S . SN S MAKy AWN AS ‘ WN Oy SAIN ANS SANS S WAG WAY noosa ESSN a SAG me sie h Ay Aly nye Eee Sa ise uate SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 103 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEON- TOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, PANAMA, AND GEOLOGICALLY RELATED AREAS IN CEN- TRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THOMAS WAYLAND VAUGHAN Custodian of Madreporaria, United States National Museum, Geologist in Charge of Coastal Plain Investigation, United States Geological Survey WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING GFFICE 1919 ADVERTISEMENT. The scientific publications of the United States National Museum consist of two series, the Proceedings and the Bulletins. The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original, and usually brief, papers based on the collections of the National Mu- seum, presenting newly acquired facts in zoology, geology, and anthropology, including descriptions of new forms of animals and revisions of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annually and distributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A limited number of copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, is distributed to specialists and others interested in the different subjects as soon as printed. The dates of publication are recorded in the table of con- tents of the volume. The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a series of separate publications comprising chiefly monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occa- sionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, and catalogues of type-specimens, special collections, etc. The ma- jority of the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indis- pensable. Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum, and known as the Con- tributions from the National Herbarium, has been published as bulletins. The present work forms No. 103 of the Bulletin series. Witi1am DEC. RavENgt, Admimstrative Assistant to the Secretary, In charge of the United States National Museum. Wasuineron, D. C., September 15, 1919. PREFACE. Geologists. generally recognize that knowledge of the geology of Central America is essential to solving the problems of the geologic history of the Americas, and many of them have devoted as much thought and study to the region as their rather occasional oppor- tunities for investigation permitted. Among the previous investiga- tors T. A. Conrad, W. M. Gabb, J. W. Gregory, W. H. Dall, H. Dou- villé, P. Lemoine and R. Douvillé, M. Bertrand and Ph. Ziircher, R. T. Hill, and Ernest Howe should be mentioned. Since work on the Panama Canal was initiated by the United States Government, excluding the investigations associated with official duties, contribu- tions have been made by Franz Toula, A. P. Brown and H. A. Pilsbry, and W. B. Scott. In 1911 the Isthmian Canal Commission attached to its staff Dr. Donald F. MacDonald as commission geologist. In October and November, in 1911, I had the privilege of spending a full month in field work along the canal, largely as a guest of the Canal Commis- sion, and I here wish to express to Maj. Gen. Goethals, then Col. Goethals, my very hearty thanks for the facilities afforded me. Doctor MacDonald and I, of course, worked together, and he left nothing undone in making our efforts successful. Doctor MacDonald and I both recognized the extraordinary oppor- tunity for making a highly valuable contribution, not only to the geology of Central America, but also to the geologic history of the continents to the north and south. As a result of our conferences, I suggested to the Director of the United States Geological Survey a plan for cooperation between the United States Geological Survey, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Canal Commission. He ap- proved the suggestion and submitted it to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, who also gave his approval. As a result of these preliminaries the following letter was prepared and sent to the chairman of the Canal Commission: FEBRUARY 26, 1912. Col. Gzorer W. GorTHALs, Chairman Isthmian Canal Commission, Washington Office, Washington, D. C. Sir: As a thorough knowledge of the geology of the Panamic Isthmian region is essential to a solution of fundamental problems of the geologic history of both North and South America and of the adjacent oceanic basins; as the excavations for the Panama Canal and along the line of the relocated Panama Railroad offer opportunities during the next few years never before realized and probably never again to be realized Ill IV PREFACE. for a geologic study of this region; as there is a scientific need for the extension of the geologic investigations beyond the Canal Zone to adjacent areas, and as these extended investigations, although they may not always bear directly on the problems of build- ing the canal, will, by furnishing a basis for a wider knowledge of the geology of the area than can be obtained on the Canal Zone, be helpful in deciphering the local stratigraphy and structure of the rock formations cut by the canal, and will afford infor- mation on whether there are fuels, notably fuel oil, or other geologic products of eco- nomic value within reach‘of the canal: The Smithsonian Institution and the United States Geological Survey desire to enter into cooperation with the Isthmian Canal Commission in making a study of the geology of the Canal Zone and extending the studies to adjacent regions so far as is feasible. _ The following is submitted to the Isthmian Canal Commission for its consideration: _ Itis hoped and urged that the Canal Commission will continue in its service a com- mission geologist, and will provide facilities for his field work within the Canal Zone until the excavations for the canal for the Panama Railroad, and for any other projects that may require excavations have been completed and carefully studied. The Canal Commission is especially requested to permit the commission geologist to extend his examinations of the geologic formations and mineral resources beyond the Canal Zone, the salary of the geologist to be paid by the Canal Commission, and funds for his field expenses to be provided by the Smithsonian Institution. The commission geologist will, of course, submit to the Canal Commission a report of such nature and scope as the commission may direct. The United States Geological Survey will, without charge, cut rock sections for microscopic study, make chemical analyses, and furnish special reports on fossils and other collections made and submitted by the commission. The advice of the different specialists on the survey will be at the service of the commission whenever their advice may be desired. After the completion of the field work and after the commission geologist has sub- mitted his report to the Canal Commission, the Smithsonian Institution desires to pub lish comprehensive and detailed monographic accounts of the physiography, strati- graphic and structural geology, geologic history, geologic correlation, mineral resources (including coal, oil, and other fuels), petrography, and paleontology of the Canal Zone and of as much of the adjacent areas in the isthmian region as is feasible. The service8 of the most eminent authorities will be enlisted in the preparation of special memoirs on the various collections made and submitted. The endeavor will be, by full presen- tation of all obtainable information, to make the Canal Zone the geologic standard of comparison for Central America as well as for portions of North and South America. In these reports due credit will be given to the Isthmian Canal Commission for its par- ticipation in the investigations. We hope that this plan will meet with your approval and support. Very respectfully, (Signed) CHARLES D. WaLcort, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. (Signed) Gro. Orts SmirH, Director, U. S. Geological Survey. The proposed cooperation was approved by the chairman of the Canal Commission. Doctor MacDonald remained with the commis- sion until the excavations in connection with the canal were completed and he made explorations outside the Canal Zone, especially along Banana River in Costa Rica, and in the Province of Los Santos (Azuero Peninsula) and from David northward to the volcano of Chiriqui, in Panama. He was also geologist for the Costa Rica- Panama Boundary Commission. PREFACE. Vv Doctor MacDonald’s reports to the Canal Commission have been published in the annual reports of the chairman of the Canal Com- mission; and he is the author of a more lengthy paper entitled ‘‘Some engineering problems of the Canal Zone in their relation to geology and topography,” published as Bulletin 86 of the United States Bureau of Mines.' Since the termination of his services for the Canal Commission he has completed a large report on the physiography, stratigraphic and structural geology, petrography, and economic geology of the Canal Zone. The transmission of this memoir for publication has been delayed because some of the paleon- tologic determinations were needed for interpreting the geologic history. After the agreement to the proposed plan of cooperation, I took charge for the United States Geological Survey of the preparation of the special paleontologic reports, of the problems of geologic correlation, and of the coordination of the investigations with other work on the physiography, stratigraphy, paleontology, and geologic history in the southeastern United States and the West Indies. The paleontologic material was sorted according to groups, and the following specialists undertook monographic reports: Dr. Marshall A. Howe, calcareous algae. Prof. Edward W. Berry, higher plants. _ Dr. Joseph A. Cushman, foraminifera. Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan, madreporarian corals. Dr. Robert T. Jackson, echinoids. Dr. C. Wythe Cooke, mollusca. Mr. F. Canu and Dr. R. 8S. Bassler, bryozoa. Dr. Mary J. Rathbun, decapod crustacea. rot: fA} Palsbry;, dtnasedin The few vertebrates obtained were identified by Mr. J. W. Gidley. All of the paleontologic reports are now complete except that on the mollusks. It was at first hoped that Dr. W. H. Dall would prepare the one on this group, but pressure of other work prevented him. Later Dr. C. Wythe Cooke, paleontologist of the United States Geological Survey, began a study of the collection of mollusks, but other duties have interfered with his prosecution of it. The recent papers by Toula? and by Brown and Pilsbry? have been used, and they are valuable, but they do not meet the needs of the present in- vestigation, for the material described in them mostly represents one geologic formation, the Gatun formation, and the stratigraphic 1U.8. Bureau Mines Bull. 86, pp. 88, 29 pls., 9 text figs., 1915. 2 Toula, Franz, Eine jungtertiiire Fauna von Gatun am Panama-Kanal, Geolog. Reichsanstalt Wien Jahrb., vol. 58, pp. 673-760, pls. 25-28, 15 text figs., 1909; Die jungtertiire Fauna von Gatun am Panama- Kanal, Ibid., vol. 61, pp. 487-530, pls. 30,31,1911. 8 Brown, Amos P., and Pilsbry, Henry A., Fauna of the Gatun formation, Isthmus of Panama, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. for 1911, pp. 336-373, pls. 22-29, 3 text figs., 1911; Fauna of the Gatun formation, Isthmus of Panama, II, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. for 1912, pp. 500-519, pls. 22-26, dtexts figs., 1913. VI PREFACE. data are not sufficient. It is probable that three and perhaps four horizons will be discriminated within the Gatun formation. Other groups of organisms are adequate for correlation purposes in most or all of the other geologic formations, but for the Gatun formation the principal reliance must be placed on the mollusks. The collec- tions of mollusks made by Doctor MacDonald and myself is very extensive, and the greatest possible care was taken in obtaining full information on the stratigraphic relations of the material. It is hoped that a report commensurate with the size and importance of the collection may not be much longer delayed. The series of papers here presented comprises all of the pale- ontologic memoirs that have been completed. These are immedi- ately followed by descriptions of the geologic exposures where collections of fossils were made, with summaries of the fossils ac- cording to their stratigraphic occurrence, and a chapter on the geologic correlation of the fossiliferous formations, both with other American and with European formations. It is intended that Doctor MacDonald’s comprehensive general report will be published soon after this series of memoirs has been issued. The names of the geologic formations used in the paleontologic reports are the same as those employed by Doctor MacDonald in Bulletin 86 of the United States Bureau of Mines, to which reference is made on page v of this preface. I wish to thank the officials of the Canal Commission, particularly Maj. Gen. Goethals, Director George Otis Smith, and Chief Geologist. David White of the United States Geological Survey, and Dr. Charles D. Walcott, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, for the sup- port they have given these investigations. To my colleagues out- side the Geological Survey and United States National Museum, Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Prof. E. W. Berry, Dr. Robert T. Jackson, : Mr. F. Canu, and Prof. H. A. Pilsbry, who has collaborated in this work, I am under deep obligations; and it is a pleasure to record my appreciation of the efforts of my official colleagues, Dr. D. F. Mae Donald, Dr. Joseph A. Cushman, Dr. C.Wythe Cooke, Dr. R.S. Bassler, Dr. Mary J. Rathbun, and Mr. J. W. Gidley, all of whom have labored harmoniously to bring a large undertaking to a successful conclusion. Tuomas WAYLAND VAUGHAN. SEPTEMBER 15, 1919. CONTENTS? Page ‘ON SOME FOSSIL AND RECENT LITHOTHAMNIEAE OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE. iByeMarshall A“ Howe...) 202 5+. ese5. = oe EOE SRT OC aN ee Mar SANE 1 JEBNT RONG UVR OD ON a 0S cei ara en eral er a are DP pe ee eee 1 IBESCRIPHONSIOMSPECIOS snc os aes Sania wae ale EO ola cc wicie eran eerste 2 Archacolithothammniumayepisporum eas. ees seek ae oe Stee eee 2 iithothammniumevauemwantios ace Somes ie cele ers coe oatelc snl 6 PSY POOL Ale aon a ge THE Eg 8 Waithoporeliameloheso1desia. as yee Vee ay el ead 11 EXP AMAOMVOlPIAteS see ee ee ee Neate tee aon dae We oe a scot c 11 RUG Yea ore ees IO ne SP eg EY i ‘THE FOSSIL HIGHER PLANTS FROM THE CANAL ZONE. By Edward W. Berry... 15 JIU STROY LOK NUON Esai ese rte es I ed Sp) a 15 (Chay Tee VO ss pe at A a eI A ge ee 16 Botamicalecharactenents cs cn eee hee Gee Nees Se gee an ar ele reac aye 18 PETA RC COLOLW errs tte eie tia eiaeae ccna seen ernie Lote ie tar aT are ese enchant ot 21 lorayoiethe Canals Zone aac rye a oejes sort eine a Sey epg naka aie cleaves bas 22 SVeloIMaLleypaleOWOLAMy esses sae Sem a eae ae ae ols acme rea at iUie m 23 MD esenlptlons7olvspeClesa a ise ne ee = ee lee as ols ceteibe som amines meets tetas 23 eryiracments oie -ACrostiChUMe rs eee eeee eee cies sect ye cere 23 J ERDNOR TREY ASh aye aN aia re ee a i ene A MU ay apg or 24 Palma oxaylOmppalmM acces aise culo accu osc cie asic oei ocareiete lore a eeayate 24 ICTISVCWIEDECNSIS Serer tert yee esis ec nate ee ae ya ee hire 26 Guatterarcullebrensistpe sec: ee ae tiee tas a La Neng ais oe woe 27 Myristicophyllum -apisonrnarne Cee pepe Sia rgd ots ee fered ie en eta one 29 Maenioxylon mul tiradiatuimes. + 6 occ. ee ee pe acaata ee ce 30 IA AOMPOCAGINI CAs Mitre eo ae ee er reer ea UC rae etal ea ee 32 WassikCuleMrensise meee eee hak os eee bo wis Mee Roe ope cp aicyene apa 34 baracaolcacaenicay Cen een a co. Soler Gi odo eee Mi ae las trae 35 IBAMISCE TEAR OLACIUINtl aes o.s se yee sce eis as semis cle pea yetare arene ney ee 35 Eierony mia plebMmanMiy jet cites oc a slkislee nee ele ey eee ae als seers 36 SelumideltavbejuCensises soc 5 ice eye a wicca hee eager eay turing 37 Mespilodapnneculebrensis: aoc 2 8 cso peter case Sanne ere ini 38 Calhypiranthes sea tum ensisisny <4 2o2ce cise siae ra apes enya cee reese 39 Melastomuitessmiconioidés: 2.1.5 6) c.4 7 eee ms ee eile aa ee a cepa ' 40 Diospyrosimacdonal die Vane sek eyes care eee ede ee tye aces ues 4] IEYopavaKe) Key yregey Ko inne m oN Lie 8 Bats MINE NN ae A on Dad De a 42 Rublacites txoreoides..- 2460202 eo. 2: Ets cos eh Oe ecelgen he A a 43 Bix laMAGLOMNO Ula LeS etapa ne eiety cree yea eee NU pee aaa ecules as CaM ees 44 VERYOIED. So esc SE A ET Coe ERE i Peet Ana SIE AC Re i en ae 1 ‘THE SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE. By Joseph SAUDE (UIST OYE) CHBTEP ONES OVS SE oie ee NVA NG SN tl NOL es ON aa ee 45 Mmitrod we trom pte eye Ny ba os AO ne ane mee ee cls Gaal GOS Oya Oe 45 Mist ora terdaleurs oe ou yuNc satanic as ea aire sy LOR RUE al 2 aa 45 1¥or the most part the papers in this volume have individual indexes following the plates at the end of the-paper, and the Explanation of plates at the end of each paper gives a full description of the plates. VII VIII CONTENTS. THE SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE—Con. Descriptions of SpPeciesi. 27 oe es wel alas oye ele fopn avs eter ate ee ete Textularia abbreviate. 02ers ole sees Melee eee sagittwmlac noe So Sas Oe SE es TR PRE Sea ee agglutinans 4) BS ee Ba eee i he epee Jeammamnaytas Beco ee ee Nest no a en Bulbageuitimams) re eis ee a rea ROP ci oY rs ec eg aS NOP ae Me ERI OE Ro AMIS aL DANAMACMISIS se ose arene cere eae siesta e Seye nt eeete e Chrycalidina pulchellaee sa. sta) ae seen wee ne eae ae Bolivina‘ch Ba punctatas cg ioe ae Sake ec paieanes eea) sa evar START CTISIS heh Sl Ne IC I Sa SB VU er ovis vena Rane YOWUStAs ie ee Ss EN OL meee arceeey caer aye etane erste eneae SWECLES re eae TS ee ie acta ave Cee eee een ee a Bigenerina nod osariae o.oo eee ae ee ee eee eee ce en eee Gaudryina inti eee ae ee See ee eee ee eee rete eee {Bore MOvea pik: Wei Voyage Mga ons nec rere ee Sea GIA LR ai Cla vuling parisiensis se Mee Te Nes Ne sta nee eee COMM UMTS 12 oes res eG ee aera Mirpulina’squamiosa 2.) see So oe erste eee tare ee er eee agena striata. var strumosa..--- joo ee eee Nodosaria "communis 7 Se ene Ee SE ee eee eee PNSEC tae Tei Vee ee rae Bei eS AREAS ho: sta 3.0 Taphanistrum ss ees eee sete. Uae eee eee ee eee BPCCLEs ye nS ene Sor Oe aoa Cristellania rotulata (ose. eS RE cae ab ala case ee rane rey Aenea ene pap iin cara A Sastre Prob Sram sy es TOSS DES Pes ean ee ea VAUS MATT cnet tee TS OS ae Ae Uwagerina Camariensiss 2 ei Tle ek ea ee Me cana Canariensis; variety: oe eee ee cee ee eae PY CMACA She OO Ee Sha Oe eee nic te ee see LOTUUISOTTA CH 55 ye a ren ee oe sen eae ene es Siphogenerina raphanus, var. transversus.........-.----..--------- Globigerina bulloides: 20 ose Sa ee ee ne ree ee ae Be eee NOVICE AES an Ree eGA Pepe Ar uMaC oes SATS omens aie oo Conplobatay sets Oe ne ee ry one ee BA CCUM CTA eee aoe eta ETE ote aequilateralis: soos c2c Nese eee en es hoe ee eee Orbwlin a wMiversa ye ees ee aS aE ees eR ae gn DISCOLDIS!ODUUSA ees Cay I a STR rt CS Truncatwlmmaramencanassssssseccen cme as ee ee eee eee PYLE eT a ee et ee oe WONOYC BD OL eA MEAT Ma ON eA Be AS he. ociued Wilellerstortire oe eee eee ese ere eae nee ee Sena aranes CUTEDLEMSTO Se tS ee ee Sn eg eC et lance a Pulvinuling sagas cS eee oe ec sce cee cle eee etme ete ree ee eae CONCENETT CA ee Pe Re EAU UE NAN Nan ene ne ea See TBTKet0F 120 10 Ra APR Sage ALUN Ae ee Siphoniayreticulatae cats RP a eae re eee Nonioninadepressula sys eepe tea GS iii eee eect Oya scaphaxiac() decease. whee ek be ose SOEs ame ey nae, PANAMeNSIS el eae Sues Ie ANA eee yep scay epee ATV O TAD N TN ee Sete eI eA NR ee CONTENTS. Ix THE SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZoNE—Con. Description of species—continued. Page. Polystomellastriato-punctata< 25... 62062- 22. eee seus sete - 74 GUMS ocodoqndsagdsoodadonendundadoans doaasdauoodesodeS 75 mace apr ysis sie se aelna aie.2/ 5 5 ree aera eps ae Syne yee 76 CHIBP Oe senses a siele lcs els cle sia wala a'cto's ca am tia ats Get eras 76 Craticulatamgrncoss cece sets cco tes eee cae ce ce eae 77 BPECICS me scusins eminent etn. eres Niele cee cine Ae oo Be 77 ATM MISE PINAL ERSOMIMrareecsalcia/ocrcciefclrelaisciss s.- ba jo Sere need 77 Quingueloculinaseminulum 207525020 foo 8 wer seyci pete rerey eye 78 COMMIS sogododdobosooopoosoSosnsooeauncboscdsae 79 AUCTION Aes cca) sii wo teed oes Gee etal a Ne 79 UREXG Koyst Ves SS I eet A PEO STE eS a eRe ene 79 bicormis cg ie ies is etree rel tre eel ete eee 80 PAMAMENSIS tases see lect FOOD C SDS MOO OoaH Har mae 80 DSLomMONina beMUIS geese 2 tie Nena Se cies < eacin oer ete ee cietene wees hil CYS} OVS) SOU EHS es ks Coes SS PSE SP aS PON NY a ISOS 81 dmilocwlinaytmeonula. sees oe a atelns cst seis a tates Se See 82 CUUCAMIMA Le Sea uae hike ee ciel cine ig a elec Ls case Open pea 82 ulllbosas cece actasie ert: es akc apes aro ts ee Bee ers 83 PROJCCtAL tees cise lil! Jesolo ley Melee es aoe 83 Biloculina,bulloides#e ms 426425 e355 Gee eae seein se kt Sp eis eee 84 Spiroloculinaexcavata i. s2ss05 0.65. secs: to. sec UR em hieanae 84 Orbiculina aduncae. ccc .c..sencloesis een seems Soieees Heke. etree oe hieae 84 Bxplanation of plates 9.).).).)./5). sci, -s 5/44 s)= «<2 aejae dale See ssaeye sane 6. 85 Tiny cl earem yet riaiie S inset it aia Lea tage gad RN Meapepeictap ay ah aM (oh i THE LARGER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA OF THE PANAMA CANAL Zone. By Joseph PNUICTISLIMe RC USIMNAM eich oe ie eon a a wee eee cca a re 89 1 (FaReeOYG HELGA ENOS OS Bea) SIN) SRG espa ents arg MUNN eal lee SU or ES ae 89 List of species and their geologic occurrence. .....-.....-....-01.225--- 90 Deserptlon ONS PECleS oie.) sis vce cece 5 gee metaieia seers Sate tars 91 Wepidocyclimazcanellels oss. cee i ai. a Page ie ani A 91 CO] AVE Oe} dia ARN oe etl A reseed OR UG Mee Puce et ee tsna hE ole ee 92 NEED Fed ae ah ts era a REAR cots cdo eaten eo ay scene 93 DACRE CG Kod nF Uo ete are ca OP eM RY eslne ay Lie net OM eS Pa 94 PANAMENSIS Sos Uses tis cics SRI Se ener 94 COND ay BIRCH ie ea Oe ees acess iss ae A 96 ' Heterosteginoides panamensis.........------------- Rees eee ore one 97 Orcthophragmima mimi mays 2 es. Saree le pry Shae acre e cya eee 97 Nummnubitespanamensises. 0.060 ne seg ae ne Se el 98 Gavid ensisiee seas cers oe oh cea Geauga ec ntaia Aa aa. 98 Orbitolites americana sci cs cele ses csbie eaete ie een thee ea eae als 99 BE xplanationyOl Plates sn iajcicy selec asistencia tele wae als ama oe See aeons 99 Tinned Ore ecrapeiiniers oye retrain a tle wie ra lh Materia ye ct iy aN eray Nia Muncy DN is i Fossin Ecuini of THE Panama CANAL ZONE AND Costa Rica. By Robert Mr acNsACKSOMe acl t items etiam its Sa ed mie mica a me aes me isrciMia rereva ye ale wie 108 EROGU CLO ee sae renee Seen ON NR ec EGO US sya apern cial eys lapctseclel tela So 103 List of species and their geologic occurrence. .............--------++----- 103 DESCrUM TOM OL Sp CCLES A ete has cic SE OTN EAE oe ek 104 Clypeastertanceclatuses ie cas ee ee ie Saas eee een eens teens - 104 PBN TV encase Gers gegen cae edad TE Na aL AA a a 108 Bncopckannectansss sane sakes hows oa see OG REE 106 platiygiatan yi a ee noe ie ei eT Ss 108 IMC PAtKEMIA Me SOW Sy siya s So ois esig ied Se nets Sd AEE a 110 Echinolampas semiorbis............ iRise etter et AS Pa ALIN eR VEN EE 112 xX CONTENTS. Foss EcHINI oF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE AND Costa Rica—Continued. Description of species—continued. Page. Schizaster-armiger.2 23.25 6025502525. Oa IS} CTIStAtUS.22F2iscsseehs seks seees ters NIE oss oe 113 PANAMENSISH So Se Ses Sees ass Soho eRe eee. Secs 114 Description-of plates: s22s 2822252 4ss eles sess 2 etwas be eee ee 115 Index) sas nano eee sene coe Sess Hee oe oe Oe i Bryozoa oF THE CANAL ZONE AND RELATED AREAS. By Ferdinand Canu and -Ray:S: Bassler sto soho ioc ee oe e ese 117 Descriptions of species: <5 534555355 5.c% Sa Re BE Ae iy Ovivalina:mutabiliss ss 23324 seHasos Aa eee ee soln oe See Ree 117 Cupularia ‘umbellatas: 2205555550 52 2 ee ROAR ede oe eee 118 CANATICHSIG 45352 Ss codces he cs Hs Ie as ok sci eine 119 Holoporellavalbirostrigy 125 2G 555554 es eee a ne 120 Stichoporina tuberosasssscss5s5555)) SO ee 121 Explanation of plates: sna25 55) 5 Se s0sns He ane eee Be ees 121 Index ss = Sess S SSSR PSs Sees ee eae Coes ne HS ONE eel en i DeEcaPoD CRUSTACEANS FROM THE PANAMA ReEGIon. By Mary J. Rathbun. 123 Introduction: 22222555 sNse0 5 s2e 555 oo SA9 es Soe NRE oe ee 123 Literature on Tertiary Decapods of Panama..........---.-.-..---------- 124 List of stations from which material has been examined, arranged from the earliest to the latest, with the species found at each..........-..-...-- 124 Descriptions of species... so 52..02 2555 5256555 05. Se a ae 131 Family, genus, and species indeterminable...................-----.----- 131 Ma crobrachium, species: 553. cy io ai patna oes nee als oo ee 131 Macrobrachium: (?),;species:: 2225553002225 Se tae oan eee 132) Nephrops costatus! se 36 2205 5 SELON ES a ee 1325 Nephrops,;SpeCless fot iok cS abo joes weno no oon Ae ee Cee 133 Pachychelesilatus? ss cs 3) G2e eho 5555 SSRs Nick oa a Tee ee 134 Petrolisthes:avitus:.scc2ne co santo nie 3 ene eres a RELA GER Sigs 134 Axais reticulatuse= couse. el eas SGT ANS SG Ur SRR Se Re 135 ASKIUS' (2) s BPCCLESS ci = Sols Soci Saver cecs = cpaleveiahetcnae NEP eS NEU a ce 136 Calilianassaovaliss: 222255525) ano 5s Gases aos eee yaa 137 lacumosa ossas PS See Ce Seba Gk ROR a en eee 138 elongata snd oA as ON oe aalsee BRIS EER ane a Oe eats oe 139 BCOLH SP ae a ut RRR sn Be 2 cic eer ays aaa 140 Crasslmanas fois fess dhs. eo Se ee 141 MOIDENSIA: 5 Ss 2555525 ars Ce ee ee 142 Spinulosa ties 2hs os seats sh see ee ee eee 143 GENUS Srp Fer na state oot Sire ote tee AOE SE Re 144 Quadratar Se tee Les RAS a2 Skye ies te ese eae sree 145 toulanet Eee har ese Var ee see eae SSRN Seen See ae eee 146 aD Dreviatac Oe Ree er ek Sek eae eer as tara eae 147 Pa oe eet es SI) ee AG a pee oe a 148 Vauohand: sooo Ue Sosy ae eevee ee ae aise eicie ae ene Ene 148 SETIGENS oes he cals eine eure bins eietcte oo cyanea pe eee eee een 151 pa 0 a ea ey a a a eee MRS a EO RO 151 CLABSO ee Vs RE Soe eee ke SS 0 GS ae a ecg ee 152 Callianassa, species. 220 0 Secs ie se fol cee ec ee eee eee 152 Callianassa: (2): species. . 25-8 oes Sta so an es eee 153 Petrochirus bouviert.. 2. oo. 6 i. ae Seamer nE eee 153 Gonzochele\(7) armata oo. soe soc 5 Nee ae eae er eee pa 154 Hepatussechultenstss (25 oS er A a eens 155 Hepatus, species oc oo 5 lai aho eerie ree Sie eerie er 155 CONTENTS. DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS FROM THE PANAMA REGION—Continued. Descriptions of Species—Continued. Gallo paeostaricama nner. temo at a4 lls ieee) tet 2) eh etoile PEL AMMA eae tga neath net se Lie CN I SIE Se A a 2 yore PAINT ey aera orev Cau Mele sis SARC) SS 2 cece Tem gM EONAR Ec J Calappella quadrispina...........--- Safe eicheko rest ESE EA EEE I) tsi) Marsan acd omeal Git sesh ieee aber ak iene hey cece ey aye ME arte obseura.--2 22. 2.).2 SINS cs bk anes is i IES ie alot A ES Os = Ce Ue Miirswliare cristata ation aak sel waa eerste docs aes Seance mayer eS ys. Uae ys WeweosiliaijuTinens pa cmaner (ies see see el 7 SIMS Lee AE lS ee hAMATVETISI Shy apres Ne aac tie cette teats Laver HSE e/a Leucosiidae, genus and species indeterminable................-..... Callinectesideclivis sete gas eo re se PR Cee wes os mmiciel MOGUL A GUISE a etree aioe cm SIO EIS tare vee (Canady, joe alee A Re SaaasenomocUUUb osu so cos chews 34 cn sepodeadee WarjmilinisieseClesee sas 5 sit cases anc cee irae eve ye Aa IRENE of aiesc = Vis o/- iHeteractaea lunata se: ss. ss Bie tte cents errr RESP ye Panopeus antepurpureus.) 22s o2b) ose tees Bees e UU USS OREM UTS PGES MCE ea a a ee ee Pe Ces oS SHOCKER Seay ae UP Rees So ee ls AUN ianypiumyerenulatumies tse) 0 eo oe aN: See, 2 Brgy plaxcculebrensiss a scc Mini ic elo ei Ns ee e kafo eR caso, PPhaumastoplaxjorima sve es. Rete Rae Rye Gs AE INEL Sees Cardisoma guanhumi...... SA AD Ae a Uae aati ac bs ies AEs oS) 3 ROE Wicapmacrodactyluisss ce nN esky Sanu ie I el UNEASE St ai cvcee Brachyrhyncha, family, genus, and species indeterminable..........- Brachyrhyncha, family, genus, and species indeterminable..........- PargnenoOpe Walamensis: 220 kOe i yc ee cco epee EMRE ala) WLEISLOCEMTC Ase kee sai. eae at sercac owas A eeRnN Save o/c Hixplanatiomofwplatesss.scasco cee sek Ciceci isc aie cra a wm pineee te aa) 2)20 IGaCoS Ae a rl re a ORS PRIN ts bs PSE Ey OEY eR a Gases PESTA E ES Cy EIN Oe? eee CIRRIPEDIA FROM THE PanaMa CanaL Zone. By Henry A. Pilsbry........ BalaniwsrebuUIMeUs ye oye ooo 2k okie Meech Be Ecce aries ees Re oP PAK WOO DOW: CAMB ANAM SR OS ASO RpeGmad cu ao soon eton daa eonoOS ConGavus rariseptatus.. 2 ././c c.f ceeciee VN dee Eise eo. 5 (Gesperibalanus?), Species... 5.2/5. 522422... 2... Hee Bs a epaspimy ud ica tare rests eer nes Sek sateen te Ot 2s Are eras ore: Explanationtotsplatesiee axa s os eevee seat eee AMAT. Fosst, Corats From CenrraL AMERICA, CuBA, AND Porro Rico, WITH AN AccouUNT OF THE AMERICAN TERTIARY, PLEISTOCENE, AND RECENT CoRAL REBRS by, aomasWayland Vaughanss:2:t Joss) coe Sse ea ee Imtrodwetione says. fo mes ria hie wes dee eet SI eis Ak Spy wee BOE Basie! Geologic correlation by means of fossil corals.........-.-.------.-------- Geologic history of the upper Eocene and later coral punee of Central America, the West Indies, and the eastern United States. ............- TB yayerey eV eyepiece ea Scoe Hels em AL Cec ah gaa Britoformation)/Nicarag ay! ci). SNe teat iih Mees keer A FS i ee St. Bartholomenwalimestomenen 2s ie ys an es Ae Suce a i): Jackson formation and Ocala limestone....-..........----.------ Concluding remarks on the Eocene..........-.-.-----------+--- XI XII CONTENTS. Fossiz CORALS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA, CUBA, AND Porto Rico, Etc.—Con. Geologic history of the upper Eocene and later coral faunas of Central America, the West Indies, and the eastern United States—Continued. Page. Oligocenesc eee. Gh ade sa nasa Asses eee keene Meee 198 Lower Oligocene.............-- SUB MD MaN Spee Es Ca 2 Rage ce ee 198 Middle Oligocene .22 2.56 5 pal hos 5m 5 SRE Rs Ps ee Ea Q9 Antigua formations = 6.7 cs ses kee ae eee eee 333 PamilySertatoporidaeysco-cc- scene ee eee eee eee ee 333 Genus Stylophora: -oscs seqcccce oe ee eee ee ee 333 Pocilloporas 6 ease eee ee see ee oe eee 342 Madracis 255055 soo Gane een Sah stare ogni ey again gear 345 HamalyAstrocoemidaes.. 2225 usa Ae ee es ere yee ee 345 Genus Astrocoenta’s 32 2 ee ae hoe 345 Stylocenla:ee Seoce. ooo ane ere eee eae 351 Family Ocublinidaes: = oss oro Sioa foe ee ne ye eens 352 Genus’ @euling: oe era Sr he ee eee 352 FAT CHO MEAG mot iae icc) fe ae acre ae eee 352 HamilysHusmiiliidaes soa nosiens occ os ee acta eee nara 354 | Genus Asterosmilliay cS 0 es is ee ie epee tare as 354 Stephanocoenta 002 hos A ae en eee ee 356 Dichocoeniay Sa oe ee ee eC eee 360 SMTA eo ee ee si se See eerapne Dees 361 BamilyAstraneudaes:< scce one ee cee ee eee ae eee 361 Genus: Cladocota c4o eae een eee ae 361 Family Orbicellidaes 27 cae rt cen ae cen re ate 362 Genus: Orbicella. 33 0 Eee Ge cee ee eae 362 Solemastred yy ae eS ea ee 395 Antlowastreads coe Gin asetas eas ae ee eee 461 Sty lange soo ee ee 410 Sepastrea sss ees OHS Ns weiss ee iice Melero i nee 411 HamilyHavatd ae sc 55 iS Rasen i at che eee are ieee 412 Giemsa vata eho 5085 ey 2 Re ON ee 2) NIRA a ty ae 412 Taava bese sins srs ese eh cin stra ale ey em np een 414 Gontlastreas} sc 355 Sas aes meee nies eee tine oe ane 416 Macandra:s 50 2S ee a re ea eet arene 417 Teptorig. 2552.2 872 23 eho Se aya ee at ea ree 421 IN EW Aer 0 es ER SE es A eS OU meno 421 FED SaTMUBs Sos ere 2 rs, es ey a a et eee eee eee 423 Bamily, Musstd aed Ses S25 0a eee goes one nrg Ren al (aha ie 424 Genus SyZycophylita 27 see eee scenes eer eee 424 CONTENTS. oe KV Fossit CorALS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA, CUBA, AND Porro Rico, pre.—Continued. Systematic account of the faunas—Continued. Class Anthozoa—Continued. MadneporaniasHumoida sae) otis ot Dy eet (HamiuiliveNoaniciad ae: ceniem simmer ark peck Genus}irochoserist: sae SO ae PACT ECLA Se Cew CER: ee mi MeRein as Fgh eT TERN VONOEE sesh Hs teMicn hA lai ee ep LOSeristePmemem sa WMA mia eos ae IPIROMAB ERE ee ete set ene Ns NORE Side@rastreaa:+ sees scehoeedousee es. 2 PamilysOulastreidaerete s piss au is Aa | Genus Gyathomorpha- ho es oa Se Drploastredses el EEIAOe ai) SOE Tet Ge Madreporariackentoratae sc) Paes Pee Opes Id. amily. Wupsammiudaes ss2c5-: 52. csen.e 222-2: Genus: Balanoplny lia 2 isso iyo one ManulyeNeroporidac se anne Na sie ae yes HAISEE COP OVA ate Sika cei vien ha oh ES HEH Ee BA GUIMAICIB EGA: AEST NaF Oe Cee yen nein CER OT IG eS ete Petit ok ran ROR NGS es Class rly drozoat 22385. 3 WRC Da ER SRN NE Sars AMIENS RS yy Greate Orderly drocorallimae sade ee aoe cee cts ee Hamily Miulleporidaes). sees eta eee ae Genus Milleporas seis: cj eis ad ie Se Bxplanation omplatesss: jaiiat si ee ote eee Shas Whacresisandstones ange es Gace se aes Nos HATERS LOC Orn eed era ee Ny Seas Ga lg eee aioe ae NUN Aa Descriptions of local sections across the Isthmus of Panama Section in canal cut 600 feet south of Miraflores Locks Section at Canal Commission station 2089 south of Miraflores Locks. - . 8370—19 II THE SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS OF THE FOSSILITEROUS BEDS. By Donald Prancis MacDonalds) 1.2.6) 2s ete esos.) PRIETO CLL CLO 1a se ee As rays eG ty Leela A ENE vey tho A ee eet ad 5) Sedimentary formations.-.......-.-..-.-- OS tae pean ees Rae JHOVEROE CW pie aati oe ait yu ica hayes nected cou aR ra cot EN Has Opisposmormatiomen Asis Weyia oes Pe To ein ihasi@ascacdas:agelomerates: 4.5.) vel yee se es OlTsOCeMeL AW ses Mila ey oat ines alba ah See eee Beech IBOhTO,conglomerdte vss i Bk Me eee diene eee irae Culebraviormatiom (25 500.0 seer eee en cee as Cucurachasforma tion sponse) — es eerie tia TE eed Emperadon Wmestonely 2020 las Wy Gees Cammmtotormaationse.os cy .c Nae Meets i, yaie)e IVEVO CONN G EASED: BRD I 28M UAE LE ON Med EN A Se ek CUS OU CU OU Oust Or Gus Sb Ww wo hw bw bb bo or to J AVI CONTENTS. THE SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE—Continued. Descriptions of local sections across the Isthmus of Panama—Continued. Section, morth end) of Maraflores Wocks 6 e242. Sain eee Section, Pedro Miguel Locks to Paraiso Bridge.........---.--------- Section at Bald Hill near Miraflores Locks.............:.------------ * Section along east side of Gaillard Cut from Canal Commission stations HBAS CORB Os eee e Se Ae iy Ga a BOs ek NU to XZ a pe Section on west side of Gaillard Cut from Canal Commission stations BETATADY Nove 7D) OharetiAtea esr NN ESOC CE UR ne Nee Ne SA ge ep 8 Section on west side of Canal Commission station 1720, near Empire, to AAO sae aires Gall hore ey spe ayaa eo eRe RU NR UO FING eR oe Section on west side of Gaillard Cut near Las Cascadas, Canal Commis- Railroad cut near stream about midway between Rio Frijol and Rio rR OLIGO See FS eG ON Ee. oh eR cei teg oan amie ANE Ls Ol Section in railway cuts near New Frijoles............----:...-----.- Section showing chief railway cuttings and outcrops along the Panama Railroad between Bohio and Monte Lirio.....-.- ST ts Si a a Ne Exposure a quarter of a mile northwest of old Bohio railroad station. - Exposure opposite old Bohio railroad station, north side of the railroad Section at Pefia Blanca, about one mile below Bohio, on the west side Ob Chaereshivien, cee iecie ce ic) 5 es cl aa RO et Section at Vamos & Vamos, 24 miles below Bohio, west side of Chagres Section on Panama Railroad from Monte Lirio to Airc of Gatun formation: onisouthsidelol Bie Swampy 5. see wee 2 eee Section showing Gatun formation, one-quarter to one-half mile from Camp Cotton, toward Monte Lirio, at big curve on railroad........ Large railway cutting a quarter of a mile from Camp Cotton, toward Momteuliiriox sass ite yo ce ee en RL SH pe aes ae ¢ In the next two exposures going toward Camp Cotton...............-- Section in cut one-hali mile west of Camp Cotton toward Gatun... .. Generalized sections of the bluffs exposed along the Panama Railroad, relocated line, about 3,500 feet south of Gatun railroad station... .- Section from top of hill at western end of Gatun dam to bottom of the SpPUll ways cs T See ST Ae Re pees Di Se pens eye Section at west end of therspillway..- 66-5254 ey 45 a eer Exposures in’ the, vicinity, of Mindi Hall: 3. 22:2) uome es ee Monkey, Hall, "Mount, Hope station]... = 25 5. 2 asian ee ee eee Section (of bluffsatiend of oro, Powmts <2 5 esas ae ae ere Section one-third mile south of southern end of Toro Point Breakwater, PIM UATE ie eo eg THE BIOLOGIC CHARACTER AND GEOLOGIC CORRELATION OF THE SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS OF PANAMA IN THEIR RELATION TO THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WesT INDizs. By Thomas Wayland Vaughan. . Panto debian ss i55 Me aas ea oe aia peg a aa a ee Biologic character of the sedimentary formations in Panama........-.--..- IDO eM TN a MNS MUSMOs meh sh oMsisco ood aaou SOS Olivocene ss sse ruse eg. sic Se Sake ee eee ree eer Bohio conglomerates: 0285. 45) see oe Ne ee Ee ae ec alcal oe ey arm Timestoneon. Haut, Chagres: 42/232 28 2S eae ey pe etertale = Limestone at Dawid. 28) ase eee eee eee baal eee Large Foraminifera trom David. ......-...--..-...cecee---- CONTENTS. XVII THE BIOLOGIC CHARACTER AND GEOLOGIC CORRELATION OF THE SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS OF PANAMA, ETC.—Continued. _ Biologic character of the sedimentary formations in Panama—Con. Oligocene—Continued. Page. Cullelorarsiormaelomes ta etic me simran MOURA Agen Me 550 Hossils irom: the: Culebra ftormatione-%: 2.202" 920 oe a 551 Deposits of the age of the Culebra formation near Tonosi......... 554 Larger Foraminifera from near Tonosi....--......--......-- 555 ossilecorals tromvstablon. 698 /DONOSs <2 e235. ye une 555 Guenrachapiormiat tome te aoe en cece sels een Ot ee BNC NN 555 mperadorlimestonenaa semen ee ee ee aeons 556 Fossils from the Emperador limestone. ..........--....:.-.- 557 Caimuitomormatlon acne ase re eee nee ae ey ge ey Nie 558 WOO CNG GEE Eee SNe Oe aie rao a 8 ee Nd ea ain ar Na ieee enue a Re 558 Garumehormatiomes a cermin eee te ea es sons os SO eel 558 Fossils, except Mollusca, from the Gatun formation.........- 559 Mollusca from the Gatun formation, according to Brown and TEATS) OV 7, SNe OR el aati tan i oa a ee elem CONN IY 560 IO GOO Ry ee aprons Se ete pet eas onan WS ere en iiie NAS Eee 562 Toro limestone. ........-. Ba eRe es ol NE NG Sera CIN ee eR ON RES 562 lOISLOCEM Geert ie Scene Rena asian, Sune ae reno miln genni icine Aan ie 563 Fossils from the Pleistocene of the Canal Zone.........-.---.----- 563 Correlation of the sedimentary formations of Panama.........--.....---.- 565 Tertiary formations of the southeastern United States...........-... 565 A provisional correlation table of the Tertiary formations of the South Atlantic and eastern Gulf Coastal Plain of the United SECT SoC ae ce A SATS Oa PE ee st a SU 569 Correlation of the Tertiary formations of the southeastern United States with European subdivisions of the Tertiary............---- 569 LOCO M Crees seers igchart fre sce cys ayes Sey nened sate aeeenann Cees Wee va j asses 569 Op OCE Me Ns Mate Che nst iy wwe ce enn Abe care aoa outer Gur ana cat 570 J Wo yerey aiSy Se ONE MASE aN Se el Ar a aR ae OS a yan eG Aree 572 Adios lanitetormia ton secs cence eae seen ee ee ears eo rey oes 572 Marks Head marl and the Calvert formation...........-.---- 574 Choptank/and St. Marys formations. =~ 22.) 502. 23225 52. <- 575 Yorktown formation and Duplin marl. -....-......2..2..-.,: 575 Choctawhatcheewmanle 6 2322 oye ee ee see one 576 LP USKGX ey ae Mie cle VEU S a ene Ctege oar eR Re eee ES Ne He 576 Age of the sedimentary formations of Panama, and the distribution of their age-equivalents in Central America and the West Indies...... 577 OC TY Oren uate SM Arete csi che tne cua ene gale naan cr Lag ne 577 OIG COM ea NE Mae cre a ute ie ea eaten oie ah NS me ALR a oe RP ae 578 Mower Olioocene aaa s eras spe as ie erate re Selec = 578 Middle; Olicoceness Cu ewan ayant ei oes oe Nee eee 582 WippenOlisocen ei see ee aero ee Oe a ee eae 585 IMI OCI et ier ir seg coh Neat ge rane = eommnr Te NSS aN. Gk Spencer aaa 586 AEA CeTa Cpe ae ee Me a ee late ll Le, teres 593 Tentative correlation table of the Tertiary marine sedimentary fOnMAa TIONS Of at anna. 44 cbmc acto My Ue icone kas 595 Pre-Tertiary formations in Central America and the West Indies...... 595 CONTENTS. XVIII THE BIOLOGIC CHARACTER AND GEOLOGIC CORRELATION OF THE SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS OF PANAMA, ETC.—Continued. Outline of the geologic history of the perimeters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Cartbbean Sea: sn cs oe cei Te oa os Da 3 yu vaya a ee 596 Geographic relations of the three Americas..........-....--.-..--.-- 597 General relations: o\c5 2222S Bake kas Goo eS See Ne ee 598. Tectonic Provinces........-. Baybee iclerertne, os, 0/( ae a) ara eee Nest Bahamas (Ween oe ie see Sasa ars Nis Ak are aie Gene a eee 599 Atlanticland:Guli-CoastaliPlain e226 2 5 eee ee 600 Mexican Plateau. 22s oooh usa ok ee See eee 600 Oaxaca-Guerrero. 22 ade ee cok ee ae eee eee 600 Wii@a tam S21 eee UN es es ek Os ee Sa a 601 Guatemala-Chiapags sc. 58 02.0... k eee ee eee 601 Ciba Se coe NS Se ce oe ee 601 Haiti; northern partss2: 00.0. 2. Ske Sa oe 601 Honduras and the Jamaican Ridge.......-....----------.--- 602 Haiti, southern part, Porto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.. 602 Saint’ Croix [oo Vesa See ee 603. Costas Rica-Panamia se sosk oi 23 os Ss ea ae 603. UOIGKe pee eR Marat he one MEM ONES 5h ooo uaod aoOUSE 603. Maritime ‘Andes: 225052928 0000250 5 2a eee ee 604 Caribbean: Islands.) 2.2205. 2. 256.6 soe eee eon 604 BarbadiamyRidge ei ic. ie 2/25 ere 604 WariieanvAre ye. o 6 soccer eee HR Sena creer 604 Aves RIGRC oor lores oie oe een t's eR ei a 604 Paleogeosraphic summary, io. ni. es ee oe 604 Late Paleozore soe OO Se Sn eee 605. Triassic: Jurassic: and. Cretaceous... .. 5... 5... ss eee eee 606 Bocene and Ohgocenesngss: hoo. os 607 Miocene cs Seah See eee ie oe a et 607 Phocene and later: (238s soo oe 609 Tabular summary of some of the important events in the geologic history of the West Indies and Central America. ............-- 611 By MARSHALL A. HOWE. i ae the New York Botanical Garden 00) WASHINGTON© se : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ; 1918 TAN aCe SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 103 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEON- MOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, PANAMA, AND GEOLOGICALLY RELATED AREAS IN CEN- TRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES ON SOME FOSSIL AND RECENT LITHOTHAMNIEAE OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE By MARSHALL A. HOWE Of the New York Botanical Garden Extract from Bulletin 103, pages 1-13, with Plates 1-11 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 ON SOME FOSSIL AND RECENT LITHOTHAMNIEAE OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE. By Marsnati A. Hower, Of The New York Botanical Garden. INTRODUCTION. The following report is based chiefly upon a number of specimens of fossil calcareous algae, of the group known to geologists as “ Nulli- pores,” from Oligocene and Pleistocene strata in the Panama Canal Zone, collected in 1911 by D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan, of the United States Geological Survey. In this materia] the Pleistocene period is represented by a single collection (MacDonald, 6039), consisting of numerous excellent free specimens, “‘ from flats near Mount Hope, five feet above tide level.” These Pleistocene specimens appear to the writer to belong to a species found by him a year or two earlier to be living in the Colon region, only a few kilometers distant. This species, so far as the writer can determine, has been hitherto undescribed; in framing its diagnosis, as published below, the fossil as well as the recent mate- rial has been considered, but a recent specimen, being more complete and satisfactory for detailed study, has been named as the technical type of the species. — So far as the present writer has been able to discover, the fossil coralline algae of America, in their taxonomic aspects at least, offer a practically untouched field for research. It is, of course, possible that geological and paleontological papers in which calcareous algae have been described have escaped the attention of phycologists, but inquiry among American geologists and paleontologists and a search of accessible literature have thus far revealed to the writer but a single? hitherto described species of fossil Lithothamnieae from the Western Hemisphere, namely, Lithothamnium curasavicum K. Mar- tin, from the Island of Curacao, a species to which further allusion is made below in the discussion of Archaeolithothamnium episporum. 1 Stromatopora compacta Billings (Palaeozoic Fossils, vol. 1, p. 55, 1862) from the Island of Montreal, etc., has sometimes been considered by geologists to be of corallina- ceous affinities (the species has been referred to Solenopora by Nicholson and Etheridge, Geol. Mag., vol. 3, p. 529, 1885), but, if we may judge from published figures, the organ- ism seems to the writer hardly a coralline alga, if indeed it is an alga at all. 1 2 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The fossil Lithothamnieae of Europe have been described and fig- ured in considerable number and with various degrees of care and detail. Most of these European descriptions and figures the writer has been able to see; some of them offer a reasonable basis for the future recognition of the forms concerned, without a reexamination of the original materials, but many of them do not. The present writer has had access to a good representation of the living Litho- thamnieae of North America, the West Indies, Europe, and the East. Indies, but so far as the fossil forms are concerned, he has had to depend upon descriptions and figures alone, which, as stated above, are often very unsatisfactory. In venturing to propose as new, two species of Lithothamnieae from Oligocene strata of the Panama Canal Zone, he doubtless risks the possibility that some future investigator, working with better materials or even with the same, may be able to convince himself or even to prove conclusively, that one or both of said species should be considered identical with species previously described from Europe. The diagnostic charac- ters, the limits of variation, and the geographic range of even the living species are still very imperfectly understood. Some of the | species are evidently widely distributed within certain temperature limits; others are at present known from single localities. So far as may be inferred from our present knowledge, very few, if any, of the forms of Lithothamnieae now living in tropical America occur also in European waters. List oF SPECIES AND THEIR GEOLOGIC OCCURRENCE. Archaeolithothamnium episporum, new species. Recent, Toro Point; and Pleistocene, Mount Hope; both in the Canal Zone. Lithothamnium vaughanii, new species, Oligocene, Culebra formation at station 6026, about haif way between Monte Lirio and Bohio Ridge. Lithothamnium isthmi, new species, Oligocene, Hmperador limestone at stations 6021, about 4 miles north of Gamboa Bridge, and 6024—b, Rio Agua Salud, Panama Railroad (relocated line). Lithoporella melobesioides (Foslie) Foslie, Oligocene, Emperador lime- stone at station 6024-c, Rio Agua Salud, Panama Railroad (relocated line). ARCHAEOLITHOTHAMNIUM 1 EPISPORUM, new species. Plates 1 to 6. Brownish red when living, the thallus forming at first widely e«- panded crusts 0.25-1.0 mm. thick, these in many cases repeatedly overgrown, the resulting crusts becoming 5 mm. or more thick, some- times remaining nearly smooth or exhibiting the irregularities of the 1 We follow Rothpletz’s original spelling of the final syllable of this unfortunately long name, a spelling that, happily, agreer with Philippi’s spelling of the final syllable of Lithothamnium. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 3 substratum alone, but more often developing coarse, irregular rounded excrescences 5-12 mm. in diameter, or short rounded ver- rucae or nodules 2-5 mm. in diameter, the surface in sterile parts mostly smooth, indurated, and occasionally subnitent; hypothallia varying from weakly to strongly developed, 30-170 py. thick, their cells 17-28 p. by 8-11 yp; cells of the perithallium in distinct and regu- lar layers except in oldest and youngest parts, the layers in more or less distinct zones, layers of short and of long cells occasionally al- ternating, cells mostly 8-15 y» by 5-8 wu, in decalcified condition sub- moniliate, sphaeroidal to ellipsoidal, 1-24 times as high as broad, in. calcified condition mostly subquadrate or oblong in vertical sec- tion; sporangia superficial, their apicula even with the surface, or slightly protruding, their cavities becoming only imperfectly and irregularly embedded, the sori slightly elevated, very irregular in cutline, mostly 0.1-1.0 mm. broad, often widely confluent and anas- tomosing and becoming 5 mm. or more broad, the surface at length whitish and scarious, the ostioles mostly 16-22 » in diameter, sporan- gia 65-96 vp high (including apiculum), 27-50 p broad, 4-partite (oc- easionally 2-partite?), the spores irregularly paired or rarely sub- zonate. Localities and geologic occurrence.—Covering dead corals, etc., and often forming concretionary pebbles with coral cores, from low- water mark to a depth of several meters, Point Toro, near Colon, Panama Canal Zone, Howe 6832 (type, in Herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.), January 7, 1910; Colon, Howe 6840 (this covers continuously a mass ef old coral 382 cm. long and 14 cm. in greatest width); also, as a Pleistocene fossil, “from flats near Mount Hope, five feet above tide level,” D. F. MacDonald, station 60391 1911. Paratypes.—Cat. No. 35298, U.S.N.M. In outward form and in its habit of overgrowing old corals, Archaeolithothamnium episporum resembles A. erythraewm (Roth- — pletz) Foslie, f. durwm (Heydrich) Foslie, from the Red Sea and the East Indies, especially as illustrated by Weber-van Bosse and Foslie (Corallinaceae of the Stboga Expedition, pl. 5). Of this species we have seen only one specimen (from near Makassar), communicated by Mme. Weber-van Bosse, but from this and from the descriptions and figures of A. erythraewm published by Foslie, Heydrich, and Lemoine, we infer that the Panamanian specimens represent a differ- ent species. Perhaps the most important distinctive character of A. episporum is to be found in its more superficial sporangia, as may be seen by comparing our photographs (pl. 2, fig. 1; pl. 3) with Hey- drich’s figure ? of a vertical section through a sporangial sorus of his 17This is associated with minor amounts of other crustaceous corallines, including Lithophyllum, species, and Goniolithon, species. Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges., vol. 15, p. 68, fig. 2. 1897. 4 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sporolithon ptychoides, which Foshe* and Lemoine? consider to be synonymous with A. erythraeum. The sori or the emptied sporangial cavities appear also to be much less regularly embedded or overgrown by new tissue than is the case in A. erythraeum, if one may judge from Rothpletz’s original description,? Heydrich’s figure 3,‘ Le- moine’s figure 29,? and the descriptions given by the last-named writ- ers; however, Foslie® remarks of 4. erythraeum that “the sori are partly to be found overgrown in great numbers by new formed tissue, partly, however, they are not to be seen in section.” In A. episporum, the sporangia themselves have never been seen except close to the surface; the emptied sporangial cavities do not show in a rough frac- ture or in an ordinary ground section, but irregular traces of them are often to be found in thin microtome sections of decalcified ma- terial. The sori of A. episporum are so superficial that their cover- ing, after the discharge of the spores, appears to die and is flaked off together with more or less of the intersporangial parts, and the new tissue growing up from the base of the sorus shows only occasionauy und imperfectly the outline of the former sporangial cavities. Rothpletz’s original description of his Lithothamnium erythraeum leaves one in some doubt as to whether he found the contents of the sporangium divided or undivided; he uses the term “ Tetrasporen,” but the measurements that he gives for these “ Tetrasporen” are such as commonly belong to the whole sporangium in this group. In Heydrich’s first description ° of his Sporolithon ptychoides, the “ Tetrasporangien” are said to be “meist ungetheilt, selten zwei- theilig,” but a little later * he figures four tetraspores in a sporangium, arranged in the “cruciate” manner. But this mode of division being at varlance with the prevailing ideas as to the arrangement of the spores in the Corallinacew, Foshe,’ a little later in writing a diag- nosis of the genus A7vchacolithothamnium inserted a question mark after “sporangia * * * unparted or cruciate?” and this sign of doubt as to the cruciate division has been repeated by later writers.® In A. episporum the mature sporangia are commonly and normally 4-parted in an irregularly “ cruciate” fashion, but often the division axes of the two pairs of spores are at right angles to each other, so that only three spores are: visible in a lateral view, and occasionally 1 Siboga Exped. Monog., No. 61, p. 38. 1904. 2 Ann. Inst. Océanog., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 67. 1911. 3 Rothpletz, A. Bot. Centralb., vol. 54, p. 5. 1893. +Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges., vol. 15, p. 68. 1897. 5 Siboga Exped. Monog., No. 61, p. 41. 1904. 6 Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges., vol. 15, p. 69. 1897. 7Tdem, pl. 18, fig. 3. 8 Kgl. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 1900, pt. 5, p. 8. 1900. ®De Toni, Syll. Alg., vol. 4, p. 1721, 1905; Svedelius, in Eng. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzen- fam., vol. 1, pt. 2; Nachtsiige, p. 267, 1911. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 5 the second divisions seem to be omitted and the sporangium is appar- ently mature with only two spores. Very irregular types of division also occur, and rarely one finds an approach to the zonate? arr ange- ment characteristic of most of the Corallinaceae. The perithalhc cells of A. episporwm appear to be, in the decal- cified state, more rounded and in more moniliform filaments than is the case in A. erythraewm, as may be seen by comparing our photo- micrograph? with the photomicograph of a presumably decalcified section of A. erythraeum—published by Lemoine.* The distinct strat- ification of the perithallium of A. episporwm is due, in part, to the alternation of layers of long and short cells, but we have never seen in the Panamanian species any such striking alternation of long and short cells as is shown in this photograph published by Mme. Le- moine and as is shown still more emphatically in Heydrich’s figure 3 4 of a vertical section of his Sporolithon ptychoides. From Archaeolithothamnium dimotum Foslie and Howe,® the only living species of this genus previously described from the West Indian region, A. episporwm differs widely in its thicker crusts, in its more superficial sporangial sori, which are for the most part ex- foliated after maturity of the sporangia and are only obscurely and imperfectly overgrown, in the usually larger, more rounded, and more moniliately arranged cells of the perithallium, the larger and rather less widely separated sporangial ostioles, ete. Archaeolithothamnium curasavicum (KK. Martin) Foslie,’ a Creta- ceous fossil from the island of Curacao, is described and figured as showing distinctly rows of embedded sporangial cavities, such as would not be seen even in a thin decalcified section of A. episporum. A Pleistocene fossil, collected by MacDonald at station 6039, from flats near Mount Hope, came from a few kilometers from the locali- ties where we found the plant living, and we can entertain no serious doubt as to the specific identity of the recent and the fossil forms. The living and fossil are similar in external habit, as may be seen by comparing plates 1 and 4. They are similar also in their rela- tions to old corals, and in structure (compare fig. 1, pl. 2, and fig. 4, pl. 5) they appear to exhibit only such differences as may be ascribed to individual variation or as may be expected in comparing the recent or living wad the foe dene. But le remains of ae fossil see 1- 1 rents 4- ee sporangia have been described by Foslie for the Californian Archaeolithothamnium zonatosporum (Foslie, Algologiske Notiser. II. Kgl. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 1906, pt. 2, p. 14), so that it would appear that this genus exhibits a wide variety in the matter of division of its sporangia. = Plate 3, fig. 2. 3 Ann. Inst. Océanog., vol. 2, pt. 2, pl. 1, fig. 1. 1911. * Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges., vol. 15. 1897. > Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard., vol. 4, p. 128, pl. 80, fig. 1; pt. 87, 1906. 6 Lithothamnium curasavicum K. Martin, Bericht iiber eine Reise nach Niederlindisch West-Indien und darauf gegriindete Studien. ITI. Geologie, p. 26, pl. 2. figs. 22—25, 1888. 6 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mens after decalcification, though the outlines of the cells may be recognized here and there. As microtome sections of the decalcified fossil material are out of the question, comparisons of structure of the recent and fossil must naturally be based upon calcareous ground sections. And in comparing the cell structure in sections of the re- cent decalcified specimens (pl. 3) with that shown in ground sections of the calcareous fossils, it is necessary, of course, to bear in mind that cells in calcareous ground sections of the Corallinaceae com- monly appear much more rectangular than in decalcified sections of the same material.1_ In the sections of the fossil material thus far made there are no certainly recognizable traces of sporangial cavi- ties, but this is true in almost an equal degree of calcareous ground sections of the recent specimens except as to the surface of the plant (fig. 1, pl. 2), where the sori are, in fact, so decidedly superficial or even exserted that they could, perhaps, hardly be expected to persist in the fossil state. In the same locality with the type-specimens (Howe 6832) there occurs an outwardly somewhat similar plant (Howe 6837) that we at first suspected to be the antheridial form of A. episporwm, but certain recognizable, though possibly unimportant, differences in the form, size, and zonation of the perithallic cells have restrained us from so considering it. The antheridial conceptacle (cavities) in this 6837 are 64-95 p. broad and 60-72 » high; they become copiously embedded by the continued upward or outward growth of the thallus. LITHOTHAMNIUM 2? VAUGHANII, new species. Plate 7, figs. 1 and 2, and plate 8 Thallus forming at first expanded crusts 1-2 mm. thick, these be- coming’ overgrown, irregularly stratified, and 10 mm. or more thick, developing finally numerous, rather coarse, crowded anastomosing branches, and forming masses 2-4 cm. or more high; branches mostly 3-12 mm. in diameter, usually much flattened, occasionally subterete, often reduced to anastomosing ridges, or sometimes appearing as dome-shaped elevations 2 cm. or more broad; primary hypothallia somewhat. reduced, their cells 14-33 » by 8-14 py, rather irregularly arranged (i. e., not distinctly “coaxial ”), cells of medullary hypo- thallia mostly 15-30 » by 5-13 », secondary hypothallia numerous and thin; branches showing in section numerous narrow irregularly Boou) pile n a ueclone lenticular or subcrescentic zones caused by 1¥or illustrations of Ags ditreyences see Veune a Inst. Oceaneen VO) pitas p. 45, figs. 19-21, 1911. “The writer believes, with Mme. Paul Rome that the current rules of nomenclature require that Philippi’s original spelling of this generic name should be respected, even though prevailing usage has modified the final syllable. Whether the rules of nomencla- ture justify the use of this generic name for any of the species now bearing it is a more complicated question. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 7 the alternation of layers of short and long perithallic cells, or by the interpolation of reduced secondary hypothallia; the larger perithallic cells mostly 18-22 » by 11-14 yp, usually higher than broad, the smaller subquadrate, about 8 y. square, or sometimes much compressed (7 » high, 14 p broad) ; conceptacles becoming embedded; tetrasporic conceptacles much flattened, oblong or elliptic-oblong in radio-ver- tical section, the cavity 500-740 » in maximum width, 130-230 p. in height; roof of the tetrasporic conceptacle rather sharply defined, its cells in regular vertical rows of 1-4 cells, often elongate vertically, becoming sometimes 25-30 y. high. Locality and geologic occurrence.—Oligocene, Culebra formation, “about half way between Monte Lirio and Bohio Ridge, on the relo- cated line of the Panama Railroad,” collected by D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan, 1911 (station No. 6026). Holotype and paratypes.—Cat. Nos. 35299, 35300, U.S.N.M. The specimens obtained are more or less embedded in a hard rock matrix, so that our photograph (fig. 1, pl. 7) can give only an imper- fect idea of the outward form of the plant. With a little mental clearing away of the matrix, it seems probable that in size and ex- ternal appearance, the species may be compared with rather coarse eroded conditions of the living Lithothamniuwm glaciale Kjellman, but there is little similarity in structure; the perithallic cells of Z. vaughanté average considerably larger than those of L. glaciale and they are arranged in more distinct layers; the embedded tetrasporic ‘conceptacles of L. vaughanii are more flattened than those of ZL. glaciale, their cavities have about twice the maximum width of those of L. glaciale and the specialized character of the conceptacle roof is not noticeable in L. glaciale. In external habit Lithothamnium vaughanti may perhaps be com- pared also with the living Lithophyllum racemus (Lamarck) Foslie forma crassum (Philippi) Foslie1 of the Mediterranean and Ad- riatic seas, especially as shown in Hauck’s figure 2? under the name Lithothammium crassum Philippi, though the Panamanian fossil sometimes develops longer and perhaps more flattened branches than this form. _ Of the living Lithothamniecae now known to the present writer as occurring in the West Indian region, Lithothamniwm vaughanii per- 1Kgl. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 1898, pt. 38, p. 9, 1898. TFoslie’s identification of Lithothamnium crassum Philippi as a form of Lithophyllum racemus (Lamarck) Foslie was accepted by Heydrich (Bot. Jahrb., vol. 28, p. 536, 1901), but Mme, Lemoine quotes Lithothamnium crassum Philippi as a synonym of Lithothamnium calcareum (Pallas) Areschoug. It is not, however, apparent that any of these writers examined authentic material of Philippi’s Lithothamnium crassum, if such exists. It is of some interest, also,, to note that less than six months before Heydrich accepted Lithothamnium crassune Philippi as a form of Lithophyllum racemus he named it as the type of a proposed new: genus Stichospora (Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges., vol. 18, p. 316, 1900). *Hauck, F. Die Meeresalgen Deutschlands und Oesterreichs, In Rabenhorst, L., Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz, vol. 2, pl. 1, 1885. 8 ‘BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. haps most resembles Lithophyllum daedaleum Foslie and Howe? as to general habit, but differs from it much in structure. In the best section, No. 35299 U.S.N.M., the one from which the photographs (fig. 2, pl. 7 and pl. 8) were made, the coarse inter- sporangial sterile tissue of the tetrasporic conceptacles is scarcely shown, yet the roofs of the conceptacles show unmistakable canals and none of the conceptacles in section exhibits a single orifice, so that we consider ourselves justified in inferring that the specimen in question is tetrasporic and that it belongs in the genus Lithotham- nium in the sense in which that name is currently applied to hving plants. In a section from another specimen under the same collec- tion number, traces of the sporangia and of the intersporangial sterile tissue are evident. It is to be observed also that the zonate arrangement of tissues, as observed in a section, is essentially of the character assumed by Mme. Lemoine? as being peculiar to the genus Lithothamnium. The rather distinctly specialized nature of the cells of the conceptacle roof is evidently a character of importance, in whieh respect it differs markedly from the plant we are de- scribing as Lithothamnium isthmi, as also in the distinctly zonate structure of the thallus, the reduced hypothallium, the larger tetra- sporic conceptacles, larger perithallic cells, ete. Among the more fully described fossil Lithothamnieae, LZ. vaugh- anit may perhaps be compared with Lithothamnium suganum Roth- pletz® from the Tertiary (“Scio-Schichten”) of Val Sugana, near Borgo in the Austrian Tyrol, but the conceptacles of the Panamanian fossil are much larger (500-740 » wide and 130-230 » high vs. 250 p. wide and 100 » high) and the perithallic cells appear to average con- siderably larger, being sometimes 13-22 » high, while those of Z. suganum are described as 9-12 v, long. LITHOTHAMNIUM ISTHMI, new species. Piate 7, fig. 3; plates 9, 10, and 11. Thallus forming at first stratified crusts 3-12 mm. thick, but at length developing tortuous anastomosing branches and forming large rather solid, concrescent, fruticose masses; branches mostly 2-12 mm. in diameter, much flattened or subterete, often subconic-cylindric, flexed-digitiform, or molariform; hypothallia showing regular con- centric layers of cells (“ coaxial”) ; hypothallium of the crustaceous parts 160-480 uw thick, its cells 17-28 » by 8-18 yp, transition to the 1 Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard., vol. 4, p. 133, pis. 83, 84, 93, 1906. 2 Lemoine, Mme. Paul. Structure anatomique des Mélobesiées. Application a la classi- fication. Ann, Inst, Océanog., vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 27, 28, 1911. 2 Zeits. Deuts. Geol. Ges., vol. 43, p. 319, pl. 17, fig. 4, 1891. GEOLOGY AND PALECNTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 9 perithallium abrupt; medullary hypothallium of the branches mostly _ 0.6—2.0 mm. in diameter, often turning yellow and more or less disin- tegrated, its cells 17-44 p» by 8-13 p, transition to the perithallium abrupt or gradual; cells of the perithallium in distinct layers, the layers in rather indistinct zones; perithallic cells of the crustaceous parts subquadrate, 8-11 y in diameter, sometimes only 6 y broad; perithallic cells of the branches usually a little higher than broad, 8-19 » by 8-12 »; conceptacles becoming embedded; tetrasporic con- ceptacles appearing much flattened in a vertical section, the cavity 240-556 yw Ia maximum width, 1380-165 uv in height. Localities and geologic occurrence——In Emperador limestone of Oligocene age (and often constituting the dominant element in its composition) on relocated line of the Panama Railroad, opposite San Pablo, Panama Canal Zone (‘first Limestone outcrop just north of Caimito Station, about four miles north of Gamboa Bridge”), col- lected by D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan, 1911, Station No. 6021 (No. 35301, type); and “above foraminiferous marl at Agua Salud Bridge about 4 mile north of New Frijoles on relocated line, Panama Raiiroad,” by the same collectors, Station No. 60246. Holotype and paratypes.—Cat. Nos. 35301 to 35303, U.S.N.M. The material upon which the above description is based shows much variation in form and structure and it was our first impression that two or more species were represented in it. However, if this is true, the two or more species are so intergrown and entangled and are so similar in structure that it is difficult to determine where one begins and the other ends. As regards the vegetative structure, we believe that we have been able to trace the continuous organic con- nection of the two types shown in our photomicrographs (pl. 9 and fig. 2, pl. 11), yet it is notoriously easy in the case of overgrowing and overgrown fossil Lithothamnieae to mistake the close contact of independent plants for structural continuity. In the tetrasporangial specimen (No. 35301—fig. 3, pl. 7 and pl. 9) that we have named as the type, the thallus presents itself in the form of irregularly superposed crusts, more or less overlaid by crusts showing a somewhat different structure and conceptacles of a different sort, these outer layers probably representing a crustace- ous species of Lithophyllum. The hypothallium of this No. 35301 is suggestive of that figured by Foslie? for his living Lithothamnium fragilissimum from Borneo (which, however, has a much thinner thallus). It suggests also the hypothallium of Lithothamnium lich- 1Foslie, M. Lithothamnioneae, Melobesieae, Mastophoreae. In Weber-van Bosse, A., and Foslie, M. The Corallinaceae of the Siboga Expedition, Siboga Exped. Monog. No. 61, fig. 5, 1904. 10 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. enoides, as figured by Rosanoff+ and by Lemoine,” but the crusis are evidently more massive than in that species. Although the outward form of Lithothamnium isthmi is more or less obscured by being embedded in rock, it seems probable that in its typical condition (No. 35301) the external appearance of the plant may be compared with the recent plant from the Adriatic Sea figured by Hauck? as “ Lithophyllum decussatum Solms,” which Foslie‘ afterwards referred to his Lithothamnium philippii—a species that he maintained even after conceding® its specific identity with the earlier-published Lithophyllum crispatum Tauck. The typical form of Foslie’s Lithothammuum philippii is said by him ® “to have its hypothallium distinctly marked and vigorously developed, form- ing a coaxilate layer,” but the “coaxial” character is essentially denied by Mme. Lemoine’ to what she considers the same species under the name Lithothamnium crispatum Hauck. The perithallic cells of the crustaceous parts of Lithothamnium isthimi appear to average considerably smaller than those of LZ. crispatum (L. phi- lippw%) according to the measurements given by Lemoine and by Foshe. The tetrasporangial conceptacles of the Lithophylium de- cussatum of Hauck (Lithothamnium philippii Foshie) are stated by Hauck to be “ 800u bis 1 mm.” in diameter, while in Lithothamnium isthmi they are only 240-550 »y in maximum width. Moreover, unless we are mistaken in connecting the fruticulose parts of the Panamanian fossil with the crusts, Lithothamnium isthmi develops numerous solid anastomosing branches, while in L. crispatum the short branchlike excrescences are mostly hollow, infundibuliform, or seyphiform. These fruticulose conditions, which comprise a large part of the material collected by MacDonald and Vaughan, suggest in external form certain states of the hving West Indian Lithophyllum daedaleum Foslie and Howe, which also presents itself in both crustaceous and fruticulose conditions. Occasionally an unusually long subterete branch may resemble in form a frag- 1Mém. Soe. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, vol. 12, pl. 6, fig. 14, 1866. 2 Ann. Inst. Océanog., vol. 2, pt. 2, fig. 60, 1911. It is of interest to note that Mme. Lemoine, basing her system of classification primarily upon the vegetative structure of the thallus, leaves Lithothamnium lichenoides in the genus Lithophyllum, notwithstand- ing the fact that its tetrasporangia are borne as in the genus Lithothamnium of modern writers. In the same way she would doubtless place Lithothamnium isthmi in the genus. Lithophyllum, even though this species (or its type at least) clearly has the tetrasporan- gial conceptacles of the conventional Lithothamnium. 3 Hauck, F. Die Meeresalgen Deutschlands und Oesterreichs, pl. 1, fig. 7. See also. ol. 1, fig. 1, of Foslie’s Die Lithothamnien des Adriatischen Meeres und Marokkos (Wiss. Meeresuntersuch, Helgoland, vol. 7, pt. 1, 1904). 4Foslie, M. On some Lithothamnia. Kgl. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 1897, pt. 1, Py Co V89: 5 Wiss. Meeresuntersuch, Helgoland, vol. 7, pt. 1, pp. 18, 14, 1904. 6 Kgl. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 1900, pt. 1, p. 5, 1900. 7 Ann. Inst. Océanog., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 80, fig. 38, 1911. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 11 ment of the living East Indian Lithothamnium pulchrum A. Weber and Foslie.t Lithothamnium fosliet (Trabucco) De Toni (Syll. Alg., vol. 4, p. 1761, 1905), a Miocene fossil from Italy, is figured? as having a “coaxial ” hypothallium, but from the illustrations given of the con- eeptacles, there is no sufficient ground for considering this plant to be a Lithothamnium rather than a Lithophyllum. In the original place of publication nothing but a figure (section) is given, from which, according to the scale of magnification given, it would appear that the conceptacles are only 140-160 p by 80-90 » and the perithallic cells about 16 » high, making the cells rather larger and the con- ceptacles much smaller than in L. zsthmi. If we are correct in including with Lithothammium isthmi the more ramified forms collected by MacDonald and Vaughan, the species, though commonly coarser, appears to be sometimes suggestive of plants figured as Nullipora ramosissima Reuss or Lithothamnium ramosissimum (Reuss) Schimper, from the Tertiary “ Letthakalk” of the vicinity of Vienna, but Reuss’s original figures and descrip- tion® relate to external form only, and give no adequate basis for referring the plant to a modern genus. Unger* adds good figures of the vegetative structure, but shows no conceptacles. Rothpletz> describes the conceptacles of L. ramosissimum as 280 yp. high, while the height of the conceptacles of L. isthmz is 180-165 » and the width 240-550 u. Rothpletz has no doubt that there are two species of Lithothamnieae in the “ Leithakalk,” which may have been confused. LITHOPORELLA MELOBESOIDES (Foslie) Foslie. Lithoporella melobesioides (Foslie) Fosrir, Kgl. Norske Vidensk. Selsk., OOO bh. 240.0: Mastophora melobesioides Vosttr, Kgl. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Aarsber., 1902, p. 24, 1908. Locality and geologic occurrence.—This species occurs in small quantity with Lithothamnium isthmi in Emperador limestone of the Oligocene age, “above foraminiferous marl at Agua Salud Bridge about 4 mile north of New Frijoles on relocated line, Panama Rail- road,” D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan, 1911, Station No. 60240. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE 1. Archaeolithothamnium episporum M. A. Howe. Photograph, natural size, of the type-specimens, collected at Point Toro, near 2 Hulithothamnium fosliei, Trab. Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., vol. 19, pl. 11, fig. 10, 1900. * Haidinger, Naturw. Abh., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 29, pl. 3, figs. 10, 11, 1848. Type from ‘“Neudorfl,” Hungary. 4 Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 14, p. 23, pl. 5, figs. 18-22, 1858. ° Zeits. Deuts. Geol. Ges., vol. 438, p. 320, 1891. 8370°—18h—Bull. 108-2 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. type in a narrower sense is the specimen shown at the lower right-hand corner of the plate—the specimen from which figure 1 of plate 5 was obtained. PLATE 2, Archacolithothamnium episporum M, A. Howe. Photographs of radio-vertical ground (calciferous) sections of type material (Point Toro, Howe 6882). Hie. 1. Lithothamniwm cvaughavit M. A. Howe. Photograph of the type- portion of a sporangial sorus, enlarged 42 diameters. 2. Section, enlarged 200 diameters. PLATE 3. Archaeolithothamnium episporum M., A. Howe. Photographs of radio-vertical sections of decalcified material (Point Toro, Howe 68382), enlarged 200 diameters. lic. 1. Section showing sporangia and tetraspores. 2. Section showing emptied sporangia, form and arrangement of peri- thallic cells, a weakly developed hypothallium, etc. PLATE 4, Archaeolithothamniun episporum M, A. Howe. A Pleistocene fossil, “ from flats near Mount Hope, five feet above tide level,” D. F. MacDonald 6039, 1911, natural size. PLATE 5. Archaeolithothamnium episporum M. A. Howe. Tres. 1 and 2. Photographs of the type material (Point Toro, Howe 6832). Fie. 1. Portion of the surface, showing the more or less confluent sporangial sori, enlarged 4 diameters. 2. A smaller part of the same surface, showing the sporangial ostioles, ete., enlarged 25 diameters. Iies. 38 and 4. Photographs of Pleistocene specimen from Mount Hope (Mac- Donald, Cat. No. 35298, U.S.N.M.) Ite. 8. Radiovertical seetion showing several superposed crusts and three well- developed hypothallia, enlarged 42 diameters. 4. A part of a cross section of one of the excrescences or branches, showing a single weakly developed hypothallium, enlarged 42 diameters. Com- pare structure of living specimen as shown in fig. 1, plate 2. PLATE 6. Archaeolithothamnium episporum M. A. Howe. Photograph of section of the Pleistocene fossil from near Mount Hope (Cat. No. 35298, U.S.N.M.). A section magnified 78 diameters. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 13 PEATE 7, Fig. 1. Lithothamnium vaughaniit M. A. Howe. Photograph of the type- specimens (between Monte Lirio and Bohio Ridge, MacDonald and Vaughan, Cat. No. 35299, U.S.N.M.), natural size. 2. Lithothamnium vaughanii. A section showing irregular zonation, tetra- sporic conceptacles, etc., enlarged 42 diameters. 8. Lithothannium isthni M. A. Howe. : y _ By EDWARD W. BERRY | Of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 jules SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 103 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEON- TOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, PANAMA, AND GEOLOGICALLY RELATED AREAS IN CEN- TRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES THE FOSSIL HIGHER PLANTS? FROM THE CANAL ZONE By EDWARD W. BERRY Of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Extract from Bulletin 103, pages 15-44, with Plates 12-18 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 THE FOSSIL HIGHER PLANTS FROM THE CANAL ZONE.1 By Epwarp W. Berry, Of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. INTRODUCTION. It is a truism that the present floras and faunas of Central America are the result of a long series of antecedent geologic changes which might be amplified as geographic, climatic, and biologic. As the past can only be understood by means of our knowledge of the present, so, too, the present can only be understood by means of our knowledge of the past. Moreover, this can never be a local prob- lem, and this is particularly true of the Isthmus of Panama marking as it does at times the highway of communication between the ter- restrial life, both animal and plant, of North and South America; at other times marking one of the paths of communication between the marine life of the Atlantic and Pacific. Thus the history of the Central American region is of the utmost importance in any con- sideration of the extinct terrestrial faunas and floras of North Amer- ica or the marine faunas that formerly flourished on the east and west coasts. Our knowledge of the present flora of the isthmian region is based upon Seemann’s flora? and Hemsley’s flora of Central America, sup- plemented by the scattered papers by numerous authors on special topics relating to this flora. As the results of the recent Biological Survey of the Canal Zone become available, we will doubtless have a secure basis for comparisons with antecedant floras both in this region and the areas north and south of it. The present distribution of plant associations is in its broader outlines governed almost entirely by the interrelations between 1R. T. Hill, who did some geological work on the Isthmus in 1895 for Alexander Agassiz, mentions lignite and fragments of fossil plants in the Culebra clays at the base of the canal cutting at Culebra station (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 28, No. 5, 1898), and the lignitic coal at Chiriqui Lagoon was studied by Dr. John Evans in 1857, who reported ‘that the fossil plants associated with the coal were endogenous and allied to or identical with those at present growing in the vicinity.” (Repts. of Expl. & Surv. for the Loca- tion of Inter-oceanic ship canals, etc., by the U. S. Naval Exped., 1875, BE. P. Lull, U. S. N., commanding, Washington, 1879.) ‘ 2Seemann, Flora Panamensis, Botany of the voyage of H. M. S. Herald, pp. 57-346, 1852-1857. 15 i6 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. topography and the prevailing winds and the resulting variations in rainfall. The climate is now moist tropical, modified by the nearness of the two oceans, and there is therefore but slight diurnal or annual variations in temperature. So far as information is available re- garding the conditions during the Tertiary, there is no evidence that can be deduced from the fossil flora or the geographical history of the region to indicate that the climate was very different from what it is now at any time during the Tertiary, unless we are prepared to assent to enormous changes in the altitude of the land, for which the data does not seem to be adequate. The prevailing winds now come from the northeast, and as the divide is near the Pacific Coast the major part of the Isthmus north of this low divide has a heavy rainfall, as, for instance, 170 inches aut Porto Bello and 129 at Colon, as compared with 90 inches at Culebra or 71 inches at Ancon. There are two seasons—a short relatively dry season extending from January to April and a long and relatively wet season the balance of the year with the maximum of precipitation from September to December. Before the clearing of the French Canal Company forests covered six-tenths of the Isthmus, the remainder being broken forests and savannas. Ever- green tropical rain-forests of mixed angiosperms covered the entire northern watershed and part of the Darien region on the south side. Some of the forests of the southern watershed are what are known as monsoon forests, with many deciduous species, and at high alti- tudes there may be more gregarious types of forest as, for example. the oak forests which are so striking a feature in the uplands of Central America as you proceed to the northwest. The shores are skirted with dunes abounding in Leguminosae and Euphorbiaceae with Coco palms and Hippomane. Low shores and tidal inlets are covered with mangrove swamps with Rhizophora, Avicennia, Conocarpus, etc. Less saline coastal marshes are covered with Acrostichum, Crescentia, or Paritium thickets. The evergreen forest is composed chiefly of species of Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, and Mimosaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, and Melastomataceae, with small palms like Chamaedorea, Trithri- nax, and Bactris. CORRELATION. The fossil flora described in the present report is too limited for purposes of exact correlation, which may be expected to be settled by the marine faunas present at most horizons in the Isthmian region. Regarding the plants in the various formational units recognized in the Canal Zone by MacDonald a glance at the accompanying table of distribution will show that from the oldest (Bohio) to the young- GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, Ley est (Gatun) plant-bearing formations there is no observable dif- ference in floral facies, and while the plants are entirely too few for positive conclusions, and while not much variation can be expected in fossil floras of the Tropics unless after the lapse of long intervals of time or the intervention of marked changes in physical conditions, I am disposed to think that this so-called Oligocene series of forma- tions does not represent any great interval of time. Nearly all of the fossil plants are new, the only outside occurrences being the Hieronymia which is common to the Tertiary of Ecuador and the Palmoxylon and Taenioxylon both of which occur in the Oligocene of the island of Antigua, and both have related types in the Oligocene (Catahoula and Vicksburg) of our Southern States In addition to the Hieronymia common to Ecuador there are several other elements in the Tertiary flora of the latter region that are similar to Panama forms, and it is not improbable that the coals of Loja in the Ecuadorian Andes are the same age as the so-called Oligocene series of Panama. Only one pre-Oligocene plant is re- corded from Panama and the age (Eocene) rests on the stratigraphic observations of Doctor MacDonald and paleontologic determinations by C. W. Cooke. The form itself offers no intrinsic evidence of its age and might well be early Oligocene but for the fact that Doctor MacDonald collected the type stratigraphically below a bed con- taining a varietal form of the mollusk, Venericardia planicosta. The chief question of interest in the correlation of these Panama beds is their equivalence in terms of the European section. Tha present flora offers no evidence on this point which must hence be determined by the accompanying marine faunas. However, in view of the traditional unscientific assumption that all of the fossiliferous beds of the Carribbean region are Oligocene in age, it is of interest to note that Douvillé’ from a study of the foraminifera, pointed out as early as 1898, that a considerable part of the so-called Oligo- cene of the Isthmus was Aquitanian and Burdigalian in age; that is to say, lower Miocene according to the present conceptions of Kuro- pean geologists and palentologists. In my preliminary announcement? of the discovery of fossil plants in the Canal Zone I stated that none of the plants recognized indi- cated Eocene and that they were all probably Oligocene in age. This statement was perhaps overemphasized in a desire to offset the extreme views of certain foreign paleontologists who have held that these faunas were young Miocene or even Pliocene. The question of the exact time in the Tertiary at which connections between North and South America were replaced by marine condi- tions 1s of the utmost importance in all studies of distribution of both 1Douvillé, H. Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, ser. 3, vol. 26, pp. 587-600, 1898. 2 Berry, E. W. Science, new ser., vol. 39, p. 857, 1914. 18 BULLETIN 103. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the marine faunas and the terrestrial faunas and floras. The floral evidence as previously stated is inconclusive. I should not, however, be inclined to consider any of the fossil plants, except one Eocene species, described in the present report as younger than Burdigalian nor older than Sannoisian (Lattorfian). | | | | | | | i | | i | | | | 1 if aaa pe 4 q 8 A S s q 2 SN se A SSC) ce i ae z ~~ o 3S SES ae e, x 6837 ERG OIOREPOCHEIMECH Se ty i iiys he eye GULL RIPE SEC Ne Seat ete a MUU ACTS eee | DA cad DN a Die Pena (ses) seit a hg is 6837 Cassiajeulebrensis umn p ep se ne seep tem Epc nun teetpe | DemtnnA 6840) 22 Eee bain (erste (ease) | 15 Se UTiF MeGOligGoCMe nica, LOU Min Ee UREA CER OR ISS TAS CGS Pie TUSSLE NSCa0e Ate eS rn ATS Rn IBQNISLETIDLDNOETLU NUD Nya ee eee ae ey en Ae at aE IR Dan AEG ae Mela Saar ETLCLONYINICILER NATTA ie eae ee ene ee AN Nea Re PGi etree Prev enna IIIS ISO \ 6840 SOND WA UCAPT ISAS 6 SSSR CN SSeS ee ee a) SiGe ba are a IDs Qu DG RESON areas ts Se BBLESPILOMEDLMVE CULEDTETSES NA ed pth Pa etM ppi e mal| ySe mh | Dd CA Pen VD ea Pn a Sales ealae bose Calyptranthes gatunensis.... 00000). DCIS Pes aan) Diet in Dapy esas PA Mel EL Shel oo Melastomites miconioides..... EAR ees bk eee Fal Pheu Ren CCS Ea Sb a oS 6586b Diospynosvwmacdonald ier hs koi eae ee RUN EIU ERR Sil See UPR pale Sr RCI ea Pe QL PROIACLELEA YO OLA IATL EMA tee NE ie ea aU Sit ABR AIGE eae NeeHaa leeonan imuosaellaso cod sacks PRR UE ACELES) ALOT COTES =) putea nya ae en ng INL SCARS Wa eS SIC CTO eS eal ea apa i 6839 Pala Pay 8 oes Mate oe Cl es STEP ce I ae Tepe Oe NRE PM Me at A Re MC MM an xX 4mile S. of Empire 6837 Bridge. Fern fragments........... ASHE WR GER AU MOULDING REN RR Gl a lbrc A AU 6837 cf. Acrostichum. BOTANICAL CHARACTER. The fossil flora at present known from the Canal Zone is extremely limited and entirely too small for either purposes of adequate cor- relation or for deductions concerning the true botanical facies or the environmental conditions. Seventeen species are determined and two or three additional forms are tentatively recognized. This paucity is especially to be regretted since it is improbable that under the existing climatic conditions as favorable opportunities for the discovery and collection of fossil plants will ever be presented as during the digging of the canal. While fossil plants were nowhere found to be abundant in the shales, nevertheless, it is very probable that an experienced collector by working over a large amount of GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 19 material could have gotten together a much more representative col- lection. The plants collected include ill-defined fragments of one fern, two undertermined species of palm, represented by fragments of foliage, and a third represented by petrified stems, and 16 dicotyle- dons, of which two are represented by fruits and the balance by leaves. Among the Dicotyledonae there are representatives of the orders Urticales, Ranales, Rosales, Geraniales, Sapindales, Thymeleales, Myrtales, Ebenales, and Rubiales. Orders conspicuous in the exist- ing flora of the Isthmian region unrepresented among the fossils are the Arales, Poales, Cyperales, and Orchidales among the Monocoty- ledonae, and the Campanulales and Personales among the Dicoty- ledonae. The following 14 families are represented by fossils in Panama: Moraceae, Anonaceae, Myristicaceae, Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Papilionaceae, Malpighiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Sapindaceae, Laura- ceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Ebenaceae, and Rubiaceae. Only the last, with two species, is represented by more than a single species. When so sparse and evenly distributed a representation of the families is present in a fossil flora, it is an indication that after allow- ing for some accidents of preservation, those families represented may be regarded as the most abundantly represented in the Tertiary flora of the region, and in this respect there is a very great similarity to the existing flora of the Isthmian region. The present forests of Panama are made up principally of species of Arecaceae, Moraceae, Mimo- saceae, Papilionaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Ana- cardiaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, and Rubiaceae. The only ones of this list not found fossil are the Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, and Anacardiaceae, and as these three families are all abundant in the much more complete floras from the Tertiary of the southeastern United States, it is safe to assume that they were also present in the Tertiary flora of Panama. The mainly herbaceous familes abundant in the Recent flora, which are hardly to be expected in the fossil flora, are the Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Orchidaceae, Araceae, and Compositae. The bowers of wild figs of the existing flora are represented by a small-leafed species of Ficus from two localities in the Culebra formation. The family Anonaceae, which has numerous species of Anona and Guatteria in the Recent flora of Central America, 1s rep- resented by a fine large species of the latter genus which is not un- common in the Gatun, Caimito, and Culebra formations. Gwatteria contains about 50 existing species of tropical shrubs and trees of varying habitats and exclusively American, and has not been previ- ously recognized with certainty in fossil floras. Anona is abundant 20 BULLETIN 108, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. in the Eocene and Oligocene of our Southern States, but Guatieria has not been recognized. . The Myristicaceae is represented by an infrequent species of Myristicophyllum in the Culebra formation, and in this connection it is of interest to note the presence of fruits and seeds of Myristica in the uppermost Eocene of Texas suggestive of the subgenera Virola and Compsoneura, both of which occur in the Recent flora of Central America. The Leguminosae have three fossil species. The Mimosa- ceae, which are very abundant in the existing forests of Panama, are represented by a fossil species of /nga, a large genus of tropical trees with upward of two-score species in Central America, nearly half of which are recorded from Panama. J/nga is well represented in the abundant Eocene floras of our Southern States, and it is of in- terest to note the resemblance between the fossil species from Panama and a species described by Engelhardt from an unknown Tertiary horizon in Ecuador. The Caesalpiniaceae is represented by a single species of Cassia, a large genus not only in the Recent equatorial floras but well repre- sented in most fossil floras from the Upper Cretaceous to the present. The Papilionaceae, very abundant in the existing flora of Panama, is supposed to be represented by the petrified wood of a large tree referred to the genus Taenioxylon and found in the Cucuracha, Culebra, and Bohio formations. The family of Malpighiaceae is represented by the genera Hiraea and Bani&teria. The former has about 30 recent species, exclusively American, ranging from Mexico and the Antilles to tropical Brazil and Peru, and it is represented by a fossil species in the Eocene of the Mississippi embayment. Banisteria contains about 80 existing species, mostly climbing shrubs. It is at present confined to the American tropics, but appears to have been present in Europe as well as in the southern United States during the Tertiary. The Euphorbiaceae, abundantly represented in the present forests of Panama, is represented in the Caimito formation by a species of Hieronymia apparently identical with one described by Engelhardt from the Tertiary of Ecuador. Hieronymia, not otherwise known in the fossil state, contains about a dozen existing species which are confined to tropical America, where they range from Mexico and the West Indies to Brazil. The Sapindaceae, abundant in all fossil floras from the Upper Cretaceous onward, and exceedingly abundant in the Tertiary floras of the Mississippi embayment, is represented in the fossil flora of Panama by a species of Schmidelia found in the Caimito and Culebra formations. Schmidelia has a large number of existing species in the equatorial regions of both hemispheres and, except for petrified GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. “All, material from the island of Antigua, it has not previously been recog- nized in the fossil state. The family Lauraceae, so extensively represented in the Tertiary floras of the Mississippi embayment and in the Recent tropical flora of South America, is represented at Panama by a single fragmentary species which is referred to Mespilodaphne. The latter has numer- ous modern species in the tropics of America and Africa. The Myrtaceae, one of the abundant families in the existing for- ests of tropical America, has a fossil species of Calyptranthes at Panama. This genus has about 70 exclusively American existing species ranging from Mexico and the West Indies to southern Brazil. Hemsley records 7 recent species from Central America, of which 2 are found on the Isthmus. It is also represented in the lower Eocene of the Mississippi embayment. The abundant, both Recent and fossil, representatives of the alhed genera Hugenia and Myrcia have not been recognized in the fossil flora of the Isthmus. The Melastomataceae, an immense tropical family in the existing flora and very abundant throughout Central America, has a single fossil species in the Culebra formation. The family Ebenaceae, usually abundant in fossil floras from the Upper Cretaceous onward, and with a large number of species in tropical America, is represented on the Isthmus by the petrified fruits of a species of ebony (Dzospyros) known to be from an older horizon (Eocene) than the balance of the known fossil flora. The Rubiaceae, a prominent family in the existing flora of Central America, where according to Wallace (1911) it ranks fourth in size with 146 species, is represented by two fossil species, both found in the Gatun formation. These are referred to Rondeletia and Rubi- acites. The former has not heretofore been found fossil. It includes about 70 existing species of a variety of habitats, confined to the American tropics and chiefly massed in the Antilles and Central America. fubdacites is represented by a fruit which is apparently referable to the tribe Ixoreae, now confined to the tropics of both hemispheres. TERTIARY ECOLOGY. The restricted variety and fragmentary condition of the fossil plants thus far collected inhibits a detailed discussion of the prob- ‘able ecology of the Tertiary flora. In so far as climatic conditions are concerned the Tertiary plants indicate an abundant rainfall and relatively high equable temperatures such as prevail at the present time in the Hill country and Coastal Plain of the Isthmus. There is no indication of upland vegetation. None of the fossil plants indicate 20: BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mountains sufficiently high to harbor that mixture of temperate types such as is seen at the present time in the mountains of Central America, as, for example, above 6,000 feet in Costa Rica. There was plenty of opportunity for the introduction of such types had the climate been propitious, so that I would infer that the Tertiary relief was slight, that is under 5,000 feet and probably much less than this, although there is no evidence to warrant precision of statement. On the other hand, the collected fioras do not furnish any traces of the characteristic vegetations of low muddy shores, although types like Rhizophora, Avicennia, Conocarpus, Laguncularia, etc., were already in existence in Eocene times as we know from their presence in the Mississippi embayment of that time, where they were undoubt- edly derived from the south. I do not infer that these costal types were absent in the Tertiary flora of the Isthmus. On the contrary they must have been present; but no traces of them have been dis- covered except the traces of Acrostichwm in the Culebra formation. The bulk of the fossil plants clearly belong to the evergreen rain forests and they have the appearance of having been washed into the basins of sedimentation by streams. None of the lithologic speci- mens that I have seen from the Isthmus indicate autochonous swamp deposits either of coastal or valley situations and I picture the flora as one of a humid tropical character covering a country of low hills. This is of necessity a tentative conclusion and perhaps even such general deductions are unwarranted because of the very limited data with which I have had to deal. FLORA OF THE CANAL ZONK. Arecales: Arecaceae— Palmoxylon palmacites (Sprengel) Stenzel. Urticales: Moraceae— Ficus culebrensis, new species. Ranales: Anonaceae— : Guatteria culebrensis, new species. Myristicaceae— Myristicophyllum panamense, new species. Rosales: Leguminosae— Taentoxylon multiradiatum Felix. Inga oligocaenica, new species. Cassia culebrensis, new species. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 23 Geraniales: Malpighiaceae— Hirea oligocaenica, new species. Banisteria praenuntia, new species. Euphorbiaceae— Hieronymia lehmanni Engelhardt? Sapindales: Sapindaceae— Schmidelia bejucensis, new species. Thymeleales: Lauraceae— Mespilodaphne culebrensis, new species. Myrtales: Myrtaceae— Calyptranthes gatunensis, new species. Melastomataceae— Melastomites miconioides, new species. Ebenales: Ebenaceae— Diospyros macdonaldi, new species. Rubiales: Rubiaceae— Rondeletia goldmani, new species. Rubiacites tzoreotdes, new species. Fern fragments of Acrostichum. Palm rays. SYSTEMATIC PALEOBOTANY. PTERIDOPHYTA. Order FILICALES. FERN FRAGMENTS OF ACROSTICHUM. The material from the Culebra formation, one-fourth mile south of Empire Bridge, contains several obscure fragments of large simple fern pinnules with reticulate venation strongly suggestive of Acros- tichum, but too incomplete for identification. The genus now prin- cipally represented by the cosmopolitan tropical tidal marsh species Acrostichum aurewm is abundant in the Eocene and Oligocene of both America and Europe, and is especially characteristic in the Jackson, Catahoula, and Vicksburg of our Gulf States. 24 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. SPERMATOPHYTA. Order ARECALES. Family ARECACEAE. PALM RAYS. The broken rays of apparently two species of palms occur spar- ingly in the Culebra formation at the locality one-fourth mile south of Empire Bridge. These are too incomplete for even tentative generic determination. Genus PALMOXYLON Schenk. Group LUNARIA. PALMOXYLON PALMACITES (Sprengel) Stenzel. Plate 12, fig. 1. Endogenites palmacites SPRENGEL, Commentatio, p. 39, figs. 6, 6a, 1828. Fasciculites palmacites Cotta, Dendrol., pp. 49, 89, pl. 9, figs. 1, 2, 1832.— UNGER in Martius, p. 59, tab. geol. 3, fig. 6, 1845. Palmacites dubius Corps, Beitrage, p. 42, pl. 22, 1845.—ScH1mprr, Pal. Végét., vol. 2, p. 5138, 1870; Handbuch, Abst. 2, p. 887, 1892. Palmacylon tenerum FEutx, Foss. Hdédlzer Westindiens, p. 26, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1883.—SCHENK in Zittel. Palmozylon palmacites STENGEL, Foss. Palmenhdlzer, p. 245, pl. 20, fig. 253, 1904. Description.—¥ ibro-vascular bundles small, very numerous, closely spaced, orbicular or ovate in cross section, uniformily distributed as a rule, 0.60 mm. to 0.75 mm. in diameter, and rarely, if ever, that distance from one another. Auxiliary bundles absent. Sclerenchyma portion excavated more or less deeply to receive the vascular portion, which is often nearly equal to it in size. Occa- sionally a thin zone of sclerenchyma entirely surrounds the vascular portion. Sclerenchyma fibres small, isodiametric, greatly thickened, of nearly uniform size, about 0.035 mm. in diameter. Vessels vari- able in size, ranging from 0.072 mm. to 0.18 mm. in diameter, usually two large vessels and either none or several small vessels on the side away from the bast in each bundle. The phloem portion in general destroyed and represented by a disorganized cavity between the ves- sels and the bast. The ground mass of the stem consists of thin walled parenchyma without intercellular spaces. The cells are small, isodiametric, rounded pentagonal or hexagonal except where there are but one or two rows between closely adjacent bundles, in which case they are GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 2D narrowly compressed and elongated parallel to the sides of the bundles. Their diameter varies from 0.035 mm. to 0.10 mm. Scat- tered through the stem parenchyma are darker cells which in polar- ized light appear to be gum cells. They are slightly larger than the parenchyma cells, being from 0.072 mm. to 0.108 mm. in diameter. Occasional bundles are seen to be branching. These are the fas- ciculi fibroductores or Kreuzungsbtindel. This species was first recognized by Sprengel in 1828, who referred it to Endogenites; Cotta four years later transferred it to Fasciculites, and Corda in 1845 referred it to Palmacites. When Felix came to publish on the Antigua woods in 1883 he recognized this species, but in describing it under the genus Palmoxylon which had been proposed by Schenk only a year or two before he took the liberty of giving it the new name of tenerwm, which under the rules of nomenclature has no standing as Stenzel recognized in print in 1904. The specimen from Panama is small and may be from near the periphery of a stem, although in the group Zwnaria there is little difference between the central and peripheral regions. In the size, outline, and crowding of the fibrovascular bundles as well as in the character of the parenchyma of the groundmass the present species greatly resembles Palmoxylon integrum described by Felix: from Cuba and considered by Stenzel? as merely a variety of the Antiguan species Palmoxylon antiqguense (Unger) Felix.? It differs from that species in altogether lacking the numerous auxiliary sclerenchyma bundles which are so well marked in Palmoxylon integrum. A fur- ther difference is the presence of gum or mucilage cells which are fairly numerous in the Panama specimen of Palmoxylon palmacites and which might upon a merely superficial examination be mistaken for auxiliary sclerenchyma bundles. Among the Oligocene species of Palmoxylon from the southern United States Palmoxylon missis- stppense Stenzel* is very similar to the present species. Other described fossil species which show more or less resem- blances are Palmoxylon stellatum, aschersoni, variabile, and ceylani- cum. The nearest affinity among recent palms is not determinable in the present state of our knowledge of the anatomy of the latter. The present type of structure is commonly known as the Cocos- like type. For some unknown reason the upper Eocene and lower Oligocene in southeastern North America abounds in silicified palm wood. Palm leaves are often very abundant in the Wilcox and Claiborne Kocene and in the Apalachicola Oligocene; but all of the petrified 1 Felix, Foss. H6lz. Westindiens, p. 24, pl. 5, fig. 2, 1883. 2 Stenzel, Foss. Palmenhdlzer, p. 154, pl. 1, figs. 1-10, 1904. 5 Felix, Foss. H6lz. Westindiens, p. 22, pl. 4, fig. 5. 4 Stenzel, Foss. PalmenhdGlzer, p. 248, pl. 21, figs. 254-265. 26 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. palm wood in our Gulf region is confined to the Jackson or Vicks- burg groups. The island of Antigua, celebrated for at least a century for its petrified woods, has furnished at least seven species of petrified palms, five of which were known to Unger as early as 1850, and one was figured by Witham in 1833. These also are of Oligocene age. There are two additional Oligocene species described from the West Indies without definite information as to exact locality, and there is also a species from Trinidad and another from Cuba. The Oligo- cene species at present known from the southern United States are seven in number, four of which have not been found outside of that- region, while one or possibly two are common to Antigua, and a third has been reported by Felix from Southern Mexico. Occurrence.—Cucuracha formation, green clays, Gaillard Cut (loc. 6586). Collected by D. F. MacDonald. Collection.—U. S. National Museum. Cat. No. 35310. Order URTICALES. Family MORACEARE. Genus FICUS Linnaeus. FICUS CULEBRENSIS, new species. Plate 13, fig. 1. Description.—Leaves of relatively small size, broadly oblong- Janceolate in general outline, apex acute but not extended or cuspi- date. Base bluntly pointed. Margins evenly rounded. Texture coriaceous. Length about 8 cm. Maximum width, in the middle part of the leaf, about 2.15 cm. Petiole short, stout, and curved. Midrib stout and prominent on the under surface of the leaf. Sec- ondaries thin, very numerous, evenly spaced, subparallel; they di- verge from the midrib at wide angles averaging about 75 degrees, pursue an almost straight outward course, their ends being con- nected well within the margins by regular flat arches formed by their abrupt camptodrome endings. Tertiaries obsolete. This is an especially well-marked species of the lanceolate leafed section of Ficus, and it may be matched by a number of still exist- ing species found in the American tropics. Among such a large number of both existing and fossil forms detailed comparisons are not especially pertinent. Two comparisons that seem significant are the resemblance of the present form to Ficus newtonensis Berry of the Upper Claiborne of the Mississipp1 embayment and to the forms from the Pannoisian of Haering in the aye of which Ettingshausen ? refers LEH oenuteen Tert. Fl. von Hueiee, p. 41, pl. 10, figs. 6, 8, 1853. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. inl to Ficus jynz Unger, but which appear to me to be decidedly differ- ent from Unger’s type. Occurrence.—Culebra formation, upper part. East wall of the Gaillard cut just north of Canal Commission station 1760 (collected by M. I. Goldman). Order RANALES. Family ANONACEAE. Genus GUATTERIA Ruiz and Pavon. GUATTERIA CULEBRENSIS, new species. Plate 13, fig. 2. Description.—Leaves of large size, broadly ovate in general out- line, with a narrowed slightly decurrent base and a narrowed and extended acuminate tip. Length about 20 cm. Maximum width, approximately midway between the apex and the base, between 6 cm. and 7 cm. Margins entire. Texture coriaceous. Petiole short and stout, enlarged proximad, about 2.25 cm. in length. Midrib stout and promient. Secondaries mediumly stout and prominent, about ten opposite to alternate pairs diverge from the midrib at angles ranging from 45° to 60°, sweeping upward in regular ascending subparallel curves, camptodrome in the marginal region. Tertiaries, where visible, percurrent. The present is one of the more abundant and better preserved forms from the Canal Zone, but the large size of the leaves usually results in fragmentary specimens, the tip being almost invariably missing. The species shows great similarity with various existing forms of Anonaceae. It is very close to Anona marcgravii Martius of Venezuela, French and Dutch Guiana, and Brazil (Bahia and Per- nambuco). It is, however, among the various species of Guatteria that the closest homologies are found. The latter genus contains about fifty species of shrubs and trees, exclusively American! and found in Mexico, Central America, tropical South America, and in the northern Andes. The fossil may be compared with a large num- ber of the existing species, as for example Guatteria ouregon Dunal, a large tree of the Carribbean islands and equatorial South America. Guatteria dolichopoda De Candolle or G. grandiflora De Candolle of Central America. The family Anonaceae contains about 700 existing species, dis- tributed among about 48 genera, only two of which are present in North America. The family is practically confined to the Tropics, 1The Asiatic species of various authors are referred to the genus Polyalthia. 8370°—18g—Bull. 103——3 28 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. a single Australian species, and the North American genus Asimina, with 6 or 7 species being the only conspicuously extratropical forms. The area of maximum representation is southeastern Asia and the ad- joining region of Malaysia, for while only 16 genera are confined to this region it contains over 350 species, and six additional genera (Miliusa, Uvaria, Polyalthia, Oxymitra, Melodorum, and Poporvia), with a total of over 250 species have the bulk of their species in this area. Only a single genus is confined to Australia, and the bulk of the Australian species are to be regarded as migrants from the pre- ceding area. There are upwards of 100 species and 6 peculiar genera in tropical Africa; and America has about 200 species and 10 peculiar genera. These are all confined to the Tropics, except for a species of Anona, which reaches the coast of peninsular Florida, and for the genus Asz7ména, with six or seven species of shrubs and small trees of the south Atlantic and Gulf States. One of these, .!simina triloba Dunal, is hardy as far north as New York, and has the distinction of growing the farthest distance from the Equator of any existing member of the family. The fossil record of the Anonaceae is very incomplete, only the genera Anona Linneaus and Asimina Adanson, being known with certainty. Both of these genera are present in the flora of the Wilcox group of the Mississippi embayment. The genus Guatteria has not, so far as I know, been heretofore found fossil, except for a doubtful species described by Hollick from the Upper Gretaceous of Marthas Vineyard and Long Island. The genus Uvaria Linnaeus has a Pliocene and three Pleistocene species on the Island of Java, and the genera M/elodorum Dunal and Mitre- phora Blume are both represented in the Pleistocene of that ‘sland. The genus Anona has from fifteen to twenty fossil species, five of which are also represented by seeds. The oldest is a species described from the Dakota sandstone. There is a second species in the late Cretaceous or Early Eocene of the Rocky Mountain province. The flora of the Wilcox affords a glimpse into the true stage of evolution of Tertiary floras in that expanded belt of the American equatorial region which was the center of radiation of so many recent types. There were three exceedingly well-marked species of Anona along the Wilcox coast and their leaves are very common at some localities, although no seeds have as yet been discovered. I assume that these Wilcox forms had habits similar to those of the majority of the ex- isting species, exemplified by our Florida Anona glabra Linnaeus, or pond apple, which frequents shallow fresh-water swamps, low shady hammocks, or stream borders near the coast. Other species occur in the low coppice association or on edges of brackish swamps on the Bahamas. The cultivated species, as, for example, the Ameri. can Anona reticulata Linnaeus, which is planted in Guam, often GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 29 spreads naturally along the inner beaches, while attempts to intro- duce others of the most highly esteemed American species in the Orient have failed. From its prevalence among the existing species the habit of growing in wet, shaded soils is evidently an old one, and since the Wilcox Anonas are associated with a strand flora the as- sumption that they grew on the inner beaches or the shaded and more swampy edges of lagoons possesses every degree of probability. In the pipe clays of Alum Bay which were contemporaneous with the Wilcox there are two species of Anona, and Engelhardt has de- scribed two species from the Eocene or Oligocene of Chili. The Oligocene record shows a species in France and a second in Saxony. In the Miocene there are two species each in England, Styria, and Croatia, and one each in Bohemia, Colorado, and Transylvania. There is one each in the Pliocene of France and Italy, showing how modern was their extinction in the south of Europe. The genus Asimina has only four or five recorded fossil species. These are all American except for a form from the Pliocene of Italy which has been referred to this genus, although I suspect that it represents Arnona, since Asimina appears to have originated and been confined to the Western Hemisphere. The oldest known species is based on foliage which is found in the basal Eocene of the Rocky Mountains (Denver formation) and of the embayment (Midway Group). There is a single species based on a seed from the basal Wilcox and no other records except a form close to the modern from the late Miocene of New Jersey (Bridgeton sandstone) and the occurrence of the existing Asimina triloba Dunal in the interglacial beds of the Don valley in Ontario. There are 17 existing species of Anona recorded from Central America, six of which are known from Panama. Hemsley records 11 species of Guatteria from Central America, at least two of which occur in Panama. Occurrence.—Culebra formation, upper part. East wall of Gail- lard Cut just north of Canal Commission station i760 (collected by M. I. Goldman). Gatun formation. Gatun borrow pits (collected by M. I. Goldman). 7 miles northeast of Bejuca near Chame (=Caimito formation) (collected by MacDonald). Family MYRISTICACEAE. Genus MYRISTICOPHYLEILUM Geyler. MYRISTICOPHYLLUM PANAMENSE, new species. Plate 18, fig. 8. Description.—Leaves ovate or ovate lanceolate in outline with pointed apex and base, entire, evenly rounded margins, subcoriaceous in texture. Length about 9 cm. Maximum width, midway between the apex and the base, about 3.3 em. Petiole slender, about 8 mm. long. Midrib slender. Secondaries thin, about 8 subopposite ascend- 30 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ing subparallel pairs; they diverge from the midrib at acute angles and are subparallel with the lower lateral margins, eventually camp- todrome. Tertiaries obsolete. This species is unfortunately represented by fragmentary remains inadequate for conclusive identification. The genus Myristica Lin- naeus contains about two score existing species, rather more than half being American tropical forms, now often segregated into several genera. Many are insular and coastal forms, Schimper recording 4 species in the Indomalayan strand flora and several species ranging eastward in the Pacific to the Fiji, Tonga, and Samoan Islands, and their fruits are recorded by both Gaudichaud and Guppy in the sea drift, although the oriental species are normally distributed by fruit pigeons (Mosley, Hemsley, Guppy). De Candolle and Miquel both considered the foliage, especially the -yenation, as offering the best criteria for differentiation, but in the absence of comparative material and the incomplete character of the Panama fossil it is not possible to apply these criteria. The American Recent species number about 25, and these are mainly South Ameri- ean in their distribution, although the sections or genera Virola Aublet and Compsoneura De Candolle both occur in Central America. The distribution of the Recent species in tropical America, Asia, and Africa is conclusive evidence of a Tertiary history, although this evidence is practically unknown. Geyer? described two forms of leaf fragments from the Miocene of Labuan (Borneo) and Engelhardt? a third from the Tertiary of Ecuador and Chile. The most conclusive evidence of their Tertiary radiation is furnished by the characteristic fruits described recently by the writer® and preserved in the wind- blown sands of the uppermost Eocene of Texas. Occurrence.—Culebra formation (upper part). East wall of Gail- lard Cut just north of Canal Commission station 1760 (collected by M. I. Goldman). Order ROSALES. Superfamily LEGUMINOSAE. Genus TAENIOXYLON Felix. TAENIOXYLON MULTIRADIATUM Felix. Plates 14 and 15. Taeniovylon nultiradiatwn Wetix, Die fossilen Hélzer Westindiens. Samm. palaeont. Abhi, ser. 1; Heft 1,-p. 11, pl. 1, figs! 10) aml. pill 2. fig. 10, 1888. Transverse section.—iIn a radial distance of 5 cm. there are no definite annual or seasonal rings. In certain zones the vessels are 1Geyler, H. T., Veguw Expedition, vol. 4, p. 498, pl. 33, figs. 3-6, 1887. 2 Engelhardt, H., Abh. Senck. Naturf. Gesellsch., vol. 16, p. 663, pl. 6, fig. 9; pl. 7, fig. 12, 1891; vol. 19, p. 13, ‘pl. 1, fig. 21, 1895. ° Berry, H. W., Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 42, pp. 241-245, figs. 1-6, 1916. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. a larger, more generally compound, and closer together, and in other zones they are more distant, slightly smaller, and prevailingly single. No changes are observable in the other elements and there is no regular alteration of vessel rich and vessel poor areas nor any change from so-called summer to spring wood such as characterizes the trees ot the temperate zone. Vessels single or two, three, or four together in radial rows (an anomalous group of five vessels in juxtaposition is shown in the de- tailed drawing). Outline of single vessels elliptical, those in groups flattened on one or both sides by mutual compression; their tangen- tial diameter ranging from 0.10 mm. to 0.14 mm.; their radial diam- eter ranging from 0.12 mm. to 0.16 mm., exceptionally large ones up to 0.22 mm.; their walls thick, 0.0067 mm. to 0.01 mm. in thickness, clearly showing the numerous small pits in section. Vessels fre- quently filled with gum. Vessels usually surrounded by one to three layers of rounded or more or less compressed thin-walled wood paren- chyma, somewhat variable in amount in different parts of the stem and tending to form tangential bands. Prosenchyma very abundant, the elements polygonal, small, somewhat smaller than those of the wood parenchyma, and thick walled. Rays very numerous, one or two cells wide as seen in transverse sections, flexuous in their courses since they are bowed out around the large vessels and approach more or less in the radial intervals between vessels; from 0.10 mm. to 0.20 mm. apart, averaging nearer the former than the latter figure. The ray cells toward the ends of the rays which appear to be those usually seen in the several sections examined are not elongated radi- ally but are nearly isodiametric and about 0.02 mm. in diameter. Radial section—The radial section shows the close set, fine, trans- versely elongated pits of the vessels which have simple perforations. The wood parenchyma is septate, the cells being about 33 times as long as wide with large simple pits. The rays are of variable height, from 9 to 17 cells. They are seen in radial view to consist of a central series of radially elongated cells with numerous fine simple pits, above and below which is a series of longitudinally elongated cells, beyond which are one or two rows of isodiametric cells which are regularly hexagonal in this view. Tangential section.—The tangential section shows the uniform close set fine pitting on all the walls of the vessels, the relative short length and the large simple pits of the adjoining septate wood paren- chyma. The rays are seen to be very numerous, and separated by but few rows of flexuous prosenchyma; they are lenticular in outline and of variable height, one or two rays of terminal cells (those which are hexagonal in outline in the radial view) are single; then come one to three biseriate rows (those longitudinally elongated in the 32 BULLETIN 105, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. radial view); toward the median region the rays are three or four cells broad (the radially elongated cells in the radial view). Felix states that in the Antigua material the rays were usually biseriate, while uniseriate and triseriate rays were rare. I do not know the extent of his material, but in the case of that from Panama I had but few radial sections cut. Ray cells frequently filled to a greater or less degree with gum. Remarks.—Fragments of the wood of this species are very com- mon in the collections from Panama, but a good deal was rather badly decayed before petrification. That which has formed the chief basis for the foregoing description and all of the photographs and draw- ings is beautifully preserved. The species is clearly identical with the type, as very insufficiently described and illustrated by Felix. One highly ferruginized and fairly well preserved quadrant of a trunk indicates a large tree, with a diameter of at least 25 cm. The genus 7aenioxylon was established by Felix in 1882 with T. varians from Antigua as the type. He has since described 7 addi- tional species including 2 additional from Antigua, 1 from southern Brazil, 1 from East Indies, 1 from Philippines, 1 from Caucasus, and 1 from the Swabian Alps. All are of Tertiary age and show resemblances to various members of the 3 Leguminous families, Caesalpiniaceae, Miomosaceae, and Papilionaceae. Felix considers the present species to be a member of the Papilionaceae, and it agrees entirely with Solereders account of the anatomy of this family. The two kinds of ray cells described have, according to Saupe, been shown to occur in the following tribes in this family, namely the Podalyrieae, Genisteae, Galegeae, Hedysareae, and Sophoreae. With- out much recent comparative material, which is unavailable, it is impossible to allocate the present species more definitely within this extensive family. Occurrences.—Bohio formation, middle Bohio Ridge (poorly pre- served) quadrant of a large trunk indicating a tree with trunk at least 25 em. in diameter. Cucuracha formation, upper part. Green clays of Gaillard Cut (locality 6845) Oligocene limestone. Orbi- toidal limestone, 2 miles north of David (locality 6523) (all above collected by D. F. MacDonald). Culebra formation, upper part. Near top of big slide, just north of Culebra. Collected by M. I. Goldman (figured material). Collections —U. S. National Museum, Johns Hopkins University. Family MIMOSACEAE. Genus INGA Willdenow. INGA OLIGOCAENICA, new species. Plate 16, fig. 2. Description.—Leaflets rather above medium size, elliptical-ovate and very inequilateral in general outline. Apex abruptly acute, not GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 33 extended. Base very inequilateral, truncate or ascending on one side and wide and cordate on the other. Margins entire, full. Tex- ture subcoriaceous. Length about 8 cm. or 9 cm. Maximum width, at or slightly above the middle, about 4 cm. Petiolule curved, short and stout, about 8 mm. long. Midrib stout, greatly curved. Sec- ondaries thin, five or six pairs, angles of divergence and courses various, all ultimately camptodrome; lower pair opposite, from the top of petiolule; they diverge from the midrib at angles of about 45 degrees, curving slightly outward and then ascending, parallel with the respective margins; the one in the narrow side of the lamina arches along the margin in a brochiodrome manner; the one in the wide side of the lamina sends off on the outside a series of regularly spaced camptodrome tertiaries. Tertiary venation for the most part obsolete. This characteristic species may be compared with /nga densiflora Bentham,' /nga edulis Martius,? /nga marginata Willdenow,? or Inga speciosa Spruce* and with various other of the larger-leafed species of Inga in the American Tropics to which region the 212 of its existing species of shrubs and trees are confined. It may also be compared with a number of tropical American species of Cass?a, as, for example, Cassia ruseifolia Jacquin. About fiften fossil species have been referred to /nga. These include three from the Upper Cretaceous, two European, and one North American. There are also two or three species in the Oligo- cene of Europe, one in the Pliocene of Bolivia, two in the Tertiary of Ecuador, and one in the Tertiary of Colombia, four well-marked species in the Lower Eocene of the Mississippi embayment (Wilcox Group) and one in the middle Eocene of that region (Claiborne Group). The Panama species is not especially close to any of the foregoing. It is nearest, however, to /nga latifolia, described by Engelhardt*® from the Tertiary of Ecuador, differing in its broader form and more inequilateral base. _ Pittier records 14 existing species of /nga, from Panama.® Hems- ley lists 35 species in his flora of Central America, or which number 18 are recorded from Panama. Occurrence —Lower part of Culebra beds one-fourth mile south of Empire Bridge. (Collected by D. F. MacDonald.) U.S.G.S. 6887. Type.—Cat. No. 35311, U.S.N.M. 1 Bentham, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. 50, p. 617, 1875 (Peru). 2 Martius, Flora, vol. 20, Beibl., p. 118, 18387 (Brazil). 3 Willdenow, Sp. Pl., vol. 4, p. 1015, 1806 (Venezuela). 4 Spruce, in Bentham, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. 30, p. 620 (Brazil). 5 Hngelhardt, H., Abh. Senck. Naturfor. Gesell., vol. 19, 1895, p. 20, pl. 2, figs. 11, 12. ¢ Pittier, H., Cont. U. S. Natl. Herb., vol. 18, pt. 5, pp. 218-228, 1916. 34 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Family CAESALPINIACEAE. Genus CASSIA Linnaeus. CASSIA CULEBRENSIS, new species. Plate 16, fig. 1. Description.—Leaves obviously pinnately compound. Leaflets ovate, slightly inequilateral and falcate, with an obliquely acumi- nate, practically equilateral tip, and an acuminate markedly inequi- lateral base. Length about 6.25 cm. Maximum width, about mid- way between the apex and the base, 2.75 em.; one side of the lamina 15 mm. wide, the other 12.5 mm. wide. Texture mediumly coriace- ous. Petiolule reduced to a thickened proximal part of the midrib extending but 1 mm. below the point of junction of one margin and about 2.5 mm. below the point of junction of the opposite margin. Margins entire, evenly rounded and full. Mudrib relatively thin, not prominent, curved. Secondaries thin, numerous, about 10 suboppo- site to alternate pairs; they diverge from the midrib at wide angles, about 70° in the middle part of the leaflet, are nearly straight regu- larly spaced and subparallel in their outward course for two-thirds of the distance to the margin where the principal ones fork to join in rounded arches the similar branches of adjacent secondaries; the secondaries in the apical and basal portions of the leaflet are regu- larly camptodrome; those toward the tip of the leaflet more closely spaced. Marginal tertiaries camptodrome, internal tertiaries mostly obsolete. This type in its genera] form and the character of its base and petiolule indicates that it is a leaflet of a pinnate leguminous leaf. Its general appearance suggests comparisons with the genera Sweetia, Myrocarpus, Toluifera, Cassia, and Sophora—the first three confined to tropical South America and the last two cosmopolitan in the existing flora. While the evidence is not conclusive, I prefer to consider it more closely allied to Cassia than to the other genera mentioned, particularly as the venation characters are such as I have considered referable to Cassza in my studies of the fossil floras of the southern United States. No species related to the Panama form is known from the Oligocene of the United States. The modern species of Cassia are very numerous, upwards of 400 having been described. They comprise herbs, shrubs, and trees of varied habitats in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, particularly tropical America. The fossil species are also numerous and the generic history goes back to near the base of the Upper Cretaceous. The genus has been continuously represented in the warmer parts of GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 35 ‘America from the time of deposition of the Tuscaloosa sediments of Alabama to the present. Occurrence.—Culebra formation, lower part, one-fourth mile south of Empire Bridge (collected by D. F. MacDonald) U.S.G.S. 68387: Type.—Cat. No. 35312, U.S.N.M. Order GERANIALES. Family MALPIGHIACEAE. Genus HIRAEA Jacquin. HIRAEA OLIGOCAENICA, new species. Plate 17, fig. 1. Description.—Leaves relatively large, ovate-lanceolate in outline, -faleate, with an equally cuneatly pointed apex and base. Margins entire, evenly curved. Texture subcoriaceous. Length about 9.3 cm. Maximum width, at or somewhat below the middle, about 3.5 em. Petiole short, stout, about 3 mm. in length. Miadrib stout, flex- uous. Secondaries thin, regularly spaced, about 9 pairs, prevailingly alternate; they diverge from the midrib at angles of about 45° and sweep upward in regular subparallel slight curves, and are campto- drome in the marginal region. ‘Tertiaries obsolete. This genus, which has well characterized leaves, has seldom been recognized in the fossil state. One species? is not uncommon in the lower Eocene of the Mississippi embayment, and Ettingshausen ? has recorded, but not described, a second species from the Ypresian of Alum Bay, England. The existing species number between 25 and 380 and are exclusively American, ranging from Mexico and the Antilles throughout Central and northern South America to the Peruvian tropics. The present fossil species is not unlike Hzraea wilcoxiana Berry? from the lower Eocene of Tennessee and is closely comparable with the existing Hiraea chrysophylla Jussieu of the northern coastal re- gion of South America. Occurrence.—Caimito formation 7 miles northeast of Bejuca (U.S.G.S. station 6840). Collected by D. F. MacDonald. Type.—Cat. No. 35313, U.S.N.M. Genus BANISTERIA Linnaeus. BANISTERIA PRAENUNTIA, new species. Plate 17, fig. 2. Description.—Leaves of medium size, broadly ovate in general out- line, with an abruptly acuminate tip and a broad rounded or cuneate base. Length about 8cm. Maximum width, at or slightly above the 1 Berry, EH. W., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 91, p. 257, pl. 57, fig. 8; pl. 109, fig. 6, 1916. 2 Httingshausen, C. von, Roy. Soc. London Proc., vol. 30, p. 235, 1880. 3U. 8S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 91, p. 257. 36 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. middle, about 5cm. Margins entire, full and rather evenly rounded. Petiolar character unknown. Midrib of medium size, uncharacteris- tic. Secondaries thin, seven or eight opposite to alternate pairs di- verge from the midrib at regular intervals at angles varying from 45° in the upper part of the leaf to 55° in the basal part; they ascend in slight but subparallel curves increasing in intensity as they pro- ceed toward the margins with which they become subparallel and eventually camptodrome. ‘Tertiaries thin, mostly obsolete. Leaf substance thin but apparently of a somewhat coriaceous texture. The present species receives its name from its supposed praenuntial relationship to the existing Banisteria sinemariensis De Candolle, a form ranging from the West Indies to Brazil and whose somewhat variable leaves may be exactly matched by the fossil. The genus contains upward of eighty existing species, mostly climbing shrubs, confined to the American tropics and largely de- veloped in northern South America. Its geological history goes back to the Lower Eocene, a species having been described by Watelet from the Ypresian of the Paris basin and four homotaxial species, one based on seeds, having been described by the writer from the Wilcox group of the Mississippi embayment in Western Tennessee and Ken- tucky. Several additional fossil species have been described from the European Tertiary, from all of which the Panama fossil is conspicuously different, its major differential character being its relatively short and broad outline. A species based upon fruits has been described by Engelhardt* from the Tertiary of Ecuador. There are 5 species of Banisteria recorded by Hemsley from Cen- tral America, 3 of these in Panama, &. billbergiana Beurling on the seashore of the island of Manzafillo. ‘Two additional Panama spe- cies of Banisteria are referred to the allied genus Heteropterys Kunth by Hemsley. Occurrence.—Culebra formation. West wall of Gaillard Cut be- low Miraflores locks (collected by M. I. Goldman). Culebra forma- tion (lower). West wall of Canal opposite Culebra Railroad station. (Collected by D. F. MacDonald). Family HUPHORBIACEAE. Genus HIERONYMIA Allem. HIERONYMiIA LEHMANNI Engelhardt (?). Piate 16, fig. 3. Hieronymia lehmanni ENGELHARDT, Uber neue Tertiiirpflanzen Stid-Ameri- kas, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Gesell., vol. 19, p. 11, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2, 1895. Description.—Leaves broadly elliptical or somewhat deltoid and inequilateral in outline, with a shortly acuminate tip and broadly 1 Engelhardt, H., Uber neue Tertilirpfianzen Siid-Amerikas, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ge sellsch., vol. 19, p. 14, pl. 2, figs. 18, 19, 1895. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, 37 rounded full lower lateral margins and a very wide, somewhat ob- liquely truncated base. Length about 12 cm. Maximum width, in the lower half of the leaf, about 10cm. Margins entire, full, and rounded. Texture thin but coriaceous. Midrib stout, curved, prominent on the lower surface of the leaf. Secondaries stout, 10 or 11 irregularly spaced pairs, prominent on the lower surface of the leaf; they diverge from the midrib at wide angles which become more acute in the apical part of the leaf, those on the narrower side are more ascending and somewhat straighter than those on the wide side, all are conspicu- ously camptodrome at some distance from the margin. ‘Tertiaries thin, mostly percurrent. Areolation of small, isodiametric polygonal meshes, well marked on the under side of the leaf. This large leaf is unfortunately represented by fragmentary mate- rial from a single locality in the Caimito formation. In some respects its characters suggest a broad Ficus, but it seems clearly identical with the species described by Engelhardt? in 1895 from the Tertiary of Ecuador. I have, however, queried the determina- tion because of the broken character of the Panama material. In the illustration I have reconstructed a leaf from a combination of the Panama material with the more complete specimens figured by Engelhardt from Ecuador. The two largest fragments from Panama are indicated on the drawing by tinting. It is unfortunate for purposes of correlation that the present determination can not be conclusive, although in view of other similarities shown between the Oligocene plants of Panama and those from the Tertiary of Ecuador, I am disposed to regard the present determination as fairly satisfactory. The genus Hieronymia comprises about a dozen existing species of shrubs and trees confined to tropical America and rather widely distributed from Mexico to Brazil as well as in the West Indies. Occurrence.—Caimito formation, 7 miles northeast of Bejuca (U.S.G.S. station No. 6840). (Collected by D. F. MacDonald.) Collection —U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 35314. Order SAPINDALES. Family SAPINDACEAE. Genus SCHMIDELIA Linnaeus. SCHMIDELIA BEJUCENSIS, new species. Plate 17, fig. 4. Description.—Leaf or leaflet elongate elliptic in outline, inequi- lateral. Apex and tip equally and blunily pointed inequilateral. Margins entire. Texture coriaceous. Length about 11 cm. Maxi- i1tjber neue Tertiiirpflanzen Siid-Amerikas, vol. 19, p. 11, 1895. 38 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mum width, midway between the apex and the base, about 4.5 cm. Width on one side of the midrib 21.5 mm., on opposite side 24 mm. Petiole missing. Midrib flexuous, stout, and prominent. Secondaries stout, regularly spaced, mostly immersed, about 7 alternate pairs diverge from the midrib at angles of about 50°, curving upward subparallel and camptodrome in the marginal region. Tertiaries mostly obsolete, a few percurrent ones seen. This large and striking leaf is referred to the sapindaceous genus Schmidelia, which comprises about 100 existing species of the equa- torial regions of both hemispheres with unifoliate or palmately com- pound leaves. About half of the species are American where they are confined to the Antilles, Central, and tropical South America. They are sometimes referred to the genus Allophylus Linnaeus (as by Radlkofer) and with the exception of this genus all of the mem- bers of the tribe Thouinieae are confined to America. Fossil repre- sentatives have been unknown except for the petrified wood from the Oligocene of the island of Antigua which Felix described as Schmideliopsis.? Occurrence.—Culebra formation. East wall of Gaillard Cut Just north of station 1760 (collected by M. I. Goldman). Caimito formation, 7 miles northeast of Bejuca (U.S.G.S. 6840). Collected by D. F. MacDonald.) Type.—Cat. No. 35315, U.S.N.M. Order THY MELEALES. Family LAURACEAE. Genus MESPILODAPHNE Nees. MESPILODAPHNE CULEBRENSIS, new species. Plate 17, fig. 3 Description.—Leaves lanceolate-falcate in general outline, with acuminate apex and base. Margins entire. Texture subcoriaceous. Length about 10 cm. Maximum width, in the middle part of the leaf, about 2.5 cm. Petiole missing. Midrib stout, curved, prominent on the under surface of the leaf. Secondaries stout, remote, regu- larly spaced, nine or ten subopposite to alternate pairs, they diverge from the midrib at angles of about 65 degrees and are conspicuously camptodrome close to the margins. Tertiaries obscured by the poor preservation of the material. The present species resembles numerous existing and fossil species of Lauraceae, from all of which, however, it appears distinct. It is similar to Wespilodaphne columbiana Berry of the Upper Claiborne of the Mississippi embayment, but is a stouter, more falcate, shorter, and less acuminate form. 1 Felix, J., Die fossile Hélzer Westindiens, p. 16, pl. 2, figs. 6, S, 1883. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 39 The modern species of Mespilodaphne are numerous, inhabiting Africa and tropical America, and are often united with Oreodaphne and Strychnodaphne to form the composite genus Ocotea of Aublet. Their fossil history is almost entirely lost in the multitude of species that have been referred to the form genera Laurus and Laurophyl- lum. Mespilodaphne is abundant and varied throughout the Eocene and Oligocene of the Mississippi embayment area. Occurrence——Culebra formation, upper part. East wall of the Gaillard Cut just north of Canal Zone station 1760. (Collected by M. I. Goldman.) Order MYRTALES. Family MYRTACEAE. Genus CALYPTRANTHES Swartz. CALYPTRANTHES GATUNENSIS, new species. Plate 18, fig. 1. Description.—Leaves broadly oblong-elliptic in general outline, widest in the middle and tapering equally in both directions to the abruptly acute apex and base. Margins entire. Texture subcoria- ceous. Length between 7 cm. and 8 cm. Maximum width between 3.5 cm. and 4cm. Petiole missing. Midrib stout, somewhat curved, prominent on the lower surface of the leaf. Secondaries thin, very numerous, and close set, often inosculating by forking; they diverge from the midrib at angles averaging about 70 degrees, at intervals of 1 mm. to 3 mm., pursue a but slightly curved outwardly ascending course and have their ends united by an acrodrome vein on each edge of the lamina parallel with and from 1 mm. to 2 mm. within the margin. Tertiaries forming open isodiametric polygonal meshes. The present well-marked species closely resembles the only other named fossil form Calyptranthes eocenica Berry from the lower Eocene of the Mississippi embayment (Wilcox Group). It may also be compared with the slightly smaller Myrtus rectinervis described by Saporta! from the Sannoisian of southeastern France. The genus Calyptranthes, which is exclusively American in the existing flora, has about seventy species ranging from Mexico and the West Indies to southern Brazil. There is-a strong generic like- ness between the leaves of all of the species. Calyptranthes zyzygium De Candolle may be mentioned, among others, as a form with leaves almost exactly like the fossil. There is also a marked family resem- blance to some of the existing tropical American species of Hugenia, and more especially Myrcia, Myrcia multiflora De Candolle from the Guianas being very similar to the present species. 1 Saporta, Hiudes, vol. 1, p. 251, pl. 11, fig. 5, 1863. 40 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Hemsley records 7 existing species of Calyptranthes from Central America, two of which occur in Panama. Occurrence.—Gatun formation, Gatun Borrow Pits. (Collected by M. I. Goldman.) Family MELASTOMATACEAE. Genus MELASTOMITES Unger. MELASTOMITES MICONIOIDES, new species. Plate 18, fig. 2. Description.—Leaf oblong-elliptic in outline, of relatively small size, with an equally and bluntly pointed apex and base. Length about 6 cm. Maximum width, in the middle part, about 2.25 cm. Margins entire. Texture subcoriaceous. Petiole short and stout. Midrib stout and prominent. Lateral primaries stout, prominent, diverging from the midrib at an acute angle just above the base and acrodrome. From the disposition of the outwardly directed nervilles from the primaries it is probable that subordinate acro- drome primaries constitute an infra marginal vein on each side, but these can not be made out. Close-set subparallel nervilles run trans- versely between the midrib and the primaries. This species is represented by a small amount of fragmentary material, too poor to permit definite generic determination. It is, therefore, referred to the form-genus M/alastomites proposed by Un- ger for generically undeterminable leaves of the Melastomataceae. While the fossil somewhat suggests the leaves of various Lauraceous genera, such as Cinnamomum, Camphoromaea, Goeppertia, and Cryptocarya, its characters are clearly those of the Melastomataceae. It particularly suggests the genus 7ibouchina Aublet, which has up- ward of 200 species of shrubs and undershrubs in tropical America. The family Melastomataceae is a relatively large one, with about 150 genera and over three thousand species. It is almost strictly tropical, although some members range southward to 40° south lati- tude. This great family is typically American, seven of the fifteen tribes into which it is divided being confined to tropical America, and about 2,500 of the existing species being also endemic in this region. While the geologic history of this vast assemblage of forms is practically unknown, there is no evidence to disprove the theory that it, like the allied families Combretaceae and Myrtaceae, had its origin in that most prolific region—the American tropics. The few fossil forms that have been found, including leaves, flow- ers, and calices, have been referred to the form-genus /elastomites first proposed by Unger. A doubtfully determined species, which probably belongs to the Lauraceae, has been recorded from the Up- GEOLOGY AND PALEONIT\YLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. Al per Cretaceous of Westphalia. The only known Eocene species is the well-marked form present in the lower Eocene of the Mississippi embayment region (Wilcox Group.) Four Oligocene species have been described from Bohemia, Styria, and Egypt; four Miocene species from Switzerland, Prussia, and Croatia; and a Pliocene species from Italy. Occurrence.—Culebra formation, upper part. East wall of Gail- lard Cut just north of Canal Zone station 1760. (Collected by M. TI. Goldman.) Order EBENALES. Family EBENACEAE. Genus DISOPYROS Linnaeus. DIOSPYROS MACDONALDI, new species. Plate 18, figs. 4-8. Description.—Globose berry-like fruits of small size and consider- able consistency, possibly preserved in an unripe state since the flesh is stringy and with a great many tannin cells. The great abundance of these fruits in the andesitic tuffs makes it seem more probable, however, that they are mature, particularly as some are greatly flat- tened. The numerous elongated pendulous seeds and the amount of vascular fibers in the flesh would tend te prevent much compression in a certain number of cases. Diameter 12 to 15 mm. Flesh hard, very tanniferous, and with numerous fibers. Seeds 8 to 10 in number, oblong, elliptical, compressed, with a hard seed coat. The interior of the seeds is filled with amorphous silica and fails to show any structure. Seeds about 7.5 mm. long, averaging 3 mm. high and 1 mm. to 2 mm. thick, very unequally developed, one to three usually more or less abortive. Peduncle not preserved, nor do any of the specimens show the calyx. These seeds are exceedingly abundant and more or less perfectly silicified, the flesh being dark brown and the seeds white, making very striking objects. They are clearly referable to Diospyros and so far as I know represent the only known petrified fruits of this genus, although the persistent calices are not uncommon as impres- sions from the Upper Cretaceous onward. The modern species have from 4 to 12 compressed seeds which tend to become less numerous with the increase in the fleshy part of the fruit, so that possibly these more consistent and prevailingly 10-seeded fossil fruits may represent an earlier stage in their evolution, although this seems doubtful since the calyx of a very large fruited form is known from the Upper Kocene of southwestern Texas. 42 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Diospyros is cosmopolitan in the existing flora with about 180 species in the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Mostly Oriental, but not uncommon in the southern United States, Antilles, and from Mexico through tropical South America. Upward of 100 fossil spe- cies are known ranging in age from the Upper Cretaceous to the present. Occurrence.—Section near mouth of Tonosi River, in deposits of Eocene age (MacDonald). Type.—Cat. No. 35316, U.S.N.M. Order RUBIALES. Family RUBIACEAE. Genus RONDELETIA Plumier. RONDELETIA GOLDMANI, new species. Plate 18, fig. 3. Description.—Leaves lanceolate in outline, somewhat falcate and inequilateral, with an equally acuminate apex and base. Length be- tween 12 cm. and 13cm. Maximum width, midway between the apex and the base, about 3 cm., 13.5 mm. on the concave side and 15.5 mm. on the convex side. Margins entire. Texture coriaceous. Petiole short and stout, expanded proximad, about 5 mm. long. Midrib curved, stout, and prominent. Secondaries thin, numerous, suboppo- site to alternate, rather regularly spaced; about 15 pairs diverge from the midrib at angles of about 45° and ascend in rather flat but regular and subparallel curves and are camptodrome in the marginal region. Tertiaries obsolete. This well-marked species is referred to the subfamily Cinchonoideae and tribe Rondeletieae and seems to indicate an Oligocene species of Yrondeletia, 2 genus of shrubs and trees confined to tropical America and not heretofore found fossil. Rondeletia has about 70 existing spe- cies, a few of which occur in northern South America, but the ma- jority are confined to the Antilles (45 species) and Central America (24 species).1. The present species may be compared with the exist- ing leondeletia racemosa Swartz of Jamaica, and with other Antillean and Central American forms. ‘More remote comparisons may be made with certain species of Psychotria, as, for example, Psychotria barbifiora De Candolle of Brazil, and with the genus Tapiria Jus- sieu of the Anacardiaceae, a fossil species of which, Tapiria lanceo- lata, has been described by Engelhardt? from the Tertiary of Ecua- 1 Britton records 35 species from Cuba. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 44, pp. 20-30, 1917. 2 Engelhardt, H., Uber neue Tertiirpflanzen Siid-Amerikas, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Gesell., vol. 19, p. 15, pl. 9, fig. 4, 1895. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 43 dor. Another fossil species somewhat resembling the Panama form is Cinchonidium multinerve described by Ettingshausen’ from the Tertiary of Priesen, Bohemia. Named in honor of Dr. Marcus I. Goldman, who collected it while a Fellow at the Johns Hopkins University. Occurrence.—Gatun formation, Gatun Borrow Pits. (Collected by M. I. Goldman.) Genus RUBIACITES Weber. RUBIACITES IXOREOIDES, new species. Plate 18, figs. 9-12. Description.—Fruit bilocular, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent, ligneous, capsular-like. Form a prolate spheroid 2.7 cm. long and 2 em. in diameter. The surface roughened by small tuberculations and pits. Walls about 2 mm. thick. Median partition thin. Seeds one in each cell, suspended, e!liptical in both transverse and longitudinal sections, compressed along the central partition. Surface striate. Endosperm not ruminating. One seed is more fully developed than the other. The larger is about 2 cm. long, 1.4 cm. wide and 9 mm. thick. This well marked form is unfortunately represented by but a single specimen which however shows most of the cavity occupied by the fruit, the two contained seeds partially petrified and the lignified wall and part of the partition. The accompanying illustrations show the external appearance of the fruit (fig. 9) and a side view showing the relative development of the two seeds (fig. 10). Figure 12 shows a Ngnified end of the fruit with the median partition and figure 11 ig a side view with the smaller seed in front and the larger forming the background. So far as I know nothing like it has previously been found fossil. There seems to be no question but that the present fruit represents some Oligocene species of Rubiaceae and it is consequently referred to the form-genus Rubiacites proposed by Weber, although probably not congeneric with the previously described fossil species of Rubia- cites. The fruits of this large family exhibit considerable variety being either capsular, achene-like or drupaceous. Without a much larger amount of recent comparative material than is available it is not possible to definitely fix the botanical relation of the present species which, however, appears to be referable to the tribe Ixoreae or the Psychotrieae. The specific name chosen suggests a resemblance to the fruits of /vora Linnaeus, a genus with over 100 species of 1 Ettingshausen, C. von, Die Fossile Flora des Tertiir-Beckens yon Bilin, Theil 2, p. 208, pl. 36, fig. 5, 1868. 8370°—18g—Bull. 108————4 44 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. shrubs and small trees found in the tropics of both hemispheres but chiefly Asiatic. Occurrence—Gatun formation. Gatun Borrow Pits. (Collected by M. I. Goldman.) EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE 12. Palmoxylon palmacites (Sprengel) Stenzel. Cucuracha formation. Fig. 1. Showing abundance of fibrovascular bundles and gum cells. X20. PLATE 13. Fie. 1. Ficus culebrensis Berry. Culebra formation. 2. Guatteria culebrensis Berry. Culebra formation. 3. Myristicophyllum panamense Berry. Culebra formation. Pruate 14, Taenioxylon multiradiatum Felix. Culebra formation. Fic. 1. Transverse section. X25. 2. Same. X200. Prate 15. Taenioxylon multiradiatum Felix. Culebra formation. Fie. 1. Radial section. 200. 2. Tangential section. 200. PLATE 16. Fic. 1. Cassia culebrensis Berry. Culebra formation. 2. Inga oligocaenica Berry. Culebra formation. 3. Hieronymia lehmanni Engelhardt (?). Caimito formation. PLATE 17. Fic. 1. Hiraea oligocaenica Berry. Caimito formation. . Banisteria praenuntia Berry. Culebra formation. . Mespilodaphne culebrensis Berry. Culebra formation. . Schmidelia bejucensis Berry. Caimito formation. me oo DD EE PLATE 18. Fic. 1. Calyptranthes gatunensis Berry. Gatun formation. 2. Melastomites miconioides Berry. Culebra formation. 3. Rondeletia goldmani Berry. Gatun formation. 4-8. Diosypros macdonaldi Berry. Hocene (?). 4. Showing abundance of fruits in tuffs. 5, 7,8. Transverse median sections of fruits. 6. Longitudinal median section of fruit. 9-12. Rubiacites ixoreoides Berry. Gatun formation. 9. External appearance. 10. Median longitudinal section showing unequally developed seeds. 11. Side view of seeds. 12. Lignified fragment showing end walls and partition. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 12 PALMOXYLON PALMACITES (SPRENGEL) STENZEL. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 44. “4 E 5 : t acters U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 13 FossiL DICOTYLEDONOUS LEAVES. FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 44. BULLETIN 103 PL. 14 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM OT at C7 CINTA TT Mee UTITTUUGRBERE TT qui Sy LQ7] DOM Tih CR Mi S ) nS A (Ele SS ST EIS EY TTT TT QUAL TTT N aerentenneresrenS Bo eee 3 : Pa yo Tne ST x OSc Mm; 0ob eA nome Axe a tOD SN aE AED Boe oer Kaas. o> = ee PETIA IC, As Ty SEE Estee LT heey a Gm eS acs Bitar teaser ret SSC Ao scl yer SaeeoNNy®, @2 Se ame acc cae 2 iy f+ ) < Few Qtpsccole. A ‘ee EO, (20 To PLEEER ES es OG =A TAENIOXYLON MULTIRADIATUM FELIX. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 44. BULLETIN 103 PL. 15 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM O{COCOfOGOYoos COT Mystere SeeE a uueytuT BL BUARARMIAURUNUNBARENS: 7,9 04444 4y 94 FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 44. TAENIOXYLON MULTIRADIATUM FELIX. Ben oan U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 16 3 Fossit DICOTYLEDONOUS LEAVES. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 44. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. I7 Fossit DICOTYLEDONOUS LEAVES. FOR EXPLANAT.ON OF PLATE SEE PAGE 44. BULLETIN 103 PL. 18 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM FossiL LEAVES, FRUITS, AND SEEDS. FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 44. INDEX. Page. ANCHO RA IG) OD) 0 ete ee 16, 18, 22, 28 QuLeUMe Ss es 3 Allophylus _-__-___ eee Werte ate 38 AMON Ae en Ee 19, 28, 29 Salo) 28 TOR ROD Eh fh es ee 27 TEL CUT eas Bay se al 28 AN pa a ES Ie Ec 28, 29 BLAU IG) ys ul a a ea a 28, 29 AEST VS eee 16, 22 TSE YOUR ET Sa a 16 BES PTT SCO Ts eae es Ue 20, 35, 36 billberciana see 36 pracnuntias es 18, 28, 35, 44 sinemariensis --________~_ 36 Calyptranthes__________ pee MN ea 21, 39, 40 COCEMIGA ee a es 389 gatunensis —--_~-_-—_ 18, 23, 39, 44 ZYiZY SUN see 39 Camphoromaega ssa eee 40 (Cals 6 i ae eS al se 20, $4 culebrensis: 22 ea 18, 22, 34, 44 TSU S CU OT Pyare ey ee Se 33 Wham aed one a a Se 16 Cichonidium multinerve ___._----_-~_ 43 Cinnamomumy==o2 222 eae 40 Compsoneurass see eee 30 WONOCAT DUS eee 16, 22 Crescentia sa oe 16 (CUPS BELO LOE hp ae 40 TOS PiV1O Sy a 21, 41 macdonaldij2e = 18, 23 41, 44 Endogenites palmacites...oo...._ 24 TATA SR a se ENSUES 21 Fasciculites palmacites___._..__-___ 24 BEAST UN Spe ae EL EE 19, 26 culebrensis= =) eee 18, 22, 26, 44 YS ee as S 27 Mew LONeNS 1S oe ee 26 CTOCD DET E Bee ee ee ea 40 ere Ge Te eps emensie ra e --— 19, 20, 27, 29 culebrensis —--_..... 18, 22, 27, 44 dolichopod aaa: : a) PAC Srandiflo raven see 27 OUTETON ee 27 Heteropterys __-----~...... pate ee 36 LID OMEN Cee aa 16 LE SU PENS a ge 20, 35 chrysophyliaiae see eae 35 oligocaenica__________ 18, 23, 35, 44 \Walkeobalah nee) Ses eee 35 1S beso xah reales ee 17, 20, 36, 37 Vehman nies 18, 23, 86, 44 IR eaten seer een ts CUR ete Lote 20, 32, 33 GET STO Tea TA BANS a SLE ee 33 CRO AU BS] asses T e 3 Page, pf agecgs te) Key eb ceo ES A Ra SUC rd 8 olizocaenica==s ae anne 18, 22, 32, 44 BID. ap BRO aI OD UE eg RR eR th 43 IDEA TRA NEN aN al D2, AMES EU UL TST Se LS SU ae ASS 39 S131. 0 po ays er eS ee 3g Mela stom ites ses uesme ier Miu aiitueale 49 miconioides_____ 18, 23, 40, 44 Melod orumy 22 2a Ao ee ines Wena 28 Mespilodaphn eee se a ee 838, 39 columbiana Sessa 38 culebrensis____ 18, 23, 38, 44 Maitre pio rete eS ee Uae 28 TMA y TC aa TU iss LOTTO LUE 21, 39 TON UAL GET © Trea pee eee eel a By.) TM By ed RSI ED ha WR Se Le 20, 30 Myre S61 CO Hays Mt ra ae acl 20, 29 panamense__ 18, 22, 29, 44 VEY TO CET TOUS eal oe 34 Myrtus-rectinenviss ss. 22) sees 39 CO Ce ea ea MC ENR 39 OTreoOa apn eke ee SEN ieee neta os Balmacitesh@ubius= ese 5 24 Een enum 2 eee eee 2 Balmo xy] ore eae 17, 24, 25 an tiguenses ese aeeaen 25 aschersoni/ 2 25 ceylanicumy 2 see es an 25, imteg um paar nate 25 mississippiensis ________ 25 palmacites_______ 18, 22, 24, 44 stellatum sees cine rie 25 tenerum 2 ene 25 Variabile) See eee 25 ear eee a 1D LUNN 16, 18, 23, 24 SR TR GE UD Tee eI LS ca 16 Psychotriay barbiflora. 26a 42 RDLZO PHO ra eee ai AE ANA 16, 22 Rond ele tia sae ee eA ee 21, 42 goldmanni—_______ 18, 28, 42, 44 TACEM OSAP aan eae 2 Rubiacites ae ee es 21, 43 ixoreoides -________ 18, 23, 48, 44 Schmid eliga ae ae 20, 37,3 peyucensis= 2 = sews 18, 23, 37, 44 SOD NO rae Osea eae ED aa 34 SWiCe ti ies eee IE SASS CTO LN 3 Taenio xy] omic een 17, 20, 30, 32 multiradiatum -__ 18, 22, 30, 44 VaATiaM Se 28 a oe 31 Map iri alanceol a tees secs tees ae ea ae 42 TSE BOT CELT iE a el 40 AROS RDG BSS aps oct I AS Dea Ng 3 OA WB eg teh OUT GSS 16 Venericardia planicosta____________ 17 DA exo 2 ae oe Sa Ae a oe eo 30 Der nn oEsaNH Pa base ey: r Mata | arn hi pa bd es bt narra SAS Nie Blan SOC PRET a LAR OTD EEN H kink We int Win Sal SE NDR aca aie SMT ENS clad rh ep yes ale, Asana? bY Ss ; : Hs my Mor i { AS ed pn ered did eh eh edt ig) sets | nies ‘ : f ane ee NOS RMR aed dace EN ba LP OE A BIS uC CITRUS ‘ py WARN i] r - ot ply nt Lab td eps etd) ope Ns | “ 4 evn Pistol Aievoh | pea AL ek hed ds eo ‘ } i i ‘| iN 4 i ; ; + ‘ relent ih } n tab hike rl 7 i { i Sif ( he ea) \ dao td { tyes uns : i ‘ ‘4 { Cty UA) sj Rue sNanii ty ee DAUR DR wey Ki reget ‘ f i ; } {} un ts re { ; i i Nut beet 2: inky } (ip, | Barn | ‘ ee t) ii By JOSEPH ae CUSHMAN Of the United States Geological Survey “Extract from Bulletin 103, pages 45-87, with Plates 19-33 WASHINGTON Be GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE Prt ree 1918 é SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 103 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEON- TOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, PANAMA, AND GEOLOGICALLY RELATED AREAS IN CEN- TRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES THE SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE By JOSEPH AUGUSTINE CUSHMAN Of the United States Geological Survey Extract from Bulletin 103, pages 45-87, with Plates 19-33 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 iy uy f f iH Stl ‘ THE SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE. By JoserH AucustTINE CUSHMAN, Of the United States Geological Survey. INTRODUCTION. The collection of fossil foraminifera included in this report were sent to the writer by the United States Geological Survey. It con- sists almost entirely of material collected by Messrs. D. F. Mac- Donald and T. Wayland Vaughan in 1911, to whom I am indebted for data as to the geological correlation. The names applied to the geologic formations are those used in MacDonald’s “Sedimentary formations of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to the stratigraphic relations of the fossiliferous beds,” which appears in the latter part of this volume. Where former-correlation has seemed not to apply to the foraminifera, especially those of three stations, 60338¢, 6035, and 6036a, discussion of the data obtained from the foraminifera is given in detail later. The orbitoids and nummulites are both well represented in the collection, but as these require special study in connection with those of the Coastal Plain and of the West Indian region it seems ad- visable to treat them in a separate paper which immediately follows the present one. The following data are given for only the stations from which foraminifera were obtained and which are recorded in this paper. LIST OF MATERIAL. US.GS. station 6009.—Oligocene—Culebra formation (upper part). From section in Canal cut 600 feet south of Miraflores Locks. Dark, soft, fairly well laminated clay rock. Few foraminifera and rather poorly preserved. 6010.—Oligocene—Culebra formation (lower part). From section—Pedro Miguel Locks to Paraiso Bridge. Dark, well laminated, very soft, carbonaceous clay rocks. Foraminifera in fairly good numbers and a rather varied assort- ment; mostly stained black, except certain of the Miliolidae, which still keep their calcareous tests more or less in their original condition. 45 46 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 6012.—Oligocene—Culebra formation. From section—west side of Gaillard Cut. a. Dark, well laminated soft and very friable carbonaceous shale. Few foraminifera—some glauconitic, others well preserved. c. From a lens of sandy limestone 5 feet thick. Few foraminifera—some stained, some groan) rather poorly preserved as to details. d. From lenses of limy sandstone at base of gravel, 3 feet thick. Few foraminifera and these poorly preserved. 6015.—Olugocene—Emperador limestone. From old quarry, one-fourth mile north of west from Empire. Cream-colored, coral limestone. Few foraminifera. 6016.—Oligocene—E mperador limestone. From old quarry, one-third mile north of west of Empire. Few poorly preserved foraminifera. 6019. Section on west side of Gaillard Cut near Las Cascadas. a-f. Oligocene—Culebra formation. a. Grayish, rather nodular, impure limestone. Foraminifera few and poor. 6. Dark, well stratified, very friable, tufaceous material. Foraminifera few and poor except Orbztolites, which are large and fine. ce. Grayish, well stratified, very friable, tufaceous sandstone. Few casts of foraminifera and central portions of orbitoids. d. Grayish-green, limy, tufaceous sandstone. Very few foraminifera, poor specimens. e. Thin-bedded, light gray to cream-colored, limy sandstone with some partings of light-colored clay. - orbitoids and Orbitolites? only. jf. Dark, very friable shales and tuffs. Foraminifera fairly common, some well preserved, others glau- conitic. g. Oligocene—Emperador limestone. Light gray to yellowish gray, somewhat sandy limestone. Some orbitoids and Orbitolites? but little else in the way of foraminifera. 6020.—Oligocene—Culebra formation. Same locality as 6019. a-c. Dark-gray carbonaceous clays, friable shales and tuffs. a. Foraminifera numerous but of few species, mostly glauconitic, at least in part. c. A few Orbitolites in the coralliferous layer. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 47 6024.—Section in railway cuts near New Frijoles. a. Oligocene—Culebra formation. Dark, basic, orbitoidal, tufaceous material. Many worn central portions of Orbitoids and a very few other foraminifera poorly preserved. 6025.—Oligocene—Culebra formation (upper part). About 200 yards south of southern end of switch at Bohio Ridge station relocated hne Panama Railroad. Contains a number of species of foraminifera but for the most part broken or poorly preserved. 6026.—Two miles south of Monte Lirto. Somewhat coarse-grained sandstone. Few poor specimens of foraminifera. 6029.— Section one-half mile from Camp Cotton, toward Monte Lirio, at big curve on railroad. Miocene—Gatun formation. a. Bluish, fossiliferous argillite. Very few foraminifera. 6. Bluish argillite. Few foraminifera, but considerably more than in a. ce. Bluish, fossiliferous argillite. Very few poor specimens 07 Amphistegina. 6030.—Railroad cut north side of Big Swamp, one and one-half miles north of Monte Lirio. Miocene—Gaiun formation. Bluish gray, argillaceous beds. The only foraminifera consisted of a single specimen of 7’rilo- culina. 6031.—Section in cut one-half mile west of Camp Cotton toward Gatun. Miocene—Gatun formation. Conglomerate bed and sandy marl 1 foot above. A few poorly preserved specimens of Yuinqueloculina were the only foraminifera. 6033.— Generalized section of the bluffs exposed along the Panama Railroad, relocated line, about 3,500 feet south of Gatun Railroad Station. Miocene Gatun—formation. c. Dark-colored, marly, fossiliferous clay. Rich in foraminifera, eepuclalie in specimens: A fair number of species, well preserved. 6035.—Vicinity of Mindi Hill. Miocene—Gatun formation. Gray-green, fine grained sandy shell marl. Very fine-grained material, but with numerous species and speci- mens of foraminifera representing an off-shore assemblage. 6036.— Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. Miocene—Gatun for- mation. Dark-colored, fine grained, sandy clay marl. 48 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Specimens of foraminifera numerous and well preserved, rep- resenting an off-shore assemblage comparable to 6035. 5850.—Near Mount Hope—Pleistocene. Loose shells and marl obtained from ditch through swampy ground about one-fourth mile from present sea beach and about 6 to 8 feet above high tide. Contains a few foraminifera of common shallow water, tropical species. The geological position of certain material from near the Atlantic end of the canal seems from the evidence of the contained foramin- fera to be younger than the position previously assigned to it—the upper Oligocene. By a reference to the table of distribution it will be noted that the great majority of the species occurring at the sta- tions in question; 6533¢, 6035, and 6036, do not occur in the ma- terial of definitely Oligocene age. Im such cases as that of Cristel- laria rotulata there is a slight difference in the specimens from these stations and those from the Pacific side, 6010, 6012a, 6012c¢, but the specimens at the latter stations were in small quantity, and the dif- ferences could not be made use of, mainly from lack of a sufficient number of specimens. In the case of Cristellaria vaughani this seems to be a well-characterized species occurring at several stations, but even in it there are very minor differences. Among the species of Globigerina, the more generalized species such as G. bulloides, which has a very wide geological range, occur more or less constantly . throughout the collections, but the strongest evidence comes from the last three species and Orbulina, which are very rarely found fossil, and then only in the very latest tertiary. These were well characterized species, the specimens are very clean and complete, and resemble a modern Globigerina ooze of considerable depth. The three species of Pulvinulina also occur nowhere but at these stations. Pulvinulina concentrica is essentially a recent species and P. me- nardi is characteristic of modern Globigerina ooze. Sigmoilina tenus and S. asperula are also speces of recent Globigerina ooze of moderate depths. On the other hand, the lack of certain things is also significant. Amphistegina, which occurs more or less regularly in the other portion of the material, is entirely wanting in the three Pacific stations, 6033¢, 6035, and 6036. Polystomella also does not occur. Both the last two genera are very characteristic of the coastal plain Oligocene of the United States. It may be argued in this case, however, that the stations were originally too far from shore to have these genera which are more characteristic of shallow littoral conditions. 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Family TEXTULARIIDAE. Genus TEXTULARIA Defrance, 1824. TEXTULARIA ABBREVIATA d’Orbigny. Plate 19, fig. 1. Textularia abbreviata D’'ORBIGNY, Foram. Foss. Bass. Tert. Vienne, 1846, p. 249, pl. 15, figs. 9-12 (7-12). Description—tTest broad and short, somewhat compressed, cham- bers comparatively few in number, broad near the center and taper- ing to the periphery, sutures in these specimens indistinct, aperture an arched slit extending nearly across the test, wall comparatively smooth. Length 0.65 mm., breadth about 1mm. Cat. No. 324608, U.S.N.M. Specimens from U.S.G.S. No. 6010, from the Culebra formation, dark clay north of Pedro Miguel Locks. Apparently the material is rather metamorphosed and move or less glauconitic so that little of the original test is preserved. This is a rather common Tertiary species. TEXTULARIA SAGITTULA Defrance. 1) Plate 19, fig. Texiularia sagittula DEFRANCE, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 32, 1824, p. 177; vol. 53, 1828, p. 344; Atlas, Conch., pl. 13, fig. 5. Description.—Test elongate, tapering, much compressed especially at sides, chambers numerous, sutures indistinct, aperture a curved slit occupying about one-half the width of the base of the chamber. Length about 1.5 mm., breadth 1 mm. Cat. No. 324609, U.S.N.M. A few poorly preserved specimens from U.S.G.S. No. 6025, from the Culebra formation, foraminiferal marl and coarse sandstone about 200 yards south of southern end of switch at Bohio Ridge station, relocated line, Panama Railroad. Although this material is more or less glauconitic and poorly pre- served the three specimens, one of which is here figured, are referred with a reasonable degree of certainty to this species. A single fragmentary specimen from U.S.G.S. No. 6026, from the Culebra formation, coarse, sandy foraminiferal marl about half way between Monte Lirio and Bohio Ridge, relocated line, Panama Rail- road, seems also to be this species. 52 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. TEXTULARIA AGGLUTINANS d@Orbigny. Plate 19, fig. 3. Textularia agglutinans p’ORBIGNY, in De la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, 1839, “ Foraminiféres,” p. 136, pl. 1, figs. 17, 18, 32-34. Description.—Test elongate, tapering, but slightly compressed lat- erally, chambers high, sutures deep, outline sinuous, end view broadly elliptical, wall composed of rather coarse agglutinated material, aperture a narrow slit a little more than half the width of the base of the chamber. Length 1.28 mm., breadth 0.65 mm. Cat. No. 324610, U.S.N.M. A single specimen here figured seems referable to this species. It is from U.S.G.S. No. 6019-7, from the uppermost bed of the Culebra formation, the lower limestone of the Las Cascadas section, opposite Las Cascadas, Gaillard Cut. Although not so rounded in end view as this species usually is in recent specimens, the general characters, wall structure, high rotund chambers and lobulated outline seem to place it here. TEXTULARIA LAMINATA, new species. Plate 19, fig. 4. Description—Test elongate, cuneate, tapering from the widest part near the apertural end, gradually and evenly to the initial end which is subacute, median line raised thence tapering rapidly toward the periphery which is thin and extends out into a lamella-like border, chambers numerous, wide and low, sutural lines raised, some- what curved backward; border irregular, wall finely arenaceous; aperture indistinct. Length 2 mm., breadth 1.2 mm. Specimen figured from U.S8.G.S. No. 6010, from lower part of the Culebra formation, dark clay north of Pedro Miguel Locks. Speci- men rather better preserved than most from this station. The end view of this specimen is mainly rhomboidal with the bordering carina extending outward in a thin carina. It is in some ways sug- gestive of Textularia carinata but differs in many respects from that species which is also figured on plate 19, fig. 6. Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 324611, U.S.N.M. TEXTULARIA SUBAGGLUTINANS, new species. Plate 19, fig. 5. Description.—Test subrhomboidal in front view tapering from the middle toward either end, in end view oblong, sides truncated ; cham- bers comparatively few, somewhat inflated, sutures conspicuously de- GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 03 pressed, wall composed of rather coarse arenaceous material, aper- ture extending into the base of the chamber in a narrow rounded opening deeper than wide. Length 1.3 mm., breadth 0.85 mm. This species was fairly common from U.S.G.S. No. 6033¢, the Gatun formation, in marl from second bed from bottom, just below lower clay, Gatun section, relocated line Panama Railroad. This species may be distinguished from Z'extularia agglutinans by the truncated sides, the oblong end view and especially by the deep, narrow aperture. Type specimen.—Cat. No. 324612, U.S.N.M. TEXTULARIA CARINATA d’Orbigny. Flare; toy ne. 16: Tertularia carinata D’ORBIGNyY, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 263, No. 23; Yoram Foss. Bass. Tert. Vienne, 1846, p. 247, pl. 14, figs. 82-34. Description—Test much compressed, rather abruptly tapering toward the initial end, sutures strongly limbate, in well-preserved specimens extending out from the periphery in angular spine-like projections, aperture narrow, elongate. Length 1 mm., breadth 0.65 mm. Cat. No. 324613, U.S.N.M. The only material of this species is from U.S.G.S. No. 6036, from the Gatun formation, a dark-colored, fine-grained, sandy clay marl from Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. It is very evidently this species and is well preserved. TEXTULARIA PANAMENSIS, new species. Plate 20, fig. 1. Description.—Test rhomboid in front view, very much compressed, in end view long and narrow, the faces nearly parallel, sides rounded ; composed of comparatively few chambers but variable; long and low, sutures somewhat depressed, wall rather coarsely arenaceous; aperture indistinct. Length 0.85 mm., breadth 0.65 mm. The figured specimen is from U.S.G.S. No. 6036, from the Gatun formation, a dark-colored, fine-grained sandy clay marl from Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. Specimens were common from U.S.G:S. No. 6033¢, in marl from second bed from bottom, just below lower clay, Gatun section, relocated Panama Railroad. This is a rather striking species, with its very flat, broad front view and very compressed character of the test. Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 824614, U.S.N.M. 54 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus CHRYSALIDINA d’Orbigny, 1846. CHRYSALIDINA PULCHELLA, new species. Plate 20, fig. 2. Description.—Test elongate, gently tapering, broadest at the apical end; in end view triangular; early chambers triserial, later ones uni- serial; chambers in uniserial portion triangular, the sutures distinct, gently curved backward at the angles, outline more or less irregular, apertural face gently convex, with indications of numerous circular apertural openings, wall smooth. Length 0.5 mm., breadth 0.2 mm. This species occurred at U.S.G.S. No. 6036, the Gatun formation, in dark-colored, fine-grained, sandy clay marl, from Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. The species differs from the only known recent species, CArysa- lidina dimorpha, in the more tapering and elongate test, the greater irregularity of the contour and test in general and its generally less trim and neat appearance. The specimen figured is well preserved in its general characters, except those of the apertural face, which are somewhat obscured. Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 324615, U.S.N.M. Genus BOLIVINA @’Orbigny, 1826. BOLIVINA cf. B. PUNCTATA @’Orbigny. Plate 21, fig. 3. Bolivina punctata p’ORBIGNY, Voyage Amér. Mérid., vol. 5, pt. 5, ‘ Forami- niféres,” 1839, p. 63, pl. 8, figs. 10-12.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Chal- lenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 417,- pl. 52, figs. 18, 19.—Frint, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 292, pl. 38, fig. 1. Description.—Test much elongate, sides nearly parallel, abruptly tapering at the initial end, chambers numerous, usually higher than broad, inflated, sutures distinct but slightly depressed; wall finely punctate, occasionally becoming slightly striate. Length 0.60 mm., breadth 0.15 mm. Cat. No. 3246162, b, U.S.N.M. Specimens which seem referable to this species were obtained at U.S.G.S. No. 6033c, Gatun formation, mar! from second bed from bottom, just below lower clay, Gatun section, relocated line Panama Railroad and 6035, Gatun formation, from gray green, fine grained, sandy shell marl, vicinity of Mindi Hill. There is a tendency for the specimens to take on a semi-striate appearance, an extreme form both in shape and striation shown in plate 21, figure 3. BOLIVINA AENARIENSIS (Costa). Plate 21, fig. 2. Brizalina aenariensis Costa, Atti Acad. Pontaniana, vol. 7, 1856, p. 297, pl. 15 ho SPAN Bolivina aenariensis H. B. Brapy. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 11, 1882, p. 711; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 423, pl. 58, figs. 10, 11. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 55 Description.—Test much compressed, composed of numerous cham- bers about twice as broad as high, sutures distinct, slightly curved backward, chambers slightly inflated, especially in the center, test bordered by a narrow but distinct carina; surface smooth except for several longitudinal raised costae radiating from the initial end which carries also a short spine. Length 0.65 mm,, breadth 0.35 mm. Cat. No. 324617a, 6, U.S.N.M. A few specimens were obtained from U.S.G.S. No. 6033c, Gatun formation, in marl from second bed from bottom, just below lower clay, Gatun section, relocated line, Panama Railroad. While these specimens are not absolutely typical they undoubtedly belong to this species. Very typical specimens occur at U.S.G.S. No. 6036, Gatun forma- tion, in dark colored, fine grained, sandy clay marl, from Monkey Enll, Mount Hope Station. BOLIVINA ROBUSTA H. B. Brady. Plate 21, fig. 4. Bolivina robusta H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 21, 1881, p. 57; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 421, pl. 53, figs. 7-9. Description.—Test compressed, gradually tapering toward the apical end; chambers comparatively few; about twice as broad as high; sutures limbate, gently curved backward, often slightly lobu- lated or occasionally showing traces of reticulation on the surface, wall otherwise smooth but punctate, not spinose at the apical end. Length 0.45 mm., breadth 0.25 mm. Cat. No. 324618, U.S.N.M. These specimens, an extreme form of which is figured, are many of them very close to typical B. robusta which is at best either a variable species or one including more than one form. The sutures are usually limbate, as shown in some of Brady’s figures, but no apical spine is apparently in any of the specimens in this material. They were from U.S.G.S. No. 6035, Gatun formation, from gray green, fine grained, sandy shell marl, vicinity of Mindi Hill. BOLIVINA, species? Plate 21, fig. 1. This specimen is rather ill-defined and cannot be definitely deter- mined from the single example, the sutures are limbate as in Bo- liwina robusta Brady, but have apparently no secondary extensions as in that species. The whole specimen seems to be replaced. The specimen is from U.S.G.S. 6010, lower part of the Culebra formation, from dark clay north of Pedro Miguel Locks. Cat. No. 324619, U.S.N.M. 56 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus BIGENERINA @’Orbigny, 1826. BIGENERINA NODOSARIA d@Orbigny. Plate 21, fig. 5. Bigenerina nodosaria D’ORBieny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 261, pl. 11, figs. 9-11—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 369, pl. 44, figs. 14-18. Description—Test elongate, subcylindrical, early portion consist- ing of a few chambers arranged as in 7’extularia, later ones uniserial, early portion tapering abruptly toward the apical end, wall coarsely arenaceous, sutures rather indistinct, aperture circular and central. Length 2 mm., breadth 0.8 mm. Cat. No. 324620, U.S.N.M. Several specimens in excellent condition were obtained from U.S.G.S. No. 6036, Gatun formation, in dark-colored, fine-grained, sandy clay marl from Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. These specimens, as in the one figured, have but a shght indication of the biserial chambers from the exterior, but otherwise seem to be typical. At first glance they might be taken for a species of Clavulina. | Genus GAUDRYINA @Orbigny, 1839. GAUDRYINA FLINTII Cushman. Plate 20, fig. 4. Gaudryina subrotundata Furnt (not G. subrotundata Schwager, 1866), Ann. Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 287, pl. 33, fig. 1. Gaudryina flintii CusHMAN, Bull. 71, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 2, 1911, p. 63, fig. 102a—c. Description.—Test subconical, early portion rounded conical, trise- rial, later portion subcylindrical, biserial chambers of later portion nearly semicircular in transverse section, sutures distinct; wall are- naceous; aperture subcircular, at the base of the inner margin of the chamber. Length 1.20 mm., breadth 0.72 mm. Cat. No. 324621. A single specimen which seems to be close to recent specimens of this species was obtained from U.S.G.S. No. 6010, lower part of the Culebra formation, in dark clay, north of Pedro Miguel Locks. The specimen is somewhat glauconitic and certain of the details are more or less obscured. GAUDRYINA TRIANGULARIS Cushman. Plate 20, fig. 3. Gaudryina trianguiaris CusHMAN, Bull. 71, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 2, 1911, p. 65, figs. 104a-e. Description.—Test somewhat longer than broad, early portion tri- angular, the faces somewhat concave, triserial; later portion biserial, GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 57 rounded in transverse section; wall coarsely arenaceous, chambers comparatively few, sutures indistinct, aperture a narrow slit at the base of the inner margin of the last formed chamber. Length 1.7 mm., breadth 1.0 mm. Cat. No. 324622, U.S.N.M. A single specimen which seems to belong to this species was found in material from U.S.G.S. No. 6010, lower part of the Culebra forma- tion, in dark clay, north of Pedro Miguel Locks. The specimen, like many others from this station, is glauconitic and not well preserved in all its details. Genus CLAVULINA d’Orbigny, 1826. CLAVULINA PARISIENSIS d’Orbigny. Plate 20, fig. 5. Clavulina parisiensis D’ORBIGNY, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826. p. 268.—H. B. Bravy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 395, pl. 48, figs. 14-18, Description—Test elongate, subcylindrical, early portion conical, later portion gradually increasing in diameter toward the apertural end, chambers comparatively few, those of the uniserial portion cir- cular in cross section, wall coarsely arenaceous, somewhat rough; aperture circular, terminal. Length nearly 2mm., diameter 0.7mm. Cat. No. 324623, U.S.N.M. A single specimen representing this species was obtained in mate- rial from U.S.G.S. No. 6010, lower part of the Culebra formation, in dark clay north of Pedro Miguel Locks. Both this and the fol- lowing are common Tertiary species. CLAVULINA COMMUNIS d’Orbigny. Plate 20, fig. 6. Clavulina communis pD’ORBIGNY, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 268; Foram. Foss. Bass. Tert. Vienne, 1846, p. 196, pl. 12, figs. 1, 2. Description.—Test very elongate, subcylindrical, circular in trans- verse section, early portion triserial, later portion uniserial, of rather uniform diameter, sutures more or less indistinct, wall smooth; aper- ture terminal. Length 2 mm., breadth 0.45 mm. Cat. No. 324624, U.S.N.M. A single specimen of this species occurred with the preceding, U.S.G.S. No. 6010, in the lower part of the Culebra formation. It is fragmentary but probably represents this species. 58 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus VIRGULINA d’Orbigny, 1826. VIRGULINA SQUAMOSA d’Orbigny. Plate 21, fig. 6. Virgulina squamosa vD’OrBIGNY, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 267.—CusH- MAN, Bull. 71, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 2, 1911, p. 91, fig. 145a, 0. Description.—Test elongate, tapering gradually to the apical end and again toward the apertural end, chambers comparatively few, inflated, sutures distinct, wall smooth, aperture a comma-like slit at the base of the last formed chamber. Length 0.7 mm., breadth 0.25 mm. Cat. No. 324625a, b,c, U.S.N.M. Specimens of this species occurred in the Gatun formation at the following three stations, U.S.G.S. No. 6033c, marl from second bed from bottom, just below lower clay, Gatun Section, relocated line Panama Railroad; U.S.G.S. No. 6035, in gray-green, fine-grained, sandy shell mar] vicinity of Mindi Hill, and U.S.G.S. No. 6036, in dark-colored fine-grained, sandy clay marl, at Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. At none of these stations were more than a few specimens found but all seem referable to this species. Family LAGENIDAE. Genus LAGENA Walker and Boys, 1784. LAGENA STRIATA (d’Orbigny), var. STRUMOSA Reuss. Plate 21, fig. 7. Lagena sirumosa Reuss, Zeitschr, geol. Ges., 1858, p. 484; Sitz, Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 46, pt. 1, 1862 (1868), p. 328, pl. 4, fig. 49. Lagena striata (D’ORBIGNY), var. strwmosa CUSHMAN, Bull. Ti, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 3, 1913, p. 20, pl. 7, figs. 7-10. Description.—tTest clavate or subglobular, the body portion orna- mented with numerous longitudinal raised costae, apical end with a single stout spine; neck short and stout, typically with a phialine lip and transverse costae. Diameter 0.5 mm. Cat. No. 324626, U.S.N.M. A single specimen of this variety was obtained in material from U.S.G.S. No. 6010, from the lower part of the Gatun formation, dark clay, north of Pedro Miguel Locks. This is the only representative of the genus in the whole series of samples examined. The speci- men lacks the neck except the base and the tip of the apical spine. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 59 Genus NODOSARIA Lamarck, 1812. NODOSARIA COMMUNIS d’Orbigny. Plate 21, fig. 8. Nodesaria (Dentalina) communis D’ORBIGNY, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 254, No. 35. Nodosaria communis Reuss, Verst. Bo6hm. Kreid., pt. 1, 1845. p. 28, pl. 12, fig. 21.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 504, pl. 62, figs. 19-22. Description.—Test elongated, slender, gradually tapering, slightly curved, chambers slightly inflated in the middle, sutures distinct, slightly depressed, somewhat oblique; wall smooth. Length 2 mm.? Cat. No. 324627. A single fragment showing four chambers was obtained in material from U.S.G.S. No. 6036, Gatun formation, from dark-colored fine- grained, sandy clay marl at Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. The fragment with its general characters, its smooth surface, slightly inflated chambers and oblique sutures seem to clearly indicate this species. NODOSARIA INSECTA Schwager? Plate 21, fig. 9. Nodosaria insecta SCHWAGER, Novara Exped. Geol. Thiel., pt. 2, 1866, p. 224, pl. 5, figs. 52, 53. Description—Test elongate, gradually tapering from the nearly acute slender base to a broad apical end, which is the greatest in diameter of any of the chambers of the test; chambers numerous, inflated, nearly spherical, sutures much depressed; wall smooth, apertures with a slight neck and circular opening. Length 2.8mm. Cat. No. 324628a, b, U.S.N.M. Specimens were found in the lower part of Culebra formation both at U.S.G.S. No. 6010, in dark clay, north of Pedro Miguel Locks, and 6012a, from lower dark clay beneath lower conglomerate, one- fourth mile south of Empire Bridge. The specimens are very close to the species described by Schwager from the Tertiary of Kar Nicobar. The two forms, megalospheric and microspheric. occur in the Panamanian material, the latter being much more slender at the initial end than in the megalospheric. NODOSARIA RAPHANISTRUM (Linnaeus). Plate 21, fig. 10. Nautilus raphanistrum LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 710. Nodosaria raphanistrum Reuss, in Geinitz, Grundr. Verstein, 184546, p. 653, pl. 24, fic. 6—Jonrs, Parker, and H. B. Brapy, Monogr. Pal. Soc., vol. 19, 1866, p. 50, pl. 1, figs. 6-8. 8370°—18—Bull. 103——5 60 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Description.—Test elongate, subcylindrical, slightly tapering, chambers numerous, distinct, apertural end with a short tapering neck; wall ornamented with longitudinal costae continued clear to the aperture, about 12-15 in number. Length 4mm. Cat. No. 824629, U.S.N.M. A single specimen of this species figured here was obtained from U.S.G.S. No. 6010, lower part of the Culebra formation, in dark clay, north of Pedro Miguel Locks. The specimen is not complete at the initial end but the last six chambers including the aperture are very well preserved. NODOSARIA, species? Plate 21, fig. 11. A fragment consisting of one complete chamber and the adjacent parts of two others was found in the same material, U.S.G.S. No. 6010, as the above but nearly twice the diameter. The costae are also more numerous. Without further material it is unsafe to try to determine the fragment, but the occurrence of another species at this station should be at least recorded. Cat. No. 624630, U.S.N.M. Genus CRISTELLARIA Lamarck, 1812. CRISTELLARIA ROTULATA (Lamarck). Plater 22 howls ‘Cornu Hammonis seu Nautili’” PLancus, Conch. Min., 1739, p. 13, pl. 1, fig. I1f. Lentieulites rotulata LamMArcK, Ann. Mus., vol. 5, 1804, p. 188, No. 3; vol. 8, 1806, pj. 62, fig. 11. Cristellaria rotulata D’ORBIGNY, Mem. Soc. Géol. France, ser. 1, vol. 4, 1840, p. 26, pl. 2, figs. 16-18 —H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 547, pl. 69, figs. 18a, b. Description-—TYest comparatively large, biconvex, close coiled throughout, chambers variable in number in the coil, sutures distinct, periphery not lobulated, usually not keeled; previous apertures of the test usually visible as is often the preceding coil at least in part; wall smooth. Diameter up to2 mm. Cat. Nos. 324631a, b, c, d, e, U.S.N.M. This seems to be the commonest species in the Panamanian material. Tt differs slightly in form in the various stations but all may be grouped under this species. It occurred in two groups of stations as noted in the chart of distribution. They are as follows: Lower part of the Culebra formation at U.S.G.S. No. 6010, in dark clay, north of Pedro Miguel Locks; No. 6012a, in lower dark clay beneath lower conglomerate, one-fourth mile south of Empire Bridge. Gatun formation at U.S.G.S. No. 6033¢, in marl from second bed GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 61 from bottom just below lower clay, Gatun section, relocated line Panama Railroad; No. 6035, in gray green, fine-grained, sandy shell marl, vicinity of Mindi Hill; and No. 6036 in dark-colored, fine- grained, sandy clay marl of Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. CRISTELLARIA ITALICA (Defrance). Saracenaria italica Drrrancr, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 32, 1824, p. 177: vol. 47, 1827, p. 344; Atlas Conch., p!. 18, fig. 6. Cristellaria (Saracenaria) italica p’OrBieny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 298, No. 26; Modéles, Nos. 19 and 85. Cristellaria italica PARKER, JONES, and H. B. Brapy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 16, 1865, pp. 21, 32, pl. 1, figs. 41, 42—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 544, pl. 68, figs. 17, 18, 20-23. Description —Test with the early portion close coiled, later por- tion more or less uncoiled, chambers numerous, those of the last- formed portion being triangular in cross section, periphery keeled, and the apertural face broad and flattened, the sides angled and ex- tending on either side to the keel in flat faces, sutures but slightly depressed, wall smooth ; apertures peripheral, radiate, usually with no neck. Diameter 0.75 mm. Cat. No. 324632, U.S.N.M. Two specimens are evidently of this species in a young stage, the uncoiling not vet having proceeded to a great degree. They are from U.S.G.S. No. 6036, Gatun formation, in dark-colored, fine-grained, sandy clay marl from Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. CRISTELLARIA PROTUBERANS, new species. Plate 22, fig. 2. Description—Test compressed, close coiled, biconvex, seven cham- bers in each coil, exch much inflated in its central portion, space be- tween much compressed, flattened, periphery sharply and broadly keeled; aperture peripheral, radiate. Diameter 0.80-1.20 mm. Three specimens of this species occurred at U.S.G.S. No. 6010, lower part of Culebra formation, in dark clay north of Pedro Miguel Locks. It is in some respects similar to species found in the Western Pacific, especially in comparatively deep water off the Philippines. Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 324633, U.S.N.M. CRISTELLARIA VAUGHANI, new species. Plate 22, fig. 3. Description—Test much compressed, with a slight tendency to un- coiling in the last-formed chambers, periphery slightly keeled, not lobulated, rounded, about nine chambers in the last-formed whorl. 62 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. sutures slightly curved backward, extending in to the umbilicus so that only the last-formed coil is visible from the exterior, surface smooth except for lines of beads along the sutures extending from the umbilicus to the periphery; apertural face truncated or even slightly concave, aperture radiate, peripheral, with a short cylin- drical neck. Diameter 0.75 mm. The type-sections of this species are from U.S.G.S. No. 6035, Gatun formation, in gray green, fine-grained, sandy shell marl from the vicinity of Mindi Hill. It also occurred at 6036, Gatun forma- tion, in dark-colored, fine-grained, sandy clay marl from Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station; No. 60197, upper part of Culebra forma- tion, fourth limy bed from bottom, section opposite Las Cascadas, Gaillard Cut; and No. 6010, lower part of Culebra formation, in dark clay, north of Pedro Miguel Locks. This species is somewhat suggestive of some forms cf C’. wetherelia, but has no longitudinal ribbing. It is perhaps nearest to C. gemmata described by Brady from the Philippines and South Sea Islands, but lacks the typical papillate surface common in that species. The species is named for Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan, whose collec- tions in the Canal Zone have added much to the available foramini- fera from this region. Type-specimens.—Cat. No, 324634, U.S.N.M. Genus UVIGERINA d’Orbigny, 1826. UVIGERINA CANARIENSIS d’Orbigny. Plate 22, fig. 5. “Testae pineiforme minusculae” Sorpani, Testaceographia, vol. 2, 1798, p. 18, pl. 4, figs. E, F, G, H. Uvigerina nodosa, var. B D’OrpIGNY, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 269, No. 3. Uvigerina canariensis D’ORBIGNY, Foram. Canaries, 1839, p. 138, pl. 1, figs. 25-27.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 573, pl. 74, figs. 1-38. Description.—Test elongate, chambers numerous, spirally arranged, triserial, inflated, separated by distinct sutures; wall smooth except for the early chambers which may show traces of spines or longitudi- nal striae; apertural end usually with a tubular neck and often a phialine lip. . Length 0.75 mm., diameter 0.35 mm. Cat. No. 324635, U.S.N.M. The only typical material of this species is from U.S.G.S. No. 6035, Gatun formation, in gray-green, fine-grained sandy shell marl from the vieinitv of Mindi Hill. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 63 UVIGERINA CANARIENSIS d’Orbigny, variety. Plate 22, fig. 6. A larger and much stouter, entirely smooth variety as shown in the above figure was found in material from U.S.G.S. No. 6010, lower part of Culebra formation, in dark clay, north of Pedro Miguel Locks. Cat. No. 324636, U.S.N.M. UVIGERINA PYGMAEA @Orbigny. Plate 22) fie. 4. **Polymorpha Pineiformia ” Sorpant, Testaceographia, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1791, pl. 180, figs. ss, é¢. _ Uvigerina pigmea vp’ OrBieNy, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 269, pl. 12, figs. 8, 9; Modéles, 1826, No. 67. Uvigerina pygmaed bp’ ORBIGNY, Foram. Foss. Bass. Tert. Vienne, 1846, p. 190, pl. 11, figs. 25, 26—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 575, pl. 74, figs. 11-14. Description—Test subcylindrical, triserially spiral, chambers nu- merous, inflated, sutures deep; wall ornamented by numerous longi- tudinal costae, those of each chamber usually independent of those of adjacent chambers; aperture with a short cylindrical neck and phialine lip. Length 0.75 mm., breadth 0.32 mm. Cat. No. 3246387a, b, «, U.S.N.M. Specimens referable to this species occurred in the Culebra forma- tion at U.S.G.S. No. 6012a, in lower dark clay beneath lower con- glomerate, one-fourth mile south of Empire Bridge, Gaillard Cut, and No. 6012d in clay and sandstone just below conglomerate at base of green clay one-half to three-fourths of a mile north of Con- tractors Hill, Gaillard Cut. Specimens of a slightly different character were abundant at No. 6035, Gatun formation, in gray-green, fine-grained sandy shell marl, vicinity of Mindi Hill. UVIGERINA TENUISTRIATA Reuss. Plate 22, fig. 7. Uvigerina striata Reuss, Sitz. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 52, 1870, p. 485.— VON SCHLICHT, Foram. Pietzpuhl, 1870, pl. 22, figs. 834-36.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 574, pl. 74, figs. 4-7. Description.—Test subcylindrical, chambers spirally arranged, tri- serial at least in the early portion, later portion sometimes biserial and more slender; chambers inflated, sutures deep, walls ornamented by numerous longitudinal costae, except the last chambers, which tend to become smooth or nearly so; aperture with a short tubular neck and often a phialine lip. 64 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Length 0.85 mm., breadth 0.30 mm. Cat. No. 324638, U.S.N.M. Specimens referred to this species were very common in material - from U.S.G.S. No. 6036, Gatun formation, in dark-colored, fine- grained sandy clay marl, from Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. Many of the specimens become almost uniserial in the last-formed portion. Genus SIPHOGENERINA Schlumberger, 1883.. SIPHOGENERINA RAPHANUS (Parker and Jones) var. TRANSVERSUS, new variety. Plate 22, fig. S. Description.—Test subcylindrical, composed of comparatively few chambers, the earlier ones spirally arranged, later and greater por- tion of the test uniserial, sutures very prominently indented, be- tween the longitudinal costae, aperture with a short cylindrical neck. Length, 1.25 mm.; diameter, 0.54 mm. Cat. No. 324646, U.S.N.M. This variety differs from the typical form in the much greater prominence of the transverse depressions marking the sutures, occa- sionally as in the figure suggesting the depressions of S. dimorpha. The specimens were frequent in material from U.S.G.S. No. 6010, lower part of the Culebra formation, in dark clay, north of Pedro Miguel Locks. Family GLOBIGERINIDAE. Genus GLOBIGERINA d@’Orbigny, 1826. GLOBIGERINA BULLOIDES d’Orbieny. Globigerina bulloides D’ORBIagNY, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 277, No. 1; Modéles, No. 17, and No. 76; in Barker, Webb, and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Isles Canaries, 1839, pt. 2, Foraminiféres, p. 132, pl. 2, figs. 1-3, 28.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 5938, pl. 77; pl. 79, figs. 3-7. Description.—Test subglobose, spiral, visible portion composed of but few chambers from below, usually three to five, all visible from the dorsal side, sutures deep, chambers inflated, umbilicate below; surface reticulate; aperture single, from each chamber, of good size opening into the central umbilical cavity on the ventral side. Diameter, 0.60 mm. Cat. Nos. 32463945. Specimens referable to this widely distributed species were ob- tained from the following stations: In the Culebra formation, U.S.G.S. No. 6009, from black clays and sandy beds at lower end of Pedro Miguel Locks; 6010 in dark clay, north of Pedro Miguel Locks; 60197, in fourth limy bed from bottom, Las Cascadas sec- tion, Gaillard Cut. In the Gatun formation, U.S.G.S. No. 60290, Sw GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 65 in argillaceous and sandy indurated marl, one-fourth to one-half mile north of Camp Cotton on relocated line, Panama Railroad; 6033¢ in marl from second bed from bottom, just below lower clay, Gatun Section relocated line, Panama Railroad; 6035, in gray green, fine grained, sandy shell marl, near Mindi Hill; and 6036, in dark colored, fine grained, sandy clay marl, Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. The specimens from the last three stations are very well preserved and in fact might almost be recent. material, while those of the other stations were fragmentary, often glauconitic. G. bulloides, var. triloba Reuss was occasional in the last three stations where the genus was really very common. GLOBIGERINA INFLATA d@’Orbigny. Gloebigerina infiata D’ORBIGNY, in Barker, Webb, and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Isles Canaries, vol. 2, pt. 2, 1889, Foraminiféres, p. 134, pl. 2, figs. 7-9.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy, Challenger, Zoology. vol. 9, 1884, p. 601, pl. 79, figs. 8-10. Description.—Test composed of numerous inflated chambers usu- ally arranged in a spiral test with about three volutions, the last- formed one with four chambers, dorsal side of test nearly flat, ventral side extended, especially in the last-formed whorl; ventrally umbili- cate; surface finely reticulate; aperture large, opening toward the umbilicus. Diameter, 0.75 mm. Cat. Nos. 324647, 8, 9, U.S.N.M. Specimens occurred at U.S.G.S. No. 6010, lower part of the Cule- bra formation, in dark clay north of Pedro Miguel Locks; and in the Gatun formation at the last two of the stations already referred to, namely, 6035 and 6036. GLOBIGERINA DUBIA Egger. Globigerina dubia Eecrr, Neues Juhrb. fiir Min., 1857, p. 281, pl. 9, figs. 7-9.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 595, pl. 79, figs. 17a-c. Description—Test composed of numerous inflated chambers ar- ranged in a nautiloid spiral all visible from above, the last coil only, consisting of 5 to 6 chambers, visible from below, ventral side with a central umbilicus, surface reticulate; apertures opening into the central umbilical cavity. Diameter 0.75 mm. Cat. Nos. 324650-54. At the following stations specimens referable to this species were found: Culebra formation, U.S.G.S. No. 6010, in dark clay, north of Pedro Miguel Locks; 6025, in dark, hard, sandy clay about 200 66 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. yards south of southern end of switch at Bohio Ridge Station, re- located line, Panama Railroad. Gatun formation, U.S.G.S. No. 6033c, in mar] from second bed from bottom, just below lower clay, Gatun Section, relocated line, Panama Railroad; 6035, in gray green, fine grained, sandy shell marl near Mindi Hill and 6036 in dark colored, fine grained, sandy clay marl, Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. As in the case of the preceding species the specimens from the last three stations were very finely preserved while those of the others were glauconitic. GLOBIGERINA CONGLOBATA H. B. Brady. Globigerina conglobata H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 72; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 608, pl. 80, figs. 1-5; pl. 82, fig. 5. Description.—Yest subglobular, early chambers arranged in a com- pact spiral, the last three chambers in the complete adult test form- ing nearly the whole of the visible portion of the test, wall coarsely reticulate; main aperture at the inner margin of the chamber with several rounded secondary apertures along the margins of the chamber where it is attached to adjacent ones. Diameter up tol mm. Cat. Nos. 324655-6. Specimens of G. conglobata were found in small numbers in the Gatun formation at stations 6035 and 6036. They were typical but perhaps hardly as well developed as in some Recent material. Its occurrence here is rather interesting as it is almost unknown in the fossil condition. | GLOBIGERINA SACCULIFERA H. B. Brady. Globigerina helicinad CARPENTER (not G. helicina d’Orbigny), Intr. Foram., 1862, pl. 12, fig. 11. Globigerina sacculifera H. B. Brapy, Geol. Mag., Dec. 2, vol. 4, 1877, p. 35; Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 73; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 604, pl. 80, figs. 11-17; pl. 82, fig. 4. Description—Test composed of numerous chambers, in its early stages very similar to G. bulloides but later developing a more oblong form, the chambers extended, somewhat compressed and with ac- cessory apertural openings, the final chamber often flattened and irregularly formed toward the outer end; wall strongly reticulated in all but the final chamber which is much smoother than the others; aperture large, arched, with other accessory openings in the chambers of adult specimens. Diameter up to 1 mm. Cat. Nos. 324657-8, U.S.N.M. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 67 Specimens were not uncommon in material from the Gatun forma- tion at stations 6035 and 6036. As in the case of G. conglobata the specimens were hardly as well developed as they are in recent speci- mens, but nevertheless had the characteristic marks of the species. As in G. conglobata the records of this species are almost entirely limited to Recent material, its occurrence as a fossil being practically anknown. GLOBIGERINA AEQUILATERALIS H. B. Brady. Cassidulina globulosa (part) Eacrr, Neues Jahrb. ftir Min., 1857, p. 296, pl. 11, fig. 4. Globigerina aequilateralis H. B. Bravy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 71; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 605, pl. 80, figs. 18-21. Description.—Test composed of numerous inflated chambers, ar- ranged in a planospiral manner, at least the last formed coil, cham- bers increasing rapidly in size as added, usually 5 to 6 in the last formed volution; sutures depressed, periphery lobulated; surface reticulate; aperture large, at the base of the inner margin of the chamber. Diameter up tol mm. Cat. Nos. 824659-61, U.S.N.M. In the material from the Gatun formation at three stations, Nos. 6033¢, 6035, 6036, this species was not uncommon. The only char- acter in which there seems to be a difference from the Recent material is in the early chambers which occasionally show at one side as a flat spiral while the later chambers are bilateral. The species is not a common one as a fossil. Genus ORBULINA @’Orbigny, 1839. ORBULINA UNIVERSA d’Orbigny. Orbulina universa D’ORBIGNY, in De la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, 1839, Foraminiféres, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 1—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Chal- lenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 608, pl. 75; pl. 81, figs. 8-26; pl. 82, figs. 1-3. Description.—Test in adult form typically consisting of a single, spherical visible chamber, which may or may not have contained within the early Globigerine stages; wall strongly reticulate, a single large circular aperture and smaller openings at the base of each reticulation. Diameter up tol mm. Cat. Nos. 324662-3, U.S.N.M. Specimens were not uncommon in the Gatun formation at the three stations, Nos. 6033c, 6035, and 6036. Occasional specimens show the double form as figured by Brady. ‘The specimens other- wise are like the common run of Recent material. 68 BULLETIN 108, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Family ROTALIIDAE. Genus DISCORBIS Lamarck, 1804. DISCORBIS OBTUSA (d’Orbigny). Plate 28, figs. la—c. Rosalina obtusa p’OrBIcNy, Foram. Foss. Bass. Tert. Vienne, 1846, p. 179, pl. 11, figs. 4-6. Discorbina obtusa H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 644, pl. 91, figs. 9a—e. Discorbis obtusa CUSHMAN, Bull. 71, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 5, 1915, p. 18, figs. 12a—c. Description.—Test biconvex, dorsal side more so than the ventral side, peripheral margin rounded; chambers comparatively few, about five in the last formed whorl; sutures curved, depressed; wall per- forate; aperture an elongate narrow slit extending from the um- bilicus nearly to the periphery. : Diameter 0.60 mm. Cat. No. 324664, U.S.N.M. The only station from which this species was obtained is U.S.G.S. No. 5850, from Pleistocene marl near Mount Hope, a quarter mile from the present sea beach and 6 to 8 feet above high tide. Genus TRUNCATULINA d’Orbigny, 1826. TRUNCATULINA AMERICANA, new species. Plate 23, figs. 2a—c. Description.—Test nearly plano-convex; ventral side strongly convex, periphery keeled, dorsal side nearly flat; chambers numerous, up to nine in the last formed coil; sutures curved, prominent, slightly himbate, umbilicate below; surface smooth, aperture nearly pe- ripheral. Diameter 0.65 mm. Type-specimen.—(Cat. No. 324665, U.S.N.M.) from the upper part of the Culebra formation, at U.S.G.S. No. 60197, fourth limy bed from bottom, Las Cascades section, Gaillard Cut. TRUNCATULINA PYGMEA Hantken. Plate 23, figs. 3a—c. Truncatulina pygmea HANTKEN, Mitth. Jahrb. ung. geol. Abstalt., vo! 4, 1875, p. 78, pl. 10, fig. 8. Truncatulina pygmaea H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 666, pl. 95, figs. 9, 10. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 69 Description.—Test nearly equally biconvex, peripheral targin bluntly rounded; chambers numerous, the sutures oblique, distinct, often limbate; aperture a narrow slit extending from near the periph- ery nearly to the umbilicus. Diameter 0.65 mm. Cat. No, 324666-7, U.S.N.M. The only station at which this species occurred is in the upper part of the Culebra formation, U.S.G.S. No. 6019d, upper part of second hard, limy, sandstone bed, Las Cascadas section, Gaillard Cut. It is rather larger than the usual run of 7. pygmaea but is evidently this species. Specimens from the Gatun formation, U.S.G.S. No. 6036, while having fewer chambers and somewhat larger size are questionably referred here. One specimen is figured on plate 24, figure 2. TRUNCATULINA UNGERIANA (d’Orbigny). Plate 24, fig. 1. Rotalina ungeriana v’ORBIGNY, Foram. Foss. Bass. Tert. Vienne, 1846, p 157, pl. 8, figs. 16-18. Planorbulina ungeriana H. B. Brapy. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 24, 1864, p. 469, pi. 48, fig. 12. Truncatulina ungeriana Reuss, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 25, 1865, p. 161.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 664, pl. 94, figs. 9a—d. Description.—Test biconvex, dorsal side less convex than the ven- tral; peripheral margin subacute, slightly carinate, chambers numer- ous, 10 to 12 in the last formed whorl, sutures distinct, slightly lm- | bate on the dorsal side; aperture a narrow arched opening running ventrally from the peripheral margin. Diameter 0.50 mm. Cat. Nos. 324668-9, U.S.N.M. Specimens referable to this species but not entirely typical were obtained in material from lower part of the Culebra formation, as follows: U.S.G.S. No. 6009, from black clays and sandy beds at lower end of Pedro Miguel Locks; and 6012a, from lower dark clay be- neath lower conglomerate, one-fourth mile south of Empire Bridge, west side Gaillard Cut, below Culebra. TRUNCATULINA WUELLERSTORFI (Schwager). Plate 24, fig. 3. Anomalina wuellerstorfi SCHWAGER, Novara Exped., geol. Theil., vol. 2, 1866, p. 258, pl. 7, figs. 105, 107. Truncatulina wuellerstorfi H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 662, pl. 93, figs. 8, 9. Description.—Test plano-convex, dorsal side nearly flat, ventral side slightly convex; chambers numerous, elongate, curved; sutures 70 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. strongly curved, somewhat limbate, periphery biuntly rounded, shghtly lobulated, especially near the apertural end of. the last formed coil; wall coarsely punctate; aperture peripheral, a short curved opening. Diameter of larger specimens slightly more than 1 mm. Numerous very typical specimens of this species occurred in mate- rial from the lower part of the Culebra formation, U.S.G.S. Ne. 6010, from dark clay, north of Pedro Miguel Locks. Less typical specimens occurred in the upper part of the Culebra formation at U.S.G.S. 6012d, from clay and sandstone just below conglomerate at base of green clay, west side of Gaillard Cut, below Culebra; and 60197, from fourth limy bed from bottom, Las Cascadas section, Gaillard Cut. Cat. Nos. 324670-2, U.S.N.M. TRUNCATULINA CULEBRENSIS, new species. Plate 24, figs. 4a, b. Description—Test biconvex, much compressed, peripheral margin rounded; chambers numerous, aS many as thirteen in the last formed coil, long and narrow, gently curved, sutures broad, limbate, smooth, the areas between very coarsely punctate; apertural face of chamber somewhat depressed, flattened, the carinate borders extending out beyond at either side; aperture a narrow slit situated at the base of the chamber on the periphery. Diameter up to 1.5 mm. The only occurrence of this species was in the upper part of the Culebra formation, U.S.G.S. No. 6012c, from top part of limy sand- stone below upper conglomerate near foot of stairs, west side Gail- lard Cut. This, a large and striking species, in some of its characters sug- gesting 7’. wuellerstorfi but, as will be seen by a comparison of the figures of the two, really very different. Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 324673, U.S.N.M. Genus PULVINULINA Parker and Jones, 1862. PULVINULINA SAGRA (d’Orbigny). Plate 24, figs. 6a, 6. Rotalina sagra D’OrBIGNY, in De la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, 1839. Foraminiféres, p. 77, pl. 5, figs. 18-15. Description.—Test ovate, biconvex, the ventral side more convex than the dorsal, peripheral margin subacute, carinate; chambers com- paratively few in number increasing rapidly in size in the last formed GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. Tt ones, the last formed chamber on the ventral side making up a large part of the area of the test, sutures distinct, curved, slightly de- pressed, more so on the ventral side; wall smooth except for the usual fine punctations; aperture ventral near the umbilicus. Length 0.60 mm., breadth 0.40 mm. Cat. No. 324674. The only record for this species from Panama is from the Gatun formation, U.S.G.S. No. 6035, in gray green, fine grained, sandy shell marl, near Mindi Hill. This species, described by d’Orbigny from Cuba, seems to be a common species in the American Miocene. PULVINULINA CONCENTRICA Parker and Jones. Plate 25, fig. 1. Pulvinulina concentrica (Parker and Jones, MS.) H. B. Brapy, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 24, 1864, p. 470. pl. 48, fig. 14-—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 686, pl. 105, figs. 1a—c. Description—tTest biconvex, oval; peripheral margin rounded; chambers comparatively few, usually seven in the last formed coil, sutures covered by clear shell material joining with the carinal border and often covering a large portion of the test, both above and below, especially toward the center; wall smooth, finely punctate; aperture a narrow slit on the peripheral portion of the ventral side. Diameter 1.2mm. Cat. No. 324675, U.S.N.M. The only specimen of this species is from the Gatun formation, U.S.G.S. No. 6035, in gray green, fine grained, sandy shell mar! near Mindi Hill. The specimen as will be seen from the figure is very typical. PULVINULINA MENARDII (d’Orbigny). Plate 25, figs. 2, 3. Rotalia menardii pD’OrBIGNY, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 273, No. 26; Modéles, No. 10. Pulvinulina menardti OwrEn, Journ. Linn. Soc. London (Zool.), vol. 9, 1867, p. 148, pl. 5, fig. 6—H. B. Brany, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 690, pl. 103, figs. 1, 2. Description.—Test plano-convex, ventral side convex, dorsal side nearly flat; compressed, umbilicate; peripheral margin thin, slightly lobulated, carinate; chambers five or six in the last formed coil; sutures distinct, limbate and broad on the dorsal side, curved, on the ventral side more depressed, not limbate, nearly straight; wall smooth, finely punctate; aperture extending peripherally from the umbilicus, usually with an overhanging lip. Diameter up tol mm. Cat. Nos. 324676-8, U.S.N.M. Specimens apparently belonging to this species so widely dis- tributed in the present oceans were obtained in the Gatun formation at U.S.G.S. No. 6035 in gray green, fine grained, sandy shell marl, 72 BULLETIN 108, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. vicinity of Mindi Hill; and 6036 in dark colored, fine grained, sandy clay marl from Monkey Hill, near Mount Hope Station. A figure of one of these is shown in plate 25, figure 3. From 6033c, Gatun formation, in marl from second bed from bottom, just below lower clay, Gatun section, relocated line of the Panama Railroad, are even more typical specimens, one of which is here figured on plate 25, figure 2. Genus SIPHONINA Reuss, 1849. SIPHONINA RETICULATA (Czjzek). Plate 24, fig. 5. Rotalina reticulata CzszeK, Haidinger’s Nat. Abh., vol. 2, 1848, p. 145, pl. 18, figs. 7-9. Siphonina reticulata Brown, Lethaea Geognostica, ed. 3, vol. 3, 1853-56, p. 227, pl. 85 (?), figs. 23a-c_—CusHMAN, Bull. 71, U. S. Nat. Mus., pt. 5, 1915, p. 48, fig. 48; pl. 16, fig. 4; pl. 28, fig. 3. Truncatulina reticulata H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 669, pl. 96, figs. 5-8. Description.—Test biconvex, ventral side shghtly more so than the dorsal, peripheral margin acute, carinate; chambers numerous rather indistinct, sutures slightly depressed, curved; wall rather coarsely perforate; aperture peripheral with a short, broad neck and somewhat flaring phialine lip. Diameter 0.65 mm. Cat. No. 324679, U.S.N.M. The only station at which this species occurred is in the Gatun formation, U.S.G.S. No. 6036, in dark colored, fine grained, sandy clay marl of Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. Although the specimen is not perfectly preserved the tubuli of the peripheral margin are lacking as is the case in some large recent specimens. Family NUMMULITIDAE. Genus NONIONINA d’Orbigny, 1826. NONIONINA DEPRESSULA (Walker and Jacob). Plate 25, figs. 5a, b. Nautilus depressulus WALKER and JAcos, Adam’s Essays, Kanmacher’s ed., 1798, p. 641, pl. 14, fig. 33. Nonionina depressula PARKER and Jones, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 4, 1859, pp. 3389, 341.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 725, pl. 109, figs. 6, 7.—Bace, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 513, 1912, p. 88, pl. 26, figs. 16a—ec; pl. 28, figs. 7, 8. Description—Test more or less rounded in side view, slightly elongate, about ten chambers in the last formed coil, apertural view narrow, periphery broadly rounded, sides nearly parallel, about two and a half times as high as broad, umbilicus slightly depressed, GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 73 usually filled with secondary shell material and a slight extension peripherally along the sutures which are slightly depressed; aper- ture a narrow curved slit. Diameter 0.60 mm. Cat. Nos. 324680-1, U.S.N.M. Distribution —Specimens of this species occurred in the Gatun formation at U.S.G.S. No. 6033c, in marl from second bed from bottom, just below lower clay, Gatun Section, relocated line of the Panama Railroad; and 6035, in gray green, fine grained, sandy shell marl, vicinity of Mindi Hill. The specimens are rather typical, per- haps varying in the direction of increased length from most recent specimens. NONIONINA SCAPHA (Fitchel and Moll). Plate 25, figs. 6a, b. Nautilus scapha Ficu1er and Moit1, Test. Micr., 1803, p. 105, pl. 19, figs. d-f. Nonionina scapha PARKER and JoNES, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 5, 1860, p. 102, No. 4.—H. B. Brapy, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham, vol. 1, 1865, p. 106, pl. 12, figs. 10a, b-——H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 730, pl. 109, figs. 14, 15, and 16.—H. B. Brapy, Parker, and Jonss, Trans. Zocl. Soc., vol. 12, 1888, p. 230, pl. 48, fig. 20.—Woopwarp and THomas, Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minnesota, vol. 3, 1898, p. 48, pl. H, figs. 35, 836.—Eaarr, Abh. kon. Bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, Cl. II, vol. 18, 1898, p. 424, pl. 19, figs. 48, 44.— Gots, Kengl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, 1894, p. 104, pl. 17, fig. 8380.—Morron, Proc. Portland Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, 1897, p. 121, pl. 1, fig. 283—Frint, Ann. Rep. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 337, pl. 80, fig. 1—Fornasini, Mem. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna, ser. 6, vol. 1, 1904, p. 12, pl. 3, fig. 4; pl. 18, fig. 5—Muitierr, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1904, p. 601.—Baaea. Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.. vol. 34, 1908, p. 164.—Sipe- BoTtoM, Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Philos. Soe., vol. 53, No. 21, 1909, p. 18; vol. 54, No. 16, 1910, p. 29, pl. 3, fig. 13._-Bace, Bull. U. S. Geok Surv. No. 518, 1912, p. S8, pl. 27, figs. 1-5. Polystomella crispa, var. (Nonionina) scapha ParKerR and JONES, Philos. Trans., vol. 155. 1865, p. 404, pl. 14, figs. 37, 88; pl. 17, figs. 55, 56. Description.—Test in side view longer than wide, about ten cham- bers in the last formed coil, rapidly increasing in length as added, sutures evenly curved, slightly depressed, periphery broadly rounded, in apertural view the face of the last formed chamber making up a large part of the visible surface, wall smooth, finely punctate, some- what umbilicate; aperture an arched slit at the base of the chamber. Length 0.60 mm. Cat. No. 324682, U.S.N.M. Specimens of this species were collected in the Gatun formation at a single station, U.S.G.S. No. 6033¢, in marl from second bed from bottom, just below lower clay, Gatun section, relocated line of the Panama Railroad. The specimen figured in apertural view was placed to show the aperture rather than the full size of the apertural face which is really 74 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. larger than appears in this view, the earlier portion of the coil being narrow. NONIONINA PANAMENSIS, new species. Plate 26, figs. la, b. Description.—Test in side view subcircular, last formed chamber composed of about nine chambers, in front view bilaterally sym- metrical, rapidly increasing in breadth as chambers are added, aper- ’ tural face of chamber broadly rounded, early portion slightly keeled ; sutures rather strongly curved, slightly limbate, slightly depressed ; wall smooth, distinctly punctate; aperture a narrow curved slit at the base of the apertural face of the chamber. Diameter 0.65 mm. Specimens of this species were obtained from the lower part of the Culebra formation, U.S.G.S. No. 6010, north of Pedro Mignel Locks, in dark clay. Ty pe-specimen.—Cat. No. 324683, U.S.N.M. NONIONINA ANOMALINA, new species. Plate 26, figs. 2a, b. Description.—Test in side view nearly circular, deeply umbilicate, peripheral margin broadly rounded, bilaterally symmetrical, about seven chambers in the last formed coil, sutures little if at all de- pressed, indistinct, last formed chambers extending but part way across the test, tending toward alternating arrangement; aperture a narrow slit at the base of the chamber. Diameter 1.25 mm. Ty pe-specimen.— (Cat. No. 324684, U.S.N.M.) from the lower part of the Culebra formation, in dark clay, north of Pedro Miguel Locks: (U.S.G.S. No. 6010). f The last two chambers suggest Cassidulina, but the similarity does not continue further. Genus POLYSTOMELLA Lamarck, 1822. POLYSTOMELLA STRIATO-PUNCTATA (Fitchel and Moll). Plate 26, figs. 3a, b; 4a, b. Nautilus striato-punctatus FIcHTEL and Motr1, Test. Micr., 1803, p. 61, pl. 9, figs. a—e. Polystomella striato-punctata PARKER and Jonges, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 5, 1860, p. 103, No. 6—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 733, pl. 109, figs. 22, 23. Description.—Test bilaterally symmetrical, subcircular in side view, umbilicate, peripheral margin broadly rounded, eight to ten chambers GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. é in the last formed coil; sutures slightly curved, depressed; wall smooth, distinctly punctate; septal lines with regularly arranged, narrow bridging; aperture a narrow semicircular opening at the base of the apertural face of the chamber, showing occasionally traces of division into a series of smaller openings. Diameter 0.50 to 0.65 mm. Cat Nos. 324685-7, U.S.N.M. Specimens were obtained in the Culebra formation, U.S.G.S. No. 6020a, opposite Las Cascadas, in lowest fossiliferous bed, third bed below lowest limestone. These were very largely glauconitic, and of the form figured in 4a, 6. The species was also found in the Gatun formation, U.S.G.S. No. 6029a, one-fourth to one-half mile north of Camp Cotton, relocated line of the Panama Railroad, in the soiter sandy marls at the base of the section. The form figured in 8a, 6, is from a Pleistocene deposit at U.S.G.S. No. 5850, loose shells and marl from near Mount Hope, one-fourth mile from present beach, 6 to 8 feet above high tide. POLYSTOMELLA SAGRA @’Orbigny. Plate 26, figs. 5a, 0. Polystomeila Sagra D’OrBIGNY, in De la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, 1839, Foraminiféres, p. 55, pl. 6, figs. 19, 20. Description —Test bilaterally symmetrical, subcircular in side view; peripheral margin rounded, ten or more chambers in the last formed coil; sutures distinct, curved, slightly depressed in the last formed portion, not at all depressed in the early part of the coil; early half of the coil with definite raised, longitudinal ribs, corre- sponding to the bridging over the sutures, persisting longest on the peripheral portion of the test, later portion smooth; bridging of earliest portion of coil regular, short, in the last formed sutures in- creasing considerably in length; apertural face smooth, punctate; roughly triangular in outline, the angles rounded; aperture a very narrow slit at the base of the apertural face of the chamber. Diameter 0.65 mm. Cat. No. 324688, U.S.N.M. The only station at which this species was obtained is a Pleistocene deposit at U.S.G.S. No. 5850, loose shells and marl from near Mount Hope, one-fourth mile from present beach and 6 to 8 feet above high tide. A comparison of this figure with the original given by d’Orbigny in his Cuv. ..onograph will show the very striking similarity be- tween the Cuba and Panama specimens, and I have no hesitation in referring this material to d’Orbigny’s species. 8370°—18—Bull. 1036 76 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. POLYSTOMELLA MACELLA (Fichtel and Moll). Plate 27, figs. la, 6. Nautilus macellus, var. @, FICHTEL and Moxt, Test. Micr., 1803, p. 66, pl. 10, figs. e-g. Poirot macella PARKER and JONES, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 1860, p. 104, No. 8.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 1884, p. 737, pl. 110, figs. 8, 9, 11. Description.—Test compressed, bilaterally symmetrical, peripheral margin acute, somewhat carinate, not lobulated, sixteen to twenty chambers in the last formed coil; reticulated bridgings occupying a greater area than the intermediate portions; umbilical region slightly depressed, with a few large pores; aperture a curved or V-shaped slit at the base of the apertural face, either simple or divided into secondary openings. Diameter, 0.75 mm. Cat. Nos. 324689-90, U.S.N.M. Specimens were obtained from two stations in the Emperador limestone, as follows: U.S.G.S. 6015, from cream-colored coral lime- stone, old quarry one-quarter mile north of west from Empire; and 6016, one-third mile north of west of the same place. D, 3, POLYSTOMELLA CRISPA (Linnaeus). Plate 27, figs. 2a, 6. “Cornu Hammonis orbiculatum’”’ Puancus, Conch. Min., 1739, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 2. Nagin crispus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1767, p. 1162. Polystomella crispa LAMARCK, Anim. sans Vert., vol. 7, 1822, p. 625, No. i.— D’ORBIGNY, Foram. Woss. Bass. Tert. Vienne, 1846, p. 125, pl. 6, figs. 9— 14.—_H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 736, pl. 110, figs. 6, 7. Description—Test bilaterally symmetrical, much compressed, pe- ripheral margin obtusely angled; umbilical region not depressed; chambers numerous, eighteen to twenty chambers in the last formed coil, sutures indistinct, bridging wider than the intermediate clear space; margin not lobulated; umbilical region umbonate, filled with clear shell material, often with a few pores; aperture a narrow slit at the base of the apertural face of the chamber, usually showing more or less division into secondary openings. Diameter, up to 1.25mm. Cat. No. 324691, U.S.N.M. Specimens referable to this species were obtained from the Gatun formation at U.S.G.S. No. 60296, one-fourth to one-half mile north of Camp Cotton on relocated line of the Panama Railroad, indurated argillaceous and sandy marl. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. tal POLYSTOMELLA CRATICULATA (Fichtel and Moll). Plate 27, figs. 3a, b. Nautilus craticulatus FicHTEL and Motz, Test. Micr., 1803, p. 51, pl. 5, figs. h-k. Polystomella craticulata p’OrBpieny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 284, No. 3.—CARPENTER, Intr. Foram., 1862, p. 279, pl. 16, figs. 1, 2—H. B. Bravy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 739, pl. 110, figs. IG) IEC Description —Test bilaterally symmetrical, somewhat compressed ; peripheral margin broadly rounded; not lobulated, chambers very numerous, forty or more in the last formed coil, narrow; umbilical region filled with clear shell material with numerous pores; bridged area about equal to that between; aperture a series of openings at the base of the apertural face. Diameter, 1mm. Cat. No. 324692, U.S.N.M. This species was found in considerable numbers in the Culebra formation at U.S.G.S. No. 6025, in foraminiferal marl and coarse sandstone about 200 yards south of the southern end of the switch at Bohio Ridge station, relocated line, Panama Railroad. The specimens have not as subglobose a form as many recent specimens, but in other respects the characters are very similar. POLYSTOMELLA, species? Numerous stations have a species of Polystomella which is very much like P. sagra and yet is not so definitely characterized as are the specimens oi that species from station 6025. The stations at which this form of Polystomella occurs are in the lower part of the Culebra formation at U.S.G.S. No. 6009, black clays, six or seven hundred feet south of Miraflores Locks. In Las Cascadas section, Gaillard Cut, 60196, from the 4 feet of dark strati- fied tuff and clay overlying the lower limestone bed; 60197, from fourth limy bed from bottom; 6020a, from the lowest fossiliferous bed. In the Emperador limestone at 6015 and 6016 from cream- colored coral limestone, old quarry, one-quarter mile north of west from Empire. In the Gatun formation at 6029a, from lowest hori- zon, one-fourth to one-half mile north of Camp Cotton. Cat. Nos. 324693-8, U.S.N.M. Genus AMPHISTEGINA d@’Orbigny, 1826. AMPHISTEGINA LESSONIE d@Orbigny. Amphistegina lessonti D’ORBIGNY, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 304, No. 3, pl. 17, figs. 1-4; Modéles, No. 98.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 740, pl. 111, figs. 1-7. Description —Test lenticular, usually more convex on one side than the other ; composed of about twenty-five chambers in the last formed 78 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. coil, wall smooth except near the aperture on the ventral side where there is usually a papillose area of greater or less extent; periphery usually somewhat rounded; sutures on the dorsal side with a single simple angle; below usually divided into two deep lobes by deep con- strictions. Diameter, 1-2.5 mm. Cat. Nos. 324699-08, U.S.N.M. This species is common in the lower horizons of the area occurring at the following stations: Culebra formation, 6009, 6012a, d, 6019¢, d, 6027; Emperador limestone, 6015, 6016; Gatun formation, 6029a, 5, c. At some of these stations specimens are rather frequent. In the - matrix this species may often be indistinguishable in a superficial ex- amination from worn centers of Orbitoids or Nummulites. It is a common Tertiary species. Family MILIOLIDAE. Genus QUINQUELOCULINA d’Orbigny, 1826. QUINQUELOCULINA SEMINULUM (Linnaeus). Plate 27, figs. 4a, 0; plate 28; plate 29, figs. la-—e. Serpula seminulum Linnarus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 786; ed. 18 (Gmelin), 1758, pp. 37, 39. Quinqueloculina seminulum p’OrBIGeNY, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 303, No. 44. Miliolina seminulum WiLLiIamMson, Rec. Foram. Great Britain, 1858, p. 85, pl. 7, figs. 188-189.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 157, pl. 5, figs. 6a, b, ec. Description—Test oval in front view; thickest in the middle, visible exterior composed of five chambers, three visible from one side and four from the other, sutures slightly depressed, distinct: wall smooth, periphery rounded, aperture somewhat contracted, usually with a single simple tooth. Length about 1mm. Cat. Nos. 324709-18, U.S.N.M. Very typical specimens were obtained from U.S.G.S. No. 5850, among loose shells and marl from near Mount Hope, from ditch through swampy ground, one-fourth mile from present sea beach and 6 to 8 feet above high tide (Pleistocene). Specimens very similar but slightly more rotund were obtained from the Gatun formation, No. 6036, in dark colored, fine grained, sandy clay marl, at Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. Varietal forms here figured and which may be referred to Q. semi- nulum were obtained from the Culebra formation at No. 6010, from dark clay, north of Pedro Miguel Locks; 6019a, a single specimen from lower limestone of Las Cascadas section; 6025, a single glau- conitic specimen from foraminiferal marl about 200 yards south of GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 79 southern end of switch at Bohio Ridge Station, relocated line of the Panama Railroad. Another much flattened glauconitic specimen from this last station is also referred here. QUINQUELOCULINA CONTORTA @’Orbigny. Plate 29, figs. 2a-c. Quinqueloculina contorta pD’OrBIGNY, Foram. Foss. Bass. Tert, Vienne, 1846, p. 298, pl. 20, figs. 4-6. Description —Test about twice as long as broad, chambers rather narrow and elongate, in end view polygonal, peripheral margin broadly curved, sides nearly at right angles to the peripheral face with a sharp angle at the junction; sutures deep, apical end and initial end of final chamber truncated; aperture rounded with a single tooth; wall smooth. Length 0.65 mm. Cat. No. 324714, U.S.N.M. The only material of this species was obtained from U.S.G.S. 5850, among loose shells and marl, from near Mount Hope, from ditch through swampy ground, about one-fourth mile from present sea beach and 6 to 8 feet above high tide (Pleistocene). QUINQUELOCULINA AUBERIANA @Orbigny. Plate 29, figs. 3a-—c. Quinqueloculina auberiana D’ORBIGNY, in De la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, 1839, Foraminiféres, p. 193, pl. 12, figs. 1-3. Miliolina auberiana H. B. Bravy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 162, pl. 5, figs. 8, 9. Description —Test slightly longer than broad, periphery of the chambers angled with a concave area at each side of the angle, sutures somewhat depressed, distinct; wall smooth; aperture with a single, usually simple, occasionally slightly bifid tooth. Length about 1mm. Cat. No. 324715, U.S.N.M. Two specimens of this species were obtained in material from U.S.G.S. 5850, among loose shells and marl, from near Mount Hope, from ditch through swampy ground, about one-fourth mile from pres- ent sea beach and 6 to 8 feet above high tide (Pleistocene). Thisisa common species of the shallow-water littoral of tropical seas. QUINQUELOCULINA UNDOSA Karrer. Plate 80, figs. la—c. Quinqueloculina undosa Karrer, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 58, abth. 1, 1868, p. 150, pl. 3, fig. 1. Miliolina undosa Karrer, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 176, pl. 6, figs. 6-8. Description—Test elongate, two or two and a half times as long as wide; chambers sub-polygonal, the angles more or less irregular: giv- 80 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ing an undulate appearance to the chambers, apertural end typically with a slightly projecting neck, aperture with a single tooth; wall smooth. Length 1.25 mm. Cat. Nos. 324716-17, U.S.N.M. Specimens referable to this species were obtained in the Emperador limestone, at U.S.G.S. 6016, from old quarry, one-third mile north of west of Empire; and in the Culebra formation, at 6025, in foraminiferal marl about 200 yards south of the southern end of the switch at Bohio Ridge Station, relocated line, Panama Railroad. The specimens are not so contorted as in some recent ones but show characteristic undulations of the chamber borders. QUINQUELOCULINA BICORNIS (Walker and Jacob). Plate 30, figs. 2a-c; 3a, D. “Serpula bicornis ventricosa,” WALKER and Boys, Test. Min., 1784, p. 1, plo ae figs 2: “FWrumentaria foeniculum”’ SoLpani, Testaceographia, vol. 1, pt. 3, 1795, p. 229, pl. 154, figs. 0b, ce. Serpula bicornis WALKER and JAcos, Adams’s Essays, Kanmacher’s ed., 1798, p. 638, pl. 14, fig. 2. Miliolina bicornis WrLLtaAMson, Rec. Foram. Great Britain, 1858, p: 87, pl. 7, figs. 190-192.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology. vol. 9, 1884, p. 171, pl. 6, figs. 9, 11, 12. Description.—Test in side view about twice as long as wide; sutures rather deep, distinct, chambers more or less keeled, wall ornamented with numerous rather fine longitudinal raised costae; aperture slightly exserted, rounded, with a single tooth. Length 0.75 mm. Cat. Nos. 324718-9, U.S.N.M. Specimens were obtained in a Pleistocene deposit at U.S.G.S. 5850, among loose shells and marl, from near Mount Hope, from ditch through swampy ground about one-fourth mile from present sea beach, and 6 to 8 feet above high tide. From the Culebra formation, U.S.G.S. 6025, in foraminiferous marl about 200 yards south of southern end of switch at Bohio Ridge Station, relocated line, Panama Railroad, were obtained, rather poorly preserved and somewhat glauconitic specimens, but showing traces of a longitudinal series of raised ridges. They are question- ably referred here and one is figured, on plate 30, figure 3. QUINQUELOCULINA PANAMENSIS, new species. Plate 31, figs. la-c. Description.—Test nearly as wide as long, the last formed chamber tending to become loose coiled, growing away from the preceding ones on the apertural half of the inner margin, apertura] end free. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 81 peripheral margin broadly rounded, sutures much depressed; wall smooth; aperture circular. Length 0.85 mm. This species was obtained from the Gatun formation, U.S.G.S. 6036, in dark colored, fine grained, sandy clay marl, from Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. It is unusual in the breaking away of the last formed chamber from the original close coiled method of growth. Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 324720, U.S.N.M. Genus SIGMOILINA Schlumberger, 1887. SIGMOILINA TENUIS (Czjzck). Plate 31, figs. 4a—c. Quinqueloculina tenuis CzszEK, Haidinger’s Nat. Abhandl., vol. 2, 1847, p. 149, pl. 18, figs. 31-34. Spiroloculina tenwis H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 152, pl. 10, figs. 7-11. Sigmoilina tenuis SiprBporroM, Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Philos. Soc., vol. 48, No. 5, 1904, p. 6. Description—Test about twice as long as wide, narrow, compressed, visible chambers 5 or 6 on either side, chambers, narrow, rounded, sutures depressed, distinct; wall smooth, aperture exserted, rounded. Length 0.65 mm. Cat. Nos. 324721-8, U.S.N.M. Specimens of this species were obtained in the Gatun formation at the following three stations: U.S.G.S. 6038c, in marl from second bed from bottom, just below lower clay, Gatun section, relocated line of the Panama Railroad; 6035, in gray green, fine grained, sandy shell marl, vicinity of Mindi Hill; and 6036, in dark colored, fine grained, sandy clay marl, from Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. These three stations have several species in common as will be seen by a glance at the accompanying chart of distribution. SIGMOILINA ASPERULA (Karrer). Plate 31, figs. 3 a, 0D. Spirolucina asperula Karrer, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 57, 1868, p. 136, pl. 1, fig. 10—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Vol. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 152, pl. 8, figs. 18, 14, and 11. Description.—Test but slightly longer than wide, very much com- pressed, sutures somewhat indistinct, several chambers visible from each of the flattened sides; wall covered with fine arenaceous parti- cles; aperture exserted, nearly circular. Length, 0.8 mm. Cat. Nos. 324724-5, U.S.N.M. 82 BULLETIN 108, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Specimens were not uncommon in the Gatun formation at two stations, U.S.G.S. 6035, in gray green, fine grained, sandy shell marl, vicinity of Mindi Hill, and 6036, in dark colored, fine grained, sandy clay marl, from Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. * Genus TRILOCULINA d@’Orbigny, 1826. TRILOCULINA TRIGONULA (Lamarck). Plate $2, fig. 1. Miliolites trigonula Lamarck, Ann. Mus., vol. 5, 1804, p. 351, No. 3. Triloculina trigonula v’Orpiany, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 299, No. 1, pl. 16, figs. 5-9. Miliolina trigonula WiLLiAMSon, Rec. Foram. Great Britain, 1858, p. 83, pl. 7, figs. 180-182.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 164, pl. 3, figs. 14-16. Description.—Test in apertural view triangular, angles rounded, chambers rapidly increasing in size as added, but three visible in* adult test; outer wall broadly rounded, in front view oval, sutures distinct, aperture not produced, lip and tooth indistinct. Length, 0.75 mm. Cat. No. 324726, U.S.N.M. A single specimen referable to this species occurred at U.S.G.S. 5850, in Pleistocene marly material from near Mount Hope, one- fourth mile from present sea beach and about 6 to 8 feet above high tide. This is a common species in shallow water of recent oceans. TRILOCULINA TRICARINATA d’Orbigny. Plate 32; fig. 2. Triloculina tricarinata D’ORBIGNY, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 299, No. 7; Modéles, No. 94.—H. B. Brapy, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 24, 1864, p. 446, pl. 48, fig. 3. Miliolina tricarinata HH. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 165, pl. 3, figs. 17q@, b. Description—tTest differing from 7’. trigonula largely in the an- gles, which are acute, the sides concave, at least toward the borders, center of the side either flat or slightly convex, in end view rather © sharply triangular, in front view oval; neck slightly produced, aper- ture rounded, tooth wanting in this specimen. Length, 0.60-0.70 mm. Four specimens were collected in the Culebra formation at U.S.G.S. No. 6025, foraminiferal marl about 200 yards south of southern end of switch at Bohio Ridge Station, relocated line, Panama Railroad. Two of the four specimens had the neck somewhat elongated, the others were more nearly normal in this respect. The specimens were GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 83 somewhat altered and showed traces of apparently a glauconitic interior. TRILOCULINA BULBOSA, new species. Plate 82, fig. 3. Description.—Test from exterior composed of three visible cham- bers, the last formed one making the largest part of the test. The next to the last about half the size of the last and the first formed one very small in comparison, test in end view nearly biloculine, with the last formed chamber nearly as wide as the whole test in its great- est width, in front view breadth and height about equal, chambers very rotund, sutures deep, aperture without a neck, rounded, tooth indistinct or wanting. Length, about 0.65 mm. Type-specimen.—(Cat. No. 324728, U.S.N.M.) from the Gatun formation, U.S.G.S. Station 6029a, lowest horizon, one-fourth to one- half mile north of Camp Cotton on relocated line Panama Railroad. Another specimen was obtained, also in the Gatun formation, at No. 6030, from fossiliferous marl, from cut on north side of swamp 14 miles north of Monte Lirio, relocated line of the Panama Railroad. In each case a single somewhat glauconitic specimen was obtained. The species has the last two chambers developed greatly, the third one very small, the whole test appearing almost biloculine. The specimens from the two stations were practically identical. TRILOCULINA PROJECTA, new species. Plate 33, fig. 1. Description.—TVest in end view composed of three radially pro- jecting portions, the intervening portions deeply concave, in side view about as long as wide, sutures somewhat indistinct, periphery broadly rounded; wall covered with a thick encrustation of sand grains giving the whole exterior a decidedly arenaceous appearance; aperture with a slightly projecting neck and phialine lip; apertural opening circular, in the specimen figured without a distinct tooth. Length 0.75 mm. Type-specimen.—(Cat. No. 324729, U.S.N.M.) From gray green, fine grained, sandy shell marl from vicinity of Mindi Hill, U.S.G:S. No. 6035, Gatun formation. This is an interesting modification of this genus, comparable in the structure of the test to Quinqueloculina agglutinans d’Orbigny and others of the same character. 84 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus BILOCULINA d@’Orbigny, 1826. BILOCULINA BULLOIDES d’Orbigny. Plate 33, fig. 2. Biloculina bulloides bD’OrBieny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, 1826, p. 297, No. 1, pl. 16, figs. 14; Modéles, No. 90.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 142, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6. Description.—Test with but two visible chambers in the adult, in end view, each semicircular, in front view elliptical, very rotund, inflated, suture distinct; aperture usually nearly circular, somewhat produced. Length 0.60 mm. Cat. No. 324730, U.S.N.M. The only specimen of this species is from the Gatun formation, U.S.G.S. 6036, from dark colored, fine grained, sandy clay mar] from Monkey Hill, Mount Hope Station. Genus SPIROLOCULINA d’Orbigny, 1826. SPIROLOCULINA EXCAVATA @Orbigny. Plate 31, fig. 2. Spiroloculina excavata v’ORBIGNY, Foram. Foss. Bass. Tert. Vienne, 1846, p. 271, pl. 16, figs. 19-21.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 151, pl. 9, figs. 5, 6. Description—Test planospiral, chambers much elongated, thickest at the basal end, apertural end slightly produced, central portions much excavated, due to the gradual increase in the width of the chambers as added; periphery somewhat convex, angles rounded; sutures distinct except toward the center; apertural end produced, aperture rounded; tooth wanting in our specimen. Length 14mm. Cat. No. 324731, U.S.N.M. Specimens were obtained at Station No. 5850, in marl of Pleisto- cene, Mount Hope, Canal Zone, by D. F. MacDonald. Genus ORBICULINA Lamarck, 1816. ORBICULINA ADUNCA (Fichtel and Moll). Plate 33, fig. 3. Nautilus orbiculus FichtEL and Mott, Test. Micr., 1803, p. 112, pl. 21. Orbiculina adunca LaMarcK, Tabi. Hncyel. et Méth., 1816, pl. 468, figs. 2a-c.—H. B. Erapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 208, pl. 14, figs. 1-138. Description.—Test planospiral, chambers very long, divided into simple chamberlets, sides with alar projections extending nearly to the umbilicus, sutures distinct; apertures numerous, peripheral. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 85 Diameter 1.6mm. Cat. No. 324732, U.S.N.M. A few specimens were obtained from U.S.G.S. 5850, from Pleisto- - cene marl near Mount Hope, about one-fourth mile from present sea beach and about 6 to 8 feet above high tide. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE 19. Fic. 1. Textularia abbreviata @Orbigny. xX 50. a, apertural view; 6b, front view. 2. Textularia sagittula Defrance. X 80. a, apertural view; b, front view. 8. Textularia agglutinans d@Orbigny. X 50. a, apertural view; b, front view. 4, Textularia laminata, new species. X 80. a, apertural view; 0b, front view. 5. Textularia subagglutinans, new species. X 35. a, apertural view; 5b, front view. 6. Textularia carinata d@’Orbigny. X 50. a, apertural view; 6, front view. Prate 20. Fig. 1. Textularia panamensis, new species. X 65. @, aperture view; 0, front view. iw) . Chrysalidina pulchella, new species. X 110. a, apertural view; b, viewed from flat side; c, viewed from angle. 8. Gaudryina trianguiaris Cushman. X 385. a, apertural view; b, front view. 4, Gaudryina flintii Cushman. X 50. 5. Clavulina parisiensis d’Orbigny. X 85. 6. Clavulina communis @Orbigny. XX 35. PLATE 21. Wie. 1. Bolivina, species. X 65. 2. Bolivina aenariensis (Costa). X 65. 3. Bolivina cf. B. punctata @Orbigny. X 65. . Bolivina robusta H. B. Brady. X 185. . Bigenerina nodosaria QOrbigny. X 27. a, apertural view; 6, front view. . Virgulina squamosa dOrbigny. X 65. . Lagena striata (d’Orbigny), var. strwmosa Reuss. X 65. . Nodosaria communis @Orbigny. X 65. . Nodosaria cf. N. insecta Schwager. X 35. . Nodosaria raphanistrum (Linnaeus). X 35. . Nodosaria, species ? X 85. PLATE 22, or aS carl Fic. 1. Cristellaria rotulata (Lamarck). X 35. . Cristellaria protuberans, new species. X 65. . Cristellaria vaughani, new species. X 65. . Uvigerina nygmaea VOrbigny. X 65. Uvigerina canariensis d’Orbigny. XX 65. Uvigerina canariensis d’Orbigny var. XX 65. . Uvigerina tenuistriata Reuss. X 65. . Siphogenerina raphanus (Parker and Jones) var. transversus, new variety. XX 35. DAHA ONE 86 Fie. Fie. Fie. Fic. Fic. Al bo Oo oP wpe or) ik i) 1. i) . Truncatulina americana, new species. a, dorsal view; b, ventral view; . LTruncatulina pygmea Hantken. «, dorsal view; 6, ventral view; ¢, pe- . Truneatulina ungeriana (VOrbigny.) ™ 65. . Truncatutina ct. T. pygmea Hantken. X 383. . Truncatulina wuellersiorfi (Schwager). 50. . Truncatulina culebrensis, new species. X 38. a, dorsal view; 0, pe- BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PLATE 23. Discorbis obtusa (d’Orbigny). «@, dorsal view; b, ventral view; c¢, pe- ripheral view. X 65. c, peripheral view. X 65. ripheral view. X_ 65. PLATE 24. ripheral view. . Siphonina reticulata (Czajzek). X 65. . Pulvinulina sagra (@Orbigny). X 65. a, dorsal view; 6b, ventral view. PLATE 25. . Pulvinulina concentrica Parker and Jones. X 85. . Pulvinulina menerdii (VOrbigny). xX 65. . Pulvinulina menardii (d’Orbigny). X 65. . Pulvinulina, species ? X 65. . Nonionina depressula (Walker and Jacob). X 65. «a, side view; J, apertural view. . Nonionina scapha (Fichtel and Moll). X 65. «@, side view; 6, aper- tural view. PLATE 26. Nonionina panamensis, new species. X 65. «@, side view; 0, aperturai view. . Nonionina anomalina, new species. X 65. a, side view; 0, apertural view. . Polystomella striato-punctata (Fichtel and Moll). X 65. «a, side view; b, apertural view. . Polystomella striato-punctata (Fichtel and Moll). X 65. a, side view; b, apertural view. . Potystomella sagra d’Orbigny. X 65. a, side view; 6, apertural view. PLATE 27. Polystomella macella (¥Wichtel and Moll). X 65. a, side view; 6, aper- “tural view. . Polystomella crispa (Linnaeus). X 35. a, side view; 6, apertural view. . Polystomelia craticulata (Fichtel and Moll). X 50. a, side view; b, apertural view. . Quinqueloculina seminulum (Linnaeus). X 65. a, rear view; b, aper- tural view. Fie. 1. Fie. 1. Fre. 1. Fie. 1. F1e. 1. Fie. 1. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 87 PLATE 28. Quinqueloculina seminulum (Linnaeus). X 65. a, front view; b, rear view; c, apertural view. . Quinqueloculina seminulum (Linnaeus). X 180. a, front view; b, rear view; c, apertural view. Quinqueloculina seminulum (Linnaeus) var. X 65. a, front view; Bb, rear view; ¢, apertural view. PLATE 29. Quinqueloculina seminulum (Linnaeus) var. X 80. a, front view; b, rear view; c, apertural view. . Quinqueloculina contorta d’Orbigny. X 65. a, front view; b, rear view; c, apertural view. . Quinqueloculina auberiana d’Orbigny. * 65. a, front view; 0b, rear view; ¢c, apertural view. PLATE 30. Quinqueloculina undosa Karrer. X 50. a, front view; 0, rear view; c, apertural view. Quinqueloculina bicornis (Walker and Jacob). X 65. a, front view; b, rear view; c, apertural view. . Quinqueloculina bicornis (Walker and Jacob)?. X 50. a, front view; b, rear view. PLATE 31. Quinqueloculina panamensis, new species. X 65. a, front view; b, rear view; ¢, apertural view. . Spiroloculina excavata d’Orbigny. X 40. a, front view; 0b, apertural view. Sigmoilina asperula (Karrer). X 65. a, front view; b, apertural view. . Sigmoilina tenius (Czjzek). X 65. a, front view; b, rear view; c, aper- tural view. PLATE 32. Triloculina trigonula (Lamarck). X 65. a, front view; b, side view; ce, apertural view. . Triloculina tricarinata @Orbigny. xX 65. a, rear view; 6, side view; e, apertural view. . Triloculina bulbosa, new species. X 65. a, rear view; b, side view; c, apertural view. PLATE 33. Triioculina projecta, new species. X 65. a, front view; b, rear view; ce, apertural view. . Biloculina bulloides d’Orbigny. X 65. a, front view; 0b, side view; c, apertural view. . Orbiculina adunca (Fichtel and Moll). *X 380. Seah ee mee ae ia = U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 19 SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 85-6 cries. “5 etl ENN 103 PL. 20 BULLETIN AES SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. if FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 85. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 21 SMALLER FossiL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 85. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 22 SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 85. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 23 SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 86. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 24 SMALLER FossiL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. - FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 86. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 25 SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 86. BULLETIN 103 PL. 26 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA — SEE PAGE 86. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLAT U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 27 SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 86. BULLETIN 103 PL. 28 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM eonmsnocr woh SMALLER FosstL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 87. oy REG : bat Pues css 25! a Toki U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 29 SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 87. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 30 SMALLER FOssiL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 87. fo U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 31 SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 87. SERS Sakae i | ( U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 87 103 PL. 32 ipa Oey 4 x Agen PB be, sh aes ot U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 33 SMALLER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 87. oe abbreviata, Textularia ____._______ aaunca Orbiculing=—] eee aenariensis, Bolivina_____-__-__-__-- aequilateralis, Globigerina-________ agglutinans, Textularia______--___ americana, Truncatulina _-___-_-_____ Amphistegina si i SS anomalina, Nonionina_____________ asperula, Sigmoilina___-___----_---- auberiana, Quinqueloculina________ bicornis, Quinqueloculina__________ LRN UREN NST ae, AU a a a aa ey IB WOCuiin aes ea ee eee BES OANA pe Ea ae (Gin! 18%, (yoo aKohete yy ds ye eae BODUS Cae ee a eeu ies bulbosaye Eriloculina 222 ole bulloides!“ Biloculinas 22202 2p = bulloides, Globigerina__-__________ canariensis, Uvigerina ____________ Carinatas ex tula ria ee sa (Coa area iG eps ee Clayulina eee ee DATISIEN SIS See Late communis, Clavulina_—- ~~ --- = = communis, Nodosaria —-__.____-____ concentrica, Pulvinulina _________- conglobata, Globigerina ___________ contorta, Quinqueloculina _________ eraticulata, Polystomella__________ crispayeolystomella {22S ees WS Cele re aire suse ne aA UES aU hate protuberans=22 eee Tota Ga ee we See ee SVS UL eT a cae wees culebrensis, Truncatulina _________ depressula, Nonionina____--________ IDISCOLDEI See a ee qubias Globigerina {oo eee excavata, Spiroloculina____-_____-_ bbb, (Exh beh a abit eee ee Gene hs yin Sas NPI ee triangularig iis eee Globe rin ae Ae Aa nada Mun el aequilateralis__________ DULOTd eg) ea Globigerinay dubiae 2 eee IN Na ba NL sacculiferay = gale au inflata, Globigerina _.______________ Insecta NOCOSATIA See ae italica(Cristellaria; 22222 eee Se DEW ge as Yt a STS aN UE striata, var. strumosa______ Ebb yey Mer gata bie eC oe lessonii, Amphistegina ____________ macella, Polystomella___._.________ menardii, Pulvinulina_____________ INO GOS ara ee nee A raphanistrum ss ees nodosaria, Bigenerina_____________ INCvIC pad hat ae ee eee depressula a ees panamensis222 ewe ODtUSa I DISCOLDIS = Se SE eae ne QTD Curr ae a ESE COPE op DUGG aks tes eA Se AC re A panamensis, Nonionina____________ Quinqueloculina_______ Pex tularigy = eee ewes parisiensiss:Clayuling yee Poly Storied] aye cei eee yada nae CLISD Bee Nees SS panes KeXs) Oza eh ear ye a striato-punctata______ DLojecta wi Lrilo culling ee eee protuberans, Cristellaria _._._______ pulchella;(Chrysalidina2222 23" seen Pulvinulina panamensis________ seminulum___.._____ Und oS a eee raphanistrum, Nodosaria _.________ raphanus, var. transversus, Siphoge- nerina ang INDEX. Page. reticulata, Siphonina ____________— 72 | Textularia panamensis____________ OO Ix bh aba 55 Sagittulawcues sue cme FOtulata,;Cristellarigw seesaw we 60 subagglutinans__._.______ sacculifera, Globigerina___________ 66 | transversus, Siphogenerina raphanus, sagittula, Textularia__.________.__ 51 SUT se Ie sagra, Polystomella__._-_____--____ 75 | triangularis, Gaudryina = --_______ ehh 70 | tricarinata, Triloculina___._________ scapha,” Nonionina=2222 222s 73 | trigonula, Triloculina_-__-_____=_ = seminulum, Quinqueloculina________ CSN ie DET O CUULT By See Nae ets ne ae SST RTI OT DA ra ee aa LES UE 81 bulbosay ean USP TUT ey eee ea 81 PLOTSC EA Ne eee ahaa CETUS ee a EO AL 81 (CLICA TING tay ees eee Siphogenerina yas ae ee 64 trigonula eee raphanus, var. trans- [TT Vary Gel trey rn aay a eee EL VEESUS ee ee Nae aos 64 americana —~{—~~ = {= l= Sip Ta On LT ae ee eA otic 72 culebrensis ~-22-==22= Koy), ue We, TOY, Se aa es a Spiroloculinay ese see ee 84 UuNngeriang, === excaviatal aoe eae ine 84 wuellerstorfi _._______ squamosa, Virgulina _--____________ 58 | undosa, Quinqueloculina___________ striata, var. strumosa, Lagena______ 58 | ungeriana, Truncatulina _.._______ striato-punctata, Polystomella______ 74 | universa, Orbulina ~___._-________ strumosa, Lagena striata, var__-__ Ls ReyaN Whe Ofayalkexey wi b ne Wyse tale Nl eS ea ie subagglutinans, Textularia___-_____ 52 Gao enevorspis es tenuis: Sigmoilinass].22 a eee 81 pygmMaeat se ha eee tenuistriata, Uvigerina___________— 63 TENUISTLIA tate ee PR cats UN ean Teh Se alle OE ee aE 51 | vaughani, Cristellaria __-_-______._— ADD evilataam ces ana ena ee Ea Bh MAYA een DED ols ieegeaae te Ce oa EC aeolutin an See ee L 52 Squamosay 2 aa CaEinaita oak shee NGS 53 | wuellerstorf, Truncatulina _______- VERN cobb ale epee NE a A 52 e * fl a ® = SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 103 _ CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEON- ~TOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, PANAMA, AND GEOLOGICALLY RELATED AREAS IN CEN- TRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES THE LARGER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE By JOSEPH AUGUSTINE CUSHMAN Of the United States Geological Survey Extract from Bulletin 103, pages 89-102, with Plates 34-45 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 19138 ideeg pee os Oy: ak ees SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 103 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEON- TOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, PANAMA, AND GEOLOGICALLY RELATED AREAS IN CEN- TRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES THE LARGER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE By JOSEPH AUGUSTINE CUSHMAN Of the United States Geological Survey Extract from Bulletin 103, pages 89-102, with Plates 34-45 assump JAN 17 1919 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 THE LARGER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE. By JoserpH AUGUSTINE CUSHMAN, Of the United States Geological Survey. INTRODUCTION. The foraminifera, especially the larger forms of the orbitoids, have been little used in America as critical index fossils, except in the Vicksburg group; but in Europe, Asia, and the East Indies they have long been used to distinguish horizons. In many geologic papers one finds Orbitoides mentioned, probably Orbitoides mantella Morton, and occasionally O. dispansus, O. forbesi, etc. From a crit- ical study of the group it soon becomes evident that such identifica- tions as have been made of American orbitoids, except those of Lemoine and Douvillé, have been largely superficial, and are there- fore of little value. Since the earlier work of Giimbel the orbitoid foraminifera have with further study been divided largely into the four genera Orbitoides, Orthophragmina, Lepidocyclina, and Mio- gypsina, in general respectively characterizing Cretaceous, Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene formations, but with important exceptions. The American forms, with the exception of the work of Lemoine and Douvillé, have not been properly referred to their respective genera, although our American Orbitoides mantelli, described by Morton as Nummulites mantelli in 1833, is the type-species of Lepidocyclina. In their work on Lepidocyclina Lemoine and Douvillé? describe two new American species, L. canellei and L. chaperi, from the Panama Canal Zone, figuring also for the first time the critical chambers of L. mantelli (Morton). These are all the American species that are given, although they call attention to the apparently superficial char- acter of the references to Orbitoides in American geologic papers. Schlumberger, in his classic works on the genera Orbitoides and Orthophragmina, did not have American material. The American 1 Sur le Genre Lepidocyclina Giimbel, Mém. Soc. Géol. France, Paléontologie, Mem. 32, 1904. 89 90 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. field is therefore practically unworked, and the description of our species with accurate stratigraphic information is of prime impor- tance, as they have been proved elsewhere to be of great use as index fossils. The collections now in my hands represent the Canal Zone, the West Indies, and Coastal Plain Province of the eastern and south- ern United States. Excellent material was collected in the Panama Canal Zone by T. Wayland Vaughan and D. F. MacDonald, and is here presented as a beginning in the determination and figuring of the American species. This will be followed by papers on the West Indian and Coastal Plain species which now, owing to the care- ful collecting by Doctor Vaughan and his associates, are represented by excellent suites of specimens covering broad ranges, both geo- graphically and stratigraphically. As these are gradually worked up there will be a mass of data which should be of excellent service in the correlation of horizons where these groups are represented, even in the absence of Mollusca and other groups of fossils. The systematic descriptions of the species of Lepidocyclina, Num- mulites, and Orbitolites follow, together with that of a genus and species believed to be new. LIST OF SPECIHS AND THEIR GEOLOGIC OCCURRENCE. Lepidocyclina canellet Lemoine and Douvillé. Oligocene, Culebra formation, stations 6019a, Gaillard Cut; 6023, Rio Frijol; 6027, Bohio (old station) ; 6891; Bailamons; 6892, 450 feet south of switch at Mamei. Also Oligocene of Trinidad. Lepidocyclina chaperi Lemoine and Douvillé. Oligocene, Culebra formation, stations 60197, Las Cascadas; 6025, Bohio Ridge switch. Lepidocyclina vaughani, new species. Oligocene, Emperador lime- stone, stations 6021 and 6673, near Caimito Junction; 6255, half mile south of Miraflores Station. Lepidocyclina macdonaldi, new species. Oligocene, station 6523, 2 miles north of David. Lepidocyclina panamensis, new species. Oligocene?, stations 6512, river bed, David; Oligocene, 6586¢ and 6587, near mouth of Tonosi River; probably at 6010, near Miraflores Locks, and 60124 and 6012e in Gaillard Cut, in the Culebra formation; doubtfully in the Emperador limestone, at station 6015, Empire. Lepidocyclina duplicata, new species. Oligocene, stations 6528, 2 miles north of David; and 6586e, near mouth of Tonosi River. Heterosteginoides panamensis, new species. Oligocene, Culebra for- mation, stations 6011, Gaillard Cut; 6024a, Rio Agua Salud; 6025, Bohio Ridge switch. Emperador limestone, stations 6018, 6016, quarries at Empire. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 91 Orthophragmina minima, new species. Oligocene ?, station 6512, river bed, David. Nummulites panamensis, new species. Oligocene, Culebra forma- tion, stations 6024a, Rio Agua Salud; 6025, Bohio Ridge switch; doubtfully at 6026, 2 miles south of Monte Lirio. Nummulites davidensis, new species. Oligocene?, stations 6512, river bed, David; 6526, Chiriqui. Orbitolites americana, new species. Oligocene, Culebra formation, Gaillard Cut at stations 60138, 60190, and 60202. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. Family NUMMULITIDAE. Genus LEPIDOCYCLINA. LEPIDOCYCLINA CANELLEI Lemoine and Douvillé. Plate 34, figs. 1-6. Lepidocyclina canellet LEMOINE and Dovuvin~~tt®, Mém. Soe. Géol. France, Paléontologie, Mém. 32, p. 20, pl. 1, fig. 1; pl. 3, fig. 5, 1904. ~ Test comparatively small, diameter of largest specimens slightly less than four millimeters, thickness a little more than one-fourth the diameter; circular in outline, central portion somewhat raised and evenly rounded, near the periphery flattened or even slightly con- cave; surface in well preserved specimens finely granular or even finely papillate, but not strongly so, often appearing smooth to the unaided eye. In worn specimens the surface appears as a series of regular hexagonal, honeycomb-like reticulations due to the edges of the lateral chambers. In vertical section the lateral chambers are seen to be arranged in vertical columns, one directly above the other, from the equatorial chambers to the surface, about twelve chambers in each vertical col- umn in the central region, the lateral walls hardly thicker than the upper or lower surfaces. Chambers of adjacent columns arranged alternately, no distinct columns present. Equatorial chambers grad- ually increasing in size toward the periphery, single throughout, ex- tending peripherally beyond the lateral chambers and in surface view in well-preserved specimens appearing as a hexagonal reticulation. Embryonic chambers nearly equal in size, nearly semicircular in sec- tion, their common wall straight. Horizontal section showing the equatorial chambers regularly hexagonal, those toward the periphery largest. Embryonic cham- bers similar to those shown in the vertical view. Occurrence.—Lemoine and Douvillé described and figured this species from Panama, from Pefiablanca, also noting it from Mar- 83700—18—Bull. 103——-7 92 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tinique and Angola. The species from Panama was recorded by Dall and by Bagg as Orbitoides forbesi Carpenter. Cat. No. 185216, U.S.N.M., is Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and Douvillé. Figures 1, 4-6, on plate 34 are from this material, col- lected by Hill at Bohio, Panama, where it is very abundant. This is the same locality as station 6027 of Vaughan and MacDonald, orbitoidal marl, a quarter of a mile northwest of Bohio railroad station. In this material Z. canellei is very abundant and makes up a considerable proportion of the marl. Parts of five specimens, close to one another, are visible in a small part of a section from this station. Specimens in the collection of the United States National Mu- seum, Catalogue No. 107158, from the Oligocene of Trinidad (“ Leda bed,” Naparima) collected by Guppy, are also very evidently Lepido- cyclina canellet. Specimens of L. canellei were also very abundant at station 6891, foraminiferal limestone from Bailamonas, Canal Zone, collected by D. F. MacDonald. There is a limestone from station 6892, 450 feet south of switch at Mamei, Canal Zone, also collected by MacDonald, which contains numerous specimens of a Lepidocyclina in general shape in section resembling ZL. canellez, but the material is very cherty and the finer structure is not well, preserved. A few small weathered specimens from 6019a, Gaillard Cut, oppo- site Las Cascadas, seem to belong to this species also; and specimens were also obtained at station 6023, along the relocated line of the Panama Railroad, at Rio Frijol. The geologic occurrence is in the Culebra formation. Cat. Nos. 324733-5, U.S.N.M. LEPIDOCYCLINA CHAPERI Lemoine and Douvillé. Plate 35, figs. 1-3; plate 36. Lepidocyclina chaperi LEMOINE and DovuviLtLtr, Mém. Soc. Géol. France, Paléontologie, Mém. 32, p. 14, pl. 2, fig. 5, 1904. Test of medium size, diameter from 8 to 20 millimeters, circular in outline, somewhat saddle-shaped, central portion slightly thickened, thence gradually and evenly thinning toward the periphery; surface where well preserved slightly papillate, usually roughened by ero- sion, toward the periphery often somewhat reticulately depressed above the equatorial chambers. Vertical section usually curved, lateral chambers numerous, breadth much greater than height, columns separated by distinct pillars, comparatively few except in the central region where there 1 Hill, Geology of Panama, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zéol., vol. 28, pp. 272, 275, 1897. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 93 are a few larger than the others; embryonic chambers of the double type, the two chambers nearly equal in size and separated by a straight common wall. Horizontal section shows similar conditions of the embryonic chambers and distinctly hexagonal equatorial chambers. Occurrence—Lemoine and Douvillé described this species from Panama (Haut-chagres, San Juan). The figured specimens are from United States Geological Survey station 6025, Culebra formation, from marl, south end of Bohio Ridge switch, relocated line, Panama Railroad, collected by Vaughan and MacDonald. Specimens from station 6019-7, Culebra formation, on the west side of Gaillard Cut near Las Cascadas, seem to represent the micro- spheric form of this species. The sections are shown in plate 35, figure 3, and plate 36. A specimen from station 6526, Chiriqui, Canal Zone, shows a sec- tion which from its general proportions strongly suggests L. chaperi. Cat. Nos. 324736-8, U.S.N.M. LEPIDOCYCLINA VAUGHANI, new species. Plate 37, figs. 1-5; plate 38. Test of medium size, 10 millimeters or more in diameter, flat, sur- face somewhat umbonate in the central portion, gradually sloping to the peripheral portion, the outer haif of which is nearly flat. Wall smooth except for fine papillae. Horizontal section shows the peculiarity of the chambers, many of which, especially those of the outer peripheral portion are rhomboid, those of the inner portion being more typical and hexagonal. These are shown especially well on the sections of the larger specimens, those of the smaller specimens showing only the regular hexagonal character of the earlier chambers. No very good vertical sections were obtained in the thin seater but several “eae sections show the characters well. The em- bryonic chambers are rather large, of the usual American type, of two nearly equal chambers, lateral chambers in vertical columns with a very few, rather well developed pillars. Occurrence.—Type-specimen from station 6021, from the Empera- - dor Limestone in cuttings of the Panama Railroad near Caimito Junction, Panama, United States National Museum Catalogue No. 324739, collected by T. W. Vaughan and D. F. Mac Donald. Speci- mens were abundant in this hight gray to cream-colored sandy lime- stone. Specimens were also abundant in the collection from the same locality collected later by MacDonald under station No. 6673. Speci- mens which are apparently the same species are abundant in a fos- 94 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. siliferous limy sandstone collected by MacDonald at station No. 6255 from half a mile south of Miraflores Station on the wagon road to Panama. ; LEPIDOCYCLINA MACDONALDI, new species. Plate 40, figs. 1-6. Test circular, rather small, about 5 to 7 millimeters in diameter, thickest in the central region, thence gradually sloping to the periphery which for a short distance in from the edge is nearly flat; wall rather smooth except the central portion of the umbonal region, which has a few pustule-like raised spots at the surface end of the vertical pillars. Vertical section shows the test widest in the middle, gently sloping to near the periphery where the edges are nearly parallel for a short distance to the peripheral edge or even slightly increasing in thick- - ness. Lateral chambers in the central portion in definite vertical columns, occasionally slightly overlapping. Equatorial chambers not increasing very rapidly in height in megalospheric specimens, those at the periphery hardly more than double the height of those near the center of the test; embryonic chambers in the megalospheric form, large, usually of two nearly equal chambers, but in oblique cut- ting these may appear somewhat unequal, plate 40, figures 2 and 3. Horizontal sections show chambers somewhat similar to JZ. vaughani but with the inner half of two walls at nearly right angles, the outer wall broadly rounded. The oblique section (pl. 40, fig. 6) shows the pillars. Occurrence.—Type-specimens from station 6528, from orbitoidal limestone, 2 miles north of David, Panama, collected by D. F. Mac- Donald, U. S. National Museum Catalogue No. 324740. Specimens were abundant at this station, occurring with ZL. panamensis and L. duplicata. The species were also collected by MacDonald at station 6512, in the river bed at David. LEPIDOCYCLINA PANAMENSIS, new species. Plate 389, figs. 1-6; plate 42. Test circular, small, central portion very strongly umbonate, thick, rapidly decreasing in thickness peripherally, the peripheral portion © thin and flattened, the raised central portion only one-third to one- fifth the entire diameter, which ranges from three to six millimeters; occasional specimens, perhaps representing the microspheric form, up to 10 or 12 millimeters in diameter; surface smooth except for the unbonal portion which has a few large pustule-like projections marking the ends of the internal pillars. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 95 The vertical section shows very peculiar embryonic chambers in that they do not exhibit the usual characters of American species, but have a broad and much flattened central chamber two to four times as broad as high with a compressed. partially encircling chamber, which in section is usually cut on the opposite sides of the central chamber. In some cases there seems to be an irregular mass of three or four more or less nearly spherical chambers. In the former case these central chambers in section are nearly as wide as the whole umbonal portion of the test. Lateral chambers, usually about twice as wide as high, the outer wall often somewhat arched toward the exterior of the test, arranged in vertical columns. Pillars not dis- tinct except in the central portion where there are a few strong ones increasing rather rapidly in diameter toward the periphery, usually about 9 or 10 chambers in a vertical column in the center of the umbilical region. The peripheral region has only a thin coating of lateral chambers, the last formed layer present only on the outer half of the periphery and often none at all present on the last quar- ter of the test toward the periphery, the surface being made up by upper and lower walls of the equatorial chambers. Equatorial cham- bers numerous, comparatively broad, the peripheral wall convex out- wardly toward the periphery, the chambers at least as wide as high. In horizontal section the equatorial chambers are usually some- what irregularly hexagonal near the center, toward the periphery more or less rhomboid with the outer peripheral wall curved. As far as described material is concerned this is an unusual form for American species of Lepidocyclina, especially in its embryonic chambers. Occurrence.—Type-specimen, vertical sections, U. S. National Museum Catalogue No. 324741. The species is fairly abundant at stations 6586e and 6587 from near the mouth of Tonosi River, Panama, D. F. MacDonald, collector. It was also collected by Mac- Donald at station 6512, river bed, David. At stations 6010, 600 or 700 feet south of the Miraflores Locks, and 6012a@ and 6012c, south of Empire Bridge, in the Culebra formation, specimens of small orbitoids occur, but they are not sufficiently well preserved for positive identification. Although those from the latter station seem somewhat like Z. panamanensis in their thin borders and raised center with papillae, they can not be specifically identified with certainty. At other stations poorly preserved orbitoid fo- raminifera occur, but their specific identity can not be accurately determined. Specimens doubtfully referable to LZ. panamensis were obtained in the Emperador limestone, at station 6015, Empire. 96 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. MULTICYCLINA, new subgenus. Subgenus differing from typical Lepidocyclina in the equatorial chambers which instead of being in a single series become complex toward the periphery and may consist of several series. Type of the subgenus.—Lepidocyclina duplicata Cushman. LEPIDOCYLINA DUPLICATA, new species. Plate 41, figs. 2-4. Test of medium size, 10 to 14 millimeters in diameter, very much thickened in the umbeonal region, usually the thickness about one-half the diameter; without the flattened periphery the central portion is subspherical, thinning rapidly toward the periphery, then thick- ening again at the margin, which is often doubly plicate in the best preserved specimens. Surface of the umbonal portion studded with numerous fine papillae marking the surface terminations of the pil- lars, peripheral portion nearly smooth. Vertical section showing the embryonic chambers as very small, apparently microspheric in the specimens sectioned, appearing spiral as is usual in the microspheric form. Lateral chambers numerous, flattened or lenticular, the numerous pillars as wide as or wider than the intermediate columns of chambers, especially in the central por- tion, rapidly increasing in size toward the surface. Equatorial chambers very small near the center, gradually increasing in size toward the periphery where they become multiple instead of single as is usually the case, and make three or four vertical series, each with numerous fine apertural pores on the outer convex wall. Horizontal section shows the increase in size of the equatorial chambers which toward the center seem hexagonal and toward the periphery almost rhomboid with the outer half convex. Of somewhat similar character as far as the duplication of equa- toral chambers is the species described by Martin from Java, L. multipartita (Martin), and the form described by Jones and Parker from Christmas Island, Z. insulae natalis, var. inequalis (Jones and Parker). Occurrence —Type-specimen, U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 324742. Specimens were very abundant, weathered out of an or- bitoid Limestone, at Station 6523, 2 miles north of David, Panama, D. F. MacDonald, collector. They also occur with other species of Lepidocyclina at Station 6586e from near the mouth of Tonosi River, D. F. MacDonald, collector. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 97 HETEROSTEGINOIDES, new genus. Test generally lenticular, somewhat excentric, one side extended peripherally more than the other, chambers rather coarsely per- forate, embryonic chambers, often two, of nearly equal size, thick walled, chambers added as in Heterostegina, in a revolving series ex- tending from the umbonal region on both sides to the periphery, chambers hemispherical, the outer side strongly convex and all coarsely perforate, the equatorial chambers larger than the lateral ones and nearly spherical. Type of the genus.—Heterosteginoides panamensis, new species. HETEROSTEGINOIDES PANAMENSIS, new species. Plate 43, figs. 1-8. Test biconvex, somewhat more strongly convex on one side than on the other, revolving edge indistinct, surface unevenly rugose, or ir- regularly pustulate, thickest in the umbonal region. Vertical section showing the embryonic chambers as an equal pair of nearly spherical, thick-walled chambers, equatorial chambers also nearly spherical, lateral chambers hemispherical with the curved side outermost, ir- regularly piled above the equatorial chambers. Horizontal section showing the central chambers with the equatorial chambers arranged im an irregular semi-spiral manner about them. Test small, between 1 and 2 millimeters in diameter. Cat. Nos. 3247434, U.S.N.M. ~ Occurrence—This species was abundant in the Culebra formation at station 6025, from marl, south end of Bohio Ridge switch, relo- cated line, Panama Railroad, collected by Vaughan and MacDonald. There are also numerous specimens at station 6011, Culebra forma- tion, along east side of Gaillard Cut, collected by Vaughan and Mac- Donald. It was also collected in the Culebra formation at station 6024—a, Rio Agua Salud, and is doubtfully present in the Emperador limestone at stations 6015 and 6016, in Empire. This species, which in external appearance somewhat resembles a small orbitoid or nummulite, may be distinguished from most species of either group by its comparatively coarse pustulate exterior. In section it can easily be recognized by its peculiar structure. Genus ORTHOPHRAGMINA. ORTHOPHRAGMINA MINIMA, new species. Plate 41, fig. 1. Test circular, very small, slightly more than 2 millimeters in diameter, thickness somewhat less than half the diameter, central portion very strongly umbonate, evenly rounded to a point about 98 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. two-thirds of the distance from the center to the periphery, from which point to the periphery the surface is nearly flat; surface of the test comparatively smooth. | Horizontal section through the equatorial chambers shows very fine rectangular chambers and the embryonic chambers nearly equal in size. Vertical section (fig. 1) shows well the contour of the test in this section, the strongly curved central umbonate portion making up two-thirds or more of the width and the peripheral flange with its nearly parallel sides. The chambers are very small, except the embryonic central chambers, which are nearly equal and have a straight division line between them. The lateral] chambers are in vertical columns, but the test is without pillars. In the central region there may be more than 20 chambers in a vertical column, and even on the peripheral flange there are usually three or four in a column on each side of the equatorial chambers. Occurrence.—Type-specimen—the vertical section here figured. Collection of the U. S. National Museum Catalogue No. 324745. The species is abundant at United States Geological Survey sta- tion 6512 in the white limestone, in the river bed above the ice plant near David, Panama, collected by D. F. MacDonald. This is a very small species yet it has an abundance of very fine chambers. There is an exceptional development of lateral chambers in the region of the periphery. Genus NUMMULITES. NUMMULITES PANAMENSIS, new species. Plate 48, figs. 9, 10. Test small, about 14 millimeters in diameter, much compressed, chambers very numerous, about 22 in the last formed coil, each “in section two to three times as high as long, test of about four whorls, walls comparatively thick, whole test lenticular, peripheral margin broadly rounded, central portion nearly flat. Occurrence.—Specimens occur with some frequency in the Culebra formation at station 6025, in marl, south end of Bohio Ridge switch, relocated line, Panama Railroad, collected by Vaughan and Mac- Donald. ‘Type-specimen, U. S. National Museum Catalogue No. 324746. The species was also collected in the Culebra formation at station 6024-a, Rio Agua Salud, and doubtfully at station 6026, 2 miles south of Monte Lirio, on the relocated line of the Panama Railroad. NUMMULITES DAVIDENSIS, new species. Plate 43, fig. 11. Test comparatively small, about 34 millimeters in diameter, some- what compressed, chambers about twice as high as long in median GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 99 sections, test of three or four whorls, walls of medium thickness, the upright wall rather strongly recurved backward in the central portion, 15 or 16 chambers in the last formed whorl. Occurrence.—Specimens were not common at station 6512 from white limestone in river bed above ice plant near David, Panama, collected by D. F. MacDonald. Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 324751, U.S.N.M. In material from station 6526 from Chiriqui, Canal Zone, col- lected by MacDonald, numerous specimens occur which in section seem identical with this species. Family MILIOLIDAE. Genus ORBITOLITES. ORBITOLITES AMERICANA, new species. Plate 48, figs. 12-14; plate 44, figs. 1, 2; plate 45. Test flat, of medium size, larger specimens about 10 millimeters in diameter, chambers with the outer wall strongly convex, the inner wall running backward and bluntly pointed, side walls parallel, chambers in two or more tiers; tests mostly microspheric, one (pl. 43, fig. 14) apparently megalospheric, and one (pl. 44, fig. 2) seemingly originating from a fragment of an older test. Numerous specimens, especially plate 45, figure 1, show evidence of breakage and repair. The apertures between the chambers are not evident, as the material largely consists of internal casts of the chambers. Some of the specimens suggest the genus Presorites of the Cretaceous described by Douvillé, but this is probably due to the condition of fossilization. Occurrence.—Specimens which seem referable to this species are from the following stations at Panama, collected by Vaughan and MacDonald: Culebra formation, 6013, east side of Gaillard Cut; 60196, 6019-e-f, west side of Gaillard Cut near Las Cascadas; and 6020a—c of the same section. Also collected in the Emperador lime- stone at station 6015, in Empire. Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 324748, U.S.N.M., from station 6020q. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE 34. Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and Douvillé. Fig. 1. View of exterior of specimen X 10, a portion of a second specimen show- ing above the first, from Bohio, Panama. (U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 135216.) 100 Fie. 1. BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. . Horizontal section X 10, showing embryonic chambers and hexagonal equatorial chambers, from west side of Gaillard Cut near Las Cas- cadas (U.S.G.S. station 6019a). . Horizontal section showing hexagonal equatorial chambers and irregu- larities in the annuli due to repairs of breakage. a X 10; b X 20. Same locality as No. 2 above. . Slightly oblique section X 20, showing narrow zone of equatorial cham- bers and two broader zones of lateral chambers, the latter with a very evident lack of pillars. Same locality as No. 1 above. . Vertical section at one side of embryonic chambers showing general eharacters of equatorial and lateral chambers X 20. Same locality as No. 1 above. . Vertical section through the embryonic chambers showing the two nearly equal chambers with the straight wall dividing the two, X* 20. Same locality as No. 1 above. PRATH 35. Lepidocyclina chaperi Lemoine and Douvillé. Exterior view of specimen X 5. Specimen broken, From upper part of Culebra formation, from Panama Railroad, southern switch. Bohio Ridge, in light-colored limy sandstone (U.S.G.S. station 6025). . Exterior view of small, more complete specimen from same locality as the preceding, X 5. . Horizontal section showing early chambers of the microspheric form of the species, X 20. Krom west side of Gaillard Cut near Las Cascadas (U.S.G.S. station 60197). PLATE 36. Lepidocyclina chaperi Lemoine and Douvillé. Horizontal section X 10, showing early central chambers and hexagonal chambers of the equatorial region (U.S.G.S. station 6019f). Fig. 1. PLATE 37. Lepidocyclina vaughani, new species. View of exterior of specimen X 5, with flat periphery and umbonate center, from limy sandstone half a mile south of Miraflores Station, on wagon road to Panama (station 6255). . Horizontal section of young specimen with regularly hexagonal equa- torial chambers X 20 (same locality as No. 1). . Oblique section X 20, with narrow zone of regularly hexagonal equa- torial chambers and broader zones of lateral chambers and a straight division wall (same locality as No. 1). . Specimen showing zone of equatorial chambers about peripheral por- tion, lateral chambers covering them in the center X 10. From lime- stone in cut of relocated line of Panama Railroad opposite San Pablo and about 4 miles north of Gamboa bridge (station 6673). . Portion of vertical section (slightly oblique) through the embryonic chambers, X 20 (same locality as No. 1). GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 101 PLATE 388. Lepidocyclina vaughani, new species. Specimen X 20, showing peripheral zone cut through the equatorial chambers and central portion covered by lateral chambers. From limestone in cut of re- located line of Panama Railroad opposite San Pablo and about 4 miles north of Gamboa bridge (station 6673). PLATE 39. Lepidocyclina panamensis, new species. Fie. 1. Very young specimen in vertical section consisting of embryonic cham- bers and one or two following chambers, X 20. 2-4. Vertical sections with broad embryonic chémbers and showing the rela- tion of equatorial and lateral chambers, vertical columns of lateral chambers with intermediate pillars, X 20. 5. Oblique section with zone of hexagonal equatorial chambers, X 20. 6. Section of rock with six specimens lying closely adjacent, four of these cut through the embryonic chambers, X 20. All specimens from near the mouth of Tonosi River, Panama (station 6586e). PLATE 40. Lepidocyclina macdonaldi, new species. Fic. 1. Exterior view of specimen, X 10, showing pillars appearing at the surface as raised area. 2-5. Vertical sections (slightly oblique) through the embryonic chambers, which when cut in plane at right angles to division wall show nearly equal chambers with the division wall straight or very slightly curved. Pillars evident, especially in Nos. 2 and 5. X 20. 6. Oblique section, X 20, showing zone of ‘“ lozenge-shaped ” equatorial chambers with lateral chambers on each side. The upper series showing the cut sections of pillars. All specimens from limestone 2 miles north of David, Panama (station 6523). PLATE 41. Orthophragmina minima, new species. Wig. 1. Vertical section, X 20, showing general outline and numerous very fine chambers. From white limestone in river bed above ice plant, David, Panama (U.S.G.S. station 6512). Lepidocyclina duplicata, new species. 2. Exterior view of type, X 5, showing raised center and depressed area inside the raised periphery. 3. Portions of vertical section showing great increase in width of equa- torial zone, multiplication of chambers toward the periphery, heavy pillars and wide lateral chambers. XX 20. 102 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM: 4. Portion of oblique section showing narrow zone of “ lozenge-shaped ”’ equatorial chambers, perforations of peripheral wall of outer equa- torial chambers and perforated pillars among the lateral chambers. xX 20. All specimens of ZL. duplicata from limestone, 2 miles north of David, Panama (station 6523). PLATE 42. Section of limestone from station 6523, 2 miles north of David, showing nu- merous specimens of Lepidocyclina, X 20. Left center, L. panamensis with broad embryonic chambers; lower middle L. macdonaldi with subspherical em- bryonic chambers; at right a portion of L. duplicata. PLATE 48. Sn ARE : : Heterosteginoides panamensis, new genus and new species. Fig. 1,2. External view of specimens, < 10, from limy sandstone, east side of Gaillard Cut (station 6011). 3-6. Vertical portions, X 20, showing irregular piling of lateral chambers; fig. 6 with two embryonic chambers with thick walls. Specimens from limy sandstone near southern switch, Bohio Ridge (station 6025). %, 8. Horizontal sections, < 20, from same locality at Bohio. Nummulites panamensis, new species. 9. Horizontal section, X 20, from limy sandstone near southern switch, Bohio Ridge (station 6025). 10. Vertical section from same rock specimen, X 10. Nummulites davidensis, new species. 11. Horizontal section, X 20, from white limestone in river bed above ice plant, David, Panama (station 6512). Orbitolites americana, new species. 12-14, Horizontal sections, < 10, specimens from west side of Gaillard Cut, near Las Cascadas (station 6020a). PLATE 44, Orbitolites americana, new species. Wie. 1. Horizontal section of large specimen, 10, from Gaillard Cut, near Las Cascadas (station 6019-b). 2. Horizontal section, broken, showing two layers of chambers and inside east of outer surface, < 20 (station 6020a). Prats 45. Orbitolites americana, new species. Specimen in horizontal section, X 20, showing several areas of breakage and subsequent repair, shown by the angular reéntrants of the annuli in various places. From Gaillard Cut, near Las Cascadas (station 6020a). U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 34 LARGER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 99-(00 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 35 LARGER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 100. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 36 LARGER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE J00. se ee a U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 37 LARGER FOSSILi:FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 100! f * Rae insists aecap aaa “Taeee Vibe pactosesimns \ U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 38 LARGER FossiL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE IOI BULLETIN 103 PL. 39 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM LARGER FOssiL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE |01 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM : BULLETIN 103 PL. 40 LARGER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE IOI. ye “5 5 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 41 LARGER FOssiL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES IOI, 102. PL. 42 103 BULLETIN U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM LARGER FOSSIL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. loc, FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 43 LARGER FossiL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 102. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 44 LARGER FOssiL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 102. BULLETIN 103 PL. 45 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM LARGER FossiL FORAMINIFERA FROM PANAMA. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 102. rae asi = ne) ss americana, Orbitolites ____________ eanellei, Lepidocyclina____________ chaperi, Lepidocyclina____________ davidensis, Nummulites___._-_______ duplicata, Lepidocyclina __________ Heterosteginoides _-______________ GE 1G O Cry, C] ira eye ee ae ee Chap ere een ee eee duplicata) 22s Sees macdonaldi__________ panamensis__________ vauchani See macdonaldi, Lepidocyclina_________ minima, Orthophragmina__________ Multicyclina ___ Nummulites ___ Orbitolites eS oe ee ee es ameri Orthophragmina (EY 0 pe DONA ORH DAVE), ek Ne panamensis, Heterosteginoides _____ panamensis, Lepidocyclina__-______ panamensis, Nummulites _-_______- vaughani, Lepid ocy cling ees mals zt le; eas ve pei leet era cd yi amt fc ere ee: © a ¥ Zz to e- ' = SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 103 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEON- TOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, PANAMA, AND GEOLOGICALLY RELATED AREAS IN CEN- — TRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES ‘FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE AND COSTA RICA By ROBERT TRACY JACKSON Of Peterborough, New Hampshire ~ Extract from Bulletin 103, pages 103-116, with Plates 46-52 HE “INCRE AES Ag AS SENGE ANY, BSN inseeet EAN Ven ra ea e WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 103 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEON- TOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, PANAMA, AND GEOLOGICALLY RELATED AREAS IN CEN- mRAL AMERICA,AND THE WEST INDIES FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE AND COSTA RICA By ROBERT TRACY JACKSON Of Peterborough, New Hampshire Extract from Bulletin 103, pages 103-116, with Plates 46-52 EINCRs p> oeaD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 Seas hss BRIE y ‘iy, FOSSIL ECHINI OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE AND COSTA RICA. By Rosert Tracy Jackson, Of Peterborough, New Hampshire. INTRODUCTION. The following is essentially a reprint of my paper bearing the same title published in the Proceedings of the United States National _ Museum, volume 53, pages 489-501, plates 62-68, September 24, 1917: The fossil echini of the Panama Canal Zone were submitted to me for study and description by Dr. 'T. Wayland Vaughan as part of the studies he is making in that region in connection with his investiga- tions of the geology of the Costal Plain of the United States and of the West Indies. The material contains some very interesting species, particularly in the genus H’ncope, of which there are three new forms. Some of the material is well preserved, and parts are fragmentary. A number of specimens too poorly preserved, or too tragmentary for specific determination, indicate that a more ex- tensive echinoid fauna may be found by further search. I wish to express my heartiest thanks to my friend, Dr. Hubert Lyman Clark, of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, who, with his great knowledge of Clypeastroids and Spatangoids, helped me materially in preparing this report. LIST OF SPHCIES AND THEIR GHOLOGIC OCCURRENCE. Clypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau. Upper Oligocene, Emperador lime- stone, Gaillard Cut, stations 58660, 6671. Olypeaster gatuni Jackson. Miocene,’ Gatun formation, station 5662, near Gatun Dam site; and at station 6237, north of Ancon Hill, about 4 miles south of Diablo ridge. Encope annectans Jackson.t. Miocene, Gatun formation, station 5846, Spillway, Gatun Dam. Encope platytata Jackson. Miocene, Gatun formation, station 6029a, one-quarter to one-half mile from Camp Cotton, toward Monte Lirio. 1 This formation is more appropriately referable to the lower Miocene, i. e., Burdigalian, than to the upper Oligocene.—T. W. V. 103 104 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Encope megatrema Jackson. Miocene,’ Gatun formation, station 6030, about one and one-half miles from Camp Cotton, toward Monte Lirio. Echinolampas semiorbis Guppy. Upper Oligocene, KEmperador lime- stone, Gaillard Cut, stations 58660) and 60199. Schizaster armiger W. B. Clark. Miocene(?),: Bonilla, Costa Rica. Schizaster cristatus Jackson. Miocene(?),1 Brazil, Costa Rica, sta- tion 5505. Schizaster panamensis Jackson. Miocene, Gatun formation, near Gatun, at stations 6008 and 7294. DESCRIPTION OF SPHCIES. CLYPEASTER LANCEOLATUS Cotteau. Plate 46, figs. 1, 2. Clypeaster lanceolatus, CoTTEAU, Descripcion de los Equinoides Fossiles de la Isla de Cuba, Bol. Com. del. Mapa Geologico de Hspana, vol. 22, 1897, p 39, pl. 9, figs. 1, 2, 3—JAcKson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, 1917, p. 490, pl. 62, figs. 1, 2. This species is one of the few in the series from the Panama Canal Zone that seems referable to an already published species. There are seven specimens, all in good condition of preservation and repre- senting two localities which, however, from the character of the material may be nearly associated. JI give measurements of the largest specimen of the set. Length, 95 mm.; width, 77mm.; height, 21mm. Test elongate, wider behind than in front, moderately ele- vated, deeply concave in ventral view. Ambulacral petals elevated, distally acuminate, nearly closed and pinched up as if squeezed between the thumb and finger. Anterior petal III equal in length to petals I and V and a few millimeters longer than are the anterior pair IZand IV. The anterior petal III is more widely separated from petals IT and IV than are those latter from I and V. Interporiferous areas of petals are elevated, wide, being about equal to both porif- erous areas. Interambulacra are narrow, extremely so near the apical disk. Tubercles are small and of about the same size dorsally and ventrally. Apical disk is central, mouth centr’ ., deeply sunken, periproct ventral, about four mm. Baath the poste. .or border of the test. The original material described by Cotteau is from the “ Mio- cene ” of Matanzas, Cuba, where he says it is very rare. It is appar- ently more or less common in the Canal Zone, as there are seven speci- mens from that region. 1 This formation is more appropriately referable to the lower Miocene, i. e., Burdigalian, than to the Upper Oligocene.—T. W. V. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 105 Localities and geologic occurrence.—Upper Oligocene; Emperador limestone. Upper Limestone, Las Cascadas, Panama, D. F. Mac- Donald, collector, U. S. National Museum station, No. 6671, two specimens, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324452; also Panama Canal Zone, upper Limestone bed, near Tower “ N” (opposite Las Cascadas, Gail- lard Cut) D. F. MacDonald, collector, 1911, U. S. National Museum station No. 5866 0, five specimens, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324451. CLYPEASTER GATUNI Jackson. Plate 47, fig. 1; plate 48, fig. 1. Clypeaster gatuni JACKSON, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, 1917, p. 491, pl. 63, fig. 1; pl. 64, fig. 1. This species is represented by a fine, large specimen in perfect con- dition of preservation. Two additional specimens much worn and incomplete are also referred to it. The type measures 146 mm. in length, 122 mm. in width, and 35 mm. in height. The test is elongate, moderately pentagonal in out- line, -with slight incurving of the borders in interambulacral areas 1, 2, 38, and 4. Its greatest width is across ambulacra II and IV. Ventrally the test is deeply concave, being fiat only on the border. The ambulacral petal ITI is equal in length to petals I and V and a few millimeters longer than are petals II and IV. The petals are equidistant, highly elevated, and open at their distalends. Ventrally, five deep ambulacral grooves extend to the mouth. Interambu- lacra are broad on the border of the test, narrowing up dorsally and very narrow near the apical disk. Wach of the interambulacra between the petals are strongly elevated as if pinched up. The apical disk is slightly anterior to the middle of the test and is very small. The mouth is central, deeply sunken. The periproct is ventral, slightly elliptical, its posterior border 5 mm. from’ the posterior limits of the test. Tubercles are small, covering the dorsal surface of the test, ventrally the same, but slightly larger. Clypeaster gatunvapproaches nearest, perhaps, to C’. bowerst Weaver, but differs in the shape of the test, the deeply concave base, the shape and proportionate size of the petals and interambulacra dor- sally, aud the fact that the periproct is ventral instead of terminal. Locality and geologic occurrence.—Gatun formation, Miocene. Panama Canal 2 ne, near Gatun Dam site, D. F. MacDonald, col- lector, 1911, holotype, U. S. National Museum, station No. 5662, one specimen. Limestone in swamp, north of Ancon Hill, about 4 miles south of Diablo Ridge in the upper Oligocene Emperador limestone, U. S. National Museum, station No. 6237, two specimens. Holotype.—Cat. No. 324453, U.S.N.M. This species is present on both the Atlantic and Pacific sides of the Isthmus. 106 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ENCOPE ANNECTANS Jackson. Plate 49, figs. 1, 2; plate 50, fig. 1. Hncope annectans JACKSON, Proc. 'U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, 1917, p. 491, text: fig. 1; pl. 65, figs. 1, 2; pl. 66, fis. 1. This interesting species is represented by three specimens which include two tests free from matrix and more or less complete, and a sandstone mould of the exterior of the ventral side of a specimen. which is the largest of the three. LK \ & DM i oo 9% ¢ S YZ ail vn, © ii a | | . : My 28 ‘Ss I, =.= \ a Wy, mah. Lost | a ai nN HHA Wy, A o”” f G ~ weccce” — s . —s 2 sr = ov” _ — A ~> ed Fic. 1.—HNCOPE ANNECTANS. DRAWING OF THE TYPE-SPECIMEN, NATURAL SIZE. RESTORDD PARTS ARE INDICATED BY DOTTED LINES. In shape, the specimens are thin, flattened, and nearly circular in outline, excepting for the reéntrant marginal ambulacral notches. The edges are thin, exceptionally so for the genus, and the whole test superficially is scutelliform. In the anterior ambulacrum III there is a shallow rounded notch, and in the lateral ambulacra are deeper and narrower notches, the deepest being in the posterior pair of ambulacra, 1V and V. The apical disk is central. The peristome is small and also central. Continuing posteriorly from the peri- stome on the ventral side is a quite deep groove, and on the dorsal side is a shorter and shallower groove. These grooves do not form a hole through the test, but represent the incipient beginnings of the GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 107 lunule which is characteristic in H’ncope of the posterior interambula- crum 5. This is most interesting and is discussed later at length. . The type-specimen measures 86 mm. in length, 89 mm. in width, and 8 mm. in height. The highest point is distinctly anterior to the middle of the test. The specimen represented by a mould of the ventral side is somewhat larger than the type. It measures about © 93 mm. in length by about 96 mm. in width. In the type, the ambulacral petals are broad, about equal in length in the several! areas, the posterior pair extending back to a line with the anterior limit of the lunule in interambulacrum 5. Ventrally, the ambulacral furrows are deep, slightly curved outward from the median line of each ambulacrum, forking near the border of the test, each furrow giving oft a forked branch at nearly aright angle to the main furrow. The apical disk is central, but details are obscured owing to local imperfections in both specimens showing the dorsal side. Interambulacral areas are narrow in the petaloid areas, wide ‘near the margin of the test. The whole dorsal surface of the test is covered with small tubercles; on the ventral side of the test the tubercles are somewhat larger, but they are reduced im size or want- ing along the lines of the ambulacral furrows. The mouth is small and central in position. The periproct is small, oval in outline, and situated at nearly one-third the distance from the mouth to posterior border of the test. The lunule of interambulacrum 5 is the remarkable and most in- teresting feature of this species. Ventrally, it consists of an im- pressed area 15 mm. long by 2 mm. wide, extending to and being confluent with the opening of the periproct. Dorsally, the lunule also consists of an impressed area lying above the middle of the ven- tral lunular depression and measuring 10 mm. in length by 2 mm. in width. This is the only species in the genus recorded in which the lunule fails to make an opening through the test. Structually, it is most interesting, as it closely resembles the condition in a young specimen of Mellita sewiesperforata (Leske) from the west coast of Florida, 80 fathoms, No. 2900, Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. This young Mellita, which measures 9 mm. in length, has no notches or lunules as yet developed in the ambulacral areas, but in interam- bulacrum 5, as viewed ventrally, there is a distinct impressed area - marking the initial beginnings of a lunule as in our specimen of adult Eneope annectans. It should be stated that this specimen of Mellita is probably exceptional in holding this youthful character so late, as in a small series of younger specimens of J/. sextesperforata measur- ing from 4 to 7 mm. in length, all have a perforate lunule in interam- bulacrum 5. This latter set is from Salt Key, Bahamas,*No. 2489, Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. As pointed out by Mr. Agassiz (Revision of the Kchini, pp. 320-324) in Mellita sexiesperforata, the 8370°—18—Bull. 103 8 108 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ambulacral and interambulacral lunules develop by resorption through _ the test, whereas in the other species of Mellita, as far as known, the ambulacral lunules are developed by the inclusion of marginal notches and the interambulacral lunule alone is formed by invagina- tion through the test. Lncope annectans is primitive like the other fossil species of Encope in that the ambulacral notches are not inclosed to form lunules but are still shallow and open. It is undoubtedly the most primitive of the genus in that the lunule in interambulacrum 5 is still imper- forate. It makes an approach to the Recent EH'ncope michelint Agassiz of the Gulf of Mexico and /. grandis Agassiz of the Gulf of California which are the only living species characterized by open marginal notchess On the other hand, /. annectans resembles H'n- cope micropora Agassiz of the West Coast in the form of the test and the position of the interambulacral lunule. Locality and geologic occurrence.—Gatun formation, Miocene, Panama Canal Zone, Spillway at Gatun Dam site, D. F. MacDonald, collector, U.S. National Museum station No. 5846, three specimens. Type.—Cat. No. 324454, U.S.N.M. Paratype.—Cat. No. 324466, U.S.N.M. ENCOPE PLATYTATA Jackson. Plate 51, figs. 1, 2. Hneope platytaia JACKSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, 1917, p. 494, text fig. 2.3 ply Gq, mes! 2: There is only a single specimen representing this species, and while it is imperfect, it yet has the essential parts preserved that are necessary for a description. As in the last described species, Z. an- nectans, this species, /’. platytata, is thin, flattened, and if complete, apparently would be nearly circular in outline excepting for the am- bulacral notches. If complete, the specimen would measure as esti- mated about 100 mm. in length and 100 mm. in width. The greatest height of the test is in the apical region, where it measures 10 mm. As the ventral side of the test is somewhat concave instead of being flat, the thickness of the test at the center, as measured by calipers, is somewhat less than the height and measures only 8 mm. The anterior ambulacral notch of area III is very shallow and rounded. The notches of the lateral anterior ambulacra II and IV are also rounded but deeper than the notch of area III. Presumably the notches of the posterior ambulacra I and V, if preserved, would be similar but somewhat deeper, as this is the usual character in associated species. The lunule in interambulacrum 5 is small, but passes directly through the test instead of being imperforate as in Encope annectans. This lunule is only preserved for the anterior part of its extent as shown in the figures. The mouth is small and GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 109 central in position, the periproct is elongate oval, its anterior border is 18 mm. posterior to the border of the mouth opening. Poste- riorly the periproct is confluent with the infclded depression of the interambulacral lunule. The ambulacral petals are rather narrow in this specimen, measur ing 13 mm. in width. The odd anterior ambulacral petal is longer than the others, and measures 36 mm. in length, whereas the pos- terior petals of the trivium measure 28 mm. in length. The petals of the bivium, or I and V, are longer than the posterior pair of the —— Yy Ml S ZZ. i SS Z2 g S 2 : SS r 2 Ve il im 0) oe i AN, Nh “il “caren MM ~~ i 7 il “4 ae Kor Fig. 2.—ENCOPE PLATYTATA. DRAWING OF THE TYPH-SPECIMEN, NATURAL SIzn. RwsTora- TIONS ARE INDICATED BY DOTTED LINES. trivium, but as they are incomplete posteriorly, a measurement can not be given. On the ventral side, the ambulacral furrows are strongly marked and each gives off a few weakly impressed branches. The apical disk is quite well preserved, shows clearly the ocular pores and four of the five genital pores, which are a characteristic feature of Hncope. The only genital pore wanting is that oecurring in area 1, which is destroyed by a local fracture of the test. Minute tubercles cover the dorsal side of the test. Ventrally the tubercles are larger except near the ambulacral furrows where they are minute. 110 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Encope platyiata is a near ally of E'ncope tenuis Kew' of the Miocene of California, but differs from that species in that the great- est height of the test is central, and the periproct is confluent with the lunule. Locality and geologic occurrence-—Gatun formation, Miocene, Panama Canal Zone, from lowest horizon in big cut, one-fourth to one-half mile beyond Camp Cotton toward Monte Lirio, D. F. Mac- Donald and T. W. Vaughan, collectors, 1911, U. S. National Museum station No. 6029a, one specimen. Type.—Cat. No. 324455, U.S.N.M. ENCOPE MEGATREMA Jackson. Plate 52, fig. 1. Hncope megatrema Jackson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, 1917, p. 496, text figs. 3, 4; pl. 68, fig. 1. This species is represented by one fairly good test with its counter- part, and in addition some 12 fragments which yield helpful facts on close study. From the incompleteness, measurements and some details will have to be given in general terms or omitted. Asa whole, the test is low, elongated, thin on the borders and with shallow ambulacral notches and an enormous lunule in interambulacrum 5. From the best specimen, which is figured, the length probably was about 120 mm. and the width about 106 mm.; thickness of the test at its center is 10 mm. Ambulacral notches are shallow and quite wide in areas If and V, indicating that this is the character in the two posterior ambulacra I and V and also in the paired anterior am- bulacra [Land IV. This evidence is supported by several of the frag- ments which show shallow lobes like the type, but it can not be definitely stated which areas they represent. The notch of the ante- rior odd ambulacrum IIT is not known, but it was probably shallower than the others, as is characteristic of species of the genus. The most striking feature of this species is the lunule in interambulacrum 5, which is enormous. It is situated about midway between the apical disk and posterior limits of the test, and is roughly triangular in shape, the apex of the triangle pointing anteriorly. It measures at the surface of the opening 27 mm. in length and 27 mm. in width at the widest part posteriorly. The walls of the lunule slope outward from the center, as seen looking from above, as is well shown in two of the fragmentary specimens. From this sloping character of the walls, it results that the width of the lunule would be greater by about 6 to 10 millimeters on the ventral side than it is on the dorsal. The height of the wall of the lunule is 12 mm., which is doubtless the highest point of the test. The lunule in this species is, relatively to the size of the specimens, the largest known in any species of the Kew, W. 8S. W. Tertiary echinoids of the Carrizo Creek Region in the Colorado Desert. University of California Bull., Dept. Geology, vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 39-60, pls. 1-3, 1914. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. GIL genus, fossil or living. It is striking that this great size of the lunule, a progressive character, should be associated with small and shallow ambulacral notches which, for the genus, is a relatively primitive character. - The ambulacral petals are beautifully distinct and well preserved for part of their extent in the type and one other specimen. The poor teores watt tesese Sm, (ini. w oe . —S Oli, > Uy wyyonnnienMe” ae y NY = —ss Ne NS se ‘ 4 UPpyesecens\ il “i ly Mi »} 4 \ . (a aN : js My iste oo : e ee Se a ° fat Sales ; ° ities einen e ig) WA mi ’ os ov? ems -- oo eae Pic. 3—a, HNCOPH MNGATREMA. HOLOTYPE, NATURAL SIZE. THE AREA SHOWING PART OF AMBULACRUM II IS DRAWN FROM A FRAGMENT. RESTORATIONS ARE INDICATED BY DOTTED LINES. 6, SECTION OF LUNULE TO SHOW THE INCLINED FACES, DRAWN FROM TWO FRAGMENTS, posterior pair, I and V, are long and narrow with a relatively wide poriferous area and narrow median interporiferous area. The width of the petal of ambulacrum V is 11 mm. and its length is 50 mm. It extends posteriorly in a wide curve around the lunule of interambu- lacrum 5 and reaches a line coincident with the posterior end of the 112 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. lunule. It also extends to within 5.5 of the ambulacral notch of the area in which it lies. Ambulacrum ITV is much shorter than ambula- crum V, measuring 30 mm. in length and 12 mm. in width at its widest part. This ambulacrum extends to within 3.5 mm. of its marginal notch. The features of the ambulacra V and IV, as de- scribed, indicate the character of ambulacra I and II, which are only preserved in part in the holotype, though one of the fragments has ambulacrum IJ quite perfectly preserved. Ambulacrum III is repre- sented only in part (for a length of 25 mm.) by the left side of its pealeid area; it probably had about the length and width of the petal of ambulacrum TV, as in the allied species A’ncope macrophora Ravenel. Ambulacral firene on the ventral side are deep, strongly marked, with some forking near the periphery of the test. The inter- ambulacra are very wide, not narrowing markedly near the apical disk. Minute tubercles cover the dorsal surface of the test, and ven- trally the tubercles are larger excepting on the lines of ambulacral furrows, where they are minute or wanting. Details of the apical disk, peristome and periproct are entirely wanting. This species does not make a close approach to any other known species, but its nearest ally is Encope macrophora Ravenel from the upper Miocene of South Carolina and the Pliocene,of Florida.* Locality and geologie occurrence—Gatun formation, Miocene, Panama Canal Zone. From 85-foot cut north side of big swamp on relocated line, Panama R. R., about one and one-half to two miles beyond Camp Cotton, toward Monte Lirio, D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan, collectors, 1911. Fourteen specimens, including fragments, U. National Museum station No. 6030. Type es Vo. 824456, U.S.N.M. ECHINGLAMPAS SEMIORBIS Guppy. Echinolampas semiorbis Guppy, Gn Tertiary Echinoderms from the West Indies, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 22, 1866, p. 299, pl. 19, fig. 7—CorrEaAu, Echinides Tertiares des Iles St. Barthélemy et An- guilla, Kongl. Svensk. Wetenskaps. Akad, vol. 18, 1875, p. 24, pl. 5, figs. 1-2; pl. 6, fig. 1—Jackson, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, 1917, p. 498. This species is abundant in the Oligocene Tertiary of the West Indies, material from Anguilla having been described by Guppy, and Cotteau erroneously records it from St. Bartholomew. Dr. T. Way- land Vaughan in 1914 collected abundant, fine specimens in the Island of Anguilla. From the Panama Canal Zone a number of specimens were col- lected from a hard gray limestone. The specimens are for the most pee auroral and in very good condition of BESO i. One 1 Clark, William Poeee and Twitchell, Rreeeine W. Macnee and aeons HKchino- dermata of the United States. Monograph, U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 54, 1915, p. 206, pl. 93, figs. 2a—e; pl. 94, figs. la—f. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 113 of the largest specimens measures 107 mm. in length, 103 mm. in width, and 53 mm. in height. Locality and geologic occurrence.—Upper Oligocene. Emperador limestone, Panama Canal Zone. Upper Limestone bed near Tower “N” (opposite Las Cascadas, Gaillard cut), D. F. MacDonald, col- lector, 1911, U. S. National Museum station No. 58660, one specimen, U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324457. Also Panama Canal Zone, from 5th or topmost limestone, Gaillard cut, opposite Las Cascadas, U. S. National Museum station No. 60199, D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan, collectors, 1911, 4 specimens. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324458, SCHIZASTER ARMIGER W. B. Clark. Schizuster armiger CLARK and TWITCHELL, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Hehino- dermata of the United States, Monograph U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 54, 1915, p. 152, pl. 70, figs. la-d.—JacKson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 538, 1917, p. 498. In this species the test is rather large, cordiform; upper surface slopes at first rapidly, then more slowly from the anterior margin to the apical system beyond which an elevated sharp ridge continues to the truncated posterior margin. Length, 59 mm.; width, 50 mm.; height, 25 mm. The ambulacra are broad and the odd anterior ambulacral petal IIT is situated in a deep groove that indents the anterior margin. The two lateral anterior ambulacra If and IV are in deep, broad grooves, with petals 18 mm. long. The posterior ambulacra I and V, similar but shorter, are 9 mm. long. Peripetalous fasciole is broad and distinct. Interambulacra gibbous, the posterior No. 5 being built up into an elevated keel. The peristome is indis- tinct in our specimen, but as shown in W. B. Clark’s excellent figures, is wide and near the anterior margin. The periproct is high on the truncated posterior end. . The type material described by Clark is ascribed to the upper (Jackson) Eocene of Choctaw County, Alabama. Locality and geologic occurrence.—Miocene(?),1 Bonilla, Costa Rica, Hill collection, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 185214, one specimen. SCHIZASTER CRISTATUS Jackson. Plate 52, figs. 2-4. Schizaster cristatus JAcKSoN, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, 1917, p. 499, pl. 68, figs. 2-4. The material of this species consists of two internal moulds; as the plates are entirely wanting, of course external characters can not be given. The more perfect of the two specimens measures 40 mm. in length, 36 mm. in width, and 22 mm. in height. Test is moderate 1 According to Hill and Dall the rocks exposed at this locality are of the same age as those at Gatun, Canal Zone. For a further discussion see the last chapter (by Vaughan) in this volume. 114 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. sized, cordiform, sloping gradually from the anterior border up to the median crest, the widest portion being through the middle of the test. The most striking feature of this species is the median keel-like crest that rises sharply from the summit of interambulacrum 5 at the pos- terior border of the test. « The petal of ambulacrum IIT is sunken in a deep, wide groove, ex- tending to the anterior border of the test and measuring 23 mm. in length. The petals of the lateral anterior ambulacra [I and IV are in deep grooves measuring 13 mm. in length and having about 22 plates in each half ambulacrum, as is indicated by the casts of the pores. The petals of the posterior ambulacra I and V are widely divergent from the anterior pair, nearly parallel and directed back- ward in deep, sunken grooves. The grooves are 7 mm. long, and there are about 14 plates in each half ambulacrum at this point, as indicated by casts of the pores. The periproct is situated on the posterior face and coincides with the base of the crest in interam- bulacrum 5. The peristome is wide and situated far forward, the tip which almost closes the mouth being 10 mm. from the anterior border of the test. Locality and geologic occurrence.—Miocene(?), Brazil, Costa Rica, A. Alfaro, collector, U. 5. National Museum station No. 5505, two specimens. Type—Cat. No. 324460, U.S.N.M. SCHIZASTER PANAMENSIS Jackson. Plate 50, figs. 2-3. Schizaster panamensis JACKSON, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, 1917, p. 500, pl. 66, figs. 2, 3. The material consists of an internal mould free from matrix, and three specimens more or less complete, embedded in porous, dark- colored volcanic tuff which also bears some fragments of hegnite. The specimen, free from matrix, is the most completely preserved, although somewhat compressed dorso-ventrally, and is selected as the type. The specimen measures 48 mm. in length, 40 mm. in width, and 25 mm. in height. The petals of the ambulacra are situated in broad, deep furrows. The anterior petal JI] extends to the anterior limit of the test and measures 23 mm, in length. The paired anterior ambulacra II and IV are in grooves 13 mm. long and diverge widely from the anterior petal. The posterior petals I and V are shorter than the anterior pair, measuring 5 mm. in length, and are directed almost straight backward. The position of the periproct is not clearly indicated on the mould, but apparently it is near the upper part of the posterior face. The peristome is wide and rounded, and is situated 16 mm. from the anterior border of the test. The peri- GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 115 petalous fasciole is quite wide and is fairly well shown in areas IT and IV on the type-specimen and still better in one of the fragments, which is a counterpart of the dorsal side of the same. One of the specimens, which is an external mould, shows the im- press of the outline of the plates of part of a test, and gives measure- ments of considerable interest. It measures about 50 mm. in length, about 45 mm. in width, and about 38 mm. in height. From incom- pleteness of the specimen no exact measurements can be given, yet those available indicate a very high test. Locality and geologic occurrence—Gatun formation, Miocene, Panama Canal Zone. Second cut, south of Gatun R. R. Station, Goldman Coll., U. S. National Museum station No. 7294, four speci- mens. Holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324461. Another speci- men, imperfect and much worn, with a very high test, and appar- ently referable to this species, is from Panama Canal Zone, Gatun, section A, from middle of Bed “ HE,” D. F. MacDonald, collector, U. S. National Museum station No. 6008, one specimen. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324462. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. PLATE 46. Wie. 1. Clypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau, dorsal view, natural size. The dark spot in interambulacrum 5 is a yellow iabel that took black in the photograph.: U.S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 324451, Station 58660. 2. Another specimen of the same, ventral view, natural size, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324451, Station 5866D. PLate 47. ‘Fie. 1. Clypeaster gatuni Jackson, dorsal view. Holotype, slightly reduced, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324453, Station 5662. PLATE 48. Fie. 1. Clypeaster gatuni Jackson, ventral view; same specimen as Plate 47. Holotype, slightly reduced, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324452, Station 5662. PLATE 49. Wie. 1. Hncope annecians Jackson, dorsal view, natural size. Holotype, U. S. } Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324454, Station 5846. 2. The same, ventral view. PLATE 50. Fie. 1. Hncope annectans Jackson, another specimen, external mould of ven- tral side seen from above. Natural size, Paratype, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324466, Station 5846. 2. Schizaster panamensis Jackson, dorsal view, natural size. Holotype, U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324461, Station 7294. 3. The same, ventral view. The dark spot in interambulacrum 5 is a yel- low ticket that took black in the photograph. 116 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PLATE 51. Wie. 1. Hneope platyiata Jackson, dorsal view, natural size. Holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324455, Station 6029a. 2. The same, ventral view. The dark spot in interambulacrum 4 of fig. 1 and in interambulacrum 2 of fig. 2 are yellow tickets that took black in the photographs. PLATE 52. 1g. 1. Hncope megatrema Jackson, dorsal view, natural size. Holotype, natu- ral size, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324456, Station 6030. 2. Schizaster cristatus Jackson, dorsal view, natural size. Holotype, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 324460, Station 5505. 3. The same, ventral view. 4. The same, side view. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 46 DORSAL (I) AND VENTRAL VIEWS (2) OF CLYPEASTER LANCEOLATUS. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I15 dean ya oe Te 2 as i a ine C a ne oe aR % aS 10 Nae Rea ES es) ant cp as Re U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 47 DORSAL VIEW OF CLYPEASTER GATUNI. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE II5- ae ee) Me ; U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 48 VENTRAL VIEW OF CLYPEASTER GATUNI. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I15. MiP U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 49 DORSAL (I) AND VENTRAL VIEWS (2) OF ENCOPE ANNECTANS. FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I[15. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 50 |. MOULD OF VENTRAL SIDE OF ENCOPE ANNECTANS SEEN FROM ABOVE, (2) DORSAL, AND (3) VENTRAL VIEWS OF SCHIZASTER PANAMENSIS. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 1[16, ane U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 51 DORSAL VIEW (1) AND VENTRAL VIEW (2) OF ENCOPE PLATYTATA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I16, Yael hea U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 52 , AND SIDE (4) |. DORSAL VIEW OF ENCOPE MEGATREMA. DORSAL (2), VENTRAL (3 VIEWS OF SCHIZASTER CRISTATUS. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I[16. see mil ay ii : INDEX. Page. annectans, Encope______________ 103, 106 armiger, Schizaster —- 202222 22222 104, 113 bowersi, Clypeaster___.___________= 105 Clypeaster bowersi _-___-_________ 105 atu een eke 103, 105 lanceolatus __________ 108, 104 Cristatusischizaster. 222] 2a2 oes 104, 113 Hehinolampas semiorbis _________ 104, 112 Encope annectans _____._-______ 103, 106 fsrt 3 0 UGS) eo aa ce 108 MACLEOD OL a es ee 112 THAYER REN er eh nase ee 104, 110 TU OUI Oey Ur a a 108 THAUIEOVO ONY ey Ce a 108 platytatat os eee 103, 108 ETN UUD S ps ee aS Y ane 110 O Page. gatuni, Clypeaster______________ 1038, 105 ELANGISH MN COp Sie weae ele ane 108 lanceolatus, Clypeaster__________ 103, 104 macrophora, Hncope _----_-__--__-_ 112 megatrema, Hncope —___--________ 104, 110 Mellita sexiesperforata____________ 107 michelini, Hncope _-_-_-_______-___ 108 micropora; Hncopess_ eels eee 108 panamensis, Schizaster__________ 104, 114 platytata, Hncopes 222 ease 103, 108 Schizaster armiger______________ 104, 113 cristatusts So. een 104, 113 panamensis ~-____-___ 104, 114 semiorbis, Hchinolampas_________ 104, 112 sexiesperforata, Mellita _-__________ 107 tenuis; ;Wncopes2 22 ees 110 in f f Vir i gt %) ti) Swat Naas Sas SU ; ve SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION _ UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM _ Bulletin 103 _ CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEON- - TOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, PANAMA, AND GEOLOGICALLY RELATED AREAS IN CEN- TRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES BRYOZOA OF THE CANAL ZONE AND RELATED AREAS By FERDINAND CANU Of Versaalles, France - AND RAY S. BASSLER Of Washington, District of Columbia Extract from Bulletin 103, pages 117-122, with Plate 53 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 = -eye as SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 103 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEON- TOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, PANAMA, AND GEOLOGICALLY RELATED AREAS IN CEN- TRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES BRYOZOA OF THE CANAL ZONE AND RELATED AREAS By FERDINAND CANU Of Versailles, France AND RAY S. BASSLER Of Washington, District of Columbia Extract from Bulletin 103, pages 117-122, with Plate 53 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 BRYOZOA OF THE CANAL ZONE AND RELATED AREAS. By Ferrpinanp Canu Of Versailles, France AND Ray 8S. Bassier Of Washington, District of Columbia. The following pages contain the descriptions of the few bryozoa that have so far been found in the rocks, of the Canal Zone and related areas. These bryozoa consist of two species from the Em- perador limestone of the Canal Zone collected by Messrs. T. Way- land Vaughan and D. F. MacDonald and three species from the Miocene of Costa Rica collected by D. F. MacDonald. The list of species described is as follows: Ogivalina mutabilis, new species, Emperador limestone, Panama Canal Zone. Holoporella albirostris (Smitt), Emperador limestone, Panama Canal Zone. Cupularia umbellata Defrance, Miocene, Costa Rica. Cupularia canariensis Busk, Miocene, Costa Rica. Stichoporina tuberosa, new species, Miocene, Costa Rica. Order CHEILOSTOMATA. Group MEMBRANIPORAE. Genus OGIVALINA Canu and Bassler. OGIVALINA MUTABILIS, new species. Plate 58, fig. 1. The zoarium is incrusting. The zoccia are elongated, oval, dis- tinct, separated by a deep furrow; the mural rim is thin, smooth, rounded; there is often a small gymnocyst. The opesium is very large, irregular, more often oval. The ovicell is endozoecial, small, 8870d—18 117 118 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. little convex. Sometimes there is a small interzoccial fusiform avicularium (?). ho=0.60-0.70 mm lo=0.30-0.45 mm Fi ) [Bight 5—0.95 mm (z2=0.50-9.70 mm The great irregularity of form and zocecial dimensions of this species justifies its name. There are some variations which recall those of Membranipora irregularis Manzoni, 18751 which possesses a mural rim enlarged at the base and also some large interzoccial avicularia. The present species differs from the splendid Ogivalina eximipora Canu and Bassler from the Middle Jacksonian of North and South Carolina in its smaller dimensions, in the absence of cryptocyst, and in the presence of a eyo The avicularium (?) is identical im form and position. at} Occurrence-—Emperador limestone, old) quarry, one-third mile north of west of Empire, Panama Canal Zone. D. F.: MacDonald and T. Wayland Vaughan; collectors, 1914, Station No. 6016. “Southwest side Crocus’ Bay Hill, Weems Leeward Islands. T. Wayland Vaughan, collector, 1914, Loc. No. 6893. Holotype.—Cat. No. 65039, U.S.N.M. M easurements.—Opesium Family OPESIULIDAE Jullien. Genus CUPULARIA Lamouroux. CUPULARIA UMBELLATA Defrance, 1823. Plate 53, figs. 2-4. 1908. Cupularia umbellata Canu, Iconographie des Bryozoaires fossiles. de l’Argentine, Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, vol. 17, p. 275, pl. 5, figs. 4, 5. — (See for complete bibliography. ) 1909. Cupularia umbellata Canu, Bryozoaires fossiles du Sud-Ouest de la France, Bulletin de la’ Société Geologique dé France ser. 4, vol. 9, pp. 448, 454, pl. 16, figs. 16, 17. (Regional bibliography. ) 1909. Cupularia lowei NORMAN,.On the Polyzoa of. Madeira, Journ. Lin- nean Soc., vol. 30, p. 290, pi. 37, figs. 7-12. 1913. Cupularia umbellata Canu, Etude comparée.des Bryozoaires Hel- vetiens de l’Kgypte avec les Bryozoaires vivants de la Mediterranée et de la Mer Rouge, Mem. a,Vinstitut Hgyptien, vol. 6, fase. 3, p. 205. 1913. Cupularia Sy CANv, Cont. a etude des Bryozoaires fossiles, pt. 5, p. 125; pt..7, p. 126; pt. 12, p. 127; Bulletin Soc. Geol. France (IV, XTIT). 1914. Cupularia lowei Ospurn, The Bryozoa of. the, Tortugas. Islands, Florida. Publication No. 182, of the Carnegie Institution of Washine- ton, p. 194. oa 1 Briozoi del pliocene antico di Castrocaro, Bologna, 1875, p. 10, pl. 1, figs. 5, 8. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 119 The fossils which are identified as above are rather well preserved and their determination is easy. The pores of the hydrostatic zoccia are not radicular. We are ignorant as to why Norman, who is a ereat lover of archaic names, has not preserved the name of Defrance. The figures published by this author and by d’Orbigny are excellent and leave no doubt as to the identity of the two species. Occurrence.—Miocene, Banana River, Costa Rica. D: F. Mac- Donald, collector, 1911. Bowden marl, Bowden, Jamaica. This species is almost always associated with C. canariensis Busk. Like the latter, it commences in the Alum Bluff formation and con- tinues in the higher Miocene and Pliocene deposits of the United States. Geological distribution —Aquitanian of Italy (Seguenza, Nevi- ani), of Bordeaux (Canu). Burdigalian of Italy (Seguenza, Canu), of Bordeaux (Canu). Helvetian of Italy (Seguenza), of Touraine ‘(Canu), of Bordeaux (Canu), of Maryland (Ulrich), of Egypt (Canu). Tortonian of Provence (Canu), of Italy (Seguenza). Plaisancian of England (Busk), of Italy (Manzoni). Astian of Italy (Neviani, Canu), of Provence (Canu). Sicilian of Italy (Neviani). Quaternary of Italy (Seguenza), of England (Canu). Habitat—Mediterranean. Atlantic to the Canary Islands, and Florida. It is common in the Gulf of Gascony in the Miocene; it has now disappeared from it. _ It has been dredged at a depth of 11 to 48 meters in America and from 81 to 113 meters in Madeira. CUPULARIA CANARIENSIS Busk. Plate 53, figs. 5+7. 1908. Cupularia’ canariensis CXANU, Iconographie des Bryozoaires fossiles de VArgentine, Anales del Musee Nacional de Buenos Aires, vol. 17 (ser. 3, vol. 10). pt. 1, p. 275, pl.5, figs. 8,.9,.10.. (See for complete bibliography.) 1909. Cupularia guineensis NORMAN, The Polyzoa of Madeira and neighbor- ing islands, Linnean Scciety’s Journal, Zool., vol. 30 (July), p. 289, pl. 37, figs. 2-6. 1914. Cupularia guineensis Ospurn, The Bryozoa of the Tortugas Islands. Florida, Publication No. 182, of the Carnegie Institute of Washington, p. 194. The beautiful figure published by Busk in 1859, has led all paleon- tologists to use the specific term canardensis, especially since the same author distinguished this species from Cupularia guineensis Busk, 1854. For a half century, it was therefore employed by Busk, Waters, Manzoni, Van den. Brock, Neviani, Seguenza, De Angelis, and Canu. Now it appears established that. Busk’s two species are identical (Norman, Osburn)... We do not believe it necessary to change the 120 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. names of these species as the latter authors have done since the author of each is the same. A simple question of date ought not alter all the literature of this species which although it has never been entirely published is nevertheless quite important. Our American specimens are well preserved. Occurrence-—Miocene, Banana River, Costa Rica. D. F. MacDon- ald, collector, 1911. Bowden marl at Bowden, Jamaica. The earliest occurrence of this species in the United States is in the Alum Bluff formation, but it is found also at many other horizons of the Miocene and Pliocene. Geological distribution—Burdigalian of Bordeaux (Collection Canu). Helvetian of France (Canu) of Spain (De Angelis). Tor- tonian of Austria-Hungary (Reuss), of Italy (Seguenza). Plais- ancian of Italy (Manzoni), of England (Busk), of Spain (De An- gelis), of Algeria (Canu). Astian of Italy (Neviani, Canu). Sicil- ian of Rhodes (Manzoni), of Italy (Neviani). Quaternary of Italy (Neviani), of Argentina (Canu). Miocene of Australia? (Waters). Family CELLEPORIDAE Busk. Genus HOLOPORELLA Waters. HOLOPORELLA ALBIROSTRIS (Smitt). Plate 538, fig. 8. 1873. Discopora albirostris Smirt, Floridan Bryozoa, pt. 2, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, vol. 11, No. 4, p. 70, pl. 12, figs. 233-239. 1889. Cellepora albirestris JELLY, A Synonymic Catalogue of the Recent Marine Bryozoa, p. 45. (See for complete bibliography.) 1914. Holoporella albirostris Ospurn, Bryozoa of Tortugas Islands, Pub. 182, Carnegie Institution, p. 215. Of the two specimens of this species which have been collected at Panama and at Anguilla one corresponds to Smitt’s figure 237 and the other to figure 238. Occurrence.—Rare in the Emperador limestone at the old quarry one-third mile north of west of Empire, Panama Canal Zone, D. F. MacDonald and T. Wayland Vaughan, collectors, 1911 (Station No. 6106). Also rare along the southwest side of Crocus Bay, An- guilla, Leeward Islands, Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan, collector, 1914, Loc. No. 6894. Geological distribution—Miocene of Australia and New Zealand (Waters). Habitat. Atlantic off Florida. Pacific off Australia. Specimens have been dredged off Australia to a depth of 121 meters. Smitt in Florida has discovered them between 40 and 56 meters, but Osburn states that it abounds at a depth of 24 meters. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 121 Family CONESCHARELLINIDAE Levinsen. Genus STICHOPORINA Stoliczka. STICHOPORINA TUBEROSA, new species. Plate 53, figs. 9-12. The zoarium is free, conical, hollow with very thick walls. The peristome is salient, ornamented with small tuberosities; it bears one or two small elliptical avicularia with bar or denticles. The ovicell is large, somewhat salient, convex; it is hyperstomial and always closed by the operculum. On the lower face, there are large pores surrounded by very small ones. ha=0.15 mm. la=0.09 mm. This is a very elegant species characterized by its peristomial tuber- osities. The ancestrula is visible only in the interior of the zoarium ; it is covered exteriorly by the first zocecia. All the zoccia are sepa- rated from each other by small canals which appear to end in the large, inferior pores. This species must not be confounded with Mamillopora cupula Smitt, 1872. It differs from it in its ovicell which is not bilobate and in its ovarian zocecia which are not larger than the others. Occurrence.—Miocene, Banana River, Costa Rica, D. F. McDonald, collector, 1911. Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65040, U.S.N.M. Measurements.—Apertura EXPLANATION OF PLATE 53. Ogivalina mutabilis, new species. Fig. 1. The type-specimen, < 20, with large irregular opesia, small ovicell, small gymnocyst and one zoecium with a fusiform avicularium. Emperador limestone, Crocus Bay Hill, Anguilla. Cupularia umbellata Defrance. Fic. 2. Two zoaria, natural size. 3. Celluliferous convex surface, X 206. 4. Concave surface, X 20. Miocene, Banana River, Costa Rica. Cupularia canariensis Busk. Hie. 5. Two zoaria, natural size. 6. Celluliferous convex surface, 20. 7. Coneave surface, X 20. Miocene, Banana River, Costa Rica. 122 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Holoporella albirostris (Smitt). Wie. 8. Several zocecia much enlarged (after Smitt). Recent, Gulf of Mexico. Stichoporina tuberosa, new species. Hie. 9. Two zoaria, natural size. 10, 11. Two views X 20, of the convex, celluliferous side. 12.. Photograph of the concave side, xX 20. Miocene, Banana River, Costa Riea. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PL. 53° BRYOZOA OF THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE AND RELATED AREAS. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 12], 122. [Synonyms are INDEX. Page. albirostris, Cellepora _-_-__--__-__ 120 IDG OY XO eS 120 albirostris, Holoporella _____ 117, 120, 122 canariensis, Cupularia ______ 117, 119, 121 Cellepora. albirostris______________ 120 Cupularia canariensis ______ 117, 119, 121 Cupularia guineensis ___-_________ 119 COR Creel eS as Be 118 117, 118, 121 in italics. ] Page. Discopora albirostris _____________ 120 guineensis, Cupularia__--~__~__ 119 Holoporella albirostris______ 117, 120, 122 LOW CU OUD UL 1) ee AE NEE SANS 118 mutabilis, Ogivalina ____________ 117; 120 Ogivalina mutabilis!) ---------_—_ 117, 121 Stichoporina tuberosa -____~_ 117, 121, 122 tuberosa, Stichoporina______ 117, 121, 122 umbellata, Cupularia _______ 117, 118, 121 [ O ie ae SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 103 INTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEON- _~TOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, PANAMA, AND GEOLOGICALLY RELATED AREAS IN CEN- TRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES pe EOD CRUSTACEANS FROM THE PANAMA REGION HET EECA aT pe nes aan aS - By MARY J. RATHBUN Associate in Zoology, United States National Museum Extract from Bulletin 103, pages 123-184, with Plates 54-6 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 é . SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 103 i CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEON- MOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, PANAMA, AND GEOLOGICALLY RELATED AREAS IN CEN- TRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES. DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS FROM THE PANAMA REGION By MARY J. RATHBUN Associate in Zoology, United States National Museum Extract from Bulletin 103, pages 123-184, with Plates 54-66 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS FROM THE PANAMA REGION. By Mary J. Ratusun, Associate in Zoology, United States National Museum. INTRODUCTION. Fifty-eight species of Decapods are enumerated from the collec- tions examined by the author. Three species described by other authors are inserted in systematic order, thus making the list com- plete to date for the Panama region. All the available material in the United States National Museum from Panama and Costa Rica is included; it ranges in age from the Oligocene (Culebra formation) to the Pleistocene. In the list of stations and the table of distribution the data relat- ing to Cirripedia from Dr. H. A. Pilsbry’s report are included for convenience of reference. The literature on Panama Tertiary Decapods is so scanty that it is not surprising that nearly all of the forms now examined prove to be new. Six species previously described from living forms are here recorded from the Pleistocene (4 species) or the Pliocene (2 spe- cies). Thirty-nine species are described as new, three are types of new genera, and one of these is the type of a new family, the Ga- tuniidae. This is an extremely large and massive crab and combines the characters of the well-known Recent families, the Cancridae and the Portunidae. The most remarkable occurrence is that of a mem- ber of the Fexapodinae, that subfamily of the Goneplacidae in which the legs of the last pair are wanting. This isa small group of Recent crabs containing 5 genera and 8 species and is strictly Indo-Pacific. The species from the Oligocene of Panama is the first one observed in a fossil state. Many other genera dealt with in this report have never before been found fossil. Such are Pachycheles, Petrolisthes, Awius, Hepatus, Mursia, Leucosiia, Euphylaw, Heteractaca, Hury- tuum, Huryplax, and Cardisoma. As in all large collections of fossil crustaceans there are a number of fragments whose position is problematic. Some of these can be determined as to genera, others as to family only. 8370e—18—Bull. 108 ig) 122 124 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. LITERATURE ON TERTIARY DECAPODS OF PANAMA. Bouvier, E. L. Calappa Zurcheri, Crabe nouveau des terrains mio- cénes de Panama. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 5, 1899, pp. 189-192, 1 text-fig. Calappa zcurcheri is not represented in the United States Geological Survey collections. Tounta, Franz. Die jungtertiire Fauna von Gatun am Panama- kanal. II. Teil. Jahrbuch der k. k. Geolog. Reichsanstalt, Wien, vol. 61, 1911, pp. 487-530 (1-44), pls. 30, 31 (1, 2). The hermit-crab (Petrochirus) noted and figured by Toula (p. 511, pl. 30, fig. 13) I have ventured to describe as a new species, combining as it does the char- acters of the two nearly related Recent species which inhabit opposite sides of the continent. The ‘“ Krabbenscheren” of Toula (p. 512, pl. 30, fig. 14) are de- scribed below as a species of Callianassa, C. toulai. Brown, Amos P., and Prussry, Henry A. Fauna of the Gatun For- mation, Isthmus of Panama. II. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, vol. 64, Dec. 1912 (publ. Jan. 30, 1913), pp. 500-519, pls. 22-26. The author is indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for the loan of the specimens of Callianassa in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences which were described by Brown and Pilsbry. They have been critically com- pared with those collected by the United States Geological Survey. LIST OF STATIONS FROM WHICH MATERIAL HAS BEEN EXAMINED, ARRANGED FROM THE EARLIEST TO THE LATEST, WITH THE. SPECIES FOUND AT HACH. Station 6012a.1—Panama Canal Zone. One-quarter mile south of Empire Bridge. From lower dark clay beneath lower conglomerate. Culebra formation (lower part). Oligocene series. Collectors, D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan; 1911. Balanus (Hesperi- balanus?), species. Callianassa lacunosa Rathbun. Station 6010.—Panama Canal Zone. Near Panama Canal Station 1910,” north of Pedro Miguel locks. From dark clay. Culebra formation (lower part). Oligocene series. Collectors, D. F. Mac- Donald and T. W. Vaughan; 1911. Afursia obscura Rathbun. Specimens in Museum, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadet- phia.—Panama Canal Zone. Las Cascadas section, Gaillard Cut. Lignitic layers about 65 feet below the base of Pecten bed at Tower N. Culebra formation (central part). Oligocene series. Collector, Prof. William B. Scott; 1911. Callianassa scotti Brown and Pils- bry. Callianassa spinulosa Rathbun. Callianassa quadrata Rath- bun. 1 The station numbers refer to the station book of Cenozoic Invertebrate fossils of the United States National Museum. Se GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 125 Station 60196.—Panama Canal Zone. Las Cascadas section, Gail- jard Cut. Four feet of dark, stratified tuff and clay immediately overlying the lower limestone bed. Culebra formation (upper part). Oligocene series. Collectors, D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan; 1911. Callianassa scotti Brown and Pilsbry. Callinectes, species, Panopeus, species. Specimen in Museum, Academy of Newent Sciences, Philadel- phia.—Costa Rica. Probably Culebra formation. Oligocene series; labeled “ Miocene.” Collector, W. M. Gabb. Callianassa anti Brown and Pilsbry. Station 6019c.—Panama Canal Zone. Las Cascadas section, Gail- jard Cut. Lower part of lime-cemented soft gray to olive-colored limestone, with central parting of dark clay. The first hard, hmy sandstone bed above the lower limestone and just above 60190. Culebra formation (upper part). Oligccene series. Collectors, D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan; 1911. Callianassa vaughani Rathbun (probably). Callianassa ?, species. Hepatus, species. Station 6019e.—Panama Canal Zone. Las Cascadas section, Gail- lard Cut. Third hard sandstone bed from bottom. Culebra forma- tion (upper part). Oligocene series. Collectors, D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan; 1911. Callianassa stridens Rathbun. Station 6012c.—Panama Canal Zone. Gaillard Cut. Top part of limy sandstone below upper conglomerate, near foot of stairs. Culebra formation (upper part). Oligocene series. Collectors, D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan; 1911. Natantia, family, genus, and species indeterminable. Callianassa, species. Callinectes, species. Huryplax culebrensis Rathbun. Station 6020a—Panama Canal Zone. Las Cascadas section, Gaillard Cut. Lowest fossiliferous bed. Third bed below lowest limestone beds separated by rows of nodules. Culebra formation (lower part of upper half). Oligocene series. Collectors, D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan; 1911. Balanus (Hesperiba- lanus?), sp. Aus reticulatus Rathbun. Callanassa ovalis Rath- bun. Callianassa elongata Rathbun. Callianassa crassimana Rath- bun. Callianassa spinulosa Rathbun. Callkkanassa quadrata Rath- bun. Callianassa abbreviata Rathbun. Callianassa magna Rath- bun. Goniochele ? armata Rathbun. Calappella quadrispina Rath- bun. Callinectes reticulatus Rathbun. Thawmastoplax prima Rath- bun. Brachyrhyncha, family, genus, and two species indeterminable. Station 6025.—Panama Canal Zone. About 200 yards south of southern end of switch at Bohio Ridge station, relocated line Panama Railroad. Foraminiferal marl and coarse sandstone. Culebra for- mation (upper part). Oligocene series. Collectors, D. F. Mac- Donald and T. W. Vaughan; 1911. Carpitlius, species. 126 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Station 6019g—Panama Canal Zone. Las Cascadas section, Gail- lard Cut. Fifth or topmost limestone. Emperador limestone. Oli- gocene series. Collectors, D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan; 1911. dfacrobrachium, species. Callianassa tenwis Rathbun. Jfur- sta macdonaldi Rathbun. Parthenope panamensis Rathbun. Station 6003.—Panama Canal Zone. Gatun section A, bed A (bot- tom of section). Gatun formation (lower part). Miocene series. Collector, D. F. MacDonald. Callianassa crassa Rathbun. Station 6029a.—Panama Canal Zone. One-fourth to one-half mile beyond Camp Cotton toward Mente Lirio. From lowest horizon in big cut. Gatun formation (lower part). Miocene series. Col- lectors, D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan; 1911. Cailianassa vaughant Rathbun. Station €053b.—Panama Canal Zone. Gatun section. Upper part of lowest bed. Gatun formation. Miocene series. Collectors, D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan; 1911. Lepas injudicata Pilsbry. * Gatunia proavita Rathbun. Station 6030—Panama Canal Zone. One and one-half to 2 miles beyond Camp Cotton toward Monte Lirio. From 85-foot cut on north side of big swamp on relocated line, P.R.R. Gatun formation. Miocene series. Collectors, D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan: 1911. Balanus concavus rariseptatus Pilsbry. Callianassa vaughani Rathbun Gatunia proavita Rathbun. Station 5900.—Panama Canal Zone. Gatun Locks. Gatun forma- tion. Miocene series. Collector, D. F. MacDonald; May, 1911. Gatunia proavita Rathbun. _ Catalogue No. 113706, U.S.N.M.—Panama Canal Zone. Near Ga- tun. Gatun formation(?). Miocene series. Labeled “ Miocene.” Collector, Rev. J. Rowell. Gatunia proavita Rathbun. Station 5659.—Panama Canal Zone. Near Gatun Dam. Gatun formation. Miocene series. Collector, one of the workmen; shipped by D. F. MacDonald; 1911. Gatunia proavita Rathbun. Catalogue No. 135218, U.S.N.M—Panama Canal Zone. Gatun beds. Gatun formation. Miocene series. Collector, R. T. Hill. Callianassa hilli Rathbun. Catalogue No. 135219, U.\S.V.M@—Panama Canal Zone. Gatun beds. Gatun formation. Miocene series. Collector, R. T. Hill. Mursitia ecristata Rathbun. Station 4558@k.—Costa Rica. Banana River; tenth fossiliferous zone below the wppermost one of the section. Probably equivalent to Gatun formation. Miocene series. Collector, D. F. MacDonald; 1911. Kuphylax fortis Rathbun. Station 5852),— Costa Rica. Banana River; ninth fossiliferous zone below the uppermost one of the section. Probably equivalent to Gatun formation. Miocene series. Collector, D. F. MacDonald; 1911. Huphylax callinectias Rathbun. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 127 Station 4852i.—Costa Rica. Banana River; eighth fossiliferous zone below the uppermost one of the section. Probably equivalent to Gatun formation. Miocene series. Collector, D. F. MacDonald; 1911. Callinectes declivis Rathbun. Station 5882h.— Costa Rica. Banana River; seventh fossiliferous zone below the uppermost one of the section. Probably equivalent to Gatun formation. Miocene series. Collector, D. F. MacDonald; 1911. Leucosilia bananensis Rathbun. Station 5882g—Costa Rica. Banana River; sixth fossiliferous zone below the uppermost one of the section. Probably equivalent to Gatun formation. Miocene series. Collector, D. F. MacDonald; 1911. Leucosilia bananensis Rathbun. Station 5882f—Costa Rica. Banana River; fifth fossiliferous zone below the uppermost one of the section. Probably equivalent to Gatun formation. Miocene series. Collector, D. F. MacDonald; 1911. Leucosiha bananensis Rathbun. Catalogue No. 824287, U.S.N.M.—Costa Rica. Moin Hill, near Timon. Probably equivalent to Gatun formation. Miocene series. Collector, H. Pittier. Callianassa moinensis Rathbun. Station 5884d.— Costa Rica. Moin Hill; third fossiliferous zone below the uppermost; just above level of the rails in railway cut. Probably equivalent to Gatun formation. Miocene series. Col- lector, D. F. MacDonald; 1911. Caltianassa moinensis Rathbun. Station 906a—Panama Canal Zone. Chagres River, 50 to 75 feet below those of (17%¢) “5905” in lighter colored limestone according to incomplete evidence. Pliocene series. Collector, D. F. Mac- Donald; May, 1911. Balanus glyptopoma Pilsbry. Station 5903—Panama Canal Zone. From across Chagres River and probably 220 to 225 feet above level of river, top of hill opposite Alhajuela. Gray tufaceous limestone. Pliocene series. Collector, D. F. MacDonald; May, 1911. Balanus glyptepoma Pilsbry. Station 1269.—Costa Rica. City of Port Limon. Port Limon formation. Pliocene series. Collector, Dr. L. A. Wailes. Pa- chycheles latus Rathbun. Petrolisthes avitus Rathbun. Calappa costaricana Rathbun. Heteractaea lunata (Milne Edwards and Lucas). Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille. Station 5886.—Mexico. From the Sayula Ice of Chiapas. On the Arroyo Chapapoapam. Pliocene series. Collectors, Dr. C. W. Hayes and others, 1911. Balanus glyptopoma Pilsbry. Station 6038 —Panama Canal Zone. From black mud from lower end of Gatun Locks. Pleistocene series. Collector, D. F. MacDon- ald; 1911. Balanus eburneus Gould. 128 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Station 5867.—Panama Canal Zone. From dark mud formation, about 10 feet above present sea level, near lower end of Gatun Locks. Pleistocene series. Collector, D. F. MacDonald; April, 1911. Ba- lanus eburneus Gould. Station 6865.—Panama Canal Zone. From Mount Hope. Swamp ditch. Black mud formation. Pleistocene series. Collector, D. F. MacDonald; April, 1911. Balanus eburneus Gould. Station 5850.—Panama Canal Zone. Near Mount Hope in ditch through swampy ground. About one-fourth mile from present sea beach and about 6 to 8 feet above high tide. Pleistocene series. Collector, D. F. MacDonald; April, 1911. Macrobrachium?, species. Nephrops costatus Rathbun. Nephrops, species. Aawius?, species. flepatus chiliensis Milne Edwards. Calappa flammea (Herbst). Leucosilia jurinei (Saussure). Leucosiidae, genus and species inde- terminable. Avenaeus, species. Panopeus antepurpureus Rathbun. Panopeus tridentatus Rathbun. Hurytiwm crenulatum Rathbun. Uca macrodactylus (Milne Edwards and Lucas). Parthenope pleis- tocenica Rathbun. In the following table the Cirripedia (see pp. 185-188) are in- cluded with the Decapoda. The letter “n” after a name in the first column indicates a new species or a new genus. The numerical head- ings refer to the same stations as in the above list but are arranged serially instead of chronologically. 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Subclass MALACOSTRACA. Order DECAPODA. Suborder NATANTIA. Family, genus, and species indeterminable. Plate 5%, fig. 1. Locality—Panama Canal Zone. Top part of limy sandstone below upper conglomerate, near foot of stairs, Gaillard Cut. Upper part of Culebra formation. Oligocene series. D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan, collectors. 1911. Station 6012c. Cat. No. 324267, U.S.N.M. Material—One specimen showing three segments from the pleon of a shrimp. Pleon compressed laterally. Each of the two overlap- ping segments has the posterior angle produced backward in a rounded lobe of moderate size. Family PALAEMONIDAKE. MACROBRACHIUM, species. Plate 57, figs. 4 and 5. Locality Panama Canal Zone. Las Cascadas section, Gaillard Cut. From fifth or topmost limestone. Emperador limestone. Ol- gocene series. D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan, collectors, 1911. Station 60199. Cat. No. 324256, U.S.N.M. Material—One propodus of left cheliped, minus finger. Slightly compressed, subcylindrical. Some of the outer crust is lacking, but in general, the segment widens rapidly for the proximal two-fifths, then widens gradually at the middle, but not at all in the distal two- fifths. There is no shallow sinus in the lower margin behind the finger, as in Uf. jamatcense, M. acanthurus panamense* and others; neither is the palm like that of A/. mexicanwm,® which is not at all convex below, and has subparallel margins. The specimen resembles Macrobrachivm more than it does any marine genus now existing in Panamian waters. 1 Cancer (Astacus) jamaicensis Herbst, Natur. Krabben u. Krebse, vol. 2, 1792, p. 57, pl. 27, fig. 2. 2 Rathbun, in Smithson. Misc. Coll., vel. 59, No. 13, 1912, p. 1. 3 Palaemon mexicanus Saussure, Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genéve, vol. 14, 1858, p. 468 [52], pl. 4, figs. 27, 27a. 132 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Measurements—Length of palm, 13 mm.; width, 4.3 mm.; thick- ness, 3.7 mm. MACROBRACHIUM?, species. Plate 57, fig. 9. Locality.—Panama Canal Zone. From near Mount Hope in ditch through swampy ground. About one-quarter mile from present sea beach, 6 to 8 feet above high tide. Pleistocene series. D. F. Mac- Donald, collector. April, 1911. Station 5850. Cat. No. 324248, U.S.N.M. Material—One segment (perhaps the carpus) of the second or large pair of chelipeds, probably the left one. Subcylindrical, en- larging gradually to the distal end, shghtly curved, a longitudinal row of 5 low conical spines irregularly spaced. Measurements.—Length, 9.5 mm.; diameter, 1.7 mm. Suborder REPTANTIA. Tribe ASTACURA. Family HOMARIDAE. NEPHROPS COSTATUS, new species. Plate 57, figs. 13-17. Type-locality—Panama Canal Zone. From near Mount Hope in ditch through swampy ground. About one-quarter mile from present sea beach, 6 to 8 feet above high tide. Pleistocene series. D. F. MacDonald, collector. April, 1911. Station 5850. Types —Cat. No. 824246, U.S.N_M. Material—Three dactyli of left cheliped, one of which is fairly complete and is taken as the holotype; the other specimens show only the distal half or two-thirds. A fourth specimen (distal half only) represents a fixed finger perhaps and it so belongs on the left side. Holotype.—Length 9.5 mm. In dorsal view the inner or right mar- gin is sinuous, the tip curved strongly inward; viewed from the inside, both edges are sinuous, curving downward toward the tip. Upper and lower surfaces a little flattened. Five longitudinal costae, 2 dorsal, 2 ventral, 1 inner; each costa marked by a line of fine granules, with a row of punctae adjacent. On the proximal half GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. eas there is some intercostal granulation. Prehensile edge armed with fine teeth and divided into 3 sinuses separated by 2 large teeth; the distal of these has its distal edge normal and its proximal edge oblique to the margin of the dactylus; the top of the other large tooth is broken off; the terminal bay has a somewhat enlarged, but still small, tooth at its middle. Paratypes.—(a) Distal half of dactylus, but with small tip lack- ing, same width as holotype; terminal sinus same length but more curved, so that the distal border of the boundary tooth is shorter; middle sinus half as long, nondentate, next boundary tooth broader than in holotype. (6) Dactylus with proximal end lacking, same width as holotype, costae more rounded, terminal sinus a little shorter, boundary tooth with end missing, enlarged middle tooth better developed than in holotype, pointing obliquely distad; middle sinus longer, boundary tooth broken. (c) Propodal (?%) finger broader than the others, showing one sinus nearly equal to 2 sinuses of the holotype and limited by a large tooth with nearly equal sides. I have placed this species in A’ephrops on account of the ribbed fingers irregularly toothed. The variations in the dactyl may repre- sent either individual or sexual variation. NEPHROPS, species. Plate 57, figs. 25 and 26. Locality —Panama Canal Zone. From near Mount Hope in ditch through swampy ground. About one-quarter mile from present sea beach, 6 to 8 feet above high tide. Pleistocene series. D. F. Mac- Donald, collector. April, 1911. Station 5850. Cat. No. 324249, U.S.N.M. Material—Dactylus of right cheliped, 12 mm. long; distal half moderately curved toward the propodal finger, but the whole finger strongly curved downward; 6 strong, longitudinal costae, 3 dorsal, 1 marginal, 2 ventral; about 9 lines of punctae; the prehensile teeth, 36 in all, are larger and more projecting in that two-fifths of the margin just posterior to the middle. After the above description was written the proximal half of the specimen was accidentally crushed and destroyed. Although the dactylus is much more curved than in any species of Nephrops, yet its ornamentation is so similar to that of the preced- ing species, JV. costatus, that it is referred to the same genus. 134 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Tribe ANOMURA. Superfamily GALATHEIDHA. Family PORCELLANIDAE. PACHYCHELES LATUS, new species. Plate 57, figs. 21-28. Type-locality.— Costa Rica; Port Limon. Pliocene series. Dr. L. A. Wailes, collector. Station 4269. Holotype, left manus with propodal finger; inner proximal corner of manus broken off. Para- type, left manus, with both fingers; proximal portion of manus broken off. Type.—Cat. No. 324264, U.S.N.M. Measurements—Width of paim, 4.6 mm.; length of same to sinus, 5.1 mm.; length to end of finger, 6.7 mm.; greatest thickness, 2.3 mm. Holotype.—Outer and inner margins thick and strongly curved in dorsal view; upper surface covered with granules crowded to- gether and of varying size; the granules are continued on the outer surface and a little way on the under surface; they are then replaced by squamiform granules and short rugae which are continued over the inner surface. There are no marginal lines indicated. At the distal end, the width from the articulating condyle to the inner angle is nearly as great as to the outer margin. The fixed finger is short and stout, width subequal to length; a bit of the tip is, however, missing; a low tooth occupies the greater part of the basal half of the prehensile edge. Paratype.—Smaller than the holotype and much worn so that the granulation is not well marked. ‘Tooth at base of immovable finger minute. Movable finger very short and broad, granulate, with a basal prehensile tooth, its surface granulate. In general shape and granulation, this form resembles the manus of the Recent P. grossimanus (Guértin) from Peru and Chile, but in the latter the outer margin is paved with larger granules forming a definite edge, and the propodal finger is longer and more curved. PETRCOLISTHRS AViITUS, new species. PUATOM Oe Srey Ty pe-locality.—Costa Rica; Port Limon. Phocene series. Dr. L. A. Wailes, collector. Station 4269. Type.—Cat. No. 324266, U.S.N.M. Holotype—Palm of left cheliped, showing the greater part of the upper and lower surfaces including the inner margin and the distal GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. US) articulating edge of the lower surface. Outer edge, proximal end, and finger missing. Upper surface covered with coarse granulated striae oi very diiierent lengths, varying from i to 10 or i2 granules, and arranged obliquely longitudinally. Lower surface covered with curved, wavy and punctate striae starting almost at right angles with the inner margin, curving slightly forward and then abruptly back- ward; so that the greater part is more longitudinal than transverse; the striae are somewhat subdivided and followed outwardly by shorter striae; at the inner end they terminate abruptly, so that from above they have the appearance of 13 truncated shallow teeth. Length 5.2 mm. This manus resembles that of two common recent species, P. armaius (Gibbes)*, and ?. galathinus (Bosc)*, both found on the At- lantic as well as on the Pacific side of the continent. The upper surface of the palm is simiiar in 7’. armatus, that is, it is ornamented with short, irregular striae, which are, however, parallel to the inner margin, while in the fossil form they diverge proximally from the margin. ‘The lower surface of /. avitus, on the other hand, resembles more closely that of P. galathinus, but in the latter, the striae trend more strongly forward on leaving the inner margin, and that margin- itself is not formed of such strongly marked teeth. Superfamily THALASSINIDEA. Family AXIIDAE. AXIUS RETICULATUS, new species. Plate 57, figs. 2 and 3. Type-locality—Panama Canal Zone. Las Cascadas section, Gail- lard Cut. From lowest fossiliferous bed. Third bed below lowest limestone beds separated by vows of nodules. Lower part of upper half of Culebra formation. Oligocene series. D. F. MacDonald and T. W. Vaughan, collectors. 19i1. Station 6020q. Holotype-—Cat. No. 324260, U.S.N.M. Left propodus of first pereiopod, embedded in a nodule and showing the finger and the greater part of the palm, except the proximal end and the distal upper corner. An impression of the same is shown in another piece of the nodule. The segment as uncovered is 14.3 mm. long, greatest height 5 mm., length of finger 7mm. The palm is greatly swollen and at the top rounds over into a broad upper surface about 2.4 mm. in width. ‘The shell is considerably cracked and in life may not have been as thick as it appears. The lower margin is sinuous, forming a bay at about the distal third of the palm; so far as the edge is pre- served it is formed of small bead granules. The outer and upper surface is ornamented with granules irregular in size and disposi- 1 Porcellana armata Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., vol. 3, 1850, p. 190. 2 Porcellana galathing Bosc, Hist. Nat. Crust., vol. 1, 1802, p. 233, pl. 6, fig. 2 me 136 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tion, larger and thicker on the distal part midway between upper and lower margins, elsewhere smaller and to a large extent forming a reticulate pattern; proximally on the upper part of the outer surface the raised reticulate lines are smooth, or non-granulate. The outer surface of the finger is rather regularly tapering, the lower margin directed slightly upward, the superior margin nearly straight; surface smooth; finger thick, the upper surface oblique or beveled; traces of fine teeth are visible on the prehensile edge. AXIUS?, species. Plate 57, fig. 10. Locatity—Panama Canal Zone. From near Mount Hope, in ditch through swampy ground. About one-quarter mile from present sea beach, 6 to 8 feet above high tide. Pleistocene series. D. F. Mac- Donald, collector. April, 1911. Station 5850. Cat. No. 3824250, U.S.N.M. Material—A. single movable spine, 6.7 mm. long, with the tip broken off, resembles the styloid scaphocerite or movable acicle of the outer antenna of some species of Awius. The spine is somewhat 3-angled, the most acute edge being dorsal, the two blunt edges being nearer together and ventral. There are a few punctae: 4 large ones in a row on the ventral surface; 2 large, external, far apart, just below the upper margin; 4 small ones, internal, 3 of which form a triangle near the middle, while the other is nearer the distal end. Family CALLIANASSIDAE. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CALLIANASSA HERE DESCRIBED. The material is insufficient to distinguish between the larger and the smaller chela of the same pair, which also may vary in shape and size in the two sexes. A*. Manus and carpus meeting in an oblique line. Bu Lower margin of)imanus) serrated 22 oS) ie aa ovalis, p. 187 Jeni Bron yyere watseenboucone soaks onpis} Sponvoyoye Mn wen No Ne lacunosa, p. 138 A’, Manus and carpus meeting in a vertical line. B*. Lower margin of manus directed forward and upward, at least in part. Ct. Palmar portion of manus distinctly longer than high. D*. Palm compressed. HK. Palm elongate; margins strongly convergent________ elongata, p. 139 EH”. Palm less elongate; margins moderately convergent___scotti, p. 140 AMEN 24 NE sails YS yc ile ree sie kU aN a al moinensis, p. 142 C*. Palmar portion of manus about as long as high, or shorter. Upper margin of manus directed forward and downward toward the lower margin. D*, Immovable finger very thin, a cross-section near its base being more than twice as long as wide. A strong tooth in the sinus between the fingers or on the base of the immovable finger________ spinulosa, p. 1438 D*, Immovable finger thicker, a cross section near its base being less than twice as long as wide. claie Naren, a Slate 25 6033d-3. Fine-grained, soft, yellow sandstones.......-.--.-- 70 2. Buff, fine-grained, rather hard clay..............-- 25 1. 6033c ~c. Dark-colored, marly, fossiliferous clay.... 15-20 6033015: sYellowish clay: 34. se oe cc/cieesjaerere 4 6933a 6003 ba, Layer of dark, fossiliferous clay, exposed. 28 Section from top of hill at west end of Gatun dam to bottom of the spillway. Pliocene (Toro limestone): Feet thick. 6034-3. Top of hill, limestone. A rather soft coquina lime- stone composed of comminuted or broken tests of a number of kinds of organisms ...............-.--- 70 Unconformity. Miocene (Gatun formation): 2; Sandstone; surface oxidized browm. -. 20-222 -4.-)-2~ = --- 120 WD ark=colored wmar ease Aaya eyee eperale a ertr stage alte aisle 35 Section at west end of the spillway. 2. Yellowish or brownish, sandy clay; soil red.......- 20 5659 \ Dark-colored Gatun marl, with Amusium, Clementia, 5900 SLC UNMET ROME ON RIES IRIS RAEI LC LLAL KIO eae 16 544 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Exposures in the vicinity of Mindi Hill. Miocene (Gatun formation): Feet thiok. Gray-green, fine-grained, sandy shell marl is exposed from about 50 feet above sea level to 41 feet below; exposed thick- ness about 90 feet. The material occurs in beds 2 to 6 feet thick and is similar to that at the spillway. A number of fossils were collected from the exposures near the bottom ofithe can aleGOS5 22) Te ek NS EE i ec nea I Near the railroad is an extensive Pleistocene shell bed from 6 to about 10 feet above sea level. Along the canal the Gatun formation is overlain by lignitic or peaty swamp deposits with occasional oysters. Monkey Hill, Mount Hope station. Miocene (Gatun formation): 6036. About one-sixth of a mile south of the station on the west side of the railroad is an exposure of dark-colored, fine-grained, sandy clay marl.......-...-.....--.--- 20 North of Mount Hope Station, along the east side of the railroad on the north side of the cemetery, is the following exposure: Miocene (Gatun formation): 2. Clay, light-gray, stiff, slightly sandy, with white particles of softer material, like the clay that overlies the marl near Camp Cotton on the relocated Panama Railroad. 1. Dark-colored, fine, sandy, clay marl, the same as that ex- posed at the locality immediately preceding. Pleistocene reef-flat corals and other fossils occur 4 or 5 feet above sea level in a swamp north and east of Mount Hope and very near to the Colon road, 5850, 6038. Section of bluff at end of Toro Point. Pliocene (Toro limestone): Bedded coquina containing great numbers of barnacle plates, comminuted shells, and a large Scala (Hpitonium toroénse Dall), forms a bluff 45 to 50 feet high. It is dark to light- gray in color, cross-bedded, and contains some lenses of coarse, basic beach sand. The beds dip about 5° northward. At the base of the bluff there is a fringe of coral-reef rock which has been slightly elevated. This material has been built around large masses of the Toro Point rock that have fallen from the bluff, so that they are now inclosed in a matrix of coral-reef rock which has been elevated perhaps 6 to 10 feet above the level at which it was originally formed. This marginal coral flat is from 200 feet to a quarter of a mile wide. Extensive fiat swamps filled with mud and broken coral fragments fringe some of the higher land at Toro Point. These are up to half a mile or more wide and are about a foot, more or less, above high-tide level. The coquina rock forming the bluff at Toro Point seems to be about the same as the coquina rock forming the top of the hill at the west end of Gatun Dam, except that the latter is light gray to creamy-white in color and is a purer limestone. This formation clearly overlies the Gatun formation and is e GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, 545 Pliocene—Continued. continuous westward into Costa Rica, except near the mouths of largé river valleys where it has been removed or covered with alluvium. This coquina formation is clearly older than the marine Pleistocene (58560), occupying a level slightly above that of the sea, in the vicinity of Mindi, Mount Hope, and around the margins of Limon Bay. From the general stratigraphic relations of this rock I am inclined to consider it not younger than Pliocene. Section one-third of a mile south of the southern end of Toro Point Breakwater, in quarry. Feet thick. 6037. Gray coquina rock mixed with local layers and lenses OijSa Wl Gee ee eiersiars rai clarwis! ol alsta tet lnnniatersratavere ee peratertetgete 35, to 40 Barnacle plates, echinoid spines, fragments of oyster shells, and a large Scala (Epitonium toroénse Dall) are abundant. Specimens of the last named form were the only perfect fossils found. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PLATE 153 73) ; Pt. Cocal %) San Buenaventura Is.® PtTortuguilla Fort Lorenzo (Ruins)é Area of Gatun Lake at elev. + 85 Ft, 163.38 sg. mi. Naranjos lo G Muertol.cpXs f J \ \ ¢ \ 1 \ / | | Net fo. ay | Ye, = / Y ‘ oe ‘ee ‘~ rae \o x 19 Iawipilonado \= le Sta.R \s ex ta. Rita Mt. { a ~ oe t iS ae \g \s 12 \a fo \S ) 1g 12 18 & is 15 1o \ Old Panama(Aurns/ S00! ai Upt. Paitilla Panama Webor Perica 1 [eee OFlamenco|. “San Jose Rock Sa. \ . Cerro de Cabra = Pt. Bruja ae \ 8Venadol. a Carat \_ Tortola |. Miles Pt.Vacamonte \ P ao 5 10 15 Le EE ———————— > pe eS E. é 55 aboguilla |. Kilometers O Melones |. a) 8 : 1_o 5 10 16 20 26 y iss € y ; 10.0. Sanitarium = JL acto! LONGITUDE WEST| FROM GREENWICH |50 z 4 By Donald F. MacDonald. Base map by Isthmian Canal Commission. GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE CANAL ZONE Avgen & fo Baltimore TERTIARY r La fae! Swamps and Toro Panama Gatun coral flats limestone tuffs formation ———— Pleistocene Pliocene X d Miocene Caimito sairdstone, tuffs, etc. Emperador Julebra and ——- Bohio _conglo- Basalt and Rhyolite Igneous complex —grano- liniestone Cucuracha Merate and andesite diorite, metabreccia, Las shales, tuffs, sandstone \ J Cascadas agglomerate, Bas and clay rocks Q F Obispo breccia, old tuffs SS Miocene ? Oligocene (includes small areas of many of the other forma- tions) fs a at I ata faces ita - ; = 4 got : > FG] 5 z “a nance ] ING LOCA BULLETIN 103 PLATE.154 WS NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 103 PLATE 154 % On Fe ast oc, x f Le w 1 $ Sz 2 he ce ~~? PEDRO M) aries aoe t aw ma 6029 ) \_\ bee 6031 } / i} ie & 6022 245, fh H4/ hh eas \\ AS 2 . (WE ee AL W@), Ss nN 1 1 2 3 4 5 Miles it | ‘ >) ) i a SSS SS s] — R Za) Contour interval 100 feet } — \isene rca tock MAP OF THE PANAMA CANAL SHOWING LOCATION OF STATIONS AT WHICH FOSSILS WERE COLLECTED From map issued by the Isthmian Canal Commission June 30, 1908 , "SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION "UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 103 _ GEOLOGICALLY RELATED AREAS IN CEN- _'TRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES © a THE BIOLOGIC CHARACTER AND GEO- LOGIC. CORRELATION OF THE SEDI- MENTARY FORMATIONS OF PANAMA IN _ THEIR RELATION TO THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES By THOMAS WAYLAND VAUGHAN Custodian of Madreporarta, United States National Museum, and Geologist in charge of Coastal Plain Investigations, United States Geological Survey Extract from Bulletin 103, pages 547-612 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE < 1919 saa ee Seaton eee ee Fee SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 103 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEON- MOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE, PANAMA, AND GEOLOGICALLY RELATED AREAS IN CEN- TRAL AMERICA AND, THE WEST INDIES THE BIOLOGIC CHARACTER AND GEO- LOGIC CORRELATION OF THE SEDI- MENTARY FORMATIONS OF PANAMA IN THEIR RELATION TO THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES By THOMAS WAYLAND VAUGHAN Custodian of Madreporaria, United States National Museum, and Geologist in charge of Coastal Plain Investigations, United States Geological Survey ae oy Bulletin 103, Boece Sed Ole) nS Pe) SU MA HA i 1 04 fg WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1919 CONTENTS. Page " AEEGTROG UU CHT) OG ICA eg eee AU BRN ah. Eo US PE LS ats a 547 Biologic character of the sedimentary formations in Panama ERO, sry eee e 547 HCE CTICM ER sty Re 1 TET Ro Hou uBR Marace ONT As eno EE Se ol 25 teat 547 OM BOCEN Sats chess eee ctw ce GEL ca a Ls Clee) ee a ae 549 ohio; conglomerate. 65) Gustto Me ANE A eT eole as 549 ibiumestone) onvllaut Chacresttac see sescee cece aoe eee eee aie 549 Ihimeston eset) Wawa ois eesti ale enema NA meus RRMA RO eM D aN ARV 549 WarceyHoraniniferairoma LD) avidin sean: oops Veiga 549 Cilebraytormia tion: kee RRO ble Hele Jalna al dlan OL kiuRneds Ci Sn Suan 550 Hossils fromthe Culebrasormationes-c9--e se eee ee eee eee 551 Deposits of the age of the Culebra formation near Tonosi........---.. 554 Large Foraminifera from near Tonosi--.-....2-.--4--25----.-:2-- 505 Fossil corals from station 6587, Tonosi..........-..--------.....-- 555 CWirenracha korma tl om sees casey c ies, a Nae saat sales RTO oe 505 imperador) limestone 43:2) s)iecy ts Sars ean eae ae En ON aa eae 556 Fossils from the Emperador limestone.........--.-.-------.------ 557 CaAiMTtOMOrM a tLOMe ey eso NL Aye die MRR ER NES eee a 508 INTO COINS pa ysis iaaesie cate rtees esas jeyeue ives oke ei avs Slein ae Aen RR MMS Son ch eS Uere aye 508 Goat uTplorm a tomer Nos ANAC RN SU etn ey yuna 558 Fossils, except Mollusca, from the Gatun formation ............... 559 Mollusca from the Gatun formation according to Brown and Pilsbry. 560 EITC OTN B yo oft ota sfas slope lch Se al alENe s)he wel disc Acasa aha! ob Uy AC ARERR Ire ADS Is aI DO) 562 MR OROMIIMESTOTON cc. cis ciel Siarssnye cin a's wi aicle wie lace ales SpA OO RIERA AC OL 562 ET CISLOCEM GIy pee elas Siavenenet peter a ialelnschsjoiaccnaseheiepeie lc ici epee ERED benah a ten Miu apaua 563 Fossils from the Pleistocene of the Canal Zone...........-..-........- 563 Correlation of the sedimentary formations of Panama........................- 565 Tertiary formations of the southeastern United States.................... 565 A provisional correlation table of the Tertiary formations of the South Atlantic and eastern Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States........ 569 Correlation of the Tertiary formations of the southeastern United States with European subdivisions of the Tertiary..........-.............-.-- 569 1 B(OXGiE) 0). a Ol OR ER AP I AE ha Ma Rare Ws MRR Aaa my ALU 569 @lnmoceme rey ye cuss. eile beers Ar a ed ce Pa Meee eee. AS CLR aaa 570 IMINO COT Ce Nec ACNE NY aa I TL) Lace aR YI at gM ARSE LG LEA ae 072 Norm Eh form a, fone ue eye Wa pos are nae ise a Au Ae NC aga 572 Marks Head marl and the Calvert formation..................... 574 Choptankiand St. Marya\formations: <2 22.42.02 42--s10--- 1-26 5 sce 575 Yorktown formation and Duplin marl..........-.-..-......--..- 575 Choctawhatchee: marl ee ier ha Oe seer ls lerk eda SNe ais a 576 1 EA GY oye) Ve ye es a EO ST aN er aioe pa eaten ene 576 Age of the sedimentary formations of Panama, and the distribution of their age-equivalents in Central America and the West Indies.............-- 577 ) OXLER OV Sys aR MeN SS a OMNES cae cs ey A a a La ey Pa ANY 577 OlTSOCEM eee sie vaetreys rate tauNece yer Syl alah seta on aiansrate rsnca aes irda nage 578 ower Oligocene gush Re eee) fick Lae al haya ao 578 Middle; Oligoceme ns Quis pM Ie ens ye aN ye Reale paar 582 Wipper Oligocenere ee Ny Ce ies te Ui laatstle PACSUN 585 IV CONTENTS. Correlation of the sedimentary formations of Panama—Continued. Age of the sedimentary formations of Panama, and the distribution of their age-equivalents in Central America and the West Indies—Continued. MAIO CET RS HS Ee CHEMIN RIYA CIN EU OEP rug Plioceme se aise sec RIE URS Ra USM Gy a rT eh cya ee Tentative correlation table of the Tertiary Marine sedimentary forma- CLOTIGy Co ft Peaann cara ee 2a ee LED GU a a Nua Pre-Tertiary formations in Central America and the West Indies-.......... Outline of geologic history of the perimeters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. Sean. oe ee cei Mic yoicte eee ee te ee Geographic relations of the three Americas .......-......--------.--- Generalirelations scoot eC she gD ee ea ae a Haiti; northern partes. Sao ee Honduras and the Jamaican Ridge.....................---.-- Haiti, southern part, Porto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Sambi Crowe cee Oe ie eee a ae ee Caribbean lislamds cee ay Oia ease ates a ns ree ee a Barbadian Ridge.) c i se sci Ss oe ico 2). pea anny nee CaribbeamvAres ooo. etoile cee niet Baile tele eee A Ves ARID ee Hie EUR As eH ET eS A See epe pe Paleogeogre phic;summany ../2 250 22)5 Jeera Seine eee Se Late Paleozoic sii eee esa is Os eta Uae ahi CAEN. eal NIM nS aN Triassic; Jurassiciand \Cretaceous) 2s sistas eesti e ele ees Hocenerand: Oligocene ui Hoh NL WRN AEs Sines ates SAE Se ee eee Miro Ceme sts Se A RG BAS NSS UPR SIA ee e ea Pliocene andilaters 32 oe 5400 KASSON A UU Ee ye sae Tabular summary of some of the important events in the geologic his- tory of the West Indies and Central America....---..-.....-.-..+-- Page. 586 602 602 603 603 THE BIOLOGIC CHARACTER AND GEOLOGIC CORRELA- TION OF THE SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS OF PANAMA IN THEIR RELATION TO THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES. By THomas WAYLAND VAUGHAN, Custodian of Madreporaria, United States National Museum, and Geologist in charge of Coasial Plain Investigations, United Siates Geological Survey. INTRODUCTION. The following paper presents: (1) biologic summaries for each of the formations for which paleontologic data are available, with brief discussions of the geologic age; (2) geologic correlation of the formations and the distribution of their age-equivalents in Central _ America, the West Indies, and the southeastern United States; (3) an outline of the paleogeography of middle America. A tabular statement of the age relations of the formations is given by Doctor MacDonald in the preceding paper of this volume, page 528. The biologic summaries are based on the paleontologic memoirs in this. volume, by Messrs. Howe, Berry, Cushman, Jackson, Canu and Bassler, and Pilsbry, Miss Rathbun, and myself.. Dr. C. W. Cooke has furnished me notes on a few of the fossil Mollusca, and I have incorporated in my lists the molluscan species recorded by Messrs. A. P. Brown and H. A. Pilsbry. I deeply regret that not even a preliminary list of the mollusks that Doctor MacDonald and I col- lected is available. Although I believe such a list would not modify the opinions here expressed, it is needed as a supplement to the other biologic records, particularly in order to supply a basis for the corre- lation of deposits in which mollusks are the only abundant organisms. I trust this serious omission may be remedied before a great while. Needless to say all of the paleontologists who have studied the fossils submitted to them have cooperated in trying to solve the problems of local and regional geologic correlation, and I wish to record my grateful appreciation of their efforts. I wish also to thank my iriend, Dr. T. W. Stanton, of the United States Geological Survey, for much advice and kindly criticism. BIOLOGIC CHARACTER OF THE SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS IN PANAMA. EOCENE. The only geologic formation of Eocene age definitely recognized in Panama is exposed near Tonosi, Los Santos Province. At station 547 548 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. No. 6586c, near the mouth of Tonosi River, Doctor MacDonald col- lected a species of Venericardia, on which Dr. C. W. Cooke makes the following note: ‘‘A species of Venericardia from this locality is scarcely distinguishable from a specimen labeled Venericardia plani- costa var. horni from Caliborne, Alabama, but it does not closely resemble specimens that I have seen from the Eocene of California, Washington, and Oregon.’”’ According to Doctor MacDonald's de- scription of the section, this species of Venericardia occurs 690 feet be!ow the bed in which Lepidocyclina panamensis Cushman and L. duplicata Cushman were collected. I believe that the latter bed is the correlative of the lower part of the Culebra formation, as will later be shown. Just below the Oligocene limestone in which occur the two species of Foraminifera mentioned are 650 feet of grayish, well-beddea, rather fine-grained sandstone; this is underlain by dark-gray, argitlaceous, fossiliferous sandstone and shale, the latter underlain by dark-gray, argillaceous sandstone, in which the speci- mens of Venericardia were collected. Doctor MacDonald collected the plant Diospyros macdonaldi Berry at station 6586), in grayish, argillaceous sandstone with some darker shale beds, which immediately underlies the material in which the species of Venericardia occurs. Dr. R. T. Jackson identifies as Schizaster armiger W. B. Clark, an echinoid collected by Mr. R. T. Hill at Bonilla, Costa Rica. The type of this species was obtained in a deposit of Jackson Kocene age at Cocoa post office, Choctaw County, Alabama. It should be noted that Mr. Hill says: ‘‘They [the rocks exposed] at Bonilla Cliff [Costa Rica] are upper Oligocene, like the Monkey Hill beds.”! The deter- mination of the Eocene age of this exposure is not positive. On page 197 of this volume, in my paper on the fossil corals, I gave reasons for referring the typical part of the Brito formation of Nicaragua, that part exposcd near Brito, to the upper Eocene, and correlated that part of the formation with the St. Bartholomew lime- stone of the Island of St. Bartholomew and the Jacksonian upper Eocene of the southeastern United States. The data and opinions referred to need not be repeated. The presence in northern Colombia of limestone containing small stellate Orthophragmina, indicating a probable upper Eocene, was also noted on page 197. No fossil organisms were found in the Las Cascadas agglomerate or the Bas Obispo formation. As they both underlie the Bohio con- glomerate, which is of Oligocene, probably lower Oligocene age, they are almost certainly of pre-Oligocene age. Although at present information is not available for precisely determining their age, it appears highly probable that they belong to the Eocene. However, 1 Hill, R. T., The geological history of the Isthmus of Panama and portions of Costa Rica: Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull., vol. 28, p. 232, 1898. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 549 Upper Cretaceous is not improbable as the age of the Bas Obispo - formation. OLIGOCENE. BOHIO CONGLOMERATE. This is the oldest formation in which fossil organisms were found within the Canal Zone. The fossil plant, Taeniorylon multiradiatum Felix, collected in a railroad cut on Bohio Ridge, is said by Doctor MacDonald to come from the Bohio conglomerate. Should the spec- mens really come from the Bohio conglomerate, it is probable that that formation is of Oligocene age. Taenioxylon multiradiatum, _ according to Professor Berry, is also found in the Culebra and Cucu- racha formations, both of which are of Oligocene age, should the Aquitanian be considered uppermost Oligocene instead of basal Miocene. LIMESTONE ON HAUT CHAGRES. H. Douvillé has published the following interesting note: ‘‘Un autre échantillon du Haut Chagres est representées par un calcaire plus compacte prenant bien le poli; il renforme également de petites Nummulites et de grandes Lépidocyclines voisines de L. chapert, mais en outre, de petites Orbitoides qui sont des Orthophragmina étoilées (Asterodiscus). C’est la méme association que celle que nous avons signalée 4 la base du stampien [= Lattorfian], dans ile de la Trinité... Nous avons ainsi dans le Haut Chagres un niveau stampien inférieur.”’ * This corresponds to a horizon within the Vicksburg group. It is probable that the rocks underlying part of the area around Alahajuela mapped by Doctor MacDonald as Emperador limestone are really of this age. LIMESTONE AT DAVID. A similar forminiferal fauna occurs in the river bed, just above the ice plant in David, station 6512; at station 6526, which, accord- ing to Doctor MacDonald’s section, is on the bed immediately next below the one exposed at station 6512; and at station 6523, 2 miles north of David. The following are the species reported by Doctor Cushman: LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM DAVID. Station | Station | Station feet 6512. | 6526. | 652 Nummulites davidensis Cushman.............-.--2---------2-0-- BE ICES x AUN ae ea heat Lepidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman................-222-2- 202 e eee e eee eee ee ie Weoseacaabe x duplicata,) Cushmanty sae races cece cece ce ne eee SE ees Vee x manamensts, Cushman ecmecscnecsinciscicciececicceeee cence Si) NSaoocaddad sasouauKRS BI DAS Sse deeeosna Gass osabK bbs cose neb Gece noo be Caos RUSE anaabone sabeouaoen SCI aes Orthophragmina minima CushMan..............0.220200 ecco eee eee ence eee PS) i laacaeocosdlanodscocsa (Alsterodiscus)Sposarsre cone eee eee eee nee eee eee > ATR SOO BR Baro ME RGHCBAae 1Soc. géolog. France, Compies rend. séance No. 16, 1915, p. 130, 1916. 550 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Taeniozylon multiradiratum Felix was obtained at station 6523: The limestone exposed at these three stations, which are all near one another, clearly belongs to one formation, and it seems to me - to be of lower Oligocene (Lattorfian) age. Howover, Doctor Cush- man because of the presence of Orthophragmina minima inclines to the opimion that it is of upper Eocene age. Lepidocyclina duplicata was collected in association with L. pana- mensis at station 6586e, near Tonosi, in a bed I am considering of middle Oligocene (ination) age (see p. 555). CULEBRA FORMATION. The principal localities at which collections were made from the Culebra formation were along the Canal from Miraflores locks to Las Cascadas. The local sections are described in Doctor Mac- Donald’s article, pages 533 to 541 of this volume, and the position of each is indicated on plate 154. The United States National Museum station record numbers are 6009 to 6020c, as given at the column ‘heads in the following table. Stations Nos. 6024a, 6025, 6026, are -on the Panama Railroad, relocated line, and are platted on the map (pl. 154). Station No. 6837, on shales in the lower part of the Culebra formation, one-quarter of a mile south of Empire bridge, is not platted on the map. The names of the specifically determined Mallasen from station No. 6019a-d, bed not identified, are taken from Brown. and Pilsbry.1 The spectcaane “GD OME. 65 and 85 feet below the ‘‘Pecten bed,” which is the basal bed of the Emperador limestone. There are five of these species, only one of which, Turritella altilira Conrad, has been also reported from the Gatun formation. The generic names of the other Mollusca are mostly taken from my field notes. Doctor Mac- Donald and I obtained in the Culebra formation within Gaillard Cut, stations 6019a—f and 6020a-c, specimens representing about 70 genera of mollusks, but the species have not been identified. Onin pugnax (Heilprin), collected by Doctor MacDonald at station 5901, 2 milessouth of Monte Lirio, formerly known as Mitchell- ville, was idenuined by Dr. C. W. Cooke. This is the same locality as station No. 6026, on the Panama Railroad, relocated line. Litho- thamnium vaughani, Nummulites panamensis ?, Lepidocyclina caneller, and three species of corals were also collected at this locality. 1 Brown, A. P., and Pilsbry, H.A., Fauna of the Gatun formation, Isthmus of Pan ama—II, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 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The identification of deposits within the Canal Zone as belonging to the Culebra formation needs brief discussion. The type sections are in Gaillard Cut, particularly at station 6020a to 6019F (see p. 538 of — Doctor MacDonald’s paper), and beds Nos. 1-5, inclusive, of the section on the west side of the cut between Empire and Culebra. The collections from 6020c¢ to 6019f are typical of the upper part of the formation; those from 6012a typify its lower part, while those from 6012c and 6012d represent its upper part (p. 536 of Doctor Mac- Donald’s paper). He refers the beds that were exposed at stations 6009 and 6010 to the lower part of the Culebra, and those at stations 6011 to the upper part. In Gaillard Cut Lepidocyclina chaperi occurs at station 6019f, and L. canellet at station 6019a; in other words both of these species occur in the upper part of the Culebra formation, the latter below the former. Heterosteginoides panamemsis occurs at station 6011 in the upper part of the Culebra formation and apparently it was also obtained at stations 6015 and 6016 in the overlying Em- perador limestone. As at station 6024a, on Rio Agua Salud, immedi- ately beneath a coralliferous bed representing the Emperador lime- stone, Heterostigenoides panamensis and Nummulites panamensis were collected, both the stratigraphic relations and the fossils support the reference of the lower bed to the upper part of the Culebra forma- tion. At Bohio switch, station 6025, Lepidocychina chaperr and Nummulhites panamensis were found in association. This bed also may be referred to the upper part of the Culebra formation. At station 6026, about 2 miles south of Monte Lirio, Lemdocychina caneller and a species of Nummulites, apparently N. panamensis, were found associated with fossil corals closely related to the fauna of the Em- perador limestone on one hand, and to that of the Antigua formation of Antigua on the other; and Orthaulax pugnax was collected there. The correlation of this exposure with the Culebra formation, probably about its middle part, seems as certain as it is possible to be in such matters. The principal locality for Lepidocyclina caneller was near the old town of Bohio, station 6027, now under water. It was here that Hill obtained his specimens of ‘‘Orbitoides forbesi,” which are L. caneller, and it is probable that the type of the species came from the same place. The deposit here so rich in this species of Foraminifera is referred to the Culebra formation, as are also the beds in which it was obtained at Bailamonas and south of the switch at Mamei. DEPOSITS OF THE AGE OF THE CULEBRA FORMATION NEAR TONOSI. The only organisms of those collected by Doctor MacDonald in this area that have been studied are the Foraminifera and the corals. The following is a table of the larger Foraminifera: GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 555 LARGER FORAMINIFERA FROM NEAR TONOSI. Station | Station Name. 6586e 6587 Other stations. Lepidocyclina panamensis Cushman...........-....--- x SK 6010?, 6012a?, 6012c?, 6512. duplicataiCushmantee eee see ee eee eens ee Bane 6523. Stations 6010, 6012a, and 6012c are along the Canal (see pl. 154), on the Culebra formation; station 6512 is the river bed in David and station 6523 is 2 miles north of David, on a limestone probably of lower Oligocene age. It therefore seems that L. duplicata is of both lower and middle Oligocene age, while Z. panamensis occurs in lower, middle, and upper Oligocene deposits. The following is a list of the corals collected by Doctor MacDonald near Tonosti: FOSSIL CORALS FROM STATION 6587, TONOSI. Name. Distribution. Astrocoenia guantanimensis Veuetay PEP AACE ep) LENS ESR IES LES A MUAY ae Ah RAR Antigua; Cuba. JOG TOCHCESOIOM EID: ENO ea Oe aig a's eee ry Or ta Ce ed aaa suodauceaoboduadas Antigua. Muewdra antiquensis nV: Pay hed seh aah es IO) 0 I Se ew I a aa eA i aaeue PALOCROSETISINIVELNZENENATLOMAN a sao eis cisieien cine siseeiceucieinuteaieecicines Ei aa RaIe Cuba. Diploasirea crassolamellata) (Duncan) see uae aces Antigua; Cuba; ete. The species after which Cuba is given in the column for distribution were collected by Mr. O. E. Meinzer near Guantanamo. These corals, which clearly belong to the coral fauna found in the Antigua formation of Antigua, supply additional evidence for correlating the foramini- feral limnesiamnes exposed at stations 6586e and 6587 with the lower part of the Culebra formation. By referring to my account of the successive coral faunas of the West Indies and Central America, pages 193 to 226 of this volume, it will be seen that, although I refer the coral fauna of the upper part of the Culebra formaticn to the upper Oligo- cene (=Aquitanian of European terminology), I consider that fauna as intermediate between the fauna of the Emperador limestone and Anguilla formation and that of the Antigua formation, because it contains a number of species in common with the latter formation. The coral fauna represented at Tonosi is, in my opinicn, of middle Oligocene age, and belongs stratigraphically just below that found in the upper part of the Culebra formation. CUCURACHA FORMATION The only fossils as yet identified from the Cucuracha formation are two species of plants, Palmoxylon palmacites (Sprengel) Stenzel and Taeniorylon multiradiatum Felix, from station No. 6845, which is on the green clays of Gaillard Cut, near the lava flow. The first of these species was obtained only in the Cucuracha formation; but the second occurs in the Bohio conglomerate and the Culebra for- mation. 556 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. EMPERADOR LIMESTONE. The type locality of this formation is in Empire village, and sta- tions 6015 and 6016 are on it. As the two localities are very near together, with little or no lithologic or faunal difference, the fossils from the two localities are listed as from one in the following table. The position of the locality is shown on the map (pl. 154). Station 6017 is on the highway between Empire and Las Cascadas, about one mile from Las Cascadas. Nos. 6021 and 6673 are for the same locality, which is just north of Caimito switch, Panama Railroad, relocated line; station No. 60246 is on the same railroad, at the lower end of the culvert over Rio Agua Salud. Station No. 6255 is on the wagon road about one-half mile south of Miraflores; and station No. 6256 is Bald Hill, 13 miles south of Miraflores (see p. 534 for Doctor MacDonald’s description of the exposure). The fossil plant, Taeniorylon multiradiatum Felix, was obtained at station 6523, which is about 2 miles north of David, where Lepidocychina macdonaldi Cushman and L. duplicata Cushman were also collected. It is my belief that this specimen did not come from the Emperador limestone; for it is my opinion that the horizon is stratigraphically below the Culebra formation. The specific names of the Mollusca and that of the echinoid, Schizaster scherzeri Gabb, from station No. 60199 are taken from the paper by Brown and Pilsbry already cited.1 Doctor MacDonald and I obtained from the same bed species representing 32 genera of Mollusca, but they have not been identified. Regarding the larger Foraminifera from stations 6015 and 6016, Dr. J. A. Cushman says: “‘The material from No. 6015 contains an orbitoid species, but the sections cut did not clearly reveal the internal structure. It has a papillate surface, and resembles Lepi-- docyclina macdonald, and L. panamensis, but does not seem to be: identical with either. Some of its characters, especially in its nearly diamond shaped chambers, it resembles L. vaughani, but the speci- mens of the latter are larger and they are not papillate. Although this appears to be a new species, I do not care to give a name to it without knowing its internal structure in greater detail, and suggest that it be listed as Lepidocyclina species. “The material from No. 6016 apparently contains no orbitoids, but it contains Amphistegina, which superficially might be mistaken for an orbitoid.” Heterosteginoides sp., apparently H. panamensis, occurs at stations. Nos. 6015 and 6016. Lepidocyclina vaughani Cushman was obtained at two localities, stations Nos. 6021 and 6255. 1 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. for 1912, p. 503. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 557 The echinoid, Clypeaster gatuni Jackson, is worth a special note. The holotype is from the Gatun formation, station 5662, but two specimens were also collected at station 6237, in limestone referred by Doctor MacDonald to the Emperador limestone, in a swamp north of Ancon Hill and about 4 miles south of Diablo Ridge. This species extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific side of the Isthmus. Doctor MacDonald and I obtained at station No. 60199 two poor crushed specimens of a gastropod that belongs to the genus Orthaulaz. A few remarks should be made on the reference of the limestone exposed at station 6021 near the old Caimito switch, to Emperador limestone. Only two identifiable species, Lithothammium isthmi and Lepidocyclina vaughani, were obtained at this place, but both were found elsewhere in the Emperador limestone. Lithothammium isthmi was also collected on Rio Agua Salud, station 60246, in association with a coral fauna very nearly the same as that at the type locality of the formation; and Lepidocychina vaughani was obtained in the Emperador limestone near Miraflores. FOSSILS FROM THE EMPERADOR LIMESTONE, 58660 6015, | 6021, 6016 6017 rel 6673 6024b | 6255 | 6256 PLANTAE. Lithothammium isthmi M.A. Howe ........-.-.-.------ecece[ececenoececc[eeeeee x Ce eseaeysteral| nec atara FORAMINIFERA. Polystomelia maceila (Fichtel and Moll)............-.-...--- Sal nGuencloosecdisneseaa aoeosd lode ducllaocede Amphistegina lessonii d’Orbigny ............-----2-2-ee-2 ee SCPC? AE i LED HE aR Ns EDICOCYCLINGAS Dera e eee eee eee eee iene: seen DG ARE al eee ee |caucda scaconlaoesoa seabed SP yeiwicciccivielnie Wenistaletstelcis cia cisisicte cleieicieisicivistele eteiete|leincietels|lieieyaiai=ie 4. Ilogoaeallosucodloseuod|éoq065 CLM LAH OW 1 1 NS oko ouanerocanbocEaabaneood |aooeud |looocod laceded PS Mlateade Mh Gaodad Heterosteginoides sp., euparenly, H.panamensis Cushman....| X |...-.-|------|------|e-----|- 2222 e fee ee ee Quinqueloculina undosa Karrer............--.-222eceeeeeeeee SSP HES HY eS a Rs RO Sr MADREPORARIA. Stylophora itmperatoris Vaughan ...........-.--------0--2--e- x Panamensispviaughanleemescecncecccicciocere cece x Goeth alsisViaug hams some mer cecinc creiecleieinsicleisiciciesievels x MACGONALAt AUS DAMe sees et eencecicceteccccceciceis x CONALISIVAUIE DATES rence Miateinesiceieiasinicicisicicieieis x Pocillopora arnoldi Vaughan..... bdadabooraoeHosas Xx | Astrocoenia porioricensis Vaughan.......---..--0- eee e eee ee elec ceelee eee lee eeslseeeee Nie loBoanalogcace Orbicella imperatoris Vaughan............-.---------eee eee < YE Gooosol Spabodl dacceuloosoae x COnalisaVauchantemerescceccemensceiseccccs selciccals SM icoooudlaobopsloodcea Neoscstlloooasallgosoad Stylangia panamensis Vaughan. .........-.----+-+2----eee-- SOE ae Slee ehapllaaasodicoudoclooouoe Goniastreaicanalisi Vian ghana se elas cet slaelemoecieciesiee's Ue Haa Baosusllacooda [eceeee|eeeece|eceeee Pavona panamensis Vaughan ......--.---.----20--eec cece SSC | aE | Poste eictel siete laeebodlosonsg|ldasbod Acropora panamensis Vaughan... ........2.-2c02-e 2 eee see ee e|e ne ee ele cree c[e cece e feces ees SC ee SCLUCETIStS IV GUILE NAM aa eine sate ares oalstelctetereiejelsinistelste SHA ae pied Ce aS | DCTs VAS ee Astreopora goethalsi Vaughan. .-........-.--------eeeeeeee-- Sith [HES I RN OB Ais res | Seperate eerste Goniopora hilli Vaughan.........--------2e2eee eee ee eee eee SU ebcolucaasallbeasoa|ldaoseoosenudllaaso46 panamensis Vaughan. .........-----.---+----+--- KM [eticcce|esesce|eceee cle cece s|--eeeclece cee LIM DENALONIS I NAULNAM Neos ss clecicie ccisseieieisie siem(erialsi= <0 .de eo odlesooasllbocooe |eceeee|eeeeee|eeeeee CONALISHViATISH AMG esa aes se isieinersmalseteiis flelelaieietete SE Baa oluGaunelsaaoge lSeaooolloaooadooooas (12GB VENTER ea son aoboogubodaSsoedocodudosoon SC te aetolaasedalsdesadioocbodlcoous Porites douvillei Vaughan. .........2--2-.2---2-2--e0--- eee >< ulBagoad lpdoocslsdosediasasedilosdbad||oGaccs LOULE AVAIL S DAM oso a iaeialaicinie oeisicls slein\elela(s\eleisi=efialelnie S| Beouaalbasocediooacad |sGocodlaoso08 bdacc0 panamensis Vaughan.........-..22--- eee nee e ee eee SC dloosacsloodacc|lbospcolacduoclloadcan anguillensis Vaughan ...........-0.2-2----- 22 eee eee Sede kbeoladaacd| loaGaue Gao86d aoudoolloaboos (Synaraea) howei Vaughan... ....-......-2--.2----0---+- Se Goacualoeseon|seoooc |e ---celee- sees roses macdonaldi Vaughan ............-----+-- $20) [A a es OA Sas olldaacanliGostod 558 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. FOSSILS FROM THE EMPERADOR LIMESTONE—Continued. 5866b, 6015 6021 6016 6017 6197, 6672 6024b| 6255 | 6256 ECHINOIDEA. Clypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau......... Da Laverne melaeieteeye ciate sete el eeieiticts | siete: » hu Aeneas soseael otocd loadsa GRUTHOG UEOSONEU Aen pEnEboSUGsUnoosooos aooceSouao |adaconlboodbalboos Bn Seas BAe SuGodbconce Echinolampas semiorbis GUPPY.......-++0eeeeccceceee nee ees|oceece [eee eee Pai cea eeaoeloeooad jooo5KG ISchizastemschenceniGanDu ee eresaeee cocoate BARR EHay ocnosoloBeoed FP Gtalisenasploooans Ioiateisiehall spores BRYOZOA. Holoporella albirostris (Smitt).............-------e--- eee eee > al Insect |socaod a oeteinia|fe sistance | eee Ogivalina muiabilis Canu and Bassler ...........---.-------- SKE re ae PE Se I, Hoe a teeters MOLLUSCA. Murez (Phyllonotus) gatunensis Brown and Pilsbry.........|-.----|------ Da ea ee So boae Dyinrnilehe Sous. as eadgocodassaooauaeseqodoouo abou SHObedosd|sacodallacnane 26) llodeasclloadece loocacdloscoos Pyrula micronemalica Brown and Pilsbry..........---------/------|------ SOI a ea Ubal ewan sen eS Ss INTOUS Das soooo soodo nad ooobbaeBoodd soosbaseaaacodoadunHe dood Scucoollaboons > Gh AE Beuot abacicallooooc= Ostrea gatunensis Brown and Pilsbry.-...........--.--.-----|------|------ DCihy Wee seal eae ec ey bette Pecien & equipecten) orygonum canalis Brown and Pilsbry..|...--..|------ Ki lsaeees |S Hoes eee UU RINNE ANN at UL Eg Sto CN eo eet cae cet aera tere ier eerie (Saas mee Sobek So Sech lace Miniein SOB TOW MAT dpetls bryce meteor eine eeeiialeoecies cei Dn SSAA seaisnevanoa da sacdac SS ee i eRe Dnt edo Bet ester sbSabode maHagoaaod locacualocasac Cau eect Isc iaes Ups eA eH Pea oe __- Sscadascoagonscoses Suebd ododosoobesaSdadauommoaeEnes ot iISooado ceboodlocgdosclocedoe Wey a sat Tellina vetula Brown and Pilsbry.............-.--.-------- [eee ee ele cee SQ SRR Teas) Saha | ee SCG Cid ono IDEN eee Roe ee heat Gubcdcuoeubousdooudlodeoualousene SCE aus (Oa ee a Chione Ciinophora)ulocy na Dalle eee ee ee eee eieretatsiaie elesal elctoieiese! laeietecsio pe HA Sen olsabopollsocauc Dosinia delicatissima Brown and ‘Pilsbry..............------|------|------ > Ga BAe ase GoaleneoaalooosKG Crassatillites mediamericana Brown and Pilsbry............-|------|---+-- ban BE ea Iseinosaliganase |aoooKe KU DVUSNCTASSALUS) GAD Desenescerncineseisicciisieeciseciseicne cise ceo esiell aimee Dipl nina areal Se On oe CRUSTACEA. SGN RUANCOK Os BS accodeuasoodtoadcadooodoouasaquoquaaedaeKes BE aR ISera ses > Gall SSPISeH Een CpcHESaolloouooS GallianassaenwismRat baie see cree cee cet ete stette oleate |osteietciell sietetsists Sith [GsaeSe baouoal|sosocsllocoo so MUTSICNTLACCONALCI RVG IO Ie ae eter enateteteye rete etste tere peretell eieiateteialltsteievorele Salhia MAEO sal saeoaolaEcoad|4oocse Parthenope pana mensis Rav uma ss NE ans Merl uanoop Seo MOLLUSCA FROM THE GATUN FORMATION, ACCORDING TO BROWN AND PILSBRY.! The collections, mostly Mollusca, considered in the first paper by these authors, ‘“‘with the exception of a tooth of a shark and a few specimens of Oliva from Monkey Hill, all come from the excavations for the locks at Gatun. The Oliva taken at Monkey Hill is the same species found plentifully at the Gatun excavation. The specimens were collected from dumps and fills along the railway as well as from dumps in the vicinity of Gatun.”’ In their second paper, collections from other localities near Gatun and from two horizons at Tower N, Las Cascadas, are included. The following list contains all the mollusca referred to the Gatun formation by Pilsbry and Brown. The names of those preceded by an asterisk were not in the collections submitted to those authors, and I have added the note “‘ not at Gatun”’ after the names of those which were not collected at Gatun. The results of our field work and the subsequent paleontologic studies cause us to dissent from the stratigraphic interpretations of Messrs. Brown and Pilsbry, for they combine the Culebra formation, the Emperador limestone, and the Gatun formation into one formation. As the species described by Toula in his Eine jungteriére Fauna von Gatun am Panama-Kanal? are included in the papers by Brown and Pilsbry, more detailed reference to his article is not necessary here. 1 Brown, Amos P., and Pilsbry, Henry A., Fauna of the Gatun formation, Isthmus of Panama: Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. for 1911, pp. 336-373, pls. 22-29, April, 1911; Fauna of the Gatun formation—II, idem, for 1912, pp. 500-519, pls. 22-26. December, 1912. 2K.K. Geol. Reichsanstalt Jahrb., vol. 58, pp. 673-760, pls. 25-28, Vienna, 1909. Toula in a second paper, Die jungtertiare Fauna von Gatun am Panama-kanal, K. K. Geolog. Reichsanstalt Jahrb., vol. 61, pp. 487-530, pls. 30, 31, Vienna, 1911, published a supplement to his first paper issued in 1910, and the species described as new in this are not included in the papers by Brown and Pilsbry. This one of Toula’s papers escaped my attention until the present volume was in proof, and as it was then too late to consider the synonymy of the species described in it, remarks on it are confined to this note. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONKE.. *Bullina chipolana Dall. Volvulella micratracta Brown and Pilsbry. Rigicula hypograpta Brown and Pilsbry. Terebra subsulcifera Brown and Pilsbry. gatunensis Toula. wol/gangi Toula. gausapata Brown and Pilsbry. Conus concavitectum Brown and Pilsbry. haytensis Sowerby. domingensis Sowerby (?). consobrinus Sowerby. granozonatus Guppy. aemulator Brown and Pilsbry. amitator Brown and Pilsbry. gaza Johnson and Pilsbry. molis Brown and Pilsbry. Pleurotoma albida Perry. *Pleurotoma gerirudis Toula. vaningent Brownand Pilsbry Drillia gatunensis Toula. isthmica Brown and Pilsbry. Jusinus Brown and Pilsbry. zooki Brown and Pilsbry. consors (Sowerby). enneacyma Brown and Pilsbry. Cythara heptagona (Gabb). Cancellaria dariena Toula. decaptyx Brown and Pilsbry. Mitra longa Gabb. dariensis Brown and Pilsbry sp. undet. Marginella gatunensis Brown and Pilsbry. leander Brown and Pilsbry. coniformis Sowerby. Oliva reticulata gatunensis Toula. Fasciolaria gorgasiana Brown and Pilsbry. sp. undet. *Glyptostyla panamensis Dall (not at Ga- tun). Solenosteira dalli Brown and Pilsbry. Phos gatunensis Toula. subsemicostatus Brown and Pilsbry. metuloides Dall. Metula gabbi Brown and Pilsbry. Nassa (Hima) pracambigue Brown and Pilsbry (not at Gatun). Anachis fugax Brown and Pilsbry. *Strombina mira Dall. lessepsiuna Brown and Pilsbry. Murex messorius Sowerby. polynematicus Brown and Pilsbry. (Phyllonotus) gatunensis Brown and Pilsbry. 561 Typhis alatus Sowerby. gabbi Brown and Pilsbry. Strombus gatunensis Toula. (?) sp. undet. Distorsio gatunensis Toula. Malea camura Guppy. Sconsia laevigata (Sowerby). Pyrula micronematica Brown and Pilsbry (not at Gatun). near papyratia Say. Cypraea henekent Sowerby var. Rattiwm nugatorium Brown and Pilsbry. scolti Brown and Pilsbry (not at Gatun). "urbonilla bartschiana Brown and Pilsbry. Turritella mimetes Crown and Pilsbry. gatunensis Conrad. aliilira Conrad. Petaloconchus domingensis Sowerby. Solariu-n granulatum gatunensis Toula. Natica guppyana Toula. bolus Brown and Pilsbry. canrena (Linnaeus). canalizonalis Brown and Pilsbry. (?) sp. undet. Polinices subclausa (Sowerby). *Lupia perovata Conrad (not at Gatun). Sigareius gatunensis Toula. (Eunaticina) gabbi Brown and Pilsbry. *Capulus (?) gatunensis Toula. Crepidula plana Say. Cheilea princetonia Brown and Pilsbry. Nucula(Acila) isthmica Brown and Pilsbry Leda balboae Brown and Pilsbry. Arca dariensis Brown and Pilsbry. dalli Brown and Pilsbry (not at Gatun). Glycymeris carbasina Brown and Pilsbry. canalis Brown and Pilsbry. acuticostata Sowerby. Pecten (Aiquipecten) effosus Brown and Pilsbry. gatunensis Toula. (Plagioctenium) operculariformis Toula. *Pecten levicostatus Toula. - (Euvola) reliquus Brown and Pilsbry. oxygonum canalis Brown and Pils- bry (not at Gatun). oxygonum optimum Brown and Pilsbry (occurrence at Gatun doubtful). 562 Pecten (Cyclopecten) oligolepis Brown and Pilsbry. *(Amusium) lyonti Gabb. toulae Brown and Pilsbry. sol Brown and Pils- bry (not at Gatun). luna Brown and Pilsbry. Spondylus scotti Brown and Pilsbry (not at Gatun). Ostrea gatunensis Brown and Pilsbry. Crassatellites reevet (Gabb) (occurrence at Gatun doubtful). mediaamericanus Brown and Pilsbry (not at Gatun). Cardium (Trachycardium) stiriatum Brown and Pilsbry. *dominicanum Dall. dominicense Gabb. durum Brown and Pilsbry. Cardium (Laevicardium) serratum Lin- naeus. *dallt Toula. *(Fragum) gatunense Dall. (?) newberryanum Gabb. *Tellina dariena Gabb. *gatunensis Bagg. *rowlandi Toula. *lepidota Dall. aequiterminata Brown and Pils- bry. BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (Eurytellina) vetula Brown and Pilsbry (not at Gatun). sp. undet. sp. undet. *Semele sayi Toula. chipolana Dall (not at Gatun). Chione tegulum Brown and Pilsbry. sp. undet. (Inrophora) ulocyma Dall. « ulocyma holocyma Brown and Pilsbry. *mactropsis (Conrad). Pitar centangulata Brown and Pilsbry. cora Brown and Pilsbry. *hilla Dall. *circinata (Brown). * Macrocallista maculata (Linnaeus) (?). Dosinia delicatissima Brown and Pilsbry. *Callocardia (Agriopoma) gatunensis Dall. *gatunensis multijilosa Dall. Petricola millestriata Brown and Pilsbry. Clementia dariena (Conrad), Cyclinella gatunensis Dall. * Mactra dariensis Dall (not at Gatun). Thracia (Cyathodonta) gatunensis Toula. Corbula gatunensis Toula. sphenia Dall. sericea Dall. (Cuneocorbula) hexacyma Brown and Pilsbry. *qlabamiensis Lea. *gregoriot Cossmann. heterogenea Guppy (not at Gatun). *yiminea Guppy (not at Gatun). Teredo dendrolestes. Brown and Pilsbry. *Solecurtus gatunensis Toula. strigillatus (Linnaeus). Sixteen species included in the foregoing list have not been found at Gatun, and the occurrence there of two other species is doubtful. The number of identified species of mollusca from the formation, including two doubtfully determined, is 125. Subsequent to the publication of the papers by Brown and Pilsbry, . Cossmann! has described four additional species from Mindi out of materal belonging tothe Gatun formation. The species are as follows: Euchilodon moierei Cossmann; Conus lavillet Cossmann; Uszia mio- caenica Cossmann; Marginella mindiensis Cossmann. PLIOCENE. TORO LIMESTONE. At Toro Point, the type locality of this formation, station No. 6037, Doctor MacDonald and I collected the types of Epitonvum (Sthe- 1 Cossmann, M., Etude comparative de fossiles miocdniques recueillis & la Martinique et & l’Isthme de Panama, Journ. Conchyl., vol. 61, pp. 1-64, pls. 1-5, 1913. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 563 norytis) toroénse Dall and of E. toroénses var. insigne Dall! In addition to these identifiable Mollusca, dissociated barnacle plates and com- minuted milluscan shell fragments are abundant. The probably equivalence of this deposit with the coquina rock, which contains many fragments of Pecten sp., on the top of the hill at the west end of Gatun dam, is discussed by Doctor MacDonald on page 544 of his article immediately preceding the present one. PLEISTOCENE. Although horizons in the marine Pleistocene deposits of America have not yet been discriminated on the basis of their contained fossils, it is my opinion that such discriminations will be made. As a con- tribution toward the biologic characterization of a Pleistocene deposit, the following list of fossils from the deposit in the swamp north and east of Mount Hope, stations Nos. 5850 and 6038, has been prepared. ‘Two papers on the fossil mollusca from this locality have been published. The first is by Dr. W. H. Dall, in his paper just referred to; the second is by Messrs. Brown and Pilsbry.?- The other lists are from the memoirs forming parts of this volume. FOSSILS FROM THE PLEISTOCENE OF THE CANAL ZONE. PLANTAE. HYDROZOA. Archaeolithothamnium episporum M. A. Millepora alecicorms Linnaeus. Howe. MOLLUSCA. a Tornatina canaliculata (Say). R.? Oculina diffusa Lamarck. Cylichnella bidentata (Orbigny.) varicosa Le Sueur. Atys sandersoni Dall. Eusmilia fastigiata (Pallas). Bullaria occidentalis (A. Adams). C. Astrangia (Phyllangia) americana Milne | Haminea canalis Dall. Edwards and Haime. Haminea antillarum (Orbigny). R. Cladocora arbuscula Le Sueur. Terebra spei Brown and Pilsbry. Solenastrea bournoni Milne Edwards and | Conus proteus Hwass. R. Drillia leucocyma Dall. Haime. Favia fragum (Esper). ostrearum Stearns. Maeandra areolata (Linnaeus). harfordiana (Reeve) var. colonen- Manicina gyrosa (Ellis and Solander). sis Brown and Pilsbry. R. Agaricia agaricites (Linnaeus). Clathurella jewettt Stearns. R. var. purpurea Le Sueur. | Cythara balteata (Reeve). pusilla Verrill. biconica (C. B. Adams). OC. Siderastrea radians (Pallas). Marinula colonia Dall. R. siderea (Ellis and Solander). Olivella myrmecoon Dall. C. Acropora muricata (Linnaeus.) Marginella cincta Kiener C. Porites furcata Lamarck. pallida (Linnaeus). R. astreoides Lamarck. minuta Pfeiffer. 1 Dall, W. H., New species of fossil shells from Panama and Costa Rica, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 6, 7, 1912. 2 Brown, A. P., and Pilsbry, H. A., Two collections of Pleistocene fossils from the Isthmus of Panama, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. for 1913, pp. 493-500, 1913. 8 The abundance or rarity of the species is indicated by the letters R. (rare) and C. (common). 564 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. FOSSILS FROM THE PLEISTOCENE OF THE CANAL ZONE—Ccontinued. MOLLUSCA—Ccontinued. Voluta alfaroi Dall. R. Fasciolaria species. R. Specimen too young to determine. Latirus cingulifera (Lamarck). R. Phos intricatus Dall. R. Eingina turbinella (Miener). R. Nassa vibex Say. Columbella mercatoria (Linnaeus). Anachis avara (Say). R. samanensis Dall. C. pulchella (Kiener). R. Aspella scalaroides (Blainville). R. Strombus bituberculatus Lamarck. pugilis Linnaeus. Trivia pediculus (Linnaeus). R. Murex rufus Lamarck. R. pomum Gmelin. nodatus Reeve. OC. Urosalpinz species. R. Eulima bifasciata (Orbigny). R. Cymatium vespaceum (Lamarck). R. tuberosum (Lamarck). R. Cerithiopsis species. R. Bittium varium Pteiffer. C. Cerithium literatum (Born). R. algicola C. B. Adams. C. medium Dall. R. variabile C. B. Adams. Cerithidea varicosa Sowerby. R. Modulus modulus (Linnaeus). C. catenulatus Philippi. R. Littorina angulifera Lamarck. R Vermetus nigricans Philippi (?). R. Alabina cerithoides Dall. Alaba tervaricosa Adams. R. Rissoina laevigata C. B. Adams _ var. browniana Orbigny. striatocostata Orbigny. R. cancellata Philippi. R. elegantissima Orbigny. R. Crepidula convera Say. C. plana Say. C. Calyptraea candeana Orbigny. C. Natica pusilla Say. R. Siguretus perspectivus Say. R. Phasianella pulchella C. B. Adams. C. Turbo crenulatus Gmelin. R. Astralium brevispina (Lamarck). R. tuberosum (Philippi) (?) Tequla fasciata (Born). Fissuridea alternata (Say). Subemarginula emarginata (Blainville). rollandw (Fischer). MOLLUSCA—Ccontinued. Acmaea punctata (Gmelin). Neritina viridis Lamarck. ©. Tonicia schrammi Shuttlworth. RK. Dentalium callithriz Dall. C. Cadulus vaughami Dall. C. Leda vulgaris, new species. C. acuta Conrad. R. Yoldia perprotracia Dall. C. Arca umbonata Lamarck. R. imbricata Brugiére. R. antiquaia Linnaeus. C. deshayesi Hanley. ©. campechiensis Dillwyn. R. adamsi Smith. occidentalis Philippi. R. reticulata Gmelin. R. Scapharca pitttert Dall. C. Byssoarca fusca Brugiére. C. . Melina ephippium (Linnaeus). C. Ostrea virginica Gmelin. C. Pecten ziczac (Linnaeus). C. exasperatus Sowerby. C. gibbus (Linnaeus). gibbus dislocatus Say. R. Mytilus exustus Lamarck. R. Chama sp. R. ) On OF Crassinella guadalupensis (Orbigny). R. Diplodonta mediamericana Brown and Pilsbry. R. Diplodonta soror C. B. Adams. C, Codakia orbiculata (Montagu). R. antillarum Reeve. C. Lucina chrysostoma Philippi. C. Phacoides lintea (Conrad). R. near crenulatus (Conrad). R. antillarum Reeve. R. leucocyma Dall. R. pectinaius (Gmelin). C. Phacoides species Cuspidaria (Cardiomya) costellata Des- hayes. R. Cardium serratum Linnaeus. OC. medium Linnaeus. muricatum Linnaeus. C. Gafrarium (Gouldia) cerina (C. B. Adams). R. Pitar subarresta Dall. Chione cancellata (Linnaeus). C. Tellina (Hurytellina) alternata Say. C. (Cyclotellina) fausta Donovan. (Angulus) versicolor Cozzens. promera Dall. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 565 FOSSILS FROM THE PLEISTOCENE OF THE CANAL ZONE—Continued. MOLLUSCA—Ccontinued. cruUSTACEA—continued. Abra aequalis (Say). R. Calappa flammea Rathbun. Corbula equivalvis Philippi. C. Leucosilia jurinei (Saussure). swiftiana C. B. Adams C. Leucostidae, genus and species indeter- minable. eater Arenaeus species. Macrobrachiwm ? species. Panopeus antepurpureus Rathbun. Nephrops costatus Rathbun. iridentatus Rathbun. species. Uca macrodactylus (Milne Edwards and Axius ? species. Lucas). ; Hepatus chilensis Milne Edwards. Parthenope pleistocenicus Rathbun. CORRELATION OF THE SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS OF PANAMA. TERTIARY FORMATIONS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES. A Table of the Tertiary geologic formations of the southeastern United States and their correlatives within that area, revised to the present date—October 15, 1917—is presented facing page 569. In 1912 I published a summary of the stratigraphy of the Tertiary for- mations of the Gulf and south Atlantic Coastal Plain, incorporating all data available up to that time,’ and gave in the accompanying bibliography references to the principal literature. Since the sum- mary referred to was printed a number of papers containing addi- tional information have been published, and I have had the benefit of consulting the manuscripts of reports, to be mentioned later, not yet available in print. References to the later published and a few unpublished papers are as follows: Berry, E. W., The physical conditions and age indicated by the flora of the Alum Bluff formation, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98, pp. 41-59, pls. 7-10, 1916. The physical conditions indicated by the flora of the Calvert formation, Idem, pp. 61-73, pls. 11, 12, 1916. The flora of the Citronelle formation, Idem, pp. 193-204, pls. 44-47, 1916. — The flora of the Catahoula sandstone, Idem, pp. 227-243, pls. 55-60, 1916. The lower Eocene floras of southeastern North America, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 91, pp. 481, 117 pls., 1916. BRANTLY, J. E., A report on the limestones and marls of the Coastal Plain of Georgia, Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 21, pp. 300, 11 pis., 1916. c Cooke, C. W., The age of the Ocala limestone, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 95 (I), pp. 107-117, 1915. The stratigraphic position and fauna! associates of the orbitcid Foraminifera of the genus Ortho- phragmina from Georgia and Florida, U. S. Geo!. Survey Prof. Paper 108 (G), pp. 1U9-113, 1917. Correlation of the deposits of Jackson and Vicksburg ages in Mississippi and Alabama, Washing- ton Acad. Sci. Journ., vol. 8, pp. 186-198. The Jackson formation and the Vicksburg group in Mississippi, Unpublished manuscript. and SHEARER, H. K., Deposits of Claiborne and Jackson age in Georgia, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 120(E), pp. 41-81, pl. 7, figs. 7-9, 1918. CusuMaAN, J. A., Orbitoid Foraminifera of the genus Orthophragmina from Georgia and Florida, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 108 (G), pp. 111-124 , pls. 40-44, 1917. Dai, W. H., On a brackish water Pliocens fauna of the southern Coasta! Plain, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., . vol. 46, pp. 225-227, 1913. ' Vaughan, T.W., Earlier Tertiary (Eocene and Oligocene), Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas, pp. 723-731; Sonth Atlantic and eastern Gulf Coastal Plain and north end of Mississippi Embayment, pp. 781-745; Later Tertiary (Miocene and Pliocene), Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas, pp. 804-806: South Atlantic and eastern (iulf Coastal Plain and north end of Mississippi Embayment, pp. 806-813: in Willis, Bailey: Index to the stratigraphy of North America, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 71, 1912. 566 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. DALL, W. H., A monograph of the molluscan fauna of the Orthaulaz pugnaz zone of the Oligocene of Tampa, Florida, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 90, pp. 178, 26 pls., 1915. A contribution to the invertebrate fauna of the Oligocene beds of Flint River, Georgia, U. S. Nat Mus. Proc., vol. 51, pp. 487-524, pls. 83-88, 1916. DEussEN, ALEXANDER, Geology and underground waters of the southeastern part of the Texas Coastal Plain, U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 335, pp. 365, 9 pls., 1914. Geology of the Coastal Plain of Texas between Brazos and Nueces rivers, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper —— (manuscript not published). and Dotz, R. B., Ground water in LaSalle and McMullen counties, Texas, U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 375 (G), pp. 141-177, pls. 9, 10, 1916. DUMBLE, E. T., Some events in the Eocene history of the present Coastal area of the Gulfof Mexico in: Texas and Mexico, Journ. Geol., vol. 23, pp. 481-498, 1915. Problems of the Texas Tertiary sands, Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 447-476, pls. 25-27, 1915. Tertiary deposits of northeastern Mexico, California Acad. Sci. Proc., ser. 4, vol. 5, pp. 163-193, pls. 16-19, 1915. Lowe, E. N., Preliminary report on iron ores of Mississippi, Miss. Geol. Survey Bull. 10, pp. 70, 7 pls., 1913. See especially pp. 23-25. Mississippi, its geology, geography, soils, and mineral resources, Idem, Bull. 12, pp. 335, 28 pls., 1 geol. map, 1915. : MANSFIELD, W. C., Mollusks from the type locality of the Choctawhatchee marl, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 51, pp. 599-607, pl. 113, 1916. Matson, G. C., The phosphate deposits of Florida, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 604, pp. 101, 17 pls., 1915. The Pliocene Citronelle formation of the Gulf Coastal Plain, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98, pp. 167-192, pis. 32-43, 1916. —— The Catahoula sandstone, Idem, pp. 209-226, pls. 48-54, 1916. , and SANFORD, S., Geology and groundwaters of Florida, U. 8. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 319, pp. 445, 17 pls., 1913, Rogers, G. S., The phosphate deposits of South Carolina, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 580 (J), pp. 183-220, pl. 2, 1914. SELLARDS, E. H., Fossil vertebrates from Florida: A new Miocene fauna, Florida Geol. Survey Eighth Ann. Rept., pp. 83-93, 1916. SHaw, E. W., Pliocene of northeastern Mississippi, U. 8S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 108 (H), pp. 125- 163, pls. 45-60, figs. 21-25, 1918. SHEARER, H. K., Areport on the bauxite and fuller’s earth of the Coastal Plain of Georgia, Georgia Geol... Survey Bull. 31, pp. 340, pls. 16, 1917. STEPHENSON, L. W., and VEATCH, J. O., Underground waters of the Coastal Plain of Georgia, U. 8. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 341, pp. 539, 21 pls., 1915. , and CRIDER, A. F., Geology and groundwaters of northeastern Arkansas, U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 399, pp. 315, 11 pls., 1916. VAUGHAN, T. W., The reef-coral fauna of Carrizo Creek, Imperial County, California, and its significance; U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98 (T), pp. 355-386, pls. 92-102, 1917. ——-— Correlation of the Tertiary formations of the southeastern United States, Central America, and the West Indies, Washington Acad. Sci. Journ., vol. 8, pp. 268-276, 1918. and CooKkE, C. W., Correlation of the Hawthorn formation, Washington Acad. Sci. Journ., vol. 4, pp. 250-253, 1914. In the bibliography, except the one by Professor Berry on the flora of the Calvert formation, I have purposely omitted references to papers on that part of the Coastal Plain north of the South Carolina- North Carolina boundary line. The contributions to the paleontology and stratigraphy of the Tertiary formations of the south Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain during the past five years have been considerable, as the list of papers shows, but much more work has been done. Prof. E. W. Berry has completed a monograph of the middle and upper Eocene floras of southeastern North America, now awaiting publication as a Professional Paper of the United States Geological Survey; Dr. Joseph A. Cushman has a monograph of the Pliocene ‘and Miocene Foraminifera of the Coastal Plain in press as a bulletin of the United States Geological Survey; Messrs. F. Canu and R. S. Bassler have submitted the manuscript for a very large volume on GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 567 the Eocene and lower Oligocene Bryozoa of the Coastal Plain for pub- lication by the United States National Museum; Miss Julia Gardner has completed the manuscript of a monograph on the Mollusca of the Chipola marl, Oak Grove sand, and Shoal River marl members of the Alum Bluff formation; and Dr. C. W. Cooke has completed the field work of a geologic reconnaissance of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina, on a scale of 1:500,000. The results of all this un- published work have been available to me, and I have utilized them in preparing the correlation table. The only specific correlations that it seems desirable to discuss in this connection are those of the upper Eocene of Texas. Dumble, in his papers already cited, represents upper Claibornian deposits as being absent in Texas, referring his Fayette and Yegua formations to the lower Claiborne, while the Frio is placed doubtfully in the same division of the Claiborne. The Fayette overlies the Yegua, which is the same as the formation to which I applied the name “‘Cocksfield Ferry beds” in 1895.1. In my papers cited below! I made it perfectly clear that that formation overlies the lower Claiborne deposits, to which Harris later applied the name St. Maurice forma- tion, and underlies the marine fossiliferous Jackson as exposed on Red River at Montgomery, Louisiana, and that it must include the deposits in Louisiana that are the stratigraphic equivalent of the upper Claiborne, subsequently designated Gosport sand, of Alabama. There was no escape from this correlation at the time I made it, and it has subsequently been repeatedly corroborated by others. Although the basal part of the Yegua is probably the equivalent of the upper part of the lower Claiborne Lisbon formation, the greater part of the Yegua is of upper Claiborne age, and it is the Texas cor- relative of the Gosport sand of Alabama. Berry’s unpublished studies of the middle and upper Eocene floras of southeastern North America supply further corroboration of this correlation, and he au- thorizes me to say that some of the upper beds of the Yegua may be of lower Jackson age. So long ago as 1902 Miss Maury published the following statement regarding the Fayette sandstone: ? In 1895 Mr. William Kennedy ® referred both the Fayette sandstone and the Frio, clays to the lower Claiborne because of the presence of Venericardia planicosta in the sandstones. Mr. Veatch, during the winter of 1902, has examined the sandstones and finds Venericardia planicosta is limited to the basal layers of the formation. These he refers to the Jackson. 1 Vaughan, T. W., Stratigraphy of northwestern Louisiana, Amer. Geologist, vol. 15, pp. 205-229, pl. 9, 1895; A brief contribution to the geology and paleontology of northwestern Louisiana, U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 142, pp. 65, 4 pls., 1896. 2 Maury, Carlotta J., A comparison of the Oligocene of western Europe and the southern United States, Bull. Amer. Paleontology, vol. 3, p. 80, 1902. 8 Kennedy, William, Eocene Tertiary of Texas, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. for 1895, pp. 92, 98, 1895. 568 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. I have visited, in company with Mr. Alexander Deussen, the fos- siliferous exposures near Wellborn, Texas. I collected fossils and have studied them. I concur with Mr. Veatch in his opinion that they are of Jackson age. Mr. Deussen has traced the formation westward; ft is persistent and persistently overlies the Yegua for- mation at least for some miles beyond Nueces River.! The Frio clay overlies the Fayette sandstone, and it contains Ostrea georgiana, a species that is abundant in the Jackson formation in Alabama and in the Barnwell formation, which is the correlative of the Jackson formation, in eastern Georgia. The Fayette sandstone and the Frio clay of Texas are the correlatives of the Jackson formation of Lou- isiana and Mississippi. The following table shows the stratigraphic equivalence: Correlation of the middle and upper Eocene of Texas. Mississippi. Louisiana. Texas ee Nueces 3 i . Frio clay. Jackson formation......... Jackson formation......... ae candatanee aise Yegua formation...... .| Yegua formation.......... eeeua formation. aiborne group....|4 Lisbon formation \ An « { ook Mountain formation, Tallahatta buhrstone...... St. Maurice formation..... Mount Seiman formation. | Southward and westward of a line, the location of which is indi- cated on Deussen’s map,’ there is a change in the strike of the forma- tions. The line passes between Cotulla and Tilden and strikes from about N. 52° W. to S. 52° E.; northeast of it, the strike of the for- mations is 8. 39° W., with a southeastward dip of 48 feet to 1 mile; southwest of it, the strike is N. 19° E., with a dip S. 19° E. of 36 feet to 1 mile. In 1912 Mr. G. C. Matson devoted some months to a field study of the area along Rio Grande seaward of the Eocene- Cretaccous contact, and I accompanied him during a wagon trip from Laredo to Samfordyvee. As Mr. Matson has not been able to prepare a report for publication, it is fortunate that I made notes on the exposures we examined, and later the marine fossils collected were studied and identified by Dr. C. W. Cooke and myself. Through out much of its course between Laredo and Roma, Rio Grande is a subsequent stream—that is, its course is along the strike of the for- mations—and for miles the road is on very nearly the same geologic formation. However, only a short distance eastward from the river higher geologic formations are encountered. The most important difference of the successive formations, as compared with those far- ther east, consists in the shght development of the legnitiferous Yegua formation, which, apparently, is represented by shoal-water marine sands. The correlative of the Fayette sandstone was not 1U.S8. Geol. Survey Water-Suppiy Paper 375, p!. 8, 1916. Se a cratedead esata yon i ets mars — ont iY i near a inh tenets) "ey TRE See eee aici BSR Cnn Leal he OER ( baitntt} OR an wei a - wrod hers ho whale 1G, (Dar oe poe 60,9 Catahoula sandstone, Vicksburg limestone. Jackson formation, Yegua formation. Claiborne group. St. Maurice for- mation. Wilcox formation. Midway formation. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 569 definitely recognized, but Professor Berry has identified a Jacksonian flora, collected by Mr. Matson, ‘4% miles north of Miraflores Ranch, 45 miles southeast of Laredo,” and says in a letter: “I consider the Miraflores Ranch outcrops as Fayette sandstone and of lower Jackson age. Jam sure that it is not upper Claiborne; in fact, I believe that a part of the Yegua in the Texas area is also lower Jackson in age.” The Frio clay is represented by clays that contain abundant speci- mens of Ostrea georgiana. The importance of these notes in this connection consists in showing that marine deposits of Jackson age extend to Rio Grande, but the strike veers southward in carlionmat with the trends of the shore of the Gulf of Mexico and of the moun- tains in eastern Mexico. CORRELATION OF THE TERTIARY FORMATIONS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES With EUROPEAN SUBDIVISIONS OF THE TERTIARY. EOCENE, As the remarks to be made here are intended to be only asummary, no extersive account of literature will be given. However, it should be mentioned that Dr. W. H. Dall’s correlation table, published nearly 20 years ago,! is valuable in that it gave a summary of opraion up to 1898 and served as a startirg pomt for subsequent attempts of a similar kmd. A comparison of the correlation table of the for- mations in the southeastern United States here presented with Doctor Dall’s shows that during the past 20 years many modifica- tiovs or charges mn opinion have been rendered necessary because ou the acquirement of new information. The most recent discussion of the European equivalence of the lower Tertiary deposits of the Coastal Plain is that of Berry, who in his lower Eocene floras? presents the following table of the names applied to the European ‘‘stages”’: Ypresian (Dumont, 1849) WSR MES seat 288 Vie liz Wena facies=Cuisian. Lagoon facies=Laonnian. Sparnacian (Dollfus, 1880)=Upper Landenian (Mayer Eymar, 1857). Thanetian (Renevier, 1873)=TIIeersian (Dumont, 1849), Lower Lan- denian (Mayer Eymar, 1857 Montian (Dewalque, 1869)=Paleocene of Von Koenen and others. (Not of Schimper, 1874.) Lower Focene| Basal Eocene. Berry says: ‘‘Together these stages correspond to the Konummu- litic of Haug (1911), to the Suessonian of D’Orbigny, and to the Palcocene of Schimper (1874), but not to the Paleocene of -Von Koenen, Dollo, ad others, which is hmited to the Montian stage.” 1 Dall. W. H., A table of the North American Tertiary horizons. correlated with one another and with those of western Europe, with annotations, U.S. Geol. Survey Eighteenth Ann. Rept., pt. 2, pp. 323-348, 1898. 2U. 8S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 91, pp. 140-152, A PROVISIONAL CORRELATION TABLE OF THE TERTIA OF THE UNITED STATES. RY FORMATIONS OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC AND EASTERN GULF COASTAL PLAIN i South Carolina Georgia Ageof| North Carolina fi iT Chattahoochee “lori fA rea > e- | (south of Hatteras eee Taos): sno ree i araltage). eg Tlorida. Alabama. Mississippi. Louisiana. posits. axis). drainage). Caloosahatchee| | < marl, Nashua ‘ g Not _recog- marl, Aveo? Onis o- Ge x , s Waccamaw marl, | Waccamaw marl. nized. ara an nel ee itronelle formation.) Citronelle formation.| Citronelle formation. =) (largely contem- | tion. poraneous), ie in marl, Duplin marl. Duplin marl, Jacksonville | Choctawhat- Fan ba ee r Jesus a , formation, . | chee marl. Pascagoula clay. Pascagoula clay. Pascagoula clay. cy | Unconformity —|— Unconformity — Unconformity eames ale - < a 5 Edisto marl. lll Marks Head . marl. gs | a gS g|3 3 Unconformity }—_—_—_—_—_ |—__—_ Unconformity g Shoal River marl s member, : FI is o - a Alum E Alum ‘Bluff Alum Bluff g Oak Gr Bluft Hatties- 2 3 formation, formation. g = Urouelsang forma- |burgclay. Hattiesburg clay. Hattiesburg clay. Pat tion. Pot | eo eee ee g Chipola marl 3 member, : ————— = goes a Tampa forma- tion : E . 5 le Cata= Hea) Chattahoochee | Chattahoochee Chattahoochee aaa eo 3s formation. formation. formation, ponies sand- | ©atahoulasandstone.| Catahoula sandstone, 2 tion. Stone, Unconformity =e q Byram calc, marl. & Q a S| Marianna lime: | & a 2 2 ea (with 5'| Marianna lime- we Ei & 2 stone (with ) 5 ty 3 e Glendon lime- | & Glendon Ii e Vicksburg for- | © | Marianna limestone | to stone mem- | st CO Vicksburg 8 mation, 8 (western Florida). 2 ber). 3 aoncere mint limestone. 8 | '@| marl me m- Pel |g ‘S| bers). > > s Red Bluff clay. Red Bluff clay. i Cl ime- Barnwell for- Jackson _ formation a Castle Hayne line Cooper pemee! mation(with | Ocala lime- F Ocala Jackson (with Yazoo clay © | rent marl marl, Hone @wiges clay stone, Ocala limestone, lime- forma- member and | Jackson formation, p 2 10n. member). stone, tion. Mondys cals: marl A Gosport sand. S Yegua formation.| . | Yegua formation. a 5) 3 i} - is} i) ° oa is 5 . i McBean forma- | McBean forma-| McBean forma- : | Lisbon _ forma- be Lisbon forma- Cy z tion, tion. tion, (Buried.) 5 tion. FE tion, a a S) 5) = 6 | St. Maurice for- &) 3 2! mation. | Tallahatta buhr- S Tallahatta buhr- |.3 i ©} stone. - stone. o Congaree shales of A,| Hatchetigbee | & Sloan, Bt pohmation. 2 crane formar ileox forma- ashi formation. 2 ‘ Crea ae a (Buried. ) et Tuscahoma for- | 4 Holla Springs | Wilcox formation. ai ation S . Williamsburg for- |} En | Ackerman for- mation, s Nena laliaforme, =| mation. B - — — = E 8 Naheola forma-| .| Tippah sand- g,| _ tion. &| _ stone of Lowe, 5'|Sucarnochee|5| Porters Creek mT Ate &) clay. &| clay. lack Mingo for- | (Probably Way for- 5 b 3 fone mation, overlapped.) | mation. (Buried.) s g A ; Midway formation rs | Clayton _lime- q Clayton lime-|&J| stone absent stone. or replaced by sand, 37149—19. (‘To face page 569.) 570 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. With regard to the age of the Midway flora, he says: ‘‘ The European floras most similar to that of the Midway (?) are those, likewise poorly represented in marine deposits, of the Montian and Thanetian stages m the so-called Paris Basm im northern France, Belgium, and southeastern England.” He concludes his discussion of the correlation of the Wilcox floras with the following statement:? ‘‘In view of the foregoing discussion, I have no hesitation in making the most positive statement that the Wilcox flora is largely of Ypresian age. This is rendered conclusive by the exact agreement between the flora of the overlying Claiborne group and that of the Lutetian of Europe, as brought out in my un- published studies of the Claiborne flora.”’ The foregoing paragraph contains Berry’s opinion in 1916 as to the equivalence of the Claiborne group of the southern United States with the Lutetian of western Europe. This is an old correlation, for it is the same as that made by De Lapparent.2 More recent studies, not yet published, have led Berry to correlate the Claiborne flora of the southeastern United States with the Auversian of Europe, and he grants me permission to present his conclusion in this connection. As a part of my discussion of the coral faunas of the Jackson forma- tion and its correlatives, page 198 of this volume, I have expressed my opinion that the Jacksonian of Mississippi and Albama is the equiva- lent of the Bartonian-Ludian of western Europe, thereby concurring in a previously expressed opinion of Haug, which is essentially the same as that of De Lapparent.‘ In fact, this opinion seems generally accepted by all geologists who have studied the subject. OLIGOCENE. That the Vicksburgian Oligocene is the equivalent of the European Tongrian *-Sannoisian-Lattorfian has long been recognized and needs. only mention in this place. As a part of the discussion of the coral faunas, pages 199-207 of this volume, I have correlated the basal part of the Chattahoochee. formation with the Rupelian-Stampian of western Europe. This conclusion, which seems to me firmly established, is new for the marine Tertiary formations of continental North America. That the Tampa formation of Florida is the equivalent of the Euro- pean Aquitanian, which seems to include the Chattian, is generally acknowledged. This is the opinion of W. H. Dall and M. Cossmann, » 1U.S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 91, p. 11. 2Idem. p. 152, 3 De Lapparent, A., Traité de géologie, p. 1454, 1900. 4 Traité de géologie, ed. 4, p. 1473. 6 Maury, Carlotta J., A comparison of the Oligocene of western Europe and the southern United States,, Bull. Amer, Paleontology, vol. 3, No. 15, pp. 313-404, pls. 20-29, 1902. Hereit should benoted that Tongrian: . has been used in two senses, one as the equivalent of the lower (Lattorfian) and the other as the equivalent: ofthe middle (Rupelian) Oligocene. Miss Maury used it in the former sense. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 571 and apparently Mr. R. B. Newton agrees with them.! The papers cited below contain the opinions referred to, and additiomal references to literature are given in the footnotes to Doctor Dall’s paper. On page 211 of this volume, under my discussion of the successive Amer- ican coral faunas of Tertiary age, the same opinion is expressed. ~ Paleontologists are divided in opinion as to whether the Aquitanian should be referred to the Oligocene or to the Miocene. From my experience with American faunas I incline to consider it as belonging to the older series. The Rupelian (basal Chatta- hoochee and Antiguan) fauna has much in common with the Sannoisian-Lattorfian (Vicksburgian) faunas, on the one hand, and with the Aquitanian (Tampa) fauna on the other. The failure to discover Lepidocyclina at Tampa seems to me of no great value as evidence, for, so far as I am aware, no careful search for Foraminifera has been made in the ‘‘silex’’ bed. Should the specimens not have been destroyed by changes in the sediments subsequent to deposition, it is my expectation that either Lepidocyclina or Heterosteginoides, or both, will be found at Tampa, for in the Canal Zone both of those genera of Foraminifera are found in association with a fauna that I am correlating with the Tampa, and Heterosteginoides occurs in Anguilla. Mr. Newton, in his note cited, states that ‘‘Nummulites died out at the end of Oligocene time, being replaced by Lepidocycline Foraminifera in the succeeding Aquitanian and later stages of the Miocene period.”’ This is an unfortunate remark, for the type-species of Lepidocyclina is L. mantella (Morton) from the Vicksburgian Oligo- cene of the Gulf States. It is now known that in Georgia the genus ranges stratigraphically as low in the Eocene as a middle Jacksonian horizon, overlapping the upward range of Orthophragmina,? and it is probable that it ranges as low as the base of the Jackson formation in Mississippi and Louisiana. Nummulites panamensis in the Canal Zone occurs at a horizon very nearly the same as that of the ‘‘silex’”’ bed at Tampa. There are important differences between the Tampa and the later fauna of the Chipola marl, which is considered by the students of Florida stratigraphy, except Doctor Dall, as the basal member of the Alum Bluff formation. However, it should be recog- nized that the presence of the Chipola marl considerably west of the type locality on Chipola River indicates a persistence that may warrant according it formational rank. I am definitely placing the Chipola mar! and the higher members of the Alum Bluff formation in the Miocene. 1 Dall, W. H., Note on the Oligocene of Tampa, Fla., the Panama Canal Zone, and the Antillean region, Malacolog. Soc. Proc., vol. 12, pp. 38, 39, 1916. Newton, R. B., Remarks on Dr, Dall’s paper, idem, p. 40, 3 Generic determinations by Dr. Joseph A. Cushman, 572 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. MIOCENE. ALUM BLUFF FORMATION. In the foregoing paragraph and on pages 219-220, as a part of the discussion of the fossil coral-faunas, I have referred the Chipola marl member of the Alum Bluff formation to the basal part of the Mio- cene—that is, I correlate it with the base of the Burdigalian of European nomenclature. Unfortunately, information on the basal contact of the Chipola is not adequate. According to the description by Matson and Clapp? it conformably overlies the Chattahoochee formation. In 1900 I examined the exposure at the type locality, the McClelland farm on the west side of Chipola River, just south of Ten- mile Creek, Calhoun County, Florida, and corroborated the previous observations of Dall and Stanley-Brown that the marl immediately overlies limestone at the top of the Chattahoochee formation, but did not study the nature of the contact in sufficient detail. Although the evidence is not definite, it is probable that the contact is one of erosion unconformity. As regards the Mollusca of the Chipola marl, Miss Julia Gardner, who has almost completed a monographic account of them, furnishes me the following statement: ‘‘The earlier investigation of the Chipola fauna indicated that ‘about 50 per cent of the species in the Chipola beds are peculiar to them; of the others the larger proportion are common to the Tampa Orthaulax bed while in the subsequent Oak Grove sands about 24 per cent of the Chipola species survive.’ ? ‘Further investigations have, as is usually the case, materially increased the percentage of peculiar forms and materially diminished the percentage of species common to other horizons. The work upon the Chipola fauna is not yet complete but there is every reason to suppose that at least 75 per cent of the species are restricted to the single horizon. Twenty-three of the Tampa gastropods have been considered identical with those from the Chipola. In 18 out of the 23 the resemblances between the Tampa and Chipola forms are too slight to justify their inclusion under the same specific name. Two other species must be discarded for the present, because it has been impossible to find the Tampa individuals referred to them, Only 3 of the 23 remain; Strombus chipolanus is represented in the Tampa beds by material too imperfect to determine with complete assurance; Xenophora conchyliophora is a species which has per- sisted with no perceptible change of character from the Upper Cretaceous to the Recent; Tegula exoleta apparently initiated in the Tampa persisted throughout the Miocene. The relation between the 1 Matson, G. C., and Clapp, F. G., A preliminary report on the geology of Florida, with special refer- ence to the stratigraphy, Florida Geol. Survey 2d Ann. Rept., pp. 102, 103, 1910. 2 Dall, W. H., A monograph of the molluscan fauna of the Orthaular pugnaz zone of the Oligocene of Tampa, Fla., U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 90, p. 8, 1915. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 573 Tampa and Chipola pelecypods promises to be similar to that be- tween the gastropods. No identical species of any significance has been found, and except a single conspicuous element the entire aspect of the fauna looks forward to the later Tertiary and Recent rather than backward. The presence of Orthaulax, that bizarre group so closely associated with the Oligocene of the southeast coast and the Antilles, is the one strong band between the Chipola and the later Oligocene faunas. This archaic type survived the break at the close of the Tampa and continued in considerable abundance throughout the Chipola, but no trace of it has been found in the later formations. ‘“The affinity between the Oak Grove and Chipola is much closer than the percentage of identical species indicates. Only about 15 per cent of the Chipola forms are common to the Oak Grove, although about 85 per cent of the Oak Grove forms are common to the Chipola. The Chipola fauna is remarkably varied and includes two decidedly dis- tinct facies and a third more obscurely differentiated assemblage. The Oak Grove fauna, on the other hand, is much more uniform; it includes fewer species and has a much larger relative number of individuals. The facies of the Chipola fauna at the type exposure on Chipola River is much more closely allied to the Oak Grove than is the facies developed in the lower bed at Alum Bluff, which con- tains a rather prominent brackish water element. The third assem- blage, a marine fauna known only from Boynton Landing on Choc- tawhatchee River, has a rather large number of peculiar species. Except Orthaulaz, the prominent genera of the Chipola fauna on the Chipola River and those of the Oak Grove fauna are the same, and a goodly percentage, probably the majority, of the prolific species of the Oak Grove have closely related analogues in the Chipola fauna as represented on Chipola River. The change following the Chipola was apparently sufficient to exterminate the archaic types, together with a large number of the newer forms. The hardier types, however, survived and were apparently able to flourish with increased abun- dance in the less densely populated waters of the Oak Grove.”’ The Mollusca of this horizon are only remotely related to those of the Tampa formation, which is the stratigraphic equivalent of the upper part of the Chattahoochee formation, while they are closely related to those of the next higher zone, the Oak Grove sand. Be- cause of the faunal kinship and the stratigraphic intergradation of the marl with the typical material of the Alum Bluff formation at Alum Bluff, it is classified with the Oak Grove sand as a member of the Alum Bluff formation. Berry has described the small flora obtained in the Alum Bluff formation! in a paper by him already cited. The fossil plants at 1U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98 (E), pp. 41-59, pls. 7-10, 1916. 574 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Alum Bluff occur between 12 and 17 feet above the top of the Chipola marl. He says regarding this flora: ‘‘It is thus apparent that the Alum Bluff flora can be considered either Aquitanian or Burdigalian, with a slight preponderance of the evidence in favor of the Aquita- nian, * * * If the Alum Bluff formation is of Aquitanian or Burdigalian age—and one or the other alternative seems certain— the more or less academic question is raised whether it shall be classed as Oligocene or Miocene.’’ The floral evidence at least does not contradict considering the Alum Bluff as Burdigalian. The matrix of the Chipola marl is particularly suited for the preservation of Foraminifera, and they are very abundant; but there are no orbitoid Foraminifera, neither Lepidocyclina nor Hetero- steginoides. The Bryozoa of the Alum Bluff formation, according to Messrs. Canu and Bassler, are of distinctly Burdigalian affinities. The fauna is particularly characterized by the introduction of certain species that persist until the present time. Two of these species are Cupularia umbellata Defrance and C. canariensis Busk, both of which occur in the Chipola marl at its type locality, and both were collected by Doctor MacDonald on Banana River, Costa Rica, in deposits correlated with the Gatun formation, and both occur in the Bowden marl of Jamaica. The evidence of the fossil corals and of the fossil vertebrates has been discussed on pages 219, 220 of this volume. MARKS HEAD MARL AND CALVERT FORMATION. The Marks Head marl at Porters Landing, Savannah River, Effingham County, Georgia, has been correlated by me with the Calvert formation of Maryland and Virginia.1 The most recent discussion of the age equivalence of the Calvert with European horizons is that of Berry in a paper already mentioned.? He says, regarding the probable age of the formation: ‘‘Seven of the Calvert plants, or 26.9 per cent, are common to the Tortonian of Europe, and ten others, or 38 per cent, are represented in the Tortonian by very similar forms. In view of the fact that these floras spread into both regions from a common and equally accessible source, the evidence that the Calvert flora indicates a Tortonian age is as conclusive as intercontinental correlations ever can be.” According to this correlation of Berry, there is no Helvetian in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States. 1 Vaughan, T. W., The Miocene horizons at Porters Landing, Georgia, Science, new ser., vol. 31, pp. 833, 834, 1910; and in Veatch, O., and Stephenson, L. W., Preliminary report on the geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia, Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 26, pp. 362-369, 1911. 2U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98 (F), pp. 61-73, pls. 11, 12, 1916. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 575 CHOPTANK AND ST. MARYS FORMATIONS. Miss Julia Gardner contributes the following statement on these for- mations: ‘‘ Because of faunal similarity with the Calvert formation, both the Choptank and the St. Marys formations are also correlated with the Tortonian of Europe, though, of course, they represent hori- zons slightly higher than that of the Calvert. The Choptank fauna is little more than a sandy bottom facies of the Calvert and is the biologic expression of the physical conditions attending its close. About 60 per cent of the Choptank species are present in the under- lying formation, while approximately 30 per cent persist into the overlying St. Marys. “The St. Marys fauna, though similar to those of the lower forma- tions of the Chesapeake group in the general make-up, is differentiated from them by an influx of new forms and by the absence of those species peculiar to the cooler waters of the Calvert and the sands of the Choptank. The more modern element includes not far from 35 per cent of the entire St. Marys fauna.” YORKTOWN FORMATION AND DUPLIN MARL. Miss Gardner has kindly prepared the following statement: “The change in the paleontologic character at the close of the St. Marys is much more significant than that preceding it. Although the percentage of new forms in the Yorktown is not remarkably large, the general facies shows a distinct advance over the St. Marys. The more primitive types, such as Ostrea compressirostra, had become extinct or they show an abrupt decrease in prominence, while a number of more advanced types such as Arca lienosa, which con- stitute conspicuous clements in the later faunas, are initiated at this horizon. “The views advanced by Dall! on the approximate synchroncity of the Yorktown and Duplin faunas have been verified by subsequent investigations. Doctor Dall, in his discussion of Tertiary conditions along the East Coast, suggested the elimination of the cool inshore current of the carlicr Miocene and the reestablishment of a Tertiary Gulf Stream as the probable cause of the subtropical aspect of tho Duplin fauna. This late Miocene warm current apparently hugged the North Carolina shore even more closely than does the present Gulf Stream, but swung off into the open sea in the vicinity of Hatteras so that its influence upon the Yorktown fauna was almost negligible. The sea floor, on which the Dulphin marl, as at present known, was deposited, was apparently more sandy than that on which the St. Marys and Yorktown formations were laid down, as the conspicuous abundance in Virginia and northern North Carolina of such a form as Mulinia congesta indicates dominantly muddy bottom in some 1 Dall, W. H., Contribntions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Phila. Trans, vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1598, 1903. 37149—19—Bull. 103——3 576 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. portions at least of the area covered by deposits belonging to the Chesapeake group, while the profusion of Oliva literata and Olivella mutica give evidence of extensive sand flats in the area covered by the Duplin marl. Already in the late Tertiary, present day conditions had been approximated along the East Coast. The faunas of Virginia and North Carolina flourished in rather shallow inshore waters into which mud and sand were being freely carried, the waters of the Yorktown basin being slightly but not much warmer than those off the Virginia coast today; while the Duplin fauna was apparently in more direct communication with the Flor- idian life than are the present faunas off Hatteras and Cape Fear and indicate slightly warmer climatic conditions than do those of the Yorktown.” The Yorktown formation and the Duplin marl are the correlatives of the European stage next younger than the Tortonian, which would be the Sarmatian or Pontian or both. CHOCTAWHATCHEE MARL. The study that I made of the Mollusca from the Duplin marl as exposed at Porters Landing, Savannah River, Georgia,! and of Mol- lusca from exposures of the same formation in South Carolina, led me to the conclusion that the Choctawhatchee marl of Florida, exposed between Ocklocknee River, on the east, and Choctawhatchee Bay, on the west, is of very nearly the same, if not of the identical, age as the Duplin marl. Therefore, the Choctawhatchee marl and its correlative, the Jacksonville formation of east Florida, are about the same in age as the Sarmatian and Pontian of Europe. The brackish water Pascagoula clay of the coastal area in Missis- sippi and Louisiana is probably of about the same age—that is, late Miocene. PLIOCENE, In the South Atlantic and Coastal Plain of the United States four formations, the Waccamaw marl of the Carolinas, the Nashua and Caloosahatchee marls of Florida, and the Citronelle formation of the Gulf States are definitely considered of Pliocene age. References to literature are not necessary, as they are given in the papers men- tioned in the footnotes on pages 565, 566. At present correlation of these formations with the three recognized European stages, Pla- sancian, Astian, and Sicilian is not warranted. According to Berry, the flora of ‘‘the Citronelle formation belongs in the later half of the Pliocene epoch and is directly ancestral to the Pleistocene and Recent floras of the same region.” 4’ Georgia Geol. Survey Bull..26, pp. 367-369, 1911. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 577 AGE OF THE SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS OF PANAMA, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF THEIR AGE-EQUIVALENTS IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WeEsT INDIES. EOCENE. The oldest deposit from which Eocene fossils were obtained is a dark-gray argillaceous sandstone near Tonosi. Here specimens of Venericardia planicosta closely resembling a variety found at Clai- borne, Alabama, were collected. The evidence of one species is meager, but as much as there is points to the deposit being of Claibornian-Lutetian (or Auversian) age. Deposits of Claibornian age extend as a belt from South Carolina across Georgia into Alabama, thence through Mississippi, eastern Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas, and into Mexico.! Although deposits of upper Eocene (Jacksonian) age have not been positively identified in Panama, they probably are there. Doctor Cushman inclines to the opinion that the limestone contain- ing Orthophragmina minima at David is of upper Eocene age. Upper Eocene deposits occur in Nicaragua, St. Bartholomew, Jamaica, Cuba, in the southeastern and southern United States from North Carolina to Mexico, and probably in northern Colombia. The cor- relation and distribution of deposits of this age are discussed on pages 193-198 in the account of the fossil coral-faunas. They are the American representatives of the Kuropean Bartonian-Ludian- Priabonian stage. It is highly probable that upper Eocene marine sediments are present on the island of Antigua. Hussakoff has described? a fossil fish, Zebrasoma deani, from a quarry belonging to Mr. Oliver Nugent. I did not visit this quarry but saw it from a distance. It is at a place known as Golden Grove, which is 1.4 nautical miles nearly due south from the Cathedral in St. John, about 400 feet east of the southern end of a north and south line, and is in a sandstone or bedded tuff that is stratigraphically below the middle Oligocene Antigua formation. I believe Hussakoff is correct in assigning a aroun Eocene age to the fossil. Although it is sacral that deposits of upper Eocene age occur in a number of other West Indian islands, Haiti, Porto Rico, the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, Guadaloupe, Martinique, and Barbados, the available evidence is indecisive. Gregory * expressed the opin- ion in 1895 that the Scotland ‘‘beds” of Barbados are of lower Oligocene age. eecrdine to Douvillé, in his latest paper’ on the orbitoids of Trinidad, there are in that island deposits of Lutetian, Auversian, and 1 See p. 565 of this volume. 2 Hussakoff, L., Zebrasoma deani, a fossilsurgeon fish from the West Indies, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull., vol. 23, pp. 125, 126, pl. 7, 1907. 3 Gregory, J. W., Contributions to the paleontology and physical geology of the West Indies, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Journ., vol. 51, p. 298, 1895. 4Comptes Rend., vol. 164, pp. 841-847, 1917. 578 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Priabonian age. Miss Maury! correlates the basal bed of the ex- posure at Soldado Rock, Trinidad, with the Midway group of the Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States, but I am not convinced that the fauna is quite so old. In fact, the paleontologic evidence seems to me just about as strongly in favor of the horizon corresponding to one in the Wilcox group. Douvillé is of the opinion that most of Miss Maury’s horizons are younger than the age she has assigned them. There are discrepancies between Miss Maury’s and Douvillé’s correlations that probably can be reconciled only by a critical study of Foraminifera positively known to be associated with the respec- tive beds in which the Mollusea were collected. I have had con- siderable experience in checking M. Douvillé’s results, and, except that he does not understand all of the stratigraphic nomenclature and is greatly confused as to some of the stratigraphic relations in the southeastern United States, I have usually found his deductions as to the age of formations valid. It seems to me that the table in his last paper on the Trinidad orbitoids is correct, except that it seems tome more appropriate to refer the Aquitanian to the Oligocene than to the Miocene. OLIGOCENE, LOWER OLIGOCENE, The quotation, page 549, from Douvillé indicates the presence on the Haut Chagres of limestone of lower Oligocene (Lattorfian) age, as it contains specimens of Orihophragmina (Asierodiscus) species in association with Lepidocyclina species resembling L. chaperv. Doctor MacDonald collected in the river bed at David, station 6512, Lepidocyclina macdonaldi, L. duplicaia, L. panamensis, Orihophragmina minima, and Nummulites davidensis; at station 6526, in limestone which according to his section immediately underlics the lime- stone at station 6512, where he obtained Lepidocyclina species unde- termined and Nummulites davidensis; and he found at station 6523, 2 miles north of David, Lepidocyclina macdonaldi and L. duplicaia. These three localities represent very nearly, if not precisely, the same horizon, and have faunal characters very similar to those of the horizon in Trinidad that Douvillé correlates with the ‘“‘Stampien | inféricur,’’ which, according to him, is Lattorfian. It therefore seems that the limestone in and north of David is of lower Oligocene (Lat- torfian) age, and is the correlative of the Vicksburg group of the eastern Gulf States of the United States. Doctor Cushman’s opin- ions as to the probable Eocene age of this limestone was given on page 550. } It is probable that the Bohio conglomerate is of this ago, for it contains the Oligocene plant, Taentoxylon mulitradiaium Felix, which 1 Maury, Carlotta J., A contribution to the paleontology of Trinidad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Journ., ser. 2, vol. 15, pp. 25-112, pls. 5-13, 1912. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 579 also occurs in the Oligocene of Antigua, and according to Doctor MacDonald the Bohio underlies the Culebra formation, the lower part of which seems to be of middle Oligocene age. However, the Bohio may be of middle Oligocene instead of lower Oligocene age. Romanes reports from Manzanilla, on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica,! a cherty rock in which there are remains of Foraminifera, including Gobigerina and ‘‘a complex form allied to Tinoporus,”’ which according to Dr. R. L. Sherlock is ‘‘most probably a species of Orbitoides.’’ As the so-called species of Tinoporus from Trinidad, according to Douvillé, are referable to Orihophragmina (Asierodiscus), if appears almost certain that the ‘‘form allied to Tnoporus’’ mentioned by Romanes is a species of Asierodiscus. Dr. J. A. Cushman has examined Romanes’s figure, ? based on a photomicro- graph of a thin section of the rock from Manzanilla, and writes me that it shows “‘Orihophragmina and abundant Globigerina, and that the rock may be similar to that at David and on Haut Chagres.”’ The evidence is not entirely decisive, but the probability is very strong that the rock from Manzanilla, Costa Rica, is of lower Oligocene (Lattorfian) age as is that at David and on Haut Chagres. It is unfortunate that the box containing Mr. Romanes’s most important Specimens was lost in transit, but, notwithstanding this loss, he has made a valuable addition to the literature on the geology of Costa Rica. Hill, in his description of a geologic section from San Jose, Costa Rica, to the coast at Port Limon, says: ‘‘At Guallava, the next station east of Las Animas, the Tertairy rocks are of Vicksburg age, according to Dr. Dall.”’? On page 275 of Hill’s paper, Doctor Dall lists from this locality “the genuine Orbizoides manielli, Phos, Denial- hum, Plicaiula, Anomia, etc., all Vicksburg species.” Between Costa Rica and Mexico there is no definite evidence as to the presence or absence of lower Oligocene deposits, but as Sapper mentions Nummulvies from Zacualpa, Yucatan, either Hoccne or Oligocene occurs at this place;* and, judging from the indefinite statements of Sapper, deposits of cither Hocene or Oligocene age underlie extensive areas in Chiapas and northern Guatemala.® Felix and Lenk® report Nummuliies and ‘‘Orbiioides”’ in northern Chiapas, from collections made by Karsten, and refer them to the Eocene, but sufficient data are not given to decide whether the 1 Romanes, J., Geology of a part of Costa Rica, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Journ., vol. 68, pp. 130, 131, pl. 9, fig. 4, 1912. 2Tdem., pl. 9, fig. 4. 3 Hill, Rk. T., The geologic history of the Isthmus of Panama and portions of Costa Rica, Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull., vol. 28, No. 5, p, 232, 1898. 4 Sapper, Carlos, La geographia fisica y la geologica de la Peninsula de Yucatan, Mexico Inst. geol. Bol. 3, D. 7, 1896. 5 Petermann’s Mittheil., Frgiinzungs vol. 27, Ergiinzungsheft. 127, p. 67, 1899. 6 Felix, J., and Lenk, H., Ueber das Vorkommen von Nummulitenschichten in Mexico, Neues Jahrb. fiir Min, Jahrg. 1895, vol. 2, pp. 208-209, 1895. 580 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. deposits are of Hocene or Oligocene age. Aurelius Todd collected at Tumbala, Chiapas, station 6403 U.S.N.M. register, Lepidocyclina in quantity and a Nummulites possibly allied to a species described by Cushman from St. Bartholomuw. Cushman says, “I should say that the material repres:nts a lower Oligocene horizon.” Lemdocyclina and other Foraminifera that :ppears to be num- mulitic were obtained by P. C. Steward and C. W. Washburne 500 meters southeast of Pecero, 8 leagues southwest of Ozuluama, Vera Cruz, Mexico, station 5462 U.S.N.M. register. Doctor Cushman says that at best some of this material is from strata of Oligocene age, but he does not express an opinion as to what part of the Oligo- cene it represents. Lower Oligocene deposits probably occur in eastern Mexico, north of the Tamaulipas Range, for Dumble reports a Pecien recalling Pecien poulsoni Morton, specimens identified by Doctor Dall South of that range, the same author records ‘“‘Orbiioides papyracea, Crisiel- larva, and Nummulties, from the Buena Vista to the Tancochin at Cerro del Oro.”’* The paleontologic evidence is indecisive, for the “Orbi:ovles papyracea’’ is certainly misidentified; but the specimens probably represent a large species of Lepidocyclina, of the kind abundant in the lower Oligocene and upper Eocene of the south- eastern United States and in the middle Oligocene of Antigua and Georgia. The deposits from which the Foraminifera were obtained may be of upper Eocene or of upper or middle Oligocene age, but the probability is that they are lower Oligocene in age. No marine Oligocene deposits are known in the State of Texas. Berry reports Palmozylon iexense Stenzel, from 5 miles north of Jasper, Texas, from ‘‘beds of Vicksburg age,’ * and states that ‘‘ Unstudied material indicates the probable presence of this species at several localities in the Catahoula sandstone of Texas and in the Vicksburg limestone of Alabama.” There is marine lower Oligocene in Louisiana at Rosefield, near Washita River; and east of Mississippi River it outcrops in a belt running from Vicksburg eastward to Georgia and Florida. Marine deposits in Cuba have been questionably referred to tho lower Oligocene, but a definite opinion must be withheld until Doctor Cushman has completed his study of the Cuban orbitoid Foraminifera. The geologic formation in Jamaica to which Hill applied the name Montpelier white limestone‘ contains many Foraminifera, 1 Dumble, E. T., Tertiary deposits of northeastern Mexico, California Acad. Sci. Proc., ser. 4, vol. 5, p. 188, 1915. 2 Dumble, E. T., Some events in the Eocene history of the present coastal area of the Gulf of Mexico in Texas and Mexico, Journ. Geol., vol. 23, No. 6, p. 496, 1915, 3 Berry, E. W., The flora of the Catahoula sandstone, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98 (M), pp. 235, 236, pl. 56, 1916. ‘Hill, R. T., The geology and physical geography of Jamaica, Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull., vol. 34, pp. 137-144, 1899. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 581 one of which was identified by Bagg as Orbitoides mantel, and is definitely correlated by Hill with the Vicksburg deposits of Missis- sippi. The identification of Orbiioides (Lepidocyclina) maniella is subject to doubt, and the doubt attaching thereto affects the validity of Hill’s correlation. However, the fact that the Montpelier limestone overlics the upper Eocene Cambridge formation and that a stratigraphic break occurs between it and the Bowden marl is strong stratigraphic evidence in‘favor of the correctness of Hill’s opinion. The stratigraphic evidence leads to the supposition that the orbitoidal Foraminifera belong to the genus Lepidocyclina, and their having been identified as Orbiioides mantelli indicates that they have the form of that species. From the available evidence I consider Hill’s conclusion justified, but until the Foraminifera have been critically studied the correlation is only tentative. Hill! presents a correlation of Tippenhauer’s columnar scction for the island of Haiti with the Jamaican formations. Tippenhauer gives very meager information on the paleontology of Haiti, but he does say that the yellow limestone, the formation overlying Eocene conglomerate, contains “Orbiioides.”? Gabb mentions the abun- dance of ‘“Orbiioides” in Santo Domingo,’ but his statements are indefinite. It will later be made clear (p. 591 of this volume) that orbitoid Foraminifera are absent in Santo Domingo in deposits of the same age as and younger than the Bowden marl. The orbitoidal limestones of Santo Domingo are therefore older than the Miocene of Rio Gurabo, etc., and are probably of lower or middle Oligocene age, although they may be of upper Oligocene age. Additional strati- graphic and paleontologic work is needed before reliable conclusions on these matters are possible. There is at present no information that suggests the presence of lower Oligocene marine deposits in the West Indies east and south of Haiti. At the base of the Pepino formation in Porto Rico and of the Antigua formation in Antigua there are erosion unconformities, indicating periods of uplift during the lower Oligocene. I have not been able to procure information on Guadaloupe or Martinique that would serve as a basis for an ojo on the age of the lower formations in these islands. On the island of Trinidad lower Oligocene (Sannoisian and lower Stampian of Douvillé) * is well developed. There is no information on northern South America. 1 The geology and physical geography of Jamaica, p. 172. 2 Tippenhauer, L. G., Die Insel Haiti, vol. 1, pp. 86, 87, 1892. 3 Gabb, W. M.,-On the topography and geology of Santo Domingo, Amer. Philos. Soc. Trans., now Ser., vol. 15, p. 96, 1873. 4 Douvillé, H., Les Orbitoides de Vile de la Trinité, Comptes Rend., vol. 161, pp. 87-92, 1915; Les Orbi- toides de Vile de la Trinité, Idem, vol. 164, pp. 841-847, 1917. 582 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. MIDDLE OLIGOCENE, As stated on page 203 in the discussion of the coral faunas, the Antiguan Oligocene must, in my opinion, be taken as the type forma- tion and type locality of the middle (Rupelian) Oligocene of America. I have definitely correlated with this horizon the reef-coral fauna from Touosi, Panama, station 6587, which I consider to be the strati-. graphic equivalent of the lower part of the Culebra formation. Lepdocyclina panamensis and L. duplicata are associated For- aminifera. ‘The presence of marine deposits of this age in Antigua, Porto Rico, Santo Domingo, Cuba, Florida, Alabama, and eastern Mexico has been mentioned on pages 199-207. Messrs. Roy E. Dickerson and W. S. W. Kew have recently pub- lished a paper! in which they say: ‘‘most of the localities listed below appear to belong to the San Fernando formation of Dumble.” This name is invalid, because it is preoccupied by the name of certain formations in Trinidad, and has been renamed San Rafacl formation by E. T. Dumble. On page 205 of this volume I corrolate it with the middle Oligocene Antigua formation, the basal part of the Chatta- hoochee formation, and the European Rupelian, on the basis of the corals, which possess no such heterogencous stratigraphic affinities as the fossils recorded by Messrs. Dickerson and Kew. I will not here undertake to analyze the fauna they report, but will say that it con- tains names of species of upper Eocene (Jackson-Ludian), lower Oligocene (Vicksburgian-Lattorfiam), upper Oligocene (upper Chatta- hoochee-Tampa-Aquitanian), and lower Miocene (lower part of the Alum Bluff and the higher horizon represented by the Bowden marl- Burdigalian) age. In fact their list includes nearly every horizon from upper Eocene almost to middle Miocene. I will not attempt to explain this surprising paleontologic assemblago as the collections may represent a number of horizons, the specics may be misidenti- fied, or some of the species may have extraordinary stratigraphic ranges; and it will be mentioned that, as in at least one instance Cotteau mado an error in stating the locality at which the type of a species was collected, there is some confusion for which Messrs’ Dickerson and Kew are not responsible. An attempt will be made to remove in the forthcoming memoirs on West Indian paleontology as much of this kind of confusion as is possible. West of Alabama in Mississippi and Louisiana there are plant- bearing beds of middle Oligocene age, for a considerable part of tho Catahoula sandstone is certainly of that age, but that formation seems to include beds of lower, middle, and probably upper Oligocene age. No middle Oligocene deposits are known in Texas. There is no 1 The fauna of a medial Tertiary formation and the associated horizons of northeastern Mexico, Cali- fornia Acad. Sci. Proc., vol. 7, pp. 125-156, pls. 17-264, 1917 (date printed with title July 30, 1917; received by me Oct. 16, 1917). GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 583 information on Central American between Mexico and Panama, nor is there any on northern South America. H. Douvillé? has referred the ‘‘couches de San Fernando”’ of Trinidad to what he designates ‘‘Chattien et Tongrien”’ or ‘‘Stampien supéricur.”” The species of Foraminifera occurring at this horizon, according to Douvillé, are Nummulites cf. N. vascus, Lepidocyclina (Isolepidina)? pusiulosa, L. (isolepidina) “du type ogival,” L. (Lu- lepidina) formosa, L. (Eulepidina) cf. L. dilatata. The species in Panama that would represent about the same horizon, according to my interpretation, are Lepidocycina panamensis and L. mulitplicaia, stations 6586e and 6587 (sce page 555). L. panamensis, it should be stated, may range upward into the Emperador limestone, but this is not certain. The evidence for Barbados is not altogether decisive. Franks and Harrison * present the following classification of the Barbadian for- mations: Low-level reefs. Bleistocene and: Bliocenes 2/5. 22a. ek asec se cee ..) High-level reefs. Globigerina-marls. Break. IMgocene noone... as Arpt Sos ine iar ha ch ie vate Pye Oceanic series. Break. BEoceneion Oligocene ways ees) -/ei eiele co sosine erect Scotland beds. The Globigerina-marls are referred to in the section on page 544 of the paper cited, as the Bissex Hill “beds.” The only comment I will here make on this section is that it seems to me physically impossible to have a fringing reef conformably built on Globigerina 00ze deposited in water 1,000 fathoms deep. After bringing to bear on the problem of the age of the Scotland beds the information accumulated by R. J. L. Guppy, Harrison and Jukes-Browne, and others, as well as that obtained through his own studies, Gregory says:* ‘‘It is therefore advisable at present to cor- relate the whole of the beds in Barbados below the Oceanic Series with the San Fernando or Naparima marls of Trinidad. Guppy has recently referred these (and the lower part, at least, of the Scotland beds, goes with them) to the Eocene. They are, however, now gen- erally assigned to the Oligocene, as, for example, by Heilprin.” A preceding paragraph of this paper contains Douvillé’s correlation of the ‘“‘couches de San Fernando”’ of Trinidad, with the ‘‘Stampien 1 Les Orbitoides de l’ile de la Trinité, Comptes. Rend., vol. 116, pp. 87-92, 1915. 2 This subgeneric name is invalid, for it is proposed for Lepidocyclina maniilli, which is the type-species of Lepidocyclina. The name should be written Lepidocyclina (Lepidocyclina) pustulosa or {Lepidocyclina} Lepidocyclina pusiulosa. 2 3 Franks, G. F., and arrison, J. B., The Globigerina-marls [and basal reef-rocks] of Barbados, with an appendix on the Foraminifera by I’. Chapman, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Journ. vol. 54, pp. 540-555, 1898, 4 Gregory, J. W., Contributions to the paleontology and physical geology of the West Indies, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Journ., vol. 51, pp. 255-310, pl. 11, 1895. 584 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. supéricur,”’ which is Rupelian. Should the correlation of the Scot- land ‘‘beds’’ with the San Fernando be valid, the Scotland ‘‘ beds’ are of the sama age as the Antigua formation of Antigua, and cor- roborates the opinion expressed by Gregory. Allusion will here be made to two species of fossil corrals, that were submitted to me by Dr. J. W. Spencer and were said to have been collected in Barbados, near the Cathedral at Bridgetown; and I gave him the generic names used in his paper referred to below. The specimens are no longer accessible to me, but I have photographs of the species I listed as Astrocoenia species, which is the species to which I have applied the name Asirocoenia porioricensis, page 350 (pl. 76, figs. 4, 4a, pl. 78, figs. 1, 1a) of this volume; and I have notes on the other species, referred to by me as Siylophora, species. The latter species, as well as Astrocoenia portoricensis, is exceedingly abundant in Antigua, where I collected between 60 and 70 specimens. It has six septa and a styliform columella, characters that led me to refer it to Siylophora, but as there are well-developed styles in the corners between many corrallites, I am now placing it in Siylocoenia. As these two species not only occur in Antigua, but as the matrix, yellowish clay, in which the specimens were embedded is similar to that usual in Antigua, I have wondered if the specimens did not really come from that Island, and not from Barbados. Messrs. Harrison and Jukes-Browne, it seems, became much excited over the reported occurrence in Barbados of the two species of corals mentioned above.? I will not enter the controversy between these authors and Doctor Spencer further than to say that if tho two species whose tentative identification I gave Doctor Spencer actually came from Barbados, their evidence is decisive as to beds of the age of the Antigua formation being in Barbados, and that the evidence of the corals is in accord with Gregory’s correlation of the Scotland ‘“‘beds’’; but if the specimens were obtained at the locality at which Doctor Spencer says he found them, the Scotland ‘“beds’’ must be very near the surface in Bridgetown, and the veneer of the clevated coral-reef limestone decidedly thin. The area 2.75 miles northeast of Bridgetown is indicated on Messrs. Harrison and Jukes-Browne’s geological map of Barbados as ‘‘limestone probably underlain here by Scotland beds.” Careful search should be made for corals in the material underlying the elevated reef in Bridgetown, and if the older coral-fauna is there, additional specimens will almost certainly be found, for the two species reported from there aro usually represented not by occasional but by numerous specimens, if present at all. 1 Spencer, J. W., On the geological and physical development of Barbados; with notes on Trinidad, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Journ., vol. 58, pp. 354-365, 1902. 2 Harrison, J. B., and Jukes-Browne, A. J., The geology of Barbados, Geol. Mag., vol. 9, pp. 550-554, Dee. 4, 1902. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 585 According to Hill! this epoch is represented in Jamaica by an erosion unconformity that intervenes between the Montpelicr white limestone and the Bowden marl. The orbitoids and nummulites of Jamaica are greatly in need of critical study. It is entirely probable that part of Hill’s Montpelicr limestone is of middle Oligo- cene (Rupelian) age. UPPER OLIGOCENE. It is my opinion, as expressed on a previous page (555), that the upper part of the Culebra formation and the Emperador lime- stone are the correlatives of the European Aquitanian, and on page 571 I have given my reasons for preferring to refer the Aquitanian to the upper Oligocene rather than to the basal Miocene. The ref- erence of the upper part of the Culebra formation, in which Lepido- cyclina canellei R. Douvillé and Lemoine and ZL. chaperi R. Douvillé and Lemoine occur, to the upper Oligocene is old, for it was first pub- lished by H. Douvillé in 1898.2. Later? he refers the beds in which L. caneller is found to the upper Aquitanian, which he considers lower Miocene. M. Douvillé apparently is confused as regards the strati- graphic relations of L. chaperi, for the section, station 6019e-f, page 538, shows that it occurs stratigraphically above L. canellei, station 6019a, page 538, in Gaillard Cut. As has been said, I correlate that part of the Culebra formation in which Lepidocyclina caneller, L. chaperi, L. vaughani, Heiero- steginoides panamensis, Nummuliies panamensis, Orbiiolties ameri- cana, and the corals listed on page 208, with the upper half of the Chattahoochee formation of Georgia and Florida and a part of the Tampa formation of Florida, and J consider it the American corre- lative of the European Aquitanian-Chaitian. The Emperador limestone is paleontologically very closely related to the underlying top of the Culebra formation. In fact, except in the Canal Zone, where they are separable because of lithologic differences, it seems to me doubtful if the horizons represented by them can be positively identified. As a part of my discussion of the fossil corals it was necessary for me to discuss the geographic distribution of coralliferous deposits of this age in America. Besides those in Panama, marine deposits of the same age also occur in Anguilla, probably in Porto Rico, in Cuba, Florida, and Georgia, and H. Douvillé’s researches on the Foraminifera of Trinidad show their presence on that island. It is probable that they are also present in Martinique, Santo Domingo, and eastern Mexico, but precise data are lacking. 1 Hill, R. T., The geology and physical geography of Jamaica, Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull., vol. 34, p. 143, 1899. 3 Douvillé, H., Sur l’Age des couches traversées par le Canal de Panama, Soc. Géol. France Bull., vol, 26, pp. 587-£00, 1898. 3 Douvillé, 11., Les couches & orbitoides de l’isthme de Panama, Idem., séance du 20 décembre 1919° Pp. 129-131, 1916. 586 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Recently Dr. Sidney Powers has presented to the United States National Museum some specimens he collected at the entrance to Rio Dulee, Guatemala. The rock is a massive light-colored, fine- textured limestone, with a conchoidal fracturo, and contains many poorly preserved fossils. Among the fossils aro Orbtioliies specics; several corals, one of which resembles Siderasirea, another is probably a specimen of Goniopora, and a third seems to be a branching poritid coral that looks precisely like a coral obtained by Doctor MacDonald in limestone, referred by him to the Emperador limestone, in the swamp north of Ancon Hill and about one-quarter of a mile south of Diablo Ridge, Canal Zone; and there are specimens of Osirea, Pecten, and Lima. This material is too poor to warrant a positive Opinion, but it is worth noting, and it probably represents a hori- zon very near that of the Emperador limestone. According to Hill’s account of the stratigraphic succession in Jamaica, the correlatives of these uppermost Oligocene deposits are represented there by a stratigraphic break, the unconformity be- tween the Montpelier white limestone and the Bowden marl. MIOCENE. The definite correlation of the Canal Zone Miocene with European horizons was first attempted by H. Douvillé in his paper, already cited, on the age of the deposits along the Panama Canal. He says regarding the deposits overlying those discussed in the fore- going remarks: “‘Leur 4ge est incontestablement Muiocéne.”' He considers the lower part of these deposits as Burdigalian, the upper part as Helvctian in age. That part of the Gatun formation exposed at Monkey Hill is referred to the Helvetian. The literature on the age of the Gatun formation is considerable, but a lengthy review of it appears unnecessary. The papers by Toula and by Pilsbry and Brown have already been cited on page 560 of this volume. Actually there is in most cases more apparent than real discrepancy between the correlations of the different investigators, due to the fact that the Alum Bluff formation, includ- ing the Chipola marl member at its base, has been referred to the upper Oligocene. The Alum Bluff formation is certainly of Miocene age, according to Kuropean usage, and is the American equivalent of the Burdigalian. All available evidence indicates that the lower part of the Gatun formation in the Canal Zone is the equivalent of the Alum Bluff formation of Florida and Georgia. Although the Gatun formation contains numerous species of Foraminifera, echi- noids, and Crustacea, the fauna is predominantly molluscan, and the discrimination of zones within it must await the completion of the study of the careful zonal collections Doctor MacDonald and I 1 Soe. Géol. France Bull., vol, 26, p. 699, 1898. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. made. 587 At present I have not strong evidence, but it is nevertheless my belief that, while the lower part of the formation is of Burdigalian, the upper part is of Helvetian age, as Douvillé in essence said so long ago as 1898. This would still signify that the Gatun forma- tion is geologically older than the Miocene of the Chesapeake group in Maryland and Virginia and the Marks Head, Duplin, and Choctaw- hatchee marls of the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida. Deposits of old Miocene (Burdigalian = Alum Bluff) age are widely distributed around the perimeters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Costa Rica on one side and into Colombia on the other. The Gatun formation extends from Panama into The lists of corals, Bryozoa, and Crustacea already given show the extension into Costa Rica. from near Cartagena, Colombia, that it is from beds lent in age to the Gatun in the Canal Zone.” lowing spccies: Pilsbry and Brown! say regarding a collection “about equiva- They record the fol- Fossil mollusks from near Cartagena, Colombia. Conus proteus Hwass. molis Brown and Pilsbry. amitator Brown and Pilsbry. aemulator Brown and Pilsbry. gaza Pilsbry and Johnson. Turris cartagenensis Pilsbry and Brown. Drilla gatunensis Toula. Cancellaria dariena Toula. Mitra longa Gabb. Marginclla mediocris Pilsbry and Brown. Oliva sayana immortua Pusbry and Brown. Strombina cartagenensis Pilsbry and Brown. lloydsmitht Pilshry and Brown. Solenosteira dalli Brown and Pilsbry. Murex gatunensis Brown and Pilsbry. pomum Gmelin. Typhis linguiferus Dall. Cassis monilifera Guppy. Polinices mammillaris (Lamarck). Potamides avus Pilsbry and Brown. Turritella cartagenensis Pilsbry and Brown. lloydsmithi Pilsbry and Brown. subgrundijera Dall. tornata Guppy. Petaloconchus domingensis Sowerby. Dentalium solidissium Pilsbry and Brown. carlagenense Pilsbry and Brown. Pitar (Iysteroconcha) casta Pilsbry and Brown. Yoldia pisciformis Pilsbry and Brown. Arca consobrina Sowerby. Glycymeris tumefactus Pilsbry and Brown. trilobicosta Pilsbry and Brown. Uoydsmithi Pilsbry and Brown. Ostrea sculpturata osculum Pilsbry and Brown. In 1916, Mr. George C. Matson was engaged in geologic work in northern Colombia, near Usiacuri, and sent to the United States National Museum collections of fossils for use in comparing with those from the Canal Zone and Costa Rica. Dr. C. W. Cooke, before being detailed to other work, had prepared preliminary lists of the species of mollusks received up to the time he had to under- take other duties. 1 Pilsbry, IT. A., and Brown, A. T., Oligocene fossils from the neighborhood of Cartagena. Colombia, with notes on some Haitian spévies, Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc. for 1917, pp. 32-41, pis. 5, 6, 1917. 588 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (03 Preliminary list of fossils from Colombia. (All determinations subject to revision.) By Cuartes Wyrus Cooke. 7852. Las Sierras, between el Carmen and Zambrano; from surface on top of knoll. Conus, probably C. imitator Brown and Pilsbry. 2 species. Terebra gatunensis Toula. subsulcifera Toula,. Drillia gatunensis (Toula)? Turrws barrettt (Guppy)? Cancellaria dariena trachyostraca Brown and Pilsbry? 2 species. Oliva gatunensis Toula? Marginella species. Latirus aff. L. protractus (Conrad). Strombina gatunensis (Toula). Distorsto gatunensis Toula. Correlation: Gatun formation. 7873. About one-half kilometer east of Usiacuri, Colombia. Matson, collector. Septastrea matsont Vaughan. Terebra ci. T. gausapata Brown and Pilsbry gatunensis Toula. Conus dalli Toula. 2 species. Turritidae, several species, Cancellaria, 3 species. Olivella, several species. Mitra longa Gabb? Fusinus species, Latirus species, Alectrion species. Columbellidae, several species. Murex species. Typhis species. Turritella mimetes Brown and Pilsbry. altilira Conrad. gaiunensis Conrad. Petaloconchus domingensis Sowerby? Correlation: Gatun formation. F. L. Wilde, collector, December 8, 1916. Turritella gatunensis Conrad. allilira Conrad. mimetes Brown and Pilsbry. species. Architectonica gatunensis (Toula). Natica, several species. Cheilea princetoniana Brown and Pilsbry? Crucibulum species. Arca. species, Pecten species, Corbula (Cuneocorbula) hexacyma Brown and Pilsbry. Chama species, Veneridae, several species. G.C. Natica species (very close to a species from Shell Bluff, Shoal River, Florida), Natica, 2 species. Neretina species. Niso species. Pyramidella species. Architectonica gatunensis Toula. Capulus species. Calyptrea species. Glycymeris new species. Arca aff. A. grandis Brown and Pilsbry. Arca new species. Ostrea species. Peclen species, Amusium large species. Venericardia species. Chione species. Corbula, 2 species. Mactra species. 7855. Two kilometers west of Usiacuri, Colombia. Arca aff. A. grandis Broderip and Sowerby. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 589 Correlation: Probably Gatun formation. 7856. Three kilometers north of Usiacuri, Colombia. Oliva species. Ostrea species. Cancellaria species. Pecten species. Petaloconchus dominigensis Sowerby? Anomia species. Turritella gatunensis Conrad. Basta species. species, Cardium species. Glycymeris species (also at 7873). Chione species. Arca aff. A. grandis Broderip and Sowerby Barnacle. Correlation: Probably Gatun formation. 7874. River bed at Usiacuri, Colombia. G. C. Matson, collector. Ostrea species, like that at station 7859. 7857. Weathered surface of calcareous hard sandstone at San Anto- nio, 18 miles east of Tenerife, Colombia. Rogers and Wil- son, collectors. Terebra 2 species. Turritella altilira Conrad. Turris, like T. albida (Perry). Cerithium, 2 species. Cancellaria cf. C. guppyt Gabb. Chama species, etc. 7858. Creek bed at San Antonio. Same bed as 7857. Cerithium species. Scapharca species. 7859. Creek at San Antonio. Scapharca cf. S. chiriquiensis (Gabb). Ostrea species, etc. Other material was forwarded by Mr. Matson, but it has not been examined. Marine deposits of similar age are found in Venezuela at Cumana and in Trinidad. R. J. L. Guppy has published two interesting papers ! in which he compares the species found at Springvale, Trini- dad, with species from Cumana (Venezuela), Jamaica, and Haiti. Douvillé, in his account of the orbitoids of Trinidad, places the “couches de Cumana & Turritella tornata”’ in the Burdigalian. The ‘Oceanic Series” of Barbados (see p. 583 of this paper) is referred to the Miocene by all the recent students of that island. They are deposits supposed to have been laid down in water at least 1,000 fathoms deep, as they contain beds of radiolarian earth and specimens of a deep-sea echinoid, Cystechinus crassus Guppy. H. Douvillé reports Lepidocyclina giraudi R. Douvillé from the “Burdigalien de la Martinique.”’? Subsequently (p. 591) Mollusca from Martinique, thought by M. Cossmann to represent a higher horizon, will be considered. 1Guppy, R. J. L., On a collection of fossils from Springvale, near Couva, Trinidad, Trinidad Agric. Soc. Paper No. 440, pp. 15, 1911; Fossils from Springvale, near Couva, Trinidad, Idem., Paper No. 404, pp. 10, 3 pls., 1911. 2 Comptes Rend., vol. 161, p. 89, 1915. 590 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dall said, in 1903, regarding the age of the Bowden marl of Jamaica: ‘It is perhaps with the Oak Grove sands, or between tho Chipola and the Miocene, that the position of the Bowden fauna would be marked most plausibly against the Tertiary column of Florida formations.” This correlation has essentially been made by students of other groups of organisms, but instead of considcring the Bowden of Oligocene age, they refer it to the Miocene. W. P. Woodring, in a recently published summary of his conclusions based upon a study of the Bowden pelecypods,? says: ‘‘Though many of the post-Chipolan elements are found among the charactcristically tropical groups, yet the introduction of superspecific groups, some of which are not exclusively tropical, can hardly be disregarded. The Bowden pelecypods are distinctly younger than those of the Alum Bluff faunas, as these faunas are now known. It may be suggested that the Bowden fauna is Burdigalian, that is, lower Miocene in the sense of most American stratigraphers.” Dr. J. A. Cushman, from his study of the Foraminifera, and Messrs. Canu and Bassler from their investigations of the Bryozoa consider the Bowden fauna Miocene. My opinion, based upon the fossil corals (see pp. 212, 213 of this volume), is the same as that of the authors mentioned. Until the results of Miss Gardner's work on the Mollusca of the Alum Bluff formation are tabulated and com- parisons made with the Bowden fauna, only approximate correlation is practicable. It is my opinion that the Bowden is equivalent to a horizon high in the Alum Bluff, perhaps about that of the Shoal River marl. In other. words, the Bowden corresponds to upper rather than to lower Burdigalian. There are in Santo Domingo at least three Miocene horizons, according to the results recently obtained there by Miss C. J. Maury.? She transmitted the Foraminifera, corals, echinoids, and Bryozoa to me for study in connection with the investigation of the strati- graphic paleontology of Central America and the southern United States, and Miss M. J. Rathbun has delivered to me a manuscript in which she has included descriptions of the fossil Crustacea col- lected by Miss Maury. Besides Miss Maury’s report on the Mollusca, Iam able to use Doctor Cushman’s report on the Foraminifera, my own on the corals, Doctor Jackson’s on the echinoids, Messrs. Canu and Bassler’s on the Bryozoa, and Miss Rathbun’s on the Crustacea. Miss Maury’s zone H on Rio Cana is the same horizon as the Bowden; and she considers her zones G and I to be the same 1 Dall, W.H., Tertiary fauna of Florida, Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 1582, 1903. 2 Woodring, W. P., The pelecypods of the Bowden fauna, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circular, March, 1917, PD. 242-254, 1917. 3 Maury, Carlotta J., Santo Domingo type sections and fossils, Bull. Amer. Paleontology, vel. 5, pp. 165-459, pls. 28-65, 1917. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 591 horizon as her zone H. The age of the Santo Domingan corals is dis- cussed on page 218 of this volume. The Foraminifera, among which are no orbitoids, and the Bryozoa, both groups abundantly repre- sented, give essentially the same result as the corals. Messrs. Canu and Bassler consider the Bryozoa from zones H-I as of unquestion- ably Burdigalian age. This same horizon, that of the Bowden, has been recognized at num- erous places in Cuba, as has been stated in discussing the fossil coral faunas of Cuba (p. 218). It has been identified at Baracoa and Matan- zas, and perhaps at Havana and Santiago. The lower (Alum Bluff) Miocene of the southeastern United States has been discussed at some length on pages 572-574. Marine deposits of this age occur in Florida, Georgia, and southern Alabama; in Mississippi they are represented by the nonmarine, plant-bearing Hattiesburg clay. A fauna of very nearly the same, if not identical, age occurs on the Isthmus of Tehauntepec. It has been particularly considered by Bose and Toula.!. Bése says, regarding the specimens collected by him: “Eine ganze Reihe von Arten steht solchen nahe, die nur aus dem Oligociin der Antillen bekannt worden sind.” Although precise correlation of this matcrial is not now practicable, it seems that a lower Miocene horizon is represented. Dr. C. W. Hayes collected on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, 75 miles northwest of Brito Harbor, station 6409, worn specimens of a species of bryozoan that Dr. R.S. Bassler says is apparently Cupularia canariensis Busk, which ranges from a horizon in the Alum Bluff formation to Recent. The matrix is a calcareous, sandy, consoli- dated marl, and was included by Hayes in his Brito formation. The age of these specimens is not older than, and it probably is, old Miocene. The Brito formation, therefore, includes deposits ranging stratigraphically from upper Eocene to lower Miocene, but the beds at the type locality are of upper Eocene age (sce previous pp. 193-197). It was stated on page 586 that H. Douvillé considered that part of the Gatun formation exposed around Mount Hope as Helvetian Miocene, and that I provisionally accept his determination. It is probable that some of the Miocene deposits of northern Colombia are also of this age. Information on Venezuela and between there and Martinique is lacking. For Martinique we have the following statement from Cossmann:? D’aprés un premier apercu qui ne porte que sur une partie des Siphonostomes, il prait 4 peu prés certain qu’un grand nombre de Gastropodes se trouvent a la fois dans 1 Bése, E., Zur jungtiiren Fanna von Tehuantepce. I. Stratigraphie, Beschreibung und Vergleich mit americhanischen Tertiirfaunen, K. k. geolog. RKeichsaust. (Wien) Jahrb., vol. 60, pp. 215-255, pls. 12, 13, 1910. Toula, F., Zur jungtertiiren Fauna von Tchuantepec. II. Vergleichung hauptsiichlich mit europiischen und lebenden Arten, Idem, vol. 60, pp. 255-276, 1910. 2 Cossmann, M., Etude comparative de fossiles miocéniqnes recuellis & la Martinique et & l’isthme de Panama, Journ. conchyliologie, vol. 61, pp. 1-64, pls. 1-5, 1913. 37149—19—Bull. 103-4 592 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. les deux gisements, et que leur Age est au-dessus des couches de Bowden 4 la Jamaique, qui ont fait l’objet d’une étude de la part de Guppy. Ces derniéres renferment une tres belle faune dont j’ai pas mal de spécimens dans ma collection: sans aller jusqu’S partazer complétement l’opinion de M. Dall qui les rapporte 4 1’Olizoctne. je crois qu’elles représentent l’équivalent de notre Aquitanien, c’est-a-dire le Miocéne inférieur, tandis, que les fossiles de la Martinique et de Gatun (Panama) seraient un peu plus récents, probablement du Miocéne moyen. Enfin, d’aprés les matériaux que j’ai pu étudier 4 1’ Ecole des Mines, les fossiles de Saint-Domingue (Haiti). étudiés par Gabb at par Sowerby, représenteraient un niveau déja plus élevé, celui du Miocéne supérieur. M. Cossmann considers this material from Martinique as younger than the Bowden fauna. Precise information on the paleontology of the Tertiary formations of Guadeloupe is exceedingly meager, in fact it is almost nothing. Dr. J. W. Spencer submitted to me a specimen of Stylophora' col- lected by him in a limestone near Les Abimes. Accurate identi- fication of a species of Stylophora may be a proper basis for precise correlation, but the genus ranges from upper Eocene to middle Miocene (about Helvetian) in the West Indian Tertiarics. In 1849 Milne Edwards and Haime described a coral from the ‘‘ Terrain tertiare’”’ of Guadeloupe, under the name Thecosmilia ponderosa, and subsequently transferred it to the genus Monilivaltia.2 I have photo- graphs of the type of this species, kindly sent me by my friend Dr Charles Gravier of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. It be- longs to the genus Anézlia and is closely related to A. bilobata Duncan. Montlwvaltia guesdesi, described by Duchassaing and Michelotti? from Guadeloupe and said to be associated with Antillia ponderosa, is also a species of Antillia. A. guesdesi is so similar to A. bilobata that Duchassaing and Michelotti placed the latter in its synonomy. As I have seen no specimens of A. guesdesi, I must base any opinions con- cerning it upon its authors’ figures and descriptions. It seems to me different from A. bilobata, but as the distinction between the two consists in the relative number of teeth within 1 centimeter on the septal margins, and as the details of the figures of A. guesdesi may be inaccurate, it would be improper to insist that they are different. However that may be, there are in Guadeloupe two supposed, very nearly related species of Andfillia, and they are actually or almost indistinguishable from species that occur in Santo Domingo at a horizon near or above that of the Bowden marl. ‘The evidence for Guadeloupe, therefore, indicates the presence there of deposits of uppermost Burdigalian or Helvetian age. There may be Tertiary deposits both older and younger than the bed in which the specimens of Antillia were collected. Doctor Spencer’s structure section across the island strongly suggests that such deposits are there. 1 Spencer, J. W., On the geological and physical development of Guadaloupe, Geol. Soc. London Journ., vol. 57, pp. 506-519, 1901. 2 Jlist. nat. Corall., vol. 2, p. 312, 1857. 8 Mém. cora]l. Ant., p. 69 (of reprint), pls. 5, fig. 13, 1860. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 593 It has already been stated that the fossils obtained by Miss Maury in Santo Domingo at horizons higher than her zones G, H, and I are younger than the Bowden fauna. A line of demarcation between the Burdigalian and higher Miocene is not at present practicable, but it is almost, if not quite, certain that her upper zones ‘are not older than Helvetian. This would still seem to indicate a horizon below the lowest formation of the Chesapeake group of Maryland and Vir- ginia and the Marks Head marl of eastern Georgia, but the available data do not warrant a positive opinion. However, it appears that the higher Miocene deposits of the Santo Domingan section are represented in Florida and Georgia by the erosion interval between the deposition of the uppermost beds of the Alum Bluff formation and that of the overlying Marks Head marl. The presence in Cuba of deposits, the La Cruz marl, of the same age as the Santo Domingan deposits above Miss Maury’s zones H-I, was noted on page 219 of this volume. It seems that there are in the southeastern United States no Miocene marine deposits of the same age as the upper part of the Gatun formation, the Santo Domingan deposits above Miss Maury’s zones H-I, and the La Cruz marl of Cuba, unless some of the latter deposits are younger than is at present supposed. Except for the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, there is no information on marine Miocene formations of this age in eastern Mexico, or in the area between Yucatan and Costa Rica. The extension of the Gatun formation into Costa Rica has already been discussed. PLIOCENE. The Toro limestone is the only formation within the Canal Zone that is supposed to be of Pliocene age. The determination of the age of this formation is necessarily by means of its stratigraphic relations, as only one identifiable species of fossil, Hpitonium torvénse Dall, was collected in it, but the stratigraphic relations, described by Doctor MacDonald on pages 544, 545 of this volume, are such that the formation can scarcely be of any age other than Pliocene. The Pliocene deposits in the vicinity of Limon, Costa Rica, were first observed by W. M. Gabb,! who described a number of species from there, and they were later visited by R. T. Hill? who made additional collections, on which Doctor Dall supplies notes published in the paper cited. Doctor Dall has recently described an interesting species of Pecten, P. pititerr,* collected by Mr. H. Pittier at Moin Hill, near Port Limon. This species will be referred to in 1Gabb, W. M., Descriptions of new species of fossils from the Pliocene clay beds between Limon and Moén, Costa Rica, together with notes on previously known species from there and elsewhere in the Carib- bean area, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Journ., ser. 2, vol. 8, pp. 349-380, figs. on pls. 45-47, 1881. 2 Mus. Comp. Zod]. Bull., vol. 28, p. 234, 1898. 8 The geologic history of the Isthmus of Panama and portions of Costa Rica, Mus. Comp. Zool. Bulil., vol. 28, p. 274, 1898. 4 Smithsonian Misc. Cell., vol. 59, p. 10, 1912. o94 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. a subsequent paragraph. Pliocene corals from this locality are considered on page 223, Mr. George C. Matson collected at Barranquilla, Colombia, some fossils that belong to a fauna younger than that obtained around Usiacuri, and may be of Pliocene age. Glycymeris, Ostrea, Pecten, and Lucina are the genera represented. The Bissex Hill ‘‘beds” of Barbados (see p. 583 of this paper) are considered Pliocene in age by Franks and Harrison; but I infer, from his remarks on the Foraminifera, that Chapman inclined to the opinion that they are of Miocene age. I strongly doubt any of tho elevated, terraced coral reefs of Barbados being so old as Pliocene, but present evidence is not decisive. The only known extensive Pliocene coral fauna in America is that of the Waccamaw and Caloosahatchee marls of the southeastern United States. This is discussed on page 222 of this volume. I have studied both the specimens on which Gregory based his account of the Barbadian elevated-reef corals and a collection (see p. 255 of this volume) later sent me by Professor Jukes-Browne. All of the species seem to me inseparable from the species at present living in the Caribbean area, except one that was erroneously identified by Gregory as Lithophyllia walli (Duncan). Pliocene deposits have been recognized at very few places in the West Indies; in fact, about the only locality at which there is reason- able surety of there being beds of this age is near Guanténamo, Cuba, where Mr. O. E. Meinzer collected Pecten pittiert Dall, identified by C. W. Cooke. KR. T. Hill considers the Jamaican formations, to which he applies the names Manchioneal and Kingston, as Pliocene, and it seems that he is correct, but the evidence adduced is not completely convincing. In other words, from the evidence available, Hill was justified in his age classification of the deposits mentioned, but their paleontology needs more detailed investigation. The marine Pliocene of the southeastern United States has been considered on page 576 of this paper. Heilprin was the first to call attention to the extensive Pliocene “‘eray or white shell limestone” of Yucatan.' His examinations were made ‘‘at several points in and about Merida, in numerous cuttings along the line of the Merida-Kalkini Railroad, on the line of the railroad connecting the capital city with Ticul, all along the traverse between Merida and Tunkas,” and ‘‘at various points between Tekanto and Cilam.”’ Sapper has published a rough out- 1 Veilprin, Angelo, Geological researches in Yucatan, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. for 1891, pp. 136-158, 1891. hig ae tn! pn st smerchinee eee mia Rh the Mae — Wet ne diet ; : docloded: ho Ol Le os ts y Br 4 <6 | oortniged3 | cael ar parts sammyot haggis aot fa ighite! ) “uy wy ase ‘bord Oo oo oan I Ph oy pie een tons af th He ae abr tralh a pecan. that 9) i: ees Poa ts Slee gindexolv ride hoa ae: atautoetige + 07S i aoremn Ly RARE cy, ARR SARE ne ernie ‘bin: Depa Meh an ET 1 ove ee ‘gta! go rozatog |. 22k ee pita or motteat | eee | | | ) : pHiodtals | gutodiel | seperertg Ne = iat nh | S| : : Festa nr a es ee no nl wae sia ie ad bhuode eli a Mouadey Dj sitsONglse emit Neekct tee ae Ea Serer Yen Sty ae = geass hrelk haba tee eaten I ae ‘it i Ss eee Sead vale Rie fe eta Be 7 eG. KARR HBS SSA ae) NAMA. European ted States. time subdi- visions. Nashua marl, | Sicilian. ee marl (near- | Astian. us). Plaisanciar. 1, Duplin marl, | p maior ae marl] (near- | Sarmatian. Ss). L. De | Tortonian. s Head marl. | Helvetian. River marl nber. A xrove san ans are. Burdigalian. 2 marl mem- Aquitanian. ipa formation. Chattian. Rupelian. ™m _ caleareous rl. Lattorfian annalimestone, | (Sannoisian). ‘Bluff clay. la limestone. Ludian (Pria- bonian). Bartonian. yort sand. on formation. vhatta buhr- me. thetigbee forma- m. ai formation. sahoma = forma- in. afalia formation. Auversian,¢ Lutetian. Y presian.¢ Sparnacian.c eola formation. wnochee clay. ton limestone. Thanetian.c Montian.c d to the upper Eocene and placed GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 595 line map of the Pliocene area in Yucatan,' and he repeated Heilprin’s lists of fossils. No information is available for British Honduras, the Republic of Honduras, or Nicaragua. The accompanying table presents the approximate stratigraphic equivalence of the Tertiary marine formations in Central America, the Antilles, the southeastern United States, and Europe. It will be noticed that the table indicates two great stratigraphic breaks, namely, one in lower and middle Eocene time, the other in upper Miocene time. PRE-TERTIARY FORMATIONS IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WEsT INDIES. The foregoing discussion of the marine geologic formations of Panama has included more or less consideration of all of those of Tertiary age, concerning which we have knowledge, in the southern United States, eastern Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies, and a few notes have been made on northern South America. Since the publication of Bailey Willis’s Index to the stratigraphy of North America,” there has been no important addition to our knowledge of the pre-Tertiary formations of the West Indies and Central America. As this volume and the geologic map of North America it was prepared to accompany are both easily accessible to geologists, and as a review of the formations of those ages would be mostly repetition of informa- tion contained in that work, I will make only a few general remarks. Rocks of supposed Archean age outcrop as follows: State of Oaxaca, Mexico, granites and gneisses; Chiapas and Guatemala, granites, talc, and chloritic schists; Nicaragua and Honduras, fundamental granite; Venezuela, granite from Puerto Cabello to Trinidad. Granitic débris was found in Eocene sediments in Costa Rica and along Rio Chagres in Panama by Hill. There is granite overlain by arkose below the Upper Cretaceous near the city of Santa Clara, Cuba, and marble and schists in the Isle of Pines. Paleozoic rocks of undertermined age occur in northern Sonora, Mexico, and in Chiapas; in Guatemala there are formations of both pre-Carboniferous and Carboniferous age; Mierisch reports Devonian in northern Nicaragua; and Paleozoic rocks apparently are present in Honduras. The rocks, largely serpentine, forming the proto-axis of Cuba, and some of the formations in the Trinidad Mountains, Cuba, may be of Paleozoic age, but there is no definite proof. Triassic deposits occur near Zacatecas, and perhaps at Miquehuana, State of Tamaulipas, Mexico; the Todas Santos formation in Chiapas and Guatemala is of Triassic age, and it appears, according to Mierisch, 1Sapper, Carlos, La geografia fisica y la geclogia de la Peninsula de Yucatan, Mexico Instit. geolog. Bol. No. 3, pp. 57, 6 pls., 1896. 2U.58. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 71, 1912. TENTATIVE CORRELATION TABLE OF THH TERTIARY MARINE SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS OF PANAMA, 4 European gamercan Panama. Jamaica. Other Antilles. SST Eee CoS) Southeastern United States. time subd. divisions. ri pionchioneal Elioesne of piueatan Rnceamay, mit Nasaug marl, eter, P formation. Pliocene of Guantanamo, Cuba. and Limon, Costa and Caloosahatchee marl (near- stian. Pliocene. Toro limestone. Usage ten for- : Rica. d ly contemporaneous). Plaisancian. mation. Yorktown formation, Duplin marl F and Choctawhatchee marl (near- BOuUER : ly contemporaneous). Wah, : St. Marys formation. 5 |. = = at i Choptank formation. ee ey Tortonian. = ¢ Cae ie | Marks Head marl. Z A 5 U hori = La Cruz marl | Upper horizon Fey ante Helvetian, Ls) (Cuba). in Martinique. mingo Expo- 3 : Gatun |p. cifie| Sures — —— for- coast || 02 é ma, of | isth- Shoal River marl Gatun formation. a (aa Nica- ans of member. : i Zones G osta fe- /Alum Bluff]Oak Grove sand csi 5 Marl at Bara- | Lower horizon in’San. |Ri Tagua. uu) 7 Burdigalian, Bowden marl. i ini and Tin San- |Rica). huan- | formacion. member. e coa, Cuba. | in Martinique.) {5 Domingo. tapec. Ghipslay Stanlemnere : ber. 5 i 7 € Aquitanian. & | Emperador limestone. Anguilla formation (Anguilla), and beds at Tampa formation. = Upper pany of many localities in Cuba, Chattian. 5 eee Chattahoo- anes = 7 San Rafael forma-| Ghee for. tulebra, = tion. ati s | forma- | Lower part of Coral reef | Antigua Pepino | Lower hor- mation. ; a tion. Culebra and at Guan | formation | ormation | izon in Rupelian. ; 4} limestone at tanamo, (Antigua) (Porto Santo g | Tonosi. sf Cuba. *| Rico). Domingo. 5 a=) 3 Limestone wate Or Byrai calcareous a thophragmi- Deposits with Pec- yram 5! na on Haut Bohi Montpelier eG aff. P. poul- | Vicksburg marl. Lattorfian z Chagresa] (0 70,| white lime- soniand large, dis- group. Marianna limestone. | (Sannoisian). g and lime- |©0M8!. stone, coid orbitoids. Red Bluff clay. stone at Da- vid (contem- poraneous). Brito for-) Frio - “ pe Cam bridge mation of} clay. | Jackson for- i ager ee e formation. St. Bartholomew limestone (St. Bartholomew). Nicaragua] Fa- mation. Ocala limestone. Bartoniane S Richmond | " widely distributed in Cuba: also in Haiti. typical | yette : Pr formation. Tito). SS. s SospOn sand 0 Auversian,¢ s Claiborne | Claiborne) Lisbon formation. rsian, S| Eocene of Tonosi. elmer group. Tallahatta buhr- | Lutetian. é o ry stone, o Lat a ee clea = a a Hatchetighee forma- | Ypresian.¢ tion. E § Wilcox for- Wilcox | Bashi formation. a mation. group. Tuscahoma forma- : ) tion. . : ce] Nanafalia formation. | Sparnacian.¢ 3 5 2 | 4 Z N la formation. | Thanetian.¢ Midway for- | Midway RAE clay. ‘ mation. group. Clayton limestone. Montian.¢ | _ a opposite the St. B Reported by H. Douvillé and referred to artholomew limestone in the table. Stratigraphically somewhat higher. proposed by BE. W. B . Berry. 87149—19, 6 May belong ¢ Correlation (To face page 595.) “Stampien inferietr”—=Vicksburgian=Lattorfian; Cushman thinks these deposits should be referred to the upper Eocene and placed | it me 596 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. also to occur in northern Nicaragua. Sapper records Triassic rocks from several areas in Honduras. Jurassic limestone froms the axis of the Organos Mountain, Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba; and marine Jurassic is extensively developed in Mexico and west Texas. The Lower Cretaceous, so greatly developed in Mexico and Texas, is not known in the West Indies or in Central America proper, that is, below the Isthmus of Tehuantapec, except in Honduras. With regard to the Upper Cretaceous, it will be said that the pecul- iar Upper Cretaceous fauna of Jamaica has been found in Cuba and St. Thomas. Hill has noted in Porto Rico “‘volcanic tuffs and con- glomerates with interbedded Cretaceous rudistean limestone similar to that of Jamaica,’’ thereby confirming a previous inference of Cleve that the horizon he recognized in St. Thomas also occurs in Porto Rico; and it is reported from the Island of Haiti. Quin figures a specimen of Barretiia from the “ Blue-beach” formation of St. Croix (but without recognizing its affinitics); and Sapper records Barretiia from northwest of Coban, Guatemala, and a somewhat similar fauna from Chiapas, Mexico. As Cleve years ago pointed out, this fauna is more closely related to that of Gosau, Austria, than to any in North | America north of the Gulf of Mexico. Hill reports Rudistes and Tnocerami from his San Miguel formation, Costa Rica, but Romanes? doubts the correctness of the identifications. OUTLINE OF THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE PERIMETERS OF THE GULF OF MEXICO AND THE CARIBBEAN SEA. The following pages will present only the broad outlines of the geologic history of the region of which Panama forms a part. The details for Panama are given by Doctor MacDonald in the manu- script of his report on the geology of the Canal Zone and adjacent areas, to be published by the Smithsonian Institution. Three manuscripts on the physiography and stratigraphy of Cuba are now in my possession. One of these is on an area adjacent to Guanta- namo, by Mr. O. E. Meinzer; the second is on an area northwest of Guantanamo by Mr. N. H. Darton; and the third is a general ac- count of the physiography and stratigraphy of the entire island and the Isle of Pines by myself. The paleontology of the different forma- tions is considered in as much detail as available information per- mits. A similar account of the geology of the Lesser Antilles, by Mr. Robert T. Hill and myself, is nearly ready for press, and pale- ontologic monographs of the fossil biota of St. Bartholomew, Anti- gua, and Anguilla are almost complete. The geologic history of these 1 Dr. T.W. Stanton has recentiy verified the age determination of these deposits. (Oral communi- cation.) 2 Romanes, James, Geology ofa part of Costa Rica, Geol. Soe. London Quart. Journ., vol. 68, pp. 103-139, pls. 8, 9, 1912. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 597 areas is discussed in the reports mentioned, which I hope may, within a few months, be submitted for publication by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The discussion of the age and geographic distribution of the differ- ent geologic formations on preceding pages partly prepares the way for an account of the paleogeography of the region under considera- tion; but before proceeding the geographic relations of the Three Americas should receive attention. GEOGRAPHIC RELATIONS OF THE THREE AMERICAS. This subject has attracted many investigators, some of whom con- sidered only segments of the perimeters of the two American scas, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, while others considered the relations between Central America and the West Indies to the continent of North America, on the north, and to the continent of South America, on the south. Some of the important facts in the alignment of the West Indies were recognized so long ago as 1848, for Schomburgh ! called attention to the fact that in the Lesser Antilles there are an outer and an inner group of islands, the outer largely composed of calcareous rocks, the inner composed of volcanic rocks. Knowledge of the geographic and geologic relations within this region has grown gradually, and there have been so many contributors to it that no attempt will be made to credit each of them for what he has done. However, special acknowledgments should be made to R. T. Hill for his investigations in a number of the West Indian and Central Ameri- can areas; to Carl Sapper for his exploration in Yucatan, Tabasco, Chiapas, Guatemala, parts of Honduras, and San Salvador; and to Karsten and Sievers for their work in northern South America. The footnotes” below gives the titles of some of the more important publications, and they contain references to earlier literature. 1 Schomburgh, Sir R., Iistory of Barbados, p. 532, 1848. 2 Dollfus, A., and Mont-Serrat, E. de, Voyage géologique dans les républiques de Guatemala et de Salvador, pp. 535, 18 pls., 1868, Paris. Sce particularly pp. 250-258. Felix, J., and Lenk, H., Ueber die tektonischen Verhiiltnisse der Republik Mexiko, Deutsch. gcolog. Gesellsch. Zeitsch., vol. 44, pp. 303-323, pls. 19, 20, 1892. Hil, R. T., Fundamental geographic relations of the Three Americas, Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 7, pp. 175-181, 1896; The physical geography of Mexico [Abstract], Eighth Internat. Geog. Cong. Rept., pp. 765-766, 1905. (See also papers by Ilill listed on p. 604, this volume.) Karsten, Hermann, Géologie de l’ancienne Colombie bolivarienne, Venézucla, Nouvelle-Grenaide et Ecuador, pp. 62, 1 map, 8 pls., 1886, Berlin. Sapper, Carl, Grundziige der physikalischen geographie von Guatemala, Petermanns Mittcil. Ergiin- gzungsbd. 24, Ergiinzungsheft 113, pp. 59, 4 maps, 1894; La geografia fisica y la geologia de la peninsula de Yucatan, Mexico Inst. geolog. Bol. 3, pp. 57, 6 pls., 1896; Das nérdliche Mittel-Amerika, pp. 436, 8 pls., 1897, Braunschweig; Mittetamerikanische Reisen und Studien aus den Jahren 1888 bis 1900, pp. 426, 4 statistical tables, 4 maps ,and numerous unnumbered halftone figs. and pls., 1902, Braunschweig; Uber Gebirgsbau und Boden des siidlichen Mittelamerika, Petermann’s Mitteil., Ergiinzungs Bd. 32, Ergiin- zungsheft 151, pp. 82, 4 pls., 1905. Sievers, W., Karten zur physikalischen geographie von Venezuela, Petermanns Mittcil., vol. 42, pp. 125-129, pl. 10, pp. 149-155, pl. 11; pp. 197-201, pl. 15, 1896. Suess, E., Les Antilles, La face de la terre (translated under the direction of E. de Margerie), vol. 1 pp. 724-737, 1897. 598 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. GENERAL RELATIONS. The boundaries of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea form a parallelogram (see pl. 73); those on the north and south extend along east and west lines, those on the east and west are northwest to southeast, while the basins are separated by cast and west structures. The bottoms of the continental slopes on both sides of the continents range between 2,500 and 3,000 fathoms in depth. On the east the 2,500-fathom curve is either at or near the base of the slope from off the Banks of Newfoundland southwestward to off Jacksonville, Florida, whence it bends toward the southeast, passing east of the Bahamas, north of Porto Rico, east of the Caribbean arc, east of Trinidad, and northeast of the Guianas. The 2,500-fathom contour lies farther offshore on the Pacific side than on the Atlantic side of North America, but is nearer shore from the Revilla Gigedo Islands, west of Manzanillo, Mexico, to off Guatemala, whence southward the 2,000-fathom contour is near the base of the slope until off Peru, where there is a drop to over 3,000 fathoms in the great Callao deep. Land areas bound the Gulf of Mexico on the east, north, west, and south. The land on the west continues without interruption through Central America and northern South America, forming the western and southern boundaries of the Caribbean Sea. Between southern Florida and Trinidad there are relatively shallow-water connections with the Atlantic Ocean through passages between Florida and Cuba, and through passages between both the Greater and the Lesser Antil- les to Trinidad. Depths of about 1,000 fathoms or somewhat more are found between Cuba and [Haiti in the Windward Passage, and between Anegada and Anguilla in the Anegada Passage, but they are usually less than 500 fathoms. The Gulf of Mexico is separated from the Caribbean Sea by the Yucatan Peninsula and Cuba, but connects with it through the Yuca- tan Channel. The deepest part of this basin, which is a simple basin, is slightly over 2,000 fathoms. The Caribbean Sea is a compound basin, separated into two parts by the ridge that extends from Honduras to Jamaica. The northern division is almost subdivided by the Cayman ridge, which extends westward from the Sierra Maestra of Cuba. Depths of 2,500 fathoms are attained between the Caymans and Cape San Antonio, Cuba, while south of them depths exceeding 3,000 fathoms are recorded in the Bartlett deep. The southern division is a simple basin with depths ranging between 2,250 and 2,900 fathoms. The data presented show that these two basins are land-locked, except that between Florida and Trinidad shallow passages between land areas connect with the Atlantic Ocean, that the two basins are separated by structures transverse to the continental trend in Yucatan GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 599 and Cuba, and that the Gulf of Mexico is a simple while the Carribbean Sea is a compound basin. The major tectonic features surrounding and occurring within the basins will now be briefly considered. TECTONIC PROVINCES. In order to give an adequate conception of the relations of the two basins the general features of both the North and South American continents must be considered as well as the details of the land areas and submarine banks and ridges immediately adjacent to and within the region. The provinces germane to the area will be more par- ticularly considered, while the boundaries of those more remote will be only indicated. Twelve major with several subordinate provinces may be discriminated as follows: 1. Bahamas. . Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. . Mexican Plateau. . Oaxaca-Guerrero. . Yucatan. . Guatemala—Chiapas. . Cuba and northern Haiti. . Honduras, and its continuation to Jamaica, southern Haiti, Porto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the outlying island of Saint Croix. 9. Costa Rica—~Panama. 10. Andes. 11. Maritime Andes. 12. Caribbean Islands: | 12a. Barbadian Ridge. 126. Main Caribbean Arc. 12c. Aves Ridge. 1. Bahamas.—The Bahama Islands and their accompanying shoals , occupy a triangular area which lies east of Florida and north of Cuba and Haiti. The islands either occur on one of two large banks, the Little Bahama and the Great Bahama banks, or they rise to the southeast of the latter bank as isolated eminences separated by water as much as 1,000 fathoms in depth. Two bodies of water over 1,000 fathoms deep, Exuma Sound and The Tongue of the Ocean, indent the Great Bahama Bank. Water 1,000 fathoms in depth is close to the eastern shore of the Bahamas as far north as Elbow Cay on Little Bahama Bank. Eastward from the 1,000-fathom curve the bottom rapidly descends to a depth between 2,000 and 3,000 fathoms. The Bahama Islands are subaerial protuberants above the nearly level, slightly submerged surfaces of extensive plateaus which on one or more sides rise precipitously from oceanic depths. Ont ® oP © bO 600 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2. Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain.—This plain extends beyond Rio Grande to the Sierra Madre, Mexico, and as far southward as Tampico. A narrow, more or less broken plain continues beyond Vera Cruz to the lowland plain of Yucatan, where it meets the trans- verse Oaxaca-Guerrero structural line. Throughout its extent, notwithstanding irregularities in surface configuration, the Coastal Plain in general slopes from its landward margin to the edge of the Continental Shelf. The inner margin ranges from 300 to 600 feet in altitude between Maryland and central Texas; while in west Texas it attains a height of slightly more than 1,000 feet above sea level. 3. Mexican Plateau.—At least four provinces of major rank are recognized in the western Cordilleran region of the United States, according to Ransome,’ namely: (1) The Rocky Mountains, (2) the Colorado Plateau, (3) the Nevada-Sonoran region, (4) the Pacific ranges. Nos. 1 and 2 are parts of the Laramide mountain system; No. 3 is the intermontane belt; and No. 4, the Pacific mountain system. Fenneman dissents from this classification in that he refers the Colorado Plateau to the Intermontane plateaus, along with the Nevada-Sonoran region,? and considers the Mexican ‘‘highland”’ as a part of his Basin-and-Range province lying south of the Colorado Plateau. Toward the south in trans-Pecos Texas the Colorado Pla- teau and the Nevada-Sonoran region of Ransome are delimited by a rather vague boundary from the Mexican Plateau, which Ransome also considers a part of the Laramide mountain system. The Mexi- can Plateau comprises the high plateaus and central mountains of Mexico. Southward from Rio Grande, below the mouth of Pecos River, it forms the western boundary of the Coastal Plain. The boundary, according to Hayes (oral communication), is a fault scarp which lies a little east of Monterey and trends east of south through Ciudad Victoria to Misantla, where volcanic mountains reach the shore and interrupt the continuity of the plain. The province is ter- minated on the south by a fault scarp beyond which are the east and west trending structural axis of Michoacan, Guerrero, and Oaxaca. 4. Oaxaca-Guerrero.—A structural axis extends through Michoacan, Guerrero, and Oaxaca, almost at right angles to the trend of the Mexican Plateau. The northern boundary of this province is the escarpment at the southern margin of the Mexican Plateau; the western and southern boundary is the Pacific Ocean; while the eastern boundary is the Isthmus of Tehuantapec. It is thus set off from the Mexican Plateau, and the Yucatan lowland. 1 Ransome, F. L., The Tertiary orogeny of the North American Cordillera and its problems, Problem of American geology, pp. 2389-295, New Haven, 1915. 2 Fennaman, N. M., Physiographic divisions of the United States, Assoc. Amer. Geographers Bull. vol. 6, p. 41, 1916. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 601 5. Yucatan.—This province consists of lowlands, under 600 meters in height, underlain by only slightly deformed Tertiary strata, except some problematic rocks west of Belize. The Yucatan Peninsula and Campeche Bank are comparable to the Floridian Plateau. They are developed along a structural axis almost at right angles to the con- tinental trend. Campeche Bank projects northward from the shore line of the peninsula 170 nautical miles to the 100-fathom curve and has a width of nearly 360 nautical miles along an east and west line. On the east the depth of water between it and Cuba exceeds 1,000 fathoms and the axial trends are not coincident, but the axis of Yucatan Bank and that of the Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba, curve so that they are nearly parallel, with a trough, Yucatan Channel, between them. 6. Guatemala-Chiapas.—This province lies between the Yucatan lowland on the north and Rio Motagua on the south. It is an up- land dominated by east and west tectonic lines, and has been called the Guatemala-Chiapas Plateau by Tower.’ 7. Cuba.—This province is coincident with Cuba and its submarine continuation, the Cayman Ridge. At least four subdivisions should be recognized: (1) The Isle of Pines, which is composed of mountains of schists and marbles with piedmont plains and marsh, separated from the main island by water less than 10 fathoms deep. (2) Organos Mountains of Pinar del Rio and the accompanying piedmont plains. The 1,000-fathom curve is less than 20 miles off the north shore. (3) Central Cuba, from the east end of Organos Mountains to Cauto River, is mostly a plain broken by some hills of serpentine and granite, and in Santa Clara Province, near Trinidad, mountains reported to be composed of Paleozoic sediments attain an altitude of about 2,000 feet. (4) Sierra Maestra and Cayman Ridge. This subprovince lies between the Cauto Valley and the south shore and is continued westward as the submarine Cayman Ridge, along ‘the axis of which only the Cayman Islands project above water level. The axial trend is nearly east and west between Cabo Cruz, Cuba, and Little Cayman, whence it curves to the southwest and pitches toward the head of the Gulf of Honduras, which is an area of depression. Between the Caymans and the Isle of Pines the depth of water exceeds 1,000 fathoms, while the Bartlett deep to the south, separating Cuba and Jamaica, exceeds 3,000 fathoms in depth. 7a. Haiti, northern part.—The island of Haiti lies at the conver- gence of the trend of the axis of the central subprovince of Cuba and the Honduran-Jamaican axis. The dividing line in Haiti is from Port au Prince to Ocoa Bay. The area south of this line belongs to a Jamaican axis, while that to the north belongs to the central 1 Tower, W. L., Investigation of evolution in chrysomelid beetles of the genus Leptinotarsa, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. No. 48, p. 50, 1906. 602 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cuban trend. The structural axes of the mountains in the northern and northeastern part of Haiti are from northwest to southeast and are parallel to the axis of elongation of Cuba from the Sierra Maestra. to Santa Clara. In Cuba this trend is cut diagonally by the axis of the Sierra Maestra, which is bounded on the south by a tremendous fault scarp. Previous to this faulting it seems that central Cuba and Haiti formed parts of the same land area. The island of Haiti might be treated as separate from Cuba and Jamaica, but lying at the intersection of two tectonic trends. 8. Honduras and the Jamaican Ridge.—The Honduran Province in Central America is dominated by tectonic lines extending from south- west to northeast, of which the Telusa Mountains are representative. A line from the Gulf of Honduras along Motagua River to a point north of Jalapa, thence southwest to the Pacific coast, may be taken as the northern boundary and Rio San Juan and the southern side of Lake Nicaragua as the southern boundary. From the northeast coast of Honduras and Nicaragua a great sub- marine plateau continues with depths of less than 1,000 fathoms to Jamaica. Above it rise numerous banks and keys and along its course are Thunder Knoll, Rosalind, Seranilla, and Pedro banks between the continental shore and Jamaica. The principal old tectonic lines of Jamaica trend northwest to southeast. As these are parallel to the shore northwest of Cape Gracias a Dios and to the northeast edge of Mosquito Bank, there are evidently cross tectonic lines nearly at right angles to each other in this ridge. A submarine ridge extends from the east end of Jamaica some 45 miles and overlaps on the south side a ridge which protrudes west- ward from the west end of Haiti. The two ridges, however, do not connect but are separated by water over 1,000 fathoms deep. The ridge representing an eastward submarine continuation of Jamaica indicates a third tectonic line in that island. The last-mentioned line nearly parallels the Bartlett deep, which lies to the north. The submarine slopes to the southeast are toward the bottom of the Caribbean basin. Sa. Harit (southern part), Porto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.—The political division of Haiti designated Sud is dominated by east and west trending mountains, which parallel in direction the east and west axis of Jamaica. As the maximum depth between Haiti and Porto Rico is about 318 fathoms, they rise from a common, not greatly submerged bank. (See statement on preceding page in regard to considering Haiti as a separate Province.) The main mountain mass of Porto Rico, the Sierra Central, the maximum altitude of which is 3,750 feet at Kl Yunque, trends east © and west, paralleling in direction Sud, Haiti. There is coincidence . GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 603 in the direction of elongation of the Jamaican bank, Sud (Haiti), and Porto Rico. The relative truncation of the west end of Porto Rico, except the protuberant which forms Cabo de San Francisco, is striking and suggests faulting. The declivities both to the north and south of the island are great, over 4,000 fathoms in depth being reached within 40 miles of the north coast, while 2,000 fathoms are attained within a shorter distance from the south coast. A submarine bank extending from the east end of Porto Rico to Anecgada Passage is known as Virgin Bank. The depth of water between the islands rising above this bank is less than 20 fathoms, which is a minimum for the amount of submergence they have recently (geologically speaking) undergone. These islands are detached out- liers of Porto Rico. 8b. Saint Croiz.—Although St. Croix is separated from the Vir- gin Islands by a depth as great as 2,400 fathoms and is joined to the St. Christopher chain by a ridge less than 1,000 fathoms deep, it possesses great similarity to members of the Virgin group. The west end is truncate and the submarine slope precipitous; the submarine slope to the north is also steep. There is clear evidence of faulting on the west and north sides. A ridge, largely of igneous rock, stands against the north shore from the west end of the island for some dis- tance to the east. South of the ridge is a sloping, rolling, calcareous plain. The east end has a submarine continuation in a bank less than 50 fathoms deep. The tectonic axis is east and west, the rocks resemble those of the Virgins, and the zoogeography indicates former connection with them. For these reasons it seems probable that this island was formerly a part of the Porto Rican-Virgin Island land-mass and has been sundered trom it by diastrophic processes. However, Saint Croix might be accorded separate status as a province, or referred to the St. Christopher axis; but it appears to me preferable to classify it with the Virgin Islands. 9. Costa Rica-Panama.—Between the Nicaragua-Costa Rican bound- ary and the mouth of Rio Atrato is an S-shaped land area which does not exhibit striking major tectonic lines, although some de- formation axes are obvious in Panama. The region is largely one © of vulcanism, present or past, which although occurring within definable limits does not follow continuous straight axes but occurs in a curving belt. The topography appears disordered, with volcanic protuberants here and there without perceptible system. The vol- canic heaps range from a few hundred to nearly 10,000 feet in altitude. 10. Andes.—The south-north trending ranges of the Andes reach the shores of the Caribbean Sea between the Gulf of Darien and Venezuela, and send a spur, Cordillera de Merida, northeastward to 604 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Porto Cabello where the main Andean trend is crossed by that of the . Maritime Andes. The shore of the Caribbean Sea les across the northern end of the Andes in a way similar to the manner in which the landward border of the Coastal Plain crosses the southwestern end of the Appalachian Mountains. The islands Curagao, Arube, and Bonaire, lie off the Venezuelan coast in the angle between the ends of the main Andes and the Cordillera de Merida. 11. Maritime Andes.—The Maritime Andes lie along the Vene- zucla coast from Caracas eastward. Trinidad and Tobago are outlying islands. On the south side of these mountains is the great Valley of the Orinoco. 12. Caribbean Islands.—These islands lie along triple arcuate ridges, the Barbadian Ridge, the main Caribbean Arc, and Aves. Ridge, the second of which is double at its northern end. 12a. Barbadian Ridge-—As Barbados is connected undersea with Tobago Island by a ridge less than 1,000 fathoms deep, and as the depth between it and St. Lucia is less than 1,000 fathoms, there is a closed basin over 1,000 fathoms deep between the Bar- badian Ridge and the main Caribbean Arc. 12b. Caribbean Arc.—The Caribbean arc is a ridge that extends from north of the Gulf of Paria to Anegada Passage. The islands occurring along it from the Grenadines to Dominica are entirely or predominantly volcanic. Guadaloupe is a compound island; the western half is volcanic, the eastern half with the outlying Marie Galante is mostly composed of calcareous sediments. North of Martinique the are splits; along the inner fork are the volcanic islands Montserrat, the St. Christopher Chain, and Saba; along the outer fork are Antigua and Barbuda, and the St. Martin group. The latter islands are largcly or predominantly composed of sedimentary rocks resting on an igneous basement of pre-Tertiary or early Tertiary age. 2c. Aves Ridge.—This ridge takes its name from Aves Island, which stands on a ridge running from the north coast of Cumana to Saba Island at depths slightly less than 1,000 fathoms, while water of greater depth occurs both east and west of it. PALEOGRAPHIC SUMMARY. There are many publications dealing with this subject, some of which, such as those of Gregory,! Hill,? and Guppy,’ are specially 1 Gregory, J. W., Contributions to the paleontology and physical geology of the West Indies, Geol. Soe. London Quart. Journ., vol. 51, pp. 255-310, pl. 11, 1895. 2 Hill, R. T., Notes on the geolcgy of Cuba, based upon a reconnaissance made for Alexander Agassiz, Mus. Comp. Zo6l. Bull., vol. 16, pp. 243-288, pls. 3-9, 1895; The geolcgical history of the Isthmus of Panama and portions of Costa Riza, Idem., vol. 28, pp. 159-285, pls. 1-19, 1898; The geology and physical gecgraphy of Jamaica, Idem., vol. 31, pp. 1-226, 252-255, p's. 1-35, 1901; Peléand the, evolution of the Windward Archi- pelago, Geol. Soc. Ameria Bull., vol. 16, pp. 243-288, pls. 43-47, 1905. 3Guppy, R. J. L., The goalogizal connexions of the Caribbean region, Canada Inst. Trans., vol.8, pp- 373-391, one plate, 1909. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 605 devoted to the West Indies and Central America, or consider parts of the regions; others are devoted to the geologic history of smaller areas that are parts of the region and are too numerous for men- tion here, but many of them have been referred to in my papers on the fossil corals and the correlation of the geologic formations of Panama, forming parts of this volume; while still other works, for instance those by Schuchert ! and Willis,? treat Central America and the West Indies only as parts of much larger areas. Schuchert in his work cited undertakes to reconstruct for this region the distribution of land and sca; that is, connections and barrier between the Atlantic and Pacific Basins during Paleozoic timo, basing his inferences upon the affinities of the Paleozoic faunas. As I can add nothing to what he says, I will not summarizo his conclusions—the reader may consult his memoir. LATE PALEOZOIC. The great Appalachian revolution occurred in late Paleozoic— Permian time, and resulted in the northern boundary of the Gulf of Mexico—the southern Appalachian, the Ouachita, and Wichita Mountains. The east and west trend in southern Mexico already existed or was developed about this time; while farther to the southeast, as Sapper has shown, Rio Motagua in Guatemala divides two chains of this age, one to the north, the other to the south, with spurs of a third chain farther toward the southeast. The nearly north and south trend of the Coxcomb Mountains in British Honduras, which are composed of sediments apparently of pre-Paleozoic age indicates that the Yucatan protuberant had been outlined in Paleo- zoic, perhaps early Paleozoic time. Granitic débris in Costa Rica and Panama suggests old deformation along east and west lines in those areas. The east and west mountains of Venezuela have an old foundation and certainly date back to the Paleozoic in origin. There is evidence of old deformation in Cuba, rendering it highly probable, if not certain, that the major tectonic trends of Cuba are as old as Paleozoic. Although no Paleozoic rocks have been identified in Jamaica, the inference appears warranted that Jamaica itself dates back to late Paleozoic, as it has been shown by Sapper that the west end of the tectonic features represented in Mosquito and Rosalind Banks and Jamaica already existed in late Paleozoic time. The Cuban and Jamaican trends meet in Haiti and continue through Porto Rico to the Virgin Islands, 1 Schuchert, Charles, Paleography of North America, Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 20, pp. 427-606, pls. 46-101, 1910. 2 Willis, Bailey, Paleographic maps, in Outlines of geologic history with special reference to North America, pp. 306, Chicago, 1910. 606 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. while St. Croix, which is closely related in its geologic features to the Virgins, was probably at one time a member of that group and has been separated from them by faulting of compara- tively late geologic date. There is no direct evidence of the existence at this time of any of the Caribbean Islands, but certain relations suggest that at least parts of the Caribbean Arc may be old. St. Croix stands on the western end of a ridge between 600 and 700 fathoms deep, on the castern end of which is St. Christopher. This ridge extends northward to the St. Martin Plateau, eastward to Antigua and Barbuda, and southward from the latter islands through Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, and the Grenadines to South America. These relations suggest that the eastern perimeter of the Caribbean Basin may have been outlined in late Paleozoic time. From the preceding statement it is evident that the principal tectonic lines of the perimeters of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea existed at the close of the Paleozoic. The northern, western, and southern boundaries had been outlined and the major transverse trends had also been formed, the more northern through Oaxaca and Chiapas, including the northward trending Coxcomb Mountains of British Honduras; the more southern through Honduras and Nicaragua. The first may have connected along the axis of the Coxcomb Mountains with Cuba and thence Haiti; the second prob- ably connected with Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, and there are vague suggestions that the Caribbean Arc also existed. As the positive and negative areas so early outlined dominated the tectonic development during later geologic time, the subsequent history consists in tracing the modification of these old features. TRIASSIC, JURASSIC, AND CRETACEOUS. It seems necessary to infer diastrophic movements previous to or during Jurassic and Cretaceous time, for there was no connection between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across Central America dur- ing these periods, with the possible exception of certain connections during Jurassic and upper Triassic (Karnic) time, as shown in the table on page 612. During Triassic and Jurassic time the eastern part of the North American continent, except areas of Triassic in Mexico and several Central American States and areas of Jurassic in Mexico and trans-Pecos Texas, was emerged probably to the limits of the pres- ent Continental Shelf, while the western end of Ciba was submerged. The eastern end of Cuba apparently was a land area and may have been joined to the southeastern United States. During upper Creta- ceous time there was extensive submergence throughout the West Indies and Central America, but the Lower Cretaceous, as represented in Mexico and Texas, is not known in them, except in Honduras. As the Jurassic and Cretaceous faunas are Atlantic in their facies, GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 607 the Atlantic Ocean must have had access to these oceanic basins: during a partif not all of these periods. . According to Hull, vulcanism existed prior to later Mesozoic in Guatemala, Oaxaca, Jamaica, and the Andes, and perhaps in Cuba and Haiti, as well as in the Cordilleras of North America. Probably there was vulcanism in Porto Rico, the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, St. Martin, St. Bartholomew, and Antigua. In the two last mentioned islands there are volcanic rocks older than Kocene sediments. At the close of the Cretaceous there was general emergence of the Coastal Plain, an event probably due to diastrophism and a resultant of Laramide mountain making. EOCENE AND OLIGOCENE. The West Indian islands, because no old Kocene sediments are known in any of them except Trinidad, which is South American in its relations, are supposed to have stood above sea level at that time. In Cuba and Jamaica there are Upper Cretaceous and late Eocene sediments without the intervention of early Eocene deposits. During later Eocene (Ludian) and middle and upper Oligocene (Rupelian and Aquitanian) time there was extensive submergence in the West Indies and interoceanic connection through a number of straits across Central America. There may have been interocanic connection during lower Oligocene (Lattorfian) time, but this is not established. The maximum submergence was in middle Oligocene (Rupelian) time. Vulcanism was widespread in Central America and the Antilles during Kocene and probably also during earlier Oligocene time. The line of the great Mexican volcanoes had its inception at the close of the Cretaceous, near the beginning of the Tertiary, according to Felix and Lenk. In Jamaica, Cuba, St. Bartholomew, and Antigua the later Eocene age of some of the volcanic rocks is established. There was between the upper Eocene and the middle Oligocene deposition periods great deformation in the Antilles. The folding in the principal mountains of Jamaica, the Sierra Maestra of Cuba, and apparently those of Haiti, Porto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and St. Croix appears to have taken place at this time. Diastrophism seems also to have been active in Chiapas, Tabasco, Petén, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. MIOCENE. During older Miocene (Burdigalian) time apparently there was in places connection between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as is shown by deposits of this age containing fossils of Atlantic affinities on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica? and Nicaragua, and perhaps at. } Romanes, J., Geology of a part of Costa Rica, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Journ., vol. 68, pp. 124, 125,. 1912, 37149—19—Bull.°103——5 608 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. other places, but such connections seemingly were restricted, not of wide extent as in upper Kocene and Oligocene time. As no upper Miocene has yet been identified in the West Indies this is supposed to have been a period of high uplift which terminated the connection between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The mid- dle and upper Oligocene and lower Miocene sediments of Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Anguilla, and Antigua, although deformed by tilting and faulting are not. intensely folded, as are the older sediments. According to Hill, ‘in mid-Tertiary time granitoid intrusions were pushed upward into the sediments of the Great Antilles, the Caribbean, Costa Rican, and Panamic regions.’’ The information I obtained in Antigua and St. Bartholomew accords with this opinion. That there was at some place interoceanic connection subsequent to lower Miocene (Burdigalian) time is suggested, if not actually proven, by the presence on Carrizo Creek, Imperial County, California, of a coral fauna'of post-Miocene Atlantic affinities. Roy 8. Dickerson? in the paper cited below says regarding my conclusion that the coral fauna of Carrizo Creek is of probably Pliocene age: ‘‘His [Vaughan’s] conclusions concerning the Pliocene age of these beds rests upon the infirm basis of comparison with a Pliocene coral fauna of Florida,” and ‘‘All the coral genera except one occur in the Bowden or associated horizons.”’ The last statement is correct in the restricted sense in which I use Bowden and its related zones, and the first is correct in that I compared the fauna from Carrizo Creek with that from the Pliocene Caloosahatchee marl of Florida; but Doctor Dickerson evidently did not comprehend the entire basis for my opinion. The following eight genera, now extinct in the Atlantic Ocean but present in the Pacific, occur in the Bowden marl and related zones, that is in Miss Maury’s Santo Domingan section and the La Cruz marl of Cuba, but are not known from Carrizo Creek or from the Caloosahatchee marl: Placocyathus. Antillia. Placotrochus. Syzygo phyllia. Stylophora. Pavona. Pocillopora. Gonwopora. Neither the coral fauna of Carrizo Creek nor that of the Caloosa- hatchee marl, as at present known, contains any of the coral genera distinctive of the Bowden and related zones. These distinctive 1 Vaughan, T. W., The reef-coral fauna of Carrizo Creek, Imperial County, California, etc., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98, pp. 355-386, pls. 92-102, 1917. 2 Ancient Panama Canals, California Acad. Sci. Proc., vol. 7, pp. 197-205, 1917 (date printed with title July 30, 1917, received by me on Oct. 16, 1917). $ Added from Miss Maury’s Santo Domingan collections. % GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 609 genera became extinct in the Atlantic during upper Miocene time, according to the present information, but, they persist in the Indo- Pacific region. It, therefore, seems that the fauna of Carrizo Creek migrated to the head of the Gulf of California after the extinction of these forms. PLIOCENE AND LATER. Subsequent to the Miocene there have been many oscillations of the West Indian area, and during perhaps Pliocene time there was profound deformation. Zeogeographic data in the opinion of several investigators seem to demand former connection, prob- ably during late Miocene or Pliocene time from Yucatan across Cuba to Haiti, Porto Rico, and the Virgin Islands; from Honduras to Jamaica; and from Anguilla to South America. It also appears that St. Croix was once joined to Anguilla and to the eastern end of the Virgin Islands. There are certain geologically late fault-lines which perhaps date from this time and _ the severance of the old ridges into the islands we now know may be largely due to movement along them. One of these fault lines forms the northern boundary of the Bartlett Deep, and passes between the east end of Cuba and the west end of Haiti. Another tectonic line which forms the south side of the Bartlett Deep seems to con- verge toward the former in the Windward Passage. A down-thrown block between these lines has separated Cuba and Haiti and pro- duced the Bartlett Deep. Probably there was also faulting or flexing between Cayman Ridge and the southern shore of Cuba, west of Manzanillo Bay, while either faulting of flexing may have sep- arated Cuba and Yucatan. There is evidence of a downthrown fault block between St. Thomas and St. Croix, the two sides converg- ing toward Anegada Passage. This will account for the deep of over 2,400 fathoms north of St. Croix, and the severance of St. Croix and the St. Martin Plateau group of islands from the Virgin group. There are three kinds of evidence that bears on the age of this faulting, namely: (1) In eastern Cuba, as the Miocene La Cruz marl is abruptly cut off at the shore line in the vicinity of the Morro at the mouth of Santiago Harbor, the faulting must be subsequent to old or middle Miocene; (2) as the sea along the fault shores has been able since the faulting to cut only narrow benches into the fault planes on the up-thrown side, the faultplanes are physiographically young; (3) the biologic evidence, in the opinion of most of those who have recently considered it, demands land connection in late Tertiary time between Cuba, Santo Domingo, Porto Rico, and thence 610 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. to South America. Miller has recently published an important paper on this subject,! and states: ‘‘ With the characters of so many [eight] genera known it becomes possible to gain some idea of the Antillean hystricine fauna.2 The most noticeable feature of these genera considered as a group is their similarity to the Santa Cruzian and Entrerian rodents which Ameghino and Scott have described and figured. In no instance has the same genus been found in both the West Indies and Argentina or Patagonia; but the Antillean rodents thus far discovered never show such peculiarities that their remains would appear out of place among those of their extinct southern relatives, while as a whole they would at once be recognized as foreign to the present South American fauna.” On the following page of the same paper he says: “‘So far as can be judged from eight very distinct genera the Antillean hystricine rodents do not present the characters that would be expected in animals derived from South America during any period geologically recent. Neither have they the appearance of an assemblage brought together at different times by migration or chance introduction. On the contrary they suggest direct descent from such a part of the general South American fauna, probably not less ancient than that of the Miocene, as might have been isolated by a splitting off of the archipelago from the mainland. Of later influence from the conti- nent there is no trace.” The mammals furnish more evidence of this kind than I am pre- senting here, and Barbour and Stejneger, from their study of rep- tiles, have reached the same conclusions. These conclusions accord with the tectonic history of the region, namely, that in late Tertiary, probably Pliocene time, the West Indian Islands as we know them ‘were produced by block-faulting which broke into pieces a far more extensive land area. Although I greatly respect the scholarship and appreciate the valuable researches of Dr. W. D. Matthew, I am unable to agree with his opinions as to the means of distribution of West Indian mammals and some of the other land vertebrates. According to Hill, the volcanoes of the Windward Islands date back at least to the Hocene. He says: ‘‘After the Miocene, vul- canism became quiescent in the Great Antilles and the Coastal Plain of Texas, but has continued to the present in the four great foci of present activity—southern Mexico, the northern Andes, Central America, and the Windward Islands. In the last two regions men- tioned, the greater masses of the present volcanic heights were piled 1 Miller, Gerrit S., Jr., Bones of mammals lrom Indian sites in Cuba and Santo Domingo, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 66, No. 12, 10 pp., 1 pl., 1916. 2Tdem., p. 3. GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE CANAL ZONE. 611 up before the Pliocene, and the present craters are merely secondary and, expiring phenomena.”’ The last important shift in position of strand line along the At- lantic coast of the United States and around the shore of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea has been by submergence of land areas, but subsequent to this there has been local emergence, often accompanied by minor tilting or warping. Except vulcanism, the following table presents a succinct summary of the major events considered in the foregoing remarks. It is the primary intention of the present paper to characterize biologically and to correlate the marine formations of the Canal Zone and the geologically related areas in Central America and the West Indies, and to lay particular stress upon the successive periods of emergence and submergence of the land and the crustal deformation, folding and faulting, concomitant with changes of that kind. Comparison of the table opposite page 594, showing the correlation of the Tertiary formations of Panama, with the following tabular summary, will reveal that the story told by the two tables is essentially identical, the erosion intervals and the marine formations in the correlation table representing respectively the periods of emergence and the periods of submergence in the tabular summary. TABULAR SUMMARY OF SOME OF THE IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE WEST INDIES AND CENTRAL AMERICA, Time subdivisions. Events. | AUOCOMG esos cae sicice css | Submergence of land areas probably resulting from deglaciation, except local differential crustal movements in places producing uplift. Emergence of large areas, probably due to withdrawal of water to form the continental ice sheets; also oscillation of land areas by differential crustal movement. PTO CONC eae eesos ce weces Local moderate submergence, period of cataclysmic faulting breaking up a large land area and forming the Antilles nearly asthey areat present. Proba- bly a narrow interoceanic connection that admitted an Atlantic fauna into the present site of the Gulf of California. Extensive emergence of the land joining North and South America through Central America; Greater Antilles joined to each other, and possibly to Cen- (PPO aiience tral America by bridges from Jamaica to Honduras and from western Cuba to Yucatan, and to South America along the Caribbean are. All these sup- Miocene. . posed connections not necessarily contemporaneous. middle and j Extensive submergence in the West Indies and around the continental mar- gins; narrow, areally limited interoceanic connections in lower Miocene | time, none known in upper Miocene time; land emerging in Central America. upper....... Extensive submergence with interoceanic connections. _ i Oligocene. .;middle...... Maximum areal submergence with extensive interoceanic connections. lower ....... Extensive submergence in Central America and southeastern United States; local emergence in the West Indies. Extensive diastrophism and mountain making by folding. UPDeLieja.e =n 1-s Extensive submergence with interoceanic connections. Bocene..{middle........ Apparently interoceanic connection across Central America. lowernsecseeee Emergence of the Greater Antilies and Central America, no known interoceanic connection. i 612 BULLETIN 103, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. TABULAR SUMMARY OF SOME OF THE IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE WEST INDIES AND CENTRAL AMERICA—Ccontinued. Time subdivisions. | Events. Upper Extensive submergence; but without interoceanic connection. Grstiveouse| Lover Submergence in Mexico and Central America, especially in late Comanche tine Probable emergence in the Greater Antilles; no interoceanic connec- ion. Uppsr Submergence in western Cuba, eastern Mexico, and west Texas without inter- oceanic connection, except possibly in late Upper Jurassic time. Middle Submergence in southern Mexico (Oaxaca and Guerrero) with possible inter- Jurassic, Lower oceanic connection. Sudmergence in southeastern Mexico (Puebla, Vera Cruz, and Hidalgo, pos- sibly also in Guerrero) with possible interoceanic connection. Nonmarine plant-bearing beds in same region and also in Oaxaca. Possibly the latter may be of same age as the supposed Rhaetic plant-bearing beds of Honduras and Nicaragua. Upper Plant-bearing beds in Honduras and Nicaragua, above mentioned, bespeak Rhaetic) | land conditions in latest Triassic or earliest Jurassic. WMrinssic pper | Submergence in central Mexico (Zacatecas) with probable interoceanic con- ~) (Karnic) nection. Middle Probable land conditions throughout Mexico and Central America. Lower Probable land conditions throughout Mexico and Central America. Late Paleozoic..........- Formation of the major tectonic axes of Central America and the initial east and west axes of the Greater Antilles. o Mesozoic history of Central America, Mexico, and the West Indies, by T. W. Stanton. 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