adoe vei ssacoodanon|lbadess osenod|leqoqapecuabu (CHUNG) sson Sesano noosa essonodessesco6ce5||o Soo0Soc Be eelee ee eieis aS eT tel lhe oe palten | oooml | Ssiosetey stasis Cacosternumbpree ceases aaeleelelismielee sisi 1 soases Hou loosesuasdse||so0nc0 codgod||aocoes450a06 IUDEVMIOMD oocoscdéss cosoboseodoscssesoaseso s||ésoccscoce|| Ff Wf ab oe Nskopesdcdoasllessoce sscane Cacopus eases = Reis Sater ia ciaisiels sodbdoa||seeekoneoe 3 Adenomera ............- SdaG beSoasollatboasece aim Ul wn \illeasséamer bel lbaasmrsacccellsaceeseosoen 2 LG ENGYSTOMA Fitzinger. N. Class. Reptil., p.65; Giinth. Cat., p.51; Boulenger, Cat.§Batr. Sal. Brit. ; Mus., 2d ed., 1882, p. 160. Microps Wagl., Isis, 1828, p. 744, and Syst. Amph., p. 200. Stenocephalus Tschudi, Batr., p. 86. Engystoma, sp., Dum. & Bibr., vill, p. 738; Cope, Journ. Ac. Phila. (2), v1, 1867, p. 194. Systoma, sp., Cope, l. c. ENGYSTOMA CAROLINENSE Holbrook. N. Amer. Herp., 1, p. 83, P].2; Dum. & Bibr., p. 743; Hallow., Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1856, p. 251; Gitinth., Cat., ed. 1, p. 51; Boul., Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 162. ; Engystoma olivaceum Hallow., 1. c. Engystoma texense Girard, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1859, p. 169. Snout. rather obtuse, slightly projecting, not twice as long as the diameter of the eye. Fore limb considerably longer than its distance from the tip of the snout; the hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the shoulder in the female, a little beyond in the male. Toes quite free, with blunt tips and distinct subarticular tubercles ; a very small inner metatarsal tubercle ; -no outer tubercle. Skin smooth; a fold across the head behind the eyes, which is, however, not unfrequently wanting in alcoholic speci- *Including Glyphoglossus Gthr. 1951—Bull. 34 29 | 386 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mens. Tympanic membrane concealed ; ostia pharyngea smaller than choane. Measurements of No. 9396, My. Menethrotshead andubodiyer -casceeecee nee ee ee eeeeneeeiie ee nieeise cite cee eect 0244 Length of head to rictus oris ..---....-. -.- DEB Ose Bao BUotEUDDdHeU Sood coSSuSde . 0055 Widthvofsbeadvat rictusioniste--syisce seine eicicisiceie ceoetsiinicieise eee ea eene . 0075 Mengsihvofstoreweostromyaxd ll amermae eee eccrn erecta ale Oise; « aistaeisvonere ere eee . 612 Ioerayexne. @iE JowtinGl Meee THON ARON coocas obo0be coUSOD e504 6600606500 Hebd CEGn DnESSe . 028 Lene thvoftibiaceses 25 fcc Getac wine, skee pees Se sie tise oslo e ee eee eee . 0092 enothiok tarsus) ccs, case Se ne eee eee ee Eee eae Sena nee ee Eee . 006 eng thyot remainder otetoobmeeceeeee erect een ee enero oreo eeee soso o(ILiS} The color of the head is chestnut above, and it is thickly mottled with blackish specks beneath. The upper jaw is dark brown and the lower is dark gray. The iris is very dark gray. The body is dark brown along the vertebral line and is chestnut on either side of it; the sides of the head and neck below the orbits and the flanks are grayish 5 the throat and abdomen lighter, all thickly sprinkled with blackish specks, 6 Fic. 97. Engystoma carolinense. No. 3699. Columbus, Ga.; 4. The anterior extremities are chestnut-brown above and yellowish- brown beneath. The posterior extremities are chestnut-brown above, with a few dark spots. The Hngystoma carolinense ranges from South Carolina to western Texas, inclusive, and northwards in the Missis- sippi Valley to New Madrid, Mo. In Texas it is abundant in the north, at Dallas; then at Houston, San Antonio, and northwestward to Fort Concho. I heard it in the streets of Houston and San Antonio. Inthe former city it was abundant, in copula, in the ditches that border some of the streets, in September. The ery is loud for the size of the animal, and is similar to that of the Bufo americanus, except in being higher pitched and more nasal (in the vulgar sense). The animals are ex- tremely shy, and become silent on the approach of human footsteps; and as only the tip of their nose projects above the water-level, they disappear beneath it without leaving a ripple. Catalogue | No. of : When a Nature of spec- Saabee, spec. : Locality. collected. From whom received. imen. B 3709 1 Washington County, |...........--. Col. B. L. C. Wailes...... Alcobolic. iss. 4744 1 INDICE) ONS 1M) -caadoassdllosnoccodocdase ID je reeb cambeene seas Do. 4192 2 Ricehoroush, Garseseess|ssmensosceass Drei clone Seeeeeeeee Do. 5910 Wy NescaccOl® oducssccansuncccd|ecsudoaco908% Maj. J. Le Conte ....---. Do. 3699 1 Cems (CP NeeacasEa se Geteceoorsons DriGesncraeseese eee eee Do. 3707 Le eee Oe Se eS a araieeelenacets joao eee OMe aie ae Do 3978 | 5 Calcasieu, Pass, La......|. bangdedeaosos George Wurdemann .... Do. 2973 | 1 Qendesnony, Ss Oscosacscallsoobooecssceas | 10h, Ol, Greats eos coocne Do. 9396 | 1 IME Weesaeokoaesoe. oes lsauson des eo Weise weil fa dee ae See ea Do. 9954 3 Little Sarasota Bay, Fla. 1875 | Prof. F. B. Meek ..---.-- Do. 3705 1 INeweMiadrid Moses eere terrace ese: R. Kennicott...--..----- Do. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 387 PHRYNISCIDA. Cope, Journ. Ac., Phila., 1867, p. 190. I. Terminal phalanges enlarged at extremity : Pupil horizontal; tympanum distinct ; toes free. . Sphenophryne Ptrs. & Dor. Pupil horizontal; no membranum tympani; toes slightly webbed Rr ee ates es Sees Seas ia sais wise ericteclepeisciuis sie aslo Scaphiophryne Boul. II. Terminal phalanges simple: A. Pupil erect. No tympanic disk; toes webbed ........-.......-.-. Melanobatrachus Bedd. A. tympanic disk; prefrontals joining each other and the frontoparietals Be eerste ets winieieis tie Seisielcsisis'sie cmrsisie sia.cleiese vereribie Hypopachus Keferst. AA. Pupil round. A. tympanic disk; prefrontals continuous; sclerotica ossified BE eter sea rel crete tere ei cieye: « winisie ede a eS Rela Siewiowiesisess Stereocyclops Cope. AAA. Pupil horizontal. I. Prefrontals fully developed, forming suture with each other and frontoparietals. Ear perfectly developed ; toes webbed; dorsum covered with a stratum of MENTE ss dosc.cso08 so5000 bo00 CbON6 Hoos eSGEDE GENE Calophrynus Tschudi. II. Prefrontals small, widely removed from each other and from the frontoparietals: A. Ear perfectly developed. Two sharp-edged tubercles on metatarsus; toes little webbed; outer toe Rodimentealewamuzzl esta epeeemeyeteeerl ey senelaca ce cea Copea Steind.” No tubercles on metatarsus; toes slightly webbed, outer rudimental; muz- zle simple; two lobes of the liver.--.......-....----- Atelopus D. & B, Tubercles of tarsus rudimental; toes slightly webbed, all well developed ; a horizontal dermal process on extremity of muzzle. Rhinoderma D. & B. AA. Ear imperfectly developed. Toes slightly webbed, outer small; metatarsus simple; muzzle simple; liver WICH et WOR ODES ies oepset teen cweuereleievee ers cine Phrynidium Martens. Toes slightly webbed, no cutting metatarsal tubercles or dorsal dermal shieldie three lobes ofthe liver es-4s5 226. ss -- .---Phryniscus Wiegm. Toesslightly webbed; no cutting tubercles; a dorsal osseous dermal shield, confluent with vertebral apophyses ....-.. Lee hese Brachycephalus Vitz. One species of this family has been observed in North America. The distribution of the known species is as follows: Sphenophryne, 1 species, New Guinea; Scaphiophryne, 2 species, Madagascar; Melanobatrachus, 1 species, India; Elypopachus, 3 species, Mexico and Central America ; Stereocyclops, 1 species, Brazil; Calophrynus, 2 species Borneo, i species, Madagascar ; Copea, l species, Brazil; Atelopus, 1 species, Central Amer- ica; Phrynidium, 11 species, South America; RKhinoderma, | species, Chili; Phryniscus, 1 species, South America; Brachycephalus, 1 species, Brazil; total, 27. HYPOPACHUS Keferstein. G6éttingen Nachrichten, 1867, p. 352; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., ed. 1, 1882, p. 159. No frontoparietal fontanelle. Frontoparietal and prefrontal bone in contact, concealing the ethmoid. No omosternum. No dermo-ossi- *The sternum of this genus not having been examined, its position is doubtful, 388 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. fications. Terminal phalanges simple. No vomerine teeth. Tongue simple, oval. Three species of this genus are known, tbe rare H. oxyrhinus and the Hf. variolosus, which, with its subspecies Inguinalis Cope, ranges from Costa Rica to Guatemala on the east, and Michoacan on the west. A new one is now added. The species differ as follows: Head one-sixth total length; toes with a short web; no lateral band. Das Ba Uocr CSD Be nenceS cba oauono mbcercaseEHus coco padcododeas H. variolosus Cope. Head one-eighth total length ; for without trace of web; heel to humerus; no lat- @ral: ands. se ses See kere weet eee ah SSI Se N 3 ay eect ea ee HH. cuneus Cope. “Toes with-a slight web; heel to end of muzzle; a blackish lateral band;” Boulen- REP cocoon neueou0b0000 Laas edcood ceeces Usaguso6ss0 520d cuG0 S600 H, oxyrhinus Boul. HYPOPACHUS CUNEUS Cope. NAN SAH Fic. 98. Hypopachus cuneus. San Diego, Tex.; 4. Head small; body large; limbs short. Muzzle scarcely longer than diameter of eye, projecting a little beyond mouth border. A dermal groove across head at posterior borders of eyelids, and one from below posterior canthus of eye toshoulder. Another across thorax from the inferior origin of one humerus to the other. Skin everywhere smooth. Tympanic drum invisible. When the anterior limb is extended the end of the fore-arm reaches the end of the muzzle. The distal end of the tarsus reaches the anterior base of the humerus, and the end of the second toe reaches the end of the muzzle when the hind limb is ex- tended. The third finger is rather elongate, and the lengths of the fin- gers are in order, beginning with the shortest, 1-2—4—3, the second and fourth being equal. In the posterior foot the lengths are, beginning with the shortest, 1-2-5-3-4, the second and fifth being about equal, and the third a good deal shorter than the fourth. The palmar tu- bercles are not very distinct. At the distal end of the tarsus there are two large, subequal, sharp-edged tuberosities. The edge of the internal is oblique, that of the external transverse. Distinct small tubercles under the articulation of the phalanges. The femur is almost entirely inclosed in the integument of the body. The tongue is large, and forms an elongate flat ellipse. The internal nostrils are anterior, and are a little further apart than the external nostrils. The latter are nearly terminal in position. The color is light brown, or grayish-brown, sometimes tinged with olive, and there is generally a pale median vertebral line. There is a wide band on each side of a paler tint, extending from the orbit to near a THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 389 the groin. {[t is sometimes only indicated by a line of black specks, forming a border above and below. A pale line from eye to front of humerus. Numerous rather large black spots on the groin and numer- ous smaller ones on the posterior face of the femur, between which the color is often dark red. Small black spots on posterior faces of tibia and astragalus, anterior edge of tibia, and posterior edge of humerus. Digits with a light spot at each phalangeal articulation. Belly yellowish, with or without a faint coarse reticulation of a darker color. Measurements. M. enetimotheadiand bod yee esas ak cne accls Meck eceurs ces Naactcjoesacececsase cece 041 Merci neoi@ereadyto ric bus OLS). 260-6 a cies siesta aie clos eee wise Sa acle beaches . 006 Wemaphiatomaxalliaasel al livs see oem aecieleias Soe cosines! Seema alow Sex ehissesoes, SOLS Hemeiimotsiare limb:on irONt econ coon. Conse hbeae aes same cees osc Seen. 4022 Menon mOtstOrestOO bers arsmer tics teats see at ns Sarees micee eine case Bete oes vee ee OO9S Henouhotmiindslimbrrombanus sce seelese cca reccies ceiaiine seelen saces ascents . 046 ema two taht dito Obese as se ose alee sine cieise ose jes eae wee weeee ces see Seeeeeccc . 023 Avicinheomheadnat TiCbUSP ORIEN]: ci gael fingers and toes, tips not dilated SE SE ee a ef I eer SN Stes AeA SIO Galimena Stoliczka. Vomerine ioeth in long series; sternum small; fingers and toes, tips dilated OE fete ted SSS Ree a Sale ete as clap aletal arose Unc en ya pa epee Plethodontohyla Blgr. IJ. Pupil horizontal. Vomerine teeth in two small groups; sternum small; tips of fingers and toes di- latedseos ee. esse. SE Rgo ea ce hes Ok aS eet nee a SOR eevee Platypelis* Blgr. The species are distributed as follows: Dyscophus, two species, Mada- gascar; Calluella, one species, Farther India; Plethodontohyla, three species, Madagascar; Platypelis, two species, Madagascar. COLOSTETHID As. Cope, Journ. Ac. Phila., 1867, 190-197. But one genus of this family is known, which is defined as follows : Cranium fully developed ; ethmoid plate broadly ossified to end muzzle, separating the narrow prefrontals; terminal phalanges with transverse limb supporting digital dilatations; no vomerine teeth or metatarsal tubercles; tongue cylindric, AHR) KHNL SAAS Ae ces AaoGds aoe hon seuooo aod bbooSSodceeboccds Colostethus Cope. The only known species of this genus, Colostethus latinasus Cope, be- longs to the Columbian region of the Neotropical realm. RANID 4. Ranide, part., Cystignathide, part., Polypedatide, Hylodide, part., Giinth., Cat. Batr. Sal. Ranide Cope, Nat. Hist, Rev., 1865; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 3. Polypedatide, part., and mane part., Mivart, Proceed. Zool]. Soc., 1869. Upper jaw toothed ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra not or but very slightly dilated. * Mantipus Peters, 1883, is the same. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 391 The members of this family show no great difference in the structure of the sternal apparatus. The precoracoids are always present, their axis being parallel with that of the coracoids, and their distal extrem- ity resting upon that of the latter. The precoracoids are much weaker than the coracoids. In most genera an omosternum anid a sternum are well developed, and furnished with a bony style. In Oxyglossus, Hy- lixalus, and Prostherapis the sternum lacks the bony style, and so does also the omosternum in Nannophrys and Phyllodromus. The vertebree are proccelous. The urostyle is attached to two con- dyles. There are no ribs. A frontoparietal fontanelle is constantly absent. The distal phalanges may be simple, pointed, or subtriangular, T- shaped, Y-shaped, or even claw-shaped (Hylambates), the latter struct- ure being met with elsewhere in the Hylide, Amphignathodontide, and Hemiphbraciide only. Members of the Ranide existed during the Miocene period. The re- mains of Rana meriani* indicate a species as large as FR. esculenta. Rana noeggerathi, also from the Braunkohle near Bonn, was a small species, of which J have not been able to learn the form of the sternum. If the species was not a Rana, it did not belong to any other existing ge- nus of the family. The genus Aspheriumt+ (found in the Oeningen bed) possessed a humerus without terminal condyle. This may be the result of accident to the skeleton. The skeletal modifications in this family are those of the ethmoid and prefrontal bones and of the posterior extremity. The genera of the Ranide& are as follows: I, External metatarsals bound together; omosternum and sternum both without osseous style. Pupil vertical; tongue emarginate ; vomerine teeth ; toes free EE et ye eat Pa HEE, Sea stcla lal nea ao oars ler tayana bs Shame ae Nannobatrachus Blgr. Pupil horizontal; tongue emarginate; vomerine teeth; toes free See ay aperctee esis lay seis tas ce eaves Sidi) wsiciewin yes meme we = yeas wise Nannophrys Gthr. IJ. Externai metatarsi bound ; omosternum with style; sternum without style. Pupil horizontal; tongue heart-shaped ; no vomerine teeth; toes webbed, Cups ewilt WG s keer betes Sioa case pears boeieve eiaisicieversiscpsl sects = Hylixalus Esp. Pupil horizontal; tongue entire; no vomerine teeth; toes free; tips with GUI ks Gee eres eee eye ome eas Saisie cicinie eucie menene chal Sere .--. Prostherapis Cope. Like Prostherapis, but the tongue emarginate (Blgr.)-.-..Phyllobatest Bibr. III. External metatarsi bound together; omosternum without, sternum with, os- seous style. Pupil horizontal; tongue entire; no vomerine teeth; toes free; tips with GUIS Ss SSA CAN SGU Sh obas OBS S Coo SEe COE aac Eretseey ARE Phyllodromus Esp. *Von Meyer, Paleontographica, 11, p. 127. t A. reussit Von Meyer, l. ¢., I1., p. 68. {This genus, which I placed provisionally in the Cystignathidae, not having seen the sternum, belongs here according to Boulenger. The name must be, therefore, erased from the table on page 313. 392 BULLETIN: 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. IV. External metatarsi bound ; omosternum and steruuia with osseous style. a. Terminal phalanges ball and claw; an intercalated penultimate phalange. Pupil vertical; tongue emarginate; vomerine teeth; tips of digits di- Vabese cc Me, saree ea la ts ene Ree er een Hylambates Dum. aa. Terminal phalanges simple. B. An intercalated penultimate phalange. Pupil vertical; tongue heart-shaped ; vomerine teeth; fingers and toes free OLA CALLY 1801s cease Myatt oe eta em ean A ee Cassina Gird. 68. No intercalated phalange. Pupil horizontal; tongue heart-shaped; vomerine teeth none; toes nearly PE CE) Se a rar Se oe eRe Ie TE Bere eet ent ore Arthroleptis Smith. aaa. Terminal phalanges bifurcate. 8. An intercalated penultimate phalange. Pupil horizontal; tongue heart-shaped ; no vomerine teeth; fingers and toes NOI OW MESS WweDOClsc54 sceche cososde bdesco chbos beeen Hyperolius* Rapp. Characters of Hyperolius, but pupil vertical..---.-.-..--.. Megalixalus Gthr. BB. No intercalated phalange. Pupil horizontal; tongue emarginate; vomerine teeth; fingers and toes free OF MearlVyisOw sss a ste eass Lee oer eer ee ee Om Breen nate Meee Cornufer Tsch. V. External metatarsi separated by web; omosternum and sternum with osseous style. _a@. No intercalated phalange. Pupil vertical; tongue emarginate; vomerine teeth; toes webbed ee are Sa Pe CN ey rea ee ee a Ry a _--------.-Nyctibatrachus Blgr. Pupil horizontal; tongue emarginate; no vomerine teeth; toes webbed sfee yee Snclcie ROR ARSE haw ep ca Lei oe av a ey ia Lyrae eae eee Heteroglossat Hallow. Pupil horizontal; tongne emarginate; vomerine teeth; fingers free; toes webbed; ethmoid bone osseous above........-.--.-.-------- Rana Linn. Pupil horizontal; tongue emarginate; vomerine teeth; fingers free; toes webbed; ethmoid bone cartilaginous above ...--.-..-..---- Ranula Pet. Pupil horizontal, tongue emarginate, no vomerine teeth; ends of digits en- larged_:---- SUS abc S Re a Ae See eee ae aye SERS Micrixalus Blgr. aa. An intercalated penultimate phalange. Characters of Rana, but fingers more or less webbed; ends of digits en- Large dys ae Me ieuse cots mere it aere eh create ayers eee ere rere Rhacophorus Kuhl. Characters of Rhacophorus, but two inner fingers opposite the two outer o Samba s) Sic eyeieens doacie =: cree elaine = oor eee ee eee RS ee Chiromantis Pet. Pupil horizontal; tongue emarginate; no vomerine teeth; ends of digits en- lewEl 555 ssce5o aleveloycinessree Gan emlatale seicie Riate emis ie wie tetera oe eyeer Ixalus D. & B. nikesixalas abuts wpallavientic alles ere eerie pee aes Nyctixalus Bley. VI. External metatarsals separated by a web; sternum without long style; omo- sternum with one. Pupil horizontal; tongue entire posteriorly; vomerine teeth none eA el er SAR RN Ee ee eae O01 GLOSS SainSe hie * Rappia Gthr., but sufficiently distinct from Hyperolia Gray. t Phrynobatrachus Giinth.; Stenorhynchus Smith; Leptoparius Peters; ? Staurois Cope. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 393 It will be readily seen by the following table that thé geographical distribution of this family is almost entirely in the Old World: Realms. : Pp s austre: Meotrou: Nearctic. | Ethiopian.| Palearctic. | ~ aleotrop NI DMMOTAUTARO MUG skso S68 chau llsecead coed lassane pene Gesecongogad lasooneaddacbe| sooacdooannaes 1 WADOO VMAS ssgasdeoabanosasallosooes cbac|lcbscde 5 oas|bacdou dogeed||udoosu e6eGoe| |Ssoocaocboroes 2 LENIN. ps6gog0seHecesonuuejesonbd 500s A lssasecsoddeallasacde oSonca|odoodcncc0RDGe|laseo00 > 000000 IPO SHAS) OSs Go boue sosuuebess||se5obuSeSe Gh Aleee sad ddecoslsSbcavcboed||anebEo de cseace pcdanucaccucS Phyllobates...-.............-|.-..--..-- 8.) Noosadddasacallssaceacouccallsoanodoasn4ensilooccguecpaase Mlawiiochrornmwky 2655506 sa50 coe| |ssoosccaas W Iogoseo cgcaus|leooeas b4adasllooncdoo00s00cclloosacaqcnecce Hylambates OASIS, . cSaccceapanvoaDDooseeS Arthroleptis Hyperolius -...--..--...----- Megalixalus Wornuifereseaes.cccisescicctes os 7 ISP CHIDDGTAGINIG Cue G aes pees ROBE se oegl lease ecoccs| Eocene ase Issee ane cout | aeanencmaama ee 2 IG UELO SLOSS aera s telco Saicisie o:lse sce acl ace eh omen lsh on eeeisese Bie ePullose speecedoded bEneeeamas pas PRAM Ree eysisis tevin cccic cea cas re as Nae wa 13 34 11 49 VAT Bigs eee Asai erseeieis ee soo Soaccte ced ‘Airis vent| Saas rye SelM epee caters Sn 2 Some RRL 0/215 || Saraa se taannate IRMOACG DNAS) GosacporcaEcGoos saaore aad sececucers eaeseeeraces By rst Bis Seater, erciareyayahe 25 WME CTRISEMDS) pS SSae SASS Sea If AES Snes Ect arte steal I tee ey ha [cate eee [er Ree ee 5 Climo mantis eee Sasa cer cael | mecsteetnll Samenienine a|neonsecemene Se sieies | Hart hapaete a see l hictajetera ces tere TSAI . soa od POOU OEE BEC HOn Sees Ime Actes l| AS esas Sel | Sen eee nee Karey tetera ren 20 Opa LOS SUS Meee etre erate, soe rare see as id | eee oe whale iseinrnis ere nha mei enka 3 Wi Se coeeseise pees 4 16 13 95 11 111 The only genus of the Nearctic fauna is, then, Rana. RANA Linn. Systema Nature X, p. 354, pars; Wagler Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 203; Giinth., Cat. Batr. Sal., p. 8; Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev., 1555, p. 117. Hylarana Tschudi, 1. c., p. 78; Giinth., l. c., p. 71; ; Cope, l. ¢. Polypedates, sp., Tschudi, l. ¢., p. 73; Giinth., l. ¢., p. 77. Strongylopus Tschudi, l. c., p. 79. Pyxicephalus Tscubudi, l. c., p. 83; Cope, l. ¢. Pyxicephalus, sp., Dum. & Bibr., l. ¢., p. 442. Linnodytes Dum & Bibr., Ul. ¢., 510. Pelophylax Fitzing. Syst., Rept., 1., p. 31. _ Tomopterma (Bibr.) Gtiuth., l. ¢., p. 7. Spherotheca Giinth., l. ¢., p. 20. Dicroglossus Hihn. Proceed. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 158. Hoplobatrachus Peters Moun. Berl. Ac., 1863, p. 449; Cope, J. c. Pachybatrachus (non Keferstein), Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1868, p. 559. Clinotarsus Mivart, ibid., 1869, p. 227. Maltzania Beettger, Abhandl. Senck. Ges., x11, 1881, p. 417. Omosternum with osseous style; no frontoparietal fontanelle; eth- moid bone ossified above; vestibule of the ear functional; Eustachian tubes open; vomerine teeth present; tongue with two posterior cornua; fingers free; toes webbed; ossification of skull not penetrating the skin, which is therefore free. This genus contains, according to the latest enumeration (that of Mr. Boulenger,) one hundred and eight species, which belong mostly to the Old World. The family of Ranide, indeed, is only represented in the Western Hemisphere by four other genera, of the Neotropical realm, 394 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. which includes but sixteen species. In the Old World the genus Rana occurs everywhere excepting in the Australian realm, with the excep- tion of a single species in north Australia, and two in New Guinea. The Rana papua Less. is found in New Guinea and on the northern peninsula (Cape York) of Australia. Otherwise the batrachian fauna of Australia is arciferous. Its absence from South Amcrica is absolute, and the only genus which is nearly related to it, Ranula Pet., bas but four species. The relations of the prefrontal and ethmoid bones are very various in this genus, furnishing us with illustrations of most of the types found throughout the order, which are usually characteristic of higher groups. The names of the faune in the accompanying table refer to the species of Ranide as given in the second column. A coincidence between the condition of these prefrontal bones and the regions inhabited by the species is evident, as well as a certain suc- cession in the latter: Neotropical first, Paleotropical last. Se NHGRI GREAT | Ranidw, Group IV. Geogr aphical distribu: Other groups. A. Prefrontals lying along canthus rostralis, separated by ethmoid throughout. a. Ethmoid cartilaginous. | Ranula ..........-... Neotropical........... aa. Ethmoid projecting a) Rana oxyrhyncha ...-- South Ethiopian...... short distance beyond | 2. mascariensis .......|-.-----------.-eee ene ee frontoparietals. | Heteroglossa plicata ...| Paleotropical.. -- S. g. Hylarana (young) |..---- dos Aleee ae RACH) nialabanica ee soso. CLO eae ree aaa. Ethmoid produced far | ana fasciata......--- | South Ethiopian .....| Engystomide, Gr. II. between prefrontals. {| 8S. g. Hylarana, in gen-| Paleotropical..... ..-.| Hylide (most). S6.Gs AUNOUWIS occacs occ\|soosee Oy Se Leiter ee Oystignathide, Gr. II. Dentrobatide. Ceratophrys. Xenophrys. B. Prefrontals subtriangular, | Rana temporaria .....| Paleotropical and Ne- not united by suture | arctic. medially, (orsin\ icon- |. esculenta. «--ess-2 | Ralesarcticess ease eee tact witb frontoparie- | &. virescens ..... ..--.| Nearctic...........-.. Oystignathus. tal. | 26 COGHID 6 seaconccases |aecncc doeennce Sigdoo00 a6 | Jt COMOIOUCHDO -o5cca ccs llasonoe CO. oeis, Sas mies | R. eyanophlyctis, jan ..| Paleeotropical Alpine. C. Prefontals more or less' Heteroglossa natalen- | South Ethiopian...... Scytopis. united by suture medi-| — sis. ally, not touching| Rana fuscigula.....-..).-.-. hive ne tumessoRoste frontoparietals, | D. Prefrontal united by su- | Heteroglossa africana . ture, and move or less | tana occipitalis..-..-.- DW) WENN Ssoacooasos- completelygimicontact) lis onacilisie sass esses sees MOmes eee seek Engystomide, Gr. I. with frontoparietals. | R.tigrina. .....- Paleotropical.......-.. Bujonide. [Le CHOANMODNTY CUS... -.-1-1-lleeee el Gly esaSneconcceace Cystignathide, Gr. I and IV. 1h OP OROOCIS sa5a6o0e5s\|decaae Oise see Peete 8 JR ORHICIOMOUGD aagbccou\scboes Ore Sae ete Li COFPUGNED soccsdggoc|lanoocs osrevaceyneeecier Ji; OPOPOCHING Gacoocce |lcasoae GW Ssadsecosccases Oxyglossus lima. ...---|.----- GID cacasdcdocoseas The North American Ranz belong apparently to thirteen species. Three of these present us with six subspecies additional to their typ- ical forms, whose distinctive characters approach those of species. Two of the species of the West Coast are not distinguishable, excepting as subspecies, from two of the Palearctic realm, which range from Hu- THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 395 rope eastwards to the Sierra Nevada or to the Rocky Mountains. In this genus is repeated the phenomenon observable elsewhere, that the species of the Atlantic Coast region are more different from those of the Old World than are those of the Pacific coast. The longitudinal dorsal ridges constitute a peculiar feature not found in any of the other genera of Batrachia Salientia of the United States. They exist in most of the species, with the exception of R. catesbiana and Kk. montezumae. Sometimes: the skin above is perfectly smooth, sometimes roughened by tubercles; the same species will occasionally present both extremes under different circumstances. The vocal sacs— one on each side of the throat—are, when inflated, visible externally in &. virescens, areolata, and montezume; possibly in others. The amount of webbing between the toes varies from the fullest condition in Kk. catesbiana, septentrionalis, and boylii, to the half webbing of BR. areolata. The distinctive characters of the species are derived from the com- parative bulk of the body or limbs; the presence or absence of dorsal ridges ; the comparative length of forearm and hand; of femur, tibia, foot, and body ; the amount of webbing between the toes ; the compara- tive length of the third and fifth toes (the fourth being always longest); the shape of the tongue; the position of the vomerine teeth; the size of eye and tympanum, ete. The colors may present dark blotches, areo- lated or not, reticulations or marmorations on a light ground, or light sinuations or spots on a dark ground. Many species have a light line along the jaw, which begins distinctly either at the nostrils or under theeye. Those in which this line is wanting are R. catesbiana, montezume, areolata, septentrionalis, boylii, and some varieties of clamata. Speci- mens vary much, even of the same species, with latitude and external cir- cumstances. As a general rule, those from the north are larger, darker, and more pustular, so much so, that for R. catesbiana, palustris, virescens, and clamata it is quite easy to establish two or three different races, some of them even raised to the rank of distinct species. As, however, all intermediate stages may be detected ona close examination of many specimens from the same locality, although a general adherence to the type is preserved, it becomes impossible to assent to the retention of several long-established species. The following tabular analysis gives in a synoptical form the most salient features of the different species. It is, however, impossible here, as elsewhere, to indicate characters which shall apply with mathemat- ical accuracy to all specimens of the same species. The dimensions, proportions, color, and other characters may vary to a considerable ex- tent, and it is ouly by striking the balance of all the features of a spe- cies that. we can determine its true position. 396 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. I. Heel of extended hind limb reaching to or beyond extremity of muzzle; vomerine teeth entirely between choane. (No black ear-patch.) Dorsal dermal plice thin, usually more than two between the lateral ones; spots usually smaller, rounded; males with vocal sacs .....-. 2. virescens. II. Heel of extended hind limb not reaching end of muzzle; vomerine teeth between, but projecting posterior to posterior border of choanz. (No black ear- patch.) a. Males with an external vocal vesicle. A dorsolateral dermal fold, with others between; three phalanges of fourth toe free from web; legs cross-barred'..-.-.-.-. ---. -....----. Tt. areolata. Dorsolateral fold only ; two phalanges of fourth toe free from web; heel scarcely reaching tympanum, which is nearly as large aseye; brown, with smallvonaya Onin lifeyoreen) isp OS see es nae eee ee eer R. montezume. aa. No external vocal sacs in males. Four dermal dorsal ridges; two phalanges of fourth toe free; colors pale. with rows of large quadrate brown spots ....-....----.-.--- EK. palustris. Dermal fold, size of tympanum, and extent of web variable; length not ex- ceeding 6 centimeters; large dark spots on back .......R. septentrionalis. A dorsolateral derma! fold; web leaving two phalanges of fourth toe free. no dorsal spots; size not exceeding 8 centimeters.....--. .--. k. clamata; No dorsolateral dermal fold; web generally leaving one phalange of fourth digit free; length reaching 20 centimeters .....-....-. ..-.. catesbiana. Ill. Heel not reaching end of muzzle; vomerine teeth behind choane. (A black ear- patch. ) Usually two phalanges of fourth digit free ; internal cuneiform tubercle small S00 O60 Gages0 sesaS6 ca ceudsoNTag GenUodsagng Séo0Ds99 asaNeC . temporaria. Usually three phalanges of fourth digit free; internal cuneiform tubercle large and prominent; middle of back rarely spotted; small, size 5 centi- WNGWENMS. co5660 sdaaiac an go 2008 doG0aR 190585 po0000 ca00bBERS R. cantabrigensis. IV. Heel reaching or exceeding end of muzzle, vomerine teeth behind choane. (A black ear-patch.) a. Tympanie disk distinct. Head short, obtuse, entering length 3.5 times; third phalange of fourth toe bordered by web and last two free; cross-bands of tibia imperfect or very few, dorsal spots small (in American subspecies).-..-....-. 2. agilis. Head obtuse, entering length about three times; palmation bordering pe- nultimate phalange, leaving the last one free; dorsal spots large; size large wreachine 2 centimetersiae=seress ease eee eeeee eee R. draytoni. Head acute, three times in length; back without large spots; web border- ing antepenultimate phalange, leaving two free; small, length 5 centi- WNW) ooo556.ca06 co56 006000 coGaue couse bObEbE SudoEn boos boeeus R. silvatica. aa. Tyimpanic disk concealed. Head obtuse; paimation extending to base of last phalange; skin thick, elandnilan, sizersmialllis veces eral cee cel eet ee eee R. boylii. It may be seen from the above table that the species of Rana found in North America are closely related, and that their discrimination re- quires close attention. More or less numerous exceptions to the defini- tive characters above given exist, and increase the difficulty of distin- guishing them. Thus the hind legs of the Rana palustris are of variable lengths, about half the specimens having them long, as in R. virescens. In the latter, the vomerine teeth in the subspecies Brachycephala fre- quently are placed a little posteriorly, as in the #. palustris. The latter again sometimes has four dorsal ridges, as in &. virescens. Sometimes Re ae Dh: THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 397 the vomerine teeth in Rana temporaria pretiosa are not appreciably more posterior in position than in Rana septentrionalis, in which case the species approach each other very closely. The Rana septentrionalis violates the characters which distinguish the R, clamata and L. cates- biana from each other, and would afford a complete connection between them were it not fur its inferior size; but even this point does not in. variably hold good, as a few specimens of R. clamata do not exceed it in dimensions. Three specimens have been found which relate very closely the R. silvatica and R. cantabrigensis, two of which are referred to the former and one to the latter species on other characters, which are not numerous. A subspecies latiremis of R. cantabrigensis, from Alaska, approaches the &. temporaria in its wide palmation; and there is a specimen (9420) which is quite intermediate between the &. agilis and the &. draytoni. The chain of affinities indicated by these interme- diate specimens may be sketched as follows: Catesbiana. Cla: ae ee ba oe Areolata. Septentrionalis. Henge 1a pretiosa. Draytaui. Cantabrigensis. as Boylii. Silvaticas Agilis aurora. These series are not probably genetic, as some of the species have been most likely derived from the Old World. The R. septentrionalis, however, may be very probably ancestral to the forms of the Cates- biana series, and perhaps of others. The species of Rana are well protected from enemies by an extremely acrid seeretion of the skin. An animal of much superficial sensitive- ness is not likely to take a frog into the mouth a second time. Do- mesticated dogs and cats avoid them, but snakes evidently have no such scruples against feeding on them. RANA VIRESCENS Kalm.* Resa til Norra America, 111, 1861, p. 46; Schreber, der Naturforscher, x v1, 1782, p. 185; Pl. iv. Garman, Bull. Essex Iust., xvi, p.4l. Rena halecina ‘ Kalm,” Schreber, l. c., nec. kalmit ; Daudin (Kahn), Hist. Nat., Reptil., Vill (1803), 122,482; 1b. Hist. Nat. Rain., etc. (1803), 63; Harlan, Sillim. Amer. Jour. Sci., X (1825), b. 1.; Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v (1827), 337; 1b. Med. and Phys. Rept.(1835), 102-224 ; Storer. Rept. Mass. Repti]. (1839), 237; Holb., N. Amer. Herp., 1st ed., 1 (1836), 89, x1; 1 b.2d ed,1v (1842); 91, xcr; Dum. & Bibr., Erp. Gén., viii (1841), 352; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vt. (1312), 120; De Kay, N. Y. Zool., 111 (1842), xx, fig.49; Hallow., Proceed. Ac. Phila. (1856), 141. Rana aquatica (water frog), Catesby, Carol.. 11 (1743), 70; Klein, Quadruped, p. 119. Rana pipiens Gw., ed. L, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1052, 28; Bonnaterre, Encyclop. Meth. Erpet. (1789), 5, 1x, fig.2; Schneider, Hist. Amph. fase. 1 (1799), 153; Shaw, Gen. Zoo}., 111, Amph. (1802), 105. Rana utricularia Harlan, Sillim. Journ., x (1825), 60; Journ. Ac. Nat. Se.,v (1827), 337; 1b. Med. and Phys. Rept. (1835), 102, 223. * Plates 50, figs. 1, 2; 51, figs. 1, 9. 398 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Rana virginiana Lam., Syn. Rept., p.31. Kana palustris Guérin, Iconogr, Rept., Pl, 26, fig, 1. Rana oxyrhynchus Hallow., Proceed. Ac, Phila, (1856), p. 142. fiana berlandieri Baird, U.S, Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept., p. 27, Pl. 36, fig. 7-10. Vomerine teeth in two scarcely oblique groups between the choane. Head moderate; snout rather pointed; interorbital space half as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Fingers moderate, firstextending beyond second; toes not quite webbed to the end; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes well developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle very small, blunt; no outer one. The hind limb being carried forward along the body, the tibio-tarsal articula- tion reaches nearly the tip of the snout. A prominent, narrow, gland- ular iateral fold. Olive or grayish-brown, changing to green, above, with regular oval or rounded, medium-sized, dark brown, light-edged spots; legs cross-barred; beneath immaculate. Male with two gen- erally well-developed vocal sacs. North and Certral America. There are four subspecies of the Rana virescens, which pass into each other by occasional intermediate specimens. They differ as follows: Head entering length of head and body two and a half or Jess than three times; males with external vesicles; muzzle more acuminate; no cross-bars on tibia; spots Sh ccs 31H ay een semper eee alae eae rey a MIO Nie Rae ate YS ce BL a ee R. v. sphenocephala. Head entering length of head and body two and a half to nearly three times; no ex- ternal vocal vesicles; muzzle more or less acuminate; spots less distinct; tibia generally cross-barred; no longitudinal band in front of femur-...h. v. austricola. Head acuminate but shorter, entering the length three times; males with external vocal vesicles; spots smaller, not so distinctly yellow bordered; cross-bars of tibia generally interrupted; a longitudinal band on the front of the thigh. Me ets Se a SS ep dbeciaf Sa aoa ecard Sesh Pats carne Sceptre eee ie ened Rae R. v. virescens. Head shorter and more ates, entering the Jength three and a half times; males with- out or with rudimental external vocal vesicles; dorsal spots larger, widely yellow bordered; tibial cross-bands complete; no longitudinal band on the front of the WMMNe 6550 b000 6506 cos odboon osooRC oNnY benGGd Sods G80 SaOS00 RL. v. brachycephala. The last-named subspecies is the one I called R. v. berlandert, but it turns out that the typical specimens of that species belong to the sub- species Virescens. The latter is the Rana utricularia of Harlan, but it is also the true R. virescens of Kalm. The characters which distinguish the above subspecies are not with- out exceptions. Some specimens (No. 13372) from Wheatland, Ind., are intermediate in the length of the head between the longer and shorter forms. Quite trustworthy is the non-barring of the tibia in separating the RK. v. sphenocephala, but it is less constant in the £&. v. virescens. Thus in the &. v. virescens two specimens (3431) from Saint Louis, Mo., and one (3429) from Grand Detour, Ill., have two complete tibial cross-bars, and No. 3303 has three; No. 10046 has only one. In the R. v. brachycephala there are two or three such bars, but in the fol- lowing specimens there is but one complete, or all are interrupted: Nos, 4794, 3427, 3418, 9998, 8499, 11926. The spots are smaller, and like the THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 399 larger spotted Virescens in 8501, 3295, 93147, and 3326. In 4548, from Mexico, the nose is acute as in A. v. virescens. This species has the widest range of any North American frog. Itis found from the Atlantic coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and from Athabasca Lake, in the north, to Guatemala inclusive to the south. It does not occur on the Pacific coast. The common Mexican form Lf. v. austricola Cope has been misnamed RF. lecontet by most modern writ- ers. The latter name belongs to the R. draytont. Mr. Garman hasin the bulletin of the Essex Institute called atten- tion to the fact that the name R. halecina, by which this species is gen- erally known, which is supposed to have been given by Kalm, does not occur in the writings of that author, who really calls it FR. virescens. In a letter to me he states the case asfollows. He begins with a quotation from Kalm: En Resa til Norra A erica, 111, 1761, p.46. Deras farg ar smutsig grén, strodd har och dar med brunaktiga flackar. * * * De torde kunna kallas: Rana virescens plantis tetradactylis fissis, palmis penta- dactylis semipalmatis, macula depressa fusca pone oculum. The paragraph from which the above is quoted begins with * Sill- h&ppetassor kallades har af de Svenskaen art af grodor,” etc. The name Rana helecina does not occur in the text. The first appearance of this name that occurs tome is in ‘ Der Naturforscher,” xvi, 1782, p. 185. Schreber here figures the species, on Plate Iv, so well, there can be no mistake. He refers to the synonymy as follows: Der Pipfrosch, Rana pipiens, S. Tab. iv. Rana aquatica. Catesb., Carolin., 2, p. 70, tab. 70. KLEIN., Quadrup., p. 119. Rana virescens, plantis (muss heissen: palmis) tetradactylis fissis, palmis (muss heissen: plantis), pentadactylis semipalmatis; macula depressa fusca pone oculum. Kalm Resa til Norra America, tom. 3, p. 46. Rana halecina, Sill-hoppetossor, Kalm, J. c., p. 45. Where Schreber gets his Rana halecina from Kalm, I do not know. It isnot in the Resa of Halle, 1753-1761. We do not find it in the translation by Forster, 1772, in English. Possibly it may occur in the translation by Murray, Gottingen, 1754~’64, Beschreibung der Reise, ete., which is not at hand. Rana virescens sphenocephala Cope. Rana oxyrhyncha Hallow. Proceed. Ac. Phila. (1856), p. 142. Not of Sundevall. The typical forms of this species come from Georgia and Florida. These look like a different species from that which is found throughout the interior of the continent, and represent the R. oxyrhyncha of Hal- lowell. I describe a specimen from the former State. Viewed from above, the muzzle is elongate and acuminate, and the narrow apex is rounded and projects well beyond the lower jaw. The nostril is at a point half-way between it and the anterior border of the orbit, The canthus rostrales are well within the plane of the lips, 400 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and are nearly parallel. The interorbital space is considerably nar- rower than the width of a superior eyelid. The tympanic disk is round and is a little larger than the eye. The vomerine teeth form transverse patches entirely between the choane; that is, their posterior edges do not reach the line connecting the posterior borders of the choane. The ostiaspharyngea are considerably smaller than the choane. The first is considerably longer than the second finger and equals the fourth. The heel reaches eight or ten millimeters beyond the end of the nose. The palmation is rather narrow and leaves three phalan- ges of the fourth toe free. The internal cuneiform tubercle is small, but is prominent, and has an acute edge. No external tubercle. Between the dorsolateral dermal folds there are, on the dorsal region, four thin dorsal plice. On the pelvic region the external two are rn- dimental, while the middle pair are distinct, and near together or on each side of the urostyle. In this specimeu the dorsal spots are suboval, are rather large, and are not yellow bordered. The dorsolateral fold is yellowish-brown, and there is a series of brown spots of irregular size, but smaller than the dorsals, just exterior to it. Below these the sides become yellowish, like the belly, and have small brown spots. A dark-brown band extends from the nostril to the orbit, and is continued from the latter round the poste- rior border of the tympanic disk. A similar band extends from the infe- Fic. 99. Rana virescens sphenocephala. No. 11916. Nashville, Ga.; }. rior edge of the orbit to the lower edge of the ear-drum. The lips are brown, with small yellowish spots, and the superior brown is bounded above by a narrow yellow line, which commences below the front of the orbit and continues below the tympanic drum to above the posterior edge of the humerus. Below, everywhere light yellowish, unspotted. Posterior faces of femora brown, with paler coarse vermiculations. Femur with three brown spots above, and a longitudinal brown band THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 401 connecting the external with the groin anteriorly. This band is not present in all of the individuals of this form. Four brown spots on the anterior and on the posterior edges of the tibia, leaving the greater part of the upper surface uniform light brown. Two brown spots on the tarsus and two on the external metatarsus. A brown band on the hu- merus covering the elbow, one spot on the back and one on the front part of the forearm. Measurements of No. 11916. M. LLeGiA OF lWeRG emlGl wh? Coosdsesosce cqecoe RaSceSe Caco nos OREO Sea ecsean Eon beEis . 075 Width of head at posterior edges of tympana.......... Se or afen rebate. ais saan ee . 025 ength of head to posterior edges of tympana .--.-.....-.-.-..--------.---- . 027 IJLEDGUD OF LORS MDS SS55 coocee cee aE U BS ebae Cob EOS CO ease aa ieimerseerie cies ele . 036 GTi OF MORTON soseuracoode sha RCo GA OU AG HEE Cas SESAME Ame amc cerie semis 014 Hon atinomnindalimb COseTOmme.. 26 eee as esc cina Geen sod cose asec soko ete . 120 LEME GO HIDE Ses ébdecoone ch SbeS SOE Her Sep Cer aE Bae Cae aEAisHeaoe Ghee aessaue . 039 PC NEOMMLAT SUS) seisrsare cizin es av src aocooselloosuoossasquKc GIG eee neioae Has eee Do. 4528 6 iRedsRiveroteNoLtheeesa teseeeee seers Rukennicottest ssc sts Do. 8090 10 IPROVO; Witalvesecee eerie 1872) Dre Charro wees. voce Do. 406 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Rana virescens brachycephala Cope—Continued. Catalogue | No of ‘ When col- . Nature of aan soe spec. Locality. lected. From whom received. specimen. 4794 2 Nebraska. ne ec ae nec ORaS Dr. Geo. Suckley, U.S. A | Alcoholic. 3325 4 Fort Pierre, Nebr...-.--. U ra/awiece Oh sieri |) DO ae VALS pene sees Do. 9672 1 Camp. Crittenden, Ariz.| Aug. —, 1874 | J. H. Rutter....... eG a Do. 9382 1 IPH EG) (SWDSAOP oa sacseos|ssoueascsoacse R, Kénnicott..-.-.--..--. Do. 14500 Pe AACE ea pline t JeaOula El ea aiulte hg t 0 (2) ane "5" 50.0), 14501 1 ISACUONL WOW 252500 s050l|acoaceass5qaes Nordea aa 0) a Do. 3349 8 Upper Mississippi anda |peeeee Been de Dr Vi elay den aeeeeeeee Do. Yellowstone. 9753 1 Webster City, lowa....| May —, 1878) Chas. Aldrich...-.....-.- Do. 3326 1 Woy yolesy, WGN. 5ss4cllsseaae = sc0s0- Dr. J. Head, U.S. A...--.. Do. 8373 5 Sebec Pond, Me . 24; IFAS eonard sees renee Do. 9339 1 South Fork. ..... : IDI ING Wo LENCE. cooseone Do. 8378 5 Sebee Pond, Me H. A. Leonard............ Do. 9343 2 ANIC, Wo WIGS segcadcllaconscaoscccos DriOwhoeweeasseeee eee Do. 3418 2 ColumbushSHe Me ayer ee eee ease Prot. L. Lesquereux .-.-. Do. 9998 1 Middletown, (Conmesss-a|eceeeereceeace 19 IDS SNe ocssseseses 2 Do. 12585 4 John Day River, Oregon|.-..--...-.---- anu Chas. Bendire, U. Do. 11926 2 N. Boundary SWINVED 2 o5slleSoodcoacdcous Dr. E. Coues, U.S. A...... Do. 14173 il Olney yell eee 1885 | John and Chas. Walker - Do. 3422 6 Tae eenace Mags) se Gletkin eee Prof.S. F. Baird.- i Do. 9738 1 Webster City, Towa..... 178i tChasy Ald nichyss sees Do. 9346 i Sand Hills, INGBT sue usa eee IY 1S Wo LENE Se ococen- Do. 3320 2 Fort Union, Dak sees ae a oes 196 Ufo WEIN? Sesscescssscons Do. 5061 1 SouthtPassae eh asese ccaleceeee cee ee eer Cope CarthyAne-e eee Do. 3361 3 Lew OrreGhic, Wes soasa|| cocoososacace Winwood 25e5 sa-eeee Do. 3368 i IPlattenkinertiac sue sa aa eecscee ema eaceee CaRBeBpeacrosodaoss Do. 9459 2 Head of Yellowstone..-|.-.--...-..-- Lieut. F. V. Hayden...-... Do. 11490 7 IN SWiboun danyeesteeeslbsenemenec esas Dr Couesss4-4 eee eee ~ Do. RANA PALUSTRIS Le Conte.* Rana palustris Le Conte, Ann. Lye. N. Y.1, p. 282; Harlan, Sillim. Journ., x, p. 59, and Journ., Ac. Phila., v, p. 339; Dum. & Bibr., p.356; Holbr., N. Amer. Herp., Iv. p. 95, Pl. 23; De Kay, N. Y. Faun., Reptil. p. 62, Pl. 62. fig.6; Le Conte, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1855, p. 424; Weid., Nova Acta Ac. Leop., xXxx1I, p. 114; Giinth., Cat., p. 14. Rana pardalis Harlan, Amer. Journ., X p. 50. This species approaches near to the subspecies brachycephala of the Rana virescens, although the distinction from the typical subspecies can be readily perceived. In general it displays little variation of characters, excepting in the length of the hind legs. Here about half the specimens show a length which allows the heel to reach the end of the muzzle, while in the other half it attains to different points from the front of the orbit anteriorly (e. g. No. 3401). The muzzle is always more obtuse than inthe KR. virescens virescens, and generally a little more so than in the R. v. brachycephala, but not always. I describe a specimen from Garrison’s, New York, as typical. Muzzle flat above; rather truncate in profile, giving the head, when viewed from above, a broadly obtuse acuminate outline. The nostril isa little nearer the end of the muzzle than to the orbit. The tympanic disk is two- thirds the diameter of the eye-fissure. The vomerine teeth are in trans- verse patches between the nares, but the posterior edge line projects behind that which connects the posterior edges of the choanze. The ostia pharyngea are larger than the choane. There are no external * Plate 57, fig. 3. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 407 vocal vesicles. A glandular ridge extends from the middle of the in- ferior edge of the tympanic drum to a point above the middle of the humerus. There are four thick glandular folds on the back, the exter- nal or dorsolateral commencing above the tympanum. The thickness of these ridges is much greater than in the R. virescens virescens, but in some specimens of the R. v. brachycephala they approach very closely in form, and are in fact not distinguishable from those of individuals of this species where the ridges are narrower than usual. In a few individuals, of which the specimen described is one, there is another pair of ridges near the middle line of the back. In all the specimens these a repre- resented in the pelvic region by a pair of approximated ridges on each side of the urostyle. The interorbital width is two- chirds the width of an eyelid. The tubercles of the palm are well developed. The first (second) fin- ger is longer than the second, and equal to the fourth. The internal cuneiform tubercle is small and weak, and is without acute edge. There is a trace of an external tubercle. The toes are not fully webbed ; the edges of the web are deeply scalloped, leaving two phalanges of the fourth toe free, an leaving only a narrow border to the distal half of the antepenultimate phalange. Fic. 102. Rana palustris. No.13403. Garrison’s, N. Y.; t. Measurements of No. 13403. M. Wes phyoteheadsandwbOd yrs aoae nuac seats oe he oes caceee ccleinicw nase uiee secs .070 Widthrof head«at posterior edges of tympanay-asas- eso sce ore ee esee cee eee .027 eneuhyormhead: to posterior edges of tympanaen-.--- > ass. 26 eee eee es eae ee 023 Wem oro tetone sin peace onsaaron ct ree ctor eae inate aren owarene Snes cre een ct sa cere cence .037 JES raVER DY ONE THOME) TOYO Kc ee es ea ae ae a Soe a Re eg ee .016 Men gubeorehinddleg: tose roles) 56 aie) ccs nsec acct cceicee css sala werece ce 115 JLenyatn Ole TO ote aco sos SEGA eSon Bebe SAMSON SO Ce Ce Sa Meee een em .049 JEAQHDYEA ROY COME: Tepe ATSHUUSY 25s eS RI a eS a ep a 020 Meno thvoterem and crOtetOOteanee meson con eee cicecisloe cleans maison ese doce eee a9 408 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dr. Holbrook thus describes the colors in life: Body pale brown above, with two longitudinal rows of square spots of a dark brown color on the back and on each flank; yellowish-white beneath; posterior half of the thighs bright yellow, mottled with black. The head has a dark brown spot on the top of each orbit and another near the snout, with an indistinct dark line extending from the nostrils to the orbit of the eye. The upper jaw is yellowish-white, spotted with black; the lower is white, and spotted in like manner. The eyes are large and prominent, the pupil black, with the iris of a golden color; the tympanum is bronze, with a spot of a darker shade in the middle. A yellow line begins at the eye and runs below the tym- panum to the base of the anterior extremities. The superior surface of the body is pale brown, almost covered by oblong square spots of very dark brown, arranged symmetrically in two lines along the back. We sometimes find two of these squares confluent.- A bright-yellow lon- gitudinal line, but not raised in a cutaneous fold, as in Rana virescens begins behind each orbit and extends to the posterior extremity of the body. Below this line, on each flank, are two other rows of square brown spots, the superior row beginning on a level witb and behind the tympanum, the inferior row is less regular, frequently consisting only of small spots, disposed without order. The inferior surface of the neck and abdomen is yellowish-white, except at the posterior part, where the yellow is more decided. ‘The anterior extremities are yellowish- brown above, marked with a few very dark blotches; their lower sur- face is silver-white; the fingers are four in number, free, of a light brown color on the upper and yellow on the lower surface. The posterior ex- tremities are brownish above, with transverse bands of dark brown con- tinued to the toes. The inferior and posterior parts of the thigh are granulated, and of a bright yellow, with black spots. ‘The inferior sur- face of the leg and tarsus is yellow. This species is characteristic of the eastern district of North Ameri¢a, as it ceases to be found so soon as the Centra] Plains are reached. It ranges this entire district, extending as far north as Hudson’s Bay. In its habits it is not gregarious like the RK. virescens virescens, and is even more solitary than the R. v. brachycephala. It prefers cold springs and streamlets, but is of all our frogs the most frequently seen in the grass. It is the most abundant species in the Alleghany Mountains. Next to the R. silvatica, it takes the longest leaps of any of our species: Its note is a low prolonged croak, somewhat resembling the sound pro- duced by tearing some coarse material. . THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 409 Rana palustris Le Conte. Catalogue | No. of a When col- A : Nature of number. spec. Go cality. lected. Trompwibomire ceived: specimen. 3405 9 Carlisle akces: ascassae cl teases cet eine IPOS Sp 1M, IBN oc poooue Alcobolic. 3412 ORM eeereee Oe ye esatercemicte nineminteys cmteieats en CL Obes arco etek ciclo etter Do. 3410 1 Meadville, Pa ...... see | epsyche reer tetera CKO Ma Ame em nee Do. 3411 2 Philadelphia, Sa errr ltaerassterctatate tay eye ‘eR chardsssy pera cee Do. 3402 1 Framingham, Mass .-.-...|...-.. eretetesiare IOWOG IS. JO see on paee Do. 3407 1 Washington County, |---.--.--..--- Col. B. L.C. Wailes...-.... Do. : Miss. 3400 1 WY GSHTIDOR Io YS odeeacedsllosoeousoounses TERM Sp WoIBANHRE, Soodabooc Do. 8345 1 TGIMAON, ING OF Sa eésd56ssllasedconooocess Vo Wo WHINE = Seo ae sae Do. 3402 4 SHIN EMU WIOs cccaasa||sccscoconcss== Dr. Geo. Engelmann...... Do. 3409 3 Root River, Wis.------- July —. 1853) Prof, S! P\ Baird) 22 22 Do. 3406 1 Detroit River, Mich..... Aug. —,.1853!..__-. Oyen eee ae cee Do. 3401 3 IPMS WlGye INOW ER), WEiocl|esossa csoncane UBR EWN oo yeeooseonce Do. 9340 6 Pearl River, Miss. ..-...|.....- Miss Helen Tunnison .... Do. 8905 1 Bain dices eae eee Apr. 12, hie77|/PDeeaEeBcant ee em aan Do. 54153 1 OLE AO ROMO sees os ae enee ee crea. dio JB, Wiel 5 coccdeaccu. Do. 3460 1 AME ho mnats), Aen So |lscosaoosaso0cs IDRIS 18, ONO Gacosasscodo Do. 3434 1 Westeehiladelphias bare pesceeresecce: WES WOOO ses Ser seas eter Do. 9388 3 Upper Wisconsin River.|--.....--...-. 1, EMME. se coodasonoos Do. 3417 aL PRAM Comme WE. ssellsccocnsoos0eec Prof. EH. B. Andrews ..---- Do. 5921 3 VANES: BAS ING 1B osescoadlecansuasaoeaes CrDrexler 2229 35.-eces Do. 9492 1 (ASS Be ee reson te Mente Setar ll anes sere eregede (Use cect peer eeu eeqocceas Do. 3328 1 Quasqueton, Iowa. ...---|--.---------- 13}, © 1BiGhwell ~osssccccu0es Do. 13103 1 GannisonyswNepyerree sees |psae eee nne i ROOSe Viel d Geeeee eee neee Do. 11499 1 (2) Ge eieers Setaathyeq ae etce motte Soe eet ee (2) are eA ane ade erase rae Do RANA AREOLATA Bd. & Gird. Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1852, p. 173; Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Rep- tiles, p. 28, Pl. 36, figs. 11-12; Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 41. Head larg2; vomerine teeth opposite posterior edge of choane; tym- panic disk two-thirds the diameter of eye or less. A strong glandular dorsolateral dermal fold on each side, and numerous shorter ones on the back between them. First finger longer than sccond. Three phalanges of front toe free. Males with an external vocal vesicle. Heel of ex- tended hind leg reaching only toeye. Palmation short. Ground-color light, with numerous rounded spots on the back and sides. Upper lips spotted, not light or dark bordered above or on the margin. Hinder legs with numerous brown cross-bars. Lower surfaces unspotted. This well-marked species is related to the R. palustris, but is easily distinguished. It presents three well-marked subspecies, whose char- acters I now give: Length of head to posterior edge of tympana three times in total; tympanic disk round; dorsal spots well separated; nostril equidistant between end of muzzle DINGO VC veri sere euesare Paes see eee aeS et eate ee nub cae R. v. areolata. Length of head two and a half times in the total; tympanic disk a vertical oval; dorsal spots well separated; nostril equidistant between end of muzzle al @VWO's ocag wadgus as0u SH05 usoodd co cane eHoo soeeed ue a eUE Mose oes Gaus SEE RK. v. esopus. Length of head one-third of total; tympanic disk variable; dorsal spots so large as to leave only circles of the light ground-color; nostril nearer eye than end of HAMAS) eT AVOWINES Sas boos soou aan aaod amas aase a eeSeee oa seeene hk. v. circulosa. But few specimens of these subspecies have been as yet found, but the characters presented in the above table will appear of importance 410 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. to those familiar with the subject. It is not impossible that one or the other of the subspecies may come to be recognized as species, but I scarcely anticipate that such will be the case. As 4 whole, the Rana areolata is pretty well distinguished by its ver; short palmation. Never- theless, I have seen a specimen from Guatemala with similar posterior feet, which is otherwise not different from the R. virescens. Rana areolata areolata Bd. & Gira. Rana areolata Baird & Girard, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1852, p. 173; Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Pl, 36, figs. 11, 12. 7) 4 Fie. 103. Rana areolata areolata. No. 3304. Indianola, Tex. ; } General shape slender and Jimbs elongated. The heel of the extended hind leg reaches half-way between orbit and nostril. Head about as broad as long; quite deep. Sides oblique, with the nostrils, as viewed from the side of head oblique, a little below the upper profile or canthus rostralis, and with a marginal papilla. A slight excavation between nos- tril and eye, continued under the latter, along upper edge of maxillary, to the tympanum, but scarcely belowit. Top of the head slightly grooved, or coucave longitudinally. Eyes large and prominent; in the middle third of the side of the head; nostril midway between it and tip of snout. Tympanum circular, not two thirds of the diameter of the eye, not extending back to angle of jaw, but nearer this than to eye, nearly smooth centrally. Upper maxillary large; no glandular ridge of skin on it. Very well-developed vocal vesicles on each side, their centers opposite the posterior end of mandible. Internal nostrils very large, open, transversely elongate, with a very Shallow groove extending to the side of the jaw. The vomerine teeth are well developed, on two oblique protuberances, nearly in contact be- hind, and placed between the nostrils, the posterior edges of which are about opposite the anterior canthus of the eye. The tongue is large, fleshy, longer than broad, with the cornua small and wide apart. The Kustachian apertures are moderate. a THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. All The upper parts generally are smooth, the sides apparently some. what corrugated (scarcely pustular), though how much is owing to the alcohol can not be easily determined. The posterior, inferior, and su- perior faces of the thighs are granulated; this, however, not extending to the body, which is inferiorly entirely smooth. A rather broad but low fold of skin may be traced from above the tympanum along the back nearly to the thigh. A small ridge behind the tympanum. The inner toe does not reach much beyond the middle of the meta- tarsal of the fourth. The web is but slightly developed; it extends fully only from the penultimate articulation of the outer to the ante- penultimate of the fourth toe; from this to the penultimate of the third; from the middle of the third phalange of this (counting from tip) to the second articulation of second; from third joint of second to first joint of fifth; in each case extending a little beyond as a narrow mar- ginal membrane. The terminal two and one-haif phalanges of the longest toe, however, are almost entirely free, and one and one-half of the rest. The membrane is more cut out on the inner edges of the joints than the outer, by nearly one phalange. The cuneiform bone is slightly developed. No tubercle opposite on the outer edge of sole. Upper parts brownish-olive, minutely and obsoletely mottled with lighter. The entire upper parts and sides are covered by a number of dark brown blotches, with light yellowish center; they are subcircular, and smaller than the tympanum. They are most distinct and crowded anteriorly, and do not invade the outer ridges of skin. The ground- color of the upper surface of the fore limbs and the sides of the head is yellowish-brown, with vermiculation of brown, as also some distinct blotches of the same on the former. The hind legs have numerous par- allel and transverse dark brown bars, three or four on the thighs, four or five on the tibia, three on the tarsus, and several on the edge of the foot. These bars are broader than their interspaces, and are margined by a narrow yellowish line, so that the interval between two adjacent light lines exhibits a brown ground lighter than the dark bars just described, and also transverse. Indeed, they may be described as narrower bars of lighter tint between the dark bars, parallel to them, and separated by narrow yellowish-brown lines. The lower parts are yellowish-white, unspotted, including the interior and inferior surfaces of the limbs. A few scattered blotches are seen on the throat and chin. The buttocks are yellowish white, with a few obsolete dark blotches, smallest on the posterior edge. The central third of the tympanum is white. Inches. Inches. IBOGhy Sad SaaS SERA eae ee meS S700 1008s hotal hind lege == - crc scre- ini! 1.48 4.44 He TAU Seek o oe see Saas 1.25 .42 | Fore leg fromelbow......---- .38 1.14 AUTOS 5s es er Seed a eee eda ey) 2) GAS | Ising! os) eeewas Seed DoOocbess Sean (BY) ADEN SSIES) ae BS TG RE Se er 57 oe. || Mackin oye Ingeyel 2-264 sac ccoe .3o 1.04 ISHUNG | OE Saee ene SUSE eeeae 1P4Ge 49) Chord: of jawsea. s--aeceeer .35 1.06 Difference between shortest WM IMORINMIN Ga 6k55 sa6don cosca 08 .23 and longest toes.........-. 1.02 .24 412 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Rana areolata areolata Baird & Girard. Catalogue | No. of 9 When . Nature of number. | spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. specimen. 3304 nt || Tea GPCI, Mere oneonse|lonconnoseneane TMH Clarke oeteccee sae Alcoholic. — 11897 1 Nashville, Ga...-....... TEE) |] No Blo WUbRYHGIe. cooscccnsa6s Do. Kana areolata aesopus Cope. Proceed. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 1886, p. 517. This singular form may be known at once by the short and squat form of the body as compared with the size of the head, resembling in this some of the Australian Cystignathide. The muzzle is not prominent, and does not project beyond the upper lip. The canthus rostrales are straight, and the top of the head is flat. The tympanic disk is a vertical oval, of which the short diameter is one-half the length of the eye. The edge of the vomerine patches of teeth are a little posterior to the line connecting the posterior border of the nares. The latter are about as large as the ostia pharyngea. The dorsolateral glandular ridge is thick, and extends a little beyond the sacral diapophysis. There are six or seven rows of short longitudi- nal glandular tubercles in the space between them. There are similar elongate warts on the sides. The posterior and posteroinferior faces of the femora finely granular; rest of the inferior surfaces smooth. The first finger is longer than the second, and equals the fourth. The heel of the extended hind leg reaches to the middle of the eye. The foot is of moderate length. Three of the phalanges of the fourth digit are entirely free, and the web is excavated to opposite the middle of the first phalange, extending as a margin on each side of the distal half. The inner cuneiform tubercle is not large, and has an acute apex; no external tubercle. A slightly defined tarsal dermal ridge. In alcohol the ground-color is light brown, with the dorsolateral ridge and the inferior surfaces straw-color. The spots are a darker brown, and do not appear to have been yellow-bordered. The dorsal spots are irregularly rounded, and are in three or four longitudinal rows. There are two rows on the top of the muzzle and head, crossing the inner edge of the eyelid. There are two spots near the external edge of each eyelid. Spots on the sides smaller, in about four rows. The lores and upper lip are rather coarsely marbled with brown; gular region faintly speckled with the same. No band, but a spot on the front of the humerus; a spot on the elbow, and three cross lines on the fore-arm. Four narrow cross bars on the femur and five across the tibia. Three cross-bars on the external side of the tarsus and five on _ the external face of the fourth toe. The posterior face of the femur has numerous rounded brown spots on a light ground. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 413 2 1 Fig. 104. Rana areolata wsopus. No. 4743. Micanopy, Fla.; }. Measurements of No. 4743. M. LOOIMTGIA CL INEACL ERNE! |NOE RY ood G60 ooo0c6 asHESG Goda00 Hao SDE SsbonnoDSda0 655606 s6d500 . 062 Width of head at posterior edges tympana.......----. VEEN RO ane Salata aeR . 020 Menoth-of head! to posterior edges tympana-s os. -- se seeenels noses se ccee cee . 024 Wer b MMO tfOrepl 6 Ore aria cere aici tel re nic) sisisioireie ici oleic leis loin etreibivle aim ein iclais Se iSieie ic) carsineis . 026 ILAMGUD, Ok WOR sO Sete cocoos coe boa Gdocsonp Be ao ddpU nono oo cone eqmoreeadnoneose . 012 Men thyotehimdele sy GON OTO ie: jeter eye lctielcintereleleieiey= es oe claisie: snie etna sctelats steisielerene eee . 074 Wome Chyota tila sansa seas e easte cies croieieys owiae Lloret sats wid eciwelsie Meuswse se ee ccs a . 024 eI MR Ot LATSUS Meese cee cie sca mate eyslewe aoe else salers/ Sgee cmee amc eee sae cR ONG Wenothvotnesttol too tives cccccetee os cise a alee Sars ote) ei eis ae clersclcte cia seclenee OO The only specimen of this subspecies which I have seen is the fol- lowing: ns Rana areolata wesopus Cope. Catalogue | No. of P When : Nature of number. | spec. Locality, collected. From whom received. specimen. 4743 il WOKE NOD INE) sosSoucccnllesecoacoooesac Dr Dye Bean eceeseeeaee Alcoholic. Rana areolata circulosa Rice and Davis.* Rice and Davis, in Jordan Man. of Vert. East. N. Amer., ed. 11, 1878, 355. Two specimens of this form are before me and yield the following characters: Their peculiar coloration gives them an elegant appearance, and one quite different from that presented by any other North Ameri- can Rana. Length of head one-third of total. Heel of extended hind leg reach- ing to the front of the orbit; muzzle rather elongate, but little produced beyond the edge of the lip, the extremity sloping obliquely upwards and posteriorly, so as to shorten the superior plane. The nostril has an elevated position and a suprolateral presentation; it is a little nearer the orbit than the end of the muzzle. The membranum tympani is a vertical oval, with the short diameter only half the length of the eye fissure. The heel of the extended hind leg reaches to the anterior border of the orbit. ‘The posterior edges of the vomerine patches are behind the borders of the choane. *Plate 51, fig, 10, 414 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. There is a strong dorsolateral glandular ridge on each side, and be- tween these there are from six to eight narrow glandular folds not so much broken up as in the A. a. wsopus, but readily becoming indistinet in alcohol. The dorsolateral fold extends nearly to the groin. Below it the sides are crowded with longitudinal glandular folds, more or less broken up. : The first finger exceeds the second and equals the fourth. The internal cuneitorm tubercle is quite small, and has a free apex; no external tubercle. The web is shorter than in the other subspecies, being scal- loped nearly to the line of the base of the first phalange, which it only margins for part of its length, ceasing near the distal end. — Fie. 105. Rana areolata circulosa. No. 278. Mus. Champaign, Ill.; 4. Color in spirits, light brownish-yellow or straw-color, above and be- low. The entire upper surface and sides are, however, so thickly covered with large reddish-brown spots as to reduce the ground-color to a net- work, forming a pattern of numerous irregular or crenate circles. These are in three rows between the dorsolateral ridges, which are of the light ground-color for most of their length. There are no light bands or lines about the head, but the lores and upper lips are closely and rather coarsely marbled with brown and yellow. The lower lip is less distinetly marked in the same way. At the orbits there-are three rows of large spots like those of the back, the exterior ones on the eyelids. The fore legs are marbled like the lores, with a faint suspicion of cross-bars. The thigh, tibia, tarsus, and external toe are cross banded with such wide brown bars, that the interspaces are very narrow and often inter- rupted. There are three wide and two narrow bars on the thigh, and no longitudinal markings; there are six bars across the tibia of differ- ent widths, and three across the tarsus; inferior surfaces unspotted, The lateral spots become more sparse and more widely spaced near to the abdomen; thigh posteriorly with large brown spots, on a straw- colored ground. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. A15 Measurements of No. 9386. M. ibemarta OF Ingel eine! Wewlyccsead osbecs codado nseea Soa6 cododg sauces conose boqae5 . 050 Waidtihtot head at posterior edge of tympanum: 22222 222-0... 2-22 scene oe e . 0195 Length of head to posterior edge of tympanum .--.............--.-----..---- . 019 Leman OF TOW IGS. 5550 s50ced goe505 60590 boc) e585 ba56 D500 Seon odeoueTs cond . 022 LADS Oi TOME OO oocsos co5050 cocues n6Sdnd baddse e564 Goes5eaes5e Done seceou see6 O11 Memmineotenindele sn OiTOMM a. sie ncmin sees oe an cle sselsmae salesinsoisiee wie sine! ones ore . 073 IL@DGN OF DIA soos doon0s soeces coGSsDeSss5ee pboncs CUED SéSDOD CASE SS conn boo5e05 024 LGMGulh OF TABS scooncdasone on esedoosben 5455 Jobb ESes SueaE EAD AneAaO Bab sos Sear 014 TOeMGRHD OF TENG CE OO aH eee aae aS aoNoo DOS SOS COCUEAR Shao Peem er toe ears: aera ths P28) Since the above was written I have been able, through the kindness of Professor Forbes, of the university at Champaign, Ill, to examine the type specimen of Messrs. Rice and Davis. It differs considerably from the specimens above described, as follows: The muzzle is not pro- tuberant, so that the nostril is equidistant between the end of the muzzle and the eye, as in the subspecies Areolata. The tympanic disk is nearly round, and its long diameter is three-fourths that of the eye. This specimen has twice the bulk. In other respects it does not differ. A very strong glandular thickening of the skin extends from the eye above the tympanum, and then descends posterior toit. The eyelid also is thickened. 7 Two specimens (No. 13828) from Olney, Ill., also received since the above description was written, explain these discrepancies. The larger of the two agrees with the type in all respects, but the smaller, which about equals the type in dimensions, has the elongate muzzle of the small ones that I have described above. In both the tympana are three- fourths the orbit, and in neither is it decidedly oval. Rana areolata circulosa R. & D. Catalogue | No. of ‘ When col- “ Nature of number. spec. Loeality. lected. From whom received. specimen. 9386 2 Northern Illinois-...--..|.-...2.--..... Robert Kennicott ....-. Alcoholic. 13828 2 Onen7, JOM -ecmoosaoccood|scoscossansens Johnand Charles Walker. Do. Rana areolata capito Le Conte. Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1855, p. 425, Plate v. Not having at hand the only known specimen of this form, I copy the description given by Le Conte. The proportions given by this author indicate that it is intermediate in proportions between the subspecies Aisopus and the others. Thus the width of the head in the latter enters the length 2.33 times, and in the R&. a, areolata three times. In R. a. capito it enters 2.8 times. The spots are smaller than in R. a. circulosa, but larger and more numerous than in R. a. wsopus and R. a. areolata. Above very rough, dark gray, or slate-color, speckled with black, with six rows of roundish rows on the back; sides speckled and irregu- 416 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. larly marked with spots of the same form and color ; from the orbits to beyond the middle of the body runs a broad raised line or cutaneous fold, and another from the corner of the mouth to the insertion of the arm. Beneath smooth, yellowish-white, speckled, spotted, and varivd with dusky ; top of the head coarsely punctured, back and sides tuber- culous. Head very large, broad, and blunt; a deep concavity between the nostrils and the eyes. Iris golden, mixed with black. Tympanum of the color of the body. Lower jaw with a small protuberance or point resembling a tooth. Arms and legs above gray, speckled, and barred with black ; beneath yellowish-spotted and varied with dusky, the yel- lowish color more decided at the axilla and groins. Hind part of the thighs granulate. Fingers slightly palmate at the base; the first longer than the second. The second toe twice as long as the first. Rana areolata capito Le Conte. RESERVE SERIES. Catalogue | No. of : When ‘ Nature of number. spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. specimen. 5903 1 Riceborough, (Created allsebosanode See | Maj. J. Le Conte.......--. Alcoholic. RANA SEPTENTRIONALIS Baird. (Plate 86.) Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1855, p. 51. Garnier, American Naturalist, 1883, p. 945. Rana sinuata Baird, 1. c. Body rather broad, stout, and depressed. Head rather narrow; nos- trils large, midway between tip of snout and eye. Tympanum variable, at least half the diameter of the eye. Vomerine teeth minute; the patches are on a level with the posterior margin of the inner nostrils (which are rather large), and are separated by considerable intervals. Tongue moderate, the cornua well developed. Skin rough and irregular above and on sides; not pustular nor tuberculated ; beneath entirely smooth. Buttocks but slightly granu- lated. A well-defined, rather broad ridge commences behind the eye and, bifureating, the short branch curves round the tympanum, passes obliquely down to the insertion of the arm, thickening in its descent, and meets a similar thickening from the rictus. These two ridges are separated by a groove, which commences at the eye and runs above and behind the tympanum. The main branch proceeds along the sides to about opposite the sacrum, where it is lost. No other ridges are to be seen. The fore-arm is short, considerably less than the hand. The femur and tibia are about equal, less than half the length of body and less THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. ALT than the hind foot. The first, third, and fifth toes are equal. The ter- minal joint of the second toe is free, as are the inner edges of the ter- minal joints of the second and third, and the outer edges are margined to near the tips. The cuneiform process is well developed, and the sole -has no distinct tubercles. Color above and on sides light olive, with short and coarse vermicu- lations of lighter, most distinct anteriorly. On the sides and lower half of the back are several subcircular, large blotches of dark brown. Legs with few blotches; no bands. Buttocks yellow, with short ver- miculate dark blotches. Beneath uniform dull yellow. No light stripe on jaw. Compared with specimens of FR. clamata of the same size from the north, this species differs altogether in color, in larger eyes, longer fin- gers, longer but less webbed foot, ete. Inches. Inches Total length of body......... IL, $2 UL OO. || TShMnGl OOG cooooe cssooo ocoS5ec 1.02 .53 HWORE= EM ae eee. soe ce soko e ase -28 .14 | Between outstretched arms.. 2.76 1.44 Fie. 106. Rana septentrionalis. No. 3420. Garrison’s Creek, N. Y.; 3. Mature specimens, formerly described under the name Rana, sinuata, present the following characters: Body rather stout. Eyes large; tympanum three-fourths as large. Vomerine teeth small, ranging with the centers of inner nares. An in- distinet fold of skin on each side of back; none intermediate; granu- lation of buttocks indistinct. Femur not half the length of body; hind foot considerably longer than the tibia. Above and on sides purplish- brown, with sinuations or coarse vermiculations of yellow. Beneath Silvery white. Legs transversely barred. Female.—Body moderately stout and depressed; limbs not much de- veloped; femur and tibia about equal, not half the length of body. Head rather longer than broad. Nostrils nearly intermediate between the eye and tip of snout (projected on axis of body), or nearer the latter, 1951 Bull, 34———97 418 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. situated on the canthus rostralis. The hollow of the face anterior to the eye is very shallow, and scarcely traceable under the eye and tym- panum, Eyes large; contained three times in chord of upper jaw and one diameter from the tip. Tympanum small (females only seen), about three-fourth the size of the eye; behind not reaching the end of the jaw. Patches of vomerine teeth very small, circular, approximated, and situated on a level with the centers of the inner nares. These are large, oblong, and widely separated. ‘Tongue rather small, narrow, Eustachian ostia large. / The skin is moderately smooth, but on aby close examination is seen minutely and closely dotted all over with small pits, and among these on the under surfaces are scattered small glandiform elevations, which ov. being emptied are represented by thepits. This is sometimes seen in other species, but seldom so distinctly, and may be caused by some pe- culiar and temporary condition of the skin. There appears to be a very low and searecely distinct dermal ridge from the eye along the sides, but none intermediate. The granulation on the buttocks ts very low and indistinct. - The fore-arm is shorter than the hand; the femur is not quite half the length of the body, and is about as long as the tibia. The hind feet are unusually long, considerably exceeding the tibia. The feet are very fully webbed, coming near fF. catesbiana in this respect, the web extend- ing between the tips of the toes, slightly excavated in the inner edges of the second and third. The terminal joint of longest toe appears to be entirely free and the second is rather narrowly margined. In alcohol the color everywhere above and on sides (even over tym- panum and on buttocks) is dark purplish-brown, coarsely and irregu- larly sinuated with bluish-white, which, as far as Professor Baird’s re- collection of several years goes, is yellow during life. Beneath, silvery- white on throat and chin; duller behind. ‘The joints of the hind legs are distinctly banded transversely with dark blotches with bluish-white mar- gins, as on the back, and separated by lighter intervals. The sides are darker than the rest of the body, and on the groin are seen a few light spots rather than sinuations. The specimens described (all females) were caught in Garrison’s Creek, near Sackett’s Harbor, in the summer of 1850. They were in a marshy piece of ground, about a mile from the lake, and attracted im- mediate attention by their peculiarities of color, so different from any other American species: Inches. Inches. Notalglen et nyse sae ae 2.95. A 00 uli tale ee cube eee ae eee 1.70 .76 Arm from elbow-tes-2: a) e400 a 40 C@hordrofsheadeesss ssa eee .80 .35 Femure och soe nee 110 49) | Wadth otsneadmes= pen ssseeaee 75.35: Tibia eso See ease ee ne 1 OL 346) yen eee .27 212 Tarsus . fos Sse eece eee 5 5). || TENT seco cas bescdoose -20 .09' Hind foot - noone s Goon daca: I. Re The socettone of the Rana septentrionalis are greater than those of any other North American species of the genus. There is, however, no coin- CO SS THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 419 cidence between them, so that they can not be regarded as indicating subspecies. The tympanic disk varies greatly in size, the males having it larger than the eye, and the females smaller than the eye. In this respect the species displays its near affinity to the KR. clamata and Rh. catesbiana. Some specimens have a dorsolateral dermal glandular ridge, and others have none, such difference being exhibited by specimens from the same locality. The spotting of the dorsal surfaces varies very much. In some specimens the spots are not closely placed; in others they leave only narrow lines of the lighter ground-color between them. Taking all its characters together, this species occupies a position intermediate between nearly all the North American species of the genus, and from some such form it might be supposed that all the Rane of the northern hemisphere have been derived. The present dis- tribution of the species is entirely northern. Dr. J. H. Garnier has given a detailed account of the habits of this species as observed by him at Lucknow, Ontario. He calls it the mink frog, and says that it emits the odor of the mink on being handled. It is an aquatie species, never seeking its food, whicb consists of insects and small fishes, on land. Rana septentrionalis Baird. Catalogue | No. of ani When col- ee Nature of number. | spec. Lovality. lected. From whom recoived. specimen. 3420 5 Garrisons Oreelkae Ni: Weel sseecee crea. Brot Sake Bie eeee eee eee | Alcoholic. 3432 15 aA feas cline Ce Wake ee ee ta re eee GN oA ON e cea eters eres Do. 13605 20 Lucknow, Ontario .-.-.-. NEE | de JUlo Giana sas obec eee Do. 13621 eal ers Ate GOs eae SA ee Nee) |oosooe CO Mh ae Bae soe habe Do. 13622 1 Se esses OIG Sens Mew ace NEB Weesoce (Ue Rae eee mermray Saers Do. 5379 2 Selkirk Settlement.....].-.---.--..-.: 1M, USerNMOOWb oascbocascos Do. Sa eae ROG A Heyy, NGI Sseool|sodéoodececd so) JO dio 10s 8s Soa cdoacs Do. RANA CLAMATA Daudin.* Hist. Nat., Reptil., vir (1803), 104, 431; 1 b., Hist. Nat. Rain. (1803), 54, Pl. xvi, fig. 2; Harl., Sillim. Amer. Journ. Sci., x (1825), 63; 1 b., Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v (1827) 335; 1b., Med. & Phys. Res. (1835), 101, 226; Dum. & Bibr. (Daud.), Erp. Gén., vii (1841), 373. Rana clamitans Daudin, in Sonn. & Lat. Hist. Nat., Reptil., 1 (1802), 157; Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. (1820), 175 ; Holbr. (Bosc.), N. Amer. Herp., Ist ed., 111 (1838), 89, Pl. xvir; Jb., 2 ed., Iv (1842), 85, Pl. xx. Rana fontinalis Le Conte, Aun. N. Y. Lye., 1 (1825), 282; Holbr., N. Amer. Herp., 1st ed., 112 (1838), 85, Pl. xv1; 1b., 2d ed., rv (1842), 87, Pl. xx1; Storer, Mass. Rept., Reptil. (1839), 236; Thompson, Med. Hist. Mass. (1812), 120; De Kay, N. Y. Zool., 11 (1842), Pl. xxi, fig. 54, A. Ranaria melanota Rafin., Annals of Nature (1820), No. 25 (Lake Champlain). Rana melanota (Rafin.) Harl., in Sillim. Amer, Journ. Sci., x (1825), 64; Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v (1827), 336; 1b., Med. & Phys. Res. (1835), 102, 228; Thomp- son, Nat. Hist. Vt, (1842), 121. *Plates 51, figs. 2-3; 75, figs. 19, 33. 420 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Rana flaviviridis Harlan, in Sillim. Amer. Journ. Sci., x (1825), 58; 1 b., Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v (1827) 338; 1 b., Med. & Phys. Res. (1635), 103, 220. Rana horiconensis Holbr., N. Amer. Herp., 1st ed., 11 (1838), 91, xvu1; 1 b., 2d ed., Iv (1842), 91, xvu1; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vt. (1842), 121; De Kay, N. Y. Zool., 111 (1842), 61, xxu1, fig. 62. Rana nigricans Agassiz, Lake Superior (1850), 379, v1, figs. 4, 5. Male.—Body and limbs very stout and massive; not much depressed. Legs short; head subacute, rounded, very deep. Nostrils large, oval; situated on the rounded and indistinct canthus rostralis, nearest to the snout, and distant from the orbit by half the diameter of the eye. Ex- cavation anterior to the eye shallow, scarcely distinct in passing under the eye to the tympanum. Tympanum very large, one-fourth greater than the eye, and extending quite up toit, and passing beyond the ar- ticulation of the jaw; one-half the length of line from commissure to the tip of snout; its central third elevated in a shallow prominence. Eyes large, contained two and three-fourth times in chord of lower jaw and two and one-fourth in that from commissure. Head rather larger _ than broad. In the female the tympanum is much smaller, though stilllarge; about three-fourths diameter of eye, and distant from the latter by nearly half, its own diameter. The average diameter in males is 11™, and in fe- males 8™™, Occasionally this character does not hold good. A male (No. 3462) has the diameter only 8™™, while three females (Nos. 3467, 3475, and 3524) have disks of 10™™ in diameter. In this species and in the K. catesbiana this membrane reaches a larger size than in any other species of Batrachia. The top of the head is plane, without any concavity. The tongue is large, fleshy, rather narrow, and free behind for one-fourth its length. The interior nares are large, and open posteriorly nearly opposite the an- terior canthus of the eye. The vomerine teeth are in two oblong patches, inclined backwards, where they are nearly, if not quite, in contact, and posterior to the posterior margin of nares, though anteriorly about on a line. Eustachian openings large. Skin more or less mammillated above and on the sides by coarse pustuliform prominences, largest on the sides; these occasionally are in the form of regular asperities, rough to the touch; the amount of this, however, depends somewhat on the conditions of preservation. From the eye extends a prominent ridge of skin, which, after passing above the center of the tympanum, bifureates, one short branch passing round the tympanum, and, thickening below, stops above the shoulder; beneath this for its whole length passes a well-defined furrow indenting the fold, and, proceeding directly downwards, separates the thickening just described from a corresponding and equal thickening just behind | the jaw. The long branch of the ridge or fold of skin behind the eye proceeds along the sides, occasionally interrupted, and is lost on the . posterior fourth of the body, those of opposite sides parallel and wide THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. A421 apart. There are no other ridges of skin as observed in KR. palustris; but a distinct broad groove or furrow may be traced down the middle - of the back. : The fore-arm and hand are of nearly equal length; the third finger longest; the first and fourth nearly equal, and longer than the second. The hind legs are short; the tibia, femur, and hind foot about equal, and less than half the length of the body. The third toe is longer than the fifth. The web between the toes is well developed, and extends from the terminal knobs, except on the inside of the second and third toes, where it is excavated to the first articulation. . The first and second joints of the longest toe are not webbed, but are narrowly margined to the tips. The general color, as preserved in alcohol, is of a dull greenish-brown or brownish-olive, with simple subeircular blotches on the back, sides, and buttocks, and indistinct, sometimes much broken fascize on the limbs. There isin some an obscure yellowish line along the sides of the jaw and reaching to the arm, and a dark mark from the commissure to the arm beneath this line. The edges of the jaw are blotched with brown; beneath, yellowish-white. In other specimens the blotches above are finer and more crowded, and the chin and throat coarsely reticulated or blotched with brown, the same marking visible obsoletely on the under surfaces of the thighs. ‘The blotches of sides of body are sometimes much larger and more distinct than elsewhere. Fig. 107. Rana clamata. No. 3501. Entaw, Ala.; }. The bars on the legs are sometimes replaced entirely by small blotches. The females, as already stated, differ in having a smaller tympanum, though neither here nor in the males is the proportional size always the same. The body is more swollen behind; the head narrower and not so deep, and the thumbs less thickened. In life this species is dark olive posteriorly above, which color grad- ually passes into a brilliant green anteriorly. Below, white; the throat citron yellow. 422 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mate: Inches, f Inches. Motallengthpesn sess 2596) 1k 00) Wofaloramnd: fools ee 4.70 1.59 AMET HOI CW NO Fosoces cscces 20 740 | Clagncl oe Iheaglcccscssocce a: iil Be emu) see ee ae oes eee 140 AG Wadi ofsheadeee sas seeeeee MGT: » BY Mian ee Ge es ae seer In4O al | Aya pAMwI ooooc8 cone conc oA AS (PATSUS: Sheen come eee me semts 008. 680 | JBiW@case od Sci ova ee alkene nana cae 5 Is} MO0tiesssstjsccecneds Sa 1. 46 49 Female (Carlisle, Pa... Dotal vis. sce sececeeeess| 3.30) 100) Lotallofiles: 5-2 ace. aU men iHemunieseeeeieee BoE SB asee 155) Ada |e yup ume ee eee Be = 5 NO AT Tay Meise SRV rete ee eae eee 1.55 .47 A Carlisle, Pa., specimen, when living, was colored as follows: Above and on sides, greenish-biown, with rounded brown spots uniformly dis- tributed, and about as large as the pupil of the eye; about twenty be- tween the lateral folds; head and body anteriorly bright grass-green ; beneath greenish-white, unspotted, the color of the sides fading into it; the buttocks mottled with brown and yellowish white; femur and leg with three or four transverse dark bands; fore limbs with scattered blotches not banded ; iris black, mottled with golden. The specimens from Lake Superior are types of the R. nigricans of Pro- fessor Agassiz, which I can not distinguish. They exhibit a greater amount of black mottling and blotches on the inferior surface than usual, but this is shared by individuals from more southern localities. Speci- mens from Maine and Louisiana are still darker, the buttoeks being nearly uniform black. In carefully comparing quite a number of specimens from the South and North, I find it impossible to establish definite characters by which to distinguish a &. fontinalis from R. clamata. At first sight the Southern individuals, which happened all to be of medium size, ap- peared to be more free from the coarse pustulations; but on the other hand to have the fine asperities more numerous and closer and the head rather narrower; but the same conditions were seen in some North- - ern specimens. The tympanum is very large in the males, though vary- ing with the individuals. As in the Northern specimens, some are nearly immaculate; others mottled above and below, and of various shades of color, from black above to olivaceous.* This is especially a species of an aquatic life, not hunting on land, but haunting all kinds of waters, from springs to river banks. It lives singly, in pairs, or in staall companies, but never in swarms like the Ki. virescens. It is not noisy, contenting itself with an occasional nasal “chung,” and frequently uttering a sharp cry as it plunges into the water to escape the pedestrian on the bank. Itis a good leaper and Swimmer. “ Professor Baird had an opportunity of examining the specimens from which Dr. Holbrook made his description and figure of R. clamitans without seeing occasion to change the opinion above expressed. LI BIE THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 423 Rana clamata Daudin. Catalogue | No. of F Orie When col- : eon Nature of aaBeE: spec Locality. lected. From whom received. specimen. 3502 6 Rensacolavilanenesacte operas ee eae Dr.J.F.Hammond, U.S.A.| Alcoholic. 3466 7 Root R., Racine, AWA Reda paseo cesar Prof. 8S. F. Baird.......-- Do. 2 3462 hate lege GO eS Mee ee all tials seetes etelaaelSGccten COR ee ak Meseecienes ace Do. ? 3478 8 MAdTSOM WAS cers clsciell nce cere eine ster lees ae UOmem cece ae ces veces Do. S 3489 1 ond tdinalzac aWash lon (meets a eeteee Rev. A: C. Barry .----- Sere Do. 3473 4 IROCMAKOR WIS sas0escadlleancescucceans Prof. S. F. Baird.....-.--. Do. 2 3483 2 AZ bal aM WA Seis wee cee allie ceecciccacecapeseace (ios Pee ee aS Do. 2 3479 1 Wiaulesias\WisS\eeer seers sees Rev. A.C. Barry .--.----.- Do. 3469 5 MlizabethtowimyNewWe || sees eceeces IPTOLESa key bain dearsecseer Do. cs 3464 4 Westport, N. SY Sea va Ree te eI GOs ees seiomeesiees Do. ? 3488 6 Washington, D. C...--.-)..-..--..--..- Jee chardessseee seers Do. 3468 6 Carlisle, 2) 2 rsh eas a cae JOO Sh NS Beye 5 cecoabac Do. ? 3477 Pelee Ree Soe UGieeneecennosposaes| Mepoeeescnceal aeenar CO osaekneeaie cece Do. 3465 C7) il sees We (LON ese nan ma mae sete eel lees Uieescecpnabeandeuees Do. S 3475 2 IMMGA Ah ANG, IPR -anceacoocs|loseacasocosses Prof. Williams.......-..- Do. 2 3543 Nagel Pca (0) Ba Soa ceca Eeaenod | Eeeeeeenerers J. I. Thickston .-...--.-- Do. 3472 Spee @uebecsCanadaneeesrere las: ae seeeeee Prof. S' I’. Baird. +-..-5--- Do. F 3487 D || Wooims Islay, Wed! seasosllscosogescosscellsococs Oye Bea ee ise settee Do. 3041 1 Cumberland County, Md.| .....-....--.|.----. UGS sae wae seeneas Do. 3486 1 Clarke County, Va -.--.|.----- eae: Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly...-.- Do. 2 3499 2 Prairie Mer Rouge, La..|...-....--.---| James Fairie..-.......... Do. 3501 || iene) Sane aeesenall mansesoneaasee Prof. A. Winchell ......-. Do. 2 3470 i || Borer SGrirany IMGs oeocsl|-scososcan sec Prot seks bairdeesenerne: Do. 2 3467 5 Detroit) River Mach mesa|Pesscceeenaase|Meeeee COS Ee Se A eS Do. 2 3500 4 Amalia (Ss CO leecen sbs|lsdocousécadane Miss C. Paine --.....----. Do. F 3482 5 Kennebago, IMO Seite as | ae ee ert iRrofeCGaranda-eee see Do. ? 3476 1 Portage County, Olgas eet Prof. S. F. Baird.....-.--- Do. 3485 1 Golumlnng, Olt: cgocccclleaaacosscosces Prof. L. Lesquereux --.-. Do. 3474 1 Highland County, Ob) 3} cascsacsaccas|| TRG MAINE oo56sssoqce05 Do. 2 3435 1 Somiin@an WMG: cascanalleaaoococanscuslisenooscocesac ER Ma eos Seem Do, 3593 1 Wieatherstieldy@onnyers|iees-so) eee eer) Onan ohibe assesses se cece se teins 22s 1s oat os sas eee eee sees . 024 The form evitiata is probably only a color variety, as it displays no peculiarity other than that of color, referred to in the analytical table given above. It is also found at several localities mingled with the typical form, though this is not always the case. Judging from the collection in the National Museum, it is as abundant as the typical variety. Rana cantabrigensis cantabrigensis Baird. Catalogue | No. of : When : Nature of number. spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. specimen. 3457 4 MyesternmMissouriges-o|eeeoe sno: Aecsal| ele ood ae, ely yes smooaooodee Alcoholic. 3458 5 | Lake Winibigoshish |.-..-.-.-..--. BSE Odelleeineeee eee Dos Minn. 5386 5 James Bay, B. America |.....- ......- MO MD rexlerm san cemcranee cee Do. 5924 6 GIG IREKTUMON Ss so ososullcoosdaceougscs Rea Kennicott) 2 sssseceses ee Do. 5937 13 | James Bay, B. America.|...........--- WAC Si) res] erences menranay Do. 3456 5 iRedghihvers0feNor these ea lseeese ee aeee lel eiCennicotteras-seeeer ee Do. 5919 38 HorieResolubl ones eee eee eee ne eee (ier ericcccanaucccnae Do. 3454 17 IWIMEWA IGE The osoqKcllacsooduosbaSes WeapSos Opes ae det ee ae Do. 5145 Dol ecu OR reeye thee eeiomiscme lhe ance cere leeseae Moree oss ese sac Do. 5925 1 THAR SHIMON 5 oooss5ocaluooscabosaSeus| |cocous COeee ate naseteee Do. 14496 1 PNAS atte ey cieel a aereine | aeea teem ak Ide Wiig INK Ns oodcausscede Do. 14109 il Clark County, Ill....... PATIO eel 879)! thle Goa Od ene eser eee eerr Lo. 14072 1 Southern Alaska ....... 1885 vee George M. Stoney, Do. U.S.N. 9383 14 ILAKS SMOG, -sssdosuollacsecasscsaues R. Kennicott --..+...0---- Do. 9384 - 1 Att hia aa cate he meen peace eee (QS Ae ee cet aay Do. 11515 1 ING OH MEE Gin IR, IHG |e5ogogcocsuass Dr shobpertebellassssseeeer Do. son’s Bay. | 14497 4 | Fort Yukon, Alaska 1879 | L. M.Turner.......:.---- Do. 438 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Rana cantabrigensis evittata Cope. Catalogue | No. of : When , . Nature of number. spec. Locality. collected. From whom received. specimen. 5365 2 Moose River, B. America).-...-.......- CY Drexler sre eee eee Alcoholic. 9385 . 2 St. Catharine’s, Canada -|-.......2....- TaD AW beadleeeneseer 0. 5922 2 MooseIsland, B.A metica].-...-....---.| CDrexlerseee ee eee eee Do. 5366 2 Moose River, B: America).-....-.......|.2-..- On Monee eae Do. 5364 3 WielthyaRivjerssessce sees peer rete eee 1h JEGMTICOWS — ccossocceoos Do. 5929 1 IGS AATNGNCA sasossccl|coosseasoasane Neeirictee DO Asha eaoan Do. 14495 1 Nulato River Alaska-=s|s-eeneesseeeee WEES D alllwae cr ates Do. 6505 1 Big Hela Greatislaver|peeceereneeee TOA IVOCle soos esscsoncar Do. ake. 5169 7 OWN} SOWING! csccoonacscc|looboscoosseonc U.S. Expl. Exped .-.—... Do. 13727 1 Bake = lloknagik, WEY | Ob Iby WUE Yo ooeccuccgaces Do. Alaska. RANA AGILIS Thomas.* Rana temporaria Millet, Faune Maine et Loire, 11, p. 664. Rana agilis Thomas, Ann. Se. Nat., sér. 4, rv. p. 365, Pl. 7; Fatio, Rev. Mag. Zool., sér. 2, XIV, p. 81, Pls. 6 and 7, and Vert. Suisse, m1. p. 333; De l’Isle. Ann, Sci. Nat., sér. 5, xvi1; De Betta, Faun. Ital., Rett. Auf. p. 65; Lataste, Herp. Gir. p. 233; Leydig, An. Batr., p. 143; Lessona, Atti Ac. Lincei, Mem. Cl. Sc.—fis. 1, p. 1074, P 1. 111; Boulenger Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 183; Catal. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., ed. 1, 1882, p. 46. Rana temporaria var. arvalis, pt., Giinth, Cat., p. 16. Rana gracilis Fatio, Rev. Mag. Zool. sér. 2, XIv, p. 81. Rana temporaria var. agilis Schreib, Herp. Hur., p. 125. Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups, extending beyond the hinder edge of the choanze. Head depressed; snout rather elongate, subacuminate; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum very nearly as large as the eye; close toit. Fingers moder- ate, first extending beyond second; toes at least two-thirds webbed; subarticular tubercles of fingers and toes much deveioped; inner meta- tarsal tubercle rounded, blunt, rather strong; a small outer tubercle. A narrow glandular lateral fold. Above grayish-brown, dark-spotted; a very dark temporal spot; a light line on the lip from the tip of the snout to the extremity of the temporal spot; hind limbs regularly ecross- — barred; beneath immaculate. Male without vocal sacks. (Boulenger.) France, Switzerland, North Italy, Greece. Like the Rana temporaria, this species has its representative on the western coast of North America, which differs from it in some minor characters. This form has been named Rana.aurora by Baird and Girard, and I regard it asa subspecies of the R. agilis. The two forms differ only in coloration, as follows: Black ear-patch well defined; dorsal spots distinct, comparatively large; hind limbs With) Cistimet:cross= lars ese cen tegen epee raat app oe ae a R.a. agilis. Ear-patch not dark-colored nor well defined; dorsal spots usually minute, or wanting ing; cross-bars of hind limbs very indistinct. ....-.----.--. «------- R. a. aurora. “Plate 75, fig. 20. SEER RO aR Ses. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 439 Rana agilis aurora Bd. Gird. Rana aurora. Bd. & Gird. Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila. Body depressed, elongated; limbs elongated and well developed; head broad, acute, rounded anteriorly; nostrils elongated, situated below the crest of the canthus rostralis, half-way below the eye and tip of snout; eye moderate, contained three times in the chord of the commis- sure, situated two-thirds of its diameter from the rictus; tympanum small, but little more than half the diameter of the eye. Inner nares rather elongated transversely. The vomerine teeth very few in each patch; the patches quite small, somewhat elliptical, and inclined back- wards, where they are separated by an interval a little less than that between the anterior extremities and nares; these extremities are in a line with the centers of the nares, but the teeth are on the posterior margins; the protuberances are decidedly posterior to the nares. Tongue small, narrow. Eustachian openings large. The skin is everywhere free from asperities, but not smooth, and on an attentive examination is seen to be minutely pitted all over, and with coarser indentation on the upper surfaces of the limbs, the sides of the face, and along the dorsal fold, which appears quite porous. The buttocks are much granulated, a character which appears to extend a little on the abdomen and sides. A broad depressed fold of skin extends from the eye to the hind legs. This is distinctly perforated or porous throughout its extent. There are no intermediate ridges; a glandular prolongation of upper jaw to the arm, interrupted at the posterior ex- tremity of the jaw; limbs very slender and much elongated; hand longer than the fore-arm ; fingers all long; third longest, fourth next in size, then firstand second. Femur rather less and tibia more than half the length of the body ; hind foot and tibia about equal; foot not very broad. Fourth toe much the longest, and with the last two joints en- tirely free, as are the terminal joints of all the toes. The third joint of the longest toe has a very slight margin, diminishing to the second articulation, and the inner sides of the third and second toes are scarcely, if at all, margined. Cuneiform process small, soft; no other tubercles on the sole, and scarcely any indications of any under the joints. Color when living greenish-yellow above, with golden reflections, maculated with black; sides of abdomen and hind legs reddish-orange ; beneath dull yellowish-green, maculated; digital membrane purplish- violet. In alcohol.—Above yellowish-gray, brightest anteriorly. A few scat- tered indistinct blotches on the upper parts and sides and scattered black dots on the head, above the eyes, on the snout, and along the dorsal ridge. Beneath yellowish, with obsolete small blotches some- what marmorated anteriorly. The mottling is visible on the inner faces 440 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of limbs. Faint traces of two or three transverse fascie on the thigh and leg. An obscure indication of a dark area about the tympanum somewhat as in A. sylvatica, and an interrupted dark line from eye to nostril. The side of head anterior to the eye is yellowish or greenish- yellow, finely mottled, narrowing beneath the center of the eye into a somewhat distinct line, which passes backwards ever the maxillary fold of skin. In large specimens this line is indistinet, and in none is it traceable anterior to the middle of the eye. In small specimens from Columbia River, apparently belonging to this species, the triangular dark area behind the eye, including tym- panum, is more distinct, and beneath itis a yellow line commencing be- low the eye and reaching back to anus. The buttocks are brown, with small light or gray-colored spots. Total ease see etew see cee ee 2596) 1-005 (Root sao 2 haere onee a eer TS Yi 5° JWIDIT SG obbU b0SboR do esoE seabed 190725665) Shorteststoerecseere saree moe 17 Hore-arm eee see eae een 66. i... 22:7) slie gs Soe n Soe Ceres Se Sets 5.04 1.70 Blan doen ss see seas 2 eis eee otk oS |), Clna@el @? JBN cdac caso b560 S506 1,05 .ae& OMB sete ease er eee 1.44) 548°), Width <. 222 229222 oae, cae atl Oommmmetetes Pipa see ee ecee ee ee cme WBA 152) |S Even eos ee oe eee Sar) gilli PATSUS:S selec s sce see ceeeee CL eh AM PNT SockGosssndcodsas ote 07 Rana agilis aurora Bd. Gird. Catalogue | No. of . When col- c Nature of number. spec. Locality. lected. From whom received. specimen. 3362 29a SanyHranciscoy Calecerre |teaseeeese tees Major. Le Conte -...------ Alcoholic. 3371 8 ColumbiatRivier=ne seer | ace reieerecee U. 8. Exploring Expedi- Do. tion. 9467 1 Puget Sound, Wash. Ter|-.-...........- Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly.-- Do. 3374 6 BRetalumatC aligereseres |paceceecee eee 10, Sey. 2oeoosce sue Do. 9420 1 Puget Sound, Wash. Ter)...-...----. -. Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly.... Do. 9421 ned ase GO) Ce Bs SEE MOU Ae aie All eee apt atans el Pe COsC Ra ance eeace Do. 3345 4 Shoalwater Bay, Wash ..|.--...-..-....- DrdeGa Coopeyeees eee Do. 3377 2 ANGIE, ORGAN coconecslosocooueddascc Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge, Do. U.S. Army. 11711 4 Pugetisound awash eres essseeereeetee U. S. Exploring Expedi- | Alcoholic tion. types. 3369 1 Monterey Caleeeereeenee |peeeecer ee eeee ARG iMayloreecnccconcsee Alcoholic. 2628 1 HortiUimpqua-Oreconeen|teeee eee cere 10 WONT. ce cceStooces Do. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 44} RANA DRAYTONI Bd. & Gird. Rana draytoni Ba. & Gird., Proceed. Ac. Phila. (1862), p. 174; Girard, U. 8. Expl. Ex- pedi., Herp., p. 23, Pl. 11, figs. 19-24. Rana lecontei Bd. & Gird., Proceed. Ac. Phila. (1853), p. 301, Giinth., Cat., p. 15; Broechi, Bull. Soe. Philom|, (F.) 1, p. 179, and Miss. Sc. Mex., eee 1s UAE el. Ip tie de Rana nigricans, Hallow., Proceed. Ac. Phila. (1854), p. 96; Boulenger, Bull, Soc. Zool. Fr. (1880), p. 207; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr., p. 15, Pl. Iv, fig. 3. Rana longipes, Hallow., U. 8. Expl. Sury., x (1859), tv Zool., p. 20, Pl. x, fig. 1. Epirhexis longipes Yarrow, Check List and Catal. of Spec. of N. Amer. Reptiles, Batr., (1883), p. 176. Not of Baird & Cope. Sp. ch.—Body stout. Head broader than long. Eye large; con- tained two and a half times in chord of jaw, and distant one-half time its diameter from the rictus. Tympanum three-fourths length of eye- fissure. Body with tubercles above, each with a pore; without decided asperities. A glandular fold along upper jaw and a broad depressed ridge on each side of back. Femur and tibia nearly equal, about half the length of body, shorter than hind foot. Hind foot well webbed; terminal joints free, as are second joints of second, third, and fourth toes on inner edges. Above yellowish-olive, with blotches of darker, interpersed with dark dots. Inferior and inner surfaces greenish- white, everywhere obsoletely blotched finely with darker. There are two subspecies of the Rana draytoni, which ralehois differ- ent zoological subregions. They differ as follows: Hind foot two and a half times the length of the head; skin above tubercular; a Glamk eampenieln 8 Wen es Sas4 Sh 5an5 coosoucoaobu eseouo sqeaeedccous Kt. d. draytoni. Hind foot twice length of head; skin above smooth; no dark ear-patch; size sine scoo ab se eene eae GaeS co aeCORmeS etter AERE Baer er roe EAE Diner eaeerrr R. d. onea. Rana draytoni drayton Ba. & Gird.* Body stout and heavy. Limbs massive and well developed. Head rather broader than long. Nostrils moderate, with the usual papilla behind, situated nearer the snout than the eye. A triangular exca- vation in tront of eye, extended backwards under the eye. Eye large, contained two and one-half times in chord of commissure, one-half of its diameter from rictus. Tympanum small, indistinct, transversely elongated; rather more than half the length of eye (its shortest diameter about equal to half this length). A glandular fold or ridge on the back- ward prolongation of the jaw, interrupted at rictus. Inner nostrils elliptical. Vomerine teeth in two series, obtuse-angled behind, where they are separated by an interval less than their distance anteriorly from nostrils, the ridges ranging with the centers of the nares, and the teeth on a line with their posterior margin. Tongue not large. Skin thick and leathery (apparently the case in most frogs from the Pacific coast); above it is uniformly covered with depressed and soft- ened tubercles, each tubercle with a distinct pore, sometimes with a % * Plate ol, fig. 11. 442 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. smaller one in it, especially on the back. Fore legs slightly tubercular only. Buttocks granulated; the granules depressed (not tubercular). On each side a broad depressed ridge of skin, not very distinct at first sight, extending from the eye over tympanum in a line slightly convex above to near the groin, where it is interrupted, and then takes a sud- den bend upwards, over the leg, towards the anus, ceasing about op- posite the articulation. This ridge is sometimes only traceable by the eribriform pores, which are crowded in it for its whole length ; no branch visible back of the tympanum. A, glandular fold, as already described, back from the jaw. ‘Tibia about half the length of the body; a little, longer than the femur and shorter than hind foot; third finger longest ; then fourth; second rather shortest; first much swollen at the base. Ter- minal joints of toes nearly free from web, especially on the inner edge, which is the case with the inner edges of the second joints of the second, third, and fourth toes. The membrane extends along the outer edge of second joint of fourth toe for a short distance. Cuneiform process moderate, with a small tubercle opposite it on the sole. Rounded tuber- cles beneath all the articulations, except the terminal. ‘Tips of all the fingers and toes somewhat knobbed. Color above yellowish-olive, with obsolete subcireular indistinet blotches of darker, interspersed with dark dots of the same, generally on the tubercles. The dots appear somewhat condensed along the dor- sal ridge. A few indistinct transverse fasciz on the legs. Beneath, greenish-white, with indistinct mottlings of dusky present on the inner faces of the limbs, leaving no portion of the body unicolor. A trace, perhaps, of a yellowish line along the posterior portion of the jaw. But- tocks dark brown, with light spots. Fie. 114. Rana dragtoni draytoni. No. 8700. California; +. With a general resemblance to &. aurora, it differs in being more tubercular and pustulous above, the shorter limbs, the smaller but more fully webbed feet, broader head and tongue, ete. This species differs from R. clamata in the broader, more depressed body, and dorsal fold, large foot, smaller tympanum, ete. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 443 Measurements of male. ; Inches. ; Inches. Selaraienetheees se. see --- 3.24 100 | Hind foot -3----2---. 2. =. 1.82 .56 MHOT ONE Mo eiaci -/-1-)- 52-122 26 QuOSs HO | ELD Cb tO se rermcer tice caeeee ee 50) 5 JI BBilonerarm)-... 5 .-s--+ ---05-- AG 190 | Hind wlegt sccese seer es i, G2 e783 SlamiGl soc6necseeeeeee eee .80 .25 | Chord of upper jaw---. ---- - LO 34 Pou? 64 5e655seRRaeeae See OAS) 00h) Waldithhe ote .cnes oer secret ere 1G 8 IMIG) oo oee ete ene ae eres 1OOr soll este ic ank reece emacs A Op oa le Marsus:..--- 7 5. Ree Se eee .86 .26 | Tympanum (long diam.).... .26 .08 At the time when the description of FR. lecontet was prepared the limits of variation of the species were not as well understood as they have since become from an examination of many specimens from differ- ent localities. On this account the species was established on speci- mens of small size, collected by Dr. Le Conte, but which I consider to belong to the &. draytoni. The color above is a dark olive-brown, with numerous uniformly distributed darker and well-defined circular blotches about the size of the pupil, and most of them with a rather lighter center. They are principally embraced within the lateral ridges, though some are exterior tothem. The buttocks are dark brown, with well-defined spots and dots of yellowish, smallest near the anus. The transverse bars on the legs are numerous, narrow, and well-defined, three to five on the tibia. A narrow and well-defined greenish-white line along the upper jaw from beneath the eye, and a lighter tinge along the lateral ridge. Beneath yellowish, marbled with brown on the whole under and inner surfaces. Rana draytoni Baird & Girard. Catalogue | No. of als When col- A Nature of number. spec. Locality. lected. From whom received. specimen. 3374 5 etal uma Calli ancmerpeey acer oeececiec rhe Samuelsserereeeeee Alcoholic. 9420 il Ruceti Sounds ss saree acl eeeneesereeee Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly ... Do. 3376 1 Califonm ays se merieecelsciemineciencacn ae Ay MG olalGey MeN soooasGea5o Do. 3370 2 HieDoradouC aleeseracas pees eeeeee Dre oleae eee Do. 11497 6 Sein JsemMeICeO, CAll.ccccsllossocsucsousor United States Exploring Do. Expedition. 354 1 12ARASIGbIO, Cel ssogcseccas||sacso0ccan aces Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge Do. 8700 1 Mountains near Hort) ||S.-.---------- 18L, W/o JEON OG? Sccacdssa- Do. Tejon, Cal. 4 @ahiforniaeeeeseeereeere. Dr Ielbecontereencs son Rana draytoni onca Cope. Yarrow’s Rep. Expl. Sury. W. of 100th Mer., Zoology, vol. v, p. 528, Pl. 25, figs. 1-3. Head oval; muzzle sloping to the lip. Diameter of tympanic mem- brane equal distance between nares and between nosiril and orbit, and three-fourths the diameter of the orbit, or the distance from nares to margin of lip in front. Vomerine teeth in fasciculi behind the line con- necting the posterior borders of the choane. A dermal fold on each side of the back, and a short one behind the angle of the mouth, with 444 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Some scattered warts on the sides; skin otherwise entirely smooth. Toes obtuse, with wide webs reaching to the base of the penultimate phalange. One long metatarsal tubercle; one fold on the tarsus; a dermal border on outer toe. The heel extends beyond the end of the muzzle. _ Light brown above; below, yellow. Three rows of rather distant, solid, small black spots between the dorsal folds; two or three rows on each side; none of the spots yellow-bordered. Head unspotted; no band on the lip. A brown vertical band on the front of the humerus. Scattered spots on tibia and femur; clouded spots on the posterior face of the femur. Size of Rana clamata. This frog, of which a female specimen was obtained, combines charaec- teristics of different groups; its coloration resembles somewhat that of the eastern or typical form of Rana virescens, but the full palmation of the hind foot is that of R. montezume and RF. catesbiana. It is also quite similar to the &. draytoni, which is the &. longipes of Hallowell. The feet are shorter, the hind feet being twice as long as the head to the _ posterior border of the tympanum, while in &. d. draytoni it is two and five-tenths times as long. The &. onca lacks the black cheek-patch of the #. d. draytoni. : Utah, 1872; Dr. H. C. Yarrow; alcoholic; female. RANA BOYLII Baird. Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1855, p. 62. Rana pachyderma Cope, Proceed. Ac. Phila., 1883, p. 25. Tympanum small, very indistinct. A broad depressed ridge of skin on each side of back. Skin finely tubercular above. Head broader than long.. Tibia and femur more than half the length of body; the latter the longer. Hind foot less than half this length; webbed entirely to the expanded tips; outer toé decidedly longer than the third. An elongated tubercle at base of inner toe, with another oppositeit. Above dull reddish-olivaceous, with indistinet blotches and dark spots on the back and fasciz on the legs. Beneath yellowish, mottled anteriorly. Inner faces of legs immaculate. Body rather stout. Limbs well developed. Tibia and femur very long. Head short, broad; outline rounded, although the tip is rather acute. Nostrils small, situated on the crest of the decided canthus ros- tralis about midway between the eye and the tip of the snout. Eyes large, situated far back; contained three times in the chord of the jaw and one and a half diameters from the tip of snout; less than half a. diameter from the rictus. A moderate excavation in front of the eye. Tympanum very small and indistinct, not half the diameter of the eye, covered with the small tubercles of the skin. A slight fold of skin above it and proceeding toward the arm, met by an indistinct thickening of the skin from the jaw, as in the typical species. Tongue THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 445 large, fleshy, with a rounded notch behind, leaving the posterior cornua “as two short obtuse processes, differing from the cornua of the typi- eal Rana; the tongue free posteriorly for half its length. Internal “nares small, distant, elongated transversely. Vomero-palatine teeth in two longitudinal series, approaching each other obtusely behind, and separated by a considerable interval; anteriorly these teeth (of which there are only three or four in the lineal series) do no quite reach the level of the inner nares. : The skin is thick and coarse, above finely uneven; smooth and even below. Above and on sides thickly sprinkled with minute tubercles, even ontympanum. A broad, depressed, scarcely distinguishable ridge from the eye along the sides, indicated in the shrunken specimen more by a pe- culiar pitted appearance than in any other way. On the sides are sev- eral circular areas of moderate size marked in the same way, probably large pustulations in life. The anteroinferior face of buttocks with dis- tinct porous pits; the posterior faces granulated. The arms are well developed ; the fore-arm and hand about equal; the third finger longest ; the inner very much swollen at the base, which is dark and horn-like. Femur considerably more than half the length of body and longer than the hind foot; the tibia still longer. The feet are broad; each toe slightly dilated at the rounded tip, with epidermis thickened and horn- like; the fourth toe is longest; the outer considerably longer than the third. The web extends completely between all the tips, so that there is nothing free but the very extremities. There is an elongated un- armed tubercle at the base of the inner toe, and a smaller one opposite to it; well-developed tubercles are seen under all the articulations. The transverse apophyses of the sacral vertebra not dilated. Above dark reddish or yellowish-olive, very obscurely mottled with darker, and a faint indication of yellowish along the region of the lat- eral ridge. Some whitish spots on the sides, and scattered black dots above on the tubercles. Legs transversely and obsoletely banded with darker. Beneath yellowish, with obscure mottling on the throat. No trace of a light line on the jaws, which are mottled. A tadpole of this species measured three-fourths of an inch to the anus, and two inches to the tip of the tail, and yet the fore legs had not been protruded, although fully formed, showing a considerable growth before maturity. The specimen above described is from El Dorado County, Cal., and was for a long time the only one in our collections. During my expe- dition to Oregon in 1879 I rediscovered it, and found it rather abundant in the mountainous regions of northern California. The following is a description of a specimen from Baird, on the McCloud River, one of the heads of the Sacramento. This species belongs to the Rana temporaria group, and must be com- pared with Rana agilis aurora Bd. Gird., and R. temporaria pretiosa Baird 446 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and Girard. The vomerine teeth are opposite the posterior border of the choane, and form two short, oblique series, directed inwards and backwards. The toes are webbed to the terminal phalange of the fourth digit. The hind leg extended reaches the extremity of the muzzle with the heel. There are two plantar tubercles. The internal is nar- row, rather prominent, and with obtuse extremity; the other is at the base of the fourth metatarsal bone, and is rounded. The muzzle is.obtuse and the head rather wide. Its greatest width | at the position of the membranum tympani equals the length from the end of the muzzle to the line connecting the axillz in some specimens: in others to that connecting the middle of the humeri. The skin is on all the superior surfaces thick and glandular. This condition is espe- cially marked in the dorsolateral fold of each side, which is so thickened in front as to resemble a paratoid gland. This becomes less visible in alcohol. The tympanic membrane is either entirely concealed or is rep- resented by a depression only. The skin covering it is roughened. A groove extends downwards and backwards from it. Between this and the canthus ovis is a glandular thickening, and behind it are two others, one above the other. Posterior to these, on the sides, is a succession of rounded, roughened warts, similar to those on the toads. Similar warts, but less prominent, are scattered over the dorsal region, and are numer- ous near the extremity of the coccyx. The skin of the superior surfaces of the head, body, and limbs is minutely but very distinctly ronghened by smal! warts, each of which gives exit toa pore. Inferior surfaces smooth. Length of fingers. beginning with the shortest, 1, 2, 4, 3. The color is dark brown or nearly black, with indistinct darker spots on the back; sides brown. Axilla and groin yellow, marbled with black. Thighs above light or dark brown, with three darker cross-bars. Tibiz similar, with three cross-bars. Thighs, behind, black, coarsely vermicu- lated with yellow, or yellow closely spotted with black; below, light. yellow, spotted with brown on the gular region and on front of femora- The specimens from Ashland agree with those from the McCloud, ex- cept that they are nearly black above and do not exhibit the dorsal spots. I compare this species with the Rana draytoni, from the Russian River, near the coast of California. That species has but one palmar tubercle, the internal, which is of similar proportions to that of the A. boylii. The skin is not thickened, and is much less glandular everywhere. The membranum tympani is entirely distinct. The posterior face of the femur is not vermiculated with yellow, but is covered with large black masses. The whole of the under surfaces are brown-spotted. There are four brown cross bars on the tibia; traces of the fourth sometimes appear in the Rk. boylii. From Rana pretiosa it differs in all these characters, besides those that belong to the latter; 7. ¢., the fasciculated vomerine teeth and the short hind legs. sm: LS BRAY THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 44% Fic. 115. Rana boylit. No. 3370. Natural size. El Dorado, Cal. Measurements of No. 3370. M. Meno mvonene wean de DOM yi soci sacle seaiiee -ie seee eis cles esis iN i SS Raa . 045 Length of head to line connecting canthus ovis..--...---... ...--...---..----. . 0132 Width of head at line connecting canthus ovis.....-..-.-.-...........--.----- .019 Length of muzzle to line of anterior canthus ocularum............---.-....... . 062 LUBIGD OH HORS LER oe obeoaae aceon > SHO oO OsO Rees Gane coe Aaee at aae uaa nam sake . 0275. LEG En CIO ecadquodddas used SSeO CRUE Soto peas Shas Se asemataan acose see cena 014 lebimilh @2 lnvingl em@esdesandgGud touaodos sae yeaa bee ae Secor basa S ose esares esas . 0753 EU MAOIMIIT LOO bp ancr) asa lce ise Salen see See's wise se cic es siecle Seats soe ce eee . 034 Kent of hind foot without astragalus 2... 2-222. 222. s0ss sete coe see cece cess . 023 Rana boulit Bd. & Gird. ‘Huts | Se ssoeeir Nested. | From whom received. | etn” 3370 2 ISDoradoy@ alle cre eces| see eecen see Drei ™ Boyleyecseseae- Ale. type, &. 13929 12 Ba Shasta County,|.-............ CyHehownsendu-eeeseeee Ale. Jal. In addition to the above, I obtained five specimens from Baird, and two from Ashland, Oregon, at the northern base of the Siskiyou Moun- tains, which form the boundary between Oregon and California. RANA SILVATICA Lec. Rana sylvatica Le C., Ann. N. Y. Lyc., 1 (1825), 282; Harlan, Sillim. Amer. Journ. Sci., x, (1825), 58; 1b. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v (1825), 338; 1 b. Med. and Phys. Res. (1835), 103, 221; Holbr., N. Amer. Herp., Ist ed., (1836), 95; 1b., 2d ed., tv, (1842), 99, XXIv ; Storer, Rept. Mass. Reptil. (1839), 239; Dum. & Bibr., vir (1841), 362; De Kay,N. Y. Zool., 111 (1842), 64, xx1, fig. 54, and xx,50; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vt. (1842), 121; Weid., Nova Acta Ac. Leop., xxxvu, 114; De l’Isle, Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 5, xvi1; Boulenger Catal. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 47. Rana pennsylvanica Harlan, Sillim. Amer. Journ. Sci., x (1825), 58; Boulenger, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, (1879), 188. Body rather broad and much depressed; angulated by the lateral radies; the widest portion just anterior to the fore legs. Limbs long and slender. Head pointed, broad; the sides obliquely sloping; eyes not visible from beneath; distance between the anterior canthi about two-fifths that 448 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. between the rami. Loral space rather excavated or concave. Nostrils moderate, rather oblique; situated below the canthus rostralis, so as to be fully visible beneath the outline of the profile; they are situated half-way between the anterior canthus of the eye and the tip of the snout, and not so far forward as the tip of the lower jaw; they are sep- arated by about the diameter of the eye, or one-fourth the distance be- tween therami. Eyes large, projecting, their centers nearer the hinge of the jaws than the end of snout, the posterior margins above the ric- tus. Tympanum moderate, its posterior edge on a line with the poste- rior end of jaws, its center raised, its longest diameter vertical, and about two-thirds that of the eye. The light line under the eye is pro- longed into a thickened glandular fold of skin which is interrupted abruptly above the insertion of the arm; the middle of the interval be. tween this interruption and the end of the snout opposite the center of the eye. The distance between the rami rather less than to the end of snout. Upper jaw projecting moderately. The tongue is elongated, much longer than broad, free behind for more than half its length and on the sides to the tip; the two cornua moderately prominent. Internal nares moderate, circular, and nearer the anterior canthus of the eye than to the external nostris. ‘Teeth in two small shghtly elongated patches, placed with their axes a little in- clining backwards and about intermediate between the nares, their an- terior edges being in the same line. They are about as far apart behind as their anterior edges are from the nares on either side. The teeth of the upper jaw extend back to the gape of the mouth. The skin of the upper and exposed portions of body and limbs is more or less roughened by minute and close-pressed tubercles, with here and there a larger interspersed. These do not appear to be at all glandular or excretive. They are largest and most prominent on the sides and the posterior portion of the back, where they are generally black. The posterior and inferior face of the thighs is granulated for about two-thirds its length, as well as a small portion of the belly on the pubic region. The sides are scarcely granulated, although coarsely pustulate; all the rest of the lower parts of body, including the con- ceaied surface, are perfectly smooth. The skin of the thigh is pierced by innumerable fine pores. As already stated, there is a fold of skin as a continuation of the light stripe along the edge of the upper jaw, and extending to a point just above the middle of the arm, thickened behind. A rounded de- pressed ridge or fold of skin commences at the posterior end of the eyelid, and, curving a little downwards to the tympanum, sends off a short branch along its posterior border, then continues along the sides of the body (over the extremities of the transverse processes of the vertebra), ceasing at the insertion of the hind leg. The fore-legs are well developed ; the fore-arm shorter than the hand. All the fingers are perfectly free. The third finger is longest, the first THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. A449 and fourth equal, the second least. All are thickened at base and tapering to tips, and have a bulb under each joint and several on the palm. There is considerable power of opposition in the inner fin- gers. The tibia and femur are considerably more than half the length of the body. The former is longer than the foot; the femur intermedi- ate. The fourth toe longest; the third rather longer than the fifth, and extending to the middle of third phalange (from tip) of longest ; the second and first successively shorter. All the metatarsals are separated by about half their distal extremities and the interval filled by membrane. The web extends from the tirst joint (from tip) of the outer tos to the second of tbe fourth; from this same joint to the first of the third toe; from the second joint of the third to the first of the second; from the second of the second (extending by a very narrow web to the first) to the first of the first; the outlines, when stretched, very concave, elongated, and rathersharp. Theterminal phalanges of ali the toes and the last two of the longest are thus free. The cunei- form process is well developed. Upper parts a yellowish gray, tinged with brown on the sides. The side of the head below the canthus rostralis and lateral fold, including tympanum, is of a dark reddish-brown (sometimes black), extending in an acute angle to a termination just above the insertion of the arm or posterior edge of the maxillary fold. Hdges of both jaws dark brown, a little mottled. A yellowish-white line from the tip of the snout parallel with the margin of the upper jaw, and, running over the max- illary fold, terminates with it. All the lower and interior faces of the body are yellowish-white, with an obscure mottling of brown on the throat. A few seattered spots of black on the sides and the posterior portion of the back, principally on the larger tubercles. There are three or four transverse dark bars across the faces of the thighs; the posterior faces are mottled with obscure brown, on a yellowish ground ; the brown aggregated into a ring around the anus. The inferior sur- faces of the tarsus and fore-arm dark brown; an elongated brown spot at the proximal extremity of the arm, extending obliquely from the lower jaw. Some specimens from Racine have the body rather stouter and the legs shorter, the web of hind feet rather more developed. A number of faint white spots on the posterior face of the buttocks. Others from the same locality, however, have the characters as given above. Oc- casionally the membrane of the foot does not extend beyond the third joint (from tip) of the longest toe, and in the typical specimen from Carlisle it only reaches to the second joint by a narrow margin. A specimen from Quebec is rather darker than usual, especially on the sides, and has the feet webbed more than is described above. A female specimen from Westport, N. Y., is stouter and the head broader than ina male. The legs are rather shorter. There is less granulation on the pubis, while the granules on the posteroinferior 1951— Bull. 34 ——29 450 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. surface of the thighs are mere depressed, larger, and more separated than usual by the intermediate valleys. the size of the tympanum. No appreciable difference in Fic. 115. Rana silvatica. No. 3388. Quebec, D. C.; 4. Measurements. : Inches. Inches. Total (body strarshtenmed)) 22 1595) S00) eer eee area ete oie miele oe Heol) BG ARO casa doccusceoode Secale do, wear led PAT SUS cere sere eer oe SOM eo lnlgyoGl Sasa coesoeShsoGsco.0c00s OR cei nO Ob Me a: Bien = Set ers cme neers 1.00 .51 Between tips of extended ALOEM! MNCL NE 55 bac sSeace = 3.66 1.88 MIDI} oh6q scene saobG0 Coobac 3:10) 169.) Width ofhead: 3-2 --- ss se—e= 133 9 Oo ANI See ae AGecenie yee Seesos 1.10 .56 | Chord of ramus.......-..-..- pov 407 Rana silvatica Le Conte. Catalogue | No. of wae When col- Ty vs Been Nature of SA AISS spec. Locality. rected From whom received. specimen. 3393 4 Westport, N. Y .......- Prof. S. EF. Baird.......-. Alcoholic. 3388 L Quebec! Canadanes sha -allseeiesien ceri eee (Oy Se eeaoaesosocus Do. 3397 1 Anderson, &.C ...------ INOS (Cr JEG 62556 doceas Do. 3885 1 IRA CIM eva Wi Secseee eecee ler seminaries JU NPH Pee elOWaL ce sccedase Do. _ 3392 1 (MERA) Commntn WEY oacosl|sacada sdeouace Tite ICT oo ss550 ss0n- Do. 3399 1 Carlisleweaneeceer sss seercsccaseirtc Profs Sh. Baird so-so Do. 3398 3 Yellow. Creek Ohio eaceeceecien aor eeeee dO ies eS aes ee aes Do. 5152 1 Roledos Olio mee eee es eee eesacee 3 remibley. 222 ss2-ee Do. 3390 i Opel ley ee sooo as ssedeal| oacocoososSes Prof. S) Baird seca s se. Do. 3384 TM huleves oa (ese Se Onan eae aacemea aaa eaeoe (Unismeeeastosuedcaacs Larvee. 3387 ISN fastest Ca aps eal eos aCOa ae paper Oe eat Vek tape eee Alcoholic. 9387 1 Upper Wisconsin River.|..---.-------- Ri Kenmicott -os2ccmcs-ce Do. 5447 3 IWAIRG) SuyNacloe aseasocc|aacosassoacouo Bam mevuilS se seem eee cer 5 Woy 8377 1 Scarboroumeh, Mie oes eae: U.S. Fish Commission. . Do. 58h 1 Soloreke i SreniMlennsinth 2 ecl\Soncoodhqcecuullsqacsoasococos cSusagcoueosc Do. 9384 1 WOM Cay IBWEe Suu basllbooosdausucosslossoeeseecccoge soodcs at oak Do. 7836 1 Wiasiimeton Dei Cie o ail icteeeieielote el l= Dr. E. Coues, U.S. Army. Do. 3735 1 Oyeravorrisiiparetny IW, Wo oaaolleaseodasceaace||ssseqce Socnostodsacssccos: Do. 5A1T 2 Timor eee ea a i ..| R. Kennicott - Do. 5922 1 Moose River, British (OLD ePa sss caceos tose Do. America. = | 9668 1 Prince George’s County, | May—, 1878 | Dr. T. H. Bean ..----.--- Do. Md. £928 1 GINO, INGO) IoGasnsasolleccscoadscacs || Wek. Wo Wines coctoose ss Do. 3453 1 SLU, ICUS, IG) 5s66sqslbcoonoue cece Dr. Geo. Engleman..-.-.-- Do. 11949 2 Wheatland, Ind .....-.. 1881 | Robt. Ridgway ..--------- Do. 13323 1 Washinton. DC ees ltr relrecrelereiaet Geo. Shoemaker.----..--. Do. 11479 1 Hiemloclkoalken sec emma ecm eae ate eee ne enero Do. | Livingston County, N. Y 1880 | S. ©. Brown:-.-.-..------ Do. 11512 pr Ul ER GC Verena ry es Ra TE Oe ea ian sa yar (se are ne Begs canaote Do. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA, RECAPITULATION. 451 The number of existing species of batrachia of North America known, and described in the preceding pages, and the families to which they belong, are as follows : Croup. Prout) s s6a5 conse cbeeeeee ene ronseesose { | Uimodlellty. oossosSooscoessese codons secase 3 1 | ( MNO tale Pert re cide Swe Sictalie ies inoisinie Mrachystomata .-.......-.62. 22.62. 2... rf | Nalientiaesscecscss-ccsch se naseseess Ro taeresece te wees eer cec ose Gramndetotales sciences aaiice a) ( Family. —— $$ $$$ ee IP ro veld ie rere rres eae sr ine Sine ote treet Cryptobranchid® ...-..-.-.-- sala aran irate ANrpo UNCMMN Beye CSuoossobsooSoEb: Saco se : Desmognathide ...-.--..---- .-------- : Plethodombidserxccse sence set es eee Am bl ystomidearsreecs ceca csisecieleie o - Pleunodelidsercs sosssce nese sees Simoni Cao Ss ase waralerstese aes ieic eteoeaee BuO wien ee ese sew oeee tees sor? Scaphiopodida.......-..-..--..-.--- .--- Oystiomathidceyees-sacssee-e eee eee JES Gas cone oacosnboeaa A. uosenu Sauer TBNGAIMO MNEs csacawsenke sosedabeaoesbe= JPN MOKED se SesgadeacouagaSuosessesuas IRM ES occas GosSdece eoScReUsSoucEaS GEES Genera. | Species. 1 SiAleie o 1 1 1: 3 8 24 4} 21 1! 2 16 53 2 2 1; 11 2 | 4 3 3 4 17 1 1 I 1 1 13 12 50 3l 107 ADDENDA. The following notes were too late for insertion into the body of the book: AMBLYSTOMA TIGRINUM Green. (p. 84). Don José M. Velasco asserts that the Siredon mexicanus (S. humboldtit) undergoes a metamorphosis, but he nowhere describes the adult. He did observe in 1878* the metamorphosis of the Amblystoma tigrinum in specimens from Lake Santa Isabel, three miles north of the City of Mexico. It does not appear that he discriminates between the two species, so that when he states that the S. mexicanus is found in Lake Zumpango, thirty-two miles north of the City of Mexico, we are not certain whether it may net be the A. tigrinum to which he refers. The Siredon gracilis and 8S. lichenoides of Baird are both larval forms of the A. tigrinum. Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U. S. Army, thus describes the metamorphoses of the Amblystoma tigrinum, as observed by him at Fort Wingate, N. Mex. (Science, September, i885, p. 263): (1) Axolotls are more readily converted into Amblystomas if kept in water containing but little air, and vice versa. (2) If transformation is forced up to a certain point in development, the reptile arrives at the higher form without any further interference. (3) Axolotls live in the water with apparent comfort a considerable and varying length of time after their gills have been absorbed. “(4) After the metamorphosis is completed their power to return to the water again to live seems to depend upon the moult, and whether they have lived in moist or dry places since the metamorphosis. “(5) By varying the conditions under which these animals live, we ean at our pleasure retard or accelerate their development to the higher Stages. (6) Young Axolot!s are more easily transformed than the older speci- mens, but this rule also depends largely upon the conditions under which these animals live. ‘There is another very important factor that enters into this meta- morphosis that, so far as the previous accounts go, is not touched upon, and that is the question of their diet during the experiments. Axolotls are very voracious creatures and eminently carnivorous. * La Naturaleza, Iv, 1873. 454 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. They are very fond of raw meat, and, upon the slightest provocation, they will feed upon each other. So I have found during the course of my experiments that— ‘“(7) The metamorphosis is hastened be regularly supplying the an- imals with plenty of proper food. And what is still more interesting, when they are thus treated it markedly affects the appearance of the transformed Ainblystomas. (8) If, during the process of forcing the transformation of Axolotls, the animals are regularly supplied with the requisite amount of fresh meat, the transformed Amblystomas are very much larger and stronger than those which are transformed without having received any food. In the case of A. tigrinum—those that received food—the transformed animal would hardly have been 1ecognized as the same species; they were not only larger, but of a very deep, muddy, black color, without spots, while the others were mottled with bright yellow and a pale brown. (9) The depth of the water has a wonderful influence upon the meta- morphosis; and the fact is well known that the deeper the water in which the Axovlotls live the slower their transformation. “Temperature is another important factor in the change, and its moderate increase seems to hasten the transformation. ‘‘ Now, the most interesting part of all is to watch the operation of these laws that I have given, in nature, and the manner in which the metamorphosis of Axolotls is there effected. ‘‘Tt would, indeed, be hard to find anywhere a more perfect and beauti- ful example illustrating the extremely sensitive balance that may exist between the surrounding conditions on the one hand and their effect upon an animal organism on the other. This year, for instance, the pond that I have observed gradually dried up; the north haif of it entirely. This took a number of weeks, but during that time all the modifications of which the metamorphoses of Axolotls are subject to or capable of, were, so far as their necessity goes, most lucidly demon- strated. A shaliow corner of this pond would, after a torrid day or two, dry up, whereupon all the Axolotls that happened to be caught within its limits would be found—perhaps several hundred of them—under the débris, rapidly assuming the Amblystoma form. ‘“* Numbers of the same generation, however, in deeper parts, would be unaffected by the change of environment so suddenly precipitated upon their brethren. If the drying up continued, these transformed animals quit the site, and during the next few days could be found under logs, - and in other suitable places at some considerabie distance from it. On the contrary, should a rain in the mean time fill the pond again and flood over these shallow parts, the transformations were checked, and those with gills and branchize in all stages of change once more took to the water. When huddled together in the shallow places, the large and strong ones devoured the smaller and feebler forms ; and the differ- THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 455 ent appearance of the two was very striking upon the most superficial examination. “One day in July the whole north half of this pond suddenly ran dry; and I must confess the sight its bottom presented during the fol- lowing day was one of the most extraordinary, and at the same time most interesting, that I ever beheld, and after what has been said can be better imegined than described. It absolutely swarmed with these creatures, whose organizations were accommodating themsel~es to the new condition of affairs as rapidly as the laws governing the changes permitted. The study would have furnished food for a small volume. “Axolotls are also affected by the character of the ponds or swamps they live in, the same species showing all manner of shades in their col- oration. Those in shallow ponds, with little or no vegetation and hard clay bottoms, grow to be very light colored, and long retain their larval forms. “No doubt many such ponds as I have described exist all over this Southwestern country, and a moment’s reflection will make it clear to us how the metamorphosis of this creature tends to save thousands of their lives when the region is visited by a protracted drought and their places of water resort fail them. The preservation of the form is thereby to a great extent protected.” A good many of the adults procured by Dr. Shufeldt differ from the typical form in the shortness of the tail; its length from the posterior end of the vent equaling the length from that point to the axilla. CHONDROTUS CINGULATUS Cope (p. 100). The following figures of this species were unavoidably omitted from their proper places in the text: (herr, Via. 116. Chondrotus cingulatus. No.3786. Abbeville, S. C.:; %. SPELERPES RUBER Daud. (p. 172). Dr. Charles C. Abbott informs me that this species has a distinct whistle-like voice, and states that Mr. John Burroughs has also heard it- AMPHIUMA MEANS Gard. (p. 216). Splanchnology.—The bulbus arteriosus is of considerable length, and then gives off an aorta bow on each side, and bifurcates almost immedi- 456 BULLETIN 314, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ately beyond. The large ductus cuviert enters the large auricle opposite the middle of the length of the ventricle. Those vessels at their car- diac terminations are distinctly seen in the large pericardiac sac. The vena porte is very large, and extends along the dorsal side of the liver proximally. : The stomach is scarcely distinguishable. Thealimentary canal is only convoluted in the posterior two-fifths of its length, tlhe rectum being dis- tinguishable by its superior diameter and its absence of flexure. The liver is large and not divided, and terminates rather abruptly where tlie convolutions of the alimentary canal commence. It is attached to the median line by a fold of peritoneum by one edge. Its middle line is grooved, and the groove is occupied by a vessel, and by the edge of the mesentery, which extends to the intestines. In Plate x1 it is cut at the proper point to display the large gall-bladder (q). The lungs are not so long as in Siren lacertina, not extending beyond the liver. They are of subequai length. The testis is single and very elongate. It extends from the extrem- ity of the liver to near the outlet of the vas deferens. Parallel to it, and in part attached to it, is a slender, flat body, which I suppose to be the corpus adiposum. The kidney is an elongate, oval, and flat body, empty- ing by a very short ureter into the cloaca. Its venw revehentes are dis- tinctly visible from the inferior side. The Mullerian duct extends along its exterior border and anterior to it between the lung and the dorsal’ peritoneum a long distance anteriorly; that is, as far as the proximal fourth of the length of the stomach. The urinary bladder is remarka- bly elongate, extending forward to the distal end of the liver. The spleen is elongate, but not so much so as in Siren lacertina, equal- ing about one-third of the stomach, and just reaching the gall-bladder. Osteology.—According to Mr. F. A. Lucas, who drew the plate of Am- phiuma for the present volume, the iliae bones were unsymmetrically attached in the specimen, the one to the sixty-third and the other to the sixty-fourti vertebra (Plate x). Votce.—Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, has kept this species in captivity. He states that its voice is so loud that it can be heard from one room to another of the building of the school of biology. SIREN LACERTINA (p. 226.) Splanchnology.—The branchial arteries leave the bulbus arteriosus near together, scarcely forming a truncus communis. The branchial veins, on the other hand, unite on each side into a truncus communis or aorta root, which unites with that of the opposite side to form the aorta a considerable distance anterior to the bulbus arteriosus. The valve of the bulbusis a longitudinal elevation containing six grooves, one cor- responding to each arteria branchialis. (Plate xX1, fig. 5a.) Both lungs extend from the heart to the cloaca. The stomach is scarcely distinguishable from the intestine. The latter is large, and is THE BATRACHIA OF NORTIT AMERICA. A457 moderately convoluted. The vessels of the mesentery are large. The mesenteric vein runs along the inferior edge of an elongate body, which is either the spleen or the pancreas. It extends from the stomach for a distance equal to one-third the length of the visceral cavity, terminat- ing near the anterior testis. The liver is large and long, extending from the heart to near the anterior testis. It is divided by a median groove for most of its length, in which the base of the mesentery is at- tached cardiad of the large gall-bladder. The anterior part of the liver forms a median lobe, which extends for a short distance below the alimentary canal. There are two pairs of testes, the anterior the longer. The kidneys ~ are flat, oval bodies, lying on each side of the middle line, immediately above the rectum. They open by a short ureter into a fold of the cloaca. The urinary bladder is large and long, extending forwards as far as the anterior extremity of the anterior testis. (Plate XLIv.) SALIENTIA. Viscera.—The corpora adiposa are elongated transversely, and fre- quently fissured at the distal extremity. (Plate LVII.) The ductus miillert is present in Bufo, Scaphiopus, and other genera, but is wanting in Rana, except Rana virescens (Sedgwick). The urinary bladder is large, and is extended from side to side of the inferior part of the abdominal cavity. Its anteroposterior extent is small. The Rev. W. J. Holland informs me that he has observed in Japan arboreal nests of Batrachia Salientia, in which the embryos developed into tadpoles, which reached a length of nearly an inch, before leaving the nest. The nests are made in willow trees at a distance of from 12 to 14 feet above the water. The dried remains of a nest containing a good many dried ova and tadpoles was sent me by Mr. Holland. The Jatter are distinguished by the presence of a large persistent food-yolk, as in various Salientia of division II of the table on pages 238 and 239. BUFO Laur. (p. 261). Insert at bottom of page 261 in table of species: One metatarsal tubercle; cranial crests parallel, not produced posteriorly ; profile descending; muzzle produced beyond mouth; skin smooth be- lomevaglatera Liban): sass e ask see cceaies wate eae B. aduncus. One metatarsal tubercle; cranial crests separated, sending a branch inwards posteriorly; parotoid gland triangular; a lateral light (DANA ae ee cioks a ee yee aoe Serco ina oe tne a Seniesa Sees DB. valliceps. BUFO ADUNCUS, sp. nov. This very distinct species has the cranial crests of the B. lentiginosus type, more especially resembling the B. l. fowlerii. It differs especially from that species in the very short, wide head, with depressed muzzle overhanging the mouth, in the perfectly smooth inferior surfaces, and in the coloration, as well as 1m various minor details. 458 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The head is wider than long, the width entering the length 2.25 times, while the length enters it three times. The entire profile is steeply decurved, and terminates in a prominent muzzle, which projects con- siderably beyond the upper lip. The nostril is lateral and nearly termi- nal, The lip border is directly below a point half-way between the. nostril and the orbit. The maxillary bone is somewhat contracted. to the lip border. The prefrontal bones are obtusely angulated above, but the cranial crests commence with the frontoparietal bones. They are parallel, rather near together, and are well distinguished every- where. They form a right angle with the postorbitals, beyond which they are not produced, nor is there any tendency to confluence poste- riorly. »A short, robust supratympanie ridge. Orbit large; tympanic disk oblique, the long axis directed upwards and forwards, and a little shorter than the eye-fissure. Skin above with small warts at consider- able distances apart; below everywhere smooth. Parotoids indistinct in the specimen, their superior bordersstrongly divergent from the middle line posteriorly. Limbs rather long. The muzzle marks the middle of the fore-arm, and the distal end of the tarsus of the extended lmbs. First finger longer than second; second connected with first and third fingers by a short web. Palmar tubercle longer than usual. Toes closely bound together, the fourth considerably longer than any of the others. The internal cuneiform tubercle has a free edge, which is not black; the external tubercle is small. The femur is bound to the mid- dle by the skin of the side of the bodv. ; Measurenens. M, Kenothof*headtand'body, 225 224 4225502 ls eee ce eee Pe ee ME I Se oc 044 Ibeneth ot eadstorendvotecrestsheces s-ae ee merece ace epee e eee ee eee eee . 0105 Width of head atcanthus oris ..........--- Pa a ee te Ene ten eye aes Sale Saco . 0195 WWGGHA OE Neal xsimyceim Orbits. soaacGonc sou6 coscca debe secaccscse cceedu coscce= - 003 Tienjortlhy, of fOr ele on 2 girs ee NT pA cy ey enue ga iets Sea eo ans te apy See 029 enothvof fore fo Obi ci eye ee eee ace Ue GL al . 012 Ibanegh OF Ihiaal eee soeopmn Whitin ocsa5 S605 soodo0coae cobd coon c6caaS sadans ssesec . 061 Length of hind foot seo 22 o be bea e ee eat See oe eee ee OS Tene thot hindsfootlessttarsushss spear a eee ee a ee aoe eer eee eee emeOLe ) U 2 1. @) 7. Fig. 117. Bufo adunecus. No, 14,100. Texas; 3 tT: The general coloration is rather light lead colored, and below clear yel- lowish-white. The small warts above are red, with a black ring at the THE BATRACHIA OF NORTIL AMERICA. 459 base. No median dorsal band. 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Imp. des Naturalistes, 4to, Moscou, xv, livr. 1, 1884. Velasco (J.M.) Descripcion sobre la Metamorfosis y Costumbres de una es- pecie nueva del genero Siredon. La Naturaleza, Mexico, 1878. Vogt (Carl). Untersuchungen tiber die Entwickelungsgeschichte d. Geburts- helferkréte (Alytes obstetricans). 4to, Solothurn, 1842. ae on ee ae oe ae bes Or © Urs. [EXPLANATION OF NUMBERS IN ALL THE FIGURES.—1. Head from above; 2. Do. from side; 3. Do. from below; 4. Interior of mouth; 5. Palate enlarged; 6. Fore foot, from below; 7. Hind foot, from below. ] Fie. 1. 2. 3. IDO Chondrocranium and cranial nerves of Salamandra, from the side; diagrammatic; from Wiedersheim ........ souueO code dédn60.60 onacas hersamerasee owls OM DOlOWaacces = cesses ct secs acc one seenee Necturus maculatus Raf.; No. 8815; Mount Carmel, I1l.; Amblystoma mexicanum Wagl., larva; and Chondrotus tenebrosus B. & G., larva; Cahiformiay ess eee cece soasimce cokes seu es eee ne oe aenbigee ame . Necturus rpouaatian Cannes: No. 11813; natural size; Charleston, S.C. . Cryptobranchus falleah niensts Harl. ; No: 9572 5 eonmemhnent. sab:c05006 . Cryptobranchus fuscus Holbr.; No. 7003; Knoxville} Mennyis as-is . Amblystoma talpoidewm Holbr.; No. 3879; natural size; Prairie Mer IHOMGA, ILA 665666 cogceancoon 6b6b00 Guo DoUD ode coneisenes66ne0 GeobS . Amblystoma opacum Gray. ; No. 3751; natural size; Gloucester, Va.... . Amblystoma punctatum Linn.; natural size; Hampshire County, Va .- . Amblystoma conspersum Cope; No. 3934; natural size; Carlisle, Pa. Sto Lig LBHWIRT oo sooo Gobo DONO GO DDS O eco UC Snes SrOCeopaBEeGacascccs . Amblystoma copeianum Hay; from drawing in Proceedings National Miuseum:byabror Ok. Lays) Inviniton, Ind esis 2 -sosecen ce eeeeoe . Amblystoma tigrinum Green; No. 4691; natural size; West Northfield, . Amblystoma tigrinum Green; No. 4059; natural size; Fort Ripley, Minn. . Amblystoma xiphias Cope; No. 14470; natural size; Columbus, Ohio.. . Amblystoma jeffersonianum Green ; No. 3968; natural size, except 5=#2, from Green’s type; western Ponericania Spraroieia alate Sr emtonaneteres nis rere . Amblystoma jeffersonianum fuscum Hallow.; No. 3897; natural size; ClarkeC ounty<:Viaisessct see choc shee csas se ccescs coe poet ee soemoes 17. Amblystoma macrodactylum Baird; No. 4042; 3 neeanal size; Astoria, Ore Tonrsce ores aol eweitaie ew an re Seow DN Soe crermenaay 18. Amblystoma spixanthum Cope; type; natural size, Atlanta, Idaho; Coll operas ewe e asa ee eins tis Selec eam ere euieis alle cacao eucaen es cem ener 19. Chondrotus microstomus Cope; No. 3999; natural size; Saint Louis, Mo. 20. Chondrotus texanus Matthes; No. 4044; twice nacre size; San Anto- TOO) Eb es Sole OSHS OCIS GEES CS SIC IE MES EO ee EAE eee eee 21. Chondrotus paroticus Baird; No. 7021; natural size; Puget Sound, OTeo ONE: etait ates Sate ce «Semin ee eenar eee oreo taia eee ne Sarees 22. Chondrotus decorticatus Cope; No. 14493; natural size; Port Simpson, Britishe Columbia acs cise wo ce eo eee ale Stee ewes ee tatrg en oh aeteare 23. Chondrotus aterrimus Cope; No. 5242; natural size; Northern Rocky MTOMIN CALS Aaa ses teceie ne te sincere es Bene camera ceils Ue seek tere cet enens 24. Chondrotus tenebrosus B. & G.; No. 4053; natural size; Astoria, Ore- POM AR eae es clio bomre sure Man iereiniow cin setae) wk eee aes oO aS sina ae 25. Linguelapsus annulatus Cope; No. 11564; type; natural BIZC..- .. cece Page. 9 10 24 27 39 43 53 55 60 "62 65 68 74 88 91 92 96 98 102 104 106 108 110 113 115 490 Fia. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 30. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. AQ. 43. 44, 45. 46. 47. 48. 49, 50. 51. 52. 93. 54. DD. 56. 57. 58. BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Linguelapsus lepturus Cope; No. 14583; type; natural size ......---- Batrachoseps caudatus Cope; No. 13561; Hassler’s Harbor, Alaska. H. EY Nichols 3°? except, ==faccern oc secon acc eee eee eee Batrachoseps attenuatus Eisch.; No. 13895.........-.. ..-- -s---------- Hemidactylium scutatum Tschudi; twice natural size, except 5=#; No} 4094-oNorthfield Sih sha ennicottiesses cece eee e eee eee eee Plethodon cinereus erythronotus Green; No. 4828; twice natural size, except 5 = ?; St. Catherine’s, Gannde Feel areicralc (usta eee ater aeyete ere ee Plethodon glutinosus Green; No. 3782; Abbeville, S. C...-...-..-.-.--- Plethodon eneus Cope; natural size, except 5, 7; Nickajack Cave, Tennessee; Coll. Cope .-.... atic Gud I Ree a eC eae Plethodon intermedius Baird; No. 4732; type; natural size, except:5, #; Fort: Nejon, Cal... cc sega ce bien we gorboac nee eee ee eee eee Plethodon crassulus Cope; No. 9447; natural size, except 5, ?; Califor- Plethodon oregonensis Girard ; No. 139463; natural size, except ?; Berke- ley; Californias... ocjcics chs dechtwe nape aed ae eee ERE Sale Ae eee Stereochilus marginatus eters ; No. 3907 ; $; natural size; Georgia- Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Greene No. 3374; natural size, except 5, 7; locality unknowns 22csecde cies hes See oe Been eee See eae eee Manculus quadridigitatus Holbr. ; No. 3904; twice natural size; Abbe- VA Le SS SC sca ioin, Pie retsics Sk cre ere eielis ie orate eee Sree ere tete tote Se Senter Spelerpes multiplicatus Cope; No. 4038; twice natural size; Red River, ATRATSSAS Sees eee co oie eee eS Sa ae ee Spelerpes bilineatus Green; No. 14456; twice natural size, except 5, +; Gloucester; AMWetie. asd ca Me heein eee be ceethds o3. See toureoe eee Spelerpes longicaudus Green; No. 4085; natural size, except 5, which is4s Lancaster@hio 25250520 2s Ssipece wales s ced ea ose eae eee Spelerpes guttalineatus Holbr.; No. 3723; natural size, except 5, ?; Eu- taw, Ala: soc. J2c0 So ses ed cose eins SNe eee eee eee Spelerpes ruber Daud.; No. 7903; Carlisle, Pa.........-...----------- Autodax lugubris Hallow.; No. 4047; Petaluma, Cal.........-.-...-- Autodax ferreus Cope ; No. 11451; natural size, except 5, ?; locality un- KNOW) cise sek ee ee cine Sua dat enie ele ouianuetcloeae aes a eee eee Anaides iécanus Cope; No. 14596; natural size, except 5, ?; McCloud River, California... 3s. scissastige~s sos ase: Joeo> 2 eee eee eee Desmognathus ochrophea Cope; No. 6891; natural size, except 5, twice natural size; Meadeville Ras .s sss. cone eee cee eee een Desmognathus fusca Raf.; No. 7901; twice\natural size; Carlisle, Pa.. Desmognathus fusca aur ieuitn Heine ; twice natural size; Abbeville, Se @sssemia hist ted stoisestgcis Seen sane oe eck Se Desmognathus nigra Green; No. 3923; natural size, except 5, twice nat- ural size: Abbevalle, SiC cch. 2a ets Se esas eee Diemyctylus torosus Esch.; No. 11407; natural size,except 5=7; San Francisco, (Calesss 2) cis) A585 th acvacen Sas eee eee eyesore Diemyctylus viridescens viridescens Raf.; No. 14463; Aiken, 8S. C.....-.. Diemyctylus viridescens miniatus Raf.; No. 3802; twice natural size, except fig. 5=4; Root River, Wisconsin. S. F. Baird .....-..-..--- Diemyctylus viridescens meridionalis Cope; San Diego, Tex.; }..------ Amphiuma means Gard.; No. 10865; natural size; Columbus, Miss.. - Amphiuma means ; aie embryos in the eggs; from Hay..---. .----.- Siren lacertina L.; No. 12593; Wilmington, N. C.; +....-.------.---- Pseudobranchus Santis eee Nos. 7010 and 5051 (latter Georgia, Dr. Jones) ; twice natural size with branchie aborted; fig. 8, branchize aborted and inclosed; 9, branchiew free (No. 5001).......---..----- ee ee eee FIG. 59. . Bufo punctatus B. & G.; No. 5305; natural size; Cape St. Lueas, Cali- . Bufo lentiginosus fowleri Putn.; No. 10885; Danvers, Mass . Bufo lentiginosus woodhousti; natural size; copied from Baird and THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. Shoulder-girdles of Salientia ; b and ¢ from Parker fornia . Bufo debilis Girard ; No. 2620; fig. 1-4 natural size; 6-7, 3; Chihua- hua, Mexico . Bufo alvarius Girard ; No. 2572; type; aetna size ; Colorado desert. TERNS BENG Seeie eras Set Ses ee aera eee. OANA EEE TRIE tases CAE a tes . Bufo columbiensis columbiensis B. & G.; No. 11516; natural size; Ke- YEITOT | EEN Oat eeyey SA cit ee et a eRe Senn Rac Oe te hs . Bufo columbiensis halophilus B. & G.; natural size; copied from Baird U.S. Mexican Boundary Survey ..--..-..--.. SL 2 eee . Bufo compactilis ; No. 2608; natural size; Ringgold Barracks, Texas. Xp SSOINOHD Ss os Goon Bape OEE EE A ee mmnE te pu y Lie y ken . Bufo hemiophrys Cope; No. 11927; natural size; United States north- LNB OOM ayes else See a ele ent iste Syrulei7arSl cl we mee eater . Bufo cognatus Say ; natural size; copied from Baird and Girard, U.S. Io io Wath SUDA ON/ nos sre HOS CEE Scr ens ena ear ate teeter panes eae 2 OS es Cinacd Ul Syke R SUI C Vessel ccm cAciv seals oaeriek ey aie sree . Bufo lentiginosus americanus; natural size; copied from Baird and Grnard mp Se bebe vit pOULYCVe = Cee tc ha/e ac se mer Neu We Sane aoe . Bufo lentiginosus lentiginosus Shaw ; natural size; copied from Baird eynvel Chiregl Wie Shiba litsltts SURV’ Gocedoucue scoeeaeduowesnodoce. cece 72. Bufo quercicus Holbr.; No. 1394; natural size, except 6 and 7=#? ..... 90. Sil . Bufo valliceps Wied; natural size; copied from Baird, United States Wiexcigain 1exnuuClbbay SAT e. eo cab eoeraouob.dcscereeeccoosocode se . Scaphiopus holbrookii Harl.; No. 10004; natural size; Blorida Keysaeeee . Scaphiopus couchii varius Cope; No. 5893; natural size; Cape St. Lucas, (Glenliisroremieays 2S Bases eee ea Ae ree aaron MEE Sue ISP oa . Spea Peioncninemmontane Cope; No. 10926; natural size; Fort Walla WV calla iVViais nil oobomieeiers os CN ee ae ae PS ne pa eee Se ee . Spea hammondii hammondii Baird; No. 14553; natural size ; Colorado ance tahwre coma ies Mss SRS oe cece on acca ete e mee rea . Spea hammondii bombifrons Cope ; No. 9943; natural size; Camp Thorne, SVE MOWISEOMOM EMV Tie yo tes whe ark om cc ace whe cute ede ua eta eV ree an eA ae pa . Spea multiplicata Cope; No. 3694; natural size; Valley of Mexico. J. IPODS Soa ccs aoe ARS eee 2 a ene Bice BO anu ge aiuto ea eee Sec ee . Hylodes latrans Cope; No. 1059; natural size; Helotes, Tex... .-..-.- . Syrrhophus marnockii Cope; No. 13635; natural size; Helotes, Tex .--- . Acris gryllus Lec. ; No. 13924; natural size; Des Moines, lowa.....--- . Chorophilus ornatus Holbr.; No. 13634; natural size; Helotes, Tex. .-..- . Chorophilus occidentalis Baird ; No. 5905; natural size ; Riceborough, Ga. . Chorophilus nigritus Lec.; No. 5935; 1-4, natural size; 6-7, ; natural sizex vmiberty CountyicGas so seen eeic sec ct ena et screei see eerie . Chorophilus feriarum Baird ; No. 12077; 1-4, natural size ; 6-7, = natural size -pMountwGarmel : Tlile is athens ose tal ce sai ay eects ee a meee . Chorophilus triseriatus triseriatus Wied.; No. 8553; 1-4, natural size; 6-7, ? natural size; Fairplay, Colo..-...-..- giys oats Sea a ean ee yepets . Ayla pickeringii Holbr.; No. 3608; natural size; Boston, Mass ......-. . Ayla regilla B. & G.; No. 13796; natural size; Baird, Shasta County, Hyla squirella Bosc; No.11911; natural size; Nashville, Ga......-.-.-- Hyla andersonii Baird; No, 3600; natural size; Anderson, 8. C ..-....- 492 Fie. 92. 93. 94, 95. 96. 97, 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104, 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Hyla carolinensis Penn. ; No. 13478; natural size; Allapaha, Ga...-.. - Hyla arenicolor Cope; No. 8656; natural size; Utah.............-..-- Hyla femoralis Daud. ; No. 3598; natural size; Liberty County, Ga--.- Hyla versicolor Lec.; No. 14551; natural size; Rochester, N. Y......- Hyla gratiosa Lec. ; No. 3684; natural size; from Georgia, C. B. Adams Engystoma carolinense Holbr.; No. 3699 ; natural size ; Columbus, Ga. Hypopachus cuneus Cope; San Diego, Tex._.........-.....--...----- Rana virescens sphenocephala Cope; No11916; Nashville, Ga......--.. Rana virescens virescens Kalm; No. 8869; naturalsize; Tickfaw, Ga-.-. Rana virescens brachycephala Cope; No. 10922; natural size; Fort Wal- la Walla, Washington ; Capt. C. Bendire, U. S. Army.........-..-. Rana patustris Lec.; No, 13403; natural size; Garrison’s, N. Y.; Hake TROWORElliRoa cadcos G55 6006 cab Doa 650050 G6sb09 Shu0 O58n coodot O00d sbac Rana areolata areolata B. & G.; No. 3304; natural size; Indianola, “IGS Sap oorcobers Gos oocecoO saab cn anso Gobu.cqOodG Gapoodcabs ocodab oS Rana areolata wsopus Cope; No. 4743; naturalsize; Micanopy, Fla. .- Rana areolata circulosa Rice & Davis; type in Museum, Champaign, Tll.; No. 278; natural size ; noeiners Tllinois..... Pe Cen ie Rana somouTaam a Baird ; No: 3420; natural size; Soosieon: Creek, New: Mork: 2.22805 sacle Sains saicic side SS ace Siaeiem elecionee ene ee eee Rana clamata Daud.; No. 3501; natural size; Eutaw, Ala.--.....-._- Rana catesbiana Shaw: No. 11499 . ee Sh Gee odd Sn ie See Rana montezume Bandi: natural anes “Stalks Kaeamlon valley of Mexico; EXD! Copessce cscs. aese ee eee ee ee eee ae eee Rana temporaria pretiosa Baird; No. 5973; natural size; Camp Mon- Jie, Oregons suse Leaks Sales Se ON Soret ios icles calelealers ioe ava ie eee Rana cantabrigensis latiremis Cope; No. 13723; natural size; Tope Al- loknagik; Alaskaws coe usd ce eects cid eeiiags sactneerceic eee ener Rana cantabrigensis cantabrigensis Baird ; No. 5925; natural size; Fort SIMPSON oasesaeisea.- bis icc einacesise ois) se oieceeoieem Decrees oe eee eae Rana agilis aurora B. & G.; No. 3877; natural size; Astoria, Oregon. Rana draytoni draytoni Baird No. 8700; natural size; mountains near Horti:Tejon,sCal. sii. cee cele es oe ee eet eee Rana boylii Baird ; No. 3370; natural size; Eldorado, Colo.......-.-.. Rana silvatica Lec. ; No. 3388; natural size; Quebec....--.--..-...--- Chondrotus cingulatus Cope; type; No. 3786; Abbeville. 8.C-.......-- Bufo aduncus Cope; type; No. 14100; Gainesville, Tex; +..-.-. aac Chorophilus nigritus verrucosus Cope; type; Volusia, Fla........-...- Grypiscus wmbrinus Cope; Rio Janeiro; +.........- Sade salve Seema 429 436 437 440 442 447 450 455 458 459 460 EXPLANATION OF LETTERING ON PLATES. A.—The cartilages, ligaments, and muscles. A.p. Ascending process of suspensor- | . lum. A.s.c. Anterior semicircular canal. At. Annulus tympanicus. B. Balancer. Bb.I, II, etc. Basibranchials I, I, etc. Cb., cbr., I, II, etc. Ceratobranchials I, II, ete. Ch. Ceratohyal. Ctr. Cornu trabecule. E. Br. I, II, ete. Epibrachials. Ecor. Epicoracoid. Epa. Ethmopalatine. Epg. Epipterygoid. Est. Epistapedial. Eth. Pars ethmoidea. Eu. Eustachian ligament. HM. Hyomandibular. HQ. Hyoquadrate ligament. HS. Hyosuspensorial ligament. Hsc. Horizontal semicircular canal. Il. Inferior labial. Inc. Internasal cartilage. Ll. Lower labial. Mh. Mandibulo-hyoid ligament. MK. Meckels cartilage. Mst. Mesostapedial. Na. Nasal roof cartilages. Nec. Notochord. OG', OG. Otoglossal: 1, cartilaginous; | 2, fibrous. Phe. Pubic cartilage. Pca. Trabeculoquadrate cart. Pd. Pedicle of suspensorium. Pg. Pterygoid. Proc. Procoracoid. Psc. Posterior semicircular canal. Q. Qc. Quadrate. : Sl. Superior labial. SSC. Suprascapula. St. M. Musculus stapedius. St. Stapes. Tcr. Tegmen cranii. | ir: | £ls. | Ang. Angular. | ExO., Ho. Trabeculum. Trab. Plate. Trabecular plate. | T. ty. Tegmen tympani. B.—The bones. Alisphenoid. a.r.; a.r.t. Articulare. As. Astragalus. a.s.c. Anterior semicircular canal. a.t.r. Apex of trabecule. au. Auditory capsule. B. br. Basibranchial. B. hy. Basihyal. B.o. Basioccipital. C. Urostyle. Ca. Calcaneum. C. br. Ceratobranchial. C.c. Centrale carpi. C. hy. . Ceratohyal. Cl. Clavicle. Co. Columella. Cor. Coracoid. Cu. Cuneiform. D. Dentary. Di. Diapophysis. Eb. Epibranchial. Ecor. Epicoracoid. E. eth. Ectethmoid. ep. Epiotic. Eth. Ethmoid. Exoccipital. f. Fibulare. Fe. Femur. | F. P. Frontoparietal. Fr.,F. Frontal. H. Humerus. H. hy, Hypobhyal. Hy. Hypopophysis. I. Intermedium. Tl. Ilium. Int. Intercalare. Is. Ischium. Ist. Interstapedial. . 493 494 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. J. Jugal. L. Lunar. M., Mx. Maxillary. Mn. Mandible. N., Na. Nasal. Npr. Nasopremaxillary. N. px. Nasal process of premaxillary. N.sp. Neural spine. Oce. Occipital condyle. Odv. Odontoid vertebra. Opo. Intercalare. Os. Orbitosphenoid. Ost. Omosternum. Pal. Pa. Palatine. Pas., par. Parasphenoid. Pb. Pubis. P.cor. Precoracoid. Pef., P.F. Prefrontal. Pez. Prezygopophysis. Pg. Pterygoid. Pmx., px. Premaxillary. Po. F. Postfrontal. Poz. Postzygopophysis. P. Pa. Parietal. . P., pa. Posterior palatine. P. pg. Palatopterygoid. P. px. Palatine part of premaxillary. Pro. Prodtic. Ps. Parasphenoid. Pt., Pg. Pterygoid. Ptr. Pretransverse process. Qj. Quadratojugal. Qst. Quadratostapedial articulation. Qu., Q. Quadrate. R. Rib. r. Radiale carpi. S. Scaphoid. Sa. Sacrum. Sca., Sc. Scapula. Smx. Septomaxillary. So. Supraoccipital. Sp. Splenial. Spe. Sphenethmoid. Spt. Squama palatina. Sq. Squamosal. SSc. Suprascapula. St. Sternum. St., Stp. Stapes. Sy. Symphyseal. T. Tibiale. Tib. Tibia. Tr. Temporal ridge. U. Ulnare carpi. u. Ulnare. UR. Ulnoradius. U.S. Urostyle. Vo. Vomer. Vp., Vop. Vomeropalatine. C.—Foramina and nerves. Car. Foramen carotideum. En. External nostril. Fm. Foramen magnum. Fo., Pont. Fontanelle. Fso. Fenestra ovalis. G. Gasserian ganglion. Hsc. Horizontal semicircular canal. In. Internal nostril. Mnp. Middle nasal passage. Nerves. 1. Olfactory nerve. - 2. Optic nerve. 5. Trigeminal nerve. 51. First or orbitonasal branch of trigeminal. 5°-5°. Maxillary and mandi- bular branches of trig- eminail. 7. Facial. 7, Palatine (‘‘ vidian”) branch of facial. 8. Auditory nerve. _ 9. Glossopharyngeal. 10. Vagus nerve. Ol. Olfactory capsule. Olf., Ol., Nervus olfactorius. Py. Pituitary body, space, or region. D.—Viscera and central nervous system. AB. Arteria branchialis; aorta bow. AM. Arteria mesenterica. ' Ao. Aorta. Au. Auricle. B. Branchia. BA. Bulbus arteriosus. | Be. -Branchial chamber. Bf. Branchial fissure. Br. Branchie. ce. Cistus urinatorius ; urinary bladder. CA. Corpus adiposum. cl. Cloaca. DC. Ductus cuvieri. d.c. Ductus choledochus; diaccelia. E. Eye. Bah. Epidermal adhesive organs. Eb. External branchiz. BE. Epencephalon (cerebellum). Ep. Epiphysis (pineal body). Fo. Fontanelle of oviduct. gb. Gall bladder. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. H. Heart. Hv. Hepatic vein. Hyp, Hy. Hypophysis (pituitary body). I, i. Intestine. K. Kidney. 1. Lung. ey evel: l. ant. Anterior lobe of liver. l.in. Large intestine. M. Mouth. ME. Mesencephalon. MD. Miillerian duct. Med. Mediastinum. Mes. Mesentery. MO. Mouth of oviduct in cloaca. n. Nerves. O. Oviducts. O’. Fontanelle of oviduct. Oes. (Csophagus. Ov. Ovary. P. Panereas. P.c. Plexus choroideus. Pe. Prosencephalon. Pf. Peritoneal fold. Ph. Pharynx. Pappille cloace. . Pylorus. 495 r. Rectum. Rh. Rhinencephalon. S.in. Small intestine. Sp. Spleen. Spx. Sapraplexus. St., Stom. Stomach. Sv. Sinus venosus. r,t. Testis. TH. Thalamencephalon. Ur. Ureter. Ut. Urethra. V. Ventricle of head. V.B. Vena branchialis. Vea. Vena cava ascendens. Vd. Vas deferens. Ve., Vek. Vena efferens of the kidney. Vet. Vena efterens of the testis. Vi. Left ventricle. VM. Vena mesenterica. | VP. Vena portae. Vp. Vena pulmonalis. Vr. Right ventricle. Viv. Fourth ventricle. Ventricles of the brain I, II, III, IV, V. V.1. Lateral ventricle. Vre. Venez revehentes renales. EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES. PLATE I. Necturus maculatus, skeleton from below, two-thirds natural size PLATE II. Necturus maculatus, natural size. Fig. 1. Skull, superior view. . Skull, inferior view. . Skull, left side, exterior view. . Skull, left side, interior view. . First and second vertebre, from below. . First and second vertebre, from above. . First and second vertebre, right side. . Atlas, from front. . Second vertebre, from behind. OOnNtanh wwe PLATE III. (Copied from Wiedersheim’s Kopfskelet der Urodelen.) Fig. 1. Necturus maculatus, skull, from below, displaying the chondrocranium of one side. 2. Nectwrus maculatus, skull, from above, displaying the cartilaginous nasal cap- sules. 3. Cryptobranchus allegheniensis, skull, left side. 4. Cryptobranchus allegheniensis, skull, from above, showing chondrocranium of one side. 5. Cryptobranchus allegheniensis, skull, from below, showing cartilages of one side. PLATE IV. Necturus maculatus, two-thirds natural size, from below, showing viscera, mostly in place; the alimentary canal and corpus adiposum displaced to the right side of the animal. PLATE V. Cryptobranchus allegheniensis, skeleton, from above, half natural size. PLATE VI. Cryptobranchus allegheniensis, skeleton, from below, half natural size. PLATE VII. Cryptobranchus allegheniensis, viscera from below in position, two-thirds natural size. Drawn by Prof. S. F. Baird. a, auricle; v, ventricle of heart; ZL, liver; m, mediastinum; s, stomach; i, intestines; 0, oviduct; o!, fontanelle of oviduct; g, gall-bladder; r, rectum; ¢, urinary bladder. 1951—Bull. 34———32 497 498 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PLATE VIII. Cryptobranchus allegheniensis, skull. Fic. 1. Superior face. 2. Inferior face. 3. Left side, exterior. 4. Left side, interior. 5. Left mandibular ramus, external side. 6. Left mandibular ramus, internal side. PLATE IX. (Copied from Wiedersheim’s Kopfskelet der Urodelen.) Fig. 1. Siren lacertina, skull, left side. : . Siren lacertina, skull, from above, one-half the cartilage exposed. . Siren lacertina, skull, from below, one-half the cartilage exposed. . Proteus anguinus, skull, left side. . Proteus anguinus, skull, from above. . Proteus anguinus, skull, from below. . Amphiuma means, skull, left side. NOON S Wwe PLATE X. Amphiuma means, skeleton, from below, two-thirds natural size. PLATE XI, Amphiuma means, one-third natural size; from Georgia. Copied from Cope, owe ings of the American Philosophical Society, 1886, p. 442. Fig. 1. Skull, left side. 2. Skull, from above. 3. Skull, from below. 4, Skull, right half, from within. 5. Left mandibular ramus, external view. 6-9. An anterior dorsal vertebra; fig. 6, front; 7, rear; 8, bottom; 9, top. Chthonerpeton indistinetum, R. & L., three-eighths natural size; from Brazil. Copied from Wiedersheim, Die Anatomie der Gymnophionen. Fic. 1. Skull, from above. . 2. Skull, froin below. 3. Skull, left half, from within. 4-6. One and parts of two other vertebr; 4, from above; 5, from haber 6, right side. PLATE XII. Amphiuma means Gard. three-toed form; viscera in place, except that the alimentary canal is displaced to the right side of the animal. Two-thirds natural size. PLATE XIII. Hyoid apparatus of Batrachia. Figs. 1,3,5,6 dissected and drawn by EH. E. Galt; 2, 4, and 7, by E. D. Cope. Fig. 1. Necturus maculatus, small, x 3. 2. Proteus anguinus, adult, + 3. Cryptobranchus allegheniensis, adult, + 4. Meyalobatrachus maximus, adult, + 5. Amphiuma means, small, X 4. 6. Siren lacertina, small, x 4. 7. Ichthyophis glutinosus, t. Or ae es THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 499 PLATE XIV. Skeleton of Amblystoma punctatum, one-half natural size; superior view. No. 722. PLATE XV. Amblystoma punctatum, skeleton from below; natural size. PLATE XVI. Amblystoma punctatum, skull, one-half larger than natural size. Fig. 1. Skull, above. > 2, Skull, below. 3. Skull, left side, exterior. 4. Skull, left side, interior. The numbers below are those of the nerves which issue from the foramina of the figure. ; PLATE XVII. Visceral anatomy of dmblystoma punctatum, from drawings by Prof.S. F. Baird. Fig. 1. Viscera in place, from below. 2. Liver, from above; a, from below. 3. Corpora adiposa and ovaries; one outlined only. 4, Larynx, lungs, stomach, and spleen isolated. PLATE XVIII. Amblystoma punctatum, development of larva, from drawings by Prof. 8. F. Baird, magnified four diameters. Fic. 1. Embryo taken from egg 4 lines in diameter, x 4. 2, Another embryo, from above; a from below. 3. Larva just from the egg, from below, x 8. 4. Larva two weeks free from egg, with three digits on manus, from above; a, from side; X 4; May, 11, 1848. ‘ . Larger larva, with posterior limbs, from above, x 4. ‘‘In six individuals, all had the right branchiz less developed than the left;” note S. F. Baird. 6. Hind limb before development of digits. . Right fore-foot, from above, of specimen older than fig.4; 5-25, 1848, 8. Eye of fig. 4, showing lens. OV 4 PLATE XIX. Amblystoma opacum and Plethodon erythronotus, skulls, twice natural size. Fig. 1-3. Amblystoma opacum. 4-6. Plethodon erythronotus. PLATE XX. Anatomy of Amblystoma opacum, drawn by Prof. 8. F. Baird. Fic. 1. Viscera in place, from below; lettering as before; female; natural size. 2. Oviducts and fat bodies; natural size; cl, cloaca; fo, fontanelle of oviduct; k, kidney. . Stomach and liver; the latter everted, to show portal vessels. . Cloaca much enlarged, showing mouths of oviducts and labia (Ia.). . Urinary bladder distended. . Urogenital system; C d, corpus adiposum; T, testis; hk, kidney; vet, vasa efferentia testis; vek. vasa eiferentia, renis; v.d. vas deferens. DO em 500 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PLATE XXI. Amblystoma sp., viscera, drawn by Prof. S. F. Baird. Fig. 1. Amblystoma punctatum, viscera, natural size, female; the digestive and uro- genital systems drawn separately ; lettering as before ; cl, cloaca; June, 1848. 2. Amblystoma punctatum, urogenital system of male, enlarged; lettering as before; May, 1849. 3. Amblystoma opacum Grav., male, cloaca; 1, vas deferens; 2, ureter; 3, groove from each vas deferens, which unites with its fellow at apex of peninsula (9), and is continued as a branch on each side, dividing and inclosing the process (4), and, reuniting, passes round the posterior part of the folds of membrane (5); 4, oval, fleshy bodies, supported on short stems equal to themselves; 5, a series of deep folds of membrane of each side, nearly meet- ing inferiorly; 6, slight protuberance in the depression between the folds; 7, folds which arise between the bodies (4) as one, and, bifurcating, sink away behind the folds (5); 8, a second set of folds anterior to 7. 4. Amblystoma opacum, liver from above; a, from below. 5. Heart and branchial vessels of Siren lacertina, diagrammatic; a, transverse section of bulbus arteriosus. PLATE XXII. Chondrotus tenebrosus, skeleton of larva, from above, natural size. Fig. 1, skull from below ; 2, lower jaw and hyoid arches from above. From Salem, Oregon. PLATE XXIII. Chondrotus tenebrosus, larva, natural size, from below. PLATE XXIV. Hyoid apparatus of Amblystomidw; Figs. 1, 2, and 3 dissected and drawn by Dr. E. E. Fig. PS omrtoaewve Galt; the remainder by E. D. Cope. Chondrotus tenebrosus, from below; 4+. Chondrotus tenebrosus, larva, from above; X 2. . Chondrotus tenebrosus, larva, from below; X 2. . Chondrotus aterrimus, from below; 3. . Chondrotus aterrimus, from above ; . Chondrotus paroticus, from below ; . Chondrotus paroticus, from above ; . Chondrotus decorticatus, from below; 3. . Chondrotus decorticatus, from above; 3. . Linguelapsus annulatus, from below; 7. . Linguelapsus annulatus, from above; j. 12. 13. who Sh poles Linguelapsus lepturus, from above ; 7. Linguclapsus lepturus, from below ; 7 PLATE XXV. Hyoid apparatus of Amblystomide and Hynobiide; Figs. 1, 2, 8, and 9 dissected Fie. 1. 2. Chondrotus microstomus, from above; xX 4. drawn by E. D. Cope; 3-7 by E. E. Galt, and 10, 11 from R. Wiedersheim. Chondrotus microstomus, from below; x 4. 3. Chondrotus tenebrosus, larva, side view; X 2. FIG. FIG. Fic. FIG. Fig. FiG. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 5O1 4. Amblystoma punctatum, from below; xX 2. 5. Amblystoma punctatum, larva, side; 5. 6. Amblystoma macrodactylum, from below; xX 2. 7. Amblystoma tigrinum, from below; xX 2. 8. Amblystoma epixanthum, from above; X 3. 9. Amblystoma jeffersonianum, from above; X 3. 0. Hynobius nevius. 1. Ranidens sibiricus. PLATE XXVI. Plethodon glutinosus, skull, twice natural size. 1. Skull, above. 2. Skull, below. 3. Skull, left side. 4, Skull with mandible, from behind. PLATE XXVII. 1-4. Autodax lugubris, skull, natural size. 1. From left side, exterior. 2. From above. 3. From below. 4, Left side, interior. 5-7. Manculus quadridigitatus, three times natural size. 6. Skull, from above. 7. Skull, from below. ’ 5. Skull, from left side. PLATE XXVIII. 1-3. Spelerpes longicauda, skull, twice natural size, with cervical vertebra. 1. Skull, above. 2. Skull, below. 3. Skull, left side. 4-6. Spelerpes bilineata, skull, three times natural size, with three cervical ver- tebre. 4. Skull, above. 5. Skull, below. 6. Skull, left side. PLATE XXIX. Spelerpes ruber, skulls of larva and adult, twice natural size. 1-3. Larva nearly mature. 1, Skull and three vertebre, from above. 2. Skull and three vertebre, from below. 3. Skull and three vertebrz, from left side. 4-6, Skull of adult. 4, From above. 5. From below. 6. From left side. PLATE XXX. (Copied from Parker. Spelerpes ruber, skulls of adult and larva, much enlarged.) FIG. 1-2. Spelerpes ruber, larva, younger than that represented in the last plate (xxix). 1. Skull, from above. 2. Skull, from below. 502 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Fig. 3-5. Adult. 3. From above. 4, From below. 5. From right side. 6. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, part of right side of skull of larva, showing trabecula, ete. PLATE XXXI. Spelerpes ruber, viscera, 9, drawn byS. F. Baird. Fia. 1. Viscera, in situ, natural size; eggs nearly ready for expulsion. Lettering as before. la. The heart removed. Vca, ascending vena cava; A, auricle; VP, vena pulmonalis; v, ventricle; Ba, bulbus arteriosus: ccd, canalis communis arteriosus. . Fontanelle of oviduct, near stomach. . Left ovary with corpus adiposum on left side. . Liver; a, from below. . Cloaca and kidney, with vasa efferentia renis and vas deferens. . Plethodon glutinosus, 9, kidneys, from below: v e k! vasa efterentia renis stretched out of place to show their course, on left of figure. a OO Ol Rm 0 © PLATE XXXII. Bones of Urodela three times natural size; drawings by Prof.S. F. Baird. Fig. 1. Scapular arch of one side of Sp elerpes ruber which has just passed its metamor- phosis; the branchie not quite obliterated; Carlisle, Pa., June 12, 1849. 2. Humerus of the same. 3. Cubitus and manus of the same. 4, Amblystoma punctatum, posterior leg of larva just changing to the adult. PLATE XXXIIL. Skulls of Gyrinophilus porphyriticus. Fig. 1-3. Skull of adult, natural size. 1. From above. . 2. From below. 3. From left side. 4-6. Skull of advanced larva, twice natural size. 4. From above. 5. From below. 6. From left side. PLATE XXXIV. (Copied from W. R. Parker.) Fig. 1-4. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, larve, much enlarged. 1-2. Larva less advanced than that represented in Plate XX XIII. 1. From above. 2. From below. 3-4. Larva still less advanced than that represented in figs, 1, 2. 3. From above. 4. From below. 5-6. Desmognathus fusca, skull. 5. From above. 6. From below. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 503 PLATE XXXV. Hyoid apparatus of Plethodontidz, dissected and drawn by Dr. E. E, Galt, excepting ; figs. 11 and 12. : Fig. 1. Plethodon oregonensis, inferior view, X 2. 2. Plethodon glutinosus, interior view, X 2. 3. Autodax lugubris, inferior view, X 2. 4. Batrachoseps attenwatus, inferior view, X 3. 5. Hemidactylium scutatum, inferior view, X 3. 6. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, inferior view, X 3. 7. Spelerpes ruber, superior view, X 3. 8. Spelerpes ruber, inferior view, X 3. 9. Spelerpes ruber, larva, superior view, X 4. 10. Spelerpes ruber, larva, inferior view, X 4. 11. Spelerpes longicaudus, inferior view. 12. Manculus quadridigitatus, inferior view. PLATE XXXVI. Hyoid apparatus of Urodela. Fig. 1. Desmognathus fusca, inferior view, X 3; Dr. Galt. . Diemyctylus torosus, inferior view, X 2; Dr. Galt. . Diemyctylus viridescens, superior view, X 2; Dr. Galt. . Diemyctylus viridescens, lateral view, X 2. . Diemyctylus palmatus, inferior view, X 3. . Salamandrina perspicillata, inferior view, xX 6; from Parker. . Salamandrina perspicillata, larva, inferior view, X 6; from Parker. . Hemisalamandra cristata, X 2; inferior view. . Chioglossa lusitanica, inferior view, X 3. ODWANR YH WE PLATE XXXVII. Fic. 1. Salamandra maculosa, skeleton, natural size. . Thorius pennatulus, skull, from side, x 4. . Thorius pennatulus, skull, from above, x 4. . Thorius pennatulus, skull, from below, x 4. em GW wt PLATE XXXVIII. Fic. 1-4. Diemyctylus torosus, skull, much enlarged ; copied from Parker. 1. From above. 2. From below. 3. Right mandibular ramus, external view. 4. Right mandibular ramus, internal view. 5-9. Salamandrina perspicillata, skull; copied from Wiedersheim. . Skull, from above. 6. Skull, from below. 7. Skull, from left side. 8. Skull, from front. 9. Skull, from behind. on PLATE XXXIX. Diemyctylus viridescens, much enlarged ; copied from Parker. Fig. 1. Skull of adult, from above. 2. Right ramus of mandible, inner side. 504 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Fig. 3. Hyoid apparatus of adult, from below. . Skull of larva, from above. . Skull of larva, from below. . Hyoid apparatus of larva, from above. . Basis cranii of very young larva. BOO Pp & PLATE XL. Urodela, viscera isolated and much enlarged. From drawing by Prof. 8S. F. Baird. Fig. 1-2. Spelerpes ruber, kidney and vas deferens, 6. 1. The tubules of the kidney displayed from above; a, in greater detail from below. 2. The vasa efferentia ; diagrammatic. 3. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, liver and central circulatory systemof a large larva. 4, Plethodon glutinosus, 2, liver, natural size. 5-9. Diemyctylus viridescens, 6. 5,6. Reproductive organs and cloaca of male. 7. Right corpus adiposum, inferior surface, x 4. 8. Testis. 9. Kidney, vas deferens, and vasa efferentia. PLATE XLI. Central nervous system of Urodela, enlarged. Fic. 1. Spelerpes ruber, from above; a, from below. 2. Amblystoma punctatum, 9, brain and cranial nerves of the left side from be-- low. The cranial nerves are numbered. G, Gasserian ganglion ; Co, con- necting branch between trigeminus and facial nerves; ZL, part of labyrinth. 3. Diemyctylus viridescens, brain, from above; a, from below; 5, from left side; Pe, prosencephalon; Ep, epiphysis; 7H, thalamencephalon; MH, mesen- cephalon; HE, epencephalon; IV, fourth ventricle; Hyp, hypophysis. 4, Diemyctylus viridescens, semicircular canals. PLATE XLII. Larval and breeding stages of Salamanders. Fig. 1. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus larva, natural size; June 3. 2. Spelerpes longicaudus larva X 4; May 29. 3. Diemyctylus viridescens, breeding male, natural size; a inferior side of hind leg, showing corneous nuptial excrescences, and tips of digits. PLATE XLIII. Siren lacertina, skeleton from below, two-thirds natural size. PLATE XLIV. Siren lacertina, splanchnology; three-fifths natural size. For lettering see general explanation. The mesentery is divided so that tbe ali- mentary canal can be extended outward to the right side, so as to display the other organs. The lines VM and Mes, on the right of it, extending from the testes to the gall-bladder represent the borders of the gap opened by the section. The cloaca is divided, exposing the mouths of the urethra and ureters. For heart and vessels see Plate 19, fig. 5. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 505. PLATE XLV. Carpus and tarsus of Rhachitomi and Urodela, natural size, excepting Fig. 1, which is one-half natural size. Fic. 1. Carpus of Eryops megacephalus Cope, from the Permian formation of Texas. 2. Necturus maculatus, carpus and tarsus. 3. Cryptobranchus allegheniensis, carpus and tarsus. . Amblystoma opacum, carpus and tarsus. 5. Plethodon glutinosus, carpus and tarsus. Spelerpes ruber, carpus and tarsus. 7. Desmognathus fusca, tarsus. . Diemyctylus torosus, carpus and tarsus. 9. Diemyctylus viridescens, carpus and tarsus. de SP (oa) PLATE XLVI. Carpus and tarsus of Batrachia, from drawings made by Dr. George Baur, enlarged, except Figs. 2and 9, which are natural size. Fig. 1. Necturus maculatus, young of, 31 mm xX 30; a varpus, 5 tarsus. . Megalobatrachus japonicus, natural size; a carpus, b-c tarsus. Cryptobranchus allegheniensis, tarsus +. . Amphiuma means, a-b carpus; ¢ tarsus; X 50. . Siren lacertina, carpus X 2. . Onychodactylus japonicus, a carpus, b tarsus. . Geotriton fuscus, tarsus X 6. . Hemidactylium scutatum, tarsus X 8. . Archegosaurus decheni Von Meyer, from a specimen in the Museum of Tiibingen; drawn by A. Froriep; natural size. Qo Pp ww oan PLATE XLVII. Carpus and tarsus of European Batrachia, much enlarged. From Gegenbaur, Un- tersuchungen zur Vergl. Anatomie d. Wirbelthiere. I Heft. Carpus u. tarsus. Fic. 1-2. Proteus anguinus, carpus and tarsus; 1 carpus, 2 tarsus. 3. Salamandra maculosa larva, carpus. 4. Salamandra maculosa larva, tarsus. 5. Salamandra maculosa adult, carpus. 6. Salamandra maculosa adult, tarsus. 7. Molge vulgaris, carpus. 8. Molge vulgaris, tarsus. 9. Bombinator igneus, carpus. 10. Bombinator igneus, tarsus. 11. Phryniscus crucifer, carpus. 12. Rana temporaria, carpus. 13. Rana esculenta, tarsus. PLATE XLVIII. The relations of the quadrate, stapedial, and hyoid apparatus. In Figs. 1, 3, 9, 14,15, and 16 the squamosal bone has been removed. Figures twice natural size, except- ing 1, 3, 4, 7, and 8, which are natural size, and 10, 11, and 12, which are three times natural size. From Cope in the American Journal of Morphology, 1888. Fig. 1. Nectwrus maculatus; squamosal removed. 2. Proteus anguinus. 3. Oryptobranchus allegheniensis; the middle of the squamosal removed, the ex- tremities remaining. 506 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Fig. 4. Amphiuma means. 5. Typhlonectes compressicaudus, from the Belize. 6. Dermophis mexicanus, with the quadrate bone turned up, exposing its infe- rior face, and that of the quadratojugal: 4a, the quadrate in normal po- sition. From Mexico. 7. Chondrotus tenebrosus larva, 250 mm. 8. Chondrotus tenebrosus, adult. 3 9. Amblystoma tigrinum larva; squamosal removed. 10. Amblystoma punctatum, adult. 11. Hemidactylium scutatum. 12. Batrachoseps attenuatus. 13. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus. 14. Plethodon glutinosus; squamosal removed. 15. Autodax lugubris; squamosal removed. 16. Spelerpes ruber; squamosal removed. PLATE XLIX. The relations of the quadrate, stapedial, and hyoid apparatus in Urodela and Sali- entia. Figures twice natural size, with separate detailslarger. From Cope, Amer- ican Journal of Morphology. Fig. 1. Desmognathus nigra, the squamosal in place; a, stapes separate and en- larged. 2. Salamandra maculata +; the squamosal separated. 3. Diemyctylus torosus, squamosal removed; a, separate squamosal. 4, Diemyctylus viridescens, three times natural size, the squamosal removed ; 2a, the squamosal, external side; 0, apex of ceratohyal, with hyoquadrate ligament. 5. Siren lacertina +, squamosal in place. 6. Discoglossus pictus, partly posterior view; a, ear-bones and origin of cerato- hyal, enlarged. ; 7. Bufo lentiginosus americanus, the squamosal removed; a, the squamosal sep- arate. : 8. Spea hammondii, the squamosal removed; a, the squamosal; b, the ear- bones. 9. Hyla gratiosa, the squamosal removed; a, the squamosal; b, the ear-bones and cartilages in profile, the cartilages of the tympanum divided by ver- tical section; c, the ear-bones and cartilages undivided, external view. 10. Xenopus calcaratus, partly from behind, with squamosal in place. ; 11. Stereocyclops incrassatus, squamosal in place; a, stapes and ear-bones and cartilages. Rana pretiosa, squamosal in place; ear-bones and vertically divided carti- lages. 9) 12° PLATE L. The quadrate, hyoid, and auditory elements. From Cope, American Journal of Mor- phology, 1888. . Fic. 1. Rana virescens, X 2; a, squamosal bone; b, ear-bones without epistapedial ; x 4. 2. Rana virescens, larva with hind legs, and developed fore legs concealed; the skull x 2; a, the hyoid apparatus from below x 4. 3. Rana catesbiana, advanced larva, skull, without hyoid elements, except ceratohyal x 3. 4. Trimerorhachis insignis Cope; left posterior part of skull from below, the mandible in place; natural size. From the Permian bed of Texas. ING, 6. 7, Fig. 1. Fig. 1. , 3. 4, THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 507 The same species; another individual; same view, without suspensorium and lower jaw. Zatrachys serratus Cope, right posterior part of skull, superior view, showing notch (Ty) for tympanic membrane; natural size; from the Permian bed of Texas. The same specimen as fig. 6, from below, displaying columella or stapes. PLATE LI. Rana virescens, hyoid apparatus of larva represented on Piate XLVII, fig. 2, right side, from below ; right ceratobranchials cut off distally; x 4. . Rana clamata, larva, just free from egg x 6; a, the same from below. . Rana clamata, same brood as 2, three days from egg; right gill wanting. . Rana catesbiana, young larva with small fore leg inclosed in branchial cham- ber; xX 2. . Rana catesbiana more advanced; fore leg partially protruded from bran- chial fissure; X 2. . Rana catesbiana, individual represented in fig. 3, Plate XLVII; fore leg fully protruded, but the branchial fissure (of right side) not closed; x 2. . Rana catesbiana, same as fig. 4, displaying form of external branchial cham- ber; x2. . Rana catesbiana, larva of age of fig. 5, showing branchial chamber, and the pharynx bounded by a dotted line; x 2. . Rana virescens, hyoid apparatus of adult, from below. . Rana areolata circulosa, hyoids from below, +. . Rana draytoni draytoni, hyoid apparatus from below, 4. . Rana montezume, hyoid apparatus from below, t. . Rana cantabrigensis, hyoid apparatus from below, +. . Ayla carolinensis, hyoid apparatus, %. . Lithodytes latrans, hyoid apparatus, +. . Spea multiplicata, hyoid apparatus from below, }. . Spea hammondii bombifrons, hyoid apparatus from below, t. . Spea hammondii hammondii, hyoid apparatus from below, +. . Chondrotus texanus, hyoid of young just after absorption of branchiz, x 4. . Typhlonectes compressicaudus, hyoids, +. . Dermophis mexicanus, hyoids, +. PLATE LII. Viscera of Batrachia. Necturus lateralis. Amblystoma mexicanum, larva (Siredon). Cryptobranchus allegheniensis. Amphiuma means. Lettering: P, pancreas ; oe, esophagus; Pv, portal vein; pyl, pylorus; g, gall-bladder; Fig. 1. = W Ww dc, ductus choledochus. PLATE LIII. Viscera of Batrachia. Siphonops annulatus ; c, urinary bladder. . Salamandra maculosa. . Pipa americana; py, pyloric constriction. . Xenopus capensis; dc, ductus choledochus; py, pylorus; cr, ceco-rectal con- striction. . Bufo sp. 508 Anrrwwnre FIG. NokuNwr BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PLATE LIV. Digestive apparatus of Salientia . Pelobates fuscus. . Pseudis paradoxa, larva. . Pleurodema bibroni ; py, pylorus. . Ceratophrys dorsata. . Leptcdactylus typhonius. . Engystoma microps. PLATE LV. Viscera of Salientia. . Bufo melanostictus. . Ayla cerulea. . Phyllomedusa bicolor. . Hemisus guineénse. . Breviceps gibbosus. . Rana catesbiana. PLATE LVI. Brains of Batrachia, chiefly Salientia, natural size or enlarged two diameters. Fie. 1. 2. = 18. Necturus maculatus, right ventricle exposed; a, roof of mesencephalon re- moved; 0, floor of mesencephalon enlarged. Hemisalamandra cristata, from above; a, sagittal section of mesencephalon ; b, prosencephalon, right ventricle exposed; ec, floor of mesencephalon, showing commissure c’ and cerebellum, epe, and fourth ventricle, iv; 4, commissure from behind; p. c., plexus choroideus. . Siphonops annulatus (Mus. Berolin.), from above; a, sagittal section, the posterior part of the hemisphere cut off obliquely; 6, hemispheres spread apart, displaying thalamencephalon and mesencephalon; c, prosenceph- alon, left ventricle exposed; d, thalamencephalon with epiphysis, from above; e, mesencephalon, epencephalon, and fourth ventricle; f, fourth ventricle on removal of cerebellum. Lettering: pr, prosencephalon; me, mesencephalon ; te, thalamencephalon;; ee, epencephalon ; hy, hypophysis; ep, epiphysis; iv, fourth ventricle. . Bufo viridis, from above, left ventricle exposed; a, sagittal section; p. ¢., plexus choroideus. . Epidalea calamita, with plexus choroideus. . Alytes obstetricans. . Pelobates fuscus. . Pleurodema bibroni. . Leptodactylus caliginosus. . Phrynomantis bifasciatus. . Breviceps mossambicus. . Rhinoderma darwinii. . Atelopus varius ; a, roof of mesencephalon removed, showing floor; }, pros- encephalon, left ventricle exposed. . Diplopelma ornatum. . Hylambates maculatus. . Rana erythraea. . Rana esculenta, from above, with plexus choroideus removed (p.c.); a, right. hemisphere removed, left ventricle exposed, and mesencephalon exposed ; b, left ventricle. Xenopus capensis; a, right ventricle and thalamencephalon exposed; p. ¢., choroid plexus and artery. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 509 PLATE LVII. Viscera of Salientia with the digestive organs removed. There remain the urogeni- tal, the respiratory, and the central circulatory systems. Fic. 1. Bufo lentiginosus americanus, ¢. 2. Scaphiopus holbrookti, 3. 3. Rana palustris, 29; ovary of the right side removed, so as to display the kid- ney and oviduct. The greater part of the left lung is also cut off, in order to display the fontanelle of the left oviduct. PLATE LVIII. Bufo lentiginosus americanus, skeleton, natural size, from above. PLATE LIX. Bufo lentiginosus americanus, skeleton, natural size, from below. PLATE LX. Bufo pantherinus, natura. size, from below. PLATE LXI. Aenopus capensis, natural size, from below. PLATE LXII. Ceratophrys ornatus, natural size, from below. PLATE LXIII. Fic. 1. Breviceps gibbosus, natural size, from below. 2. Pelobates fuscus, natural size, from below. PLATE LXIV. Fig. 1. Hyla versicolor, natural size, from above. 2. Hyla versicolor natural size, from below. PLATE LXV. Callula pulchra, natural size, from below. PLATE LXVI. Rana catesbiana, natural size, from above. PLATE LXVII. Rana catesbiana, natural size, from below. PLATE LXVIILI. Details of osteology of Salientia, including Discoglosside, Asterophrydide, Pelodytide, and Scaphiopide. Fic. 1. Spea hammondii hammondii, cranium from above, and a sternum of subspe- cies bombifrons. . Scaphiopus couchii, sternum. . Scaphiopus holbrookii, skull and sternum (@). . Didocus calcaratus, skull. . Pelobates fuscus, sternum of large tadpole. OF WwW Ww 510 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Fic. 6. Pelobotes fuscus, front of skull. 7. Cultripes provincialis, skull; from Dugés. 8. Didocus calcaratus, sternum. 8), Megalophrys montanus, front of skull. 10. Leptobrachium hasseltii, skull. 11. Pelodytes punctatus, top of skull. 12. Xenophrys monticola, front of skull. 13. Bombinator igneus, skull; from Parker. 14. Alytes obstetricans, skuil; from Parker. 15. Discoglossus pictus, adult; vertebral column and skull from above; sternum from below. 16. Discoglossus pictus, skull of a younger animal from above. PLATE LXIX. Including Pipide, Xenopide, Bufonide, and Rhinophrynide. Fig, 1. Pipa americana, frontoparietal and nasal bones; a, sternum, from Boulenger. 2. Xenopus capensis, axial part of skull from above; e, ethmoid bone; 0s, orbito- sphenoid; n nasal. 3. Myobatrachus gouldi, front of skull from above, with and without prefrontals. 4. Pseudophryne australis, skull from above; a, sternum. 5. Epidalea calamita, skull from above. 6. Bufo margaritifer, subsp. nasicus, skull from below, the vomers removed, showing palatines; a, anterior half of skull from above, part of fronto- parietal bone of one side removed to show superior plate of ethmoid. 7. Bufo spinulosus (Peru), young animal, with and without prefrontals. 8. Bufo spinulosus, adult. 9. Bufo lentiginosus americanus. 0. Bufo delalandi (Mus., Paris). 11. Bufo pantherinus ; frontoparietal bone removed on both sides displaying ethmoid. 12. Bufo carens. 13. Bufo ceruleostictus ; a, sternum. 14. Peliaphryne peltacephala, head. 15. Otaspis empusa, head. 16. Rhinophrynus dorsalis, front of skull from above. PLATH LXX. Cystignathide. Fic. 1. Pseudis limellum, skull from above. . Pseudis mantidactyla, superior axis of skull. . Pseudis paradoxa, superior axis of skull. . Cyclorhamphus fuliginosus; skull, separate ethmoid bone, and sternum. . Mixophyes fasciolatus, cranium from above. . Stombus americanus, superior axis of skull. . Ceratophrys ornatus, young; superior axis of skull. . Stombus boiei, skull with crests from above; a, do., axisonly ; diagrammatic. 9. Ceretophrys dorsata, anterior extremity of ethmoid. 10. Chiroleptes australis, part of skull of individual not fully mature; a, perfect sternum. ; 11. Grypiscus umbrinus, a, skull; b, sternum, and c, sacrum with urostyle. 12. Calyptocephalus gayi, head from above. 13. Limnomedusa macroglossa, skull and ethmoid; the former showing thin os- sification along the sagittal suture. 14. Copheus marmoratus, with separate ethmoid. DaNaunhwnre THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 511 Fig. 15. Borborocetes tasmaniensis, cranium. FiG. 16. 17. 18. i) 23. 25. 26. 27. Borborocetes peronti, two skulls. Helioporus albipunctatus, skull. Helioporus albipunctatus, sternum. PLATE LXXI. Cystignathide—Continued. HAyperolia marmorata, part of cranium, and separate ethmoid. . Hyperolia marmorata, sternum. . Paludicola brachyops, cranium. . Lithodytes latrans, cranium; a, sternum. Rhyncholistris roseus, with and without prefrontal bones. . Busophus nodosus. Hylorhina wenea. Crinia georgiana, skull and ethmoid. Alsodes monticola, frontoparietal bones and sacrum of type specimen. . Pleurodema bibroni, skull part. . Liuperus marmoratus, skull part. . Bubonias plicifrons, skull. . Bubonias plicifrons, sternum. . Elosia bufonia, with separate ethnoid. . Llosia nasus. . Syrrhophus marnockii. . Crossodactylus gaudichaudit. . Hylodes lentus. . Hylodes oxyrhynchus. . Hylodes martinicensis. . Leptodactylus caliginosus ? . Leptodactylus 2 . Cystignathus ocellata. . Ungual phalanges of Cystignathide. Nos. 5,6, Hylodes; 23, 24, Cystignathi. PLATE LXXII. Hylide. . Thoropa missiessii, top of front of skull. . Chorophilus ornatus, top of skull. Fig. a, premaxillary bone; b, maxillary ; ¢e, prefrontal ; d, ethmoid; f, squamosal; g, exoccipital ; h, foramen mag- num. . Hypsiboas xerophyllum, front of top of skull. . Hypsiboas crepitans, front of top of skull. . Hypsiboas albomarginatus, front of top of skull; a, a thin ossification of basal membrane, . Hypsiboas punctatus, front of top of skull. . Cincloscopus maximus, frout of top of skull. . Hyla leucomelas, front of top of skull. . Hyla? sp., front of top of skull. . Hyla gratiosa ; a, sternum, front of top of skull. . Hyla americana (Litoria), front of top of skull. 2. Hyla freycineti, front of top of skull. . Hyla hyposticta, front of top of skull. . Hyladimolops, front of top of skull. . Hyla aurea (Ranoidea), front of top of skull. . Smilisca baudinii, front of top of skull, with ungual phalanges. 512 Fic. 17. 18. 19. 20 21. 22. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 3. 32, 33. 34. BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Agalychnis moreletii, front of top of skull. Phyllomedusa bicolor, front of top of skull; a, sternum. Hyla carolinensis, skull from above; a, sternum. Scytopis venulosus, front of top of skull; 1, ethmoid bone; a, another speci- men, showing inequalities of surface and posterior outline of ethmoid bone. PLATE LXXIII. Hylide, Hemiphractide, Cystignathide, and Pelobatide. Osteocephalus planiceps, skull from above. Hypsiboas crepitans, roof of mouth. Trachycephalus geographicus, skull from above; from Steindachner. Triprion petasatus, head, side view. Triprion petasatus, head, from above. Triprion petasatus, interior of mouth. Cincloscopus maximus, right manus; u and r, ulna and radius; u and r, ulnar and radial carpals; ¢c, central, 1-2-3-4-5 distal carpals, 4 and 5, con- fluent; 1-5 metacarpals; I supporting a spinous pollex. Acris gryllus, right manus, four times natural size. Hylide, distal phalanges; No. 7, Trachycephalus marmoratus anterior and posterior; 8, Hyla carolinensis, do. ; 9, Scytopis venulosus, do. ; 10, Hypsiboas albomarginatus, do.; 11, Cincloscopus maximus, do., posterior attached to penultimate phalange; 12, Hyla aurea, do; 13, Phyllomedusa bicolor, do. ; 14, same, the external ungues of both pedes. Hemiphractus scutatus, head from above, from Boulenger. Scaphiopus holbrookii, right manus; lettering as in Fig. 28. Mixophyes fasciolatus, right manus, lacking the phalanges; letters as in Fig. 28. ° Leptodactylus pentadactylus, left manus, the male showing process of second metacarpal, which is wanting in the female (¢@); lettering as in Fig. 28. PLATE LXXIV. Embracing Hemiside, Brevicipitide, Engystomide, Phryniscide, and Dendrobatide. Fig. 1. Hemisus guttatum, skull, from above. la. Hemisus guttatum, skull, from left side, exhibiting the suprascapulo-prodtic 2. 3. SON articulation, and the small freely-moving suspensorium. Hemisus guttatum, sternum; from Boulenger. Breviceps gibbosus; a, anterior part of top of skull from above; }, end of muz- zle from front, displaying lateral premaxillaries between the premaxilla- ries, the maxillaries, and the nares; c, vertebral column, less the first and the sacrum, from below; d, last lumbar vertebra, anterior extremity from left side; e, last lumbar vertebra, anterior extremity, from front. . Phrynomantis bifasciatus, front of top of skull. . Phrynomantis bifasciatus, symphysis mandibuli, from above. . Phrynomantis bifasciatus, from front. . Microhyla achatina, top of front, and anterior end of frontoparietal, showing dotted outline of ethmoid. . Callula balteata, top of front, from above. . Engystoma microps, top of front, from above. . Cacopus systoma, top of front, from above, with profile of prefrontal bones. . Diplopelma ornatum, top of front, one-half the frontoparietal removed to show the ethmoid. . Diplopelma ornatum, symphysis mandibuli. . Engystomidae (name mislaid). . Hypopachus variolosus, top of skull; a, sternum. . Stereocyclops incrassatus, top of skull, a, sternum. FIG. Fig. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 23. THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 513 Atelopus flavescens, top of front and ethmoid. Atelopus? sp., top of front, ethmoid, and profile of prefrontal bone. Phryniscus varius, top of front, with profile of prefrontal bone. Phryniscus ? levis, top of front, ethmoid, and profile of prefrontal bone. Rhinoderma darwini, top of front and profile of prefrontal bone. Dendrobates tinctorius, top of front and anterior extremity of parasplenoid bone. Ungual phalanges of—No. 15, Dendrobates tinctorius; 16-17, Atelopus flaves- cens; 18, Callula picta; 22, Callula balteata. Cacopus systoma, sternum, from Boulenger. Dyscophus antongilii, sternum, from Boulenger. PLATE LXXV. Ranide. . Phyllobates bicolor, part of skull. . Prostherapis brunneus, skull and sternum. . Hylambates marmoratus, front of skull, above. . Cassina senegalensis, front of skull, above; with the anterior extremity of the frontoparietal bones of an older individual. . Hyperolius madagascariensis, front of skull, above. Cornufer dorsalis, front of top of skull and ethmoid. . Phrynobatrachus natalensis, front of top of skull. . Staurois natator, front of top of skull. . Ranula chrysoprasina, front of top of skull; a, sternum of do. . Rana junghuhnit, front of top of skull. . Rana malabarica, front of top of skull. . Rana erythrea, front of top of skull; young. . Rana erythrea, front of top of skull; medium. . Rana erythrea, front of top of skull; large. . Rana mascariensis, front of top of skull. . Rana fasciata, front of top of skull. . Rana oxyrhyncha, front of top of skull. . Rana breviceps, front of top of skull, one a superior, the other an antero- superior view. . Rana clamata, front of top of skull. . Rana agilis, top of head from front; adult. . Rana agilis, top of head from front; young. . Rana cyanophlyctis, top of head from front; young. Rana tigrina, top of head from front; young. . Rana tigrina, top of head from front; adult, the anterior part of the fronto- parietals removed, showing the form of the ethmoid and the cartilage of its superior face, the accompanying figure representing the ethmoid with the cartilage removed. . Rana leschenaultii, young; front of top of skull. . Rana occipitalis, front of top of skull. . Rana hexadactyla, front of top of skull. . Rana fuscigula, front of top of skull. . Rhacophorus reinwardtii, front of top of skull. . Chiromantis xerampelina, front of top of skull. . Polypedates maculatus, top of head. | . Oxyglossus lima, top of front of skull. . Ungual phalanges of Ranide. Fig. 1, Rana erythrwa, posterior foot; 2, Polypedates maculatus, anterior foot; 3, do., anterior and posterior feet; 4, Rhacophorus reinwaratii, anterior and posterior feet; 19, Rana malabarica, both feet; 20, R. temporaria, both feet 21, R. seman, both feet; 22, R. fuscigula, thas feet. : 1951—Bull. 34-33 514 BULLETIN 34, UNITED: STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PLATE LXXVI. Hyoid apparatus of Anura, mostly enlarged. Figures copied from Parker’s Structure and Development of the Skull in the Batrachia, except Fig. 18 which is is original, and Figs. 2,3,5,6,and 7, which are from Dugés Osteologie et Myologie des Batraciens, corrected by comparison with Parker J. ¢. . Xenopus capensis, S. Africa. . Bombinator igneus, Europe. . Alytes obstetricans, Europe. Xenophrys monticola, India. Pelobates fuscus, Europe. . Pelodytes punctatus, Europe. . Bufo vulgaris, Europe. . Phyllomedusa bicolor, S. America. . Ayla ewingii, Australia. . Copheus marmoratus, S. America. 11. Cystignathus typhonius, S. America. 12. Atelopus varius, Costa Rica. 13. Callula pulchra, Farther India. 14. Engystoma carotinense, N. America. 15. Dendrobates tinctorius, S. America. 16. Rhacophorus maximus, India. 17. Rana esculenta, Europe. 18. Hemisus guttatus, Natal. SODNAWE YH WOE PLATE LXXVII. Superficial and deep muscles of the manus and pes of three species of Anuras. Fics. 1,2. Leptodactylus pentadactylus, manus, male. 3,4. Leptodactylus pentadactylus, manus, female. 5,6,7, Seytopis venulosus, pes. 3,9,10,11. Rana esculenta, pes. The lettering in Figs. 1-4 is identical pul that used in Dugés Osteologie et Myoloeis des Batraciens. No. 87, Cubito-metacarpal; 88, subluno-metacarpal of the index; 89, metacarpo- metacarpal of the index; 95, humero-subdigital ; 96, cubito-radio-subpha- langeal of the index; 120, subluno-phalangettal of the index; 121, sub- metacarpo-phalango-phalangettal of the index. In Figs. 5 and 8 are dis- played the superficial flexors of the digits. In 6,7,9,10 and 11, the deeper muscles of the phalanges aud metatarsals are exbibited in the numbers from 7 to 21. Nos. 13 and 22 are the second and third intermetatarsals of Dugés. PLATE LXXVIII. Eee ee of Hyla pickeringii Holbr., and Hyla ? versicolor Lec.; from drawings by Prof. S. F. Baird. Figs. 1-19. Hyla pickeringit. 1. Egg with germinal vesicle; first day after laying, May 15, 9 a. m. Figure a natural size. 2. The same, May 16, 9 a. m.; from above. . The same, May 16, 9 a. m.; from below, showing germinal area. . The same in profile. . First appearance of embryo in egg laid about the evening of May 14. Ol & 0 THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. ILS) Figs. 1-19. Ayla pickeringti—Continued. 6. Side view of the same. 7. A more advanced embryo. 8. Side view of the same. 9. Embryo still further advanced, May 16,4 p.m. Fig. a, side view of the same. 10. Vitellus of elongate form, with brown polygonal spots arranging themselves in meridians, May 16,4 p.m. Laid about 10 a. m., May 15. 11. Embryo on May 17, 10 a. m.; rotation commenced; Fig. a, profile. 12. Embryo May 17, 11 a. m.; a, profile. 13. Embryo May 17, 4 p. m., straightened out. 14. Embryo May 17, 4 p. m., profile. 15. Embryo May 17,5 p. m., profile enlarged, displaying ciliary move- ments. 16. The same; head from front. 17. May 18, 9 a. m., liberated artificially and swimming. 18. The same; front and below. 19. May 18, 3.30 p. m. 20. Tadpole, anterior part. 21. Eye of same in profile. 22. Brain and spinal cord of tadpole. 23-26. Hyla ? versicolor. 23. Embryo in albumen, April 9. 24. Embryo just before liberation. 25. Embryo just after liberation; branchial circulation distinct. 26. Head of the same from below; diagram. PLATE LXXIX. Development of the three anterior inferior cranial arches of the genus Rana; much enlarged. From W. K. Parker. The arches are: the trabecular (in dotted outline), the mandibular, and the cerato- hyal. The successive stages of the ossicula auditus are exhibited also. For explanations of details, see Plates XLVIII to L. PLATE LXXX (cancelled). PLATE LXXXI (cancelled). PLATE LXXXII (cancelled), PLATE LXXXIII. Fie. 1. Hyla andersonii Baird; natural size. 2. Hyla gratiosa Le Conte; natural size. 3 Do.; mouth, within. 4. Do. ; hand. 5 Do. ; foot. PLATE LXXXIV (cancelled). PLATE LXXXV (cancelled). PLATE LXXXVI. Rana septentrionalis Baird, var. sinuata Baird; natural size. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE l. — NECTURUS MACULATUS. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope _ Batrachia of North America, PLATE Il Fe IGS Za eZ, Bad ——— se = a Lar MM NS 4. NECTURUS MACULATUS. PLATE III. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. eS fe EES Oo es eeth ~-- Che eth eng ely | ‘ oe V-—-Lals 7-~ func Pee ifm NECTURUS AND CRYPTOBRANCHUS. PLATE IV. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. bint Punioe ie ih CEG Mugs, co WS seo NECTURUS MACULATUS. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE V. CRYPTOBRANCHUS ALLEGHENIENSIS. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. Plate VI. CRYPTOBRANCHUS ALLEGHENIENSIS. PLATE VII. al Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. Bulletin 34, U. S. Nation CRYPTOBRANCHUS ALLEGHENIENSIS. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum —Cope. Batrachia of North America, PLATE VIII CRYPTOBRANCHUS ALLEGHENIENSIS. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE IX. K als. Px ePGF ase ~. ni ee \ \ ‘4 Une ie tr fol ft tr Gg '|prop sq 1 \ \ teh er aa i A SIREN, PROTEUS, AND AMPHIUMA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America PLATE X. AMPHIUMA MEANS. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XI. mea =>— 4 — ~~ epancomennonomin FREES 7 Vo2al WOOS P00 Far Amphiuma means Gard, CHTHONERPETON AND AMPHIUMA. PLATE XII. Batrachia of North America. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. AMPHIUMA MEANS. ‘Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. HyolD ARCHES OF BATRACHIA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope, Batrachia of North America. PLATE XIV. CEB Grice AMBEYSTOMA PUNCTATUM. es Pisin ew, fea Oey PLATE XV. Batrachia of North America. ulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. AMBLYSTOMA PUNCTATUM. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope, Batrachia of North America. NaPople Pa kx0. U 1 ‘ 1 i) 1 { 1 ' He od Prix, 1. Os. Fe 0. 3 AMBLYSTOMA PUNCTATUM. \ AO gy—-—— ——~ PLATE XVI. EXO Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XVII. -. a ets AMBLYSTOMA PUNCTATUM. = “ 7 Bulletin 34, U. S National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLaTeE XVIII. AMBLYSTOMA PUNCTATUM. s Builetin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope, Batrachia of North America. PLATE XIX. AMBLYSTOMA AND PLETHODON. PLATE XX. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. . AMBLYSTOMA OPACUM. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XX|I. AMBLYSTOMA AND SIREN. ral Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XXII. CHONDROTUS TENEBROSUS. Bulietin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XXIII Lp a ee ag <= Seen ime Se CHONDROTUS TENEBROSUS. Bulletin 34. U S. National Museum.—Cone. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XXIV. ix HyolD ARCHES OF AMBLYSTOMIDA. Bulletin 34, U. S. Nationai Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XXV. HyoiD ARCHES OF AMBLYSTOMIDZ AND HYNOBIIDA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XXVI. PLETHODON GLUTINOSUS. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XXVIII. AUTODAX AND MANCULUS. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.— Cope. Batrachia of North America. SS, —S — SPELERPES LONGICAUDUS AND S. BILINEATUS. PLATE XXVIII. 53 Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America, SPELERPES RUBER. PLATE XXIX. ete Sat) Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XXX. Ze y 4 ass Y iS [AN (@ = : Y) ANS FAS. SPELERPES RUBER. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XXXI. SPELERPES RUBER. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XXXII. SPELERPES AND AMBLYSTOMA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XXXIll. GYRINOPHILUS PORPHYRITICUS. pee te Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XXXIV. _ GYRINOPHILUS AND DESMOGNATHUS. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XXXV. Hyotp ARCHES OF PLETHODONTIDA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XXXVI. HyYo!lD ARCHES OF URODELA. Bulletin 34, U. S, National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XXXVII. SALAMANDRA AND THORIUS. _ Bulletin 34, U. S. Nationa! Museum.—Cope g- oY aa W Batrachia of North America PLATE XXXVIII. N (/, Y Ms ~f5.0 A NU A " \ : we / \ \ 1CC pas ¢ Spe Pp ( Th, eeth 1 of os VA =, ee pa We ears Ro DIEMYCTYLUS AND SALAMANDRINA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America PLATE XXXIX. DIEMYCTYLUS VIRIDESCENS. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PEATE XE & VISCERA OF URODELA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope, Batrachia of North America. PLATE XLI TE ME EF BRAINS OF URODELA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XLII. URODELA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLaTe XLIII SIREN LACERTINA. PLATE XLIV. Batrachia of North America. Bulletin 34, U. S. Nationa! Museum.—Cope. ee HRY Tae SIREN LACERTINA. PLATE XLV. Bulletin 34, U. S. National RHACHITOM! AND URODELA. PLATE XLVI. Gia Sika Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XLVII. 9 ol) peel URODELA AND SALIENTIA. Bulletin 34, U. S, National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XLVIII. PROTEIDA AND URODELA. ‘Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE XLIX. x0 : GN URODELA, TRACHYSTOMATA, AND SALIENTIA. PLATE L. Batrachia of North America. Bulletin 34, U.S. National Museum.—Cope. AND RHACHITOMI. SALIENTIA, GANOCEPHALA, Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. . PLATE LI. SALIENTIA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE LIl. PROTEIDA AND URODELA. a s, Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE LIII. URODELA AND SALIENTIA. i * N Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—-Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLaTe LIV. SALIENTIA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America PLATE LV. SALIENTIA. es ieee iy < Mace i Nea aie Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE LVI. BRAINS OF URODELA, PROTEIDA, AND SALIENTIA. Bulletin 34, U.S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. rh } JARO TOES = ISA RSIA A ft = OL: BUFO, SCAPHIOPUS, AND RANA. PLATE LVII. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE LVIII BUFO LENTIGINOSUS AMERICANUS. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE LIX, BUFO LENTIGINOSUS AMERICANUS. PLATE LX. Batrachia of North America. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. “SANIYAHLNVd OANG PLATE LXI. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America "“SNdONAX fi a Bulletin 34, U S National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of Noith America. PLATE LXII CERATOPHRYS DORSATA. PLATE LXIll. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. 2, PELOBATES FUSCUS. 1. BREVICEPS GIBBOSUS. Ges Re eel Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE LXIV. HYLA VERSICOLOR. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE LXV CALLULA PULCHRA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE LXVI. RANA CATESBIANA. nA he Bah ata ree: PLATE LXVII. Batrachia of North America. Bulletin 34, U. S. Natronai Museum.—Cope. “VNVIGSALVO VNVY pel ait Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE LXVIII. 15 DISCOGLOSSIDZ AND SCAPHIOPIDA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE LXIX. = BUFONIDA, ETC. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE LXX. CYSTIGNATHIDA. PLATE LXXI. al Museum.—Cope. * Batrachia of North America. Bulletin 34, U. S. Nation CYSTIGNATHIDA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. HYLIDz. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLaTe LXXIll. = KC < \\ ae \\" rat I i \ HYLIDZ AND CARPUS. ate: er ne Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE LXXV, RANIDA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE LXXVI. 16 HYOIDS OF SALIENTIA. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE LXXVII. MUSCLES OF FEET. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. Batrachia of North America. PLATE LXXVIII KE EMBRYOLOGY OF HYLA. PLATE LXXIX. Batrachia of North America. Bulletin 34, U. S. National Museum.—Cope. ‘VILNAITVS 4O SAHOYVW SO LNAWdO1SARq Bulletin 34. U.S. National Museum_Cope . Plate LXX XIII. GILES LITHO & LIBERTY PRINTING CON Y I.HYLA ANDERSONII BAIRD. 2_5.HYLA GRATIOSA LECONTE. Bulletin 34. U.S National Museum_Cope. Plate LXXXVI. THO. & LIBERTY PRINTING ON. ¥. RANA SEPTENTRIONALIS BAIRD. Page. Amphiuma......... noopo00 eieeeteteietetetetersteia ia 215 MCANS Beseetsaeeeeaeeetewe tine 216, 455 osteology, Of << ece--ee ee 456 splanchnology of........ 455 VOLGGLOL SE esccsermcnene 456 Atm pining peeetrteaisisieeiesmeateseteieeistee 33, 213, 451 Amphiumoidea .......-....- SocdQ0Ee 380406 3 Am ph ods prcersiscsncercecicereanete neater 382 AM ALES fe eacferiia scsi ante Soe ee eee 182 JT GARUBScose6 sseone cocdon sesosodooKanESS 260 Am dersonti (E12) soe eeeeee once eieetseeect 365 Angulatus (Chorophilus) ..-...-...-.-.-.- 348 Annulatum (Asablystoma)........-.....-- 115 Annulatus (Linguelapsus) .--.....-...... 115 JNOMEN IE OBO) seeded coon abecoddbooceous 272 PAGS ONT Ae eeretecin is iciee nicisictele croricisteioierieistsrere 261 BASTIULT Ain enrernmyerer eral seieiate eter See rayeseiatels steiater areas 232 PASO ese Nears Sree alice naertele rarer San eae 30, 38, 222 | ANoRoeNnKeE) (RENE). oes on ooobococposooKUSoe. 397, 424 ANA oye, wane hig} (ebay) Sas5Ga5 adeocoos uae 366 Arcifena aaa ecm ecntece cre 246, 248, 249, 250, 253 Auemeoare (EK) 2svancecoaos po0GKaoaGoCE 369 PACE OL abate GEV aI A) mae rta ete eteeictomieisterste cee 409, 410 Argus (Anblystoma) ...-.............-..- 56 | Arthroleptis -----. .---..-----.-----.------ 392, 393 JNEVANIDIS) (OREN) oS5aa0 a5odane vooabU ceGecd suc 438 Asterophrydide ..-.... c. ponDoeaOCCGe 248, 255, 295 EMEA Ole eyretcereisioeiscisieicle 295 ASSO YS: .cd-cccoucnebasondoceooodconed 295 AED) QW sodsoscescaoussdsopnogdeouasoDode 387 Aterrimum (Amblystoma) ............---- 109 Aterrimus:(Chondrotus) ese seen csisiciccce 109 Attenuata (Salamandrina) -.............-.. 127 Attenuatus (Batrachoseps) ......-....---- 127 JNHUIGHNS SEAeo bse e boss conecanocoeduToonoGe 349 Annicwatan(Salamandta) see asicsetesecisce es 194 Auriculatum (Cylindrosoma) .........-..- 194 Auriculatus (Desmognathus) ....-..-....- 194 PALO T AN (EAA) eee eae eects cicitise ie 439 PACTIGO Ch Xie evanerateres siete sinreyerotaiatatere etelevays 121, 124, 182 FETE US secre pierre car tiete cele er aererae 183, 185 NGC AINULS seestnrerstettefeleteletefeletsietaioielsrareris 183, 187 itiveRnepeee Aas ooca6 eooedoodouBUTes 183 SDAGHOS Ole pHAcodadddéadoudascusee 183 PAPSOLOGES Pepe jsrarris ciere yaaa toe eimiatcioiae aera a 47 FAIS SASUS 685 souoesEoRSubedocuadquaDes6 239, 258 leBatrachi ary sess cneseaiee seer ceciae a AiIMIGeSVOtesseee eee eeeeere ee 13 Classificationiofe--ees--eaeeee 13 Page. PACER AUG UES eeeeaereieleyeinloislnisiostoicisieisisicietsie since a7 PGE TANCACRIS) inno cc visisie ocietcc Biepeltiet vee nins 329 MODIS ere ccaia cei eos Sivwineicce 250, 252, 322, 323, 324 MVM Sis tecie lec sceisisisnisiesisie stein d 321, 324, 460 CLEpwanGraqsiemmeeeecoeeecce 325, 326 farllns Ssocpacasponeocnasoage 325, 329 A\GIROGSICE oon SonpSn joce a Sees eCHEEeeeCHe con 379 AGGIE -sod5acgud00 SoDUDODES DOCS ESOeaaeee 453 PATON OME As eats onic ais, o ceisiaccmisreine sicicaes 385 PAULI OTL Seater tele res ate sinisia ae ciejmieie eis siale leis Serer 261 /Mneus (Plethodon) ............ cSuanoRcsae 143 A#svupus (Rana areolata) ......-------...-- 412 PACHIMISg (UELyA a) eyaeratt i 2 nto < tic Stein choleisiercieyere.e ninie 369 PNG ay ChniS presets anise) see eee 392, 393 (Hylodes).......-.... aN 824°/326:1329) |) sElylaplesias sass). -(steoe sent ener ee 260 (Rana) essai sense eeeceaeees 324,329 | Hylaplesiide...........- 2 ug See 389 (Eom NIRS) Coseonsaoscecoscanaconaccoubboas Gib ah AVENE) SocoocoseobtoaS eSccsassc5s55. 0- 393 Guttolineata (Salamandra)..............-. 170: |! SEbylas)ccace cc mhomoneacccoe Seneen eee eerEeree 349 Guttolineatum (Cylindrosoma).....-...... 170 Hylellar casey nee 3 oS aoe een 250, 322, 323 Guttolineatus (Spelerpés).--.............. TENellenshwlies.csaqsnesoosseaceoonccke 248, 255, 320, 394, 451 Gyrinophilusess-eee ee eee 121, 124, 125, 154 | tablejot/genéramsaseece-eeeee ee eeee 322 porphyriticus/-esessee-e eee 31,155 | Hylixalus.........---<- Pans oe eee 391, 393 iHalecina; (@Ranaine scenes eee ere eee 397, 403 | Hylodes ......-..--....- OL Ao Notas wloventoe eee 252, 313 Halophilai(Buto)pecee nara eee eee 267 HEME se Sas bopounceraceousceoscs 317 Hammondii (Scaphiopus) ..-..-..-.....--. 303, 305 martinicensis .--.-.--...-.------- 239 (S)NGEY Gaaseaaleadacoabacaccose 3038305) | Hylodidcouee secre cci cee cecinssee aaa 309, 390 ISK XKA AS, sooscoooadaasosasd Goosocabusonss 331ei |W dy lomedusayescer eee ee seer eee 349 Helioponts ie aceon eee eee eee S12) MEkylorhin aileeretisettcer eee aera 313 Hemidactyliidzenteeseseenn eee ee eae eee 119) | Ehynobiid ees ee eeseeee eee eee = BB}, 10s} Hemidactyliumieeee essen seers 121, 124, 125, 130 | EQ PNO MI) casnonpaboooneosedsccosssoseeoscts 119 SCuCAvUM me eetstetseeetee tee 130 | Hyperoglossa ......----------------------- 250 ee Hemimantisneesaeeacccsccece eee tees 250 | Hyperolia.....---.-----..--.-- saotidoose4ce 312 Hemiophrysi(Buto)iteccceeece tees eee eee 273° | Elyperoliugi.- 1.22 cei melee eels ciel micfoist= _ .892, 393 Hemiphracti dee sjsacesceeeeen ce cce 248,'249'955.389) || Eiypopachus ssaesessse eens sere ences 387 Hemiphractuseee eee ae eee eee ee eee see 382 | CUnSUS eee 387, 388 Elicmisideyenseceeeeeeseeaee eters SSS 382 | oxyrhinus.-...-...- eece eee 388 : INDEX. 52k Page. 5 iy Page. Hypopachus variolosus.......--.------.--- SOO) LoOphopuSsmcseme closer Bounnoanoconcscine 349 ISIGMEINGAD ood asceen enoenacooauoonaysenoRd 322,323 | Lucifuga (Spelerpes)..-.--.-.---.-«se0---- 168 albomarginata .......------.--- 3215) |piuonbnis(Amaides)saeeceesecceceereeeee = 183 THORNE) = c cgausboaEsoUeDORONODOND 321 (Aautod ax) emeercceeeiiseieceees 183 Mecammss(Amaides)) 7. /<(- a) elm anncinels oeen ene 187 (Salamandra)eesseer eae seeeeeeee 183 (Autodax) .---...--. --.--+-------- 187 (Mantchai?) ha teeeseene eee seeeeter 183 (Plethodon) .......--.------------ 1S Tan jeleuri dan cA ly. Shona) sseeeererere ee eeeeeee 68 Ingens (Amblystoma) ..-.-.-...-.-------- 68 | (Salamandra)eseeeseeteeetrecseae 68 (EVETOLOtITON) seen slo elalslelele selma = 68 | JUN REVOSINS sec cod acto au souedbscobeaccauoseas 311 (Salamandra) .....-..-.-...------- 68 | Macrodactylum (Amblystoma)......-....- 95 (LURID). -eocceeddgudonooossbaoNese 68 | Maculata (Camarataxis) ..........-------. 68 SRASTUTOTAGESOLO) persetseeie Aaya vermis cinveleletsielcteiainicie 264 (acerta) re easereuricee enc oobeee 56 ljeurermvechizy, (Sia Nee daedoesoodemoneecdoses 226 (Shilenmenngben)) sosssdcucoodendoocs 172 Intermedius (Plethodon)......---.----.--- 145 | Maculatum (Amblystoma) ................ 68 Iniermishan(Salamandira)) sss. cre eect cele 194 (Desmiastomla) ier eceeciesieeeree 68 Jeffersoniana (Amblystoma)......-.....-- 89) || Maculatu's (Elylodes) sn - ceciiecccee nie 342 (Salamandra)ieesseseeeeceate 89 (Necturus)irceeccecee eee caer 23 (CXaphonwral)) Sees lsieitescele sie 68, 89 (Proteus) essen. ecieoeceeees 23 Jeffersonianum (Amblystoma)............ 89192E be Maculosns: (Necturus) 2.) o.sco 44sec 23 Lacepedii (Menobranchus).........-...--- 23m ee Malachylodestasas=s echoes 313 (Phanerobranchus).......------ OB} aN Gen eae yabb eee ae ene ee Sees MIN RU 393 JL ROSIN (SiN) Le Saesacaecats segcoouEoUS OPA: oa ehaYeullingiconouscesoasacduoud sucand 121, 124, 125, 158 AE VAS (AIC A) We cece ainis-cciieisiSelnvwie as srestelcre 204 | quadridigitatus ....-...:.---.-.- 158, 159 (Ttihtinin) Sb essoderasecmecetcocoseosaes 204 | UEHMUKEO- Gascon nooceocaoouDeosdaL 158 Larveformis (Chrysodonta)...........-..- PGE peMiantell aes sees sererreeseer 389 Laterale (Amblystoma)............-.-..--- G2 el Man bipmsteesaasessu ee soos male secioiste-ielaar= 390 ibenierenlbis) (08 KEY) Soe seecono concen poopeode6S 366 | Marginatus (Pseudotriton).-......-....-... 152 (Menobranchus) .........--.--.. 23 (Spelerpes)iesaaniseeries aeetslerel= 152 @Nechunus)pesteeeeeeceneeseceere 23 (Stereochilus) sfeceeccece=ice=- 152 (riton) e224. Biuebie masa eases 23 | Marnochii (Syrrhophus) -...-..-..2.-..-<. 318 ILANNEe OS (EGE) GScasosoouadboooooppeoDodes 359 | Mavortia (Amblystoma) ...........-.....- 68 Hari rVEM'S) (CEVAMA)) si) a 0) -/a/ain'wia e wivin) eletajel ele -iel= oie 435 | Mavortium (Amblystoma) ................ 68 Neen ral nmeen ye terete stelereleeisiote elslaiolsisincivisJelainiceleveinl 258) | Maxima) (Rama)! = 22. -<- -1e2ssiceeiielnieisicioies 424 Latrans (Lithodytes) .............--.----- 316.| Means (Amphiuma) ..---.-.--..-2s-.s000-- 216 ILe@ontel IRENE) aseccseeqeseSreStpeescseses Aste eMieoalopatmaclusessase= aeeeacie sc eisrincin eee 37 Leutiginosa (Chilophryne) .........--..--- 289 | Meo alixalm Se sseeeeee on ecrtseteratetaistelmerstatre 392, 393 Lentiginosus (Bufo)......--.202..20002-00- Q80e Mie caloph py gases aelecieelsieieiseeinaiesenl= 295 We ptobrachinmyeeesess soc. o5-ee =e chescens DOGr weMelanobatrachus) esse 2a. steht a= -a—e 387 Leptodactylus -----... 2.2. -22------------- 313 | Melanosticta (Salamandra).-......-.-...-.- 130 Fe mystacinus -..........-.-.. 239 | Melanostictus (Desmodactylus)..........- 130 ocellatus........--.-- anelsiste 239)) | Mielan opal (ama)! ser-tecicieieleieccie wlcieiteleleeielslnis 419 MIRE PLO WOM Speer seesajenieniceiisiseciciswisicinane 250 Oxeinenabl). See oksoocésouencooeD Sco 419 Lepturum (Amblystoma) ........-.-.....- HGH Men obranChusima-reces a\sclsiocielcete sinicielein)a1> 23 Lepturus (Linguezlapsus) ......-...--..--- ING) AWiGHYo ONY GosucacooecoDDDDooaUoNooedasoded 37 ILEUGAO ME) (BPDO)G oo5 coodoaobobosebogonpooD P|) INGOs Gos saoeaeeccoonseSacdeoune docs 392, 393 Mrchenoides: (SiredON)!s feejeic.cc- eee vowce GS |) AovorRalNWRy Gocoosabodedsqsacoduscogguodecce 384, 385 Pema O Chara ceciolccineelestein\clcisieleleisiers miata SUG | INMIERODSS 5 deqooosbece soucasonuoUsSdEUKnUeSS 385 HeIMIMO MV LeSMe seer sccis ciseise=istnialcinelsie oie 393) Macroscaphus! (Bufo) es eee ce