eet GGloug,

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

STUDIES IN
FORAMINIFERA

By ALFRED R. LOEBLICH, Jr., and COLLABORATORS:
HELEN TAPPAN, J. P. BECKMANN, HANS M. BOLLI,
EUGENIA MONTANARO GALLITELLI, J. C. TROELSEN

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION e¢ WASHINGTON, D.C. © 1957

Publications of the United States National Museum

The scientific publications of the National Museum include two series, known, respec-
tively, as Proceedings and Bulletin.

The Proceedings series, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium for the pub-
lication of original papers, based on the collections of the National Museum, that set forth
newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms
and revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed
as published to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested
in the different subjects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are
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The series of Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, contains separate publica-
tions comprising monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises
(occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogs of type
specimens, special collections, and other material of similar nature. The majority of the
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tional Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which
contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum.

The present work forms No. 215 of the Bulletin series.

REMINGTON KELLoGG,
Director, United States National Museum.

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1957

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office
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Contents

Page
IPTeLa COMA EREEM | f:, soem Ue eamertece ba) Sacks feu o Uc8 SRS br Unt silo ida Vv
Part 1: Puanxronic FoRAMINIFBERA. ..........+... 1
1. Planktonic foraminiferal families Hantkeninidae, Orbulinidae, Globorotaliidae, and
Globotruncamidse.y a acs sino «ae 6 wee (Text-figs. 1-9, pls. 1-11) 3
By Hans M. Bolli, Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., and Helen Tappan
2. The genera Praeglobotruncana, Rotalipora, Globotruncana, and Abathomphalus in the
Upper Cretaceous of Trinidad, B.W.I.. .... . (Text-fig. 10, pls. 12-14) 51
By Hans M. Bolli
3. The genera Globigerina and Globorotalia in the Paleocene-lower Eocene Lizard
Springs formation of Trinidad, B.W.I. . . . . (Text-figs. 11-13, pls. 15-20) 61
By Hans M. Bolli
4. Chiloguembelina Loeblich and Tappan and related Foraminifera from the lower
TertiarnylotimmidadsBaWiel. wares . . acticlee -in (Text-figs. 14-16, pl. 21) 83
By J. P. Beckmann
5. Planktonic Foraminifera from the Oligocene - Miocene Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions of Trinidad, B. W.I.......... (Text-figs. 17-21, pls. 22-29) 97
By Hans M. Bolli
6. Some planktonic Foraminifera of the type Danian and their stratigraphic im-
POLLAN CONCISE aetna ee eka (Text-figs. 22-24, pl. 30) 125
By J. C. Troelsen
7. A revision of the foraminiferal family Heterohelicidae ....... (Pls. 31-34) 133
By Eugenia Montanaro Gallitelli
8. Planktonic Foraminifera from the Eocene Navet and San Fernando formations of
Trinidad BaWesleeoeker 0-194. <eeesres bs (Text-figs. 25-26, pls. 35-39) 155
By Hans M. Bolli
9. Planktonic Foraminifera of Paleocene and early Eocene age from the Gulf and
Atlantic Coastal Plans. .......... (Text-figs. 27-28, pls. 40-64) 173
By Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., and Helen Tappan
Part 2: Brntoonic FORAMINIFERA ............2.. 199
10. New Cretaceous index Foraminifera from northern Alaska. (Text-fig. 29, pls. 65-71) 201
By Helen Tappan
11. Eleven new genera of Foraminifera ......... (Text-fig. 30, pls. 72-73) 223
By Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., and Helen Tappan
12. The foraminiferal genus Cruciloculina d’Orbighy, 1839 ......... (Pl. 74) 233
By Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., and Helen Tappan
latest WONUraaLy, Paral ied a Se Geet, eesti eh aphewbos, rs coagk ee te 237
rv Gx Ot See es en eo ECR ee ca nr “ean Se | , eae, Ee ae ed 313

& babigig

A ist ad ef all

Preface

Meese peo ec e TODAY, as perhaps in every
generation, are divided into two camps; those who
complain bitterly about the increased taxonomic split-
ting of genera and species and those who are enthusi-
astically doing the splitting. The majority of micro-
paleontologists are relatively conservative in proposing
new generic or specific names, probably more so than
almost any other group of taxonomists.

This conservatism may, however, result in setting for
the genera and species of Foraminifera boundaries that
are too wide to be useful for correlation, or for ecological
or distributional studies. A single species may be
recorded from the Arctic to the tropics, from the beach
or lagoon to a depth of over 2,000 fathoms, or from
Jurassic to Recent. An examination of such specimens
in any large collection will readily reveal many different
geologically and ecologically restricted species and
genera masquerading under a single name. For
example, specimens recorded in the literature as
Spiroplectammina biformis (Parker and Jones), or as
“Globigerina” cretacea d’Orbigny can be seen to be
completely unlike the original types of those species, as
can many species of Discorbis, Rotalia, or Textularia;
they may even belong to quite different genera and
even to different families.

With modern methods and the use of better optical
equipment, better lighting, X-ray, and new techniques
of sectioning or dissecting specimens to understand
interior structures, it seems quite out of order to main-
tain that micropaleontology should remain stable and
that only the genera known to Parker and Jones and
d’Orbigny (or even those in the classifications of Cush-
man or Galloway) should be recognized. On the
other hand, there are occasionally unavoidable conflicts,
where workers unknowingly propose new names for
forms already described elsewhere. Perhaps the origi-
nal description was incomplete or inaccurate, and only
later studies prove their co-identity; then the Rules of
Zoological Nomenclature apply, and one of the names
must be suppressed. Because of the present incomplete
status of our knowledge, changes in the taxonomy
must be expected. If progress is to be made in the
classification and study of the Foraminifera, some
genera and species previously recognized as valid must
fall by the wayside as synonyms, and many new names
must be proposed for the host of species masquerading
under certain ‘‘wastebasket” names. Only in this way
may we obtain a logical taxonomy, however difficult
the adjustment might temporarily seem to the individ-
ual student.

Let no one assume, however, that the writer favor

the immediate and indiscriminate erection of a multi-
tude of new names. As mentioned above, many
micropaleontologists believe that too many taxonomic
units already exist. Certainly many examples could
be cited where “‘splitting’’ has been carried to almost
ridiculous extremes, with nearly every specimen a
distinct species.

Part of the difficulty lies in the lack of sufficient
experimental data on living populations to allow a
determination of the truly important taxonomic
characters. As a result, one specialist may place the
greatest taxonomic emphasis on wall structure, another
will consider the apertural position of prime importance,
while others will use chamber arrangement, presence of
particular internal characters, or even surface orna-
mentation as generic or family characters. Yet any of
these proposed bases of classification might be con-
sidered useless by another equally sincere worker.

Each individual is entitled to his own opinion, pro-
vided it is based on facts and logical assumptions from
these facts; but it is obvious that all workers, given the
same set of facts, will not always arrive at identical
conclusions; therefore, there is no insistence that all
the papers here included use the same terminology or
bases of taxonomic classification. We do feel it neces-
sary, however, to ask that reasons be given for placing
a genus or species in synonymy, or for subdividing a
previously known genus or species, and to ask that
means be presented for distinguishing the new form
from other similar forms. In addition, it seems advis-
able that a general taxonomic philosophy be accepted—
that certain characters be considered of higher taxo-
nomic value than others and be used similarly through-
out the classification. Where new taxonomic units are
proposed in the included papers, this is done.

One other point must be mentioned because perhaps
unfortunately, most micropaleontologists are primarily
stratigraphers and only secondarily taxonomists or
zoologists. Specimens placed in each species must be
like the original type specimens, and if this necessitates
a new name for a form widely but erroneously known
by an old and classic name, sentiment cannot intervene.
Likewise, if a “genus” is found to contain widely
dissimilar species, the group like the type species must
retain that name. This apparently obvious rule is
repeatedly disregarded by some foraminiferal workers
who in stating that a certain species does not belong to
a genus, completely ignore the fact that it is the type
species, and therefore the taxonomic basis, of the
genus itself. In the generic studies which follow,
particular emphasis is therefore placed on the type

Vv

VI

species although some of these may be less familiar to
the average worker than other species previously there
referred.

The present volume of studies in Forammifera is
divided into two sections: the first concerned with
planktonic species, and the second with benthonic
species. During the past decade the value of plank-
tonic Foraminifera for purposes of interregional corre-
lations and for detailed stratigraphic zonation has
won increasing recognition. Their value is especially
pronounced in zonation problems in beds nearly or
completely devoid of macrofossils. Here, the plank-
tonic Foraminifera have proved indispensable to a
clear understanding of the stratigraphy. In the
Tertiary strata, members of the planktonic families
Orbulinidae, Hantkeninidae, Globorotaliidae, and cer-
tain of the Heterohelicidae are as useful for zonations
as the ammonites were for the Mesozoic. In reality
they are the “ammonites” of the Tertiary, having short
stratigraphic ranges and wide geographic distribution.

Tn the Caribbean and in many areas of South America
workable zonations in use by oil companies are almost
entirely based on planktonic Foraminifera. American
writers have tended to neglect the planktonic Foraminif-
era in stratigraphic and commercial micropaleontology,
in part because of the chaotic condition of the literature
and in part because benthonic species also work well in
their areas of operation. However, as offshore drilling
progresses and as thick sections of offshore beds are
encountered, the planktonic Foraminifera will prove
to be an added and welcome tool for correlation.

Many of my colleagues have decried the fact that
planktonics are difficult to use because there is too much
variation in the species themselves for clear delineation.

Although this difficulty has been aggravated by the low
caliber of illustrations in the literature, from which it is
often impossible to identify the species, a detailed
study of the planktonics based on actual specimens and
good illustrations will show them to be no more variable
or difficult to work with than the human species.

Part I has as its first objective the development of a
logical classification of the families and genera of the
planktonic Foraminifera. Its second objective is to
describe various planktonic faunules, presenting ade-
quate illustrations and clear descriptions with the hope
of progressing toward a better understanding of inter-
regional correlations and perhaps eventually to develop
a uniform world-wide zonation. Its third objective is
to present the results of studies that may be of use to the
economic paleontologist in local well-to-well correla-
tions or in exploration in unknown areas. The first
two aims lead inevitably to the third, for science is
valuable to man only insofar as it is his servant, and our
artificial taxonomy, which is only man-made and not
a product of nature itself, must be made useful if it is to
be worthwhile.

Part II of the volume is concerned with the revision
of some existing genera, and the description of certain
new genera and species of benthonic Foraminifera; some
of the papers being concerned with a taxonomic group,
others with an ecologic or a stratigraphic assemblage.
They are thus more varied in character than the papers
included in the planktonic section, but it is hoped that
all will contribute to a better understanding of one or
more of the many aspects of our knowledge of the
Foraminifera.

AuFrrep R. Lorsiicn, JR.

Part I:
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA

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Planktonic Foraminiferal Families Hantkeninidae, Orbulinidae,
Globorotaliidae and Globotruncanidae

By Hans M. Bolli, ! Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., and Helen Tappan

Introduction

| 2 jpop THE past 10 to 20 years there has been an
enormous increase in the recognition of the value of
the planktonic Foraminifera as stratigraphic index
fossils. They form an excellent basis for precise
regional and world-wide correlation. Their dispersal
is world-wide, affected only by such environmental
factors as temperature and salinity. After death their
shells sink to the sea floor, regardless of whether the
bottom facies is abyssal, neritic, lagoonal, or reefal.
Furthermore, the advent and extinction of species
and even genera, from the Cretaceous to the Recent,
is so spaced that an excellent and exact zonation can
be based on their stratigraphic distribution.

At the present time the value of the planktonic
Foraminifera for stratigraphic correlation is masked
by the incompleteness of our knowledge and especially
by the divergent views of different workers on questions
of taxonomic grouping. The basis for systematic
separation of planktonic Foraminifera has varied
greatly from author to author. Features used by one
specialist as being of specific value only are used by
others for generic and even family separations. The
wide limits allowed for a genus in some instances have
almost completely masked the true value of the plank-
tonic Foraminifera for stratigraphic correlation. A
critical examination of many species of widely varying
geographic and stratigraphic occurrence makes it
obvious that there are distinctive groups of species,
within a “genus” as previously known, that are quite
restricted in geologic range. Other species, attributed
to different ‘‘genera’’ may have identical ranges and
only minor distinctions for separation, and may even
intergrade. For these reasons the classification of the
planktonic Foraminifera definitely requires revision
on the generic level.

Descriptions and illustrations in many publications,
especially early ones, are often too generalized, in-
accurate or incomplete for a precise species delineation.
Lack of care in the collection of samples and failure
to recognize reworking has in some instances given
exaggerated geologic ranges. In many instances a
disregard for the Rules of Nomenclature has caused
confusion.

Tn order to revise the systematics of the planktonic
Foraminifera and to determine their exact stratigraphic

396818—57——2

ranges and the factors important in their geographic
distribution, a cooperative study of this group has
been undertaken by a number of paleontologists in
both hemispheres. The present article is the first of
a series resulting from this project, and was undertaken
largely as a basis for future publications. All known
genera of the families Hantkeninidae, Orbulinidae,
Globorotaliidae and Globotruncanidae have been re-
described on the basis of their type species, and the
best specimens obtainable of each of the type species
have been figured here. In many instances, both the
holotype of the type species and additional topotypes
or hypotypes have been figured, and for certain genera
additional species have also been included. Although
we have placed many previously described generic
names in synonymy, we have nervetheless figured the
type species designated for those nominal genera, so
that the record will be complete.

A general discussion of the planktonic Foraminifera
is given here with remarks on their ecology, morphology
and terminology, evolutionary trends, and geologic
distribution. This is followed by the systematic por-
tion of the paper.

In the present revision, a total of 56 generic names
are considered, of which 32 genera are recognized as
valid, including 5 proposed as new. Many of the
previously described genera are emended somewhat,
and recognized as valid on a basis distinct from that
originally proposed. Some are used in a more restricted
sense, thus becoming of greater stratigraphic value.
Others are considered somewhat more inclusive than
originally proposed, when neither valid structural dis-
tinctions nor differing geologic occurrence would uphold
a closer separation.

Of the remaining generic names, 23 are here con-
sidered synonyms and suppressed. One name is a
homonym and had been earlier replaced by a valid
name, by the original author. Incidental to the generic
studies, 7 new species are also described.

These 32 valid genera are placed in 4 families, with
7 subfamilies, of which 4 subfamilies are new. The

1 Arrangement of names alphabetical, no seniority implied. Hans M. Bolli, Trini-
dad Oil Company, Ltd. (formerly Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd.), Pointe-d-Pierre,
Trinidad, B. W.1.; Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr. (formerly associate curator of invertebrate

paleontology, U.S. National Museum), California Research Corp., La Habra, Calif.;
and Helen Tappan, Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution.

3

4 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

family placement of many of the genera is also modified.
Family and subfamily definitions are given, with
authors and dates cited, and with strict adherence to
the zoological Rules of Nomenclature in these higher
taxonomic categories as well as in generic and specific
names.

Acknowledgments

This paper is the result of an exceptional amount of
cooperation by paleontologists and organizations
throughout the world. We have received aid and en-
couragement in its preparation from many sources, by
the receipt of specimens and literature, the loan of
types, aid in collecting material, and financial assistance
for the preparation of illustrations.

In a study of this sort, it is imperative that the type
species be obtained for each genus. Many primary
types of these planktonic genera are present in the
U. S. National Museum collections, due to the gener-
osity of their authors, who have deposited primary
types here. These include the late Dr. J. A. Cushman,
the late W. J. Parr of Australia; and Drs. P. J. Ber-
mudez, Jusepin, Venezuela; W. H. Blow, London,
England; P. Bronnimann, Havana, Cuba; A. F. M.
Mohsenul Haque, Quetta, Pakistan; C. G. Lalicker,
McAllen, Texas; M. L. Natland, Rolling Hills, Cali-
fornia; H. H. Renz, Caracas, Venezuela; and R. M.
Stainforth, Billings, Montana.

In addition, particular specimens and samples have
been supplied by many others to whom we are exceed-
ingly grateful. These include Drs. R. Wright Barker,
Shell Development Company, Houston, Texas; F. Brot-
zen, Geological Survey of Sweden, Stockholm; Noel
Brown, Cuban Gulf Oil Company, Havana, Cuba;
A. C. Collins, Newtown, Geelong, Victoria, Australia;
N. de B. Hornibrook, New Zealand Geological Survey,
Wellington; V. Pokorny, Charles University, Prague,
Czechoslovakia; M. Reichel, Basle, Switzerland;
J. Sigal, Institut de Pétrole, Reuil-Malmaison, France;
Hans Thalmann, Stanford University, California;
David Ericson, Lamont Geological Observatory, Pali-
sades, New York; Frances Parker, Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, La Jolla, California; and W. Storrs
Cole, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

Types were also loaned to us for study by other
institutions and we should like to acknowledge our
gratitude to Dr. Katherine Palmer and the Paleontologi-
cal Research Institute, Ithaca, New York, for the loan
of types from the Helen J. Plummer collection and Dr.
John Imbrie and Columbia University for the loan of
types from the Maynard White collection.

In order to study the original types of Brady, d’Or-
bigny, Parker and Jones, and others, and to obtain
European topotype material, a visit to Europe was
imperative. We are therefore grateful to the Smith-
sonian Institution for making available the Walcott
funds to enable Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., to spend 10
months studying and collecting in Europe, and to the
Guggenheim Foundation who similarly financed 10
months of study in museums, re-illustration of types,

and field collecting in Europe by Helen Tappan Loeb-
lich. During their stay in Europe, great assistance was
given to the Loeblichs by Dr. H. W. Parker, of the
British Museum (Natural History), London, who
allowed full access to the Brady and other collections
there, and through whom they were able to obtain
topotype material from the Challenger collections for
study and illustration. In Paris, through the courtesy
of Dr. Jean Roger, the original types of d’Orbigny
deposited in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle
were examined, studied, and compared with available
topotype material.

Aid in the field, in collecting material used in the
present study from classic European localities was given
by Drs. H. Hiltermann and F. Schmid of the Amt fiir
Bodenforschung, Hannover, Germany, and in England
by Dr. Tom Barnard, Mr. Raymond Casey, and Mr.
A. G. Davis. Acknowledgement is also made of the
cooperation of Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., during the
time spent by Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., in collecting in
Trinidad, B. W. I.

Illustrations are shaded camera lucida drawings
prepared by Lawrence and Patricia Isham, scientific
illustrators, with the assistance of a grant-in-aid from
the Geological Society of America to re-illustrate type
species of Foraminifera for use in the Treatise on
Invertebrate Paleontology. The camera lucida illustra-
tions of Brady’s types of Hastigerina murrayi Thomson
were made at the British Museum by Helen Tappan
Loeblich.

The authors are indebted to F. M. Bayer of the U.S.
National Museum and J. B. Saunders, Trinidad Lease-
holds, Ltd., for critical reading of sections of the manu-
script.

The further progress of these planktonic studies at
the specific level is assured by the receipt of grants-in-
aid of research from certain petroleum companies for
the hire of laboratory technicians and artists. We
should, therefore, like to acknowledge this aid from the
California Research Corporation, the Carter Oil Com-
pany, the Gulf Oil Corporation, the Humble Oil and
Refining Company, and the Trinidad Oil Company, Ltd.

Ecology of the Planktonic Foraminifera

Pelagic animals are those which inhabit the free
water of the ocean. They must be independent of any
support except that of the water, and maintain them-
selves in the open water without sinking. A wide range
of life is represented in the pelagic zone, including not
only protozoans and microscopic plant life, but also
ctenophores, cephalopods, copepod crustaceans, and
fish. Ecologically speaking, the pelagic life may be
subdivided into the nekton, which includes the animals
that can swim freely and are independent of oceanic
currents, and the plankton, which are only passively
floating or suspended forms, and whose independent
movement is insignificant in comparison with the move-
ment of the ocean currents. Most of the plankton is

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 5

small or microscopic and all pelagic microscopic animals
are plankton (Hesse, Allee, and Schmidt, 1937, p. 233).

Special Characteristics of Planktonic Organisms

“Viving matter is heavier than sea water; its specific
gravity ranges from 1.02 to 1.06, averaging about 1.04.
Special adaptations are consequently required to pre-
vent animals from sinking. This disting.sishes pelagic
creatures from animals of the benthal and gives them
certain features in common; these appear in various
groups by convergent evolution’. (Hesse, Allee, and
Schmidt, 1937, p. 223).

The state of suspension may be brought about either
by a reduction in specific gravity or by added resistance
offered to the water by the animal.

REDUCTION IN SPECIFIC GRAVITY: This may be ac-
complished by economy in use of skeletal material.
According to Rhumbler (1911), Orbulina universa from
surface waters has a thin shell with walls from 1.28, to
18, whereas specimens from the bottom have walls up
to 24 in thickness. The planktonic Globigerinas of the
surface waters are distinguished by thin-walled shells
from the smaller cold-water species, such as Globigerina
pachyderma, which may live at greater depths. The
amount of calcium carbonate in the shells is also re-
duced in various genera and species by an increase in
size of pores, by enlargement of the aperture, or by the
development of supplementary apertures.

Specific gravity of planktonic organisms may also
be reduced by taking up relatively large amounts of
‘sea water, as is done by jellyfish. The absolute surplus
of weight remains the same, but the relative difference
is reduced by an increase in the volume of the organism.
Invertebrate marine animals may take up water from
their surroundings without injury since their body
fluids are isotonic with sea water. Storage of lighter
materials is an even more effective method of weight
reduction used by some planktonic organisms. This
would include internal storage of water of less salinity,
of fat globules or even air bubbles. These various modi-
fications of the protoplasm represent a possible field for
research in the Foraminifera, for as yet no data are
available as to possible differences in the composition
of the protoplasm in planktonic and benthonic Fora-
minifera.

ADDED RESISTANCE TO SINKING: Increased friction
with the water and resistance offered by the surface is
obtained by increase in size in the horizontal plane of
asinking body. This method is most effective for small
animals, such as Protozoans, which have a high value
of surface-weight proportion. This may be accom-
plished by a flattening of the body itself, as in the de-
velopment of a radial test, with elongate or clavate
chambers, or by the development of lateral projections,
such as the spines so characteristic of the Orbulinidae.

Emiliani (1954, p. 153) stated:

The capacity of a certain foraminifer to live in a water of
certain density depends obviously, upon its specific weight; this,
in turn, depends upon (a) the specific weight of the protoplasm

and its inclusions, (b) the specific weight of the test and (c) the
ratio of the mass of the protoplasm and inclusions to the mass
of the test. If the first two factors are assumed to be roughly
constant for all species, the important factor appears to be the
third one; i. e., the ratio of the mass of protoplasm and inclusions
to the mass of the test. For a given locality, species in which
this ratio is the largest will prefer shallower habitats, while
species with a smaller ratio will occupy deeper habitats. .. .
If the specific weight surpasses a certain limit, which depends
upon the density of the water, the foraminifer may not be able
to live within a reasonable distance from the surface and may
find itself in a zone too deep for efficient nutrition . . . muta-
tions of pelagic species toward a decrease of the ratio mass of
protoplasm to mass of test are more probably deadly, as are
mutations of benthonic species in the opposite direction.

A foraminiferal species will change its depth habitat during its
lifetime if growth processes modify the ratio above mentioned,

Samples of various species were checked by size groups,
and only Orbulina universa showed an appreciable differ-
ence between the size groups. This is (p. 154) ‘‘ex-
plained by the fact that in this species, while the mass of
protoplasm increased proportionally to the cube of the
diameter of the test, the mass of the test increases
proportionally to only the square of the diameter,
the thickness of the wall remaining approximately
constant. Therefore the animal grows progressively
lighter and progressively migrates toward the surface’.

Some theoretical assumptions could be made on this
basis. It could be stated that there is a mechanical
sifting, that is, a movement of the animals to the
depths at which they can maintain themselves. It has
been demonstrated that there is such a vertical sorting
according to size in the radiolarians, with smaller
species in the warmer surface waters, larger ones below.
In part the reverse is true of the Foraminifera, due to
the difference in development of the organism, for the
larger the specimen the greater the mass ratio of proto-
plasm to test.

It will be noted that the species restricted to the sur-
face waters are those in which the chambers increase
rapidly in size as added, and which have consistently
thin shells, large primary apertures and, in the case of
Globigerinoides, numerous secondary openings as well.
This shows a distinct correlation between the characters
of these species and the adaptation necessary to main-
tain them in the surface waters they prefer. It would
suggest that fossil species with similar appearance,
probably inhabited similar levels in the ocean. The
converse is true of Orbulina which apparently can live
equally well in the higher layers which its increased size,
and therefore decreased specific gravity, causes it to
occupy in its later growth. Emiliani stated that the
shell wall of the specimens he examined remained con-
stant in thickness throughout development. However,
in many samples one can find specimens of Orbulina
with many concentric layers developed, suggesting that
some specimens of this species had increased the spe-
cific gravity by an addition of shell material and thus
regained the lower environmental zone. Rhumblers’
comments cited above on the relative thickness of wall
of surface specimens of Orbulina universa and those
from the bottom tend to bear out this supposition.

6 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

In this connection, it may be noted that “weight-
increasing” additions are not uncommon in the plank-
tonic Foraminifera, a condition which would seem
anomalous were it not for the fact that in nearly all
instances they only occur in the later stages of develop-
ment, after the increase in size of the test would other-
wise have decreased the specific gravity and caused an
involuntary upward migration of planktonic species
adapted to greater depths. These “‘weight-increasing”’
additions include the development of flanges and thick
walls, as in Sphaeroidinella dehiscens, a species Stubbings
(1939, p. 174) stated to occur most often in samples
from deeper water. He suggested this occurrence
might be due to the survival of their massive tests as
compared with those of more delicate species. It may
equally well be due to the environmental choice of the
species, and the development of the heavier test be
related to the depth at which the organism lived, not an
accidental character which merely allowed its preserva-
tion in the sediments.

Other examples of weight increasing additions may
be the thickened walls of later chambers, found in
Pulleniatina obliqueloculata, and the marked decrease
in the size of the wall pores with increase in the size of
the test, also seen in Sphaeroidinella. The accessory
shell structures or bullae, developed by the entire sub-
family Catapsydracinae, may be only apertural pro-
tection, but they also would increase the shell weight.
This would maintain a constant specific gravity in the
specimen with increase in size; interestingly, these
accessory features are not found in small or juvenile
specimens.

Distribution of Planktonic Foraminifera

The free suspension of pelagic animals favors their
wide distribution. In fact it has been stated (Chun,
1892, p. 120) that up to the present time no pelagic
forms have been discovered in either the Atlantic or
Pacific ocean which are not represented by parallel
forms in the other.

Variations in environmental conditions are less fre-
quent and less abrupt in the open sea than in the shore
waters. Nevertheless conditions are not uniform and
pelagic life is accordingly not completely uniformly
distributed. These influencing factors are less com-
plex than in littoral areas where depth, type of bottom,
presence of fresh water, and high amounts of suspended
sediments change rapidly with consequent influence on
the fauna. In the open ocean the most important
factors are food supply, temperature, depth, light,
salinity, and quantity of suspended sediments. The
order of their importance is not certain.

Foop suprpiy: Thefood supply of pelagic animals con-
sists of the plankton itself, the basic supply being the
plant portion of the plankton, or the single-celled algae
and diatoms. As the Foraminifera are dependent
upon the phytoplankton as a food source, which they
capture by means of their radiating psuedopodia, they
are most abundant where this food supply is at least

periodically rich. In counts made in the Bay of Kiel,
the planktonic plant cells outnumbered the protozoans
by a ratio of 7 to 1 (text-fig. 1). The richest domain of
the plankton is the upper 100 meters of the sea water,
inasmuch as the plant element in it is dependent on
light, and the impoverishment of the plankton begins
below this level.

tm Peridians
© Other Pionts

= ch
sal AMA
smal if

Ficure 1.—Curves of volume of various groups of organisms in the total
plankton at Laboe, in the Bay of Kiel, during the year. (From
Hesse, Allee and Schmidt, 1937, after Lohmann).

Agegregationsof plankton also appear in certain areas,
especially meeting-places of currents rich in plankton.
So-called ‘‘animal-streams’’ may appear in both open
sea and near coasts, sometimes with considerable regu-
larity. They form a veritable plankton soup and give
a smooth oily appearance to the surface of the water.
They may be dependent on wind and current; for
example, they appear twice a day in the harbor of
Messina (Haeckel, 1890, p. 85). Aggassiz (1892, p. 31)
reported these ‘“‘winrows” of plankton, stating, ‘“The
most extraordinary winrows I have met were off the
Tortugas, about 150 miles to the northward, where the
surface of the Gulf of Mexico for a whole day’s steaming
swarmed with Globigerinae. It was a dead calm.” He
considered them to occur along the track of the oceanic
currents.

The composition of the plankton varies with time as
well as locality. For example the protozoans fluctuate
from a low ebb in winter to a high in late summer in
the Bay of Kiel, reflecting a similar seasonal fluctuation
in the numbers of diatoms and other phytoplankton.

TEMPERATURE: The geographic distribution of the
animal communities of the oceanic pelagial is deter-
mined primarily by temperature. There is a sub-
division into oceanic communities typical of warm
water and those typical of cold water, roughly corre-
sponding to the tropical and subtropical areas on one
hand and the cooler waters on the other. These can
be further subdivided. Marine animals appear to
recognize an equatorial belt of water with a tempera-
ture above 25° ©. as distinct from cooler tropical
waters lying on either side with temperatures from 20°—
25° ©. Similarly, there are different communities in
the cold-water polar areas with temperatures below
10° C. and those of the less cold waters with tempera-
tures between 10° and 15° C. The boundaries are not
sharply defined, and they may shift with the seasons,
but in general a distinction can be made.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA %

A pelagic community in tropical seas may have 20
species of Foraminifera, whereas one in polar water
will have only a few. However, species found in polar
faunas may be exceedingly rich in number. The
abundance of diatoms in polar seas is an ample supply
of food in summer months. In fact, in actual numbers
of organisms per liter of water it has been shown that
cold water contains about three and a half times as
abundant a fauna as the water warmer than 20° C.
But this abundance is limited to the summer months,
and there is a relative scarcity of life in winter, when
the absence of sunlight causes the plant life to remain
dormant; so that the total annual production may not
be greater than that of tropical seas.

There is a great similarity in the faunas of the Arctic
and Antarctic seas. This may partially be due to a
connected distribution through the deeper and there-
fore colder waters between. For example, of 14 Ant-
arctic Foraminifera, 12 also occur in the Arctic, they
are partly generally distributed forms, but partly are
found normally at great depths and only in the polar
regions do they ascend to within 30-70 meters of the
surface. (Fauré-Fremiet, 1913, p. 268.)

There are other cases where the identity of the polar
forms has been referred to the convergent evolution of
species. The thick shelled Globigerina pachyderma is
found in both polar seas and was considered by Heron-
Allen and Earland (1922, p. 190) to be a local sub-
species of @. dutertrei, a species, found in the interme-
diate areas, which develops into pachyderma under the
influence of low temperature.

Wiseman and Ovey (1950, p. 65) consider living
planktonic species of Foraminifera to be useful as tem-
perature indicators. They listed the species typical of
the various zones as follows: Arctic and Antarctic
species: Globigerina dutertrei d’Orbigny and Globigerina
pachyderma (Ehrenberg). Temperate species: Globiger-
ina bulloides d’Orbigny, G. inflata d’Orbigny, Globoro-
talia crassula Cushman and Stewart, G. canariensis
(d’Orbigny), G. truncatulinoides (d’Orbigny), and G.
hirsuta (d’Orbigny). Warm and tropical forms: Orbu-
lina universa d’Orbigny, Globigerina dubia Egger, Glo-
bigerinella aequilateralis (Brady), Globigerinoides rubra
(d’Orbigny), G. sacculifera (Brady), G. conglobata
(Brady), Globorotalia menardii (d’Orbigny), G. tumida
(Brady), G. scitula (Brady), Sphaeroidinella dehiscens
(Parker and Jones), and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata
(Parker and Jones).

Phleger, Parker, and Pierson (1953, p. 17) give the
distribution of species in the Atlantic as follows: Spe-
cies characteristically abundant in low latitudes (less
than lat. 20° N.) are Globorotalia menardii (d’Orbigny),
G. tumida (Brady) and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata
(Parker and Jones). They also occur in lesser num-
bers in middle latitudes. Abundant in low latitudes,
but in lesser abundance in all other localities as well
are Globigerina eggeri Rhumbler and Globigerinoides
sacculifera (Brady). Only in high and middle lati-
tudes is Globigerina pachyderma (Ehrenberg). Abun-

dant in middle latitudes and rarer in low latitudes are
Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny, G. inflata d’Orbigny,
Globorotalia hirsuta (d’Orbigny), G. scitula (Brady),
and G. truncatulinoides (d’Orbigny). Uniformly dis-
tributed in uniform abundance over the entire area
were Globigerinella aequilateralis (Brady), Globigerinita
glutinata (Egger), Globigerinoides conglobata (Brady), G.
rubra (d’Orbigny), and Orbulina universa d’Orbigny.

However, Phleger (1954, p. 8) did not believe that
surface temperature was the most important ecological
factor in this distribution. He considered that the dif-
ferent faunas were due to different ‘ecologic water
masses,’’ with some mixing of faunas at the boundaries
of these water masses. The Gulf Stream was cited as
an example of a water mass transporting low-latitude
species such as Globorotalia menardii (d’Orbigny) into
middle latitudes, i. e., the southern Gulf of Maine.
These ‘‘water masses’ had been earlier discussed by
Sverdrup, Johnson, and Fleming (1942) and by Thomsen
(1935).

Oceanic currents may of course carry the plankton
through varying temperature zones. For example, the
closed currents of the South Atlantic carry water from
the equator to the 48th parallel of south latitude. The
plankton in such a current requires several months and
even years to return to its origin, about one and one-
fourth years in the North Atlantic current, and two
and a fourth years in the South Atlantic. Among
short-lived plankton, many generations are included
in this period. A different condition results in the non-
circulating currents, which may carry warm water into
a cold region, as does the Gulf Stream, or cold water
into warm, like the Labrador current. Here the plank-
ton may be carried from a favorable environment to
an unfavorable one in which they may suffer or die.
Murray (1897, p. 23) showed that the deposits of
pelagic Foraminifera on the sea bottom were greatest
where currents of different temperature met. Possibly
the water-masses cited by Phleger are themselves an
influence because of differing temperatures.

Studies of planktonic Foraminifera in deep sea cores
have been made by many workers in recent years.
Faunas from sediments below the surface have been
recognized as containing species typical of modern
faunas of higher latitudes than that of the core being
studied. These are generally considered to represent
temporarily colder water during the various Pleistocene
stages. These studies have been made by Cushman
and Henbest (1940); Stubbings (1939); Phleger (1939,
1942, 1947, 1948), and Ericson, Ewing, and Heezen
(1952) in various areas of the Atlantic, Pacific, Carib-
bean, Gulf of Mexico, Arabian Sea, and Tyrrhenian
Sea. However, as noted by Phleger (1954, p. 16) this
alternation of faunas in a core may not be entirely due
to widespread climatic changes influencing surface
water temperature variations. Smaller changes in
boundaries of water-masses could cause similar fluctua-
tions. Phleger stated: “The position of the Gulf
Stream varies considerably, and . . . there are eddies,

8 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

counter-currents and numerous bodies of water which
have been detached from the main water-mass. Cer-
tain sequences of cold- and warm-water planktonic
Foraminifera collected from this region may be sus-
pected of reflecting such water movements.”

For this reason, it would be necessary to show a similar
sequence of fluctuation over an area sufficiently broad
as to avoid control by minor current changes, in order
to correlate these faunal changes with world-wide
climatic changes.

The actual cause of these faunal fluctuations is still
undetermined. As stated by Ovey (1950, p. 214), it is
certain that there are oscillations in the equatorial
Atlantic, and that “short-term fluctuations of tempera-
ture are unlikely to be traceable in deep-sea cores be-
cause sedimentation is slow and there is also the prob-
ability that the lag between temperature and faunal
change is considerable.”

Studies of ocean temperatures during the Tertiary by
Emiliani and Edwards (1953, p. 889) by means of
oxygen isotopes, showed ‘“‘that greater mixing of the
oceanic waters occurred in non-glacial times . . .”’ and
“adds weight to the point repeatedly stressed by geol-
ogists that the climate of the earth was much more
uniform in non-glacial times.”

This would suggest that perhaps planktonic Fo-
raminifera would be even more cosmopolitan in Cre-
taceous and Tertiary times than in the Recent seas, and
as a result would be of even greater time value, where
temperature control would be minimized.

DEPTH AND ECOLOGIC STRATIFICATION: Only a few
studies of the distribution of living planktonic Fo-
raminifera have been made on the basis of plankton
tows. Early work established that there are approxi-
mately 20 or 30 living planktonic species, based on their
presence in plankton tows. The largest’ populations
are in the upper layers of water. Schott (1935) ob-
tained several hundred specimens per tow from the
upper 100 meters, and considerably less from greater
depths. Phleger (1951) found an average population
of 5 to 6 per cubic meter of water in the upper 50 meters
in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. However, some
stations showed up to 73 living specimens per cubic
meter.

Living specimens of planktonic species also were
found in sediment samples, and were either bottom-
dwelling or living in the 15 to 20 centimeters of water
directly above the bottom. According to Phleger
(1954, p. 3), “These data certainly suggest that while
planktonic Foraminifera appear to be most abundant
in the upper water layers they do live throughout the
water column all the way to the bottom.” Many
plankton tows also contain empty tests of Foraminifera
which did not sink to the bottom immediately upon
death or reproduction of the animal.

Phleger summarized his findings by stating (1954, p.
3): “The fauna in a sediment may represent environ-
mental conditions which existed throughout the entire
water column from the surface to the bottom. There

may be several populations living in different depth
environments, or the same population may be variously
affected by environments at various depths. . . .

“Planktonic Foraminifera do not sink immediately,
depending upon water turbulence conditions, and may
be deposited at some distance from where they actually
lived. The distance of such transport cannot be estab-
lished at the present time and must be variable.”

Studies of pelagic Foraminifera on the basis of
oxygen isotope ratios by Emiliani (1954, p. 149)
showed that different species from the same sample
registered different temperatures for their development.
They were, therefore, considered to occupy different
habitats with respect to temperature and water density
and therefore also with respect to depth. “The same
species may vary considerably in its depth habitat in
order to adjust itself to the proper temperature and
water density.” Correlating the temperatures at
which these species lived with the variation in tempera-
ture with depth showed a well-defined stratification.
He stated (p. 152) that, “The species Globigerinoides
conglobata, rubra and sacculifera appear to occupy the
shallower habitats, followed by Globigerina dubia,
Pulleniatina obliquiloculata and Globorotalia menardii,
while Globorotalia tumida and truncatulinoides occupy
the deeper habitats. . . . The stratification with re-
spect to temperature is, therefore, reproduced also with
respect to depth; however, as already well known, the
different species appear to be much less dependent upon
pressure than upon temperature.” Further studies
showed that species appear to be adapted to waters of
the same densities in the different areas, even if this
involves considerable differences in pressure. None of
the pelagic specimens examined by Emiliani was found
to live at a depth greater than about 220 meters.

Studies of specimens of different sizes of various
species by Emiliani showed that the majority main-
tained the same depth habitat during at least most of
their lives. The sole exception was Orbulina universa
which showed the larger specimens to live at progres-
sively shallower depths. This species was therefore
considered to change its depth habitat during its
development.

The depths at which the planktonic Foraminifera
live and the modifications making this depth selection
possible were discussed more fully, above, in the section
on special characteristics of the planktonic Forami-
nifera. However, in determining climates, etc., on the
basis of planktonic assemblages, the effect of this
stratification of habitats should not be overlooked, as
colder water forms may well inhabit deeper layers of
the pelagial, whereas the surface layer may contain
species typical of warmer latitudes, and thus cause an
apparent mixing of faunas.

Licut: The primary effect of light on the planktonic
assemblage would be that on the phytoplankton, to
which light is necessary for development. It would
have a secondary effect on the Foraminifera, as a result
of its effect on their source of food. There is also a

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 9

possibility of a direct effect of quantity of light on the
Foraminifera. This has been demonstrated by Myers
(1943, p. 453) on benthonic species, and was suggested
as a possibility in the distribution of some planktonic
species by Wiseman and Ovey (1950, p. 63). Their
sample 8 from the south Atlantic contained a fauna
typical of warmer water than did that of sample 2 from
the north Atlantic, although the actual water tempera-
ture of sample 8 was lower than that of sample 2.
“From the positions of these two samples (number 2
is farther from the equator than is number 8) there is a
much closer relationship with latitude than with tem-
perature, which suggests the possibility that the dis-
tribution of the northern and southern cold species
Globigerina pachyderma and G. dutertrei are at least
partially governed by the low illumination in these
latitudes . . .”’ Thus the amount of light may also
be a factor in the distribution of species.

SALINITY AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS: According to
Ovey (1948, p. 6), for the existence of pelagic Fora-
minifera deep water is not necessary, but ‘it appears
only to be necessary to have water free from land-
derived pollution by river sediments. Globigerinidae
are often found in the Mediterranean, for example, in
association with relatively shallow water benthic
forms, but wherever found the water above has been
clear.”

This was substantiated by F. Parker (1954, p. 478)
in work on sediments of the Gulf of Mexico. She found
planktonic specimens to be much rarer in the region of
the Mississippi River delta than elsewhere. They do
not occur at all in sediments as shoal as in the rest of
the area, and she stated, “Their absence in the delta
region is probably due to the outflow of the Mississippi
River which causes water to flow out over the surface
for long distances.” She considered (p. 472) that the
salinity was not affected much thereby at the shoalest
stations, and probably was not a controlling factor for
the faunal changes at either side of the delta region.
Quite possibly the large amount of sediment in the
water in this area of delta formation is the factor con-
trolling the planktonic population.

Similar evidence of a control by suspended sediments
is found in fossil material. Although in general the
Cretaceous has an abundant planktonic fauna, there are
sediments which wholly lack them. An example is the
Cretaceous sequence of northern Alaska which con-
tains a fairly large total fauna of benthonic species
(approximately 200 species). Planktonic species are
absent, however, throughout the entire section ranging
from Neocomian through Senonian, except for one thin
horizon of Turonian age which contains two or three
planktonic species. Tappan (1951, p. 4) stated: “The
Alaskan Cretaceous is thus equivalent in age to a portion
of the very fossiliferous Cretaceous sediments of the
Gulf Coast, but the faunas have little in common other
than age. The Gulf Coast fauna is extremely varied
with many pelagic forms and a great abundance of
calcareous and specialized types, but the Cretaceous of

Alaska contains a dominantly arenaceous fauna and
has almost no specialized forms.’’ This difference was
explained as environmental, as ‘‘the Alaskan section
contains sands and clays but no limestones, and the
clastic sediments are neither clean nor well-sorted, thus
suggesting rapid sedimentation and muddy waters.”
This “graywacke” type of sediment is always very
poor in pelagic species, although they may occur in
contemporaneous sediments of differing lithologic type.

Morphology and Terminology

In order to avoid repetition, the morphology of the
various planktonic genera is more fully discussed in the
section on systematics. However, a general discussion
is given here, with definitions of the terminology used.

In the past there has been little agreement in the
descriptive terminology used in defining the genera of
Foraminifera. Brotzen (1942, p. 11) first used a more
exact terminology in defining apertures and _ their
position. He defined septal apertures and lateral
apertures. The former could be interiomarginal, exterio-
marginal, or areal in position, or there could be com-
posite apertures with one in each of two or more
positions.

The lateral apertures could be either lateral, latero-
marginal, or sutural, according to Brotzen. This was
a considerable advance over the earlier statements
such as “at the base of the final chamber,” but it did
not take into consideration the origin of the apertures
and their relative importance. Furthermore there are
various types of openings in the planktonic Foramini-
fera which do not fit well into Brotzen’s classification.

The types of coiling have also been variously termed.
That of Globorotalia for example has been termed
trochoid by Cushman, rotaloid by Galloway, turbo-
spiral by Brotzen and trochospiral by Glaessner.

The two sides of the test in these asymmetrical forms
have also been variously named. Cushman (1948,
p. 16) referred to them as dorsal and ventral, the dorsal
side being that on which the chambers of all the whorls
are visible. Galloway defined ventral as “pertaining
to the inferior side, particularly the apertural side in
coiled forms; opposite the dorsal side.” Dorsal was
stated (1933, p. 464) to be “pertaining to the back;
opposite to the ventral side.” But in some genera of
planktonic Foraminifera the primary “ventral” aper-
ture is closed; there are apertures only on the ‘‘dorsal”’
side, and none on the “ventral.”

Glaessner (1948, p. 69) defined the dorsal side in
high-spired forms as that with the apical surface of the
spire, and the base he considered to be the ventral side.
He added that in low-spired forms ‘‘the evolute side is
usually referred to as dorsal and the involute side
as ventral,”’

However, some benthonic genera are attached by
the side showing all the whorls, which in life was there-
fore “ventral” or inferior, and the aperture may also
appear on this evolutely spiral side. Thus in these

10 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

genera the same side might be termed either dorsal
or ventral, depending on whether the writer believes
the position of the aperture, the position of the test in
life, or the visibility of the early whorls to be the most
important basis for defining dorsal and ventral. Brotzen
(1942, p. 7) therefore, discarded the use of dorsal and
ventral and instead used the terms spiral side and
umbilical side.

Thus the terminology used by various authors in
discussing the morphology is not always uniform, and
in some cases the terms used are not sufficiently explicit.
A lack of concise and explicit terminology requires
lengthy and repetitious explanations with every
description.

For these reasons certain terms previously used are
here adapted, others are used in a more restricted sense,
and some new terms are defined for structures which
previously have required the repetitious use of long
descriptive phrases for lack of a single concise and
explicit term. As only planktonic Foraminifera are
here discussed only the terminology used for these
genera is given. Examples representative of each term
are given, as well as appropriate sketches.

Biconvex

Spiroconvex

Trochospiral

Trochospiral

Involute Planispiral Streptospiral

Shape and Form of Test
Umbilicate

Those tests with an open or closed umbilicus (the
point on the axis of coiling where the septa of the final
whorl join in an enrolled foraminifer) on one or both
sides of the test (text-fig. 2).

PLANISPIRAL BIUMBILICATE: Tests symmetrically
coiled, both sides umbilicate, e. g., Hantkenina.
(This does not include low trochospiral forms
although the term has been so used in the past.)
Evolute. All whorls partially or wholly visible on
both sides, but equal on the two sides, e. ¢g.,
Hastigerina aequilateralis (Brady).

Involute. Only the final whorl is visible on each
side, e. g., Hastigerina murray Thomson.

TROCHOSPIRAL: Asymmetrical tests with all cham-
bers visible on one side (here termed spiral side,
following Brotzen) and only those of the last formed
whorl visible around the umbilicus on the opposite
(umbilical) side.

|

Umbilico-convex

Trochospiral

ey

Enrolled Biserial

Evolute Planispiral

Globular

Ficure 2.—Test shapes in planktonic Foraminifera.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 11

Biconvex. Both spiral and umbilical sides convex,
or more or less inflated, e. g., Globorotalia tumida
(Brady).

Spiroconvex. Spiral side convex, umbilical side
flattened to concave, e. g., Globotruncana contusa
(Cushman).

Umbilico-convex. Umbilical side convex, spiral
side flattened to concave, e. g., Globorotalia trun-
catulinoides (d’Orbigny).

ENROLLED BISERIAL: This is a modification of the
planispiral development in which biserially alter-
nating chambers are enrolled. Characteristic of
the nonplanktonic family Cassidulinidae, this type
of coiling is also found in Cassigerinella, a genus of
the family Hantkeninidae.

Nonumbilicate

Lacking an umbilicus (text-fig. 2).

Srreprospira.: In the planktonic Foraminifera this
may be a later modification of the trochospiral coil-
ing, in which the plane of coiling continually chang-
es, as in the coiling of a ball of string. As the plane
of coiling changes, the axis of coiling changes, hence
no umbilicus is formed at the terminus of the axis
of coiling, e. g., Pulleniatina.

G6

Spherical Ovate

a

Angular Conical

Tubulospinate

Hemispherical

Guiosutar: A globular test may be formed, by a com-
pletely enveloping final chamber as in Orbulina; or
by the development of a many chambered test,
with rapid increase in chamber size and commonly
considerably embracing later chambers as in Glo-
bigerinatheka and Globigerinatella.

Structures of Test

Primary Chambers
The chambers whose pattern of development deter-

mine the test shape and form (text-fig. 3).

ANnGuLAR conicaL: Inflated chambers with angular
margins and a conical form as in Globorotalia
truncatulinoides (d’Orbigny).

ANGULAR RHOMBOID: Chambers with rhombic sec-
tion and sharply angled as in Rotalipora brotzenr
(Sigal).

ANGULAR TRUNCATE: Chambers inflated but with
truncate margins, angular and commonly keeled,
e. g., Globotruncana arca (Cushman).

OvatEe: Chambers moderately inflated and ovate in
section, e. g., Rotalipora roberti (Gandolfi).

HemisPpHERIcAL: Chambers inflated at one side, flat-
tened on the opposite side, and thus hemispherical
as in Globotruncana helvetica Bolli.

\

Radial Elongate

ve

Clavate

Angular Rhomboid = Angular Truncate

Ficure 3.—Chamber shapes in planktonic Foraminifera.

12 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

SpHERICAL: Individual chambers forming spheres as
in Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny.

CxiavatEe: Chambers elongated and may be inflated
terminally, having a club-shaped appearance as in
Clavigerinella akersi Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan.

TUBULOSPINATE: Chambers produced radially into
long hollow extensions, or tubulospimes, as in
Schackoina.

RADIAL ELONGATE: Chambers produced radially as
in Rugoglobigerina hantkeninoides Bronnimann.

Accessory Structures

These include the structures previously known vari-
ously as secondary chambers, chamberlets, umbilical
plates, etc., but which are not true chambers as they do
not follow the normal chamber arrangement. They are
commonly related directly to the aperture and thus
may be considered as apertural modifications (text-fig.
4).

A prominent feature of these accessory structures is
that they become progressively more prominent with
growth of the test and some are developed only in the
adult, so that dissection of the tests fails to show any
trace of such features as the bullae of the Catapsydra-
cinae. This has been noted before, as F. Parker (1954,

Lateral

Simple

Apertural Lip = Apertural Flanges

Umbilical Bulla

Sutural Bulla

Umbilical Teeth

Umbilical-sutural Bulla

p- 477), in discussing a species found in the Gulf of
Mexico, stated, ‘“Globigerina sp. has a thin supplement-
ary chamber extending from the dorsal side between
the last-formed chamber and the first one in the last-
formed whorl, to varying degrees over the umbilicus.
There are supplementary apertures along the sides of
this chamber which in many respects is similar to the
supplementary chambers of Globigerinita. This cham-
ber is apparently resorbed or destroyed when new
regular chambers are added since there is no trace of a
previous one.”

It is probable that these additional structures serve
to protect and reduce the size of primary or secondary
apertures. They may also be a weight-increasing
development necessary in the adult test to maintain the
specific gravity of the animal after the increase to adult
test size. The structures thus aid the animal in main-
taining that depth level in the water where the tempera-
ture and water density afforded optimum conditions for
the species. Thus, the absence of bullae in younger
stages is not surprising. Its presence solely in the adult
nevertheless does not lessen its taxonomic value, as
many other important characters are developed only in
the adult stages of Foraminifera.

SIMPLE APERTURAL LIP: This is the simplest form of

apertural modification or cover and may be narrow

Areal Bulla

Ficure 4.—Apertural modifications in planktonic Foraminifera.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 13

and elongate, short and spatulate, or of various

other shapes, e. g., Globorotalia.

LATERAL APERTURAL FLANGES: Similar to the aper-
tural lip of trochospiral forms, but found on both
sides of the commonly elevated peripheral aperture
in Hantkenina, Clavigerinella, and related genera.

UmsiLicaL TEETH: A triangular modification of the
apertural lip, those of successive chambers in forms
with an umbilical aperture giving a characteristic
serrate border to the umbilicus as in Globoquadrina,

CHAMBER FLANGES: Broad folds developed along the
basal margins of chambers which tend to obscure
the sutures and thereby to cover the sutural and
umbilical apertures as in Sphaeroidinella.

TrGita (singular, tegillum; derivation: Latin dimin-
utive of tegulum, roof, cover): This new term is
proposed for the umbilical coverings of the Globo-
truncanidae (Globotruncana, Rugoglobigerina) which
are extensions from the chambers, similar to a
highly developed apertural lip, but which extend
across the umbilicus, completely cover the primary
aperture, and attach at their farther margin or at
the tegilla of earlier chambers. Generally delicate
and with thinner walls than the true chambers they
may be broken out of the umbilical area and are
comonly found only as ragged fragments. With
great care in preparation of well-preserved material
they may also be found in all species of these genera.
They may have smaller openings along their mar-
gins, or be pierced centrally, these openings com-
municating beneath the tegilla with the primary
umbilical apertures and the umbilical area.

Buuia (plural, bullae; derivation: Latin, blister):
This term is here defined to include the accessory
structures found in many planktonic Forminifera of
the family Orbulinidae, which in general are not
closely related to the primary chambers, but are
instead related only to the aperture. They may
partially or completely cover the primary or sec-
ondary apertures, and may have one or more
accessory apertures at their margins.

Umbilical bulla. A bulla covering the umbilicus
and the apertures leading into it, as in Cata-
psydrax.

Sutural bullae. Bullae covering the secondary
sutural apertures and only sutural in position, as
in Globigerinatheka.

Umbilical-sutural bulla. A bulla covering both
the umbilicus and the apertures leading into it
and extending along the sutures as well, as in
Globigerinita.

Areal bullae. Bullae covering the multiple areal
apertures as in Globigerinatella.

Apertural Openings in Test

These include the relatively large openings commonly
termed apertures, which in general are characteristic

for each genus, both in position and shape. The fine
pores in the wall for the extrusion of pseudopodia are
not considered here (text-fig. 5).

Primary Aperture

This is the main aperture opening from the final
chamber of the test. In the families under considera-
tion here, all primary apertures are interiomarginal,
that is ‘‘at the base of the final chamber,” but may vary
in position as follows:

UmpiuicaL: Opening from the final chamber directly
into the umbilicus, on the umbilical side of tro-
chospiral forms. Those of earlier chambers may
also remain open, as in Globigerina.

EXTRAUMBILICAL-UMBILICAL: Extending from the
umbilicus along the forward margin of the final
chamber toward the periphery, and thus reaching a
point outside the umbilicus, or extraumbilical as in
Globorotalia.

Eqvatoriau: This is characteristic of the planispiral
forms, and is a symmetrical interiomarginal aper-
ture in the final chamber, just above the peripheral
margin of the previous whorl. It may be extremely
high as in Clavigerinella, triradial as in Hantkenina,
or a low arch as in Hastigerinoides.

Sprro-uMBILicaL: An interiomarginal aperture ex-
tending from the umbilicus to the periphery and
finally on to the spiral side; the most extensive
aperture found in trochospiral forms, e.g., Hasti-
gerinella.

Secondary Apertures

These include smaller openings which are developed
in addition to the primary aperture, but in specialized
forms may completely replace the primary aperture.

Retict apertures: In the Planomalininae the um-
bilical portions of the equatorial aperture may
not be covered by succeeding chambers, but re-
main open as short radial slits around the umbili-
cus. Even when they are secondarily closed, the
elevated apertural lips or flanges remain visible
around the umbilicus, as in Planomalina and
Hastigerinoides.

SUPPLEMENTARY APERTURES: These may occur in
addition to the primary aperture and thus are
independent of it. In some cases they may
completely replace the primary aperture.

Areal. Supplementary multiple areal apertures
are developed in Cribrohantkenina. Specimens
may be found in which both the primary equa-
torial aperture and the supplementary areal
apertures occur, showing the latter to be of
secondary rank.

Sutural. Sutural supplementary apertures are in
general relatively small. They may be single,
or one per suture, as in Rotalipora, or multiple,

14 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Umbilical Aperture Extraumbilical-umbilical Aperture Equatorial Aperture

A

Areal Supplementary Single Sutural
Spiroumbilical Aperture Relict Apertures Apertures Supplementary Apertures

Multiple Sutural Infralaminal Intralaminal

Supplementary Apertures Accessory Apertures Accessory Apertures

Ficure 5.—Apertural types in planktonic Foraminifera,

with many openings along the sutures, as in (i.e., bullae and tegilla) found in the planktonic
Candeina. They may be restricted to the spiral Foraminifera.
side as in Truncorotaloides, restricted to the um- Infralaminal accessory apertures. One or more
bilical side as in Rotalipora, or present on both openings along the margins of the accessory
sides as in Candeina. structures, e. g., Catapsydrax, Globigerinita.
AccEssoRY APERTURES: The accessory apertures do Intralaminal accessory apertures. Openings, usu-
not open directly into the primary chambers, but ally multiple, which pierce the accessory struc-

are openings in or under the accessory structures tures, e. g., Rugoglobigerina.

STUDIES IN

Wall of Test

Composition

In the families under consideration, the wall is
composed wholly of calcium carbonate (calcite).

Structure

All these planktonic genera have a perforate radial
wall structure.

Bronnimann and Brown (1956) stated that the gen-
era of the Globotruncanidae (including some genera
here placed in the Globorotaliidae) have granular per-
forate walls, except for the surface ornamentation of
keels, pustules, etc., which are imperforate. Wood
(1949) had stated earlier that Globotruncana has a per-
forate radial wall structure, hence we have checked
the wall of the various planktonic genera here described,
and have found the wall of each to be perforate radial.
As noted by Bronnimann and Brown, and earlier by
Wood, the ornamentation of these genera, and that of
many of the other genera and families of Foraminifera,
may consist of apparently imperforate or very finely
perforate shell material that is nevertheless quite dis-
tinct from the type of material of the imperforate or
porcellanous Foraminifera.

Because many workers have had difficulty in correctly
determining the wall structure of various Foraminifera,
and wrongly determine the shell of some to be granular,
we are here giving the method used in these determi-
nations. Wood (1949) gave an excellent summary of
the wall characters of many genera and species, but
his photographs of entire specimens of Foraminifera,
to demonstrate the typical appearance of the different
types, have apparently mislead some later workers.
As was clearly stated by Wood in his text, however,
the wall structure may be quite obscure if entire shells
are examined in polarized light, especially if the walls
are relatively thick. In this case, either fragmented
specimens or thin sections must be used. The former
method, being usually the quicker, is as follows: A
clean specimen, free from extraneous filling if possible,
is placed on a glass slide and gently crushed with pres-
sure of another glass slide above. A drop of oil, of
the index of refraction of calcite, is then added, the
cover glass replaced above, and a fragment is sought
which shows the wall in cross section. In this frag-
ment the radial or granular structure can be easily
determined in polarized light. Further details of the
appearance of the fragments of various types of wall
structure are given by Wood (1949).

Surface

The surface ornamentation is here considered to be
of specific importance only. The following terms are
in common use in specific descriptions.

Smoortu: E. g., Candeina nitida d’Orbigny.

CancreLLatTe: With a honeycomb-like surface, e. g.,

Globigerina reticulata Stache.

Sprnose: With very fine solid spines, generally elon-

gate, e. g., Hastigerinella rhumbleri Galloway.

FORAMINIFERA 15

Hisprip: Very fine, short, and hair-like “spines” as
in Globorotalia truncatulinoides (d’Orbigny).

Rucoss: Rough irregular ornamentation, which may
form ridges, e. g., Rugoglobigerina rugosa (Plum-
mer).

Brapep: Small rounded elevations or “beads” which
commonly occur along the sutures and keels, but
may also occur on the chamber wall as in Globo-
truncana arca (Cushman).

Pirrep: Small, generally rounded depressions in the
surface of the wall, e. g., Sphaeroidinella dehiscens
(Parker and Jones).

Evolutionary Trends

By a study of the geologic record in combination
with the ontogeny of the species, several evolutionary
trends may be noted. In general these trends are largely
related to the pelagic nature of the organism, tending
on the one hand to develop a lighter test (thus decreas-
ing the specific gravity and so enabling it to float) or to
develop a flattened or radial form (thus retarding its
sinking by offering increased area of resistance to the
water) and on the other hand a tendency to develop a
heavier adult test by the addition of more shell mate-
rial. These tendencies are undoubtedly the result of
selective survival, but may be enumerated as follows:

Replacement of a single primary aperture by many
smaller openings. This is accomplished in various
ways: 1. By the development of lateral relict supple-
mentary apertures, and in Biglobigerinella in developing
paired apertures. 2. Development of multiple areal
supplementary apertures as in Cribrohantkenina. 3.
Development of sutural supplementary apertures on
the spiral side as in Globigerinoides and Truncorotaloides,
on the umbilical side as in Rotalipora, or on both spiral
and umbilical sides as in Candeina. 4. Development
of accessory intralaminal or infralaminal apertures as
in Globotruncana or Globigerinita.

Obscuring or covering of the aperture. The simpler
forms have relatively uncomplicated and open aper-
tures, but later developments such as the following
may obscure the primary apertures: 1. Apertural lips
(e. g., Globorotalia) or umbilical “teeth” (e. g., Globo-
quadrina). 2. Chamber extensions, e. g., the flanges
of Sphaeroidinella and tegilla of Globotruncana. 3. Ac-
cessory structures or bullae, e. g., Globigerinita. 4.
Enveloping final chambers, e. g., Orbulina. 5. Enfold-
ing of chambers by development of streptospiral coil-
ing, e. g., Pulleniatina.

Tendency to develop a spherical test: 1. By means
of enveloping chambers, e. g., Orbulina. 2. By becom-
ing streptospiral in development, e. g., Pulleniatina.
3. By much inflated chambers in planispiral genera,
e. g., Hastigerinc. 4. By becoming high spired in
trochospiral genera, e. g., Globigerinoides.

Tendency to develop a radial form: 1. By develop-
ment of radial elongate chambers as in Hastigerinella,
Hantkenina aragonensis, and Rugoglobigerina scottt.

16 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

2. By development of elongate true spines as in living
Globigerina, Hastigerina, Globigerinoides, and Hastiger-
inella.

Coiling ratios. This is one apparent evolutionary
trend which does not directly affect the pelagic nature
of the organism.

As shown by Bolli (1950, p. 82 and 1951, p. 139) the
trochospiral genera may develop a preference for sin-
istral or dextral coiling. Early representatives of a
species or group of closely related species may show
random coiling, with sinistral and dextral specimens in
approximately equal numbers. The stratigraphically
younger specimens studied prefer a single direction
almost to the exclusion of the other, and this may be
either sinistral or dextral, according to the species con-
cerned. These results have been obtained with species
of Rotalipora, Globorotalia and Globotruncana. Similar
tendencies, though less distinct, have also been observed
in several species of Globigerina, Globigerinoides and
Catapsydraz. Once a preferred direction of coiling is
established, it is generally persistent as in all species of
Globotruncana and in the Globorotalia fohsi group, or a
rapid change to the opposite direction may take place,
indicating possible ecological changes, as in Globorotalia
menardw (Bolli, 1951) and Globorotalia truncatulinoides
(Ericson, G. Wollin and J. Wollin, 1954). In rare cases
a return to random coiling has been observed in late
evolutionary stages, shortly before the extinction of
the genus, as in certain related groups of species of
Rotalipora. All known species of Globotruncana and
Rugoglobigerina tend to develop an almost exclusive
preference for dextral coiling. On the other hand,
many species of Globorotalia develop predominantly
sinistral coiling in their later stages, as do some mid-
Tertiary species of Globigerina, Globoquadrina and
Globigerinoides. However, the type species of Catapsy-
draz, originally named Globigerina dissimilis, prefers a
dextral coiling (text-figs. 6, 7).

Bolli (1951, p. 142) further stated that “it appears
unlikely that a species with random coiling in its early
phylogenetic stage can be genetically related to a strati-
graphically older species which shows a distinct prefer-
ential direction of coiling in its later stages”’.

An interesting study in the coiling direction of living
and subrecent Globorotalia truncatulinoides (d’Orbigny)
was made by Ericson, G. Wollin, and J. Wollin (1954)
from a study of specimens found in deep sea cores.
They found three great provinces of the north Atlantic
defined by populations with a dominance of one or the
other coiling direction. The northeast quadrant of the
north Atlantic shows a dominance of dextral coiling.
A central zone of sinistral coiling extends from north-
west Africa to North America. The third province is
equatorial, extending through the Caribbean and Gulf
of Mexico and around the Florida Straits, and contains
again dominantly dextrally coiled specimens (text-fig. 8),
Near the boundaries of these zones, coiling is almost
random.

An examination of a number of cores showed that
there was also a variation in coiling direction with time.

=
C2)
2
@
°o
c
o
Zé
ee
o?
a
a
=
=-o
ge
noy
ak
ZO
wW
2 GLOBOROTALIA at
° Zo
— ok
= a
< FOHS! ZONE zo
& Iq ao
© Ia —
te iw
x
fe}
° re
9
wi oO
=
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GLOBIGERINATELLA
INSUETA ZONE
“| CATAPSYDRAX
DISSIMILIS ZONE
50 60 70 80 90 100%

Ficure 6.—Percentage of sinistral specimens of the Globorotalia fohst
group in the Miocene Cipero formation of Trinidad, showing evolution
from random coiling to a sinistral dominance with time. (Modified

after Bolli, 1950).

Two cores from the area with a present day dominant
sinistral coiling, showed that sinistral coiling is excep-
tional in this region, for during deposition dextral coiling
was dominant 80 percent of the time. Two swings to
the left of short duration were noted in both cores,
affording an excellent possibility for correlation.

Core evidence shows that the Recent province of
sinistral coiling dominance has been in existence for
at least 2,000 years and probably much longer. Equa-
torial cores show that the southern province of dextral
coiling has existed continuously for at least some tens
of thousands of years. There is no physical barrier
between these provinces and the species distribution is
continuous. Therefore, some unknown environmental
factor or selective process must favor the coiling direc-
tion dominance in these provinces.

Vasiéek (1953) also made a study of coiling ratios,
based on the species Globorotalia scitula, both in time
and regionally. He also concluded that the change in
ratio was due to an unknown change in life environ-
ment, but that the coiling ratios were extremely useful
in correlations within the Moravian Tortonian, where
no species suitable for zoning had been found.

Other genera, namely Spirillina and Discorbis, were
shown by Myers to have the direction of coiling related
to the alternation of generations, one generation being
dextral, the other sinistral. However, other species
show a variation of coiling in the megalospheric forms.

It was suggested by Vasiéek (p. 413) that the coiling
might be related to the reproductive process of “‘plas-
togamy.”” Myers’ work on life cycles showed the

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 17

GLOBOROTALIA
MENARDII
ZONE

GLOBOROTALIA \\
MAYERI \
ZONE )

/

l

\

\
\
\

LENGUA
FORMATION

|
'
GLOBOROTALIA FOHS! \
ROBUSTA SUBZONE \
IGLOBOROTALIA FOHSI (es
LOBATA SUBZONE / ;
LOBOROTALIA FOHS! / j

FOHSI SUBZONE \
LOBOROTALIA FOHSI Ms

BARISANENSIS \

SUBZONE ;
GLOBIGERINATELLA f 7
“INSUETA ZONE ~ /

yA
\
\ ar

FORMATION
GLOBOROTALIA FOHS| ZONE

CIPERO

CATAPSYDRAX
DISSIMILIS i‘
GONCINNA ;
“ZONE

ZONE -
[e)

GLOBIGERINA
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100%

Globigerinoides sacculiferus
var. immatura

—-—--Globigerina grimsdalei

ssssseeeeeGloboquadrina quadraria
var. advena

—-—- Globigerina “Venezuelana
—-—:—Catapsydrax dissimilis -

Ficure 7.—Percentage of sinistral coiling of some Oligocene-Miocene
Orbulinidae, showing dominantly sinistral coiling in later development
of certain species of Globigerina, Globigerinoides, and Globoquadrina,
and dominantly dextral coiling of Catapsydrax. (Modified after Bolli,
1951).

COILING OF GLOBOROTALIA
TRUNCATULINOIDES IN SURFACE
LAYER OF CORES FROM THE NORTH
ATLANTIC /

67%!

Ficure 8.—Provinces of dominantly sinistral and dextral coiling of living
Globorotalia truncatulinoides populations. (After Ericson, G, Wollin
and J. Wollin, 1954).

syzygy of megalospheric individuals before the produc-
tion of the gametes of the sexual generation. This
syzygy in the case of Patellina was thought to ensure
completion of the reproductive processes, as the gametes
were amoeboid and nonflagellate. However, other
species also show syzygy which do develop flagellate
gametes. The coiling direction might facilitate this
process, as firm adherence of two tests by their um-
bilical sides is possible only between individuals of the
same direction of coiling. According to Vasiéek, the
extremes in coiling ratios may thus be due to absolute
dependence of the reproductive processes upon such
syzygy, during relatively unfavorable conditions, and
the fluctuations noted in cores may be due to mixing
of populations from another province. In the Mora-
vian region, the coiling ratio curves were somewhat
different in the deeper portions of the basin, suggesting
the possibility of an influence of temperature.

These theories can only be suggested on the basis of
fossil material and to date very little experimental
work has been done on life histories and processes of
planktonic Foraminifera, due to the considerable dif-
ficulty encountered in propagating them under con-
trolled laboratory conditions.

Systematics

Historical Summary

In the classification of d’Orbigny, based solely upon
chamber shape, the planktonic genera would fall into
four of his seven orders. Orbulina would be placed in
the Monostégues, or single chambered forms. (Globig-
erina and other trochospiral forms would belong to the
Hélicostégues (or helically coiled forms), Cassigerinella
(though then as yet unknown) would have been placed
with Cassidulina in the Entomostégues and Sphaeroid-
inella in the Agathistégues.

Carpenter (1862) included in the family Globiger-
inida all coarsely perforate forms, considering Orbulina
to be the ancestral and simplest form. However, in
the Globigerinida he also included with the Globiger-
inae the arenaceous Textularinae, the Bulimina group
(with complex internal tubes), and the Rotalinae (with
complex canal systems) ; so that his ‘‘coarsely perforate”
family included those with perforations of widely dif-
fering character, origin, and structure.

Brady (1884) restricted the Globigerinidae to include
only Globigerina, Orbulina, Hastigerina, Pullenia, Sphae-
roidina, and Candeina. Other planktonic forms were
referred to Pulvinulina [Globorotalia] in the Rotalidae.

Cushman (1928) separated the then described genera
which are included in the present study, into three
families, the Globigerinidae, Globorotaliidae, and Hant-
keninidae. He included in the family Globigerinidae
the subfamilies Globigerininae, Orbulininae, Pullenia-
tininae, and Candeininae. The first of these subfami-
lies was quite inclusive, with genera of many varying
characters, some of which are here placed in the family
Hantkeninidae. Each of the last three subfamilies

18 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

were relatively exclusive, being either monotypic or
including only two genera. The Globorotaliidae in-
cluded both Globorotalia and Globotruncana, here
separated in two families, as well as Cycloloculina and
Sherbornina. The latter two bear no relation to these
planktonic Foraminifera. In the Hantkeninidae he
also originally included Mimosina and Trimosina which
are completely unrelated to these planktonic families.

Cushman’s family and subfamily descriptions were
extremely generalized. For example, the family diag-
noses for the Globigerinidae and Rotaliidae could be
interchanged without loss of meaning. In later editions
of his text, Mimosina and Trimosina were removed
from the Hantkeninidae, and Schackoina and Crib-
rohantkenina were added. The Globorotaliidae re-
mained the same, with the addition of Rotalipora and
two superficially similar but non-planktonic genera
Globorotalites and Cribrogloborotalia (see summary of
classifications, below).

Galloway (1933) placed Hantkenina in the Noni-
onidae, because of the planispiral coiling, and Globo-
rotalia in the Rotaliidae. He recognized the family
name Orbulinidae as having priority over the Globi-
gerinidae, and included in it many of the forms placed
in the latter by Cushman, as well as Globotruncana and
Neocribrella and three “doubtful Foraminifera’’ Calp-
ionella, Oligostegina and Disphoeridium.

In 1942, Brotzen subdivided the rotaliform Foram-
inifera into the Nonionidae (all planispiral genera),
Rotaliidae (with the conical turbospiral genera), Val-
vulineriidae (for the lenticular formed genera), and
Epistominidae (also turbospiral lenticular, but with a
sharply angled periphery, commonly with both an
interiomarginal aperture and an areal exteriomarginal
aperture). He included within the Valvulineriidae the
subfamilies Valvuleriinae, Cibicidinae, Globigerininae,
and Globotruncaninae. However, the name Ano-
malinidae Cushman takes precedence over Cibicidinae,
and the name Globorotaliinae has precedence over
Globotruncaninae. Furthermore, Orbulinidae has pri-
ority over Globigerininae, and all of these names—
Anomalinidae, Orbulinidae, and Globorotalidae—take
precedence over the name Valvulineriidae.

Glaessner (1948) placed the Hantkeninidae as a
subfamily within the Globigerinidae, and his Globo-
rotaliidae was restricted to include only Globotruncana
and Globorotalia, being separated from the Globiger-
inidae largely on the basis of the compressed trocho-
spiral form and the carinate periphery.

In 1949 the important study of wall structures in the
Foraminifera by Wood showed that the Globigerinidae,
Hantkeninidae, and Globorotaliidae (including Globo-
truncana) all possessed a perforate radial wall structure.
The Nonionidae were found to have a perforate granular
wall structure. Thus the apparent similarity in plani-
spiral coiling in the Hantkeninidae and Nonionidae is
due to convergence and these groups are not closely
related, as considered by Galloway.

Bermudez (1952) however, again placed the Hant-
keninidae (reduced to a subfamily) in the Nonionidae.

Globorotalia and Turborotalia (here included with Globo-
rotalia) he placed with many other non-planktonic
genera in the subfamily Valvulineriinae, family Rotali-
idae, apparently followimg Brotzen. However, if this
group of genera were to be placed in the same subfamily,
the name Globorotaliidae Cushman 1927 would neces-
sarily have precedence, as noted above.

Globotruncana, Praeglobotruncana, Truncorotalia (bere
considered synonymous with Globorotalia), and Thal-
manninella (here considered a synonym of Rotalipora)
were separated by Bermudez into the subfamily Globo-
truncaninae, although he did not include Globorotaha,
as had Brotzen. Ticinella (here included in Rotalipora)
and Rugoglobigerina were placed by Bermudez in the
Globigerinidae. Rotalipora itself was placed im the
Cymbaloporidae, following the suggested relationship
of these genera referred to by Brotzen, although Brotzen
had included Rotalipora and Cymbalopora im the
Globotruncaninae.

Bronnimann and Brown (1956) recently elevated the
subfamily Globotruncaninae to family rank, and in-
cluded within it 12 genera. They stated (p. 526) that:
“No single morphologic character yet known to us is
sufficient to separate all of these twelve genera from
some other families of Foraminifera, such as the Globo-
rotaliidae or the Globigerinidae.” Within the family
they included genera with either apertural cover plates
[tegilla], supplementary apertures on the ventral side,
a surface ornamentation of discontinuous costellae, or
a single- or double-keeled periphery. These characters,
however, are of variable taxonomic value, and a more
restricted definition of the family seems advisable.
The classification used in the present work considers
the apertural characters to be of the greatest family
significance, and excludes from the Globotruncanidae
all genera which do not have an umbilical aperture and
umbilical tegilla. The surface ornamentation (such as
keels, nodes, and costellae) are variable characters
within a genus and are of specific value only. The
genera with supplementary apertures on the umbilical
side are here placed in the Globorotaliidae, as they all
have a visible primary extraumbilical-umbilical aper-
ture like that of Globorotalia.

Within their family Globotruncanidae Bronnimann
and Brown have thus placed the genera Hedbergina (a
probable synonym of Praeglobotruncana), Praeglobo-
truncana, Ticinella and Thalmanninella (two synonyms
of Rotalipora), and Rotalipora, all of which, because of
the extraumbilical position of the primary aperture,
we place in the family Globorotaliidae. Globotruncana
and Rugoglobigerina are considered by both classifica-
tions to belong to the Globotruncanidae. In addition,
Bronnimann and Brown placed within their family
Globotruncanidae as distinct genera Plummerita, Trini-
tella and Kuglerina (all synonyms of Rugoglobigerina)
and Rugotruncana and Bucherina (synonyms of Globo-
truncana).

Hofker (1956, p. 313) placed in the “family Mar-
ginolamellidae” (a family name which he had proposed,
but which is invalid as it is not based on the name of

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

a type genus, and which is preoccupied by the Globo-
truncaninae of Brotzen, 1942), the “new” subfamily
Globotruncaninae (which was proposed by Brotzen,
1942, and is not new with Hofker), which is comprised
of four genera, Thalmanninella Sigal, 1948, Rotalipora
Brotzen, 1942, Globotruncana Cushman, 1927, and a new
genus, Marginotruncana Hofker. Thalmanninella is
here shown to be a synonym of Rotalipora, \which be-
longs to the family Globorotaliidae, and Marginotrun-
cana, as based on the type species selected by Hofker,
is a true Globotruncana (see below under the description
of that genus), although Hofker also included other
unrelated species in his proposed genus, including
species of typical Praeglobotruncana, Rotalipora, and
Abathomphalus.

A summary of the principal classifications is given
below:

Galloway 1933

Orbulinidae Schultze, 1854
Globigerina d’Orbigny
Neocribrella Cushman
Globotruncana Cushman
Pulleniatina Cushman
Candeina d’Orbigny
Hastigerina Thomson
Orbulina d’Orbigny

Pegidiidae Heron-Allen and Earland, 1928
Sphaeroidinella Cushman

Rotaliidae Reuss, 1860
Globorotalia Cushman

Nonionidae Reuss, 1860
Hantkenina Cushman

Cushman 1948

Globigerinidae
Globigerininae
Globigerina d’Orbigny
Globigerinoides Cushman
Globigerinatella Cushman and Stainforth
Globigerinelloides Cushman and ten Dam
Globigerinella Cushman
Hastigerina Thomson
Hastigerinella Cushman
Orbulininae
Orbulina d’Orbigny
Pulleniatininae
Pulleniatina Cushman
Sphaeroidinella Cushman
Candeininae
Candeina d’Orbigny
Candorbulina Jedlitschka
Hantkeninidae
Schackoina Thalmann
Hantkenina Cushman
Cribrohantkenina Thalmann
Globorotaliidae
Globotruncana Cushman
Globorotalia Cushman
Globorotalites Brotzen
Rotalipora Brotzen
Cribrogloborotalia Cushman and Bermudez
Cycloloculina Heron-Allen and Earland
Sherbornina Chapman

Bermudez 1952

Rotaliidae
Valvulineriinae
Globorotalia Cushman
Globorotalites Brotzen
Turborotalia Cushman and Bermudez
Globoquadrina Finlay
Cribrogloborotalia Cushman and Bermudez
Globotruncaninae
Praeglobotruncana Burmudez
Thalmanninella Sigal
Globotruncana Cushman
Truncorotalia Cushman and Bermudez
Cymbaloporidae
Rotalipora Brotzen
Nonionidae
Hantkenininae
Schackoina Thalmann
Hantkenina Cushman
Sporohantkenina Bermudez
Applinella Thalmann
Aragonella Thalmann
Globigerinidae
Globigerininae
Globigerina d’Orbigny
Globigerinoides Cushman
Hastigerinella Cushman
Hastigerinoides Bronnimann
Globigerinella Cushman
Biglobigerinella Lalicker
Trinitella Bronnimann
Hastigerina Thomson
Globigerinatheka Bronnimann
Globigerinelloides Cushman and ten Dam
Globigerinita Bronnimann
Globigerinoita Bronnimann
Rugoglobigerina Bronnimann
Plummerita Bronnimann
Ticinella Reichel
Globigerinatella Cushman and Stainforth
Orbulininae
Orbulina
Pulleniatininae
Pulleniatina Cushman
Sphaeroidinella Cushman
Candeininae
Candorbulina Jedlitschka
Candeina d’Orbigny

Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan 1957

Hantkeninidae Cushman, 1927
Planomalininae Bolli, Loeblich and Tappan, new sub-
family
Globigerinelloides Cushman and ten Dam
Planomalina Loeblich and Tappan
Hastigerinoides Bronnimann
Biglobigerinella Lalicker
Hantkenininae Cushman, 1927
Schackoina Thalmann
Hantkenina Cushman
Cribrohantkenina Thalmann
Hastigerininae Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new sub-
family
Hastigerina Thomson
Clavigerinella Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan
Cassigerinellinae Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new
subfamily
Cassigerinella Pokornf

19

20 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Globorotaliidae Cushman, 1927
Praeglobotruncana Bermudez
Rotalipora Brotzen
Globorotalia Cushman
Truncorotaloides Bronnimann and Bermudez
Globotruncanidae Brotzen, 1942
Abathomphalus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan
Rugoglobigerina Bronnimann
Globotruncana Cushman
Orbulinidae Schultze, 1854
Globigerininae Carpenter, 1862
Globigerina d’Orbigny
Globoquadrina Finlay
Hastigerinella Cushman
Globigerinoides Cushman
Sphaeroidinella Cushman
Pulleniatina Cushman
Orbulininae Schultze, 1854
Globigerapsis Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan
Porticulasphaera Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan
Candeina d’Orbigny
Orbulina d’Orbigny
Catapsydracinae Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new
subfamily
Catapsydrax Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan
Globigerinita Bronnimann
Globigerinoita Bronnimann
Globigerinatheka Bronnimann
Globigerinatella Cushman and Stainforth

The families of planktonic genera have been sepa-
rated by earlier classifications variously on the external
form of the test, type of coiling, or a combination of
characters of varied importance, including surface
ornamentation; and the families have been considered
to properly include genera of differing wall structure,
apertural characters, etc. These bases for separation
have obviously not proved entirely successful, as cer-
tain genera have been placed in one family after
another by successive workers, while the family and
subfamily limits have varied widely in the different
classifications.

Furthermore, little attention has been paid in the
past to the priority status of family and subfamily
names. Under the Rules of Nomenclature the family
and subfamily names are treated as equal for purposes
of priority. For this reason, the oldest name used for
either a family or subfamily, based on a genus placed
within the family, must be used as the valid family
name, and if the family is divided into subfamilies, the
subfamily containing the type genus of the family must
also bear the name based on that genus.

Bases for Classification

MorpHoLoGic EVIDENCE: In the present classifica-
tion the morphology of the test is used as the primary
basis. The families under consideration here are all
alike in possessing a calcareous, perforate-radial wall,
hence all genera with perforate granular walls are
excluded. Similarly, these radial-walled genera cannot
be placed within families characterized by granular
walls.

The apertural position is considered second in im-
portance only to the wall composition and structure.
It is always a constant character in the adult, and one

of the few characters which does not change with
environmental changes. It may change in size and
position in the ontogeny of the individual, but these
changes are always the same in each individual of the
species. Thus, they are also extremely valuable in
showing relationships, for the aperture in the young
stage is like that of the ancestral form, and there may
be intermediate ancestral characters also shown in the
gradual development of the adult characters.

The type of chamber development, primarily the
type of coiling, is third in systematic importance within
these groups. Thus, the Orbulinidae, Globorotalidae,
and Globotruncanidae, all have a basic trochospiral
coilmg. Specialized genera may develop modifications,
but trochospiral coiling is nonetheless present in their
early ontogenetic stages. Similarly the Hantkeninidae
have a basically planispiral development.

The characteristic modifications of apertures, changes
from simple to multiple apertures, from open to covered,
or from an interiomarginal to an areal position, are
fourth in importance.

Modifications of the chambers and the resultant test
form are fifth in importance. In the planktonic groups
this is generally expressed in one of two ways, a tend-
ency to develop a radially expanding test or a tendency
to develop a globular test.

Last are the more detailed characters of size and
relative proportions of test, chambers, and apertures
and ornamentation.

EVIDENCE FROM ONTOGENY: The well known biologic
theory that “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny,” has
also been a basis used in the present classification.

Dissections of many of the species have shown that
they pass through early stages that resemble other
genera. For example, specimens of the genus Globig-
erinoita pass through an early Globigerina-like stage,
then a Globigerinoides stage, and finally develop the
adult characters peculiar to their own genus. This
ontogenetic development shows the family relationship
between these genera, although the adult characters of
Globigerinoita, in particular the development of the
secondary bullae over the apertural openings, are con-
sidered of sufficient taxonomic value to place this genus
in a separate subfamily. Similarly the early trocho-
spiral development and Globigerina-like umbilical aper-
ture of the young stage of Hastigerinella suggest that it
should be placed with Globigerina rather than with
Hastigerinoides, which it resembles only in the pelagic
adaptation of developing radial-elongate chambers.
This latter character is obviously due to convergence,
as a similar flattening or spreading in a plane is de-
veloped merely as an aid to flotation in many other
groups of pelagic animals.

STRATIGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: In order to devise a
logical classification, the geologic occurrence should
also be considered. The ancestral forms should of
course be those found earliest in the geologic record,
although in some proposed classifications certain
“ancestral types’? were found only in relatively young
strata.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 21

Unfortunately, published records are not always
reliable. Foraminifera have been recorded at times
from misdated horizons, or in other instances from
beach sands or Recent deposits which also include
reworked fossil material. In other instances the too-
wide limits set for genera and species suggest a much
wider geologic range than is actually the case. Thus,
in order to use stratigraphic occurrence as a tool in
classification, many of these records have had to be
critically re-examined.

The tabulation in text-figure 9 shows the strati-
graphic ranges of the genera of planktonic Foraminifera
as here defined. As can be seen, many of the genera
are more restricted in geologic range than has hitherto
been suspected. The actual placement of the various
species is not attempted in the present paper, but will
appear in later publications of this series.

Summary

In the present revision the following characters have

been used for classification:

Famity cHARACTERS: The wall composition and
structure, general chamber arrangement (i. e., type
of coiling), basic position of primary aperture (in
adult of simpler forms, in ontogeny of specialized
forms).

SUBFAMILY CHARACTERS: Presence or absence of
apertural modifications, modifications in chamber

Systematic

Family Hantkeninidae Cushman, 1927

Tyre Genus: Hantkenina Cushman, 1924.

Coiling of test trochospiral or planispiral or enrolled
biserial; chambers spherical, ovate, elongate, clavate or
tubulospinate; wall calcareous, perforate, radial in struc-
ture; primary aperture symmetrical and equatorial,
paired or multiple, may have relict or areal secondary
apertures.

Planomalininae Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan,
new subfamily

Type Genus: Planomalina Loeblich and Tappan,
1946.

Coiling planispiral; chambers spherical, ovate, cla-
vate or angular rhomboid; primary aperture equatorial
or symmetrically paired, with umbilical portions of
successive apertures remaining as relict secondary
apertures.

Raneae: Cretaceous.

arrangement (i. e., changes in type of coiling) and
presence or absence of chamber modifications.

GENERIC CHARACTERS: Position, shape and character
of aperture in the adult, presence or absence of
chamber modifications, and general form and de-
velopment of the test.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: Size; relative proportions of
test, chambers and aperture, etc.; and surface
ornamentation.

The resultant classification here presented is similar
to that of Cushman in recognizing the families Hant-
keninidae, Globorotaliidae and Orbulinidae (which has
priority over the name Globigerinidae). The main
differences lie in the separation of Globotruncana from
the Globorotaliidae and Rugoglobigerina from the Glo-
bigerininae into a separate family—the Globotrun-
canidae (which has been done by Bronnimann and
Brown, 1956, although they also included various genera
here placed in the Globorotaliidae); the recognition of
three new subfamilies in the Hantkeninidae—the
Planomalininae, Hastigerininae and Cassigerinellinae—
the family being enlarged to include all planispiral
planktonic genera with equatorial apertures and thus
including some forms placed by Cushman and others
in the Globigerinidae; the suppression of two subfami-
lies of the Orbulinidae—the Candeininae and Pullenia-
tininae—their type genera being placed in other previ-
ously described subfamilies; and the naming of the new
subfamily Catapsydracinae for the orbulinids with
apertural covers.

Descriptions

Genus Globigerinelloides Cushman and ten Dam, 1948
PuaTeE 1, Fiaures la, b

Globigerinelloides CusHMAN and TEN Dam, Contr. Cushman Lab-
Foram. Res., vol. 24, p. 42, 1948.

Tyre species: Globigerinelloides algeriana Cushman
and ten Dam, 1948. Fixed by original designation and
monotypy.

Test free, planispiral, evolute to nearly involute,
biumbilicate; early chambers subglobular, later cham-
bers ovate and flaring out in a more evolute coil, with a
flange extending on each side back to the previous
whorl, somewhat curved backward at the umbilical
margin; sutures distinct, depressed, radial in the early
coil, later sigmoid; wall calcareous, finely perforate,
radial in structure, surface smooth or roughened;
aperture interiomarginal, an equatorial arch.

Remarks: Globigerinelloides resembles Hastigerina
Thomson in being planispiral with an equatorial aper-
ture, but in Globigerinelloides the later chambers have

22

TENTATIVE STRATIGRAPHIC RANGES OF
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERAL GENERA

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

|__| EUROPEAN STAGES| GULF COAST GROUPS

as
cS, ey
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KY rs
P35

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a TYRRHENIAN

— | PLEISTOCENE SICILIAN UNDIFFERENTIATED
S CALABRIAN

PALEOCENE

LANDENIAN
DANIAN

MAESTRICHTIAN
CAMPANIAN
SANTONIAN

TURONIAN

CENOMANIAN

NAVARRO

TAYLOR

UPPER

CRETACEOUS

ALBIAN

COMANCHE

CRETACEOUS

APTIAN

BARREMIAN
HAUTERIVIAN
VALANGINIAN

LOWER

CRETACEOUS

COAHUILA

NEOCOMIAN

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PLIOCENE Ww
SAHELIAN UPPER
MIOCENE INDE) TeRTONIAN ae |
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AQUITANIAN UPPER
STAM
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eee

Ficure 9.—Tentative stratigraphic ranges of planktonic foraminiferal genera.

an umbilical extension on each side, connecting the
chambers to the previous whorl. In addition, there is
a peculiar curvature, almost sinuate, of the later
chambers and sutures near the umbilicus, and a ten-
dency toward an uncoiled later stage.

_ In a new species of Biglobigerinella, described later
in the present paper, an ontogenetic sequence is shown
from a form much like Globigerinelloides algeriana, to a
stage with two small lateral apertures, and finally to a
bichambered end stage. A careful study of material

from the type horizon of Globigerinelloides could de-
termine whether or not a similar development is present
in that form. If so, Biglobigerinella Lalicker would
become a synonym of Globigerinelloides, for the present
generic name was published three months prior to
Biglobigerinella. Until definite evidence is available
both genera are provisionally recognized.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Cushman and ten Dam
(1948, p. 42) recorded this genus from the Upper
Cretaceous of Djebel Menaouer in western Algeria.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 23

Glintzboeckel and Magné (1955, p. 154) have shown
that Globigerinelloides algeriana occurs about 200 meters
below an Aptian (Upper Gargasian) ammonite assem-
blage and it is regarded by them as a “good guide
fossil for the Aptian of North Africa.”

Figured paratype (Cushman Coll. 56790) from green-
ish blue marls of Aptian age, Djebel Menaouer, between
Relizane and Uzes-le-Duc, western Algeria. Collected
by A. ten Dam.

Rance: Aptian.

Genus Planomalina Loeblich and Tappan, 1946 1

Puate 1, Figures 2a-3b

Planomalina Lorsiich and Tappan, 1946, Journ. Paleontol.,
vol. 20, No. 3, p. 257, 1946.

Type species: Planomalina apsidostroba Loeblich
and Tappan, 1946. Fixed by original designation and
monotypy.

Test free, planispiral, biumbilicate, involute to par-
tially evolute, lobulate in outline; chambers spherical
to ovate to angular rhomboid; sutures radial, straight
or curved, elevated or depressed; wall calcareous,finely
perforate, radial in structure, surface smooth or orna-
mented with nodes and keel; aperture interiomarginal,
an equatorial arch, with lateral extensions reaching
back at either side to the septum at the base of the
chamber, the lateral umbilical portions of successive
apertures remaining open as supplementary relict aper-
tures after the equatorial portion is covered by the
succeeding chambers, these small relict slits and promi-
nent bordering lips giving a characteristic appearance
to the umbilical region.

Remarks: Originally believed to be related to Anom-
alina because of the relatively coarsely perforate,
planispiral test, Planomalina is now shown to possess
lateral relict apertures in addition to the primary
interiomarginal equatorial aperture, which with the
planispiral plan of growth suggests a relationship to
such planktonic genera as Hastigerinoides. Another
excellently preserved species here described, which lacks
the surface ornamentation of the type species, shows
even more clearly the relationship to this group. As
Planomalina is the most primitive of those with relict
apertures it is here made the type genus for the sub-
family Planomalininae.

Planomalina differs from Biglobigerinella Lalicker in
having extremely prominent relict apertures, and in
having only a single primary aperture, whereas Biglo-
bigerinella develops a paired primary aperture, and
may have paired final chambers as well. If differs from
Globigerinelloides Cushman and ten Dam in lacking
the sinuately curved umbilical chamber extensions, and
in possessing relict apertures.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype of Planomalina
apsidostroba Loeblich and Tappan (Cushman Coll.
45667) from the Main Street formation, in a road cut
on the south side of the Godley-Cleburne road, just
uphill from the bridge across Nolan’s River, 4.8 miles
southeast of Godley, locality HTL-102, sample 418,

1 After the present paper had been sent to press, the genus Biticinella Sigal,
1956, was described, with Anomalina breggiensis Gandolfias type species. Biticinella,
superficially very similar to Planomalina, was defined as a “morphologic genus”
related to the Ticinella-Thalmanninella-Rotalipora group in being slightly asymmet-
rical, and in haying accessory intraumbilical apertures, at the posterior border of
the chambers. In Planomalina the umbilical slits are at the foreward margins of the
chambers and are relict apertures, i. e., the exposed umbilical remnants of the primary
aperture. Biticinella thus may be related to Rotalipora of the family Globorotaliidae,
If the supplementary apertures in Biticinella should prove to be relict apertures,
however, the genus Biticinella would probably become a synonym of Planomalina,

24 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Johnson County, Texas. Collected 1940 by H. T. and
A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5394) from a 1-foot
sample of grayish clay in the upper Paw Paw formation,
7% feet below the contact with the overlying Main
Street formation, on the south side of the road at the
western edge of the Federal Narcotic Farm, southeast
of Fort Worth, locality HTL-55, Tarrant County,
Texas. Collected 1939 by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Rance: Aptian to Maestrichtian.

Planomalina caseyi Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new species

PLATE 1, FiguREs 4a—5b

Test free, planispiral, biumbilicate, involute to
partially evolute, lobulate in outline; chambers spheri-
cal to ovate, 7 to 9 in the final whorl, early ones closely
coiled, later ones with a tendency to become evolute in
some specimens, sutures radial, gently curved, mod-
erately depressed; wall calcareous, finely perforate,
surface smooth; aperture interiomarginal, a broad low
equatorial arch, with lateral extensions reaching back
on the umbilical margin of the chamber to the septum
at the base of the chamber, the lateral slitlike extensions
bordered above by a distinctly upturned lip, the
umbilical portions of the apertures of successive cham-
bers remaining open as relict supplementary apertures
beneath the lips after later chambers have covered the
primary apertures.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.31 mm., thickness
0.13 mm. Paratypes range in diameter from 0.18 to
0.39 mm.

Remarks: Planomalina casey, new species, differs
from Planomalina apsidostroba Loeblich and Tappan in
having more globular and inflated chambers, a smooth
rather than carinate periphery and depressed rather
than limbate, elevated and beaded sutures. Planoma-
lina casey? is a more primitive form, occurring in some-
what older beds, in the Duck Creek formation of Texas
and Oklahoma (mid-Albian) and in the Gault (Albian)
of England, whereas the more ornate P. apsidostroba is
found in the Weno, Paw Paw, and Main Street forma-
tions (upper Albian) of Texas.

It differs from Biglobigerinella barri, new species, in
being about one-half as large, in having fewer and more
inflated chambers, in lacking the rugose periphery, and
in always having a single primary peripheral aperture,
with no development of paired apertures or paired
chambers.

The specific name is in honor of Mr. Raymond Casey,
Geological Survey of Great Britain, in recognition of
his outstanding work on the Lower Cretaceous am-
monites and pelecypods and on the stratigraphy of
Great Britain.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4869),
figured paratype (USNM P4870) and unfigured para-
types (USNM P4871 and P4872) from the Albian Gault
clay, Brick pit of the London Brick Co., Arlesey,
England. Collected 1953 by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich,
dr.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P5396) from 5¥ feet of
section, alternating gray shale and marly limestone, 58
feet above the base of the Duck Creek formation, and
6% feet below the fucoid-bearing basal limestone of the
Fort Worth formation, Lower Cretaceous, Albian, on
the west bank of the Red River, in the SW ¥Sec.22,T.8-
S.,R.2E., on the southwest side of Horseshoe Bend,
locality HTL-13, Love County, Oklahoma. Collected
August 1939 by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P5395) from the top 6
feet exposed in the excavation for the Denison Dam,
alternating thin limes and yellow brown clays of the
Duck Creek formation, 45 feet above the base, north of
Denison, Grayson County, Texas. This excavation
at the site of the dam for Lake Texhoma is now covered
and grassed over. Locality HTL-104, collected July,
1940 by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr., sample 462-463.

Genus Hastigerinoides Bronnimann, 1952

Puare 1, Figures 6a-10b

Hastigerinoides BRONNIMANN, Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol.
34, No. 140, p. 52, 1952.

Type Species: Hastigerinella alexandert Cushman,
1931. Fixed by original designation.

Test free, stellate in appearance, planispiral, biumbili-
cate, periphery rounded; early chambers globular, later
chambers elongate-radial, much produced and tapering
or clavate; sutures depressed, radial; wall calcareous,
perforate, radial in structure, surface smooth, pitted or
finely hispid; primary aperture interiomarginal, equa-
torial, a simple arch bordered above by a protruding lip,
with relict secondary apertures around the umbilical
region, representing the umbilical portion of previous
apertures, which may remain open or be closed.

Remarks: Bronnimann (1952b, p. 53) stated: “The
difference in the shape of the adult chambers is consid-
ered to justify the splitting of the genus Hastigerinella
Cushman into Hastigerinella s.s., with club-shaped adult
chambers, and Hastigerinoides n. subgen. with pointed
adult chambers.”’

Topotype specimens of Hastigerinella alexandert Cush-
man show occasional club-shaped as well as pointed
chambers on a single specimen. Therefore, the cham-
ber shape alone cannot be considered, in this case, a
valid separation for genera or subgenera. However, a
more important generic character is the type of coiling.
The type species of Hastigerinella, and therefore of the
genus, strictly considered, is trochospiral in develop-
ment, whereas in Hastigerinoides the coiling is plani-
spiral. The aperture of Hastigerinella is broad and
extraumbilical-umbilical, in the later stages extending
farther towards the periphery and even onto the spiral
side, but is not a typically equatorial aperture as is the
primary aperture of Hastigerinoides. The relict second-
ary apertures also are found only in the latter genus.
These differences in coiling and apertural characters are
considered a valid basis for elevating Hastigerinoides to
generic rank.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 25

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype of Hastigerinella
aleranderi Cushman (type of Hastigerinoides) (Cush-
man Coll. 15750), figured paratype (Cushman Coll.
15754), figured topotypes (USNM P3920a, b), unfig-
ured topotypes (USNM P3933), and unfigured para-
types (Cushman Coll. 15754a), all from the Austin
chalk, clay in road cut between two railroad under-
passes (now removed) at the northern edge of Howe,
Grayson County, Texas. Holotype and paratypes col-
lected by C. I. Alexander; topotypes collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr.

Figured topotype of Hastigerinoides watersi (Cush-
man) (USNM P3934) also from the Austin chalk at the
same locality, collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Rance: Aptian to Santonian.

Genus Biglobigerinella Lalicker, 1948
PuatEe 1, Fieurss 11-12b

Biglobigerinella LatickEerR, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 22, p. 624,
1948,

Type species: Biglobigerinella multispina Lalicker,
1948. Fixed by original designation and monotypy.

Test free, planispiral, nearly or completely involute,
biumbilicate, periphery rounded, peripheral margin
lobulate; chambers globular, except for the final one or
two which may become broadly ovate, flattened and
finally replaced by two paired chambers, one on each
side of the plane of coiling, in some species there is a
tendency for the chambers of the final whorl to flare out
in a less involute coil, with a flange extending back on
each side toward the previous whorl, and curving back-
ward at the umbilical margin, as in Globigerinelloides;
sutures distinct, depressed, radial to curved or even sig-
moid; wall calcareous, finely perforate, radial in struc-
ture, surface finely hispid to smooth or pitted; aperture
an interiomarginal, equatorial, simple low arch in the
early stages, in the later paired chambers there is one
extraumbilical aperture in each chamber of the final
pair.

Remarks: Biglobigerinella differs from Hastigerina
Thomson in the presence of the final paired chambers
and double aperture, although it is similar in being plani-
spiral and more or less completely involute.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype of Biglobigerin-
ella multispina Lalicker (Cushman Coll. 51898), figured
paratypes (Cushman Coll. 51899 and 51900), and un-
figured paratypes (Cushman Coll. 51897) from the
Marlbrook marl (Campanian), 8 feet above the base,
1% mile north of Saratoga, Howard County, Ark.

Figured hypotype (USNM P8214a) and unfigured
hypotypes (USNM P3214) from the upper Taylor marl
(Campanian) on the right bank of Onion Creek, just
downstream from the bridge at Moore and Berry’s
crossing, 8% miles in a straight line southeast of the
Capitol in Austin, Travis County, Texas. Collected
by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Unfigured hypotype (USNM P3215) from the
Navarro (Corsicana marl), Maestrichtian, exposed in a

steep 80-foot slope on the right bank of Onion Creek
just east of the bridge (known as Jones’ Crossing) on the
Austin-Bastrop highway, Travis County, Texas. Col-
lected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Rance: Aptian to Maestrichtian.

Biglobigerinella barri Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new species

Puate 1, Ficures 13-18b

Test free, planispiral, biumbilicate, nearly involute
to evolute; peripheral margin somewhat lobulate; cham-
bers ovate to nearly spherical, 8 to 10 in the final plani-
spiral whorl, in some specimens a smaller low but broad
final chamber may cover a double apertured penulti-
mate chamber or there may be a small chamber at each
side of the periphery, each covering one of the lateral
apertures of the penultimate chamber; sutures distinct,
depressed, radial in the early portion, becoming sig-
moid in the later stages; wall calcareous, finely perfor-
ate, surface distinctly rugose in the early portion, later
chambers nearly smooth or pitted; aperture interio-
marginal, in the early stage equatorial, a low arch bor-
dered above with a narrow lip, in the later stage there
is a double aperture consisting of a small extraumbilical
arch at each side of the last chamber, or one to each of
the final paired chambers which may extend almost
into the umbilicus, each aperture bordered by a lip.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.49 mm., thickness
across paired chambers 0.36 mm. Paratypes range
from 0.39 to 0.62 mm. in diameter.

Remarks: Biglobigerinella barri, new species, differs
from B. multispina Lalicker in being larger and more
compressed and in having 8 to 10 chambers per whorl
instead of only 5 to 6. The chambers are also more
nearly globular in B. multispina.

The shape and number of the chambers is also similar
to Globigerinelloides algeriana Cushman and ten Dam,
from which the present species differs only in develop-
ing a double aperture and finally the double-chambered
end stage. This species strongly suggests that Biglo-
bigerinella may have arisen from the Aptian genus
Globigerinelloides.

The specific name is given in honor of Dr. K. W.
Barr, in recognition of his work on the geology of
Trinidad.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4543),
figured paratypes (USNM P4544a-e) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4545) from the Lower Cretaceous
(Aptian) Maridale formation, Maridale Estate, east
Central Range, Trinidad, B. W.I. Collected by H. H.
Renz.

Subfamily Hantkenininae Cushman, 1927

Typr Genus: Hantkenina Cushman, 1924.

Coiling of test trochospiral to planispiral; chambers
globular, elongate to tubulospinate; aperture equatorial
or areal multiple.

Rance: Cretaceous to Eocene.

26 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Genus Schackoina Thalmann, 1932

Puatse 2, Figures 1a-2

Schackoina THauMann, Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 25, p. 289,
1932.

Typn sprcius: Siderolina cenomana Schacko, 1896.
Fixed by original designation.

Test free, early portion may be more or less trocho-
spiral, later becoming nearly planispiral; chambers
radially elongate with one or more elongate, tapering
hollow tubulospines extending outward from the mid-
line of each chamber on the periphery; sutures straight,
radial, depressed; wall calcareous, finely perforate,
surface smooth or very finely hispid; primary aperture
an interiomarginal arch, extraumbilical and tending to
become equatorial, may be bordered above by a
narrow lip.

Remarks: Schackoina differs from Hantkenina Cush-
man in being trochospiral and in having a simple
interiomarginal arched aperture, whereas Hantkeinina
has a triradiate aperture with a high slit extending up
the face of the final chamber.

It differs from Hastigerinoides Bronnimann in being
trochospiral and in having the tubulospines distinctly
separated from the main chamber cavity.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotypes (USNM
P4644a, b) and unfigured hypotypes (USNM P4563)
of Schackoina cenomana (Schacko) from the Ceno-
manian Schloenbachia varians zone; unfigured hypo-
types (USNM P4562) from the Cenomanian Inoceramus
crippsi zone; all from Ziegelei Zeltberg, at Luneburg,
southeast of Hamburg, Province Niedersachsen, Ger-
many. Collected by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Rance: Aptian to Maestrichtian.

Genus Hantkenina Cushman, 1924

PLatTE 2, Ficures 3a-8b

Hantkenina Cusuman, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 60, art. 30,
p. 1, 1924.

Sporohantkenina BermupEz, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat.,
vol. 11, p. 151, 1937. (Type species: Hantkenina brevispina
Cushman, 1924. Fixed by original designation and mono-
typy-)

Aragonella THALMANN, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 240, pp. 811, 813,
818, 1942. (Type species: Hantkenina mexicana Cushman
var. aragonensis Nuttall, 1930. Fixed by original designa-
tion.)

Applinella THaLMANN, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 240, pp. 812, 813,
819, 1942. (Type species: Hantkenina dumblez Weinzierl
and Applin, 1929. Fixed by original designation.)

Hantkeninella BRonnIMaNN, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 24, No. 4,
p. 399, 1950. (Type species: Hantkenina alabamensis
Cushman var. primitiva Cushman and Jarvis, 1929. Fixed
by original designation and monotypy.)

Type species: Hantkenina alabamensis Cushman,
1924. Fixed by original designation.

Test free, planispiral, involute, biconvex, biumbili-
cate; chambers rounded, ovate or radial elongate,
generally with a single relatively long and heavy spine
at the forward margin of each chamber on the periphery,
although they may rarely be lacking on one or more

chambers, spines in the plane of coiling; sutures de-
pressed, radial; wall calcareous, finely perforate, radial
in structure, surface finely hispid, especially in the area
just beneath the aperture on the previous whorl;
primary aperture interiomarginal, equatorial, triradiate,
two of the “rays” forming a slit across the base of the
final chamber face, the third ray arising from the center
of this slit and extending up the face toward the peri-
pheral spine, flaring slightly to become rounded at its
upper end, the vertical slit bordered laterally by
apertural flanges which join above as a narrow lip.

Remarks: In the original description of Hantkenina,
Cushman stated (1924, p. 1) that it included Siderolina
of Hantken (mot Defrance), and ‘‘while they should
probably be referred to the Rotaliidae are very different
from Siderolites or Calcarina.” In his classification
(1927, p. 64) Cushman placed it in a separate family,
the Hantkeninidae; he included with it Mimosina
Millett and Zrimosina Cushman, and stated (p. 65),
“the family is related to the Heterohelicidae.”

In later publications (1933, p. 267) Mimosina and
Trimosina were placed by Cushman in the Buliminidae
and Schackoina Thalmann was placed with Hantkenina.
Galloway (1933, p. 266) placed Hantkenina in the
Nonionidae, stating (p. 264) that it ‘evolved from
Nonion by developing a long spine on each chamber.”

Bermudez defined Sporohantkenina in 1937, but the
type species selected is congeneric with true Hantkenina.
Thalmann (1942) defined three new subgenera of
Hantkenina: Cribrohantkenina, which included Ber-
mudez’s forms (but not the Hantkenina bremspina of
Cushman), Aragonella, and Applinella.

Cushman’s test (1948) did not mention the latter two
subgenera, although he raised Cribrohantkenina to
generic status and stated (p. 328), “Further studies of
these forms seem to show that they were derived from
the Globigerinidae and were probably pelagic, at least
during part of their life history.”

Glaessner (1948, p. 149) placed the subfamily Hant-
kenininae in the family Globigerinidae, and Sigal (1952,
p. 235) recognized it as a separate family. Bermudez
(1952, p. 108) placed Hantkenina and the three sub-
genera mentioned above in the Hantkenininae, family
Nonionidae, apparently following Galloway’s earlier
suggestion.

Wood (1949, p. 250) showed that Hantkenina is per-
forate radial in wall structure (like the Globigerinidae
and Heterohelicidae), whereas the Nonionidae were per-
forate granular (exclusive of the Elphidiidae, which
Cushman placed in the Nonionidae). Therefore,
Hantkenina and its allies cannot be related to the Non-
ionidae, and the planispiral development of the two
families is merely convergence. It is more probable
that this group arose from the Planomalininae or the
early Globorotaliidae, for Schackoina, developing in the
Cretaceous, was trochospiral. The entire family Hant-
keninidae may have been derived from an ancestor such
as Praeglobotruncana of the Globorotaliidae, since many
lines of evolution point to a development of planispiral
forms from the trochospiral, rather than the converse.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 27

Barnard (1954, p. 384) made a study of the apertural
characters of specimens of Hantkenina from the Jackson
Eocene of Cocoa Post Office, Alabama, showing the
ontogenetic development of the multiple aperture of
the subgenus Cribrohantkenina. He concluded (p.
389): ‘The sub-genera are arbitrary divisions, and in
the opinion of the author the use of them should be dis-
couraged.”

We have examined large suites of specimens of many
species of Hantkenina from many areas and have found
none that show a gradation from the simple triradial
aperture of Hantkenina to the multiple aperture of
Cribrohantkenina. Furthermore, in our suite of speci-
mens from the area of the Cocoa Post Office the typical
H. alabamensis is much flatter; the sutures are moder-
ately depressed, straight, and radial; and the periphery
is entire. The associated “Oribrohantkenina bermu-
dezi’”’ always has more inflated chambers and a lobulate
periphery, very deeply constricted sutures; and the
rounded openings of the multiple aperture are found
even on quite small specimens. We believe, therefore,
that Barnard was dealing with more than one species
but that all the specimens he used to show a develop-
mental series of apertures belong to Cribrohantkenina
and do not show a gradation between this genus and
Hantkenina.

There are other species of the Hantkenininae also
present at this locality, and Hantkenina brevispina Cush-
man resembles Cribrohantkenina bermudezi in possessing
much inflated chambers, but does not develop a multiple
aperture. Possibly specimens of this species of true
Hantkenina may have been considered as transitional
forms by Barnard.

Typical Hantkenina is found from the middle to
upper Eocene, but Cribrohantkenina occurs only in the
upper Eocene. We therefore consider these two as dis-
tinct genera on the basis of different apertural charac-
ters and different geologic ranges, although Cribro-
hantkenina undoubtedly developed from Hantkenina.

However, the subgenera Aragonella Thalmann, Appli-
nella Thalmann, and Hantkeninella Bronnimann are
much less distinctive, for a single species may show
considerable variation in the chamber shape, and in
the length of the spines and their apparent relative
position. Applinella was defined as differing from
typical Hantkenina in having the spines at the anterior
portion of the chambers, whereas those of Hantkenina
were nearly sutural in position. A glance at the final
chamber of each species shows that the spines are in
almost exactly similar positions, at the dorsal angle of
the chamber. The different appearance in earlier
chambers depends entirely on the amount of overlap
by the following chamber. When the wall of the final
chamber is attached just at the spine base of the pre-
vious chamber, the spine appears sutural in position.
When the wall of the final chamber is more restricted,
the preceding spine appears to be on the anterior
portion of the penultimate chamber. Also, the wall of
the final chamber may partially or wholly envelop the
spine of the preceding chamber, so that it may appear

396818—57_3

spineless, or the spine may even seem to be protruding
from the posterior portion of the final chamber. This
character varies considerably in a species and may
show some variation even on a single specimen. On
the specimens we have of H. alabamensis (topotype), H.
alabamensis primitiva (holotype), and H. (Applinella)
dumblei (lectotype), the early chambers show the spines
on the anterior portion of the chambers and not touch-
ing the following sutures, whereas the later chambers
show a stronger overlap and the spines “appear”
sutural. The final chamber is broken from the lecto-
type of H. dumblei, but the remnants of this final
chamber show an attachment partially enveloping the
base of the spine of the penultimate chamber. There-
fore, the basis for separation of Applinella seems to be
too variable in all these “subgenera” to be of value,
and we consider Applinella a synonym of Hantkenina.

Hantkeninella was separated, as including only H.
alabamensis var. primitiva, whose early chambers lack
spines. Bronnimann (1950a, p. 417), in describing the
subgenus, stated, “At present it is the only known
Hantkenina with a spineless early stage and, therefore,
it cannot be referred to any of the existing subgenera.”

The development of spines is not an invariable
character in this group, however. We have large suites
of H. alabamensis including many specimens with non-
spinose early chambers. We also have some with early
chambers bearing spines and an occasional adult
chamber lacking any spine. Rare specimens also occur
with two or even three spines on a single chamber, both
in H. alabamensis and in other species. Some speci-
mens which are typical H. brevispina in all other
characters lack spines on early chambers. In general,
the young forms of all species show shorter and less
well developed spines and, because of the amount of
variation in this feature, we do not consider their
absence on early chambers to be a diagnostic generic
character. Therefore, Hantkeninella is considered
synonymous with Hantkenina.

Hantkenina differs from Schackoina Thalmann in
being planispiral, and in having a tripartite aperture,
with an elongate slit extending up the apertural face,
whereas Schackoina has a very low arched aperture.

Cribrohantkenina Thalmann differs in having multiple
areal apertures instead of a triradial, interiomarginal
equatorial aperture bordered by lateral flanges.

Types AND OccurRENcE: Figured hypotype of
Hantkenina alabamensis Cushman (USNM P4791) from
the Pachuta formation, Jackson Eocene, Cushman’s
“Cocoa sand,’’ 1 mile southwest of the old Cocoa Post
Office, Choctaw County, Alabama. Collected by C. G.
Lalicker. Figured hypotype of H. alabamensis Cush-
man (USNM P4786) from the Pachuta formation, 2.2
miles south of Melvin, Choctaw County, Alabama.

Holotype of Hantkenina alabamensis primitiva Cush-
man and Jarvis (Cushman Coll. 10067) from the
Eocene Mount Moriah beds, from bed of yellow
sandy clay directly underlying orbitoidal limestone of
Vistabella quarry, Trinidad, B. W. I. Collected by
P. W. Jarvis.

28 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Lectotype of Hantkenina dumblei Weinzierl and
Applin (Cushman Coll. No. 12204) and figured paratype
(USNM 4790) from the Eocene Yegua formation,
Rio Bravo Oil Co., Deussen B 1, 4010 feet, South
Liberty Dome, Liberty County, Texas.

Lectotype of Hantkenina mexicana var. aragonesis
Nuttall (Cushman Coll. 59476) from the Hocene Aragon
formation, 2600 meters N. 73° E. of El Tule, México,
and figured paratype (Cushman Coll. No. 59477) from
the Aragon formation, 1200 meters N. 48° W. of La
Antigua Crossing, México.

Rance: Hocene.

Genus Cribrohantkenina Thalmann, 1942

PuatTe 2, Fiaurus 9a-l11b

Cribrohantkenina THAaLMANN, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 240, pp
812, 815, 819, 1942.

Typr sprcies: Hantkenina (Cribrohantkenina) ber-
mudezi Thalmann, 1942. Fixed by original designa-
tion.

Test free, planispiral, biumbilicate; chambers subglob-
ular, with the prominent peripheral spine at the for-
ward margin of each chamber, succeeding chambers are
attached near the base of the spines and may partially or
completely envelop the spine of the preceding chamber;
sutures distinct, depressed, radial; wall calcareous, per-
forate, surface smooth, finely punctate, or finely spinose;
primary aperture interiomarginal, equatorial, secondary
multiple areal aperture consisting of small rounded or
elongate openings above the primary interiomarginal
aperture, in well developed specimens the terminal por-
tion of the chamber may form a protruding ‘‘pore-
plate,” which lacks fine perforations in the area be-
tween the apertural pores, and may cover the primary
interiomarginal aperture and attach to the peripheral
margin of the previous whorl, the primary interiomar-
ginal aperture and secondary areal apertures commonly
bordered by distinct and protruding lips, and the mul-
tiple secondary openings may rarely be filled with a
later-formed shell growth.

Remarks: Cribrohantkenina differs from Hantkenina
Cushman in having the secondary multiple areal aper-
ture in the region between the final spine and the pri-
mary interiomarginal aperture.

Sporohantkenina was defined by Bermudez (1937, p.
151) as asubgenus of Hantkenina, with Hanikenina brevi-
spina Cushman, 1925, cited as type species. Thalmann
in 1942 stated that the type species was a true Hant-
kenina, making Sporohantkenina a synonym of Hant-
kenina, s.s. He therefore proposed the name Cribro-
hantkenina for the species with a multiple aperture, and
cited as type species Cribrohantkenina bermudezi Thal-
mann, new name for Hantkenina brevispina Bermudez,
1937, not Hantkenina brevispina Cushman, 1925. Later
authors followed Thalmann (Cushman, 1948, p. 329;
Glaessner, 1948, p. 149; Sigal, 1952a, p. 236, although
he incorrectly indicated the illustrated species as Cribro-
hantkenina brevispina (Cushman); Le Calvez, 1953, p.
251; and Barnard 1954, p. 384) in recognizing the valid-

ity of Oribrohantkenina. However, Bermudez (1952,
p. 109) again used the name Sporohantkenina, this time
citing as type species ‘‘ ‘Hantkenina (Sporohantkenina)
brevispina Cushman,’ Bermudez (not Hantkenina brevi-
spina Cushman 1925), 1937,” and added that the spe-
cles was renamed by Thalmann as Hantkenina (Cribro-
hantkenina) bermudezi Thalmann, but probably was
conspecific with Hantkenina danvillensis Howe and
Wallace, 1934.

Bermudez cited certain Rules of Nomenclature to
substantiate the validity of his generic name, namely
Art. 30,1, and Opinion 65. These state in part (Art.
30,la): ‘“‘When in the original publication of a genus,
one of the species is definitely designated as type, this
species shall be accepted as type regardless of any other
consideration’’; and (Art. 30,Ic) ‘“‘A genus proposed with
a single original species takes that species as its type.”
Opinion 65 states: “If an author designates a certain
species as genotype, it is to be assumed that his deter-
mination of the species is correct; if a case presents itself
in which it appears that an author has based his genus
upon certain definite specimens, rather than upon a
species, it would be well to submit the case, with full
details, to the Commission.”’

Bermudez then quoted a personal communication
from Doctor de Rivero, of Venezuela, who stated that
she believed the original publication to indicate the
Cuban specimens as the type, and therefore would
uphold Sporohantkenina. However, in the original pub-
lication Bermudez stated that he had been given speci-
mens of H. brevispina by Cushman, from the Méxican
Eocene, and that he had a ‘‘good collection of specimens
of Hantkenina brevispina Cushman” from Mexico, from
the R. Wright Barker collection, given to him by Mrs.
Dorothy K. Palmer. He then stated that in a collection
of Cuban Eocene material, also obtained from Mrs.
Palmer, were ‘‘abundantes ejemplares de Hantkenina
brevispina Cushman.” His description was therefore
not based solely on the Cuban specimens. His discus-
sion of the aperture was followed by the statement
(translation), ‘“The apertural character described above
is very constant and of use in determining the species, as
it has been observed onlyin Hantkenina brevispina . . .”;
he therefore proposed the new subgenus. Bermudez
thus definitely cited Hantkenina brevispina Cushman as
typein the original publication with no question as to the
identification of the Cuban specimens, and according
to Art. 30, Ic, that was not only original designation,
but also designation by monotypy.

The Copenhagen decisions on Zoological Nomen-
clature clarify some of the earlier rules, and a pertinent
quotation is here given concerning Art. 30(c). In these
decisions (1953, p. 70) it was stated that a genus would
be considered as published “‘with only one included
species . . . where more than one nominal species is
so cited by the author of the generic name, but only one
of these nominal species possesses a specific name
validly published with an indication...” Thus,
Hantkenina brevispina Cushman would be considered
as designated by monotypy as it was the only valid

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 29

specific name cited, even if two species were erroneously
included, as no other named species was available.

The only possibility of a new type being later desig-
nated would arise in a case where the type species had
been definitely cited in the original publication as not con-
specific with Cushman’s species. This possible re-
course was stated in the above-cited Copenhagen
decisions (p. 68) to be limited to cases ‘‘. . . where an
author . . . designates as the type species a nominal
species previously established by some author, and in
doing so, makes it clear that he is applying that specific
name, not to the species to which that name was applied
by its original author, but to some species to which
that name had been applied by some later author.”
This was the case in the erection of the name Cribro-
hantkenina by Thalmann, who definitely stated that
Bermudez’s specimens were the type for the proposed
new generic and specific names, and that these were
not conspecific with Cushman’s original types. It was
not the case in the original publication of Bermudez, as
there was no question, stated or implied, as to the belief
of the author in the validity of the specific determina-
tion. On the contrary, the references to the many
specimens of true H. brevispina available to him
substantiate the assumption that he considered the
Cuban specimens correctly identified, and the type
species to be Cushman’s species. Thus, Hantkenina
brevispina Cushman is the type species of Sporohant-
kenina by original designation and monotypy, and
Thalmann was correct in suppressing the generic name
as a synonym of Hantkenina, s. s.

Although originally described as a subgenus of
Hantkenina, Cribrohantkenina was later elevated to
generic rank (Cushman, 1948, p. 328). Barnard (1954,
p- 384) showed the ontogenetic development of the
aperture in Cribrohantkenina, although he considered
it gradational with Hantkenina. It seems probable
that he was dealing with more than one species, how-
ever, as in the many large suites of specimens we have
studied, there seems to be a sharp boundary between
the two. We consider both as distinct genera.

TyPEs AND occuRRENCE: Figured hypotypes
(USNM P4784a-c) and unfigured hypotypes (USNM
P4785) of Oribrohantkenina bermudezi Thalmann from
the Jackson Eocene, Pachuta formation, Cushman’s
“Cocoa sand,’ 2.2 miles south of Melvin, Choctaw
County, Aabama.

Rance: Upper Eocene.

Hastigerininae Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new
subfamily

Type Genus: Hastigerina Thomson, 1876.

Coiling of test planispiral; chambers spherical to
clavate; primary aperture equatorial, no secondary
apertures present.

Rance: Eocene to Recent.

Genus Hastigerina Thomson, 1876
Puate 3, Figures 1—4b

Hastigerina Tuomson, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 24, p. 534,
1876.

Globigerinella CusHMAN, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
vol. 3, p. 87, 1927. (Type species: Globigerina aequilateralis
Brady, 1879. Fixed by original designation and monotypy.)

Typs specius: Hastigerina murrayi Thomson, 1876.
Fixed by monotypy.

Test free, early stage may be slightly trochospiral,
the adult planispiral, ranging from involute to loosely
coiled, biumbilicate, periphery broadly rounded; cham-
bers spherical to ovate; sutures deeply depressed, radial;
wall finely to coarsely perforate, radial in structure, sur-
face smooth, hispid, or spinose; aperture interiomar-
ginal, a broad equatorial arch.

Remarks: Brady described the type species of the
genus as Hastigerina pelagica (d’Orbigny) [= Nonionina
pelagica d’Orbigny, 1839], placing Hastigerina murrayi
Thomson in synonymy. D’Orbigny’s original illustra-
tions are similar, but no mention is made of an aperture,
nor is one shown on the drawing. Furthermore,
d’Orbigny’s figures are of a specimen about one-third
the size of H. murrayi. As the aperture is so large and
characteristic in H. murrayi, we consider the two to be
distinct and the valid name for the type species to be
Hastigerina murrayi Thomson, 1876.

The great similarity of Hastigerina and Globigerinella
Cushman is evident, and was in fact noted by Brady
(1884, p. 614), who stated that the only species with
which Hastigerina pelagica (=H. murrayi) “‘is likely to
be confounded is Globigerina aequilateralis,”’ and it
later became the type species of Globigerinella. He
added that the latter was evolute. In the original de-
scription of Globigerinella, no comparisons were given
by Cushman as to how the two genera could be differ-
entiated. In later texts a discussion was given of the
relative coarseness of spines but no statement as to how
the two genera could otherwise be separated. The type
of ornamentation is variable in planktonic genera, and
the type species of both Hastigerina and Globigerinella
range from nearly involute to somewhat evolute. This
is therefore not regarded as a sufficient basis for generic
separation and Globigerinella is considered a junior
synonym of Hastigerina.

Mesozoic species referred to Globigerinella upon close
examination will be seen to belong either to Planomalina
Loeblich and Tappan, Biglobigerinella Lalicker, or to
Globigerinelloides Cushman and ten Dam.

TYPES AND occURRENCE: Figured hypotypes of
Hastigerina murrayi Thomson are the specimens figured
and described by Brady as Hastigerina pelagica (d’Or-
bigny). The dead shell here figured (BMNH ZF 1563)
from dredging at 1,990 fathoms, Challenger Station 338,
in the South Atlantic, lat. 21° 15’ S., long. 14° 02’ W.
Hypotypes (BMNH ZF 1562) mounted in balsam, were
living specimens taken by tow net of the Challenger,
but the exact locality is not given. The side view of

30 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

the balsam-mounted specimen is of the same figured by
Brady, but the apertural view in balsam is of a different
specimen on the same slide and not that figured by
Brady in this orientation.

Original types of Globigerinella aequilateralis (Brady)
in the British Museum (Natural History), London.
Figured topotype (USNM P3918) and unfigured topo-
types (USNM P3211) from the Recent at Challenger
Station 224, lat. 7° 45’ N., long. 144° 20’ E.., at 1,850
fathoms. Collected March 21, 1875.

Rance: Middle Eocene to Recent.

Clavigerinella Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new genus

Type sprcius: Clavigerinella akersi, new species.
(Derivation: Olaviger, L., club-bearing + ima + ella,
L. diminutives; gender, feminine.)

Test free, planispiral, biumbilicate, involute, radially
lobulate in outline; chambers spherical in the early
stages, later becoming radially elongate or clavate;
sutures radial, depressed; wall calcareous, finely per-
forate, radial in structure, surface finely pitted; aperture
interiomarginal, equatorial, an elongate slit extending
up the apertural face, bordered laterally by wide
flanges which narrow toward the upper extremity of
the aperture, where they join to form a small lip.

Remarks: Clavigerinella, new genus, resembles Has-
tigerinella Cushman in having early globular chambers
followed by later radial elongate and clavate chambers.
It differs in being planispiral instead of trochospiral,
and in having the distinctive equatorial aperture
elongated in the plane of coiling and bordered laterally
by flanges. The aperture is reminiscent of that in
Hantkenina aragonensis Nuttall, but the present genus
does not have tubulospines, and Hantkenina may only
have radially elongate chambers which never become
clavate.

Clavigerinella, new genus, differs from Hastigeri-
noides Bronnimann in having the distinctly elongate
slitlike equatorial aperture and wide bordering flanges
and in lacking, around the umbilical region, the sec-
ondary relict apertures which are the persistent lateral
margins of the earlier equatorial primary apertures.
As a rule, the chambers of Hastigerinoides are tapering
and those of Clavigerinella are club-shaped.

Rane: Middle to upper Eocene.

Clavigerinella akersi Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new species

Puate 3, Fieures 5a, b

Test free, planispiral, biumbilicate, involute, lobulate
in outline; early chambers spherical, later chambers
radial elongate and typically much inflated at the
extremity, with four chambers in the final whorl;
sutures radial, distinct and depressed; wall calcareous,
distinctly perforate, surface finely pitted; aperture
interiomarginal, equatorial, an elongate slit extending
up the apertural face for about half the length of the
final chamber, aperture bordered laterally by wide
flanges which are flared at the base and become pro-

gressively narrower toward the upper extremity of the
aperture, joining at the top to form a narrow lip, a
short distance below the bulbous or clavate extreme of
the chamber.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.86 mm., greatest
thickness 0.23 mm. Paratypes range from 0.49 to 0.73
mm. in greatest diameter.

Remarks: This species differs from Hastigerinella
eocanica Nuttall var. aragonensis Nuttal from the
Eocene of México, in having the terminally clavate
chambers, with their nearly spherical inflations, and in
having only four chambers per whorl. The Mexican
species has narrower, more elongate cylindrical cham-
bers and may have four or five chambers per whorl,
but also belongs to the present genus.

The species is named in honor of W. H. Akers,
paleontologist with The California Company, in recog-
nition of his work on the planktonic Foraminifera of the
Gulf Coast.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4550)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4551) from the
Eocene Navet formation, equivalent in age to the
Friendship Quarry marl and Dunmore Hill marl (middle
Kocene) in Spring Branch of the Navet River, 1,100
feet south of the 12.5 milepost of the Brasso-Tamana
Road, Central Range, Trinidad, B. W. I. Collected
by Dr. Hans Kugler, sample K.8820.

Cassigerinellinae Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan,
new subfamily

TyYpE GENUS: Cassigerinella Pokorny, 1955.

Coiling of test planispiral in the early stage, becom-
ing enrolled biserial in the later stage; chambers
spherical to ovate; primary aperture equatorial in
neanic stage, extraumbilical and alternating in the
adult.

Rance: Oligocene to Miocene.

Genus Cassigerinella Pokorny, 1955
Piatr 3, Ficures 6a-c

Cassigerinella Poxorn¥, Véstnik Ustrednitho Ustavu Geolo-
gického, vol. 30, p. 136, 1955.

Type spEectes: Cassigerinella boudecensis Pokorny,
1955. Fixed by original designation.

Test free, robust, early portion planispiral and similar
to Hastigerina, later with biserially arranged chambers
continuing to spiral in the same plane, biumbilicate,
periphery broadly rounded; chambers globular to ovate
and only a few pairs arranged as in Cassidulina to each
whorl of the test; sutures distinct, depressed, radial to
curved; wall calcareous, perforate, radial in structure,
surface smooth to pitted; aperture interiomarginal, an
extraumbilical arch alternating in position from one
side to the next in successive chambers.

Remargs: Cassigerinella differs from Hastigerina
Thomson in having the adult spire composed of bi-
serially arranged chambers. Biglobigerinella Lalicker

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 31

is similar in early planispiral development but has only
a single pair of ‘“‘biserial” chambers, which are opposing,
however, rather than alternating, and each of which has
a distinct aperture. It differs from Cassidulina d’Or-
bigny in having a perforate radial wall structure rather
than granular and in having an early planispiral stage.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured topotype (USNM
P3389) and unfigured topotypes (USNM P3056) from
the Middle Oligocene, Boudky near Velké Néméice,
Moravia, Czechoslovakia. Collected by Dr. Vladimir
Pokorny.

Raneew: Oligocene to Miocene.

Family Orbulinidae Schultze, 1854

Typr Genus: Orbulina d’Orbigny, 1839.

Test trochospirally or streptospirally coiled or globu-
lar; chambers spherical, ovate or clavate; wall cal-
careous, perforate, radial in structure; primary aperture
umbilical or spiroumbilical, may have secondary sutural
or areal apertures and may have bullae and accessory
infralaminal apertures.

Subfamily Globigerininae Carpenter, 1862

Typrr Genus: Globigerina d’Orbigny, 1826.

Coiling of test trochospiral to streptospiral; chambers
spherical, ovate or clavate; primary aperture umbilical
or spiroumbilical, may have secondary sutural aper-
tures.

Rance: Cretaceous to Recent.

Genus Globigerina d’Orbigny, 1826
Puats 4, Ficures la-c

Globigerina pD’ORrBIGNY, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 1, vol. 7, p. 277,

Tyrer spEciEes: Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny, 1826.
Fixed by subsequent designation of Parker, Jones and
Brady (1865, p. 36).

Test free, trochospiral, chambers spherical to ovate;
sutures depressed, radial; wall calcareous, perforate,
radial in structure, surface may be smooth, pitted, can-
cellated, hispid or spinose; aperture interiomarginal,
umbilical, with a tendency in some species to extend to
a slightly extraumbilical position, and previous aper-
tures remaining open into the umbilicus.

Remarks: Formerly considered a more inclusive
genus, Globigerina is now restricted to include only those
trochospiral species with a single large open umbilical
aperture.

In Globigerina the aperture is interiomarginal and
primarily umbilical, leading from each chamber into
the open umbilicus, and the chambers are always globu-
lar to subglobular. Globorotalia has an interiomarginal,
extraumbilical-umbilical aperture, and the chambers
vary from ovate or subhemispherical to strongly com-
pressed or angular, commonly have a peripheral keel
but rarely are truly spherical. Praeglobotruncana has
an extraumbilical-umbilical aperture like that of Globo-

rotalia, but commonly with spherical or only slightly
compressed chambers.

All classifications are somewhat artificial and there
are some species with globular chambers whose aper-
tural position is transitional, so that in some instances
it may be somewhat difficult to decide whether such a
species should be placed in Globigerina or Globorotalia.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: This genus, like the major-
ity of planktonic forms, has a wide geographic occur-
rence. The hypotype of G. bulloides d’Orbigny here
figured (USNM P3917) is from Recent beach sand at
Marina di Ravenna (Porto Corsini), Italy. Collected
by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr., March 15,1954. The
original type locality of d’Orbigny was at Rimini, ap-
proximately 60 kilometers farther south on the Italian
coast.

Rance: Cretaceous to Recent.

There is a continuous geologic record of Globigerina
from the Paleocene to Recent and, in addition, species
are found from the Hauterivian to Cenomanian in the
Lower and Middle Cretaceous which appear to be
morphologically identical. The gap in the geologic
record from the Cenomanian to Paleocene strongly sug-
gests that this genus as here recognized is polyphyletic,
and the Tertiary species are not direct descendants from
those of the Lower Cretaceous. The absence of any
distinguishing morphologic characters prevents their
separation, with the material and methods thus far
available, into two nominal genera.

Genus Globoquadrina Finlay, 1947
PuiateE 5, Fiaures 4a-6

Globoquadrina Frnuay, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Tech., vol.
28, No. 5 (sec. B), p. 290, 1947.

Typrr species: Globorotalia dehiscens Chapman, Parr
and Collins, 1934. Fixed by original designation.

Test free, trochospiral, umbilicate, periphery rounded
to truncate; chambers spherical to subangular truncate;
wall calcareous, perforate, radial in structure, surface
pitted to hispid; aperture interiomarginal, umbilical,
covered above by an apertural flap which may vary from
a narrow rim to an elongate toothlike projection, and in
openly umbilicate forms earlier apertures remain open
into the umbilicus.

Remarks: Globoquadrina differs from Globigerina
d’Orbigny in having apertural flaps covering each aper-
ture. It differs from Globorotalia in the aperture being
umbilical instead of extraumbilical-umbilical in position.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P3926) and unfigured hypotype (USNM P3927) of Glo-
boquadrina dehiscens (Chapman, Parr, and Collins) from
the Miocene (Balcombian) at Balcombe Bay, Victoria,
Australia. Collected by A. C. Collins.

Unfigured hypotypes (Cushman Coll. 14240) from
the Balcombian at Grices Creek, Victoria, Australia;
(Cushman Coll. 24844) from the Miocene at Western
Beach, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; and (Cushman
Coll. 24837) from the Lower Miocene, lower beds,

32 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Muddy Creek, Victoria, Australia. All from W. J.
Parr.

Holotype of Globoquadrina altispira (Cushman and
Jarvis) (Cushman Coll. 22482) from the Miocene Bow-
den marl at milestone 71 east of Port Antonio, Jamaica,
B. W. I.

Figured specimen of Globoquadrina sp. (USNM
P4575) from the Globorotalia mayeri zone of the Miocene
Lengua formation, on Cunjal road, between Barackpore
and Princes Town, Trinidad, B. W. I.

Rance: Upper Eocene to Miocene.

Genus Hastigerinella Cushman, 1927
Puate 5, Figures 1-3b

Hastigerinella CusumMan, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
vol. 3, p. 87, 1927.

Tyrr species: Hastigerina digitata Rhumbler, 1911
|=Hastigerinella rhumbleri Galloway, 1933]. Fixed by
original designation and monotypy.

Test free, trochospiral, early portion with globular
chambers, later chambers radially elongate, clavate or
cylindrical; sutures distinct, depressed, radial; wall
calcareous, perforate, radial in structure, with elongate
spines which may be concentrated at the outer ends of
the chambers, but are normally broken away in fossil or
dead shells; aperture interiomarginal, extraumbilical-
umbilical, a broad arch which becomes more extensive
with age, extending to the periphery or even becoming
spiroumbilical.

Remarks: Hastigerinella differs from Hastigerina in
being trochospiral instead of planispiral, and in having
elongate chambers. It differs from Hastigerinoides
Bronnimann in being distinctly trochospiral rather than
planispiral.

Cushman, in describing Hastigerinella (1927, p. 87),
cited as type species “‘Hastigerina digitata Rhumbler,
Foram. Plankton Exped., Part 1, 1911, pl. 37, fig.
9a,b.” The digitata of Rhumbler, 1911, is not con-
specific with Globigerina digitata Brady, 1879, which is
another species of Hastigerinella. This led Galloway
(1933, p. 333) to cite as type Hastigerinella rhumbleri
n. sp. This confusion primarily results from Rhum-
bler’s failure to give any descriptions for his plates in
the “Plankton-EXxpedition” volume cited above. How-
ever, Ellis and Messina (1949, p. 40) published the
plate explanations of Rhumbler’s ‘“‘Plankton-Expedi-
tion” that they had obtained as a manuscript from Dr.
Otto Wetzel. The copy furnished by Dr. Wetzel was
from the manuscript preserved in the library of the
University of Gdéttingen, Germany. On the plate
explanation for plate 37, figs. 9a,b were stated to be
Hastigerina digitata (Brady) variante digitifera. This
“variante” is thus the use of a new name, but it is
invalid, according to the Rules of Nomenclature (Art.
25c), as no description was given. It must be assumed
that Cushman considered the combination Hastigerina
digitata as used by Rhumbler (1911, pp. 202, 220) as
being a new combination and not referring to Globi-
gerina digitata Brady, 1879, for nowhere did Rhumbler

(1911) use the name Brady in combination with Hasti-
gerina digitata. The type thus should be cited as
Hastigerina digitata Rhumbler, 1911, but this is a
homonyn of H. digitata (Brady), 1879. Galloway in
reality only renamed this homonyn and did not describe
a new species as he stated, hence the name Hastigerin-
ella rhumblert Galloway, 1933, is the valid name for the
species.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: The original specimens
figured by Rhumbler were from the Atlantic Ocean in
2,000 meters. Figured hypotype of AHastigerinella
digitata (Brady) (USNM P3037) is from Challenger
Station 120, lat. 8° 37’ S., long. 34° 28’ W., at 675
fathoms.

Ranee: Miocene to Recent.

Genus Globigerinoides Cushman, 1927
PLATE 4, FIGURES 2a-c

Globigerinoides CusHMaAN, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
vol. 3, p. 87, 1927.

TypE sPEciEs: Globigerina rubra d’Orbigny, 1839.
Fixed by original designation and monotypy.

Test free, trochospiral; chambers globular to ovate;
sutures depressed, radial; wall calcareous, perforate,
radial in structure, surface smooth, hispid or spinose;
primary aperture interiomarginal, umbilical, with
previous apertures remaining open into the umbilicus,
smaller secondary sutural apertures on the spiral side,
one or more per chamber, often confined to the last few
chambers.

Remarks: The type species has a distinctive colora-
tion, being rose-colored in the early portion, later
chambers progressively lighter, and final chamber nearly
white. D’Orbigny originally described the species as
having two supplementary apertures on the final
chamber and one on the preceding, but added that the
number was variable in other specimens. In the speci-
men here figured there are two secondary apertures on
the spiral side of each chamber of the final whorl,
although the specimen must be rotated to see all of
them.

Globigerinoides differs from Globigerina d’Orbigny in
possessing the secondary sutural apertures on the spiral
side.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: The original types of
Globigerina rubra d’Orbigny are in the Musuem National
d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Figured hypotype of
Globigerinoides rubra (d’Orbigny) (USNM P3916) from
the Recent, Albatross Station H 47, lat. 17° 46’ 30’ N.,
long. 65° 10’ 25’” W., at 1,482 fathoms.

Rance: Paleocene to Recent.

Genus Sphaeroidinella Cushman, 1927
Puate 6, Figures 1-5

Sphaeroidinella CusHMAN, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
vol. 3, p. 90, 1927.

Type species: Sphaeroidina dehiscens Parker and

Jones, 1865. Fixed by original designation and mono-

typy.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 33

Test free, elongate ovate, early portion trochospiral,
the two or three much-embracing chambers of the final
whorl enveloping the early whorl, each with marginal
flanges extending out toward the opposing chambers
and partially obscuring the arched apertures; sutures
depressed, radial or curved; wall calcareous, perforate,
radial in structure, in the young stage the pores are ex-
tremely large and closely arranged, giving an almost
latticelike appearance, the area between pores raised
and cancellated, in the later chambers a somewhat ir-
regularly fimbriate or scalloped flange, of clear shell
material and relatively poreless, is formed around the
chamber near its base and tends to coalesce laterally
and become much produced, the exterior surface of the
final chambers is smoother and glassy in appearance,
rather than hispid, and appears to be due to an external
secondary deposit; primary aperture in the young stage
as in Globigerina, interiomarginal umbilical, in the adult
this is covered by the embracing final chamber, and
there may be one or more sutural secondary apertures
on opposite sides of the final chamber, but these may be
partially obscured by the overhanging chamber flanges
which parallel the sutures, the chambers may be dis-
tinctly separated with a wide open area between the
flanges of opposing chambers, and there may be small
arched bullae crossing the sutural slit, and partially
covering the apertural regions, the walls of the bullae
more smoothly finished than that of the chamber, with
finer pores although of similar spacing.

Remarks: Sphaeroidinella differs from Globigerina
d’Orbigny in having embracing later chambers which
cover the primary umbilical aperture, the chambers de-
veloping flanges paralleling the sutures and partially
obscuring the secondary apertures. There may also be
more than one secondary sutural aperture in the final
stage, and occasional specimens develop small bullae
over the sutural apertures. It resembles Globigerin-
atheka Bronnimann in the enveloping final chamber,
sutural secondary apertures and bullae, but differs in
having the typical chamber flanges in the adult and the
final involute coiling obscuring the early coil. The
bullae, when present, are relatively small arches and do
not completely cover the secondary apertures.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Lectotype of Sphaeroidina
dehiscens Parker and Jones, 1865 (here designated)
British Museum (Natural History) ZF 3580 and para-
types ZF 3579 from 1,080 fathoms, lat. 2° 20’ N., long.
28° 44’ W. Figured paratypes (from the type local-
ity) (USNM P4224).

Figured hypotypes (USNM P4225) and unfigured
hypotypes (USNM P4226) from Challenger Station 224,
lat. 7° 45’ N., long. 144° 20’ E., at 1,850 fathoms.

Rance: Miocene to Recent.

Genus Pulleniatina Cushman, 1927
Puats 4, Figures 3a-5

Pulleniatina CusumMan, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
vol. 3, p. 90, 1927.

Type species: Pullenia obliqueloculata Parker and

Jones, 1865.
typy.

Test free, globose, trochospiral to streptospiral, early
portion as in Globigerina, with open umbilicus, later
chambers completely enveloping the entire umbilical
side of the previous trochospiral coil, including the pre-
vious open umbilicus, and thus may even appear invo-
lutely coiled; wall calcareous, perforate, radial in struc-
ture, later part comparatively thickened, surface dis-
tinctly hispid in the Globigerina stage, as can be seen in
dissected tests, the surface in the adult smooth, although
the portion of the earlier whorl just below the aperture
may show the hispid surface; aperture interiomarginal,
in the young a broad umbilical arch, as in Globigerina,
in the adult a broad low extraumbilical arch at the base
of the final enveloping chamber, bordered above by a
thickened lip, but not directly opening into the earlier
umbilicus, because of the streptospiral plan of growth.

Remargs: Pulleniatina resembles Globigerina d’Or-
bigny in the early development, but differs in the later
streptospiral coiling and embracing final chamber and
in the characteristic extraumbilical peripheral aperture.

Pulleniatina resembles Globigerapsis, new genus, in
having the Globigerina stage followed by a more em-
bracing final chamber, and in the change in coiling from
trochospiral to streptospiral, but Pulleniatina has a
single aperture, whereas Globigerapsis has in the final
chamber multiple apertures which are against the su-
tures of the early coil.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Lectotype (here desig-
nated) of Pullenia obliqueloculata Parker and Jones,
1865 (the type species of Pulleniatina), British Museum
(Natural History) No. ZF 3583, and figured paratype
(USNM P4228) from Abrohlos Bank, at 260 fathoms,
lat. 22° 54’ S., long. 40° 37’ W., in the South Atlantic.

Figured hypotypes (USNM P4229a, b) from Chal-
lenger Station 224, at 1,850 fathoms, lat. 7° 45’ N., long.
144° 20’ E., collected March 21, 1875.

Rance: Pliocene to Recent.

Subfamily Orbulininae Schultze, 1854

Typr Genus: Orbulina d’Orbigny, 1839.

Coiling trochospiral to streptospiral, later stages en-
veloping or globular; chambers spherical to ovate;
primary aperture not visible in adult, secondary aper-
tures multiple and sutural or areal.

Rance: Middle Eocene to Recent.

Fixed by original designation and mono-

Globigerapsis Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new genus
PuateE 6, Figures 7a-c

Tyre species: Globigerapsis kugleri Bolli, Loeblich
and Tappan, new species. (Derivation: Globus, L., a
globe or ball + gero, L., to bear or carry + apsis, L.,
arch; gender, feminine.)

Test free, subglobular; early portion trochospiral with
subglobular chambers, final chamber embracing and
covering the umbilical region of the early coil; sutures
depressed, radial to curved; wall calcareous, perforate,

34 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

radial in structure, surface smooth to hispid or spinose,
the spines broken from the later chambers during
preservation, but remaining visible on the earlier
chambers when unfilled specimens are dissected;
primary aperture interiomarginal, umbilical in the
young stage, covered in the adult by an enveloping
final chamber, with two or more arched secondary
apertures at the lower margin of the final chamber, at
the contact with the sutures of the earlier whorl.

Remarks: Globigerapsis, new genus, differs from
Globigerinatheka Bronnimann in lacking the small
angular bullae covering the secondary apertures. It
differs from Globigerinoides Cushman in the absence of
an umbilical primary aperture in the adult. Globig-
erapsis does not show the multiple apertures on earlier
chambers as does Globigerinoides and Porticulasphaera,
new genus.

Bronnimann (1952a, p. 27, text-fig. 3d-f) included a
single specimen of Globigerapsis kuglert with his Globig-
erinatheka barri, considering it to represent a stage
prior to the development of the sutural bullae. Al-
though the two genera may be closely related, they
have different geologic ranges, the present genus
beginning earlier.

Globigerinoides semiinvoluta Keijzer also belongs to
the present genus and a hypotype (USNM P3937) from
the Eocene Navet formation, Hospital Hill marl,
Globigerapsis semitinvoluta zone type locality, San
Fernando, Trinidad, B. W. I., is here figured for
comparison.

Bermudez (1949), p. 279, pl. 21, fig. 44) described as
Globigerina mexicana Cushman a specimen which
actually belongs to the present genus, and seems closer
to the species Globigerapsis semiinvoluta (Keijzer),
although it is perhaps a distinct species.

Rane: Middle to upper Hocene.

Globigerapsis kugleri Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new species

Puate 6, FicurEs 6a-c

Test free, subglobular, early portion trochospiral with
globular chambers increasing rapidly in size as added,
about four to each whorl, final chamber considerably
larger and somewhat embracing, covering the umbilical
region of the early coil; sutures deeply depressed, com-
monly almost incised, radial to curved; wall calcareous,
coarsely perforate, surface originally finely spinose, but
surface spines broken in fossilization, although those of
earlier chambers remain visible in dissected specimens,
or may be seen through the apertural openings of the
final chamber; aperture in the early stage interiomar-
ginal, umbilical, but this is covered in the adult by the
final embracing chamber, which has two to four arched
sutural secondary apertures, each bordered by a slight
lip, at the basal margin of the final chamber.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.44 mm., greatest
thickness 0.47 mm. Paratypes range from 0.36 to 0.47
mm. in greatest diameter.

Remarks: Globigerapsis kuglert, new species, differs
from Globigerapsis semiinvoluta (Keijzer) in having
more inflated and nearly globular chambers, more
deeply incised sutures, a somewhat less embracing
final chamber and lower and less arched secondary
apertural openings. It is also similar in appearance to
Globigerinatheka barri Bronnimann but may have a less
embracing final chamber, and always lacks the small
bullae which cover the secondary sutural apertures of
Globigerinatheka.

The specific name is in honor of Dr. H. G. Kugler, in
recognition of his work on the geology of Trinidad,
B. W. I.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM
No. P4220), unfigured paratypes (USNM P4221, 4222,
and 4827) from the Hocene Navet formation, Penitence
Hill marl, Globigerinatheka barri zone, from a block in
the Oligocene Nariva formation, Pointe-a-Pierre, Trin-
idad, B. W. I.

Porticulasphaera Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new genus

Tyre species: Globigerina mexicana Cushman, 1925.
(Derivation: Porticula, L., diminutive of porticus, an
arcade, series of arches+sphaera, L., ball; gender, fem-
inine.)

Test free, subglobular, early portion trochospiral,
final chamber much inflated to almost spherical, and
strongly enveloping, covering the umbilical region of
the early coil; sutures depressed, radial to curved; wall
calcareous, comparatively thick, coarsely perforate,
radial in structure, surface with numerous fine elongate
spines, broken fromthe exterior, but those of the early
portion may be preserved in the interior and visible in
dissected specimens; primary aperture in the early por-
tion interiomarginal, umbilical, with secondary sutural
openings on the spiral side, as in Globigerinordes, the
umbilical aperture covered by the final enveloping
chamber of the adult, which has smaller sutural second-
ary apertures around its lower margin; these, together
with the secondary sutural apertures on the spiral side,
remain uncovered.

Remarks: Porticulasphaera, new genus, resembles
Orbulina d’Orbigny in having a strongly embracing
final chamber, although less inflated. In Porticulas-
phaera the early coil always remains visible, and there
are no areal secondary apertures as in Orbulina.

It resembles Globigerinoides Cushman in having the
multiple sutural secondary apertures in addition to the
large interiomarginal umbilical primary aperture in the
early portion, but differs in having the embracing final
chamber obscuring the primary umbilical aperture, the
adult possessing only the small sutural secondary open-
ings.

Porticulasphaera, new genus, differs from Globigerap-
sis, new genus, in having the Globigerinoides-type of
secondary apertures on the spiral side in the early coil.

Raneu: Middle Eocene.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 35

Porticulasphaera mexicana (Cushman), emended
Puate 6, Figures 8-9b

Globigerina mexicana CusHMAN, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 6, pl. 1, figs. 8a-b, 1925.

Test free, subglobular, of medium size, early portion
in a low trochospiral coil with five inflated chambers per
whorl, final chamber hemispherical, much inflated and
strongly embracing and enveloping the umbilical region
of the early coil, larger in size than the entire previous
portion of the test; sutures generally distinct and de-
pressed; wall calcareous, coarsely perforate, radial in
structure, thin and delicate in the early portion, but
wall of final embracing chamber very thick, with a sec-
ondary layer of comparable thickness covering the re-
maining exposed portion of the earlier whorls and some-
what obscuring the chamber contacts but leaving open
the sutural apertures, surface finely spinose, the elongate
delicate spines visible on earlier chambers in the in-
terior of dissected specimens, but broken from the ex-
terior of the fossil shells; primary aperture in the early
portion interiomarginal, umbilical, an extremely large
opening, with smaller arched secondary sutural open-
ings on the spiral side as in Globigerinoides, the primary
aperture of the early portion covered by the final em-
bracing chamber, which has only the numerous small
arched, sutural secondary apertures (as many as 25)
completely encircling its basal margin.

Greatest diameter of figured hypotype 0.65 mm.
Other specimens range from 0.42 to 0.83 mm. in great-
est diameter.

Remarks: Porticulasphaera mexicana was originally
described from the upper Eocene Tantoyuca formation,
Vera Cruz, México. It was recorded as Globigerinoides
mexicana (Cushman) by Beckmann (1953, p. 393, pl. 25,
figs. 15-19) from the Oceanic formation of Barbados.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (Cushman Coll.
4334) from the upper Eocene Tantoyuca formation,
Palacho Hacienda, south of Panuco-Tampico railroad,
State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Figured hypotype
(USNM P3901), figured dissected hypotype (USNM
P3902), and unfigured hypotypes (USNM P3903 and
P3906) from the Eocene Navet formation, Penitence
Hill marl, Globigerinatheka barri zone, in a block in the
Oligocene Nariva formation, Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad,
B. W. I.

Unfigured hypotypes (USNM P4855) from the Glo-
bigerina facies of the Middle Eocene Guayabal forma-
tion (‘Lower Chapapote”) in Tierra Amarilla Well No.
25, at 1,200 feet, Vera Cruz, México. From R. Wright
Barker.

Unfigured hypotypes (USNM P3904) from the Navet
formation (Penitence Hill marl), Town Hall site, San
Fernando, Trinidad, B. W. I.

Unfigured hypotypes (USNM P3905) from the
Oceanic formation (Lower Mount Hillaby member),
Mount Hillaby section, Barbados, B.W.I. Collected by
J. P. Beckmann.

396818—57—4

Genus Candeina d’Orbigny, 1839
Puate 6, Figures 10a-11

Candeina b’OrBIGNY, Foraminiféres, in de la Sagra, Histoire
physique, politique et naturelle de l’Ile de Cuba, p. 107,
1839.

Type species: Candeina nitida d’Orbigny, 1839.
Fixed by monotypy.

Test free, trochospiral, relatively high spired; cham-
bers globular to hemispherical; sutures depressed,
radial to curved; wall calcareous, finely perforate,
radial in structure, surface smooth; primary aperture
in the very early stage interiomarginal, umbilical, later
in development smaller secondary sutural apertures
occur on each side of the primary aperture; in adult
tests there is no primary opening and the small rounded
sutural secondary apertures almost completely surround
the later chambers.

Remarks: Candeina differs from Globigerina d’Or-
bigny in lacking the umbilical primary aperture in the
adult, and in having the numerous rounded sutural
secondary apertures. It differs from Globigerinoides
Cushman in lacking the umbilical primary aperture and
in having numerous small sutural secondary openings
on both spiral and umbilical sides of the test, instead of
having a relatively few larger secondary sutural aper-
tures on the spiral side only.

Candeina passes through a Globigerina stage and a
Globigerinoides stage in its ontogenetic development, as
can be seen by a dissection of the test.

Hofker (1954, p. 151) stated that Candeina has a
reduced toothplate, but the specimens we dissected
show nothing that could be so construed. The upper
border of the aperture is merely slightly thickened, as is
often true of Globigerina.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P3924) of Candenia nitida d’Orbigny from Albatross
Station 2660, lat. 28°40’00’’ N., long. 78°46’00’’ W.,
depth 504 fathoms. Figured hypotype of dissected
specimen (USNM P3923) of C. nitida from Albatross
Station D.2754, lat. 11°40/00’’ N., long. 58°33’00’’ W.,
at a depth of 880 fathoms.

Ranee: Miocene to Recent.

Genus Orbulina d’Orbigny, 1839
Puate 7, Fiaurss 1-5

Orbulina v’ORBIGNY, Foraminiféres in de la Sagra, Histoire phy-
sique, politique et naturelle de I’ile de Cuba, p. 2, 1839.

Candorbulina JepurtscHKA, Verh. Naturf. Ver. Briinn, vol.
65, p. 20, 1934. (Type species: Candorbulina wniversa
Jedlitschka, 1934. Fixed by monotypy.)

Biorbulina Biow, Micropaleontology, vol. 2, No. 1, p. 69, 1956.
(Type species: Globigerina bilobata d’Orbigny, 1846. Fixed
by original desgination and monotypy.)

Type species: Orbulina universa d’Orbigny, 1839.
Fixed by monotypy.

Test free, generally spherical and composed of a
single chamber, rarely 2- or 3-chambered, or specimens

36 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

may occur with early chambers arranged trocho-
spirally, in the adult the globigerine coil may remain
visible at one side, or may be completely enveloped by
the final spherical chamber, or the test may consist of
a number of completely enveloping and concentric
globular chambers; wall calcareous, perforate, radial in
structure; primary aperture interiomarginal, umbilical
in the early globigerine stage, where this is present,
but areal in the adult, with numerous small openings
which may be scattered over one side or over much of
the test, small sutural secondary openings commonly
found around the early globigerine chambers of speci-
mens where these are visible at the surface.

Remarks: As shown by Bronnimann (1951a, p. 133)
there is a variation from the completely spherical single
chamber to the more rare 2- or even 3-chambered forms,
and to those forms with a globigerine coil either com-
pletely or partially enclosed by the globular end
chamber. Biorbulina and Candorbulina are therefore
synonyms of Orbulina. Unilocular, bilocular and tri-
locular forms are here illustrated, as well as those of
“Candorbulina” type with globigerine coil visible at
one side.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype of
Orbulina universa d’Orbigny (USNM P3910) from
Albatross Station D.2377, lat. 29°07’30’’ N., long.
88°08’00’’ W., in gray mud at 210 fathoms; 3-cham-
bered hypotype (USNM P3911) from Albatross Station
D.2042, lat. 39°33’00’’ N., long. 68°26’45’’ W., depth
1,555 fathoms; 2-chambered hypotype (USNM P3909)
such as was named Biorbulina, from Albatross Station
D.2660, lat. 28°40’00’’ N., long. 78°46’00’’ W., depth
504 fathoms; hypotype of Orbulina universa d’Orbigny
(USNM P3908) showing “‘Candorbulina” development
of test from the Miocene Choctawhatchee formation
(lower Arca zone) near head of Vaughan Creek,
Sec. 27, T.2 N., R. 19 W., Walton County, Florida; and
figured hypotype (USNM P3907) showing “‘Candor-
bulina stage of development from the Miocene, Baden
near Vienna, Austria.

Rance: Miocene to Recent.

Catapsydracinae Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan,

new subfamily

TyPE Genus: Catapsydrax, new genus.

Test trochospirally coiled to enveloping; chambers
spherical to ovate; primary aperture umbilical, may
have secondary sutural or areal apertures, apertures in
the adult covered by bullae and with infralaminal
accessory apertures.

Rance: Middle Eocene to Recent.

Catapsydrax Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new genus
PuatE 7, Figures 6a-8c

Tyrer sprcizs: Globigerina dissimilis Cushman and
Bermudez, 1937. (Derivation: Kata, Gr., down, below
+ psydrax, Gr., blister; gender, masculine.)

Test free, trochospiral; chambers spherical to ovate;

sutures depressed, radial; wall calcareous, perforate,
radial in structure, surface smooth or pitted; primary
aperture interiomarginal, umbilical, in the final stage
covered by a single umbilical bulla, with one or more
accessory infralaminal apertures.

Remarks: Catapsydraz, new genus, differs from Glo-
bigerina d’Orbigny in the presence of the umbilical bulla
covering the primary aperture, and in having the acces-
sory infralaminal apertures.

It differs from Globigerinita Bronnimann in having a
small umbilical bulla with relatively few infralaminal
accessory apertures which are sutural in position. In
Globigerinita the bulla spreads along the sutures and
the accessory apertures occur all along its margins.

Catapsydrax resembles Globigerinatheka Bronnimann
in having the bulla but differs in having a single um-
bilical one, rather than more than one, situated in
sutural positions.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: In addition to the type
species, C. dissimilis, three new Tertiary species of this
genus are here described.

Catapsydrax dissimilis was originally described as
Globigerina dissimilis Cushman and Bermudez. The
holotype (Cushman Coll. 23430) and paratypes (Cush-
man Coll. 23429) are from the Eocene, 1 kilometer
north of Arroyo Arenas, on road to Jaimanitas (water
well), Havana Province, Cuba. Collected by P. J.
Bermudez.

Figured hypotypes (USNM P4218a, b) are from the
Oligocene Cipero formation, Globigerina ciperoensis
zone, Cipero Coast section, Trinidad, B. W. I. Col-
lected by H. M. Bolli.

Rance: Upper Eocene to Miocene.

Catapsydrax parvulus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new species
PuatE 7, Figures 10a—c

Test free, tiny, subglobular, low trochospiral, periph-
ery broadly rounded; chambers ovate, increasing rap-
idly in size as added, four to five per whorl, mostly with
four in the final whorl; sutures distinct, slightly de-
pressed, oblique, somewhat curved on the spiral side;
wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface smooth; pri-
mary aperture interiomarginal, umbilical and covered
over by an arched blisterlike bulla, with a single very
low arched or slitlike infralaminal accessory aperture
opening at one side.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.16 mm., thickness
0.13 mm. Paratypes range from 0.13 to 0.18 mm. in
diameter.

Remarks: This species differs from Catapsydrax dis-
similis (Cushman and Bermudez) in its much smaller
size, being about one-fourth the diameter; in the less
globular and less inflated chambers and more even
periphery; and in having only a single infralaminal ac-
cessory aperture rather than two to four.

TYPES AND occURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4219)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4822) from the
Miocene Lengua formation (Globorotalia mayer zone),
in a ditch on the north side of Cunjal Road, southern
Trinidad, B. W. I.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 37

Catapsydrax stainforthi Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new species

PuaTeE 7, Ficures 1la-c

Test free, small, trochospiral, chambers subglobular
to ovate, forming about two whorls, with four or rarely
five chambers in the final whorl; sutures distinct, radial,
straight to curved, depressed ; wall calcareous, perforate,
surface pitted; primary aperture interiomarginal, um-
bilical, and covered by a single umbilical bulla with a
small infralaminal accessory aperture opening over each
suture of the final whorl.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.36 mm., thickness
0.26 mm. Paratypes range from 0.26 to 0.42 mm. in
diameter.

Remarks: Catapsydrax stainforthi, new species, dif-
fers from C. dissimilis (Cushman and Bermudez) in
being about one-half as large, and in having a more
closely appressed bulla which may extend a short way
along the sutures and which has much smaller arched
accessory openings that are restricted to the area over
the sutures, instead of the relatively large arches of C.
dissimilis which may open over much of the umbilical
area of a chamber. It differs from C. parvulus, new
species, and C. unicavus, new species, in having the four
or more smaller accessory openings beneath the umbili-
i bulla, rather than a single larger opening at one side
only.

The specific name is given in honor of R. M. Stain-
forth, in recognition of his work on the planktonic
Foraminifera.

TYPES AND occuRRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4840)
and unfigured paratype (USNM P4841) from the Cip-
ero formation, Catapsydraz stainforthi zone (Miocene),
Cipero Coast section, Trinidad, B. W. I.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4842) from the Ste.
Croix member of the Brasso formation (basal Globiger-
tnatella insueta zone, Miocene), Ste. Croix quarry, near
Broomage trigonometric station, south of Princes
Town, Naparima region, Trinidad, B. W. I.

Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new species
{Pate 7, FicuREs 9a-¢

Test free, small, trochospiral, low-spired, periphery
rounded; chambers subglobular, arranged in two
whorls, only a few chambers per whorl, ranging from
six in the first whorl to only four in the final whorl;
sutures distinct, depressed, slightly curved; wall cal-
careous, perforate, surface punctate or cancellate in
appearance, primary aperture interiomarginal, um-
bilical, and covered by a small subquadrate bulla which
is attached at three sides, with an arched infralaminal
accessory opening at the fourth side.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.31 mm., thickness
0.21 mm. Paratypes range from 0.26 to 0.36 mm. in
greatest diameter.

Remarks: Catapsydraz unicavus, new species, differs
from C. dissimilis (Cushman and Bermudez) in being
somewhat smaller, with less inflated chambers and less
depressed sutures, and the umbilical bulla has a single

accessory opening rather than two to four as in C.
dissimilis. Catapsydraz parvulus, new species, also has
a single accessory opening, but differs in being much
smaller, with a nearly smooth surface, less globular
chambers and nearly flush sutures.

TYPES AND OccURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4216)
and unfigured paratype (USNM P4217) from the
Cipero formation, Globigerina ciperoensis zone, exposure
on San Fernando By-pass road, Trinidad, B. W. I.
Collected by H. M. Bolli.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4837) from the Cipero
formation, Globigerinatella insueta zone (Miocene)
Cipero Coast section, Trinidad, B. W. I. Collected
by Hans G. Kugler.

Genus Globigerinita Bronnimann, 1951

PuaTE 8, Figures la—2c

Globigerinita BronNnimaNN, Contr. Cushman Found. Foram.
Res., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 18, 1951.

Type spEctEs: Globigerinita naparimaensis Bronni-
mann, 1951. Fixed by original designation and
monotypy:

Test free, trochospiral; chambers spherical to ovate;
sutures depressed, radial; wall calcareous, perforate,
radial in structure, surface smooth, pitted or hispid;
primary aperture interiomarginal, umbilical, in the
final stage this aperture is completely covered by an
irregular bulla covering the umbilicus and expanding
along the earlier sutures, with numerous infralaminal
accessory apertures along the margins, both at the
junction with the sutures of earlier chambers and along
the contact with the primary chambers.

Remarks: Globigerinita differs from Globigerina d’Or-
bigny in the presence of the umbilical bulla with
multiple infralaminal accessory apertures. It differs
from Globigerinoita Bronnimann in having a single
globigerine primary aperture and a single umbilical-
sutural bulla.

Catapsydrar, new genus, differs in having a more
restricted bulla, covering only the umbilical region,
and in the accessory apertures being only sutural in
position, rather than along the entire bulla margin.

The specimen selected as holotype of the type species,
Globigerinita naparimaensis, is a rather atypical speci-
men. The transparent ‘supplementary chamber’ of
this specimen is not typical in that it is more globular,
resembling a normal chamber which has expanded
somewhat on the umbilical side. It has only two small
accessory apertures instead of the typical numerous
openings along the margins of the bulla. However,
although it does not show the generic characters well,
this specimen is apparently conspecific with Bronni-
mann’s paratypes.

Originally described from the Miocene of Trinidad,
the genus has recently been recorded by Conato (1954)
from the Italian Pliocene. It has also been recorded in
Recent sediments.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype of Globigerinita
naparimaensis (Cushman Coll. 64182), paratypes

38 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

(Cushman Coll. 64183, 64184, 64186, and 64187) from
the Lengua formation, Globorotalia menardii zone,
Naparima area; paratypes (Cushman Coll. 64185) from
the Lengua formation, Globorotalia mayeri zone, Napar-
ima area; and paratypes (Cushman Coll. 64188) from
the Lengua formation, Globorotalia zone, Cats Hill area.
All the above from Trinidad, B. W. I. Figured hypo-
type (USNM P3914) and unfigured hypotypes (USNM
P3915) from the Recent, Challenger Station 8, lat.
28°03'15’’ N., long. 17°27’ W., at a depth of 620
fathoms.
Rance: Miocene to Recent.

Genus Globigerinoita Bronnimann, 1952
Puate 8, FicuREs 3a—d

Globigerinoita BRONNIMANN, Contr. Cushman Found. Foram.
Res., vol. 3, pt. 1 p. 26, 1952.

Tyre species: Globigerinoita morugaensis Bronni-
mann, 1952. Fixed by original designation and
monotypy.

Test free, trochospiral; chambers spherical to ovate;
sutures depressed, radial to curved; wall calcareous,
perforate, radial in structure, surface spinose; primary
aperture umbilical in position, with one or more
secondary sutural apertures as in Globigerinoides on the
spiral side, in the adult stage the primary aperture is
covered by an umbilical bulla and the secondary
apertures of the spiral side may also be covered by
sutural bullae, with commonly two to three accessory
infralaminal apertures at the margins of each of the
bullae.

Remarks: Globigerinoita differs from Globigerinita
Bronnimann in having the secondary spiral Globi-
gerinoides apertures and in having two or more bullae,
one over the primary umbilical aperture and others
covering the secondary sutural apertures of the spiral
side. Globigerinoita differs from Globigerinatheka Bron-
nimann in having a Globigerinoides stage, followed by
the development of one or more bullae covering the
primary and secondary apertures. In Globigerinatheka
the primary aperture is covered by an enveloping final
chamber as in Orbulina, and the bullae cover only the
secondary apertures.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P3913)
and figured and unfigured paratypes (USNM P3212)
from the Miocene Lengua formation, Globorotalia
menardw zone, Moruga area, Trinidad, B. W. I.

Rance: Miocene.

Genus Globigerinatheka Bronnimann, 1952
Puatse 7, Figures 12a-c

Globigerinatheka BRONNIMANN, Contr. Cushman Found. Foram.
Res., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 27, 1952.
Typre species: Globigerinatheka barri Bronnimann,
1952. Fixed by original designation and monotypy.
Test free, globular, early chambers trochospiral as in
Globigerina, later with a large enveloping final chamber
covering the previous umbilical side as in Orbulina;

sutures depressed, radial; wall calcareous, perforate,
radial in structure; primary aperture of the early Globi-
gerina stage interiomarginal, umbilical, but this is
covered in the adult by the final enveloping chamber,
the secondary sutural apertures multiple on the spiral
side and covered by small bullae, each of which have
one or more small arched infralaminal accessory aper-
tures.

Remarks: Globigerinatheka has a stage like Globigerap-
sis, new genus, preceding the development of bullae,
whereas Globigerimta Bronnimann has a Globigerina
stage followed by the development of a very irregular
umbilical-sutural bulla.

Globigerinoita Bronnimann has an early Globigeri-
noides stage with one or more sutural secondary aper-
tures on the spiral side, with bullae covering both the
primary and secondary apertures.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype of Globigerina-
theka barri Bronnimann (USNM P3919) and paratypes
(USNM 3213) from the Eocene Mount Moriah for-
mation, Harmony Hall Well 2, core 10, 11, 1,176-88
feet, 1,198-1,212 feet, Trinidad, B. W. I. Figured
hypotype (USNM P3922) from the Eocene Navet for-
mation (Penitence Hill marl), block in the Oligocene
Nariva formation, Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad, B. W. I.

Rance: Middle to upper Eocene.

Genus Globigerinatella Cushman and Stainforth, 1945
PLaTE 8, FicurEs 4-7¢

Globigerinatella CusHmMaN and Srarnrorts, Cushman Lab.
Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 14, p. 68, 1945.

Type sprcizs: Globigerinatella insueta Cushman and
Stainforth, 1945. Fixed by original designation and
monotypy.

Test free, subglobular, early portion trochospiral
with the final chamber usually embracing; wall cal-
careous, perforate, radial in structure, surface smooth
or pitted; aperture in the early stage interiomarginal,
umbilical, in the later chambers with secondary sutural
and areal apertures, surrounded by distinct lips, with
small knobby pustulelike bullae covering the areal
secondary apertures, or more uregular spreading su-
tural bullae covering the secondary sutural apertures,
all bullae may have infralaminal accessory apertures.

REMARKS: Bronnimann (1950b, p. 80) discussed and
illustrated in considerable detail the ontogenetic de-
velopment of Globigerinatella, leaving little to be added,
other than a mention of the wall structure. He did
include, with question, one “aberrant” form which he
later referred to the genus Globigerinita (1951b, p. 16).
The latter genus does not have a stage with multiple
areal apertures, and does not have an enveloping final
chamber. ;

Hofker (1954, p. 151) stated of Globigerinatella:
“Walls in polarized light granular, not radiate as in
Globigerina.”” He also stated that specimens from
Ecuador showed ‘reduced toothplates very similar to
those found in Candeina nitida d’Orbigny.”’

The wall structure was rechecked for this study and

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 39

found to be distinctly radial, as in Globigerina. Fur-
thermore, Candeina also has a radial wall structure.
No suggestion of ‘‘toothplates” was seen in either genus,
unless Hofker referred to the typical lip as a toothplate.

Hofker considered Globigerinatella to be related to
“Quadrimorphina, Pullenoides, Candeina and possibly
also with Chilostomellina.’’ As has been shown earlier
(Loeblich and Tappan, 1953, p. 93), Chilostomellina has
a granular wall structure, and a planispiral plan of
coiling, and thus is quite distinct from these trocho-
spiral forms with radially built walls.

Globigerinatella is considered to belong unquestion-
ably to the Orbulinidae. It is related to Globigerina,
as shown by the early trochospiral stages with a single
umbilical aperture, and to Orbulina in having the strong-
ly embracing final chamber with areal and sutural
secondary apertures. It differs from Globigerina in
the presence of the bullae and accessory apertures, and
from Orbulina in having the early stage also with areal
apertures.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype of Globigerina-
tella insueta Cushman and Stainforth (Cushman Coll.
44040), paratypes here figured (Cushman Coll. 44043a,
b) and unfigured (Cushman Coll. 44041, 44042, and
44043); figured topotypes (USNM P3932a, b) and un-
figured topotypes (USNM P3931 and P3936) from the
Cipero formation, Globigerinatella insueta zone (Mio-
cene), Cipero Coast section, Trinidad, B. W.J. Topo-
types collected by H. M. Bolli.

Rance: Miocene.

Family Globorotaliidae Cushman, 1927

Tyrer GENus: Globorotalia Cushman, 1927.

Coiling of test trochospiral; chambers angular to
ovate or spherical; wall calcareous, perforate, radial in
structure; primary aperture extraumbilical-umbilical,
may have secondary sutural apertures on spiral or
umbilical side.

Rance: Cretaceous to Recent.

Genus Praeglobotruncana Bermudez, 1952
Pate 9, Ficures la—4e

Praeglobotruncana BERMUDEZ, Venezuela Minist. Minas, Bol.
Geol., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 52, 1952.

Rotundina Suspotina, Trudy Vses. Neft. Naukno-Issledoy.
Geol.-Razved. Inst., n. ser. 76, p. 165, 1953. (Type species:
Globotruncana stephani Gandolfi, 1942. Fixed by original
designation.)

?Hedbergina BRONNIMANN and Brown, Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae,
vol. 48 (1955), No. 2, p. 529, 1956. (Type species: Globi-
gerina seminolensis Harlton, 1927. Fixed by original desig-
nation and monotypy.)

Typrr sprcizs: Globorotalia delrioensis Plummer,
1931. Fixed by original designation.

Test free, trochospiral, biconvex to spiroconvex,
umbilicate, periphery rounded to subangular, or with a
moderate keel in the early stages, commonly progres-
sively less prominent in the later development; cham-
bers globular, ovate or subangular; sutures on the spiral
side depressed to elevated and thickened or even

beaded, radial or curved, on the umbilical side de-
pressed and radial; wall calcareous, finely perforate,
radial in structure, surface smooth to hispid; aperture
interiomarginal, a relatively high and open extra-
umbilical-umbilical arch bordered above by a narrow
lip or spatulate flap commonly directed toward the
umbilicus, and in forms with a broad open umbilicus
successive apertural flaps may remain visible to present
a serrate or scalloped border around the umbilicus.

Remarks: Although the type species of Praeglobo-
truncana had been originally described as belonging to
Globorotalia, Bermudez did not give any comparisons
of his proposed new genus to Globorotalia, but con-
sidered it ancestral to Globotruncana, because of its
having a more open umbilicus. Bermudez did not
describe the apertural characters completely, stating
only that the aperture was a simple groove in the base
of the septal face of the final chamber (i. e., interio-
marginal). In the type species selected, the aperture,
like that of a typical Globorotalia, consists of an extra-
umbilical-umbilical arch bordered by a lip. It is
perhaps somewhat more open and directed more in an
umbilical direction.

Rotundina Subbotina, 1953, (with Globotruncana
stephani Gandolfi as type species) was said by the
describer to be characterized by an open umbilicus and
aperture situated near the umbilical ends of the cham-
bers, extending for some distance along the peripheral
suture. Near the umbilicus an outgrowth of the wall
was said to be present that, taken together, produced a
wide rim or border surrounding the umbilicus. Reichel
(1949) had provisionally placed Globotruncana stephani
Gandolfi in Globotruncana, s. s., although stating that
it could equally well be placed in Globorotalia. He
figured a specimen that shows an umbilicus bordered
by such a scalloped lamellar expansion. On topotypes
obtained from Reichel, this feature is not evident and
sutures are radial into the open umbilicus. However,
a suite of specimens of Praeglobotruncana delrioensis
(Plummer) included a few possessing large and well-
developed apertural lips. These projected somewhat
above the normal curvature of the chamber, so that the
final lip, together with the earlier ones, presented an
irregular umbilical margin. This represents the feature
mentioned by Subbotina and Reichel and may also be
observed in occasional specimens of many of the other
species of Praeglobotruncana. A specimen of P. plani-
spira (Tappan) is here figured which excellently demon-
strates this feature. Thus, Rotundina stephani and
Praeglobotruncana delrioensis possess identical apertural
characteristics, and as they are congeneric, Rotundina
Subbotina is suppressed as a junior synonym.

Bermudez also included Globotruncana appenninica
Renz in Praeglobotruncana, but this species is a true
Rotalipora as has been noted by Reichel (1949, p. 604),
Sigal (1952b, p. 24), Hagn and Zeil (1954, p. 22) and
Kipper (1955, p. 114). A specimen figured here also
shows the well developed secondary sutural apertures
typical of Rotalipora.

Hedbergina was described by Bronnimann and Brown

40 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

as a globigerine form in the family Globotruncanidae,
with a sma!l umbilicus and apertural flaps but no cover
plate and no peripheral keel. It was considered to be
ancestral to Ticinella [= Rotalipora], although lacking
secondary apertures. The type species, Globigerina
seminolensis Harlton, is a Cretaceous species, repre-
sented only by the holotype, which was found as con-
tamination or a possible outlier in the Pennsylvanian
from the Ardmore basin of Oklahoma. As the type
lacks the most important character of the Globotrun-
canidae (the tegilla) it cannot be placed in this family,
and the absence of secondary apertures shows that it
isnot a Ticinella. This type species was an unfortunate
selection, as the central portion of the holotype is com-
pletely obscured by matrix. As its true stratigraphic
position is unknown it cannot be conclusively checked
on other material. This poorly preserved specimen
(here refigured) could easily be fit into a number of
the various species of “‘Globigerina,”’ Praeglobotruncana,
etc., described from the Lower and Upper Cretaceous
within a relatively short distance from the Pennsyl-
vanian outcrop. Bronnimann and Brown state that
the type species, G. seminolensis, is “rather rough-
walled, coarsely granular’, with “markedly elongated”
chambers, and an interiomarginal aperture, bordered
by a short apertural flap, opening into the umbilicus.
The holotype of the species is smooth-walled, and has
a finely perforate test, and the aperture and umbilicus
are both completely obscured by extraneous material.
Bronnimann and Brown figured a specimen from Cuba,
which they referred to G. seminolensis, but they did
not give any exact stratigraphic data for the Cuban
specimen either. The figures of this form also show
a filled umbilicus, with no indication of the umbilical
and apertural characters they mentioned. Further-
more, the chambers of both specimens that have been
figured are nearly spherical, and show no indication of
the elongation mentioned by Bronnimann and Brown.
The only character they indicated which could separate
this species from Praeglobotruncana, is the absence of a
keel, and this is not considered here to be of generic
significance. There are many gradations from rounded
to slightly compressed to keeled species in most coiled
genera of calcareous Foraminifera. Hence, Hedbergina
is tentatively considered to be a synonym of Praeglobo-
truncana, although, because the position of the aperture
cannot be definitely determined on the basis of the
material available, it might possibly be a species of
Globigerina.

Praeglobotruncana is regarded as one of the more
primitive planktonic genera, and possibly gave rise not
only to other genera of the Globorotaltidae but also to
the Globotruncanidae and Orbulinidae, and possibly
even to the Hantkeninidae. Various early species
show tendencies in these various directions. Perhaps
the closest relationship is to Globorotalia, which differs
in having a more extraumbilical aperture, in being more
prominently keeled, and in having ovate to angular
chambers. Praeglobotruncana has a resemblance to

Globigerina d’Orbigny in having spherical or ovate
chambers and a more umbilically directed aperture, but
differs in the somewhat extraumbilical extension of the
aperture and the faint keel which may be developed in
the early stages of some species. The broad apertural
lips are also not characteristic of Globigerina. Both of
these genera could thus have arisen from Praeglobo-
truncana by slight modifications in apertural position
and chamber shape.

Fusion of the apertural lips at their umbilical margins
could leave sutural openings and give rise to the
Rotalipora group. A continued increase in the de-
velopment of the apertural flaps until they completely
covered the umbilicus and attached at their opposite
margin, coupled with a gradual restriction in the
position of the aperture from extraumbilical-umbilical
to only umbilical, would give rise to Rugoglobigerina
and Globotruncana.

Other species, such as P. subcretacea (Tappan)
[=Hastigerinella subcretacea Tappan], show a tendency
to develop radially elongate chambers, and may show
a relationship to the Hantkeninidae. Schackoina does
show a trochospiral coiling, differing only in the
restriction of the aperture to a completely extraumbili-
cal position and in the development of tubulospines.

Praeglobotruncana is restricted to the Cretaceous,
these globular chambered forms not being found in the
same strata as true Globorotalia. Many Cretaceous
species originally placed in various other planktonic
genera also belong to Praeglobotruncana (i. e., some
“Globigerina,” “Hastigerinella,’’ “Globorotalia,” “‘Globo-
truneana,” etc.), as they possess these apertural and
test characters in common, but do not have the spe-
cialized features of the genera to which they had pre-
viously been referred.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype of Globorotalia
delrioensis Plummer (type species of Praeglobotruncana)
in the Paleontological Research Institute, Ithaca, New
York, from the Cenomanian, Del Rio clay, on right
bank of Shoal Creek in a steep slope just south of the
Thirty-fourth Street bridge in Austin, Travis County,
Texas. Figured topotype (USNM P4481) from the
same locality, collected by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich,
Jr., July 1940.

Figured topotype of Globotruncana stephant Gandolfi
(USNM 4848), the type species of Rotundina Sub-
botina, and unfigured topotype (USNM P4832) from
the Cenomanian, Breggia number 56, Canton Ticino,
Switzerland. Received from Professor M. Reichel.

Figured hypotype of Praeglobotruncana planispira
(Tappan) (USNM P4875), from the Albian Gault clay,
brick pit of the London Brick Co., Arlesey, England.
Collected by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr., 1953.

Figured holotype of Globigerina seminolensis Harlton
(USNM 71380), a Cretaceous specimen erroneously
reported to be from the Pennsylvanian (upper Glenn
formation) from the SW%, SE%, NW% sec. 20, T. 5S., R.
1K., Carter County, Oklahoma.

Rance: Aptian to Maestrichtian.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 4]

Genus Rotalipora Brotzen, 1942 ?
Puate 9, Figures 5a-7ce and Puats 10, Fiaures la-c

Rotalipora Brorzen, Sveriges Geol. Undersékning, Avh. ser. C,
No. 451 (Arsbok. 36, No. 8), p. 32, 1942.

Thalmanninella Steau, Rev. de |’Inst. Frangais du Pétrole et
Annales des Combustibles liquides, vol. 3, No. 4, p. 101,
1948. (Type species: Thalmanninella brotzeni Sigal, 1948.
Fixed by original designation and monotypy.)

Ticinella Re1cHEL, Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 42, No. 2, p. 600,
1950. (Type species: Anomalina roberti Gandolfi, 1942.
Fixed by original designation and monotypy.)

Typs spscizs: Rotalipora turonica Brotzen, 1942.
Fixed by original designation and monotypy.

Test free, trochospiral, biconvex to planoconvex,
umbilicate, periphery rounded or with a single keel;
chambers ovate to angular-rhomboid; sutures on spiral
side curved, depressed to elevated, may be beaded, on
umbilical side flush to depressed, radial or slightly
curved; wall calcareous, perforate, radial in structure,
surface in general smooth; primary aperture interio-
marginal, extraumbilical-umbilical, and may be bordered
above by a lip, secondary apertures sutural on the
umbilical side, one per suture or rarely two or more, and
each may be bordered by a narrow lip.

Remarks: Rotalipora differs from Globotruncana
Cushman in possessing an interiomarginal, extraum-
bilical-umbilical primary aperture, in having secondary
sutural apertures and an open umbilicus, and in lacking
the umbilical tegilla.

Thalmanninella Sigal is here considered a synonym
of Rotalipora, as an examination of specimens identified
by the authors of both type species shows no funda-
mental differences. The secondary sutural apertures
may be situated in various positions along the sutures,
from the midregion of the suture to the inner margin of
the umbilical rim, and may then be aligned at an angle.
In every case these sutural apertures open into the
chambers themselves and not into the umbilicus. The
topotype of Thalmanninella brotzeni Sigal, here figured,
shows some of these secondary apertures which are as
definitely sutural in position as those of the figured
specimen of Rotalipora turonica Brotzen. The remain-
ing differences are only of specific importance.

Ticinella was defined by Reichel as haying apertural
characters identical with those of Thalmanninella Sigal.
He separated Ticinella on the basis of the globular
chambers and absence of a keel other than a slight indi-
cation of one in the early chambers. Thalmanninella
was characterized by a simple marginal keel, but this
was also stated to be commonly absent in the last
chambers. Both have been recorded from the Ceno-
manian, although Ticinella has been recorded as lower

2 The genus Biticinella Sigal was recently described from the Vraconnian as related
to Rotalipora, in having accessory apertures at the posterior border of each cham-
ber. As the present article was already in press and no specimens of Biticinella were
were available to the writers, the genus is not fully discussed herein. If there are
true accessory apertures at the posterior border of the chambers and the test is asym-
metrically coiled as described it would seem to be related to the Globorotallidae,
although no other genus of this family has accessory apertures on both sides. If
however, the test is planispiral, the aperture equatorial as shown, and the “accessory

apertures’? should prove to be relict apertures instead, Biticinella would become a

synonym of Planomalina, An examination of additional specimens is necessary to
correctly place the genus,

in the Cenomanian and ?Albian. Nevertheless, as their
sole distinction is a matter of degree (Ticinella is with-
out a keel except in the early chambers and Thalman-
ninella may be without one in the later chambers),
we consider Ticinella Reichel also a junior synonym of
both Thalmanninella Sigal and Rotalipora Brotzen.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype of Rota-
lipora turonica Brotzen (USNM P50) and unfigured
hypotypes (USNM P4237) from the lower Turonian,
Gristow, Sweden.

Figured topotype of Thalmanninella brotzeni Sigal
(USNM P3930) from the middle Cenomanian, Sidi-
Aissa, Algeria.

Figured hypotype of Ticinella roberti (Gandolfi)
(USNM P4829) from Breggia Number 27, lower Ceno-
manian, Canton Ticino, Switzerland.

Figured specimen of Rotalipora cf. appenninica (Renz)
(USNM P4873) from the Cenomanian Del Rio forma-
tion on right bank of Shoal Creek just south of the 34th
Street bridge, in Austin, Travis County, Texas. Col-
lected by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Ranee: Albian to Turonian.

Genus Globorotalia Cushman, 1927

Puate 10, Ficurss 2a—4¢

Globorotalia CusumMan, Contr, Cushman Lab, Foram. Res., vol.
3, pt. 1, p. 91, 1927.

Truncorotalia CusHMAN and BrermupEz, Contr. Cushman Lab.
Foram, Res., vol. 25, p. 35, 1949. (Type species: Rotalina
truncatulinoides d’Orbigny, 1839. Fixed by original desig-
nation.)

Turborotalia CusHMAN and Brrmuprz, Contr. Cushman Lab.
Foram. Res., vol. 25, p. 42, 1949. (Type species: Globoro-
talia centralis Cushman and Bermudez, 1937. Fixed by
original designation.)

Acarinina Suspotina, Trudy Vses. Neft. Naukno-Issledov.
Geol.-Razved. Inst., n. ser. 76, p. 219, 1953. (Type species:
Acarinina acarinaia Subbotina, 1953. Fixed by original
designation.)

Globanomalina Haque, Palaeontol. Pakistanica, vol. 1, p. 148,
1956. (Type species: Globanomalina ovalis Haque, 1956.
Fixed by original designation.)

?Pseudogloborotalia Haqus, Ibid., vol. 1, p. 184, 1956, (Type
species: Pseudogloborotalia ranikotensis Haque, 1956, Fixed
by original designation.)

Type species: Pulvinulina menardii (d’Orbigny)
var. tumida Brady, 1877. Fixed by original designation
and monotypy.

Test free, trochospiral, biconvex to umbilicoconvex,
umbilicate, periphery with or without a single keel;
chambers ovate to angular rhomboid or angular conical;
sutures on the spiral side depressed to elevated, curved
or radial, may be thickened on the umbilical side, de-
pressed and radial; wall calcareous, finely perforate,
radial in structure, surface smooth to hispid; aperture
interiomarginal, an extraumbilical-umbilical arch bor-
dered by a lip, varying from a narrow rim to a broad
spatulate to triangular flap.

Remarks: Globorotalia differs from Globotruncana
Cushman in having an interiomarginal, extraumbilical-
umbilical aperture and a simple umbilicus, and in
lacking the umbilical tegilla and accessory intralaminal

42 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

and infralaminal apertures. It differs from Zruncorota-
loides Bronnimann and Bermudez in lacking the
secondary sutural apertures on the spiral side.

Other generic names have been proposed for various
species of Globorotalia, largely based on chamber shape.
However, in considering all species there are gradations
from each extreme of chamber shape or size of umbilicus
to the typical form of Globorotala. Thus although
certain extreme forms may appear to represent dis-
tinctive types, the other species are intermediate in
character, so that no sharp boundaries appear.

Truncorotalia Cushman and Bermudez included
species with an umbilico-convex form, sharply angular-
thomboid chambers and an elongate and slitlike
aperture. However, these features are regarded as
only of specific importance, and intermediate species
between this form and that represented by Globorotalia
tumida are impossible to separate.

Turborotalia Cushman and Bermudez included species
with a globose form, with a small or indistinct umbilicus,
and with a narrower apertural lip. There are also
many intermediate forms, and the distinctions are
again regarded only as of specific value.

Acarinina Subbotina was proposed for the same
group of species as Turborotalia, and even included its
type species. Hence it also becomes a junior synonym.

Haque (1956, p. 147) described Globanomalina,
separating it from Globigerina d’Orbigny, because of
the very smooth test as compared to the spinose test of
Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny, and because of the
peripheral rather than umbilical aperture. However,
the majority of the described species of Globigerina,
including G. bulloides, may also have a smooth surface,
and the trochospiral test and the extraumbilical-
umbilical position of the aperture of Globanomalina
prove it to be a synonym of Globorotalia. The type
species, Globanomalina ovalis, is apparently close to the
early Paleocene group of Globorotalia with rounded,
keelless chambers, e. g., Globorotalia compressa (Plum-
mer) and Globorotalia pseudobulloides (Plummer).

Haque (1956, p. 185) also described Pseudogloboro-
talia, separating it from Globorotalia mainly on the basis
of the smooth and shiny test, whereas he stated that
Cushman characterized Globorotalia as having a thick
cancellated surface. Cushman (1927, p. 91) stated that
Globorotalia has a “wall frequently roughened through-
out,” but did not state it to be cancellated, and the
type species, G. twmida, has a smooth surface. Thus
this basis for separation is invalid. Pseudogloborotalia
is here questionably placed as a synonym of Globoro-
talia, and is also questionably considered a planktonic
species. Specimens deposited in the U. S. National
Museum by Haque closely resemble the genus Globoro-
talites Brotzen, which is not a planktonic form, but a
study of additional and better preserved material will
be necessary to definitely place Pseudogloborotalia.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Syntypes of Pulvinulina
menardu tumida Brady (USNM P3148), the type
species of Globorotalia Cushman, from the Post Tertiary
of New Ireland.

Figured topotype (USNM P4542) of Rotalina trunca-
tulinoides d’Orbigny (the type species of Truncorotalia)
and unfigured topotypes (USNM P4231) from d’Or-
bigny’s original sample, Recent, Ile de Teneriffe,
Canaries.

Holotype of Globorotalia centralis Cushman and Ber-
mudez (Cushman Coll. 23426) the type species of
Turborotalia, and paratypes (Cushman Coll. 23425)
from the Eocene, under railroad bridge on Central
Highway, located in Jicotea, Santa Clara Province,
Cuba. Collected by P. J. Bermudez.

Hypotypes of Pseudogloborotalia ranikotensis Haque
(USNM P5398) from the Paleocene (Ranikot forma-
tion), Nammal Gorge, Salt Range, Pakistan. Sent by
A. F. M. Mohsenul Haque.

Hypotypes of Globanomalina ovalis Haque (USNM
P5399) from the lower Eocene, upper part of the lower
Laki formation, Nammal Gorge, Salt Range, Pakistan.
Sent by A. F. M. Mohsenul Haque.

Rance: Paleocene to Recent.

Genus Truncorotaloides Bronnimann and Bermudez, 1953

Puate 10, FicurEs 5a—-c

Truncorotaloides BRONNIMANN and BERMUDEZ, Journ. Paleontol.,
vol. 27, No. 6, p. 817, 1953.

Type spxcius: Jruncorotaloides rohri Bronnimann
and Bermudez, 1953. Fixed by original designation.

Test free, trochospiral, biconvex to umbilicoconvex,
umbilicate, with or without a single keel; chambers
ovate to angular-rhomboid; sutures depressed, radial
to oblique on the spiral side, radial and depressed on
the umbilical side; wall calcareous, perforate, radial in
structure, surface prominently hispid throughout; pri-
mary aperture interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbili-
cal, with single secondary sutural apertures on the
spiral side at the inner margin of the later chambers
where they lie against the previous whorl.

Remarks: Truncorotaloides resembles Globigerinoides
Cushman in having the small secondary apertures on
the spiral side, but differs in having the primary aper-
ture interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical, rather
than completely umbilical.

Truncorotaloides differs from Globorotalhia Cushman
in the presence of the secondary sutural apertures on
the spiral side.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype of Truncorota-
loides rohri Bronnimann and Bermudez (USNM P4233)
from the Eocene Navet formation, marl pebble bed,
Duff road area, near Kelly junction, about 7 miles east
of Pointe-a-Pierre, Central Trinidad, B. W. I.

Rance: Eocene.

Family Globotruncanidae Brotzen, 1942

Typs genus: Globotruncana Cushman, 1927.

Coiling of test trochospiral; chambers spherical to
angular, commonly truncate or keeled; wall calcareous,
perforate, radial in structure; primary aperture umbili-

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 43

cal in position but covered by a spiral system ot tegilla,
accessory intralaminal and infralaminal apertures
present.

Ranee: Upper Cretaceous.

Abathomphalus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, new genus
Puate 11, Ficures la-c

Type sprcizs: Globotruncana mayaroensis Bolli,
1951. Derivation: Abathes, Gr., shallow + omphalos,
Gr., umbilicus; gender, masculine.

Test free, trochospiral, biconvex to concavoconvex,
almost nonumbilicate, periphery with a single or
double keel; sutures depressed, curved and sometimes
beaded on the spiral side, depressed and radial on the
umbilical side; wall calcareous, perforate, radial in
structure, commonly ornamented with fine nodes, and
the peripheral keels and sutures may also be beaded;
primary aperture interiomarginal, extraumbilical, as a
rule covered by a continuous umbilical tegillum of
irregular outline, with accessory infralaminal apertures
situated at the suture contacts with the tegillum.

Remarks: Abathomphalus, new genus, differs from
Globotruncana Cushman in lacking a wide and deep
umbilicus with a sharply angled rim and delicate tegilla
extending from each chamber and in the interiomar-
ginal, extraumbilical position of the primary aperture.

In Abathomphalus, new genus, the umbilical area is
not open, the final whorl of chambers all meeting
ventrally, although their junction may be obscured by
the single umbilical tegillum, which appears to be an
extension from the final chamber. The accessory
apertures are always infralaminal, not both infralaminal
and intralaminal as in Globotruncana.

Abathomphalus, new genus, differs from Globorotalia
Cushman in the presence of the tegillum and accessory
infralaminal apertures. It differs from Rotalipora
Brotzen in lacking the secondary sutural apertures on
the umbilical side, in having a tegillum and accessory
infralaminal apertures.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (Cushman Coll.
59685) and paratypes (Cushman Coll. 59686) of
Abathomphalus mayaroensis (Bolli) from the Maestrich-
tian (Abathomphalus mayaroensis zone), Guayaguayare
formation, subsurface section in the Guayaguayare
area, Trinidad, B. W. I.

Figured hypotype (USNM 4833) and unfigured
hypotypes (USNM P4833, P4861, P4862 and P4863)
from the Maestrichtian Guayaguayare formation (Aba-
thomphalus mayaroensis zone), from a subsurface core,
Guayaguayare area, southeastern Trinidad, B. W. I.

Rance: Maestrichtian.

Genus Rugoglobigerina Bronnimann, 1952

Puiate 11, Fraures 2a—5c

Rugoglobigerina BRONNIMANN, Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 34,
No. 140, p. 16, 1952.

Plummerella BRONNIMANN (not Plummerella DeLong, 1942),
Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 34, No. 140, p. 37, 1952. (Type
species: Rugoglobigerina (Plummerella) hantkeninoides hant-

fontyoides Bronnimann, 1952. Fixed by original designa-

tion.

Plummerita BRONNIMANN, Contr. Cushman Found. Foram, Res.,
vol. 3, pts. 3, 4, p. 146, 1952 (new name for Plummerella
Bronnimann, 1952).

Trinitella BRONNIMANN, Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 34, No. 140,
p. 56, 1952. (Type species: Trinitella scotti Bronnimann,
1952. Fixed by original designation and monotypy.)

?Kuglerina BRONNIMANN and Brown, Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae,
vol. 48 (1955), No. 2, p. 557, 1956. (Type species: Rugoglo-
bigerina rugosa rotundata Bronnimann, 1952. Fixed by
original designation and monotypy.)

Typp species: Globigerina rugosa Plummer, 1926.
Fixed by original designation.

Test free, trochospiral, biconvex, umbilicate, periph-
ery rounded to slightly angular; chambers spherical,
hemispherical, radial elongate or rarely angular in the
later portion; sutures radial to slightly curved on the
spiral side, radial on the umbilical side, depressed
throughout; wall calcareous, perforate, radial in struc-
ture, surface typically rugose with numerous large
pustles which may coalesce into distinct ridges, radi-
ating from the midpoint of each chamber on the
periphery, or much produced peripherally into spine-
like extensions, more rarely smooth; primary apertures
interiomarginal, umbilical, in well preserved specimens
covered by tegilla perforated by the accessory infra-
laminal and intralaminal apertures; these are the only
openings to the exterior. The tegilla, however, as a
rule are partially or wholly broken out in preservation.

Remarks: Rugoglobigerina resembles Globotruncana
Cushman in the apertural characters and the presence
of the umbilical tegilla, but differs in the prominent
surface ornamentation and less angular chambers.
Rugoglobigerina may be regarded as the form ancestral
to Globotruncana, and various species of the latter genus
seem to have branched off from the main Rugoglobi-
gerina-stem at different geologic times.

Rugoglobigerina differs from Globigerina d’Orbigny in
having the umbilical tegilla covering the primary aper-
ture, in having the infralaminal and intralaminal ac-
cessory apertures, and often in the characteristic rugose
and highly ornamented surface.

In her original description of the type species, Plum-
mer (1926, p. 39) compared it with Globigerina rosetta
[=Globotruncana] stating that the umbilical features
were precisely the same. No orbulinids show these
umbilical tegilla, but they are characteristic of Globo-
truncana.

Bronnimann originally defined Rugoglobigerina with
three subgenera: Rugoglobigerina, s. s., Plummerella
(later Plummerita, new name, as Plummerella was a
homonym), and Trinitella.

Plummerita was separated from Rugoglobigerina, s. s.,
because of its peripheral spinelike chamber extensions
and more flattened spire, but specimens figured by
Bronnimann as Rugoglobigerina reicheli reicheli (1952b,
p. 19, text fig. 4a,b) show two definitely radial-elongate
chambers, and others placed in Plummerella hantkeni-
noides inflata show chambers as well rounded as those of
typical Rugoglobigerina (Bronnimann, 1952b, pl. 41,
text fig. 19a,b).

44 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Trinitella was considered to have slightly flattened
later chambers, tending toward Globotruncana, but this
is present only on the last one or two chambers. No
true keel as in Globotruncana is found in this group.

As all three of these subgenera were from the same
horizon and all have the same type of surface ornamea-
tation and apertural characters, it seems probable that
these gradations are not accidental, and that only a
single genus is present, the differences found being only
sufficient to warrant specific separation.

Later, Bronnimann and Brown (1956) described the
monotypic genus Kuglerina, the type species being one
originally considered by Bronnimann as a subspecies
of the type species of Rugoglobigerina, with which it is
associated. The original types were deposited in the
U.S. National Museum, and show the general chamber
shape and ornamentation characteristic of R. rugosa.
Bronnimann and Brown state that Kuglerina differs
from Rugoglobigerina in being higher spired and in hay-
ing a smaller and deeper umbilicus, and im completely
lacking umbilical cover plates. The height of the spire
and size and depth of the umbilicus are characters of
only specific or subspecific rank. Although the aper-
tural character is of greater importance, the apertural
region of the type specimens is completely obscured by
matrix, and the actual presence or absence of tegilla
cannot be determined. Because the species has never
been recorded from other localities, the characters can
only be those visible on the type specimens, and the
tegilla are so fragile that they are only preserved in very
fine specimens. Therefore, the basis for separation of
this genus is extremely doubtful and we consider it a
synonym of Rugoglobigerina, the questionable assigna-
tion being due only to the poor preservation of the type
specimens.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype of Rugoglobi-
gerina rugosa (Plummer) in the Paleontological Re-
search Institute, Ithaca, New York. Unfigured topo-
types (USNM P3928, P3921) from the Navarro (Kemp
Clay), Maestrichtian, 10 feet below the contact with
the Midway (Paleocene), in the bank of Walker Creek,
6 miles N. 15° E. of Cameron, about 1 mile upstream
from the intersection of Walker Creek and the Cameron-
Clarkson road, Milan County, Texas. Figured hypo-
type (USNM 3929) from the Navarro (Corsicana
marl), branch of Mustang Creek, 1 mile WSW of Noack,
900 feet downstream from the road and 0.2 mile south-
west of Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church, William-
son County, Texas. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.,
1955.

Holotype of Plummerella hantkeninoides hantkeni-
noides Bronnimann (=Plummerita, new name) (USNM
P4847) from the Maestrichtian, Guayaguayare beds,
Abathomphalus mayaroensis zone, Trinidad, B. W. I.

Holotype (USNM P4856) of Trinitella scotti Bronni-
mann from the Maestrichtian, Guayaguayare beds,
Abathomphalus mayaroensis zone, Trinidad, B. W. I.

Figured hypotype (USNM P4838) and unfigured
hypotypes (USNM P4823) of Trinitella scotti Bronni-
mann from the Maestrichtian, Navarro (Kemp clay),

10 feet below the Midway (Paleocene) contact, in bank
of Walker Creek, 6 miles N. 15° E. of Cameron, about
1 mile upstream from intersection of Walker Creek and
the Cameron-Clarkson road, Milam County, Texas.

Holotype of Rugoglobigerina rugosa rotundata Bron-
nimann, the type species of Kuglerina Bronnimann and
Brown (USNM P5401) from the Maestrichtian Guaya-
guayare beds, Abathomphalus mayaroensis zone, Trini-
dad, B. W. I.

Raneer: Turonian to Maestrichtian.

Genus Globotruncana Cushman, 1927

Puate 11, Ficures 6-11e

Globotruncana CusHMAN, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
vol. 3, p. 91, 1927.

Rosalinella Marie, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, new ser., vol.
12, p. 237, 1941. (Type species: Rosalina linnetana d’Or-
bigny, 1839. Fixed by original designation.)

Bucherina BRoNNIMANN and Brown, Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae,
vol. 48 (1955), No. 2, p. 557, 1956. (Typespecies: Bucherina
sandidget Bronnimann and Brown, 1956. Fixed by original
designation and monotypy.)

Rugotruncana BRoNNIMANN and Brown, Ibid., p. 546, 1956.
(Type species: Rugotruncana tilevt Bronnimann and Brown,
1956. Fixed by original designation.)

Marginotruncana Hofker, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaontol., Abh.,
vol. 103, pt: 3, p. 319, 1956. (Type species: Rosalina
marginata Reuss, 1845. Fixed by original designation.)

Type spEcies: Pulvinulina arca Cushman, 1926.
Fixed by original designation and monotypy.

Test free, trochospiral, biconvex, spiroconvex or
umbilicoconvex, broadly umbilicate, periphery rounded,
with a single keel or truncate with a double keel;
chambers ovate, hemispherical, angular rhomboid or
angular truncate; sutures on the spiral side curved or
radial, depressed to elevated, may be limbate and
beaded, on the umbilical side sutures curved or radial,
depressed or more rarely elevated; wall calcareous,
perforate, radial in structure, surface smooth, rugose
or beaded; primary apertures interiomarginal, umbilical,
in well preserved specimens covered by tegilla, which
are perforated by accessory infralaminal and intra-
laminal apertures, which are then the only openings to
the exterior, the tegilla commonly are partially or
wholly broken out in the process of fossilization, or
may be preserved only as scalloped fragments.

Remarks: D’Orbigny described the first species of
Globotruncana in 1839 under the name Rosalina lin-
neiana. The genus Rosalina had been proposed by
d’Orbigny in 1826, with Rosalina globularis as type
species. In later years several species of Globotruncana
were described as Rosalina (e. g., Rosalina canaliculata,
R. marginata, R. stuart), or Pulvinulina (e. g., Pulvinu-
lina tricarinata, P. area).

Cushman, in 1927, without referring to Rosalina,
named the genus Globotruncana with Pulvinulina arca
as type species. In 1933 Thalmann stated that Rosa-
lina d’Orbigny, 1826, was a junior synonym of Discorbis
Lamarck, 1804, and thus not related to the group of
species under discussion here. Globotruncana is there-

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 45

fore the first valid name for the species originally de-
scribed as Pulvinulina arca.

The true apertural characters of this genus were not
given in the original description (Cushman, 1927, p. 91)
which stated only ‘‘aperture on the ventral side.”’ In
his textbook (1928, p. 311) Cushman separated Globo-
rotalia and Globotruncana solely on the basis of the
periphery, the former “periphery acute or rounded,
with a single keel,’ the latter “periphery truncate,
usually with a double keel.” In the generic description
of Globotruncana he added, ‘‘aperture on the ventral
side, often in well-preserved specimens with a thin
plate-like structure over the umbilical area.”’

Galloway (1933, p. 332) described Globotruncana as
having the “aperture a slit at the base of the last cham-
ber opening into the large umbilicus,”’ and placed it in
the Orbulinidae, while placing Globorotalia (p. 278) in
the Rotaliidae, subfamily Rotaliinae. Galloway’s key
separated Globotruncana from Globigerina d’Orbigny
only by its having limbate sutures.

Glaessner (1948, p. 150) included Globotruncana and
Globorotalia in the Globorotaliidae, and stated of
Globotruncana, ‘‘aperture large, basal, leading from each
chamber into the wide umbilicus which is often con-
cealed by a thin perforate plate.”

Some of the French workers, evidently on the basis
of Cushman and Galloway’s earlier descriptions, con-
sidered Globotruncana to have a single aperture, as
that of Globorotalia, separating the two only on the
peripheral characters. Marie (1941, p. 237) commented
on the separation of Globorotalia and Globotruncana
according to the number of keels, and considered this
basis for subdivision invalid. His key considered
Globorotalia as having a single terminal aperture, on the
last chamber face. He then described the new genus
Rosalinella, with apertures, particularly in the chambers
of the last whorl, opening into the umbilicus. He
placed Globotruncana Cushman, 1927, in the synonymy
of his new genus, with Rosalina of de Lapparent (not
d’Orbigny), etc., selecting as type species Rosalina
linneiana d’Orbigny. As Globotruncana is a valid name
and antedates Rosalinella, the latter becomes a junior
synonym. The type species, Rosalina linneiana d’Or-
bigny, was described from Recent sands of Cuba,
where it is undoubtedly reworked from the outcropping
Cuban Cretaceous strata.

Reichel (1949, p. 600) considered Globotruncana to
have four subgenera: Globotruncana, s. s., Rotalipora
Brotzen, Thalmanninella Sigal and Ticinella Reichel.
The latter three subgenera of Reichel are here con-
sidered unrelated to Globotruncana, and are fully dis-
cussed under Rotalipora.

Sigal (1952, p. 236) stated that Globotruncana and
Globorotalia had been differentiated by the number of
keels, but that in reality the position of the aperture
was a more certain criterion, and he thus recognized as
genera (not subgenera) Ticinella Reichel (with barely
delineated keel), Thalmanninella Sigal (with one keel),
both with secondary umbilical apertures; Rotalipora
Brotzen with one keel and secondary apertures in

sutural slits, and Globotruncana, s. s., with one or two
keels without secondary apertures.

However, in Globotruncana, s. s., only the accessory
apertures of the tegilla are visible in perfect specimens,
the primary apertures being visible only when the
tegilla are broken out in preservation or in the prepa-
ration of the fossil material for study. These tegilla
and accessory apertures are present on fully preserved
specimens of every species.

Rugotruncana was separated from Globotruncana by
Bronnimann and Brown (1956) because of a surface
ornamentation of discontinuous ridges. The genera
are otherwise identical, and Bronnimann and Brown
admitted (p. 546) that “the morphologic differences
between the two genera are slight.” We do not regard
surface ornamentation as a character of generic value,
hence Rugotruncana is here considered a synonym of
Globotruncana. In addition to the type species, Bron-
nimann and Brown listed other ornamented Globo-
truncana which they considered to belong to Rugo-
truncana, among which were G. intermedia Bolli and
G. mayaroensis Bolli. These two species differ from
Globotruncana in lacking an open umbilicus, in having
only a single tegillum which extends from the final
chamber, and has only infralaminal accessory apertures,
and the primary aperture is extraumbilical-umbilical
in position, instead of truly umbilical. These two
species we place in the new genus Abathomphalus, and
G. mayaroensis is the type species.

Bucherina was described by Bronnimann and Brown
as a monotypic genus from the Maestrichtian of Cuba,
which resembles Globotruncana and Rugotruncana in
having a keel and small apertural flaps, but was said to
differ in that these flaps do not extend across the
umbilicus to form a true cover plate (tegilla). In
nearly all species of Globotruncana these fragile tegilla
are only partially preserved, and only very rare speci-
mens show them as well preserved as in the specimens
here figured. Tegilla were not recognized even in the
type species of Globotruncana until many years after its
original description, and they have not been mentioned
in the original descriptions of the majority of species.
It is probable that better preserved specimens of
Bucherina sandidgei will also show the complete um-
bilical tegilla, and we regard Bucherina as a synonym
of Globotruncana.

Hofker (1956, p. 319) proposed the generic name
Marginotruncana, with Rosalina marginata Reuss as
type species. He considered Globotruncana to have
a strongly reduced protoforamen (primary aperture),
which is no longer an open slit, and Marginotruncana
was said to have lost the protoforamen or to have it
fused with a deuteroforamen (secondary aperture).
The diagrammatic figures in his text-fig. 1 are highly
misleading, as there are not two openings in the final
chamber of true Globotruncana, and there is no extra-
umbilical opening into the chamber. If such openings
exist in specimens studied by Hofker, they are totally
unlike those of the type species of the genus, and his
specimens undoubtedly are of a form referable to the

46 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

family Globorotaliidae, probably Rotalipora. The
minor differences in proportions of these two openings
shown in various “‘genera”’ in his text-fig. 1 are certainly
of not more than specific value.

As shown in the present paper, and recognized by
most authorities on the planktonic genera, true Globo-
truncana has an umbilical primary aperture. In well
preserved specimens this is always covered by the um-
bilical tegilla, the only connection to the outside being
through the infralaminal accessory apertures, which
open beneath the tegilla, not directly nto the chambers
themselves.

Hofker selected Rosalina marginata Reuss as type
species for his genus. In the original description of the
species (a true Globotruncana), Reuss (1845) mentioned
the perpendicularly truncate outer margin (typical of
double-keeled forms) and broad umbilicus. The origi-
nal figures are small and somewhat generalized. How-
ever, that of Reuss’ fig. 68, pl. 13, from the Planermergel
(Turonian) is here designated as lectotype, as it shows
the open umbilicus and other characters mentioned in
the original description. Better figures are given by
Cushman (1936, pl. 62, fig. 1), of a specimen in the Reuss
collection at Cambridge, which is from the original
locality. Hagn and Zeil (1954, pl. 2, fig. 4) showed
very similar specimens from the Turonian of the
Bavarian Alps.

In addition to the lectotype, Reuss also figured as
Rosalina marginata a specimen (pl. 8, fig. 74) from the
lower Planer (Cenomanian) which differed from the
written description in lacking an open umbilicus.
Because of this character and the apparently extra-
umbilical aperture, this specimen is probably a species
of Praeglobotruncana or Rotalipora. The geologic
occurrence supports this assumption, as true Globo-
truncana does not occur in the Cenomanian, whereas
both Praeglobotruncana and Rotalipora do appear there.

Completely disregarding Reuss’ original description
of the species (only the later publication of Reuss,
1854, was cited by Hofker) as well as the later descrip-
tions and figures of the species, Hofker figured as
Margwmotruncana marginata (Reuss) a single-keeled
form with an extraumbilical aperture. Hofker com-
mented with regard to his text-fig. 6 that itsome what
resembled Rotalipora, and also stated (p. 323) that no
typical M. marginata occurs in the Cenomanian-
Turonian of southern Germany, although it was origi-
nally described from Bohemia and has since been re-
corded from Bavaria by Hagn and Zeil (1954). Hofker
stated (p. 324) that Hagn’s form was not true marginata

(he credited the 1954 publication solely to Hagn,
although it was under the joint authorship of Hagn
and Zeil), yet Hagn and Zeil’s specimens of a double-
keeled Globotruncana more closely resemble the original
figures and description of Reuss, and are geographically
closer to the type area, than those of Hofker.

From the illustrations given, it is probable that Hof-
ker identified as the species marginata, specimens which
are actually Praeglobotruncana, although his citation of
Rosalina marginata Reuss as type species, places the
genus Marginotruncana as a junior synonym of Globo-
truncana.

In addition to the type species, Hofker also included
in Marginotruncana the following species of typical
Globotruncana: Rosalina stuarti Lapparent, Globotrun-
cana globigerinoides Brotzen, Marginotruncana para-
ventricosa Hofker (which included G. ventricosa of
Brotzen, not White) and Marginotruncana pauperata
Hofker Gncluding G. marginata of Visser, not Reuss).
He also included other totally unrelated species, such
as G. intermedia Bolli (an Abathomphalus), G. citae
Bolli (a Praeglobotruncana), G. stephani var. turbinata
Reichel (a variety of the type species of Rotundina, a
junior synonym of Praeglobotruncana), G. ticinensis
Gandolfi (a Rotalipora previously placed in Thalmanni-
nella, junior synonym of Rotalipora), and G. appenninica
Renz (also a Rotalipora). He thus included in his
Marginotruncana, species with the distinctive characters
of the genera Praeglobotruncana Bermudez, 1952 (and
its synonym Rotundina Subbotina, 1953), Rotalipora
Brotzen, 1942 (and its synonym Thalmanninella Sigal,
1948), which belong to the family Globorotaliidae, and
the genera Globotruncana Cushman, 1927 (and its
synonym fosalinella Marie, 1941) and Abathomphalus
Boll, Loeblich and Tappan, which belong to the
family Globotruncanidae. All but the last of these
generic names preoccupy that of Hofker, if all were
congeneric.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype of Pulvinulina
arca Cushman (type species of Globotruncana) (Cush-
man Coll. 5078) from the Mendez shale, near Huiches,
Hacienda El Limén, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Figured hypotypes of Globotruncana arca Cushman
(USNM 4242 a-e) from Navarro (Corsicana marl),
branch of Mustang Creek, 1.0 miles WSW of Noack,
900 feet downstream (south) from road and 0.2 mile
southwest of Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church,
Williamson County, Texas. Collected by Noel Brown.

Rance: Turonian to Maestrichtian.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

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BRONNIMANN, P., aNnD Brown, N. K., Jr.
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UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

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1940. Geology and biology of North Atlantic deep-sea cores between Newfoundland and Ireland.
Pt. 2, Foraminifera. U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Pap. 196—A, pp. 35-50, pls. 8-10.
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1948. Globigerinelloides, a new genus of the Globigerinidae. Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
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1949. Plate explanations of Rhumbler’s ‘“Plankton-Expedition.” Micropaleontologist, vol. 3, No. 2,
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The Genera Praeglobotruncana, Rotalipora, Globotruncana, and

Abathomphalus in the Upper Cretaceous of Trinidad, B. W. I.

By Hans M. Bolli’

Introduction

ao THE PUBLICATION of the author’s papers on the
genus Globotruncana and on the Upper Cretaceous
stratigraphy of Trinidad (Bolli, 1951, 1952), much new
paleontologic and stratigraphic information has been
gained. It is the purpose of the present paper to
describe those species of the genera Praeglobotruncana,
Rotalipora, Globotruncana and Abathomphalus that were
not known before, to discuss some changes in the pre-
vious results, and to show the stratigraphic distribution
in Trinidad of all recorded species of these genera.

The highly complex geology of central and southern
Trinidad, with its strongly distorted and incomplete
surface sections, is not an inviting ground for detailed
biostratigraphic studies. This applies in particular to
the Upper Cretaceous sediments. The few, widely
scattered outcrops are small, isolated slipmasses that do
not offer continuous stratigraphic sections. It is only
in recent years, during exploration activities in search
of Cretaceous oil, that valuable paleontologic and
stratigraphic information has come to light.? Wells
drilled into and through the Upper Cretaceous have
made available a number of sections which, combined,
represent a fairly continuous succession of sediments.
Although this combined sequence is not regarded as
truly comprehensive—several stratigraphic gaps ap-
parently still exist—it may now be said that its com-
pleteness is at least equal to many of the best known
Upper Cretaceous sections in Central and South
America.

The faunistic content of Trinidad’s Upper Cretaceous
sediments is variable, but more often than not the
sediments contain rich fossil assemblages. Foramini-
fera are predominant in all formations. Only occa-
sionally are they out-numbered by Radiolaria (in parts
of the Naparima Hill formation). Mollusks may be
numerous in the lower part of the Naparima Hill for-
mation where they become valuable markers. The
stratigraphic usefulness of certain species of Didymotis
and some ammonites in these beds has been noted
recently (Imlay, 1955).

1 Trinidad Oil Company, Ltd., Pointe-A-Pierre, Trinidad, B. W. I.

4 Credit for this goes in the first place to Trinidad Oil Company, Ltd. (formerly
Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd.), and to Trinidad Petroleum Development, Ltd., the
two Companies most active in exploring the Upper Cretaceous oil prospects.

About 450 different species and subspecies of Fora-
minifera are recognized today in Trinidad’s Upper
Cretaceous. Of these, about 380 belong to calcareous
and arenaceous benthonic genera and the remaining 70
odd to planktonic genera. Of the latter, about 15 are
classified under the various genera of the family
Hantkeninidae and the genus Rugoglobigerina; another
20 under the genera Guembelina, Pseudotertularia, and
Ventilabrella; and the remaining 35 under Praeglobo-
truncana, Rotalipora, Globotruncana, and Abathom-
phalus. Benthonic and planktonic Foraminifera are
often present in equal numbers, though in the Guaya-
guayare and Gautier formations the latter predominate.
The abundance and short range of many of the plank-
tonic species make them ideally suited as markers for
stratigraphic work in the Upper Cretaceous of Trinidad.

The generic position of several species discussed in
this paper had to be changed according to the classifi-
cation of planktonic Foraminifera proposed recently by
Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan (1957). Globorotalia del-
rioensis Plummer and Globotruncana citae Bolli are now
included in Praeglobotruncana. Globotruncana ‘inter-
media Bolli and G. mayaroensis Bolli belong to Abathom-
phalus. Several Upper Cretaceous species published
as Globigerina (e. g., Globigerina gautierensis Bronni-
mann) have been removed to the genus Praeglobo-
truncana since completion of this paper and are there-
fore omitted.

Stratigraphy

The Upper Cretaceous sediments of Trinidad are at
present grouped into the Gautier, Naparima Hill, and
Guayaguayare formations. Because of non-deposition
or subsequent erosion these formations show a very
irregular pattern of distribution in central and south
Trinidad. Strong tectonic movements in which they
were involved have further complicated the study of
the original sequence of the sediments.

Most outcrops are small isolated masses, each repre-
senting not more than one zone. The only exception
is found in the Gautier River of the eastern Central
Range (for detailed locality description, see p. 52).
There, the black Gautier shales (Rotalipora appenninica
appenninica zone) are seen in contact with strongly
silicified beds of the Naparima Hill formation. Higher

51

52 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

in the same section we find two small outcrops of the
highly calcareous Guayaguayare formation (transition
Globotruncana gansseri—Abathomphalus mayaroensis
zone). The contact with the Naparima Hill formation
is, however, not exposed.

Because of the virtual absence of surface sections it is
fortunate that a number of subsurface profiles are
available, thus permitting the study of a fairly con-
tinuous sequence of Upper Cretaceous foraminiferal
faunas.

For reasons already mentioned, and because of the
possibility of correlation with established type sections
in Europe and North Africa, where the same forms are
found, species of Praeglobotruncana, Rotalipora, Globo-
truncana and Abathomphalus have been chosen for the
zoning. Several species that prove to be important
markers in Hurope and North Africa have not yet been
recorded in Trinidad. Rotalipora cushmani (Morrow),
R. reicheli Mornod, R. turonica Brotzen, and Praeglo-
botruncana stephani (Gandolfi) constitute one group of
species absent so far from known Trinidad sections.
They are restricted to the upper part of the Ceno-
manian. A widespread hiatus between the Gautier
and Naparima Hill formations, with the Upper Ceno-
manian and probably the lower Turonian missing,
may thus be assumed. Globotruncana calearata Cush-
man, which is probably restricted to the upper part of
the Campanian, is another form not yet recorded in
Trinidad, suggesting that a minor stratigraphic gap is
likely to exist between Naparima Hill formation and
Guayaguayare formation. This is further supported
by an abrupt change in lithology between the two
formations.

Because the distribution of the various zones in
Trinidad is so irregular, it is quite possible that the
missing intervals are present but have not yet been
found.

The Gautier formation consists of dark grey to black,
noncalcareous or calcareous shales. Strongly indura-
ted shales, sandstones and conglomerates may be
interbedded. Based on faunistic evidence, the age is
considered to be Albian to lower part of the Cenoma-
nian. The formation is divided into the following
zones (from top to bottom):

Rotalipora appenninica appenninica zone
Globigerina washitensis zone
Rotalipora ticinensis ticinensis zone

The Rotalipora ticinensis ticinensis and Globigerina
washitensis zones have both been established in the
subsurface section of Trinidad Leaseholds well Marac 1
(coordinates N:152141 links, :424447 links). The
type locality for the youngest zone is located in the
Gautier River (right side branch of Cunapo River at
junction of waterfall branch, north of Chert Hill, 1%
miles southeast of Mamon Guaico-Tamana Road,
eastern Central Range, coordinates N:331460 links,
E:526400 links). Some of the samples collected there
consist of up to 9 percent by weight of Foraminifera,
predominantly Globorotaliidae and Planomalininae.

The maximum recorded thickness of the Gautier for-
mation is about 2,000 feet.

The Naparima Hill formation consists in its upper
part of argillite, a whitish to grey-brown siliceous in-
durated claystone with an average CaCO, content of
10 to 20 percent. Towards its base, the formation
becomes increasingly well-bedded and shaly, with occa-
sional interbedded sands; the colour then changes to
dark grey or black. Based on megafossil and micro-
fossil evidence, the Naparima Hill formation ranges
from Turonian to Campanian. The following zones
are distinguished (from top to bottom):

Globotruncana stuarti zone
Globotruncana fornicata zone
Globotruncana concavata zone

Globotruncana renzi zone
Globotruncana inornata zone

The bottom four zones had to be established in sub-
surface sections. In the Globotruncana inornata zone
(Trinidad Petroleum Development well Moruga 15,
coordinates N:149878 links, E:497002 links) are found
the single-keeled Globotruncana inornata, new species,
G. schneegansi Sigal, and G. helvetica Bolli, with no
double-keeled species. The Globotruncana renzi zone
(Trinidad Petroleum Development well Moruga 15,
coordinates N:149878 links, ©):497002 links) is defined
by the first occurrence of double-keeled Globotruncana
(Globotruncana renzi Gandolfi and G. cf. lapparents
coronata Bolli) and the absence of Globotruncana con-
cavata (Brotzen), G. wilsoni, new species, and G. forni-
cata Plummer. Restricted to the Globotruncana con-
cavata, zone (Trinidad Leaseholds well Marac 1, co-
ordinates N:151141 links, H:424447 links) are the
zonal marker and Globotruncana wilsoni, new species.
The Globotruncana fornicata zone (Trinidad Petroleum
Development well Moruga 15, coordinates N:149878
links, E:497002 links) is characterized by the absence
of Globotruncana concavata (Brotzen) and G. stuarts
(de Lapparent) in an assemblage that contains Globo-
truncana fornicata Plummer.

As in the case of the Gautier formation, only the
highest zone is known from the surface. Its type
locality is the Naparima Hill in San Fernando (Usine
Ste. Madeleine Quarry at the SE end of the hill; coordi-
nates N:235800 links, E:364000 links). The zonal
marker Globotruncana stuarti (de Lapparent) appears
first in the upper part of the Naparima Hill forma-
tion, and continues into the Guayaguayare formation.
The relatively scarce Globotruncana ventricosa White
and Praeglobotruncana coarctata, new species, are con-
fined to the Globotruncana stuarti zone. The maximum
recorded thickness of the Naparima Hill formation is
about 2,000 feet.

The Guayaguayare formation, consisting of blotchy,
grey, highly calcareous shale, overlies the Naparima
Hill formation. The major part of the formation is
regarded as Maestrichtian, though its lower portion
is of possible late Campanian age. Outcropping iso-
lated slipmasses of the Guayaguayare formation have
been discussed and described previously (Bolli, 1950,

(ea) sisuzosnADw snjopydwoyppgy
(jog) orpauzazus snppydwoysogy
Aa|ty luiqgauBoS& nupzunsyjogo/5

(uewysn>) osnyuo0s ouD2uN40gG0/5)

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

yI°R dassuo5 Dup2uNs4Og 0/5)

(}uauedde ap)
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saizads mau
"D4D421D02 Du_>UN4OGO|BaDig

(jog) 2042 pup2zuniyogoj5anig

PHU p21u0> "ip DubsunIZOgo/c)

dnois
(quaseddey ap) songs Dub>uns40g90/6)

(uewysn>) 2270 puD>uN140q90/6)

FUR b21u0> pupzunsjogo/s)

uazyo1g sapiounabiqo/6 oun2uny4oqoj5)

saisads mau ‘ppuodas puD2un140q90/<_

412/50,
Sapiojjng syuasoddo; oun>uni40qG0/5

uazjoug
syuaioddoy 1yu210ddoy Dup2un14090/5)

dJawwnid OyDoIuI04 upzunssogo/g

saizads mau ‘1uosj1m DuoDUNI4OgGO/5)

(uazjorg) DyoaD2U09 ouD2uNY4OGo)/5

1°a

DyDUOIOD “42 IjuaIDddo} DUDDUNY4OGO;5)

yjopues jtuas Dub>UNI4OGOj6)

j2Sig suoBaauyss oup2uni4yoqo/5)

19g Or4aasay pupsun4Ogoje)

saioads mau ‘pyousous DuD2UN40qG0/5)

(zu2y "O)

p2juuuaddo p2iuiuuaddo Biodijpjoy

(sawunyg)
sISU20lUJ2P *j> DUDDUNWOgGO/BaDIg

(yjopueg)

SiEUdUIDI4 SIsUdUIDI, DIODIj/DJOY

Abathompholus
mayaroensis

Globotruncana

gonsseri
lapparenti

Tentative Correlation with
EUROPE

Stages of:

GULF COAST

Globotruncona

tricarinata
stuarti

Campanian

Globotruncana
fornicata

Globotruncana

Globotruncana
renti

concavata

THH VWINVd¥N

Santonian

Globotruncana
inornata
Rotalipora
oppenninica
oppenninica
Globigesina
washitensis
Rofalipora
ficinensis
ticinensis

wllnvS

Turonian
Mid-Lower
Cenomanian

Species distribution of Praeglobotruncana, Rotalipora, Globotruncana, and Abathomphalus in Trinidad, B. W. I.

Ficure 10.

53

54 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

1952). The formation is divided into the following
zones (all established in the subsurface section of
Trinidad Leaseholds well Guayaguayare 163, coordi-
nates N:157646 links, ©:572808 links):

Abathomphalus mayaroensis zone

Globotruncana gansseri zone

Globotruncana lapparenti tricarinata zone
The lowest zone of the Guayaguayare formation still
lacks Globotruncana gansseri Bolli and Abathomphalus
mayaroensis (Bolli), but abounds in several subspecies of
Globotruncana lapparenti Brotzen, predominant among
which is the zonal marker Globotruncana lapparenti
tricarinata (Quereau). A few specimens of Globo-
truncana andori de Klasz were found in this zone.
The following species do not range into the younger
zones: Globotruncana lapparenti lapparenti Bolli, G.
lapparenti bulloides Vogler, G. lapparenti tricarinata
(Quereau), G. globigerinoides Brotzen, G. fornicata
Plummer, and G. repanda, new species.

The marker for the Globotruncana gansseri zone has
also been recorded from Turkey (under the synonym
of Globotruncana lugeont Tilev) and from mid-Pacific
sea mounts (Hamilton, 1953). The author has seen
it in material from Cuba and in the Navarro formation.
Globotruncana calciformis (de Lapparent), G. contusa
(Cushman), G. gagnebini Tiley and Abathomphalus
intermedia (Bolli) are other species occurring for the
first time in the Globotruncana gansseri zone; they con-
tinue into the Abathomphalus mayaroensis zone.

The zonal marker of the Abathomphalus mayaroensis
zone is a typical and apparently short-lived species
which so far has not been recorded in publications from
outside Trinidad. However, the author has seen speci-
mens in material from the type locality of the Mendez
shale (300 meters east of Mendez Station, kilometer
629.3 on the San Luis Potosi-Tampico railway,
Mexico) and from Bavaria. An outcrop containing a
fauna transitional between the Globotruncana gansseri
and Abathomphalus mayaroensis zones is known from
the Gautier River section (see p. 52).

The maximum recorded thickness of the Guaya-
guayare formation is about 500 feet.

Evolutionary Trends

In recent years much has been written on the evolu-
tionary trends of the genera under discussion. Hagn
and Zeil (1954, pp. 51-56) gave a condensed review of
the various interpretations. Although there might be
a relatively simple general pattern in the phylogeny
of Praeglobotruncana, Rotalipora, Globotruncana, and
Abathomphalus, the details are complex and little
studied.

The evolutionary trend in Rotalipora, from a single
inflated early form to several compressed later species,
seems to be fairly well established. Of special interest
is the pattern of coiling during the evolution of Rotali-
pora. Asmay be expected, the early species, Rotalipora
roberti (Gandolfi) and R. ticinensis (Gandolfi), coil at
random, later becoming predominantly dextral in the

Rotalipora appenninica (Renz)—R. retcheli Mornod
group. Before the extinction of the genus, its latest
representatives, Rotalipora turonica Brotzen and R.
cushmant (Morrow), unexpectedly revert to random
coiling. This might represent a gerontic stage.
Whereas abrupt changes in coiling from one preferred
direction to the opposite one are known to take place
in later evolutionary stages of certain Globorotalia
species (Bolli, 1950), such a return to random coiling
had not, to the author’s knowledge, been observed
before.

Transitional stages exist between certain Rugoglo-
bigerina and Globotruncana species. This suggests a
close generic relationship of at least a number of
Globotruncana species with Rugoglobigerina species. It
may be assumed that species of Globotruncana branched
off independently from rugoglobigerinid forms on more
than one occasion between Turonian and Maestrichtian
time. One of the first attempts by Rugoglobigerina to
produce forms with one or more peripheral keels and
compressed chambers took place in the Turonian and
led to the short lived Globotruncana helvetica Bolli
which has no apparent direct descendants. The
single-keeled Globotruncana schneegansi Sigal developed
independently at approximately the same time from
similar forms, possibly via Globotruncana inornata, new
species. This seems to have been a more successful
mutation, as it appears that the single-keeled Globo-
truncana schneegansi gave rise to the double-keeled
Globotruncana renzi Gandolfi—G. angusticarinata Gan-
dolfi—G. concavata (Brotzen)—G. ventricosa White suite.
However, the possibility that the single keeled Globo-
truncana schneegansi might have developed from late
representatives of Praeglobotruncana stephani (Gan-
dolfi) should not be overlooked. A tendency is
observed in late representatives of Praeglobotruncana
stephani for the aperture to move from an interio-
marginal, extraumbilical-umbilical position to an um-
bilical one.

Globotruncana wilsoni, new species, appears to have
developed independently from Rugoglobigerina ances-
tors in early Senonian time. This species may have
given rise subsequently to the Globotruncana fornicata
Plummer—G. contusa (Cushman) suite.

Globotruncana globigerinoides Brotzen whose relation
to rugoglobigerine forms is obvious, is a comparative
latecomer, appearing in Trinidad only after many other
typical Globotruncana species have already become
extinct. It initiates another attempt by the Rugoglo-
bigerinas to change their shape. Globotruncana lappa-
renti bulloides Vogler and G. lapparenti tricarinata
(Quereau) are connected by transition to G. globigeri-
noides; they are to a large degree contemporaneous.

The Campanian Globotruncana repanda, new species,
is short lived and likely to have sprung directly from a
Rugoglobigerina ancestor.

Globotruncana gansseri Bolli, which is morphologically
similar to the Turonian Globotruncana helvetica Bolli,
appears in the Maestrichtian, again with transitional

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 55

rugoglobigerinid forms. Like Globotruncana helvetica,
it is a short-lived offshoot from a Rugoglobigerina
species. The Maestrichtian Trinitella scotti Bronni-
mann (=Rugoglobigerina) with its compressed end
chambers is further proof of the repeated and seemingly
independent attempts of the Turonian-Maestrichtian
Rugoglobigerinae to develop one or two peripheral keels.

This brief outline of the probable phylogenetic pattern
demonstrates the close relationship between the genera
Rugoglobigerina and Globotruncana and at the same
time throws light on the artificial division into two
genera of planktonic Foraminifera that are genetically
closely related. The identical pattern of coiling is
further proof of such relationship. All species of both
groups maintain a strong preference for dextral coiling
from the Turonian to their contemporaneous extinction
in the Maestrichtian. An earlier evolutionary stage
with random coiling such as is found in certain Oligo-
Miocene Globorotalia species (Bolli, 1951) or in Rotali-
pora may be expected in Cenomanian ancestors.

Systematic

Family Globorotaliidae Cushman, 1927

Genus Praeglobotruncana Bermudez, 1952
Praeglobotruncana cf. delrioensis (Plummer)
PuLaTE 12, FIGURES 4a-c

Globorotalia delrioensis PuuMMER, Univ. Texas Bull. 3101, p.
199, pl. 13, figs. 2a—c, 1931.

Shape of test: low trochospiral, biconvex; equatorial
periphery slightly lobate, no distinct keel. Wall: cal-
careous, perforate, surface smooth. Chambers: mod-
erately compressed; about 12, arranged in 2% to 3
whorls; the 5 chambers of the last whorl increase
rapidly in size; early whorls small by comparison.
Sutures: spiral side curved, depressed; umbilical side
nearly radial, depressed. Umbilicus: details obscure;
part appears to be covered by extensions of chambers.
Aperture: An interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical
slit. Coiling: Random; of the 8 specimens counted, 5
coiled dextrally.

Dimensions of figured hypotype: Diameter 0.32 mm.;
thickness 0.15 mm.

Raneu: Globigerina washitensis zone and Rotalipora
appenninica appenninica zone, Gautier formation.

TYPE AND OCCURRENCE: Figured specimen (USNM
P4798) from Trinidad Leaseholds well Marac 1, Trini-
dad (coordinates N:152141 links, E:424447 links),
sample at 9,773 feet (TLL 177171).

Praeglobotruncana coarctata Bolli, new species
PuaTE 12, FIGURES 2a-3¢
Shape of test: very low trochospiral, biconvex;

Acknowledgments

The writer wishes to thank Mr. J. B. Saunders,
Palaeontologist of Trinidad Oil Company, Ltd., and
Dr. H. G. Kugler, Consulting Geologist to Central
Mining Investment Corporation, for reading and dis-
cussing the manuscript. He is indebted to Dr. A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., U. S. National Museum, Washington, for
the support given towards the publication. The in-
formation contained in this paper is published by the
kind permission of Trinidad Oil Company, Ltd., and
Trinidad Petrolum Development, Ltd.

Illustrations for the present paper were prepared
under a grant to Dr. Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., for plank-
tonic foraminiferal studies, administered by the Smith-
sonian Institution, for which funds were supplied by
the California Research Corporation, the Carter Oil
Company, the Gulf Oil Corporation, and the Humble
Oil and Refining Company. These illustrations are
camera lucida drawings, prepared by Lawrence and
Patricia Isham, scientific illustrators, United States
National Museum.

Descriptions

equatorial periphery lobate; a faint keel is often ob-
served in last chambers; it may be ornamented with
minute spines on peripheral edge. Wall: calcareous,
perforate, surface smooth. Chambers: strongly com-
pressed; 10-12, arranged in 2 whorls; the 5-6 chambers
of the last whorl increase rapidly in size; the early
whorl minute by comparison. Sutures: spiral side
radial or slightly curved, depressed; umbilical side
radial, depressed. Umbilicus: each chamber of last
whorl extends towards the center, leaving only a small
portion open. Aperture: a low arched, interiomarginal,
extraumbilical-umbilical slit. Coiling: predominantly
dextral; of 37 specimens counted, only 4 coiled sinis-
trally.

Dimensions of holotype: diameter 0.4 mm.; thickness
0.16 mm.

Rance: Globotruncana stuarti zone, Naparima Hill
formation.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Usine Ste. Madeleine
Quarry, southeast end of Naparima Hill, San Fernando,
Trinidad (coordinates N:235800 links, E:364000 links).
Holotype (USNM P4794) from sample Bt. 37 (TLL
151935); figured paratype (USNM P4795) from sample
Bt. 46 (TLL 151948).

Remarks: Praeglobotruncana coarctata, new species,
differs from Praeglobotruncana citae (Bolli) in having
an almost flat spiral side instead of a convex one and in
having usually five chambers in the last whorl instead
of four.

56 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Genus Rotalipora Brotzen, 1942

Rotalipora ticinensis ticinensis (Gandolfi)
Puiats 12, Ficures la-c

Globotruncana ticinensis GANDOLFI, Riv. Italiana Paleontol.
Stratigr., vol. 48, Suppl. Mem. 4, pp. 113-135, pl. 2,
figs. 3, 4, 1942.

Thalmanninella ticinensis ticinensis (Gandolfi), RricHEL, Ec-
log. Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 42, pt. 2, p. 603, pl. 16, fig. 6, and
pl. 17, fig. 6, 1949.

Shape of test: low trochospiral, biconvex, with spiral
side slightly more convex; equatorial periphery nearly
circular, with single keel. Wall: calcareous, perforate,
surface smooth. Chambers: compressed; 18-20, ar-
ranged in 24-3 whorls; the 7-8 chambers of the last
whorl increase slowly in size. Sutures: spiral side
curved, depressed, occasionally slightly raised; umbili-
cal side radial, depressed. Umbilicus: details obscure;
part appears to be covered by extensions of chambers.
Apertures: primary aperture an interiomarginal, um-
bilical-extraumbilical slit; no secondary sutural aper-
tures have been observed in the rather poorly preserved
Trinidad specimens. Coiling: random; of the 25 speci-
mens counted, 15 coiled sinistrally.

Dimensions of figured hypotype: diameter 0.31 mm.;
thickness 0.11 mm.

Rance: Rotalipora ticinensis ticinensis zone, Gautier
formation.

TYPE AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P4792) from Trinidad Leaseholds well Marac 1, Trini-
dad (coordinates N:152141 links, H:424447 links),
sample at 11,979 feet (TLL 178532).

Family Globotruncanidae Brotzen, 1942
Genus Globotruncana Cushman, 1927

Globotruncana helvetica Bolli

Puate 13, Figure 1 a-c

Globotruncana helvetica Bout1, Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 26,
No. 2, p. 226, pl. 9, figs. 6-8, figs. 9-12 of text-fig. 1, 1945.—
SIGAL, 19th Congr. Géol. Internat., Monogr. Rég., ser.
1, No. 26, p. 31, fig. 32 1952.—Hacn and Zrtu, Eclog.
Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 47, No. 1, p. 30, pl. 3 figs. la—c, 1954.

Shape of test: very low trochospiral; spiral side
almost flat, inner whorls often slightly raised, umbilical
side strongly inflated; equatorial periphery lobate, in
well developed specimens a distinct keel is present
though it is often weakened in the last chamber; speci-
mens with faint or missing keels, transitional to rugo-
globigerine forms, were observed in material from
Tunisia. Wall: calcareous, perforate, surface rugose
especially on umbilical side. Chambers: hemispherical;
15-18, arranged in 2-3 whorls; the 5 chambers of the
last whorl increase rapidly in size, early whorl is small
by comparison. Sutures: spiral side curved, depressed ;
umbilical side almost radial, depressed. Umbilicus:

deep, wide. Apertures: primary apertures interio-
marginal, umbilical; tegiila with accessory apertures
not preserved in examined specimens. Coiling: the
few specimens recorded so far in Trinidad coil dextrally;
of 100 specimens counted in a sample from Tunisia, 98
coiled dextrally.

Dimensions of figured hypotype: diameter 0.44 mm.;
thickness 0.24 mm.

Rance: Globotruncana inornata zone, Naparima Hill
formation.

TYPE AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P4796) from Trinidad Petroleum Development well
Moruga 15, Trinidad (coordinates N:149878 links,
E:497002 links), sample from core 6980-7005 feet
(TLL 228918).

Globotruncana repanda Bolli, new species

Puatse 13, Figures 2 a-c

Shape of test: very low trochospiral, spiral side con-
cave, umbilical side strongly inflated; equatorial
periphery lobate, early chambers of last whorl with
double keel, which may be absent in the ultimate and
penultimate chambers. Wall: calcareous, perforate;
surface in well preserved specimens slightly rugose,
especially on the umbilical side. Chambers: globular
to hemispherical; 12-15, arranged in 2—3 whorls; the 4
chambers of the last whorl increase rapidly in size,
earlier whorls small by comparison. Sutures: spiral
side almost radial, depressed; umbilical side radial, de-
pressed. Umbilicus: deep, wide. Apertures: primary
apertures interiomarginal, umbilical; tegilla with acces-
sory apertures not preserved in Trinidad material, but
present in specimens of this species from the Gulf Coast.
Coiling: the 25 specimens counted all coiled dextrally.

Dimensions of holotype: diameter 0.4 mm. ; thickness
0.24 mm.

Rane: Globotruncana fornicata zone to Globotruncana
lapparenti tricarinata zone, Naparima Hill formation.
Holotype from Globotruncana stuarti zone, Naparima
Hill formation.

TYPE AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4797)
from Usine Ste. Madeleine Quarry, southeast end of
Naparima Hill, San Fernando, Trinidad (coordinates
N:235800 links, E:364000 links), sample Bt. 37 (TLL
151935).

Remarks: In its planoconvex shape, Globotruncana
repanda, new species, shows similarities to G. helvetica
Bolli, G. gansseri Bolli, G. concavata (Brotzen), and G.
ventricosa White. It differs from the last two by having
in the last whorl fewer and more inflated chambers,
which are bent upwards on the spiral side. It is
usually slightly smaller in size. From Globotruncana
helvetica and G. gansseri the new species differs in having
two peripheral keels, a more concave spiral side, and a
less rugose surface. The stratigraphic range of Globo-
truncana repanda is similar to that of G. ventricosa but
differs considerably from that of the other three species.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 57

Globotruncana concavata (Brotzen)

Puate 13, Ficures 3a-c

Rotalia concavata BrorzEeNn, Zeitschr. Deutsch. Ver. Palaestinas,
vol. 57, p. 66, pl. 3, fig. b, 1934.

Globorotalia asymetrica S1cau, 19th Congr. Géol. Internat.,
Monogr. Rég., ser. 1, No. 26, p. 35, fig. 35, 1952.
Globotruncana (Globotruncana) ventricosa ventricosa White,

Dausiez, Micropaleontology, vol. 1, No. 2, p. 168, figs.
7a—d, 1955.

Shape of test: very low trochospiral, spiral side often
slightly concave, umbilical side strongly convex; equa-
torial periphery distinctly lobate with closely spaced
double keel. Wall: calcareous, perforate, surface
smooth. Chambers: hemispherical; 15-20, arranged in
3-3 whorls; the 5-6 chambers of the last whorl increase
rapidly in size, early whorls small by comparison. Su-
tures: spiral side distinctly curved, depressed ; umbilical
side radial, depressed. Umbilicus: deep, wide. Aper-
tures: primary apertures interiomarginal, umbilical;
tegilla with accessory apertures not preserved in
examined specimens. Coiling: predominantly dextral;
of 50 specimens counted, only 3 coiled sinistrally.

Dimensions of figured hypotype: diameter 0.69 mm.;
thickness 0.4 mm.

Ranee: Globotruncana concavata zone, Naparima
Hill formation.

TYPE AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P4798) from Trinidad Leaseholds well Marac 1, Trini-
dad (coordinates N:152141 links, E:424447 links),
sample from core 8,180—8,237 feet (TLL 175917).

Remarks: The characteristic features of Globotrun-
cana concavata (Brotzen) are similar to those of Globo-
truncana ventricosa White. Through the courtesy of
Dr. B. F. Ellis, some specimens of Globotruncana ven-
tricosa from White’s original collection at Columbia
University, N. Y., were obtained for comparison with
specimens of Globotruncana concavata from Israel
(original locality), Tunisia, and Trinidad. It was
found that the two species differ as follows:

Globotruncana ventricosa as a rule has 6-7 chambers
in the last whorl with slightly more oblique sutures on
the spiral side, as against usually 5 chambers with
slightly curved sutures in Globotruncana concavata.
The spiral side of Globotruncana concavata is often
slightly concave, that of Globotruncana ventricosa is flat
or slightly raised. Compared with Globotruncana
concavata, the 2 peripheral keels in Globotruncana
ventricosa are a little further apart and more strongly
developed, and the sutures are often beaded. Finally,
the stratigraphic range of the two species is different:
Globotruncana concavata appears to be restricted to the
upper part of the Coniacian and the Lower Santonian,
Globotruncana ventricosa to the Upper Santonian and
the Campanian. Because of their similarity, the two
species may easily be mistaken. The specimen figured
by Dalbiez (1955) as Globotruncana ventricosa ventricosa
is, in the author’s opinion, a Globotruncana concavata.
Globotruncana ventricosa carinata Dalbiez is probably
identical to Globotruncana ventricosa White, while

Globotruncana ventricosa primitiva Dalbiez could be
close to Globotruncana renzi Gandolfi, judging from the
single peripheral view given by Dalbiez and the strati-
graphic range quoted by him. According to Dalbiez’s
range chart, the three species (Globotruncana ventricosa
primitiva (=G@. ?renzi), G. ventricosa ventricosa (=G.
concavata) and G. ventricosa carinata (=?G. ventricosa
White) follow each other in time. Transitional speci-
mens suggest that they probably represent an evolu-
tionary sequence.

Globotruncana ventricosa White

PuateE 13, Fiaures 4a-c

Globotruncana canaliculata var. ventricosa Wuitn, Journ. Pa-
leontol. vol. 2, No. 4, p. 284, pl. 38, figs. 5a-c, 1928.

Shape of test: very low trochospiral, nearly flat or
slightly convex on spiral side, strongly convex on the
umbilical side; equatorial periphery lobate, with
distinct, robust double keel, often weakened in last
chambers. Wall: calcareous, perforate, surface smooth.
Chambers: angular, inflated; 15-20, arranged in 2%-3
whorls; the 6-7 chambers of the last whorl increase
moderately in size. Sutures: spiral side: curved,
strongly raised, beaded in early portion; umbilical side:
slightly curved, depressed. Umbilicus: deep, wide.
Apertures: primary apertures interiomarginal, um-
bilical; tegilla with accessory apertures not preserved
in examined specimens. Coiling: the limited number
of specimens seen coiled dextrally.

Dimensions of figured hypotype: diameter 0.63 mm.;
thickness 0.34 mm.

Rance: Globotruncana stuarti zone, Naparima Hill
formation.

TYPE AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P4799) from Usine Ste. Madeleine Quarry, southeast
end of Naparima Hill, San Fernando, Trinidad (coor-
dinates N:235800 links, E:364000 links), sample Bt. 37
(TLL 151935).

Remarks: See remarks under the description of
Globotruncana concavata (Brotzen).

Globotruncana inornata Bolli, new species

PuaTe 13, Fiaures 5a—-6c

Shape of test: low trochospiral, biconvex; equatorial
periphery strongly lobate, early chambers of last whorl
rounded at periphery, last and occasionally penultimate
chambers compressed with sharp peripheral edge or
faint keel. Wall: calcareous, perforate, surface of
early chambers in well preserved specimens showing
some rugosity. Chambers: subangular, compressed;
14-16, arranged in 3 whorls; the 4 chambers of the last
whorl increase rapidly in size, early whorls small by
comparison. Sutures: spiral side slightly curved, de-
pressed ; umbilical side: straight, depressed. Umbilicus:
shallow, wide. Apertures: primary apertures interio-
marginal, umbilical; tegilla with accessory apertures
poorly preserved in examined specimens. Coiling:
predominantly dextral; of 50 specimens counted, only
4 coiled sinistrally.

58 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Dimensions of holotype: diameter 0.44 mm.; thick-
ness 0.2 mm.

Ranae: Globotruncana inornata zone to Globotruncana
concavata zone, Naparima Hill formation. Holotype
from Globotruncana renzi zone, Naparima Hill forma-
tion. Similar forms seem to extend into the Globotrun-
cana fornicata and G. stuarti zones of the Naparima Hill
formation.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured types from Trini-
dad Petroleum Development well Moruga 15, Trinidad
(coordinates N:149878 links, #:497002 links). Holo-
type (USNM P4800) from core 6,802-6,827 feet (TLL
223498), paratype (USNM P4801) from core 6,980-
7,005 feet (TLL 223504).

Remarks: Globotruncana inornata, new species, differs
from Globotruncana wilsoni, new species, in haying the
early chambers of the last whorl rounded at the periph-
ery rather than with a double keel. It also has a
longer stratigraphic range than Globotruncana wilson,
new species.

Globotruncana schneegansi Sigal
Puats 14, Figures la-c

Globotruncana schneegansi Stcau, 19th Congr. Géol. Internat.,
Monogr. Rég., ser. 1, No. 26, p. 33, fig. 34, 1952.

Shape of test: low trochospiral, biconvex; equatorial
periphery lobate, with distinct single keel on all cham-
bers of last whorl. Wall: calcareous, perforate, surface
smooth. Chambers: angular, strongly compressed;
about 14, arranged in 2%-3 whorls; the 5 chambers of
the last whorl increase rapidly in size, early whorls
small by comparison. Sutures: spiral side curved,
raised, beaded; umbilical side radial, depressed. Um-
bilicus; shallow, wide. Apertures: primary apertures
interiomarginal, umbilical; tegilla with accessory aper-
tures not preserved in examined specimens. Coiling:
the limited number of specimens seen coiled dextrally.

Dimensions of figured hypotype: diameter 0.6 mm.;
thickness 0.2 mm.

Rance: Globotruncana inornata zone to Globotrun-
cana renzi zone, Naparima Hill formation.

TYPE AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P4802) from Trinidad Petroleum Development well
Moruga 15, Trinidad (coordinates N:149878 links,
E:497002 links), sample from core 6,980-7,005 feet
(TLL 223504).

Globotruncana renzi Gandolfi
Priate 14, Ficgures 3a-c

Globotruncana appenninica-linnei O. Renz, Eclog. Geol. Hel-
vetiae vol. 29, No. 1, pl. 6, figs. 16-19, 21, and pl. 8, figs.
2, 3, 5, 1936.

Globotruncana renzi GANDOLFI, Riv. Italiana Paleontol., Stratigr.,
vol. 48, Suppl. Mem. 4, p. 124, pl. 3, figs. la-c, pl.
4, figs. 15, 16, 28, 29, 1942—Haen and Zt, Eclog. Geol.
Helvetiae, vol. 47, No. 1, p. 37, pl. 3, figs. 2a-c, 1954.

Shape of test: low trochospiral, biconvex; equatorial
periphery slightly lobate, with closely spaced double
keel in early chambers of last whorl; last and occa-

sionally penultimate chambers with a single keel only.
Wall: calcareous, perforate, surface smooth. Cham-
bers: angular, strongly compressed; about 14, arranged
in 2¥-3 whorls; the 5 chambers of the last whorl increase
rapidly in size, early whorls small by comparison.
Sutures: spiral side curved, slightly raised in last whorl,
occasionally beaded, in early part depressed; umbilical
side depressed, radial or slightly curved. Umbilicus:
shallow, wide. Apertures: primary apertures interio-
marginal, umbilical; tegilla with accessory apertures not
preserved in examined specimens. Coiling: the limited
number of specimens seen coiled dextrally.

Dimensions of figured hypotype: diameter 0.6 mm.;
thickness 0.23 mm.

Rance: Globotruncana renzi to Globotruncana con-
cavata zone, Naparima Hill formation.

TYPE AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P4803) from Trinidad Petroleum Development well
Moruga 15, Trinidad (coordinates N:149878 links,
E:497002 links), sample from core 6,802-6,827 feet
(TLL 223498).

Globotruncana cf. lapparenti coronata Bolli

Puiate 14, Figures 2a-c

?Globotruncana lapparenti coronata Bouwt, Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae,
vol. 37, No. 2, p. 233, pl. 9, figs. 14, 15, and figs. 21 and 22
of text fig. 1, 1944.

?Globotruncana coronata Bolli, S1cau, 19th Congr. Géol. Internat.,
Monogr. Rég., ser. 1, No. 26, p. 34, fig. 36, 1952.

Shape of test: low trochospiral, biconvex; equatorial
periphery lobate, with closely spaced double keel.
Wall: calcareous, perforate, surface smooth. Cham-
bers: angular, strongly compressed; about 14, arranged
in 2%-3 whorls; the 5 chambers of the last whorl in-
crease rapidly in size; early whorls small by comparison.
Sutures: spiral side curved, depressed or slightly raised
in ultimate whorl, depressed in early portion; umbilical
side slightly curved, depressed. Umbilicus: shallow,
wide. Apertures: primary apertures interiomarginal,
umbilical. Tegilla with accessory apertures not pre-
served in examined specimens. Coiling: the limited
number of specimens seen coiled dextrally.

Dimensions of figured specimen: diameter 0.56 mm.;
thickness 0.2 mm.

Rance: Globotruncana renzi to Globotruncana con-
cavata zone, Naparima Hill formation.

TYPE AND OCCURRENCE: Figured specimen (USNM
P4804) from Trinidad Petroleum Development well
Moruga 15, Trinidad (coordinates N:149878 links,
E:497002 links), sample from core 6,519-6,544 feet
(TLL 223495).

Remarks: The Trinidad specimens are slightly
smaller than the typical forms from the Alpine-Medi-
terranean region.

Globotruncana wilsoni Bolli, new species
Puate 14, Figures 4a-c

Shape of test: low trochospiral, biconvex; equatorial
periphery lobate, early chambers of last whorl with a

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 59

faint double keel, which is reduced to a single keel in
the last and penultimate chamber. Wall: calcareous,
perforate, surface smooth. Chambers: moderately
compressed; 12-15, arranged in 3 whorls; the 4 cham-
bers of the last whorl increase rapidly in size, early
whorls small by comparison. Sutures: spiral side
slightly curved, depressed; umbilical side nearly radial,
depressed. Umbilicus: wide. Apertures: primary ap-
ertures interiomarginal, umbilical; tegilla with accessory
apertures not preserved in examined specimens. Coil-
ing: the 50 specimens counted coiled dextrally.

Dimensions of holotype: diameter 0.49 mm.; thick-
ness 0.24 mm.

Rance: Globotruncana concavata zone, Naparima Hill
formation.

TYPE AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4805)
from Trinidad Leaseholds well Marac 1, Trinidad
(coordinates N:152141 links, E:424447 links), sample
from core 8,332-8,362 feet (TLL 176080).

Remarks: Globotruncana wilsoni, new species, differs
from Globotruncana lapparenti bulloides Vogler in having
only 4 chambers in the last whorl. The general outline
of the equatorial periphery is more oval compared with
the more circular form of bulloides, and the 2 keels are
more closely spaced and often reduce to one in the last
chamber. Globotruncana wilsoni, new species, occurs
in the Globotruncana concavata zone, before the advent
of typical Globotruncana lapparenti bulloides. Transi-
tional forms between Globotruncana wilsoni, new species,
and Globotruncana fornicata Plummer have been ob-
served.

The species is named in honor of Mr. C. C. Wilson,
Chief Geologist of Trinidad Petroleum Development,
Ltd.

Globotruncana gagnebini Tilev

Puatse 14, icures 5a-c

Globotruncana gagnebini Titxv, Bull. Lab. Géol., Min., Géophys.,
Mus. Géol., Univ. Lausanne, No. 103, p. 50, pl. 3, figs.
2-5, and text figs. 14a-17d, 1952.

Shape of test: very low trochospiral, dorsal side flat,
umbilical side strongly convex; equatorial periphery
distinctly lobate with 2 closely spaced keels, occasionally
reduced to one in last chamber. Wall: calcareous,
perforate, surface smooth. Chambers: angular, in-
flated; about 14, arranged in 2% whorls; the 4-5 cham-
bers of the last whorl increase rapidly in size, early
whorls small by comparison. Sutures: spiral side
curved, raised, beaded in early whorls; umbilical side
radial, depressed. Umbilicus: deep, wide. Apertures:
primary apertures interiomarginal, umbilical; tegilla
with accessory apertures missing or only poorly pre-
served in examined specimens. Coiling: predominantly
dextral; of 50 specimens counted, only 2 coiled sinis-
trally.

Dimensions of figured hypotype: diameter 0.48 mm. ;
thickness 0.23 mm.

Rance: Globotruncana gansseri zone to Abathomphalus
mayaroensis zone, Guayaguayare formation.

TYPE AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM

396818—57—_5

P4806) from outcrop on right bank of Gautier River
(right side branch of Cunapo River) about 1,100 feet
southwest, above junction of waterfall branch (Chert
Hill), 14% miles southeast of Mamon-Guaico-Tamana
Road, eastern Central Range. Sample G. 3644A
(TLL 226184).

Remarks: In its general shape, Globotruncana gagne-
bint Tilev shows similarities to Globotruncana ventricosa
White but differs in the following: 4-5 chambers in
last whorl, rapidly increasing in size, against 6-7 in
Globotruncana ventricosa, where the increase in size is
slower. The peripheral double keel is less pronounced
in gagnebini and the stratigraphic range is different
(Maestrichtian for Globotruncana gagnebini, Campanian
for Globotruncana ventricosa). Furthermore, Globo-
truncana gagnebini is somewhat smaller in size and less
robust. The Globotruncana ventricosa of Maestrichtian
age mentioned by the author in his earlier paper (1951)
on Trinidad Globotruncana are now regarded as Globo-
truncana gagnebini. Typical Globotruncana ventricosa
have been recorded in Trinidad from the upper part of
the Naparima Hill formation.

Globotruncana andori de Klasz
Puiate 14, Figures 6a-c

Globotruncana andori De Kuasz, Geol. Bavarica, No. 17, p. 233,
pl. 6, figs. la-c, 1953.

Shape of test: very low trochospiral, spiral side
almost flat, umbilical side strongly convex; equatorial
periphery nearly circular, with distinct single keel.
Wall: calcareous, perforate, surface smooth. Cham-
bers: subangular, inflated; about 15, arranged in 2-3
whorls, 6 chambers in last whorl. Sutures: spiral side
curved, raised, slightly beaded; umbilical side slightly
curved, slightly depressed. Umbilicus: deep, wide.
Apertures: primary apertures interiomarginal, umbili-
cal; tegilla with accessory apertures not preserved in
examined specimens. Coiling: the limited number of
specimens counted coiled dextrally.

Dimensions of figured hypotype: diameter 0.67 mm.,
thickness 0.47 mm.

Rance: Globotruncana lapparenti tricarinata zone,
Guayaguayare formation.

TYPE AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P4807) from Trinidad Leaseholds well Guayaguayare
163, Trinidad (coordinates N:157646 links, E:572808
links), sample from 5,961% feet (TLL 153681).

Remarks: Note that the species Globotruncana
cretacea Cushman and G. ef. calearata Cushman, which
were mentioned as occurring in Trinidad (Bolli, 1951),
are left out of the present distribution chart. Forms
originally referred to as Globotruncana cretacea are now
regarded as being closer to Globotruncana gagnebini
Tilev. The specimens of Globotruncana cf. calcarata
(Bolli, 1951, pl. 35, figs. 16-18) differ in size and shape
from the typical form. They have only been found so
far reworked in the Upper Eocene. Though it is likely
that they come from the Guayaguayare formation, the
exact stratigraphic position remains uncertain.

60

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

References

BrrmupeEz, P. J.
1952. Estudio sistematico de los foraminfferos rotaliformes. Venezuela Minist. Minas, Bol. Geol..
vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 7-230, pls. 1-35.
Bou, H. M.
1950. The direction of coiling in the evolution of some Globorotaliidae. Contr. Cushman Found.
Foram. Res., vol. 1, pts. 3 and 4, pp. 82-89, pl. 15.
1951. The genus Globotruncana in Trinidad, B. W.1I. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 187-199,
pls. 34, 35.
1952. Note on the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Trinidad, B. W. I. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 26,
No. 4, pp. 669-675.
Boru, H. M., Lorsiicu, A. R., Jr., and Tappan, H.
1957. Planktonic foraminiferal families Hantkeninidae, Orbulinidae, Globorotaliidae, and Globo-
truncanidae. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, pp. 3-50, pls. 1-11.
Bronnimann, P.
1952. Globigerinidae from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Maestrichtian) of Trinidad, B. W. I.
Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 34, No. 140, pp. 1—70, pls. 1—4.
Castanargs, A. A.
1954. El genero Globotruncana Cushman, 1927 y su importancia en estratigraphia. Bol. Assoc.
Mexicana Geol. Petr., vol. 6, Nos. 11-12, pp. 353-474, pls. 1-16.
Dausiez, F.
1955. The genus Globotruncana in Tunisia. Micropaleontology, vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 161-171.

‘Haen, H. and Zum, W.

1954. Globotruncanen aus dem QOber-Cenoman und Unter-Turon der Bayerischen Alpen. Eclog.
Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 1-60, pls. 1-7.
Hamitton, E. L.
1953. Upper Cretaceous, Tertiary and Recent planktonic Foraminifera from Mid-Pacific flat-topped
seamounts. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 204-237, pls. 29-32,
Kuasz, I. DE
1953. Hinige neue oder wenig bekannte Foraminiferen aus der helvetischen Oberkreide der bayerischen
Alpen siidlich Traunstein (Oberbayern). Geol. Bavarica, No. 17, pp. 223-244.
Imiay, R. W.
1955. Stratigraphic and geographic range of the late Cretaceous pelecypod Delis Journ.
Paleontol., vol. 29, No. 3, pp..548-550.
Mornop, E.
1949. Les Globorotalidés du Crétacé supérieur du Montsalvens (Préalpes fribourgeoises). Eclog.
Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 573-596, pl. 15.
ReicHei, M.
1949. Observations sur les Globotruncana du gisement de la Breggia (Tessin). Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae
vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 596-617, pls. 16, 17.
Sie@at, J.
1952. Apercu stratigraphique sur la micropaléontologie du Crétacé. 19th Congr. Géol. Internat.,
Monogr. Rég., ser. 1, No. 26, pp. 1-45.
Tiny, N.
1952. Etude des Rosalines maestrichtiennes (genre Globotruncana) du Sud-Est de la Turquie (Sondage
de Ramandag). Bull. Lab. Géol., Min., Géophys., Mus. Géol., Univ. Lausanne, No. 103,
pp. 1-101, pls. 1-3.

The Genera Globigerina and Globorotalia in the Paleocene-Lower
Kocene Lizard Springs Formation of Trinidad, B.W. I.

By Hans M. Bolli’*

Introduction

UTHORS OF PREVIOUS PAPERS on the foraminiferal
fauna of the Lizard Springs formation restricted
their observations entirely to surface sections. Because
of complex tectonic conditions in Central and South
Trinidad, most of the Lizard Springs outcrops are small
isolated slipmasses that are often confined to a single
zone and therefore are not suitable for comprehensive
stratigraphic and evolutionary studies. The Lizard
Springs formation as encountered in wells often consists
of similar slipmasses. In a few boreholes, however,
continuous and apparently undisturbed sections of over
1,000 feet in thickness have been penetrated. These
sections, combined with surface information, now allow
a much more complete and reliable study of the foram-
iniferal species and their stratigraphic ranges than was
previously possible.

Although the planktonic Foraminifera are strongly
predominant in many samples of the Lizard Springs
formation, not much attention was paid to them until
Bronnimann’s paper on the Globigerinidae appeared in
1952. The usefulness of planktonic Foraminifera for
zoning has already been proved in older and younger
sediments (Upper Cretaceous, Eocene-Miocene). The
present study of Globigerina and Globorotalia shows that
a similar pattern of comparatively short ranges for
most species also prevails in the Paleocene-lower Eocene
Lizard Springs formation of Trinidad.

On the basis of benthonic Foraminifera, the Lizard
Springs formation was previously subdivided into a
lower and an upper zone. The stratigraphic distribu-
tion of the planktonic Foraminifera in the more com-
plete sections now available allows eight well-defined
zones to be distinguished, five of which are regarded as
of Paleocene age (lower Lizard Springs) and three as of
lower Eocene age (upper Lizard Springs). As a rule
the fauna of the basal part of the Lizard Springs forma-
tion is entirely arenaceous. The arenaceous Lizard
Springs facies, which is given zonule rank, may however
also occur in higher parts of the Paleocene portion of
the Lizard Springs formation. Beds almost indistin-
guishable from this facies may possibly also replace
part of the calcareous Upper Cretaceous Guayaguayare
formation. Furthermore it is a time and facies equiva-
lent of the Chaudiere formation of the Central Range.

Preliminary examination of Paleocene and lower
Eocene samples from widely separated regions such as
Venezuela, the United States Gulf Coast area, Peru,
North Africa, and Europe suggests that a zonation of
the Paleocene-lower Eocene on the basis of planktonic
Foraminifera can be a useful tool for interregional
correlation.

Stratigraphy

For the history and earlier zonation of the Lizard
Springs formation, reference is made to Cushman and
Renz (1946). On the basis of benthonic smaller
Foraminifera, these authors subdivided the formation
into a lower and upper zone and a probable late Maes-
trichtian to Danian age was suggested for both. A
short account of a subsequent controversy on the
Cretaceous age of the Lizard Springs formation was
given by Bolli (1952), who regarded the age as Paleo-
cene. Bronnimann (1952) maintained the subdivision
of the formation into a lower and upper zone, both of
Paleocene age.

These authors restricted their observations on the
Lizard Springs formation to the type locality as
described by Cushman and Renz, and to a few other
surface samples. The type locality represents a slip-
mass within a synorogenic clay-boulder bed of Miocene
age. It was already stressed by Cushman and Renz
that this section, measuring about 250 feet, is strongly
disturbed and incomplete. Other Lizard Springs out-
crops in central and south Trinidad have the same
shortcomings and often consist of only a single zone.
Similar conditions were previously mentioned for Upper
Cretaceous sediments (Bolli, 1956). It is therefore
fortunate that there is available a number of carefully
recorded favorable subsurface profiles which allow the
study of fairly continuous sections of Paleocene and
lower Eocene sediments.

The most complete of these profiles was found in the
subsurface section of Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., well
Guayaguayare 159. This well is situated in southeast
Trinidad, in the same general area as the original
Lizard Springs type locality. Here, six of the nine
established subdivisions are represented by cores in

1 Trinidad Oil Company, Ltd. (formerly Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd.), Pointe-a-
Pierre, Trinidad, B. W. I.
61

62 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

normal stratigraphic succession in the 1,200 feet of
Lizard Springs penetrated in the well. The thickness
of the zones varies in this well from approximately
100 feet to 500 feet.

The distribution chart (text-fig. 11) of the species of
Globigerina and Globorotalia clearly shows the short
ranges of most species within this age period. ‘This
short range pattern led to the present subdivision
of the Lizard Springs formation into eight zones
based on the stratigraphic distribution of character-
istic single species or groups of species. The arenaceous
facies is placed in a separate zonule. Vive lower zones
and the zonule are included in the lower Lizard Springs
and regarded as Paleocene; the remaining three zones
comprise the upper Lizard Springs, and are placed in
the lower Hocene,

The lower Lizard Springs-upper Lizard Springs
boundary is marked by a distinct change in both
planktonic and benthonic Foraminifera. Two plank-
tonic species become extinct in the top zone of the
lower Lizard Springs and eight appear new in the
bottom zone of the upper Lizard Springs. Only one
Globorotalia species (G. aequa Cushman and Renz)
ranges from the lower into the upper Lizard Springs.
In addition, numerous benthonic forms such as the
Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene Rzehakina epigona (Rze-
hak), Clavulina aspera var. whitei (Cushman and Jarvis),
Gaudryina pyramidata Cushman, Trochammina ruth-
ven-murrayt Cushman and Renz and Boliwinoides
trinitatensis Cushman and Jarvis are not known from
the upper Lizard Springs formation.

The complete change of the planktonic foraminiferal
fauna between the Upper Cretaceous Guayaguayare
formation and the Paleocene-lower Eocene Lizard
Springs formation is not followed by the benthonic
Foraminifera. According to recent investigations by
J. P. Beckmann (private communication) as many as
about two-thirds of the benthonic species known in the
Upper Cretaceous continue into the Paleocene-lower
Eocene. In cases where only benthonic Foraminifera
are present, it may become difficult, therefore, to
determine whether a fauna is of Upper Cretaceous or
Paleocene age. Some of the earlier students on
foraminiferal faunas of the Lizard Springs formation
restricted their observations mainly to the benthonic
part. Their preference for attributmg an Upper
Cretaceous age to the Lizard Springs formation is thus
well understandable.

The distribution of the zones and zonule in surface
and well sections of central and south Trinidad is very
irregular. In the Central Range area the arenaceous
facies is known as Chaudiere formation, and is strongly
predominant as such. Towards the south, calcareous
benthonic and planktonic Foraminifera become pre-
dominant and the arenaceous facies often remains
restricted to the basal part of the formation.

The zones of the Lizard Springs formation as specified
in this paper may. not yet represent a continuous strati-
graphic sequence. There are indications of at least
two stratigraphic breaks; these will be considered in

the discussion on coiling. It is still possible that such
missing intervals are present in certain areas but have
not yet been found.

The Lizard Springs formation consists of grey or
green-grey, calcareous or noncalcareous shales. The
greenish color appears to be restricted to the lower
Lizard Springs. The calcium carbonate content in the
calcareous facies varies from 5 to 30 percent. The
percentage by weight of Foraminifera at the type
localities varies from 1 to 6 percent.

Lower Lizard Springs Formation

The lower Lizard Springs formation is divided into
the following zones and zonule (from bottom to top):

Rzehakina epigona Zonule

Typr Locatity: Trinidad Petroleum Development
well Moruga 15, Trinidad (coordinates N :149878 links;
E:497002 links), core 4,617—37 feet.

Remarks: The zonule consists entirely of an are-
naceous fauna and is found restricted to the basal part
of the formation in many subsurface sections of south
Trinidad. It may, in addition, represent a facies
equivalent to any of the lower Lizard Springs zones.
Rzehakina epigona (Rzehak) becomes extinct at the
top of the Globorotalia velascoensis zone. It is a typical
form throughout the Chaudiere formation of the Central
Range. Thus it may be assumed that this formation
is an age equivalent of the whole, or part, of the lower
Lizard Springs. The Rzehakina epigona zonule is
known to rest unconformably on the Upper Cretaceous
in several places. The contact is often marked by the
St. Joseph boulder bed (Bolli, 1952). In some parts of
south Trinidad however, sedimentation appears to be
uninterrupted between the Upper Cretaceous Guay-
aguayare formation and the Paleocene Lizard Springs
formation. There, the Rzehakina epigona zonule can
possibly replace parts of the Guayaguayare formation
and thus represent also an Upper Cretaceous age.

Globorotalia trinidadensis Zone

TypE Locatity: Trinidad Petroleum Development
well Moruga 8, Trinidad (coordinates N:143522 links;
E:504382 links), core 10,259-61 feet.

Remarks: The Globorotalia trinidadensis zone is
characterized by the first appearance of calcareous
benthonic and planktonic Foraminifera. The plank-
tonic fauna with Globorotalia compressa (Plummer),
G. pseudobulloides (Plummer), G. trinidadensis Boll,
new species, Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer and
G. daubjergensis Bronnimann shows strong affinities
to that described from Danian localities of Denmark
(Bronnimann, 1952), to the basal part of the Hsna shale
(Buffer zone) of Egypt (Nakkady, 1951) and to parts
of the Midway (e. g., Plummer, 1926).

The species of Globigerina and Globorotalia of the
Globorotalia trinidadensis zone originate either in this

zone or in a favorable facies. environment contempo-

raneous with the underlying Rzehakina epigona zonule.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

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formosa formosa
Globorofalia rex
pseudomenardii
pusilla pusilla
Globorotalia
uncinata
Rrehokina
epigona zonule

Globorotalia
oragonensis

Globorotalia
Globorotalia
velascoensis

Globorotalia
Globorotalia
Globorotalia
trinidadensis

YwAO1
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2 3N3IO3 Y3M07 INZIIOFJ1Vd

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Species d

Ficure 11.

63

64 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Globorotalia uncinata Zone

TypPE LocaLity: On the west side of the railway
track, south of the Pointe-a-Pierre Railway Station,
about 500 feet from the level crossing of Station Road,
Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad (coordinates N:259200 links;
E:362900 links).

Remarks: The type locality is a small slipmass in
the Oligocene-Miocene Nariva formation. The zone
is characterized by Globorotalia uncinata Bolli, new
species, and Globigerina spiralis Bolli, new species, in
addition to the planktonic fauna of the Globorotalia
trinidadensis zone (with the exception of Globigerina
daubjergensis Bronnimann).

Globorotalia pusilla pusilla Zone

Tyre Locauiry: Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., well
Guayaguayare 159, Trinidad (coordinates N:151361
links; E:554095 links), cores 4,524-36 feet and 4,778—
90 feet.

Remarks: Globorotalia pusilla pusilla Bolli, new spe-
cies, new subspecies, extends into the basal part of the
overlying Globorotalia pseudomenardi, zone. Globoro-
talia angulata (White), G. ehrenbergi Bolli, new species,
and G. angulata hexacamerata Bolli, new subspecies, are
other typical forms of the zone.

Globorotalia pseudomenardii Zone

Tyrer Locatity: On the northeast bank of the Tank
Farm at the old Club Site, Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad
(coordinates N:256950 links; £:380000 links).

Remarks: .The type locality is a small slipmass in
the Oligocene-Miocene Nariva formation. A marked
change in the planktonic fauna occurs at the base of
this zone. Four species become extinct here and eight
appear for the first time.

Globorotalia velascoensis Zone

Tyrs Locatity: The original Lizard Springs locality
is maintained for this zone: Ravine Ampelu, Lizard
Springs area, about 1% miles southeast of the road
junction of the Rio Claro-Guayaguayare Road (8%
M.P.) and the old Trinidad Central Oilfields Road
leading to the abandoned Lizard Springs oilfield, south-
east Trinidad (coordinates N:186454 links; E:556810
links), samples Rz. 282-291 (TLL 50315-16, 50503-10).
For better accessibility the following cotype locality
has been chosen: west side of railway track, south of
the Pointe-a-Pierre Railway Station, about 650 feet
from the level crossing of Station Road, Pointe-a-Pierre
(coordinates N:259200 links; E::362900 links).

Remarks: Globorotalia velascoensis (Cushman) and
Globigerina velascoensis Cushman become extinct at the
top of the zone. Several species typical for the under-
lying Globorotalia pseudomenardti zone are absent.

Upper Lizard Springs Formation

The Upper Lizard Springs formation is divided into
the following zones (from bottom to top):

Globorotalia rex Zone

Type Locatity: In a left bank tributary of the
Cascas River, 3,400 feet from its confluence with the
Moriquite River, about 1% miles west of the point
where the Moriquite River crosses the Moruga Road
(between the 14 and 14% M.P.). The ravine is some
650 feet in length, extending from northwest to south-
east, and enters the Cascas River 250 feet downstream
from the intersection of the latter with the Forest
Reserve boundary. The type locality is an outcrop in
the river bed of the ravine, 180 feet from its junction
with the Cascas River (coordinates N:138700 links;
E:435000 links).

Remarks: Hight species of Globorotalia and Globi-
gerina occur for the first time in the Globorotalia rex
zone. The long ranging characteristic Globorotalia
aequa Cushman and Renz becomes extinct at the top
of this zone.

Globorotalia formosa formosa Zone

Typ Locatity: The original Lizard Springs locality
is maintained for the Globorotalia formosa formosa zone:
Ravine Ampelu, Lizard Springs area, about 14 miles
southeast of the road junction of the Rio Claro-Guaya-
guayare Road (8% M. P.) and the old Trinidad Central
Oilfields Road leading to the abandoned Lizard Springs
oilfield, South East Trinidad (coordinates N:186505
links; H:556755 links), samples Rz. 281, 293, 296
(TLL 50314, 50512, 50515).

Remarks: Globorotalia formosa formosa Bolli, new
Species, new subspecies, G. aragonensis Nuttall, Globi-
gerina soldadoensis angulosa Bolli, new subspecies, and
G. prolata Bolli, new species, occur for the first time in
this zone.

Globorotalia aragonensis Zone

TYPE LocaLity: Outcrop on the east side of the
Pointe-a-Pierre Road behind a dwelling house some 60
feet from the north end of the bridge across the Vista
Bella River, San Fernando, Trinidad (coordinates
N:238700 links; £:263090 links).

Remarks: The Globorotalia aragonensis zone which
is the uppermost zone of the Lizard Springs formation
is also known as Ramdat marl. In earlier publications
(Cushman and Renz, 1948; Bronnimann, 1952) it was
attributed to the Navet formation. Because of its
close faunistic and lithologic affinities with the Globo-
rotalia formosa formosa zone the Ramdat marl is now
included in the upper Lizard Springs. From a point of
view of lithology and fauna, it is more justified to place
the Lizard Springs-Navet boundary at the top of the
Globorotalia aragonensis zone. The calcium carbonate
content rises sharply from 10 to 25 percent in the
Ramdat marl and other Lizard Springs zones to 50 to
70 percent in the overlying beds of the Navet formation.
Many new planktonic species, e. g., Globorotala
palmerae Cushman and Bermudez, G. crassata (Cush-
man), and the first Hantkenina species appear in the
Navet formation in rapid succession.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 65

The Globorotalia species from the type sample (K.
2950) of “Bed 3’ from Soldado Rock of Trinidad
(Kugler, 1938; Cushman and Renz, 1942) have been
re-investigated and determined as follows: G. velas-
coensis (Cushman), (determined as G. wilcoxensis var.
acuta Toulmin by Cushman and Renz, 1942, and
Bolli, 1950), G. aequa Cushman and Renz, G. whitet
Weiss and G. elongata Glaessner. These species cor-
respond with those characterizing the Globorotalia
velascoensis zone which is the highest zone of the lower
Lizard Springs. Cushman and Renz compare the
“Bed 3” Foraminifera with Midwayan faunas from
Alabama, but also point to a relationship with the
Salt Mountain and the Wilcox of Ozark, Alabama.
A stratigraphic position of ‘Bed 3” of Soldado Rock
comparable with that of the uppermost lower Lizard
Springs agrees also with the views of Bronnimann
(1952).

Stratigraphic Correlation with Areas outside
Trinidad

A limited number of samples was available to the
author from areas outside Trinidad. The study of
their planktonic Foraminifera allows a correlation of
the Trinidad zones of the Lizard Springs formation
with the widespread localities represented. Although
this correlation is rather sketchy it appears to be
sufficiently accurate to indicate the value of the fauna
discussed for interregional correlation of the Paleocene
and lower Eocene.

Samples from the Rio Querecual type section of
Eastern Venezuela (Hedberg, 1937; Hedberg and
Pyre, 1944) show that the Upper Cretaceous part of
the Vidofio shale of the Santa Anita formation=the
Globotruncana gansseri to Abathomphalus mayaroensis
zones of Trinidad’s Guayaguayare formation and prob-
ably corresponding to Hedberg and Pyre’s “‘Guembelina-
Siphogenerinoides Zone’’) is overlain by shales which
may be correlated with the Globorotalia pseudomenardii
and Globorotalia velascoensis zones of the lower Lizard
Springs (probably Hedberg and Pyre’s “Rzehakina-
Spiroplectammina Zone”). A gap of about 450 feet
exists between the uppermost Cretaceous examined
and the first Paleocene sample. It is left to additional
sampling of this gap to establish the presence or absence
of the Rzehakina epigona zonule and the Globorotalia
trinidadensis, Globorotalia uncinata and Globorotalia
pusilla pusilla zones of the lower Lizard Springs.
Hedberg and Pyre’s “‘Gyroidina-Bulimina Zone” pos-
sibly falls into this interval.

The facies of the higher parts of the Santa Anita
formation does not appear to be favorable for the study
of planktonic Foraminifera, with the exception of some
layers towards the top of the formation where plank-
tonic Foraminifera indicate a middle Eocene age.

Planktonic Foraminifera seen in a number of samples
of the Midway group from the Gulf Coast area correlate
well with those found in the lower Lizard Springs,
especially in the Globorotalia trinidadensis zone. This

observation is supported by publications such as that
of Plummer (1926).

Available samples and published information (Cush-
man and Ponton, 1932; Toulmin, 1941) from the
Wilcox group indicate that the planktonic Forami-
nifera correlate with the Globorotalia rex zone of the
upper Lizard Spings and also with the uppermost part
of the lower Lizard Springs.

Planktonic Foraminifera typical for the Globorotalia
uncinata and Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zones of the
lower Lizard Springs, as well as for the Globorotalia
formosa formosa and Globorotalia aragonensis zones of
the upper Lizard Springs have seemingly not been
recorded from the Paleocene and lower Eocene of the
Gulf Coast area according to the information available
to the author.

The planktonic Foraminifera of a sample from the type
locality of the Velasco formation of Mexico correspond
with those of the Globorotalia pseudomenardii zone of the
lower Lizard Springs. A sample from the type locality
of the Aragon formation contains Globorotalia aragonen-
sis but the associated fauna suggests an age slightly
younger than the Globorotalia aragonensis zone of the
upper Lizard Springs formation.

The planktonic and benthonic Foraminifera described
from the Pale Greda formation of Peru indicate basal
upper Lizard Springs which would place the formation
into the lower Eocene, rather than Paleocene as sug-
gested by Weiss (1955).

Two faunas have been examined from the Esna shales
of Egypt. One, from the Buffer zone of Nakkady, 1951,
correlates well with the Globorotalia trinidadensis zone of
the lower Lizard Springs. The other, from Nakkady’s
Globorotalia zone, can be placed in the Globorotalia
velascoensis zone of the lower Lizard Springs.

Planktonic forms representative of the Globorotalia
trinidadensis and Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zones of
the lower Lizard Springs have been seen in samples
from the Paleocene of Tunisia.

Brotzen (1948) describes Globigerina triloculinoides
Plummer, G. pseudobulloides Plummer, and Globorotalia
compressa (Plummer) from the Swedish Paleocene.
This would indicate an age comparable to the lower
part of the lower Lizard Springs.

The planktonic Foraminifera from Danian localities
of Jutland, Denmark (Bronnimann, 1952) are considered
to be not younger than those from the Globorotalia
trinidadensis zone of the lower Lizard Springs.

Finally, a Paleocene sample seen from Bavaria,
Germany, contains Globorotalia pusilla pusilla Bolli,
new species, new subspecies, G. angulata (White) and
G. quadrata (White). This fauna is characteristic for
the Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone of the lower Lizard
Springs.

Evolutionary Trends

A rapid tempo of evolution in the planktonic Foram-
inifera during Paleocene-Lower Eocene time is indicated
by the short life ranges of many of the Globigerina and
Globorotalia species described in this paper. Nine

66

species are restricted to a single zone, fifteen to two zones,
ten to three zones. Only four species have a longer
range. Several groups of genetically closely related
species and subspecies can be distinguished. The as-
sumption of such genetic relationships is based on oc-
currences of morphologically transitional forms. To-
gether with the evolutionary trends it is also of interest
to follow the ratios of the direction of coiling. It will be
shown in the following section that such ratios may be
an indication of the stratigraphic position of a fauna
and help to verify the genetic relation between some
species and subspecies.

The dominant suite of related species begins in the
Globorotalia trinidadensis zone with Globorotalia trinida-
densis Bolli, new species (text-fig. 12). Based on inter-
mediate forms it may be assumed that Globorotalia
pseudobulloides (Plummer) which also appears in this

Gg. = Globigerina

Gr. = Globorotalia

Gr. aragonensis
Gr. formosa formosa

Gr. ara-
gonensis
Zone

gracilis

Gr.
formosa
formosa

Zone

LOWER EOCENE
UPPER LIZARD SPRINGS

laevigata
elongata

Gr.
|

pusilla

ae]
2
5
c
°
iS
o

3
2
ry
3
a
<

©

Gr.
velasco- ~
ensis Zone

Gr. pusilla
pusilla
Gr. ehrenbergi
Gr. angulata
abundocamerata

Gr.
pseudo-
menardii

Gr.
Gr. compressa

Gr. angulata

daubjergensis

PALEOCENE
LOWER LIZARD SPRINGS

uncinata
Zone

frinidadensis
Zone

epigona
zonule

Gr. velascoensis

Gr. uncinata

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

zone, is closely related to G. trinidadensis. Common an-
cestors might be found in beds equivalent in age to
those of the underlying Rzehakina epigona zonule. In
the Globorotalia uncinata zone we find the zonal marker
developing from G. pseudobulloides (for a transitional
form, see pl. 17, figs. 16-18). G. wncinata Bolli, new
species, is regarded as the ancestor of G. angulata
(White). G. quadrata (White) is considered a separate
branch developing from G. trinidadensis. At the base of
the G. pusilla pusilla zone, G. angulata apparently leads
through transitional forms to the long ranging G. aequa
Cushman and Renz. Before the extinction of G. aequa
at the end of the G. rex zone the two closely related
G. rex Martin and G. formosa gracilis Bolli, new spec-
ies, new subspecies, branch off. ‘These two forms lead
in the following zone to G. aragonensis |Nuttall and
G. formosa formosa Bolli, new species, new subspecies,

Gg. linaperta

Gg. trianguloris

Gg. primitiva

Gg. soldadoensis angulosa
Gg. turgida

Gg. taroubaensis

Gr. broedermanni

Gg. collactea

Gr. wilcoxensis

Gr. whitet
Gg. velascoensis

pseudobulloides
Gr. quadrata
Gr. tortiva
Gr. mekannai

ce}
—

Gr.
Gg. triloculinoides

Gr. trinidadensis

Ficure 12.—Tentative evolution of Globigerina and Globorotalia species in the Paleocene - lower Eocene,
Lizard Springs formation of Trinidad, B.W.I.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 67

respectively. The last two are the end forms of the evo-
lutionary sequence that began with G. trinidadensis in
the lower Lizard Springs. G. formosa formosa becomes
extinct at the close of the G. aragonensis zone whereas
G. aragonensis continues without noticeable morpoholog-
ical changes for a considerable time into the middle
Eocene Navet formation.

Another suite of Globorotalia species closely related
morphologically is G. compressa (Plummer)—G. ehren-
bergi Bolli, new species—G. pseudomenardii Bolli, new
species, and probably G. elongata Glaessner. G. com-
pressa appears in the Globorotalia trinidadensis zone and
might originate from the same stock as G. trinidadensis.
It ranges from the Globorotalia trinidadensis zone into
the Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone where it develops
into G. ehrenbergi by increasing its size and becoming
more compressed. G. pseudomenardii, the descendant
of G. ehrenbergi, becomes still more compressed and
acquires a peripheral keel. Towards the end of its
range this species can become of considerable size and
may depart from its usual shape (see pl. 20, fig. 17).
G. elongata which probably developed from G. ehren-
bergi-G. pseudomenardii at the base of the Globorotala
pseudomenardii zone continues into the Globorotala
velascoensis zone where the suite becomes extinct.

Globigerina daubjergensis Bronnimann which is re-
stricted to the Globorotalia trinidadensis zone shows no
apparent morphologic relationship to other species of
that zone. It may possibly be regarded as the ancestor
of Globigerina spiralis Bolli, new species, which is con-
fined to the Globorotalia uncinata zone. Both forms
are distinctly trochospiral, however no intermediate
forms were observed in the limited number of samples
available from these zones.

No ancestral forms were found in the investigated
sections for Globorotalia pusilla pusilla Bolli, new species,
new subspecies. This species develops by transitions
into G. pusilla laevigata Bolli, new species, new sub-
species, of the G. pseudomenardii zone.

Globorotalia velascoensis (Cushman) is a distinct form
characterizing the Globorotalia pseudomenardii and
Globorotalia velascoensis zones. The species appears
first in the Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone, where it
might have branched off from the Globorotalia angulata
(White) ‘group. Transitional forms between these
species could not be clearly established in the studied
sections.

Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer which first occurs
in the Globorotalia trinidadensis zone, might have a
common ancestor with Globorotalia trinidadensis.
Specimens of Globigerina triloculinoides which show
Globorotalia-like apertural characters are common
throughout its range (see pl. 17, figs. 25-26). The
triangular shaped Globigerina triloculinoides seemingly
develops into the long-ranging and little-changing G.
linaperta Finlay. Before that change, the more triangu-
lar shaped G. triangularis White branches off from G.
triloculinoides at the base of the Globorotalia pusilla
pusilla zone. Globigerina velascoensis Cushman, a form
with a slight lateral compression of the chambers, may

396818—576

be regarded as a further evolutionary step from @.
triangularis.

The laterally strongly compressed Globorotalia tortiva
Bolli, new name, appears almost contemporaneously
with Globigerina velascoensis at the base of the Globoro-
talia pseudomenardii zone. This short-lived species is
likely to have developed from Globigerina triangularis.
It is possible that Globorotalia tortiva Bolli, new name,
is the ancestral form of the equally short-lived Globoro-
talia mckannai (White) which is found higher in the
same zone.

Globorotalia whitei Weiss which appears in the
Globorotalia pseudomenardii zone is another species
likely to have developed from the Globigerina tri-
angularis-G. velascoensis group. It is regarded as the
ancestral form of Globorotalia wilcorensis Cushman and
Ponton and G. quetra Bolli, new species.

Towards the close of the Globorotalia pseudomenardit
zone and during the Globorotalia velascoensis zone the
first specimens of the closely related Globigerina
primitivia Finlay and G. soldadoensis Bronnimann
appear. Similar morphology strongly suggests that
G. primitiva developed from G. velascoensis. Several
species and subspecies develop in the upper Lizard
Springs from G. soldadoensis Bronnimann, which is
regarded as related to G. primitiva; in order of first
occurrence they are G. gravelli Bronnimann, G. solda-
doensis angulosa Bolli, new subspecies, and G. turgida
Finlay. G. taroubaensis Bronnimann might also be
related to this group, probably most closely to G.
turgida.

Globigerina collactea (Finlay) appears first in the
Globorotalia rex zone with no apparent ancestral forms
in the underlying Globorotalia velascoensis zone. Such
forms might however be expected in beds presumed
missing between these two zones. Globigerina prolata
Bolli, new species, is likely to have developed from @.
collactea at the base of the Globorotalia formosa formosa
zone.

Globorotalia broedermanni Cushman and Bermudez is
another form that occurs first in the Globorotalia rex
zone. Some intermediate specimens in the Globorotalia
rez zone indicate a possible relationship to Globigerina
collactea.

Direction of Coiling

Earlier observations on the direction of coiling of a
number of planktonic species led to the conclusion that
distinct changes in ratios occur during the evolution of
many species (Bolli, 1950, 1951). During the early
evolutionary stage, such a species or group of related
species normally coils at random. Later, up to 90 to
100 percent of the specimens have a preference for
either sinistral or dextral coiling. Once such a prefer-
ence has arisen the species does not revert to random
coiling any more, except in some possible gerontic
stages (Bolli, 1957, p. 54). Very rapid or almost
instant changes from one preferred direction of coiling
to the opposite can, however, be observed in the later
stages of some species, e. g., Globorotalia menardu

68 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

(@’Orbigny), G. truncatulinoides (d’Orbigny) (Bolli,
1950; Ericson, G. Wollin and J. Wollin, 1954). Changes
in the environment probably cause such sudden changes.

The coiling of a few Lizard Springs Globorotalia
species has already been discussed in an earlier paper
(Bolli, 1950). Coilimg ratios for several Globigerina and
Globorotalia species and groups of related species have
again been followed through the now better known
sections of the Lizard Springs formation. The basic
picture has changed little. The coiling ratios for a
hypothetical lowermost Lizard Springs given in the
earlier paper have now been observed. ‘The probable
relation between Globorotalia aequa Cushman and Renz
and G. aragonensis Nuttall (via G. rex Martin) was not
realized at the time and G. wilcoxensis var. acuta
Toulmin is now regarded as a synonym of G. velascoensis
(Cushman).

Some of the more significant results are briefly
discussed in the following paragraphs and shown on
text-figure 13.

A genetic relationship between Globorotaha trinida-
densis Bolli, new species, G. pseudobulloides (Plummer),
G. uneinata Bolli, new species, G. angulata (White),
G. aequa Cushman and Renz, G. rex Martin, G. ara-
gonensis Nuttall, G. formosa gracilis Bolli, new species,
new subspecies and, G. formosa formosa Bolli, new
species, new subspecies, has been discussed in the
previous section. When following the coiling ratios of
these species we find that the stratigraphically older
forms (G. trinidadensis to G. angulata) coil at random,
thus representing the early evolutionary stage. With
the transition of G. angulata to G. aequa, a very rapid
change to an almost exclusively dextral coiling takes
place. This preference is maintained to the point of
extinction of the species at the top of the Globorotalia
rez zone. G.rez and G. formosa gracilis which apparently
branch off from the G. aequa group at the base of
Globorotalia rex zone maintain the same trend. G.
aragonensis and G. formosa formosa which are assumed
to develop from G. rex and G. formosa gracilis, respec-
tively, higher in the same zone, rapidly switch to
sinistral coiling. The change is more rapid in G.
aragonensis which becomes about 90 percent sinistral
in the Globorotalia aragonensis zone. The same trend is
maintained by this species until its extinction in the
Navet formation. Of G. formosa formosa, 64 percent
were found to coil sinistrally before the extinction of
the species towards the top of the Globorotalia ara-
gonensis zone. A sample from the probable upper
part of the Globorotalia formosa formosa zone showed
10 percent of G. formosa formosa and 44 percent of
G. aragonensis coiling sinistrally. Counts of another
sample presumably from lower in the G. formosa
formosa zone showed an almost exclusive dextral coiling
for both G. formosa formosa and G. aragonensis.

Globorotalia compressa (Plummer), G. ehrenbergi
Bolli, new species, G. pseudomenardii Bolli, new species,
and G. elongata Glaessner represent another evolution-
ary sequence. All investigated samples showed the
species coiling at random, with the exception of the
topmost sample in the Globorotalia pseudomenardii zone.

There, apparently shortly before its extinction, 80 to
85 percent of the specimens of the zonal marker were
found to coil sinistrally. G. elongata maintains random
coiling throughout its range.

Globorotalia veluscoensis (Cushman) has a strong
preference for sinistral coiling throughout most of its
range. Only in its very early stages does the species
coil at random. The very rapid change from random
to sinistral coiling in G. velascoensis occurs concurrently
with that of the G. angulata-G. aequa group to dextral
coiling. These changes take place within a short
interval in the section studied, probably within less
than 100 feet. From this it may be assumed that
either the change to a strongly preferred direction of
coiling took place within a short time interval or the
abrupt change might indicate a hiatus.

Throughout the upper Lizard Springs Globorotalia
broedermanni Cushman and Bermudez is found to coil
almost exclusively sinistrally. No random-coilmg an-
cestral forms indicating an earlier evolutionary stage
of this species were seen in the lower Lizard Springs.
This suggests the presence of a hiatus between lower
and upper Lizard Springs. The ancestral forms of
G. broedermanni and G. wilcoxensis-G. quetra would be
expected to occur in the missing beds.

Globorotalia wilcoxzensis Cushman and Ponton and
G. quetra Bolli, new species, which probably developed
from G. whitei Weiss were found to have a strong
preference for dextral coiling throughout their distri-
bution in the upper Lizard Springs.

The above results on coiling ratios are based on
approximately 25 samples, the majority of them
coming from one section (Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd.,
Guayaguayare well 159). For this type of investi-
gation it would be desirable to have a greater number
of samples available from well established stratigraphic
sequences. The results obtained from the rather
limited sources are however regarded as conclusive to
warrant the presentation of the tentative picture that
is discussed above and shown on text-figure 13.

Acknowledgments

The writer is indebted to The Trinidad Oil Company
for permission to publish this paper and to use the
Company’s laboratory and drafting facilities at Pointe-
a-Pierre. Trinidad Petroleum Development, Ltd.,
kindly gave permission to make use of some of their
well sections.

The writer wishes to thank Dr. H. G. Kugler, Con-
sulting Geologist to Central Mining Investment Cor-
poration and Mr. J. B. Saunders, Paleontologist of The
Trinidad Oil Company, for reading and discussing the
manuscript. Thanks are due to Dr. A. R. Loeblich, Jr.,
of the U. S. National Museum and to Mrs. Helen
Tappan Loeblich, Research Associate, Smithsonian
Institution, for their help extended in the completion
of the paper.

Illustrations are camera lucida drawings prepared by
Patricia and Lawrence Isham of the U. S. National
Museum.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 69

Globorotalia
aragonensis

Globorotalia

Globorotalia
formosa formosa

broedermanni

Globorotalia
aragonensis

Percent dextral coiling
50

Globorotalia
quetra

Globorotalia

formosa formosa Gibran tee

Globorotalia
rex

Globorotalia
velascoensis

SPRINGS

+—— Globorofalia
Globorotalia velascoensis

pseudomenardii

? Stratigraphic
Break

Globorotalia
pusilla pusilla

LIZARD

Globorotalia
uncinata

PALEOCENE

Globorotalia
trinidadensis

Globorotalia
elongata

Globorotalia
pseudomenardii-

Globorofalia
wilcoxensis

Globorotalia
formosa gracilis

Globorotalia
trinidadensis

Rrehakina epigona
zonule

Ficure 13.—Direction of coiling of some Globigerina and Globorotalia species in the Paleocene - lower Eocene Lizard Springs formation of Trinidad,

B. W. I.

Systematic Descriptions

Fourteen species of Globigerina and twenty-four
species of Globorotalia are described or listed. Most of
the Lizard Springs Globigerina have already been
accurately described by Bronnimann (1952); for these,
reference is made to that publication. Although some
of the Globorotalia species had already been described,
all species, whether new or previously established, are
here described in full, to present a uniform picture.

The principal difference between the genera Globi-

gerina and Globorotalia lies in the position of the aper-
ture. In Globigerina it is interiomarginal, umbilical
(leading from each chamber into the open umbilicus).
In Globorotalia it is interiomarginal, extraumbilical—
umbilical (on the umbilical side of the last chamber
along the suture with the first chamber of the last
whorl, and leading from near the equatorial periphery
into the umbilicus). Chambers in Globigerina are
always globular or only slightly compressed; in Globo-

70 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

rotalia they vary from globular to strongly compressed
and may have a peripheral keel. In a number of
species with globular chambers, described in this paper,
it became difficult to decide whether the position of the
last aperture was truly umbilical or was to some degree
extraumbilical—umbilical. Such transitional positions
make it difficult to decide whether a species belongs to
Globigerina or Globorotalia and the decision remains
rather arbitrary.

The determination of the majority of the previously
established Globigerina and Globorotalia species is based
on a direct comparison of the Lizard Springs fauna with
type material. The holotypes of the species erected
by Bronnimann, Cushman and coauthors, Nuttall,
Weiss and White were available to the author. Co-
types of most of the remaining species have been seen.

Globigerina finlayi, G. hornibrooki and G. stainforthi,
which were erected by Bronnimann (1952) from the
Lizard Springs formation, are omitted from the follow-
ing species descriptions. They were found to be either
exceedingly scarce, or, in the present author’s opinion,
not sufficiently differentiated from existing species to
warrant separation. G. finlayi is placed in synonymy
with G. linaperia Finlay, and G. hornibrooki with G.
triangularis White, while G. stainforthi is regarded as
close to G. triloculinoides Plummer.

Family Orbulinidae Schultze, 1854
Subfamily Globigeriminae Carpenter, 1862
Genus Globigerina d’Orbigny, 1826

Globigerina daubjergensis Bronnimann

Puate 16, Figures 13-15

Globigerina daubjergensis BRONNIMANN, Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae,
vol. 45 (1952), No. 2, pp. 340-841, fig. 1, 1953.

Coiling random. Largest diameter of figured hypo-
type 0.16 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia
zone, Lizard Springs formation.

Locattty: Figured hypotype (USNM P5029) from
Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd.,-Premier Consolidated Oil-
fields, Ltd., well Rochard 1, Trinidad (coordinates
N:148191 links; E:392552 links), sample from core
8,556-65 feet (TLL 228753).

Remarxgs: Globigerina daubjergensis Bronnimann
differs from all other known early Paleocene Globigerina
species in its small size and in the distinctly trochospiral
arrangement of the chambers. G. spiralis Bolli, new
species, displays a similar trochospiral coiling but is
larger in size and possesses more chambers.

trinidadensis

Globigerina spiralis Bolli, new species
PuatE 16, Ficures 16-18

Shape of test medium to high trochospiral, biconvex,
spiral side distinctly convex, umbilical side less so;
equatorial periphery lobate; axial periphery rounded.

Wall calcareous, perforate, surface smooth. Chambers
inflated, globular or slightly compressed laterally; about
15, arranged in 3 whorls; the 5-6 chambers of the last
whorl increase moderately in size. Sutures on spiral
side radial or slightly curved, depressed; on umbilical
side radial, depressed. Umbilicus narrow, open. Aper-
tures distinct arches with faint lips, interiomarginal,
umbilical; that of last chamber in some specimens tends
to an extraumbilical—umbilical position. Coiling ran-
dom. Largest diameter of holotype 0.28 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia uncinata zone,
Lizard Springs formation.

Locauity: Holotype (USNM P5030) from west side
of railway track, south of the Pointe-a-Pierre railway
station, about 500 feet from the level crossing of Statioa
Road, Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad (coordinates N :259200
links; E::362900 links), sample KR 23575 (TLL 178894).

Remarks: See remarks under Globigerina daubjer-
gensis Bronnimann.

Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer
Puate 15, Figures 18-20; and Puate 17, Fiaures 25-26

Globigerina triloculinoides PuumMMEr, Univ. Texas Bull, 2644,
pp. 134-135, pl. 8, figs. 10a—c, 1926.—Bronnimann, Bull.
Amer. Paleontol., vol. 34, No. 143, pp. 24-25, pl. 3, figs.
13-18, 1952.

Globigerina pseudotriloba Wuits, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 2, No. 3,
pp. 194-195, pl. 27, figs. 17a—b, 1928.

Coiling random in the Globorotalia trinidadensis and
Globorotalia uncinata zones, but developing a preference
for dextral coiling (up to 85 percent) in the Globorotala
pusilla pusilla zone. Largest diameter of figured
hypotype 0.30 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia trinidadensis zone
to Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone, Lizard Springs
formation.

Locautiry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5031) from
Trinidad Leaseholds, Litd., well Guayaguayare 159,

Trinidad (coordinates N:151361 links; H:554095 links),

sample from core 4,778-90 feet (TLL 232706).
Globigerina linaperta Finlay
Priate 15, Ficurus 15-17

Globigerina linaperta Finuay, Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. New Zea-
land, vol. 69, p. 125, pl. 13, figs. 54-57, 1939. BRonNIMANN,
Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 34, No. 143, pp. 16-17, pl. 2,
figs. 7-9, 1952.

Coiling random from the Globorotalia pseudomenardi
zone to Globorotalia formosa formosa zone; a slight pref-
erence for dextral coiling was noted in the Globorotalia
aragonensis zone. Largest diameter of figured hypo-
type 0.42 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia ehrenbergi zone
to Globorotalia aragonensis zone, Lizard Springs forma-
tion, continuing into the Navet formation.

Locatitry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5032) from
Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159,
Trinidad (coordinates N:151361 links; £:554095 links),
sample from core 4,212—24 feet (TLL 233002).

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 71

Remarks: Globigerina linaperta Finlay is probably
a descendant of G. triloculinoides Plummer from which
it is distinguished by its larger size and less distinct
flaring lip protecting the aperture.

Globigerina triangularis White
PuateE 15, Fieurss 12-14

Globigerina triangularis Wu11E, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 2, No. 3,
pp. 195-196, pl. 28, figs. la—b, 1928.

Globigerina hornibrooki BRONNIMANN, Bull. Amer. Paleontol.,
vol. 34, No, 143, p. 15, pl. 2, figs. 4-6, 1952.

Coiling random. Largest diameter of figured hypo-
type 0.46 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia pusilla pusilla
zone to Globorotalia aragonensis zone, Lizard Springs
formation, possibly continuing into the Navet forma-
tion.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5033) from
Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159,
Trinidad (coordinates N:151361 links; E:554095 links),
sample from core 4,434—46 feet (TLL 233005).

Remarks: Globigerina triangularis White apparently
developed from G. triloculinoides Plummer, from which
it is distinguished by the more trochospiral arrangement
of its chambers and by the smaller relative size of the
final chamber.

Globigerina velascoensis Cushman

Puate 15, Figures 9-11
Globigerina velascoensits CusHMAN, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 19, pl. 3, fig. 6, 1925.—Wurre, Journ.
Paleontol., vol. 2, No. 3, p. 196, pl. 28, figs. 2a-b, 1928.

Shape of test low trochospiral, spiral side often
slightly concave, umbilical side strongly inflated;
equatorial periphery strongly lobate; axial periphery
rounded. Wall calcareous, perforate, surface smooth.
Chambers inflated, subglobular, slightly compressed
laterally, about 10, arranged in 24% whorls, the 4 cham-
bers of the last whorl increasing rapidly in size. Sutures
on spiral side oblique, depressed; on umbilical side
radial, depressed. Umbilicus narrow, partly covered
by the lip of the last chamber. Apertures low arches,
with distinct lips; interiomarginal, umbilical; the
aperture of the ultimate chamber often tends to an
extraumbilical-umbilical position. Coiling random.
Largest diameter of figured hypotype 0.33 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia pseudomenardii
zone to Globorotalia velascoensis zone, Lizard Springs
formation.

Locaurty: Figured hypotype (USNM P5034) from
Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159,
Trinidad (coordinates N:151361 links; E:554095 links),
sample from core 4,324-30 feet (TLL 233004).

Remarks: Globigerina velascoensis Cushman ap-
parently developed from G@. triangularis White, from
which it is distinguished by having the chambers of
the last whorl slightly compressed laterally. Cushman’s
holotype of G. velascoensis is a poorly preserved and
somewhat deformed specimen. The Lizard Springs
types compare well with those of White (1928).

Globigerina primitiva Finlay
Pruate 15, Fiaures 6-8

Globigerina primitiva Finuay, New Zealand Journ. Sci. Tech.,
vol. 28, No. 5, p. 291, pl. 8, figs. 129-134, 1947.—Bronnr-
MANN, Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 34, No. 143, pp. 11-12,
pl. 1, figs. 10-12, 1952.

Coiling random. Largest diameter of figured hypo-
type 0.37 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia pseudomenardii
zone to Globorotalia aragonensis zone, Lizard Springs
formation, continues into the Navet formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5035) from
Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159,
Trinidad (coordinates N:151361 links; E:554095 links),
sample from core 3,707-13 feet (TLL 232994).

Remarks: Globigerina primitive Finlay probably
developed from G. velascoensis Cushman, from which
it is distinguished mainly by its spinose surface.

Globigerina soldadoensis Bronnimann
PuaTE 16, Ficures 7-12

Globigerina soldadoensis BRONNIMANN, Bull. Amer. Paleontol.,
vol. 34, No. 143, pp. 9-11, pl. 1, figs. 1-9, 1952.

Coiling random. Largest diameter of figured hypo-
type 0.55 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia velascoensis zone
to Globorotalia aragonensis zone, Lizard Springs forma-
tion, continuing into the Navet formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5036) from
Ravine Ampelu, Lizard Springs area, about 1% miles
southeast of the road junction of the Rfo Claro—Guaya-
guayare Road (8% M. P.) and the old Trinidad Central
Oilfields Road leading to the abandoned Lizard Springs
oilfield, southeast Trinidad (coordinates N:186505
links; E:556755 links), sample Rz. 293 (TLL 50512).

Remarks: Globigerina soldadoensis Bronnimann is
closely related to G. primitiva Finlay, from which it is
distinguished mainly by its larger size and greater
number of chambers in the final whorl.

Globigerina soldadoensis angulosa Bolli, new subspecies

PuatEe 16, Fiaurres 4-6

Shape of test low trochospiral, spiral side slightly con-
vex to flat, umbilical side strongly inflated; equatorial
periphery distinctly lobate; axial periphery subangular.
Wall calcareous, perforate, distinctly spinose. Cham-
bers subangular, inflated; about 12, arranged in 2%
whorls, the 5 chambers of the last whorl increasing
fairly rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral side oblique,
depressed; on umbilical side radial, depressed. Umbili-
cus medium sized, open. Apertures low arches;
interiomarginal-umbilical. Coiling random. Largest
diameter of holotype 0.57 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia formosa formosa
zone to Globorotalia aragonensis zone.

Locaurty: Holotype (USNM P5037) from Ravine
Ampelu, Lizard Springs area, about 14 mile southeast

72 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

of the road junction of the Rio Claro—Guayaguayare
Road (8% M. P.) and the old Trinidad Central Oilfields
Road leading to the abandoned Lizard Springs oilfield,
southeast Trinidad (coordinates N:186505 links;
£:556755 links), sample Rz. 293 (TLL 50512).

Remarks: Globigerina soldadoensis angulosa Bolli,
new subspecies, differs from G. soldadoensis Bronnimann
in the more angular shape of the chambers. It also
has a more restricted stratigraphic range.

Globigerina gravelli Bronnimann
Puate 16, Figures 1-3

Globigerina gravelli BRONNIMANN, Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 34,
No. 143, pp. 12-13, pl. 1, figs. 16-18, 1952.
Coiling random. Largest diameter of figured hypo-
type 0.47 mm.
STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia rex zone to Glo-
borotalia aragonensis zone, Lizard Springs formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5038) from
Ravine Ampelu, Lizard Springs area, about 1% miles
southeast of the road junction of the Rio Claro—Guaya-
guayare Road (8% M. P.) and the old Trinidad Ceatral
Oilfields Road leading to the abandoned Lizard Springs
oilfield, southeast Trinidad (coordinates N:186505
links E:556755 links), sample Rz. 293 (TLL 50512).

Remarks: Globigerina gravelli Bronnimann is closely
related to the spinose G. primitiva Finlay-G. soldadoensis
Bronnimann group, from which it is distinguished by
its larger size and greater number of chambers in the
final whorl.

Globigerina collactea (Finlay)
Puatse 15, Fieures 21-23

Globorotalia collactea FinLAy, Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. New Zea-
land, vol. 69, p. 37, pl. 29, figs. 164-165, 1939.

Globigerina collactea (Finlay), BRoNNIMANN, Bull. Amer. Paleon-
tol., vol. 34, No. 148, pp. 18-14, pl. 1, figs. 13-15, 1952.

Coiling random. Largest diameter of figured hypo-
type 0.35 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia rex zone to
Globorotalia aragonensis zone, Lizard Springs forma-
tion, continuing into the Navet formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5039) from
Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159,
Trinidad (coordinates N:151361 links; H:554095 links),
sample from core, 3,707—13 feet (TLL 232994).

Remarks: Some doubt exists as to the generic posi-
tion of this species. Finlay (1939) originally described
it as a Globorotalia. Because of the umbilical position
of the apertures, Bronnimann (1952) removed it to
Globigerina. ‘The apertures of the specimens examined
are usually umbilical, though a slight shifting of the
aperture of the ultimate chamber towards an extra-
umbilical-umbilical position is often noted.

Globigerina prolata Bolli, new species
PuaTE 15, Ficurus 24-26

Globigerina pseudobulloides Plummer, BRONNIMANN (not Plum-
mer, 1926) Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 34, No. 1438, pp.
21-23, pl. 3, figs. 7-9, 1952.

Shape of test low trochospiral, biconvex. Hquatorial
periphery elongate, distinctly lobate. Axial periphery
rounded. Wall calcareous, perforate, surface smooth.
Chambers inflated globular to slightly compressed;
about 12, arranged in 24% whorls, the 4-5 chambers of
the last whorl increasing rapidly in size. Sutures on
spiral side radial or slightly oblique, depressed; on um-
bilical side radial, depressed. Umbilicus fairly wide,
open. Apertures distinct arches, teriomarginal, um-
bilical; in some specimens the aperture of the last cham-
ber tends to become extraumbilical-umbilical in posi-
tion. Coiling in two-thirds of the specimens counted
in the Globorotalia aragonensis zone, sinistral. Largest
diameter of holotype 0.40 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia formosa formosa
and Globorotalia aragonensis zones, Lizard Springs for-
mation; continuing into the Navet formation.

Locaurty: Holotype (USNM P5040) from Ravine
Ampelu, Lizard Springs area, about 14 mile southeast
of the road junction of the Rio Claro—Guayaguayare
Road (8% M.P.) and the old Trinidad Central Oilfields
Road leading to the abandoned Lizard Springs oilfield,
southeast Trinidad (coordinates N:186505 links;
E:556755 links), sample Rz. 281 (TLL 50314).

Remarks: Globigerina prolata Bolli, new species,
probably branched off from G. collactea Finlay in the
Globorotalia rex zone. It became fairly common in the
Globorotalia formosa formosa and Globorotalia aragonensis
zones. Bronnimann (1952) figured and described this
species as Globigerina pseudobulloides Plummer. Be-
cause of the interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical
position of its apertures, pseudobulloides is now placed
in Globorotalia. Globigerina prolata differs from Globo-
rotalia pseudobulloides in the umbilical position of the
apertures, absence of a flaring lip in the last chamber,
and more trochospiral arrangement of the chambers.
Also it has a distinctly different stratigraphic range.
Globorotalia pseudobulloides is restricted to the Paleo-
cene (Globorotaha trinidadensis to the Globorotalha
pusilla pusilla zones) and Globigerina prolata to the
lower Eocene (Globorotalia rex to the Globorotaha
aragonensis zones).

Globigerina taroubaensis Bronnimann

PuatEe 15, Figures 1-2

Globigerina taroubaensis BRONNIMANN, Bull. Amer. Paleontol.,
vol. 34, No. 143, pp. 18-19, pl. 2, figs. 16-18, 1952.
Largest diameter of figured hypotype 0.27 mm.
STRATIGAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia aragonensis zone,
Lizard Springs formation, continuing into the Navet
formation.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 73

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5041) from
outcrop on the east side of the Pointe-a-Pierre Road
behind a dwelling some 60 feet from the north end of
the bridge across the Vista Bella River, San Fernando,
Trinidad (coordinates N: 238700 links; E: 363090 links),
sample Bo. 112 (TLL 137688).

Globigerina turgida Finlay
PuatTe 15, Figures 3-5

Globigerina turgida Finuay, Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. New Zealand,
vol. 69, p. 125, 1939.—Bronnimann, Bull. Amer. Paleontol.,
vol. 34, No. 148, pp. 19-21, pl. 3, figs. 1-3, 1952.

Largest diameter of figured hypotype 0.43 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia aragonensis zone,
Lizard Springs formation, continuing into the Navet
formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5042) from
outcrop on the east side of the Pointe-a-Pierre Road
behind a dwelling some 60 feet from the north end of
the bridge across the Vista Bella River, San Fernando,
Trinidad (coordinates N: 238700 links; E: 363090 links),
sample Bo. 112 (TLL 137688).

Family Globorotaliidae Cushman, 1927
Genus Globorotalia Cushman, 1927

Globorotalia pseudobulloides (Plummer)
PuateE 17, Figures 19-21

Globigerina pseudobulloides PLUMMER, Univ. Texas Bull. 2644,
pp. 133-134, pl. 8, figs, 9a—c, 1926.

Globigerina cretacea d’Orbigny, Wuitr, Journ. Paleontol.,
vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 193-194, pl. 27, figs. 15a—b, 1928.

Shape of test very low trochospiral, biconvex,
moderately compressed. Equatorial periphery lobate.
Axial periphery rounded. Wall calcareous, perforate,
surface smooth. Chambers moderately compressed;
12-15, arranged in 2-2% whorls. The 5 chambers of
the last whorl in¢rease fairly rapidly in size. Sutures
on spiral side curved, less so in the last chambers,
depressed; on umbilical side radial, depressed. Um-
bilicus fairly narrow, open. Aperture a low arch with
a lip; interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical. Coil-
ing random in the Globorotalia trinidadensis and
Globorotalia uncinata zones. A preference for dextral
coiling (up to 75 percent) develops in the Globorotalia
pusilla pusilla zone. Largest diameter of figured
hypotype 0.35 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia trinidadensis
zone to Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone, Lizard Springs
formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5043) from
Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159,
Trinidad (coordinates N:151361 links; E:554095 links),
sample from core 4,524-36 feet (TLL 232705).

Remarks: Because of the interiomarginal, extra-
umbilical-umbilical position of the aperture, pseudo-
bulloides is removed from Globigerina to Globorotalia.
The Globigerina pseudobulloides described and figured
by Bronnimann (1952) from the upper Lizard Springs

is not identical with Plummer’s form, but belongs to
Globigerina prolata Bolli, new species.

Globorotalia trinidadensis Bolli, new species
PuatTeE 16, Ficures 19-23

Shape of test very low trochospiral, inflated; equa-
torial periphery lobate; axial periphery rounded.
Wall calcareous, perforate, surface smooth, in early
chambers often slightly rugose. Chambers globular;
14-18, arranged in 2-2% whorls, the 5-7 chambers of
the last whorl increasing slowly in size. Sutures on
spiral side radial, depressed; on umbilical side radial,
depressed. Umbilicus fairly wide, open. Aperture a
low arch, with a thin, liplike flap in well preserved
specimens; interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical.
Coiling random. Largest diameters of figured types
0.40-0.43 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globigerina trinidadensis
zone to Globorotalia uncinata zone, Lizard Springs
formation.

Locauiry: Holotype (USNM P5044) and paratypes
(USNM P5045 and P5046) from Trinidad Petroleum
Development well Moruga 3, Trinidad (coordinates
N:143522 links; E:504882 links), sample from core
10,259-10,261 feet (TLL 192632).

Remarks: Globorotalia trinidadensis Bolli, new spe-
cies, differs from G. pseudobulloides (Plummer) in its
larger size and in having more chambers in the final
whorl. Early chambers often show a rugose surface.

Globorotalia quadrata (White)

Puate 17, Figures 22-24

Globigerina quadrata Wuitr, Journ. Paleontol, vol. 2, No. 3,
p. 195, pl. 27, figs. 18a—b, 1928.

Shape of test very low trochospiral, spiral side com-
monly slightly concave, umbilical side inflated; equa-
torial periphery lobate, quadrangular; axial periphery
rounded. Wall calcareous, perforate, surface smooth,
early chambers finely cancellate. Chambers inflated,
globular to slightly compressed laterally; about 10-12,
arranged in 2% whorls, the 4-5 chambers of last whorl
increasing rapidly in size; ultimate chamber commonly
slightly smaller than penultimate. Sutures on spiral
side radial, depressed; on umbilical side: radial, de-
pressed. Umbilicus fairly wide, open. Aperture a
low arch; interiomarginal, extraumbilical—umbilical.
Coiling random. Largest diameter of figured hypotype
0.42 mm. 1

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia uncinata zone
to Globorotalia pseudomenardii zone, Lizard Springs
formation.

Locaurry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5047) from
Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159,
Trinidad (coordinates N:151361 links; E554095 links),
sample from core 4,524—36 feet (TLL 232705).

Remarks: Because of the interiomarginal, extra-
umbilical—umbilical position of the aperture, guadrata
is removed from Globigerina to Globorotalia. The

74. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

species is morphologically closely related to Globoro-
talia trinidadensis Bolli, new species, from which it
differs in having fewer chambers in the final whorl.

Globorotalia uncinata Bolli, new species

Puate 17, Figures 13-15

Shape of test low trochospiral, spiral side almost
flat or slightly convex, umbilical side distinctly convex;
equatorial periphery distinctly lobate; axial periphery
rounded to subangular. Wall calcareous, perforate,
surface finely spinose. Chambers subangular, inflated,
laterally compressed; 12-15, arranged in about 2%
whorls, the 5-6 chambers of the last whorl increasing
moderately in size. Sutures on spiral side strongly
curved, depressed; on umbilical side radial, depressed.
Umbilicus fairly narrow, deep, open. Aperture a low
arch; interiomarginal, extraumbilical—umbilical. Coil-
ing random. Largest diameter of holotype 0.35 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia uncinata zone
to Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone, Lizard Springs
formation.

Locauity: Holotype (USNM P5048) from west
side of railway track, south of the Pointe-a-Pierre
Railway Station, about 500 feet from the level crossing
of Station Road, Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad (coordinates
N:259200 links; H:362900 links), sample K.R. 23575
(TLL 178894).

Remarks: Globorotalia uncinata Bolli, new species,
differs from the related G. pseudobulloides (Plummer)
in having subangular, laterally distinctly truncated
chambers and more strongly curved sutures on the
spiral side. An intermediate specimen is shown on
plate 17, figures 16-18 (USNM P5075). Globorotalia
uncinata is regarded as the ancester of Globorotalia
angulata (White). A transitional form between these
two species is shown on plate 17, figures 10-12 (USNM
P5074).

Globorotalia angulata (White)
Puate 17, Fieures 7-9

Globigerina angulata Waitt, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 2, No. 3,
pp. 191-92, pl. 27, figs. 13a-c, 1928.

Shape of test very low trochospiral, spiral side almost
flat, umbilical side distinctly convex; equatorial pe-
riphery distinctly lobate; axial periphery acute, orna-
mented with minute spines in well preserved specimens.
Wall calcareous, perforate, finely spinose, especially
the umbilical side. Chambers angular, inflated; 12-15,
arranged in 24-3 whorls, the 5 chambers of the last
whorl increasing rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral side
strongly curved, slightly depressed; on umbilical side
radial, strongly depressed. Umbilicus narrow, deep,
open. Aperture a narrow slit; interiomarginal, extra-
umbilical—umbilical. Coiling random. Largest di-
ameter of figured hypotype 0.41 mm.

SrRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Upper part of Globorotalia
uncinata zone to Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone.

Locauiry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5049) from
Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159,

Trinidad (coordinates N:151361 links; E:554095 links),
sample from core 4,524-86 feet (TLL 232705).
Remarks: Globorotalia angulata (White) differs from
the ancestral G. wncinata Bolli, new species, in having
subangular chambers and an acute periphery. G.
angulata is regarded as the ancestor of G. aequa Cushman
and Renz. It is further closely related to G. angulata
abundocamerata Bolli, new subspecies.

Globorotalia angulata abundocamerata Bolli, new subspecies
Puate 17, Fiaures 4-6

Shape of test very low trochospiral, spiral side almost
flat, inner whorl occasionally slightly raised; umbilical
side strongly convex; equatorial periphery slightly
lobate, almost circular; axial periphery subacute to
acute without distinct keel. Wall calcareous, perforate,
surface finely spinose. Chambers subangular, inflated;
14-18, arranged in 2—2% whorls, the 6-7 chambers of
the last whorl increasing slowly in size. Sutures on
spiral side curved, slightly depressed; on umbilical side
radial, depressed. Umbilicus narrow, deep, open.
Aperture a narrow slit; interiomarginal, extraumbili-
cal—umbilical. Coiling random. Largest diameter of
holotype 0.4 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia pusilla pusilla
zone to lower part of Globorotalia pseudomenardii zone,
Lizard Springs formation.

Locattry: Holotype (USNM P5050) from Trinidad
Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159, Trinidad
(coordinates N:151361 links; H:554095 links), sample
from core 4,524—36 feet (TLL 232705).

Remarks: G. angulata abundocamerata Bolli, new
subspecies, is a multichambered form of G. angulata
(White) with a slightly different stratigraphic range.

Globorotalia aequa Cushman and Renz

Puate 17, Figures 1-3; Puatse 18, Kicures 13-15
Globorotalia crassata var. aequa CusHMAN and Renz, Contr.
Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 18, p. 12, pl. 3, figs. 3a—c,
1942.
Globorotalia lacerti CusHMaN and RENz, Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., Spec. Publ. 18, p. 47, pl. 8, figs. 11, 12, 1946.

Shape of test. Very low trochospiral, spiral side flat
to slightly convex, umbilical side strongly convex; equa-
torial periphery lobate; axial periphery acute, faint keel
ornamented with spines occasionally observed. Wall
calcareous, perforate, surface covered with fine spines
in well preserved specimens. Chambers angular, in-
flated; about 10-12, arranged in 2% whorls; the 3-4
chambers of the last whorl increase rapidly in size.
The last chamber may represent almost 50 percent of
the surface of the test. Sutures on spiral side strongly
curved, slightly depressed; on umbilical side radial,
distinctly depressed. Umbilicus narrow, deep, open.
Aperture a low arch; interiomarginal, extraumbilical-
umbilical. Coiling over 90 percent dextral. Largest
diameter of figured hypotypes 0.40 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia pseudomenardir
zone to Globorotalia rex zone, Lizard Springs formation.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 75

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5051 and
P5052) from Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guay-
aguayare 159, Trinidad (coordinates N:151361 links;
E:554095 links), sample from core 3,813-25 feet (TLL
232995).

Remarks: No close morphologic or stratigraphic con-
nection is evident between Globorotalia aequa Cushman
and Renz and the coarsely spinose G. crassata (Cush-
man) from the middle to upper Eocene. Specific rank
is therefore given to G. aequa. It is distinguished from
the related G. angulata (White) by having a more
spinose surface, a relatively large ultimate chamber
and in a distinct preference for dextral coiling. A com-
parison of the holotypes of G. aequa and G. lacerti
Cushman and Renz clearly indicates that the latter is
ajuniorsynonym. G. aequa is regarded as the ancestor
of G. rex Martin and G. formosa gracilis Bolli, new
species, new subspecies.

Globorotalia rex Martin

Pxiate 18, Fieures 10-12

Globorotalia rex Martin, Stanford Univ. Publ., Univ. Ser., Geol.
Sci., vol. 3, No. 3, p. 117, pl. 8, fig. 2, 1943.

Globorotalia simulatilis (Schwager), LE Roy (not Schwager,
1893), Geol. Soc. Amer., Mem. 54, pp. 32-33, pl. 9, figs.
1-3, 1953.

Shape of test, very low trochospiral, spiral side flat or
slightly convex, umbilical side strongly convex; equa-
torial periphery lobate; axial periphery angular with
distinct peripheral keel, often ornamented with spines.
Wall calcareous, perforate, surface coarsely spinose.
Chambers angular, inflated; about 12, arranged in 2-2%
whorls, the 4-5 chambers of the last whorl increasing
rapidly in size. Sutures on dorsal side strongly curved;
on umbilical side radial, depressed. Umbilicus narrow,
deep, open. Aperture a low arch; interiomarginal,
extraumbilical-umbilical. Coiling between 90 and 100
percent dextral. Largest diameter of figured hypotype
0.56 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia rex zone to
Globorotalia formosa formosa zone, Lizard Springs
formation.

Locatity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5058) from
Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159,
Trinidad (coordinates N:151361 links; £:554095 links),
sample from core 3,707-13 feet (TLL 232994).

Remarks: Globorotalia rex Martin differs from the
related G. aequa Cushman and Renz in being more
robust and in having a distinct thick peripheral keel.
G. rex is regarded as the ancestor of G. aragonensis
Nuttall.

Globorotalia aragonensis Nuttall
PuaTE 18, Fiaures 7-9

Globorotalia aragonensis NutTTaut, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 4,
No. 3, p. 288, pl. 24, figs. 6-8, 10, 11, 1930.—CusaMan and
Renz, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 24, p. 40,
pl. 8, figs. 1, 2, 1948—CusumMan and BERMuUDEz; Contr.
Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 25, pt. 2, pp. 38, 39,
pl. 7, figs. 18-15, 1949.

Shape of test very low trochospiral; spiral side almost

flat or slightly convex, umbilical side strongly convex
and slightly inflated; equatorial periphery nearly cir-
cular; axial periphery angular with keel, which is
ornamented with small spines in well preserved speci-
mens. Wall calcareous, perforate; surface, especially
the umbilical side, rugose or with short, thick spines.
Chambers angular, inflated; 15-18, arranged in about 3
whorls; the 6-7 chambers of the last whorl increasing
slowly in size. Sutures on spiral side curved, often
slightly raised and beaded; on umbilical side radial,
slightly depressed. Umbilicus narrow, deep, open.
Aperture a low arch; interiomarginal, extraumbilical-
umbilical. Coiling preponderantly dextral in the lower
part of the Globorotalia formosa formosa zone (over 90
percent) ; in its upper part reversing to a strongly pre-
dominant sinistral coiling in the Globorotalia aragonensis
zone (about 90 percent). Largest diameter of figured
hypotype 0.55 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia formosa formosa
zone to Globorotalia aragonensis zone; continuing into
the Navet formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5054) from
Ravine Ampelu, Lizard Springs area, about 1% mile
southeast of the road junction of the Rio Claro—
Guayaguayare Road (8% M.P.) and the old Trinidad
Central Oilfields Road leading to the abandoned Lizard
Springs oilfield, southeast Trinidad (coordinates
N:186505 links; E:556755 links), sample KWB 6972
(TLL 102301).

Remarks: Globorotalia aragonensis Nuttall differs
from the ancestral G. rex Martin in having a more
compact test, less lobate periphery, stronger peripheral
keel, a greater number of chambers, and a strong
preference for sinistral coiling in the younger specimens.

Globorotalia formosa gracilis Bolli, new species, new subspecies

Puiate 18, Figures 4-6

Shape of test very low trochospiral, spiral side almost
flat or slightly convex, umbilical side distinctly convex;
equatorial periphery lobate: axial periphery angular
with a faint keel ornamented with spines. Wall cal-
careous, perforate, surface distinctly spinose. Cham-
bers angular, inflated; about 12, arranged in 24-3 whorls,
the 5-6 chambers of the last whorl increasing rapidly
in size. Sutures on dorsal side slightly curved to
oblique, slightly depressed; on umbilical side radial,
distinctly depressed. Umbilicus fairly narrow, deep,
open. Aperture a low arch; interiomarginal, extra-
umbilical-umbilical. Coiling between 90 and 100 per-
cent dextral. Largest diameter of holotype 0.50 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia rex zone to
Globorotalia formosa formosa zone, Lizaid Springs
formation.

Locatity: Holotype (USNM P5055) from Trinidad
Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159, Trinidad
(coordinates N:151361 links; E:554095 links), sample
from core 3,707-18 feet (TLL 232994).

Remarks: Globorotalia formosa gracilis Bolli, new
species, new subspecies, differs from the related G. aequa

76 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Cushman and Renz in possessing a more distinct but
thinner peripheral keel and more chambers in the last
whorl. G. formosa gracilis is regarded as the ancestor
of G. formosa formosa Bolli, new species, new sub-
species.

Globorotalia formosa formosa Bolli, new species, new subspecies
PuatE 18, Figures 1-3

Globorotalia velascoensis (Cushman), CusHMaAN and REnz (not
Cushman, 1925), Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ.
18, p. 47, pl. 8, figs. 13, 14, 1946.

Shape of test very low trochospiral, spiral side almost
flat, inner whorls occasionally slightly raised, umbilical
side strongly convex; equatorial periphery slightly
lobate, nearly circular; axial periphery angular with
pronounced keel which is ornamented with spines in
well preserved specimens. Wall calcareous, perforate,
surface finely to distinctly spinose, especially on the
umbilical side. Chambers angular, inflated; 15-18,
arranged in about 3 whorls; the 6-8 chambers of the
last whorl increasing slowly in size. Sutures on spiral
side, curved; on umbilical side radial, depressed.
Umbilicus fairly wide, deep, open. Aperture a low
arch; interiomarginal, extraumbilical—umbilical. Coil-
ing about 90 percent dextral in the Globorotalia formosa
formosa zone, becoming predominantly sinistral in the
Globorotalia aragonensis zone (up to 64 percent).
Largest diameter of holotype 0.65 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia formosa formosa
zone and Globorotalia aragonensis zone, Lizard Springs
formation.

Locatity: Holotype (USNM P5056) from Ravine
Ampelu, Lizard Springs area, about 1% mile southeast
of the road junction of the Rio Claro—Guayaguayare
Road (8% M.P.) and the old Trinidad Central Oilfields
Road leading to the abandoned Lizard Springs oilfield,
southeast Trinidad (coordinates N:186505 links;
E:556755 links), sample KWB 6972 (TLL 102301).

Remarks: Globorotalia formosa formosa Bolli, new
species, new subspecies, differs from the related G.
formosa gracilis Bolli, new species, new subspecies, in
its more robust test, larger size, and greater number of
chambers in the last whorl. G. formosa formosa differs
from G. aragonensis Nuttall in its slightly larger size,
more lobate periphery, greater number of chambers in
the last whorl, and wider umbilicus. Also, it has a
much more restricted stratigraphic range.

Globorotalia velascoensis (Cushman)
Puate 20, Fieures 1-4

Pulvinulina velascoensis CusHMAN, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 19, pl. 3, figs. 5a—c, 1925.

Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman and Ponton var. acuta TouL-
MIN, Journ, Paleontol., vol. 15, No. 6, p. 608, pl. 82, figs. 6-8,
1941. For additional references see Cushman and Ber-
mudez (1949, pp. 39, 41).

Shape of test very low trochospiral, spiral side flat;
umbilical side strongly convex; in large specimens the

outer wall of the chambers of the last whorl may be
somewhat concave; equatorial periphery nearly circular;
axial periphery angular with distinct keel which may be
spinose. Wall calcareous, perforate, surface smooth,
around umbilical area often rugose. Chambers angu-
lar, inflated; 12-18, arranged in 24-3 whorls, the five
chambers of the last whorl increasing moderately in
size. Sutures on spiral side curved, may be slightly
raised; on umbilical side radial, depressed. Umbilicus
narrow and deep in small specimens, becoming wider
in large specimens. Aperture a low arch; interiomar-
ginal, extraumbilical—umbilical. Coiling random in
the upper part of the Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone,
becoming sinistral in the Globorotalia pseudomenardiz
and Globorotalia velascoensis zones (about 95 percent).
Largest diameter of figured hypotypes 0.49 mm. (pl.
20, figs. 1-3), and 0.27 mm. (pl. 20, fig. 4).

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia pusilla pusilla
zone to Globorotalia velascoensis zone, Lizard Springs
formation.

Locatiry: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5057 and
P5058) from Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., Guayaguayare
well 159, Trinidad (coordinates N:151361 links;
#:554095 links), sample from core 4,324—30 feet (TLL
233004).

Remarks: Globorotalia velascoensis (Cushman) shows
considerable variety in size and shape (especially of the
umbilical area). Material studied from a Velasco shale
sample of Mexico shows every intermediate stage be-
tween very small forms with a narrow umbilicus (G.
wileoxensis var. acuta Toulmin group) and large speci-
mens with a wide umbilicus (G. velascoensis, s. s.,
group). The same has been observed throughout the
life range of the species in Trinidad sections. Forms
belonging to both these groups are therefore regarded
as G. velascoensis, of which G. wilcoxensis var. acuta is @
synonym. This confirms Grimsdale (1951) who re-
gards G. wilcoaensis var. acuta as a variety of G.
velascoensis.

Globorotalia velascoensis appears in the upper part of
the G. pusilla pusilla zone where it may have branched
off from the G. angulata (White) group though no clearly
intermediate forms have been observed. At the end
of the G. velascoensis zone, the species becomes extinct
in Trinidad together with numerous other planktonic
and benthonic forms. The author’s previous assump-
tion (Bolli, 1952) that G. velascoensis occurs in the
upper Lizard Springs and may be regarded as the ances-
tor of G. aragonensis Nuttall is no longer maintained.
G. velascoensis is in fact restricted to the lower Lizard
Springs; the forms previously described under this
name from the upper Lizard Springs are now regarded
as a new species (G. formosa gracilis Bolli, new species,
new subspecies, and G. formosa formosa Bolli, new
species, new subspecies) probably developing from the
G. aequa Cushman and Renz group. ‘This is supported
by the coiling ratios of the species under discussion.
G. velascoensis coils almost exclusively sinistrally before
its extinction at the end of the Globorotalia velascoensis

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 77

zone. G. aequa and G. formosa both coil predominantly
dextrally in the Globorotalia rex and Globorotalia
formosa formosa zones of the upper Lizard Springs.

Globorotalia compressa (Plummer)

PuatE 20, Ficures 21-23

Globigerina compressa PLUMMER, Univ. Texas Bull. 2644, p. 135,
pl. 8, fig. 8, 1926.

Globorotalia compressa (Plummer), BRONNIMANN, Bull. Amer.
Paleontol., vol. 34, No. 143, p. 25, pl. 2, figs. 19-24, 1952.

Shape of test very low trochospiral, inflated; equa-
torial periphery distinctly lobate, slightly elongate; axial
periphery subacute to acute. Wall calcareous, per-
forate, surface smooth. Chambers slightly com-
pressed; 12-15, arranged in about 2% whorls, the 4-5
chambers of the last whorl increasing fairly rapidly in
size. Sutures on spiral side radial to slightly curved in
early chambers, radial in last chambers, depressed; on
umbilical side radial, depressed. Umbilicus fairly
wide, open. Aperture a distinct arch, may have a
slight lip; inmteriomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical.
Coiling random. Largest diameter of figured hypo-
type 0.23 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia trinidadensis
zone to Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone, Lizard Springs
formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5059) from
Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159,
Trinidad (coordinates N :151361 links; £:554095 links),
sample from core 4,524-36 feet (TLL 232705).

Remarks: Globorotalia compressa (Plummer) is the
ancestor of G@. ehrenbergi Bolli, new species, from which
it is distinguished by its smaller size, less compressed
chambers and absence of a peripheral keel.

Globorotalia ehrenbergi Bolli, new species
PiatTE 20, Figures 18-20

Globorotalia membranacea (Ehrenberg), Wuirr, Journ. Pale-
ontol., vol. 2, p. 280, pl. 38, fig. 1, 1928—Cusuman and
Brermupez, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 25,
No. 2, pp. 34, 35, pl. 6, figs. 16-18, 1949.

Shape of test low trochospiral, compressed; equa-
torial periphery strongly lobate; axial periphery acute,
last chamber often with a faint keel. Wall calcareous,
perforate, surface smooth. Chambers compressed;
about 12-15, arranged in 2-3 whorls, the 5 chambers
of the last whorl increasing fairly rapidly in size.
Sutures on spiral side slightly curved, distinctly de-
pressed; on umbilical side radial, depressed. Umbilicus
shallow, open. Aperture a low arch, with a lip; in-
teriomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical. Coiling ran-
dom. Largest diameter of holotype 0.28 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia pusilla pusilla
zone to Globorotalia pseudomenardii zone, Lizard Springs
formation.

Locauity: Holotype (USNM P5060) from Trinidad
Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159, Trinidad
(coordinates N:151361 links; E:554095 links), sample
from core 4,524-36 feet (TLL 232705).

Rumarks: Globorotalia membranacea (Ehrenberg) has

frequently occurred in the literature (see Cushman
and Bermudez, 1949, p. 34). Ehrenberg (1854) figured
under Planulina membranacea the spiral views of 2
rotalid Foraminifera from the Cretaceous that are at
least specifically different. Of these, one (pl. 26, fig.
43) could be near to a form subsequently described on
several occasions as Globorotalia membranacea (for
example, from Trinidad by Cushman and Renz, 1946).
No description or depository of a holotype was given
by Ehrenberg however. It is for these reasons that a
new name had to be chosen for these Paleocene speci-
mens described as Globorotalia membranacea. Glo-
borotalia ehrenbergi developed from Globorotalia com-
pressa (Plummer) and is regarded as the ancestor of
Globorotalia pseudomenardii Bolli, new species, and
possibly of Globorotalia elongata Glaessner.

Globorotalia pseudomenardii Bolli, new species
PuatTE 20, Figures 14-17

?Globorotalia pseudoscitula GULAESSNER, Studies in Micropal-
eontol., Publ. Lab. Paleontol., Moscow Univ., vol. 1, pt.
1, pp. 32-83, figs. 3a—c, 1937.

Shape of test very low trochospiral, biconvex; equa-
torial periphery elongate, lobate, especially so in large
specimens; axial periphery angular with distinct keel.
Wall calcareous, perforate, surface smooth. Chambers
strongly compressed; about 15, arranged in 3 whorls,
the 5 chambers of the last whorl increasing rapidly in
size. Sutures on spiral side strongly curved, especially
so between last chambers of large specimens, depressed;
on umbilical side radial, depressed. Umbilicus shallow,
open. Aperture a low arch with a lip; interiomarginal,
extraumbilical-umbilical. Largest diameter of holo-
type 0.34 mm., of figured paratype 0.66 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia pseudomenardii
zone, Lizard Springs formation.

Locauity: Holotype (USNM P5061), paratype
(USNM P5062) from ‘Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd.,
well Guayaguayare 159, Trinidad (coordinates N :151361
links; E:554095 links), sample (holotype) from core
4,324-30 feet (TLL 233004); sample (paratype) from
core 3,992—4,000 feet (TLL 233000).

Remarks: Globorotalia pseudomenardiit Boll, new
species, is closely related to G. ehrenbergi Bolli, new
species, from which it apparently developed and from
which it is distinguished by its less lobate periphery
and less depressed spiral sutures. The name has been
chosen for the resemblance to small specimens of G.
menardi (d’Orbigny), to which it has no genetic re-
lationship however. G. pseudomenardit becomes ex-
tinct at the close of the Paleocene whereas G. menardii
appears first in the middle to upper Miocene.

Globorotalia elongata Glaessner
Puats 20, Fiaures 11-13

Globorotalia pseudoscitula var. elongata GLAESSNER, Studies in
Micropaleontol., Publ. Lab. Paleontol., Moscow Univ.,
vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 33, figs. 3d-f, 1937.

Shape of test very low trochospiral, compressed, spiral

78 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

side often slightly concave, umbilical side moderately
convex; equatorial periphery slightly lobate, elongate;
axial periphery subacute to acute but without keel.
Wall calcareous, perforate, surface smooth. Chambers
moderately to strongly compressed; about 12, arranged
in 2-2% whorls, the 6 chambers of the last whorl in-
creasing rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral side slightly
curved, distinctly depressed; on umbilical side radial,
distinctly depressed. Umbilicus fairly wide, open.
Aperture a low arch, interiomarginal, extraumbilical-
umbilical. Coiling random. Largest diameter of fig-
ured hypotype 0.33 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia pseudomenardit
zone to Globorotalia velascoensis zone, Lizard Springs
formation.

Locaurty: Figured hypotype (USNM P5063) from
Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159,
Trinidad (coordinates N:151361 links; E:554095 links),
sample from core 4,212—24 feet (TLL 233002).

Remarks: Globorotalia elongata Glaessner is probably
closely related to the G. ehrenbergi Bolli, new species-
G. pseudomenardii Bolli, new species, group. From
G. ehrenbergt, it is distinguished by the more elongate
equatorial periphery caused by the rapid increase in
size of the ultimate and often also the penultimate
chamber. From G. pseudomenardii it is distinguished
by the more depressed sutures on the spiral side. The
final whorl consists of 6 chambers, instead of 5 as in
the other two species and the early portion is depressed
in relation to the chambers of the last whorl on the
spiral side.

Globorotalia pusilla pusilla Bolli, new species, new subspecies

Prats 20, Ficures 8-10

Shape of test low trochospiral, biconvex, compressed ;
equatorial periphery nearly circular, slightly lobate;
axial periphery acute to subacute. Wall calcareous,
perforate, surface smooth. Chambers compressed;
12-16, arranged in 2%-3 whorls, the 5-6 chambers of
the last whorl increasing moderately in size. Sutures
on spiral side strongly curved, slightly depressed; on
umbilical side radial, depressed. Umbilicus narrow,
open. Aperture a low arch, with narrow lip; interio-
marginal, extraumbilical-umbilical. Coiling random.
Largest diameter of holotype 0.24 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia pusilla pusilla
zone and lower part Globorotalia pseudomenardii zone,
Lizard Springs formation.

Locatity: Holotype (USNM P5064) from Trinidad
Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159, Trinidad
(coordinates N:151361 links; E:554095 links), sample
from core 4,778-90 feet (TLL 233706).

Remarks: Globorotalia pusilla pusilla Bolli, new
species, new subspecies, is distinguished from G.
capdevilensis Cushman and Bermudez by its closer
coiling, stronger curved sutures on the spiral side and
slightly less compressed chambers. The new subspecies
differs from G. albeari Cushman and Bermudez in
having fewer chambers in the last whorl (about 5
instead of 8-10) and in being less trochospiral.

Globorotalia pusilla laevigata Bolli, new species, new subspecies
Puate 20, FicurEes 5-7

Shape of test low trochospiral, biconvex, compressed ;
equatorial periphery circular, slightly lobate; axial
periphery acute, last chambers often with a faint keel.
Wall calcareous, perforate, surface smooth. Chambers
strongly compressed; 12-16, arranged in about 3 whorls;
the 5-6 chambers of the last chamber increasing
moderately in size. Sutures on spiral side strongly
curved; on umbilical side radial. Umbilicus narrow,

open. Aperture a low arch; interiomarginal, extra-
umbilical-umbilical. Largest diameter of holotype
0.28 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia pseudomenardii
zone, Lizard Springs formation.

Locauity: Holotype (USNM P5065) from northeast
bank of Tank Farm at the old Club Site, Pointe-a-
Pierre, Trinidad (coordinates N:256950 links; E:380000
links), sample K. 10832 (TLL 228674).

Remarks: Globorotalia pusilla laevigata Bolli, new
species, new subspecies, is closely related to G. pusilla
pusilla Bolli, new species, new subspecies, from which
it develops. The subspecies laevigata is distinguished
from the subspecies pusilla by its more circular outline
and acute axial periphery and by its spiral sutures
not being depressed.

Globorotalia tortiva Bolli, new name
PuateE 19, Figures 19-21

Globigerina velascoensis var. compressa WHITE, Journ. Paleontol.,
vol. 2, No. 3, p. 196, pl. 28, figs. 3a—b, 1928.

Shape of test very low trochospiral, spiral side almost
flat, umbilical side strongly convex; equatorial periphery
lobate, chambers give a quadrangular to pentagonal
outline; axial periphery rounded to subangular. Wall
calcareous, perforate, surface finely spinose. Chambers
laterally strongly compressed; 10-12, arranged in 2-24
whorls, the 4-4% chambers of the last whorl increasing
rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral side curved in early
chambers, often straight, oblique between penultimate
and ultimate chambers, depressed; on umbilical side
radial or slightly curved, depressed. Umbilicus nar-
row, open. Aperture a high arch; interiomarginal,
extraumbilical-umbilical. Coiling 85 percent dextral
in the only sample investigated. Largest diameter of
holotype 0.33 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Lower part of Globorotala
pseudomenardii zone, Lizard Springs formation.

Locatity: Hypotype (USNM P5066) from Trinidad
Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159, Trinidad
(coordinates N:151361 links; H:554095 links), sample
from core 4,434—46 feet (TLL 233005).

Remarks: White (1928) described an identical form
from Mexico under the name Globigerina velascoensis
var. compressa. The interiomarginal, extraumbilical-
umbilical position of the aperture places it within the
genus Globorotalia where it becomes a homonym of
G. compressa (Plummer). For this reason the new
name G. tortiva is proposed. G. tortiva possibly branched

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 79

off from Globigerina velascoensis which has less com-
pressed chambers and an umbilical position of the
apertures.

Globorotalia mckannai (White)

Pate 19, Figures 16-18

Globigerina mckannai WuiteE, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 2, No. 3,
p. 194, pl. 27, figs. 16a—c, 1928.

Shape of test low trochospiral, umbilical side strongly
inflated; equatorial periphery nearly circular, slightly
lobate; axial periphery rounded. Wall calcareous,
perforate, finely spinose. Chambers inflated, slightly
compressed laterally; 12-16, arranged in 2-3 whorls,
the 5-7 chambers of the last whorl increasing moderately
in size. Sutures on spiral side oblique, depressed; on
umbilical side, radial, depressed. Umbilicus narrow,
open. Aperture a low arch; interiomarginal, extra-
umbilical-umbilical. Coiling random. Largest diam-
eter of figured hypotype 0.35 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Upper part of Globorotalia
pseudomenardiz zone, Lizard Springs formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5067) from
northeast bank of Tank Farm at the old Club Site,
Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad (coordinates N:256950 links;
E:380000 links), sample K. 10832 (TLL 228674).

Remarks: The species is moved to the genus
Globorotalia because of the interiomarginal, extraum-
bilical-umbilical position of the aperture. G. mckannai
(White) is possibly related to G. tortiva Bolli, new name,
from which it is distinguished by having more chambers
in the last whorl.

Globorotalia whitei Weiss
Puate 19, Figures 10-12

Globigerina crassaformis Galloway and Wissler, WuiTE, Journ.
Paleontol., vol. 2, No. 3, p. 193, pl. 27, figs. 14a-c, 1928.

Globorotalia whitei Wrtss, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 29, No. 1, pp.
18, 19, pl. 6, figs. 1-38, 1955.

Shape of test very low trochospiral, umbilical side
inflated; equatorial periphery lobate; axial periphery
rounded to subacute. Wall calcareous, perforate,
finely spnose. Chambers inflated, slightly compressed
laterally; about 12, arranged in 2—2% whorls, the 4-5
chambers of the last whorl increasing moderately in size.
Sutures on spiral side oblique, depressed; on umbilical
side radial, depressed. Umbilicus fairly narrow, open.
Aperture a low arch; interiomarginal, extraumbilical-
umbilical. Coiling random. Largest diameter of fig-
ured hypotype 0.33 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia pseudomenardii
to Globorotalia velascoensis zone, Lizard Springs forma-
tion.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5068) from
Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., Guayaguayare well 159,
Trinidad (coordinates N:151361 links; E:554095 links),
sample from core 4,212—24 feet (TLL 233002).

Remarks: Globorotalia whitei Weiss appears to be the
ancestor of G. wilcorensis Cushman and Ponton.
From that species it is distinguished mainly by its
smaller size and less acute axial periphery.

Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman and Ponton
Puate 19, Figures 7-9

Globorotalia wilcotensis CUSHMAN and Ponton, Contr. Cushman
Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 8, pt. 3, p. 71, pl. 9, figs. 10a—c, 1932.
Shape of test very low trochospiral, spiral side flat,
occasionally slightly concave; umbilical side strongly
convex and inflated; equatorial periphery lobate; axial
periphery rounded, in last chambers often becoming
acute. Wall calcareous, perforate, distinctly spinose.
Chambers inflated, slightly compressed laterally; about
10, arranged in 2-2 whorls, the 4 chambers of the last
whorl increasing rapidly in size, the last chamber often
slightly reduced again. Sutures on spiral side oblique,
depressed; on umbilical side radial, strongly depressed.
Umbilicus narrow, deep, open. Aperture a low arch;
interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical. Coiling about
85 percent dextral. Largest diameter of hypotype
0.48 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia rex zone, Lizard
Springs formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5069) from
Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd., well Guayaguayare 159,
Trinidad (coordinates N:151361 links; E:554095 links),
sample from core 3,707-13 feet (TLL 232994).

Remarks: Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman and
Ponton is regarded as the ancestor of G. quetra Bolli,
new species.

Globorotalia quetra Bolli, new species
Priate 19, Freures 1-6

Shape of test very low trochospiral, spiral side flat or
slightly concave, umbilical side strongly convex,
angular; equatorial periphery strongly lobate; axial
periphery subacute to acute, a spiny peripheral keel is
often present in the early chambers of the last whorl;
ultimate and penultimate chambers acute or rounded.
Wall calcareous, perforate, distinctly spinose. Cham-
bers angular to subangular, inflated; about 12, ar-
ranged in 2% whorls, the 4-5 chambers of the last whorl
increasing rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral side
oblique or curved, depressed; on umbilical side radial,
depressed. Umbilicus fairly narrow, deep, open. Aper-
ture a low arch; interiomarginal, extraumbilical-
umbilical. Coiling over 90 percent dextral in the
Globorotalia formosa formosa and Globorotalia aragonensis
zones. Largest diameter of holotype 0.64 mm.
Largest diameter of figured paratype 0.50 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia rex zone to
Globorotalia aragonensis zone, Lizard Springs formation.

Locauity: Holotype (USNM P5070) and figured
paratype (USNM P5071) from Ravine Ampelu, Lizard
Springs area, about 1% mile southeast of the road
junction of the Rio Claro—Guayaguayare Road (8%
M:P.) and the old Trinidad Central Oilfields Road
leading to the abandoned Lizard Springs oilfield, south-
east Trinidad (coordinates N:186505 links; E:556755
links), sample Rz. 293 (TLL 50512).

Remarks: Globorotalia quetra Bolli, new species, is a
very characteristic form in the upper Lizard Springs,

80 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

where it is especially abundant in the Globorotalia
formosa formosa zone. By its shape it might readily be
mistaken for the middle Eocene Truncorotaloides rohri
var. mayoensis Bronnimann and Bermudez or for G.
topilensis Cushman (which probably is a Truncoro-
taloides). However, G. quetra lacks the sutural aper-
tures on the spiral side which are characteristic for
Truncorotaloides while its stratigraphic range is re-
stricted to the lower Eocene. G. quetra appears to be
closely related to G. wilcoxensts Cushman and Ponton,
from which it is distinguished by the distinct angular
shape of its test. Intermediate forms were found in
the Globorotalia rex zone.

Globorotalia broedermanni Cushman and Bermudez
Prats 19, Fieures 13-15

Globorotalia broedermanni CusHMAN and BrERMUDEZ, Contr.
Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 25, p. 40, pl. 7, figs. 22-24,
1949.

Shape of test biconvex, low trochospiral, moderately
compressed; equatorial periphery nearly circular; axial
periphery rounded to subangular. Wall calcareous,
perforate, surface covered with short spines. Cham-
bers subangular, inflated; about 12-15, arranged in
2% whorls, the 5-6 chambers of the last whorl in-
creasing slowly in size. Sutures on spiral side curved,

slightly depressed between last chambers of final whorl;
on umbilical side radial, slightly depressed. Umbilicus
narrow, open. Aperture a low arch; imteriomarginal,
extraumbilical—umbilical. Coiling over 90 percent
dextral. Largest diameter of hypotype 0.33 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia rex zone to
Globorotalia aragonensis zone, Lizard Springs forma-
tion; continuing into the Navet formation.

Locatiry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5072) from
Ravine Ampelu, Lizard Springs area, about 1% mile
southeast of the road junction of the Rio Claro—
Guayaguayare Road (8% M.P.) and the old Trinidad
Central Oilfields Road leading to the abandoned Lizard
Springs oilfield, southeast Trinidad (coordinates
N:186505 links; H:556755 links), sample Rz. 293
(TLL 50512).

Remarks: The origin of Globorotalia broedermanni
Cushman and Bermudez cannot be traced in the
Trinidad sections. The species appears at the base of
the Globorotalia rex zone apparently fully developed and
with a strong preference for dextral coiling (indicating
an advanced evolutionary stage). A marked faunistic
change between the Globorotalia rer zone and the older
Globorotalia velascoensis zone indicates a hiatus in the
studied sections. It is m this missing interval that
possible ancestral forms of Globorotalia broedermanni
have to be sought.

References

Bou, H. M.

1950. The direction of coiling in the evolution of some Globorotaliidae.

Contr. Cushman Found.

Foram. Res., vol. 1, pts. 3-4, pp. 82-89, pl. 15.

1951. Notes on the direction of coiling of rotalid Foraminifera.

Res., vol. 2, pt. 4, pp. 189-143.

1952. Note on the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Trinidad, B.W.I.

No. 4, pp. 669-675.
1957.
Cretaceous of Trinidad, B.W.I.

BRONNIMANN, P.
1952.
No. 148, pp. 1-34, pls. 1-3.
1953.

Trinidad Paleocene and Lower Eocene Globigerinidae.

Contr. Cushman Found. Foram.

Journ. Paleontol., vol. 26,

The genera Praeglobotruncana, Rotalipora, Globotruncana, and Abathomphalus in the Upper
U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 215, pp. 51-60, pls. 12-14.

Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 34,

Note on planktonic Foraminifera from Danian localities of Jutland, Denmark. Hclog. Geol.

Helvetiae., vol. 45 (1952), No. 2, pp. 389-341.

BrorzsEn, F.
1948.

The Swedish Paleocene and its foraminiferal fauna.

Sveriges. Geol. Undersékning, Ser. C,

No. 493, Arsbok 42, No. 2, pp. 1-140, pls. 1-19, figs. 1-41.

CusHMAN, J. A.
1951.

Paleocene Foraminifera of the Gulf Coastal Region of the United States and adjacent areas.

U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Pap. 232, pp. 1-75, pls. 1-24.

CusHMAN, J. A., and Bermupsz, P. J.

1949. Some Cuban species of Globorotalia.
pls. 5-8.
CusHMaANn, J. A., and Ponton, G. M.
1932.

Res., vol. 8, pp. 51—72, pls. 7-9.

An Eocene foraminiferal fauna of Wilcox age from Alabama.

Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 25, pp. 26-45,

Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

CusuMan, J. A., and Renz, H. H.
1942, Eocene, Midway, Foraminifera from Soldado Rock, Trinidad. Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., vol. 18, pp. 1-20, pls. 1-3.
1946. The foraminiferal fauna of the Lizard Springs formation of Trinidad, B.W.I. Cushman Lab.
Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 18, pp. 1-48, pls. 1-8.
1948. | Hocene Foraminifera of the Navet and Hospital Hill formations of Trinidad, B.W.I. Cush-
man Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 24, pp. 1-42, pls. 1-8.
EHRENBERG, C. G.
1854. Mikrogeologie. Leipzig.
Ericson, D. B., Woutin, G., and Won, J.
1954. Coiling direction of Globorotalia truncatulinoides in deep-sea cores. Deep-Sea Research, vol.
2, pp. 152-158, pl. 1.
GLAEssNER, M. F.
1937. Plankton Foraminiferen aus der Kreide und dem Eocan und ihre stratigraphische Bedeutung.
Studies in Micropaleontol., Publ. Lab. of Paleontol., Moscow Univ., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp.
27-47, pls. 1, 2.
GRrIMSDALE, T. F.
1947. Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera: a criticism. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 21, pp. 586-587.
1951. Correlation, age determination, and the Tertiary pelagic Foraminifera. Proc. Third World
Petroleum Congress, sec. 1, pp. 464-475.
Hepsere, H. D.
1937. Stratigraphy of the Rio Querecual section of northeastern Venezuela. Geol. Soc. Amer.,
Bull., vol. 48, pp. 1971-2024, 9 pls., 2 figs.
Hepsere, H. D., and Prrz, A.
1944. Stratigraphy of northeastern Anzodtegui, Venezuela. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol., vol.
28, No. 1, pp. 1-28, fig. 4.
Kuater, H. G.
1938. | The Eocene of the Soldado Rock near Trinidad. Bol. Geol. Miner., Venezuela, vol. 2, Nos.
2, 3, 4, pp. 1-24.
Le Roy, L. W.
1953. —_ Biostratigraphy of the Magfi section, Egypt. Geol. Soc. Amer., Mem. 54, pp. 1-73, pls. 1-13.
Naxxapy, 8S. E.
1950. A new foraminiferal fauna from the Esna shales and Upper Cretaceous Chalk of Egypt.
Journ. Paleontol., vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 675-692, pls. 89-90.
1951. Zoning the Mesozoic-Cenozoic formation of Egypt by the Globorotaliidae. Bull. Fac. Sci.
Farouk I Univ., No. 1, pp. 45-58, pls. 1-3.
PiumMeER, H. J.
1926. Foraminifera of the Midway formation in Texas. Univ. Texas Bull. 2644, pp. 1-206, pls. 1-15.
Renz, H. H.
1951. Remarks on the age of the Lizard Springs formation of Trinidad, B.W.I. Contr. Cushman
Found. Foram. Res., vol. 2, pp. 15-16.
THALMANN, H. E.
1949, Regional-stratigraphische Verbreitung der Foraminiferen-Gattung Rzehakina Cushman,
1927. Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae., vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 506-507.

Toumin, L. D.
1941. Eocene smaller Foraminifera from the Salt Mountain Limestone of Alabama. Journ. Paleon-
tol. vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 567-611, pls. 78-82.
Waite, M. P.
1928. Some index Foraminifera of the Tampico embayment area of Mexico. Journ. Paleontol.,
vol. 2, Nos. 3 and 4; pp. 177-215, pls. 27-29 (pt. 1), pp. 280-317, pls. 38-42 (pt. 2).
Weiss, L.

1955. Planktonic index Foraminifera of northwestern Peru. Micropaleontology, vol. 1, No. 4,
pp. 301-318, pls. 1-3.

81

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Chiloguembelina Loeblich and Tappan and Related
Foraminifera from the Lower Tertiary

of Trinidad, B. W. I.
By J. P. Beckmann '

Introduction

| aa stupies By Montanaro Gallitelli (1955) indi-
cate that Guembelina Egger, 1899, is a junior
synonym of Heteroheliz Ehrenberg, 1843, and therefore
invalid. Loeblich and Tappan (1956) have erected
the genus Ohiloguembelina, to include some Tertiary
species previously referred to Guembelina. Chiloguem-
belina is distinguished from the Cretaceous genus
Heterohelix by the absence of an early coiled stage,
the presence of necklike apertural extensions, and the
tendency to develop a twisted test and asymmetrical
aperture.

In Trinidad, Chiloguembelina is present in a great
number of planktonic faunas of Paleocene, Hocene, and
Oligocene age. The specimens are usually well pre-
served and the morphological details are easily seen,
except in some middle Eocene samples, where the
number of good specimens is sometimes insuflicient.

It is the purpose of this paper to describe the species
of Chiloguembelina from the lower Tertiary of Trinidad,
to establish their stratigraphic ranges, and to discuss
their relationships to the Heterohelicidae and Buli-
minidae.

Acknowledgments

The author wishes to express his appreciation to the
management of The Trinidad Oil Company for allowing
him to use the facilities of the Geological Laboratory
at Pointe-a-Pierre and for permission to publish this
paper. Special thanks are due to Dr. H. M. Bolli
(Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad, B.W.1.) for encouraging and
assisting the writer in his investigations and to Dr. A.
R. Loeblich (U. S. National Museum) and Mrs. Helen
Tappan Loeblich for assistance with the manuscript.
The illustrations were drawn by Lawrence and Patricia
Isham, scientific illustrators, U. S. National Museum,
under the grant to Dr. Loeblich for planktonic Fora-
minifera studies, administered by the Smithsonian
Institution, for which funds were supplied by the
California Research Corporation, the Carter Oil Com-
pany, the Gulf Oil Corporation, and the Humble Oil
and Refining Company. The author wishes to express
his sincere thanks also to Dr. P. J. Bermudez (Jusepin,

Trinidad Oil Company, Ltd., Pointe-A-Pierre, Trinidad, B. W. I.

Venezuela), Prof. Rutten (Utrecht, Netherlands) and
Dr. J. Hofker (Den Haag) for furnishing valuable
information, and to his colleague J. B. Saunders for
reading the manuscript.

Stratigraphy

The species of Chiloguembelina, Guembelitria and
Zeauvigerina described in this paper were obtained from
samples from the following formations:

Cipero formation, lower part (Oligocene)

San Fernando formation (uppermost Eocene)

Navet formation (middle Eocene to lower part of upper
Eocene)

Lizard Springs formation (Paleocene to lower Eocene).

Details of the further subdivision of these formations
are given in the range chart (text-fig. 16). The com-
plete data, with descriptions of the planktonic Fora-
minifera, have been published by Bolli (1957a, 1957b,
1957c).

The generic names of the zonal markers used in this
paper are in accordance with the recent classification
of planktonic Foraminifera by Bolli, Loeblich, and
Tappan (1957).

General Morphology

The chamber arrangement of the Tertiary species of
Chiloguembelina is biserial throughout. None of the
species investigated by the author show the early coil
described from the Cretaceous Heterohelicidae (Loeb-
lich, 1951; Montanaro Gallitelli, 1955). The presence
of a triserial stage in Guembelina venezuelana Nuttall,
recorded by Hofker (1954), could not be confirmed.
The diameter of the proloculum is from 0.005 to 0.02
mm. Its size varies from species to species, as well as
within one species. In the latter case, this seems to
indicate the existence of megalospheric and micro-
spheric generations.

The characteristics fairly constant within one
species, and therefore most useful for systematic
purposes, are: The aperture—its shape and position
(eccentric or in the center of the apertural face), and
the presence or absence of transparent collars or

83

84 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

PEOWUees
SOR Se 899
CEOS Ves
2eOO0G
2299 OS

Ficure 14.—Variability of species of Chiloguembelina (all figures approximately < 120; a list of the sample localities is given on p. 88).

Numbers 1-4. Chiloguembelina crinita (Glaessner), (USNM P5754)
from sample 228674.

Numbers 5-8. Chiloguembelina cubensis (Palmer), (USNM P5757),
from sample 215702.

Numbers 9-11, 14-18, 20-23. Chiloguembelina martini (Pijpers):

9-11 (USNM P5760a-c), from sample 177760, Hantkenina aragon-
ensts zone. 14-18 (USNM P576la-e) from sample 221009, Porti-
culasphaera mexicana zone. 20-23 (USNM P5762a-d), from
sample 238622, Globigerapsis semiinvoluta zone.

Numbers 12, 13, 19. Chiloguembelina cf. mauriciana Howe and

Roberts:

12, 13 (USNM P5765a, b), from sample 177760, Hantkenina
aragonensis zone. 19 (USNM P5766), from sample 221009,
Porticulasphaera mexicana zone.

Numbers 24-27. Chiloguembelina midwayensis midwayensis (Cushman)
(USNM P5769a-d), from sample 232705.

Numbers 28-31. Chiloguembelina midwayensts strombiformis Beckmann,
new subspecies (USNM P5772 a—d) from sample 228674.

Numbers 32-35. Chiloguembelina midwayensis subcylindrica Beckmann,
new subspecies (USNM P5776a-d), from sample 228484,

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 85

Ke 38

4% @
@

oe,

g
ace

43 44 : 45

a
Ag

Ficure 15.—Variability of species of Chiloguembelina and Zeauvigerina (all figures approximately 120; a list of the sample localities is
given on p. 88).

Numbers 36-38. Chiloguembelina parallela Beckmann, new species
(USNM P578la-c), from sample 232994. Small end chamber
visible in Nos. 36 and 38 (partly broken).

Numbers 39-42. Chiloguembelina subtriangularis
species (USNM P5784a-d), from sample 232706.

Numbers 43-45. Chiloguembelina trinitatensis (Cushman and Renz)
(USNM P5787a-c), from sample 50315.

Numbers 46-48. Chiloguembelina victoriana Beckmann, new species
(USNM P5791a-c), from sample 193785.

Beckmann, new

Numbers 49-58. Chiloguembelina wilcoxensis (Cushman and Ponton):
49-52 (USNM P5796a-d), from sample 223473, Globorotalia
pseudomenardii zone. 53-55 (USNM P5797a-c), from sample
223470, Globorotalia velascoensis zone. 56-58 (USNM P5798a-c),
from sample 102301, Globorotalia formosa formosa zone. Small
subterminal end chamber visible in No. 56.
Numbers 59-62. Zeauvigerina aegyptiaca Said and Kenawy (USNM
P5805a-d), from sample 228674. Small end chamber visible in
Nos. 59-61, partly broken in Nos. 59 and 61.

86 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM’ BULLETIN 215

flanges; the general shape of the chambers (compressed
or globular); and the surface of the wall (smooth or
spinose). Other features, such as the number and the
rate of increase in size of the chambers or the nature of
the sutures (oblique or horizontal, straight or curved)
are more variable, but can in certain cases be used for
the distinction of subspecies.

Whereas the aperture is usually characteristic for
each species, there is a considerable diversity within
the whole Chiloguembelina group. Extremely asym-
metrical apertures with a transparent flange occur in
Chiloguembelina midwayensis (Cushman) and Chilo-
guembelina martini (Pijpers) (pl. 21, figs. 1-3, 6, 14).
The asymmetrical shape and position of the aperture
is not due to lateral compression or distortion of the
test, but is a character which alternates regularly
within one specimen as a result of the biserial arrange-
ment of the chambers. On the other hand, Chiloguem-
belina wilcozensis (Cushman and Ponton) and Chilo-
guembelina trinitatensis (Cushman and Renz) have a
symmetrical, semicircular to crescentic aperture, similar
to that of many Cretaceous species of Heterohelia (pl. 21,
figs. 7, 10, 12). Another variant is Chiloguembelina
parallela, new species, where the aperture is high and
narrow, symmetrical in shape and situated in the center
of the apertural face (pl. 21, fig. 8).

In Chiloguembelina midwayensis subcylindrica, new
subspecies, C. parallela, new species, and C. wilcoxensis
(Cushman and Ponton), the aperture of the last regular
chamber is occasionally covered by a small chamber of
irregular shape (pl. 21, figs. 3, 13; text-fig. 15, Nos.
36, 38, 56). The wall surface of this small chamber is
usually smoother than that of the previous chambers.
This feature resembles the terminal chamber of Zeauvi-
gerina and suggests a close relationship between this
genus and Chiloguembelina. The tubular neck char-
acteristic of Zeauvigerina is, however, absent in Chilo-
guembelina.

It is interesting to note that Chiloguembelina mid-
wayensis subcylindrica, new subspecies, C. parallela, new
species, and C. wilcozensis (Cushman and Ponton),
the only three species which have this end chamber,
seem to be the last stages of three different evolutionary
lines, as follows:

peg

trinttelenais

wilcoxensis midwayensis
subcylindrica
rinita: midwayensis
strombiformis
subtriangularis

midwayensis
midwayensis

This suggests that the end chamber in Chiloguembelina
is a gerontic stage, which is developed shortly before the
extinction of an evolutionary line.

Evolutionary Trends and Relationships to Other
Genera

It is easy to recognize evolutionary trends in the
Paleocene-lower Eocene Chiloguembelina species from
the Lizard Springs formation. The faunas are well
preserved and contain intermediate forms which indi-
cate the origin of the various species. On the other
hand, it has not been possible to trace definite evolu-
tionary trends in Chiloguembelina within the Navet and
Cipero formations.

The preceding discussion of morphological details
indicates that the genus Chiloguembelina includes
species showing various apertural characteristics. Dis-
tinective features, however, such as a symmetrical aper-
ture or a small terminal chamber, occur independently
in different evolutionary lines. Species showing various
types of apertures and shapes of the test are apparently
closely related and it seems therefore reasonable to
include them in one single genus.

The main features distinguishing Chiloguembelina
from Heteroheliz, are the absence of a coiled early stage,
the tendency to develop a twisted test, and the presence
of necklike extensions or flaps around the aperture.
The chamber arrangement is biserial as in Bolivina, and
some species of Chiloguembelina and Boliwina are similar
in appearance. However, Chiloguembelina has inflated
chambers, no ornamentation, but. often a hispid wall
surface. The aperture is rarely so high and narrow as
in typical Bolivina. Further characteristics of Chalo-
guembelina are the twisted test and the absence of an

‘internal structure connecting the apertures of successive

chambers. There is also a difference in the habitat of
the two genera. The frequency of Chiloguembelina in
Globigerina marls suggests a planktonic mode of life for
this genus, whereas Bolivina is generally regarded as
bottom-living.

The relationship between Chiloguembelina and Zeau-
vigerina has been mentioned above.

Stratigraphic Occurrence

The stratigraphic range (see text-fig. 16) of Chilo-
guembelina in Trinidad is from Paleocene to Oligocene.
This is in agreement with the observations of most
previous authors. None of the Chiloguembelina species
described in this paper occur in the Upper Cretaceous
of Trinidad. The author has not systematically
checked upper Oligocene, Miocene, or Recent faunas
for the presence of Chiloguembelina, and it is possible
that additional species will be found in these faunas.

The variety of species of Chiloguembelina reaches a
first climax around the Paleocene-lower Eocene bound-

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

FORMATION

CHILOGUEMBELINA SUBTRIANGU —

CHILOGUEMBELINA MIDWAYENSIS
LARIS BECKMANN, WN. SP.

MIDWAYENSIS (CUSHMAN)

GLOBIGERINA CIPERO-—
ENSIS CIPEROENSIS

CHILOGUEMBELINA CRINITA

(GLAESSNER)

87

VICTORIANA

CHILOGUEMBELINA MARTINI
(PIJPERS)
CHILOGUEMBELINA SP.

CHILOG. MIDWAYENSIS STROMBI-
BECKMANN, N. SP.

FORMIS BECKMANN, N. SUBSP.
ZEAUVIGERINA AEGYPTIACA

SAID AND KENAWY
GUEMBELITRIA COLUMBIANA HOWE

CHILOG. MIDWAYENSIS SUBCYLIND.-

RICA BECKMANN, N. SUBSP.
CIANA (HOWE AND ROBERTS)
CHILOGUEMBELINA CF. MULT/—
CELLARIS (HUSSEY)
CHILOGUEMBELINA CUBENSIS

CHILOGUEMBELINA CF, MAUR/—
(PALMER)

CHILOGUEMBELINA PARALLELA

CHILOGUEMBELINA TRINITATENSIS
BECKMANN, W. SP.

CHILOGUEMBELINA WILCOXENSIS
(CUSHMAN AND RENZ)

(CUSHMAN AND PONTON)
CHILOGUEMBELINA

CIPERO GLOBOROTALIA OPIMA

OPIMA

OLIGOCENE

GLOBIGERINA AMPL/—
APERTURA

boa FERNANDO |giosoROTALIA COCOAENSIS

GLOBIGERAPSIS SEMi-
INVOLUTA

TRUNCOROTALOIDES ROHRI

PORTICULASPHAERA
MEXICANA

GLOBOROTALIA LEHNER/

GLOBIGERAPSIS KUGLERI

HANTKENINA ARAGONENS/S

GLOBOROTALIA PALMERAE

GLOBOROTALIA ARAGON-.
ENSIS

‘aes

UPPER
LIZARD SPRINGS

GLOBOROTALIA FORMOSA
FORMOSA

GLOBOROTALIA REX

GLOBOROTALIA
VELASCOENSIS

GLOBOROTALIA PSEUDO-
MENAROI/

LOWER
LIZARD SPRINGS

GLOBOROTALIA PUSILLA
PUSILLA

GLOBOROTALIA UNCINATA

PALEOGENE

GLOBOROTALIA TRINI—
DADENSIS

Ficure 16.—Species distribution of Chiloguembelina, Guembelitria, and Zeauvigerina in the Tertiary of Trinidad,

BW. I.

ary, at a level which corresponds to the upper Midway
and Wilcox groups of North America. A complete
change of fauna takes place in the uppermost part of
the Lizard Springs formation. After the extinction of
all Paleocene-lower Eocene species, Chiloguembelina
martini (Pijpers) appears in the Globorotalia aragonensis
zone and becomes the dominant Eocene species in size
and frequency. Some details of the distribution of
other species in the lower to middle part of the Navet
formation remain uncertain, owing to the insufficient
number of samples from the Globorotalia palmerae zone

and the poor preservation of the specimens from the
Globigerapsis kugleri and Globorotalia lehneri zones.

Chiloguembelina martini disappears at the Hocene-
Oligocene boundary and is therefore a good Eocene
marker. The only survivors in the Oligocene are
Chiloguembelina cubensis (Palmer) and Chiloguembelina
victoriana, new species. The latter species died out
suddenly in the middle of the Globigerina ampliapertura
zone, and the last occurrence of Chiloguembelina cubensis
is in the Globorotalia opima opima zone.

Specimens of Chiloguembelina occur in great numbers

88 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

in most of the Paleocene, Eocene, and lower Oligocene
Globigerina marls of Trinidad. They can be easily
recognized in a fauna consisting of floods of Globigerina
and Globorotalia and are therefore useful for a first
quick estimation of the age of a sample. Chiloguem-
belina is also found in samples containing mainly a
benthonic fauna. This type of fauna is well known
from the Gulf Coast of the United States. Chiloguem-
belina is then often the most accurate means of correlat-
ing these faunas with planktonic assemblages from
other localities.

Previous Records of Chiloguembelina from the
Tertiary of Trinidad

Cushman and Jarvis (in Cushman, 1933) describe
Guembelina goodwini from the Hospital Hill marl of
Trinidad (upper Eocene, Globigerapsis semzinvoluta
zone). Cushman and Renz (1948, p. 23) report
Guembelina goodwini from all units of the Navet forma-
tion except the Ramdat marl. Giimbelina goodwini is

Systematic

Fourteen species and subspecies of Chiloguembelina,
one species of Guembelitria and one species of Zeauvi-
gerina are here recorded. The following new species
and subspecies are described:

Chiloguembelina midwayensis strombiformis, new sub-
species

Chiloguembelina midwayensis subcylindrica, new sub-
species

Chiloguembelina parallela, new species

Chiloguembelina subtriangularis, new species

Chiloguembelina victoriana, new species

The figured types are deposited in the U.S. National
Museum in Washington. A duplicate set of the species
described in this paper is deposited in the Natural
History Museum, Basel, Switzerland.

Localities

The following list gives the localities for the samples
from which the figured holotype, paratypes and hypo-
types were obtained. The sample numbers given here
and in the explanations of the plates and text-figures
are the catalogue numbers of the paleontological
collection of The Trinidad Oil Company.

50315: About 1% mile southeast of the junction between the
Rio Claro-Guayaguayare Road and the road to the abandoned
Lizard Springs oilfield, southeast Trinidad (locality described
in detail by Cushman and Renz, 1946), in eastern tributary of
Ampelu River, 185 feet from its junction with Ampelu River,
collected by H. H. Renz (282).

102301: 120 feet north of sample 50315, collected by K. W.
Barr (6972).

177760: In ravine between Brasso-Tamana Road and Navet
River, central Trinidad, 1,450 feet south of milepost 12% of
Brasso-Tamana Road (see Bolli, 1957b, text-fig. 25), collected
by H. G. Kugler (8820).

178162: 4,570 feet south of milepost 9% of Brasso-Tamana

now regarded as a junior synonym of Testularia
martini Pijpers (19383).

Guembelina irinitatensis was described from the
Paleocene of Soldado Rock (off the southwest coast of
Trinidad) by Cushman and Renz (1942).

Guembelina ultimatumida White is reported by Cush-
man and Renz (1946, p. 36, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2) from the
Lizard Springs formation. This identification has to
be revised, as it was probably influenced by the belief
that the Lizard Springs formation was of Upper
Cretaceous age. A re-examination of the type assem-
blages of the Lizard Springs formation, prepared by
H. H. Renz, shows that they include Guembelina
representing several Tertiary species (Chiloguembelina
crintta-midwayensis group, Chiloguembelina wilcoxensis
and Chiloguembelina trinitatensis), but do not contain
any Cretaceous species. It is not possible to identify
with certainty the figures given by Cushman and
Renz (1946). Figure 1 on plate 6 of their paper is
probably a Chiloguembelina crinita or midwayensis
strombiformis; figure 2 seems to be a different genus.

Descriptions

Road, central Trinidad; in small northern tributary of Nariva
River, 100 feet from its junction with the Nariva River (coor-
dinates N:313850 links; E:478580 links), collected by H. G.
Kugler (9073).

193785: Cipero Coast, San Fernando, Trinidad, 475 feet
southwest of fixed point at northern end of coast section (Bolli,
1957c, text-fig. 19), collected by J. B. Saunders (19).

215702: Cipero Coast, San Fernando, Trinidad, 276 feet
southwest of fixed point at northern end of coast section, col-
lected by H. M. Bolli (818B).

217995: 850 feet west of road junction between The Avenue
and Bon Accord Road, Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad, in cutting west
of tank 127, 200 feet north of The Avenue, collected by L. W.
Hawkins (408).

221009: Same locality as 221995, collected by H. G. Kugler
(10781).

223470-73: Trinidad Petroleum Development Co. well Moruga.
No. 15, south Trinidad (coordinates N:149878 links; E:497002
links) ; 223470 from core at 3,593-3,613 feet (upper part), 223472
from core at 3,720-3,740 feet, 223473 from core at 3,796-3,816
feet.

228484: Left bank tributary of Cascas River, 180 feet from its.
junction with the Cascas River, Moruga, south Trinidad (co-
ordinates N:138700 links; E:435000 links), collected by L. W.
Hawkins (1831).

228674: Northeastern bank of tank farm at the old club site,
Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad (coordinates N:256950 links; #:380000:
links), collected by H. G. Kugler (10832).

232705-6, 232994: The Trinidad Oil Company well Guaya-.
guayare No. 159, southeast Trinidad (coordinates N:151361
links; E:554095 links); 232705 from core at 4,524-4,536 feet,
232706 from core at 4,778—4,790 feet, 232994 from core at 3,707—
3,713 feet.

238622: Hospital Hill, San Fernando, Trinidad, on eastern
side of road leading from King’s Wharf to Point Bontour (coor-
dinates N:234850 links; E:355650 links), collected by H. M.
Bolli (536).

240966: Branch of Pointe-a-Pierre Road, between Joga Grant.
Street and Jarvis Street, San Fernando, Trinidad, 90 feet east.
of southern end of Joga Grant Street, collected by H. G. Kugler
(9613).

STUDIES IN

Family Heterohelicidae Cushman, 1927

Genus Chiloguembelina Loeblich and Tappan, 1956
Chiloguembelina crinita (Glaessner)
Puate 21, Figure 4; Text-Fricure 14 (1-4)

Gumbelina crinita GuAESSNER, 1937, p. 383, pl. 4, fig. 34
(Paleocene or lower Eocene, Caucasus, U.S.S.R.).

The general shape of the test, the spinose surface of
the wall and the semicircular aperture agree well with
the type description. Chiloguembelina crinita is closely
related to C. midwayensis (Cushman), but differs in the
more globular shape of its chambers and the more rapid
increase in chamber size. The wall of C. crinita is
more spinose and resembles that of C. midwayensis
strombiformis, new subspecies. This subspecies, how-
ever, has less inflated chambers and in general a lower
and more elongate aperture.

Lerner: 0.2-0.3 mm.

Occurrence: Lower Lizard Springs formation (Pale-
ocene), Globorotalia pseudomenardii zone (common) and
Globorotalia velascoensis zone (lower part, rare).

Tyrrss: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5753, P5754)
and unfigured hypotypes (USMN P5755).

Chiloguembelina cubensis (Palmer)
PuateE 21, Figure 21; Text-ricure 14 (5-8)

Gimbelina cubensis PALMER, 1934, p. 74, text-figs. 1-6 (upper
Eocene and lower Oligocene, Cuba).—PAuLMER and BrErR-
MUDEZ, 1936, p. 284 (lower Oligocene, Cuba)— BERMUDEZz,
1938, p. 11 (Eocene, Cuba).—Cusuman, 1939, p. 63, pl. 10,
fig. 54 (Eocene, North Atlantic Ocean).—PaumeEr, 1940,
p. 292 (Oligocene, Cuba).—CusHMan, 1946, p. 22, pl. 4,
fig. 28 (Eocene, Alabama, U. S. A.).—CusHman and Topp,
1946b, p. 90 (Oligocene, Mississippi, U. S. A.).—ReEwnz,
1948, p. 138, pl. 6, fig. 9 (Oligo-Miocene, Venezuela).—
Banpy, 1949, p. 124, pl. 24, fig. 3 (upper Eocene, Alabama,
U. S. A.).—Brrmopez, 1949, p. 175, pl. 11, fig. 40 (middle
Oligocene, Cuba).—Brcxmann, 1953, p. 364, pl. 21, fig. 2
(Oligocene, Barbados, B. W. I.).

Gimbelina cubensis Palmer var. heterostoma BrermMupEz, 1937,
p. 148, pl. 17, figs. 5-7 (upper Eocene, Cuba).—CusHMan
and Sronz, 1947, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 29 (Eocene, Peru).—
Banpy, 1949, p. 124, pl. 24, fig. 7 (upper Eocene, Alabama,
U.S. A.)

Most well-preserved specimens from Trinidad have
the slightly asymmetrical aperture described in Guem-
belina cubensis var. heterostoma Bermudez. Forms with
@ symmetrical aperture, as shown in D. K. Palmer’s
type figures of G. cubensis, are rare and seem only to be
extreme variants of the group. By courtesy of Dr.
Bermudez, the author obtained topotypes of Chilo-
guembelina cubensis and the variety heterostoma. Speci-
mens with asymmetrical apertures occur at both locali-
ties. The author is therefore inclined to consider the
variety heterostoma as a synonym of C. cubensis.
H. M. Bolli (personal communication) came to the same
conclusion after a comparison of the types deposited
in the U. S. National Museum.

Leneru: 0.12-0.25 mm.

OccurrENcE: Eocene and lower Oligocen2, Porticu-
lasphaera mexicana zone to Globorotalia opima opima
zone.

FORAMINIFERA 89

Single, badly preserved specimens, which may be
closely related to Chiloguembelina cubensis, are found in
the lower part of the Navet formation (Hantkenina
aragonensis and Globigerapsis kugleri zones.

References to Chiloguembelina cubensis from Cuba
(Palmer, 1940), Venezuela (Renz, 1948) and the
Dominican Republic (Bermudez, 1949) seem to be
from younger strata than the highest occurrence of
the species in Trinidad. A re-examination of these
localities will be necessary to check the possibility of
reworking.

Typxs: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5756, P5757)
and unfigured hypotypes (USNM P5758).

Chiloguembelina martini (Pijpers)
Puate 21, Figure 14; Text-rigure 14 (9-11, 14-18, 20-23)

Textularia martini P1sPERS, 1933, p. 57, figs. 6-10 (upper Eocene,
Bonaire, D. W. I.).

Gimbelina martini (Pijpers), Droocmr, 1953, p. 100, pl. 1,
fig. 2; text-fig. 4 (upper Eocene, Curacao and Bonaire).
Gimbelina goodwini CusHMAN and Jarvis, in Cushman, 1933,
p. 69, pl. 7, figs. 15, 16 (upper Eocene, Trinidad, B. W. I.).—
BERMUDEZ, 1938, p. 11 (Eocene, Cuba).—CusamMan and

Renz, 1948, p. 23 (Eocene, Trinidad, B. W. I.).

Gumbelina venezuelana Nurraut, 1935, p. 126, pl. 15, figs. 2-4
(upper Eocene, Venezuela)—Cusuman, 1939, p. 62, pl. 10,
figs. 50-53 (Eocene, North Atlantic Ocean).—CusHMAN
and Topp, 1945b, p. 94, pl. 15, fig. 9 (upper Eocene,
Mississippi, U. 8. A.)—Cusuman, 1946, p. 22, pl. 4, fig. 29
(upper Eocene, Alabama, U. 8. A.).—CusHMaAN and Srong,
1947, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 28 (Eocene, Peru)—CusHman and
STAINFORTH, 1951, p. 149, pl. 26, fig. 23 (upper Eocene,
Peru).

The long list of references and synonyms indicates
that Chiloguembelina martini is widespread in the
American Eocene and shows considerable variability.
The synonymy is, in principle, that proposed by
Drooger (1953). The range of variation at various
stratigraphic levels is illustrated by a series of text-
figures. The younger specimens (text-fig. 14, Nos.
20-23) are usually slightly larger than those from the
lower part of the Navet formation (text-fig. 14, Nos.
9-11) and their chambers are often more inflated and
show a greater increase in size. Yet these minor
differences are overshadowed by the individual varia-
bility within one sample.

Lenera: 0.2-0.32 mm.

OccurrEeNcE: Upper Lizard Springs (Globorotalia
aragonensis zone), Navet and San Fernando formations
(Eocene).

Typss: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5759, 5760a-c,
5761a—e, 5762a-d) and unfigured hypotypes (USNM
P5763).

Chiloguembelina cf. mauriciana (Howe and Roberts)
PuatTE 21, Figure 15; TeExt-riaureE 14 (12, 13, 19)

?Gimbelina mauriciana Howe and Roserts, in Howe, 1939.
p. 62, pl. 8, figs. 9-11 (Eocene, Louisiana, U. S. A.).

Gumbelina maurictana CusHMAN and Topp, 1945a, p. 16, pl. 4,
fig. 2 (Eocene, Alabama, U.S. A.).

The Trinidad specimens are mostly shorter and
thicker than the holotype of Guembelina mauriciana,

90 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

but some resemble very closely the specimen figured by
Cushman and Todd (1945a). Unfortunately the type
description does not give any detail as to the variability
of the species. It is therefore not possible to decide
whether the Trinidad specimens can definitely be
included in Chiloguembelina mauriciana.

The specimens here referred to Chiloguembelina cf.
mauriciana (Howe and Roberts) are shorter and thicker
than C. martini (Pijpers). The aperture is lower and
often more symmetrical in shape and position. Many
transitional forms exist, however, between the two
groups, but they are here separated as they have dif-
ferent stratigraphic ranges.

Lenerta: 0.14-0.22 mm.

Occurrences: Navet formation (Hocene), Hantkenina
Gragonensis zone to Porticulasphaera mexicana zone.

Typss: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5764, 5765a, b,
5766) and unfigured hypotypes (USNM P5767).

Chiloguembelina midwayensis midwayensis (Cushman)
Puate 21, Figure 1; Text-ricurE 14 (24-27)

Giimbelina midwayensis CusHMAN, 1940, p. 65, pl. 11. fig. 15
(Paleocene, Alabama, U. §S. A.)—Cusaman and Topp,
1946a, p. 58, pl. 10, fig. 15 (Paleocene, Arkansas, U. S. A.).—
CusuHMan, 1951, p. 37, pl. 11, figs. 7, 8 (Paleocene, Alabama,
Arkansas, and Texas, U.S. A.).

The greatest number of typical specimens occurs in
the Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone. In the overlying
G. pseudomenardi zone the variability of the species
becomes greater, and at the same time closely related
forms appear, i. e., Chiloguembelina crinita (Glaessner)
and C. midwayensis strombiformis, new subspecies.

A characteristic not mentioned by Cushman in his
original description is the asymmetrical shape of the
aperture, an important feature of the Chiloguembelina
midwayensis group and other species of Chiloguembelina.

Levers: 0.2-0.3 mm.

Occurrence: Lower Lizard Springs formation (Paleo-
cene).

Typss: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5768, P5769a-—d)
and unfigured hypotypes (USNM P5770).

Chiloguembelina midwayensis strombiformis Beckmann, new

subspecies
Puate 21, Fiagure 6; TEXt-FiaurReE 14 (28-81)

Test rapidly increasing in breadth, slightly com-
pressed laterally. Periphery rounded. Chambers
slightly inflated, biserially arranged, with their aper-
tural faces not at right angles to the plane of greatest
breadth of the test, thus giving the test a twisted appear-
ance. Sutures depressed, slanting. Wall finely spmose.
Aperture large, broader than high, surrounded by a
transparent collar. One side of the aperture projects
more than the other; its position is therefore oblique
with regard to the general shape of the test.

Holotype from the Paleocene, lower Lizard Springs
formation, Globorotalia pseudomenardu zone; Trinidad
Petroleum Development Co. well Moruga No. 15, south
Trinidad (coordinates N: 149878 links, EH: 497002 link),
core 3720-40 feet (TTOC 223472).

The variability of Chiloguembelina midwayensis
strombiformis is illustrated by the text-figures 14, num-
bers 28-31. It mereases more rapidly in size than
Chiloguembelina midwayensis midwayensis and has a
more spinose wall, more oblique sutures and a broader
aperture. It is separated from Chiloguembelina crinita
(Glaessner) by the lower, le.s globular chambers, the
slightly coarser spinosity of the wall and the broader
aperture.

Lenetu: 0.23-0.3 mm.; holotype, 0.25 mm.

Occurrence: Lower Lizard Springs formation (Pale-
ocene), Globorotalia pseudomenardit zone (common) and
Globorotalia velascoensis zone (rare).

Typzs: Figured holotype (USNM P5771) and para-
types (USNM P5772 a-d), unfigured paratypes
(USNM P5773).

Chiloguembelina midwayensis subcylindrica Beckmann,
new subspecies.

PLATE 21, FIGURES 2, 3; TEXT-FIGURE 14 (32-35)

Test large for the genus, rapidly increasing in size in
the early stages, only slightly increasing in the later
portion, which may become almost cylindrical. Cham-
bers biserially arranged, moderately inflated. Sutures
depressed, slightly slanting. Wall very finely spinose.
Aperture fairly large, about as broad as high, oblique
to the plane of greatest breadth of the test, usually
with a narrow transparent collar. The aperture is
paca covered by a small end chamber (pl. 21,

g. 3).

Holotype from the lower Hocene, upper Lizard
Springs formation, Globorotalia formosa formosa zone,
about 13, miles southeast of the junction between the
Rio Claro-Guayaguayare Road and the road to the
abandoned Lizard Springs oilfield, southeast Trinidad,
120 feet north of small Ampelu River tributary de-
scribed as type section of the Lizard Springs formation
by Cushman and Renz (1946), and 130 feet east of
Ampelu River (coordinates N:187160 links, £:556600
links), collected by K. W. Barr (No. 6972) (T'TOC
102301).

There is some variation in the length to breadth
ratio of the test and in the degree of inflation of the
chambers as shown in the text-figure. Chiloguembelina
midwayensis subcylindrica, new subspecies, differs
from C. midwayensis midwayensis (Cushman) in the
larger size of the test, the greater increase in size of the
early chambers, and in the shape of the later part of the
test, which is much thicker and often almost cylindrical.
It is separated from C. midwayensis strombiformis,
new subspecies, by its larger size, more cylindrical test,
higher chambers and less oblique sutures. The little
end chamber which covers the aperture of some speci-
mens of C. midwayensis subcylindrica is absent in other
subspecies of C. midwayensis.

LenetaH: 0.25-0.42 mm.; holotype, 0.4 mm.

Occurrence: Upper Lizard Springs formation (lower
Eocene), Globorotalia rex and Globorotalia formosa
formosa zones.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 91

Typzs: Figured holotype (USNM P5774) and para-
types (USNM P5775, 5776a-d), unfigured paratypes
(USNM P5777).

Chiloguembelina cf. multicellaris (Hussey)
PLATE 21, Fiaure 17

?Gumbelina multicellaris Hussry, 1949, p. 130, pl. 27, fig. 10
(Eocene, Louisiana, U. S. A.).

The specimens from Trinidad are rare and badly
preserved. They are similar to Hussey’s species, but
the chambers increase more regularly in size. The
Trinidad specimens differ from Chiloguembelina cubensis
(Palmer) in having a larger, arched aperture, but the
shape of the testis the same as in many slender specimens
of Chiloguembelina cubensis.

Leneru: 0.15-0.2 mm.

Occurrence: Navet formation (Eocene), Hant-
kenina aragonensis zone to Globorotalia lehneri zone.

Typxs: Figured hypotype (USNM P5778) and un-
figured hypotypes (USNM P5779).

Chiloguemblina parallela Beckmann, new species
PuaTE 21, Figure 8; TExtT-FIGURE 15 (36-38)

Test short, thick, rapidly tapering towards the base,
slightly compressed. Chambers subglobular, usually 8
to 12 in number, biserially arranged, rapidly increasing
in size. Sutures oblique, depressed. Wall smooth or
slightly spinose. Aperture high and narrow, symmetri-
cal, bordered by two parallel lateral flanges, occasion-
ally covered by a small end chamber of irregular shape
(text-fig. 15, Nos. 36, 38).

Holotype from the lower Eocene, upper Lizard
Springs formation, Globorotalia rex zone, left bank tribu-
tary of Cascas River, 180 feet from its junction with the
Cascas River, Moruga, south Trinidad (coordinates
N:138700 links, E:435000 links), collected by L. W.
Hawkins (No. 1831) (TTOC 228484).

This species is easily separated from other species of
Chiloguembelina by its symmetrical, high and narrow
aperture. Its restricted range makes it a good index
fossil. The holotype is a large specimen, hence a few
smaller paratypes are illustrated in the text-figure in
order to give the full size range of the species.

Leneru: 0.22-0.42 mm.; holotype 0.4 mm.

Occurrence: Upper Lizard Springs formation (lower
Eocene), Globorotalia rex zone.

Typus: Figured holotype (USNM P5780) and para-
types (USNM P5781a-c), unfigured paratypes (USNM
P5782).

Chiloguembelina subtriangularis Beckmann, new species
PuaTeE 21, Figure 5; TExtT-FIGurE 15 (39-42)

Test small, subtriangular, pointed at the base, com-
pressed, with a subangular periphery. Chambers bise-
rial, very slightly inflated. Sutures nearly horizontal,
slightly depressed, at least in the later stages. Wall
smooth. Aperture commonly slightly eccentric, semi-
circular to subquadrangular, may have a slight collar.

396818—57——7

Holotype from the Paleocene, lower Lizard Springs
formation, Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone. Locality:
TTOC well Guayaguayare No. 159, southeast Trinidad
(coordinates N:151361 links, E:554095 links), core
4778-90 feet (TTOC 232706).

The compressed, subtriangular test makes it easy to
distinguish Chiloguembelina subtriangularis, new species,
from other Chiloguembelina species. The variability is
shown in the text-figure but the extreme forms (Nos. 39
and 42) are rare. OC. subtriangularis occurs in all zones
of the lower Lizard Springs formation, but is most com-
mon in the Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone. The
specimens from the Globorotalia trinidadensis zone have
a more rounded periphery, slightly curved sutures and
resemble compressed specimens of C. midwayensis mid-
wayensis.

LeneGTH: 0.14-0.22 mm.; holotype, 0.21mm.

OccurrENcu: Lower Lizard Springs formation (Pale-
ocene).

Types: Figured holotype (USNM P5783) and para-
types (USNM P5784a-d), unfigured paratypes (USNM
P5785).

Chiloguembelina trinitatensis (Cushman and Renz)

PuaTEe 21, Fiaure 7; Text-ricurn 15 (43-45)
Gimbelina trinitatensis CusHMAN and Renz, 1942, p. 8, pl. 2,
fig. 8 (Paleocene, Soldado Rock, Trinidad, B.W.I.).—

Cusuman, 1951, p. 38, pl. 11, fig. 9 (same locality).

The specimens from Trinidad, especially those from
the Lizard Springs type area, are commonly slightly
larger than the types from Soldado Rock, but the other
morphological characters are the same.

Lerner: 0.26-0.38 mm.

Occurrence: Lower Lizard Springs formation (Pale-
ocene), Globorotalia velascoensis zone.

Typxs: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5786, P5787a-c)
and unfigured hypotypes (USNM P5788).

Chiloguembelina victoriana Beckmann, new species
PuaTE 21, Figures 19, 20; Text-ricure 15 (46-48)

Test elongate, slender, somewhat compressed. Pe-
riphery rounded, slightly lobate. Chambers biserial,
broader than high, slightly inflated. Sutures straight,
depressed, oblique in the early portion of the test, later
more or less horizontal. Wall smooth. Aperture
semicicular, sometimes with a faint lip, in an oblique
position, i. e., with one side projecting more than the
other.

Holotype from the upper Eocene, San Fernando
formation, Globorotalia cocoaensis zone, Branch of
Pointe-a-Pierre Road, between Joga Grant Street and
Jarvis Street, San Fernando, Trinidad, 90 feet east of
southern end of Joga Grant Street (coordinates
N:239020 links, E:363330 links), collected by H. G.
Kugler (No. 9613) (TTOC 240966).

The variability of the species is shown by the text-
figure. The specimens from the upper Eocene (pl. 21,
fig. 19) are, on an average, slightly more elongated
than the specimens from the Oligocene (pl. 21, fig. 20).
Some specimens are moderately twisted at the base,

92 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

but the biserial chamber arrangement is maintained
throughout the test.

Chiloguembelina victoriana, new species, differs from
Chiloguembelina cubensis (Palmer) in its higher and
narrower aperture, smooth wall surface, and somewhat
less inflated chambers.

The name Chiloguembelina victoriana is derived from
the county of Victoria, Trinidad, where the species is
found in various surface localities (San Fernando area,
Cipero Coast section).

LenetH: 0.15-0.22 mm.; holotype, 0.2 mm.

OccurrENcE: San Fernando formation (upper
Eocene), Globorotalia cocoaensis zone. Cipero forma-
tion (Oligocene), Globigerina ampliapertura zone (lower
part).

Tyrss: Figured holotype (USNM P5789) and para-
types (USNM P5790, P5791a-c), unfigured paratypes
(USNM P5792).

Chiloguembelina wilcoxensis (Cushman and Ponton)
PiatE 21, Ficures 10, 12, 13; Text-rigurE 15 (49-58)

Gimbelina wilcoxensis CUSHMAN and PonTon, 1932, p. 66, pl.
8, figs. 16, 17 (lower Eocene, Alabama, U. 8. A.).—Tovimin,
1941, p. 597, pl. 80, fig. 24 (lower Eocene, Alabama, U.S. A.).

With its globular chambers and its symmetrical,
semicircular aperture, Chiloguembelina wilcorensis is
easily distinguished from other Chiloguembelina species,
but is similar to some Cretaceous species of Heteroheliz
(formerly Guembelina).

Loeblich and Tappan (1956) do not mention this
species among those to be included in Chiloguembelina.
However, like C. trinitatensis Cushman and Renz,
which has no twisted test or asymmetrical apertural
flap either, it seems to develop from C. crinita, which
is a typical Chiloguembelina (see p. 89). Therefore C.
trinitatensis and C. wilcoxensis are probably not directly
related to the Cretaceous Heteroheliz. The genus
description of Chiloguembelina does not exclude species
with symmetrical test. The necklike extension of the
aperture mentioned by Loeblich and Tappan is present
in many specimens of C. wilcoxensis, especially the
earlier ones.

There is a distinct increase in size from the lowest to
the highest occurrence of the species. A few specimens
show a small end chamber covering the aperture of the
last regular chamber, as in plate 21, figure 13, and text-
figure 15 (No. 56).

Lenetu: 0.2—-0.58 mm.

OccurrENcE: Lizard Springs formation (Paleocene
and lower Eocene), Globorotalia pseudomenardu zone
to Globorotalia formosa formosa zone.

Typrs: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5793, P5794,
P5795, P5796a-d, P5797a-c, P5798a—c) and unfigured
hypotypes (USNM P5799).

Chiloguembelina sp.
Puate 21, Figure 18

Rather slender, elongate, more or less compressed
specimens with a low, arched, asymmetrical aperture

are fairly common in the lower and middle part of the
Navet formation. They are rather badly preserved
and several important characters, e. g., wall surface
and exact shape of the aperture, are difficult to deter-
mine. Specimens similar to the figured type are
particularly frequent, others resemble Chiloguembelina
garretti (Howe) and Chiloguembelina victoriana n. sp.

Lenets: 0.15-0.24 mm.

Occurrencz: Navet formation (Hocene), Hantkenina
aragonensis zone to Globorotalia lehneri zone. Scarce
and not typical specimens occur in the Porticulasphaera
mexicana zone.

Types: Figured specimen (USNM P5800).

Genus Guembelitria Cushman, 1933
Guembelitria columbiana Howe
Piate 21, FicurEe 16

Gimbelitria columbiana Howe, 1939, p. 62, pl. 8, figs. 12-13
(Eocene, Louisiana, U. §S. A.).—Cusuman and Topp,
1945a, p. 16, pl. 4, fig. 3 (Eocene, Alabama, U. S. A.).—
Hussry, 1949, p. 131 (Eocene, Louisiana, U. S. A.).

Typical representatives of this species are common
in the lower and middle part of the Navet formation.

Leneru: 0.12-0.18 mm.

Occurrence: Navet formation (Eocene), Hantkenina
aragonensis zone to Porticulasphaera mexicana zone.

Typxs: Figured hypotype (USNM P5801) and un-
figured hypotypes (USNM P5802).

Genus Zeauvigerina Finlay, 1939

Zeauvigerina aegyptiaca Said and Kenawy
Puate 21, Fiavures 9, 11; Text-riaure 15 (59-62)

Zeauvigerina aegyptiaca Satp and Kenawy, 1956, p. 141, pl.
4, fig. 1 (Maestrichtian and Paleocene, Egypt).

The specimens from Trinidad agree in shape and
size with the type description. The stratigraphic
range of the species seems to be shorter than in Egypt.
In Trinidad, it is restricted to the upper part of the
Paleocene. This is about the same level as that of
the type sample (No. 8, Nekhl section, see Said and
Kenawy, 1956, p. 107, text-fig. 1).

There is considerable variation in length and breadth
of the test. The size and shape of the last chamber is
very irregular, and the terminal neck with the aper-
ture can be short and wide or long and narrow. ‘The
wall of the last chamber is thinner and more fragile
than that of the previous chambers.

There is some controversy about the relationship
between Zeauvigerina Finlay, 1989, and Houvigerina
Cushman, 1926 (Loeblich, 1951, p. 110; Said and
Kenawy, 1956, p. 141). The arrangement of chambers
is biserial in both genera. The main difference lies
in the last chambers. In Zeauvigerina the long aper-
tural neck is present in the terminal end chamber
only. If this chamber is missing or broken off, the
test looks like a Chiloguembelina. The aperture is
then at the base of the last chamber, semicircular and
often slightly eccentric in position (see pl. 21, fig. 9).

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 93

This was also noted by Finlay in his description of
Zeauvigerina teuria (Finlay, 1947, p. 276). In Eouvi-
gerina, on the other hand, tubular projections are
present in a number of earlier chambers as well and
are usually connected by a thin, band-like structure.
For this reason, the author is inclined to retain the
name Zeauvigerina for the present. A definite solu-
tion of the problem will depend on a detailed examina-

tion of additional species of both genera, and on the
possible discovery of intermediate forms.

Leneru: 0.25-0.38 mm.

OccurrENcE: Lower Lizard Springs formation (Pa-
leocene), Globorotalia pseudomenardii zone and Globo-
rotalia velascoensis zone (lower part).

Tyrprs: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5803, P5804,
P5805a-d) and unfigured hypotypes (USNM P5806).

References

Banpy, O. L.
1949.

Eocene and Oligocene Foraminifera from Little Stave Creek, Clarke County, Alabama.

Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 32, No. 131, pp. 5-240.

BECKMANN, J. P.
1953.

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BermupeEz, P. J.

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Bouu, H. M.

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1957.
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94

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

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STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

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Planktonic Foraminifera from the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and
Lengua Formations of Trinidad, B.W.I.
By Hans M. Bolli'

Introduction

ic PAPER DiscussEs the planktonic Foraminifera of
the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions and their stratigraphic distribution. Planktonic
Foraminifera have been chosen as a basis for the sub-
division of the Cipero and Lengua formations because
of their abundance and the short time ranges of many
species. By their nature, they are independant of
bottom conditions and therefore have a wider lateral
distribution than many benthonic Foraminifera, making
them very valuable for both local and interregional
correlation.

Cushman and Stainforth (1945) were the first to
realize the stratigraphic importance of the strongly
dominant planktonic Foraminifera in the Cipero forma-
tion. They described 16 planktonic species and sub-
divided the formation into three zones with Globigerina
concinna (now known as Globigerina ciperoensis) diag-
nostic for Zone I, Globigerinatella insueta for Zone II
and Globorotalia fohsi for Zone III.

The need for a closer zonation of the Cipero forma-
tion, in particular its upper part where the oil-bearing
Herrera sands occur, later led to the subdivision of the
Globorotalia fohsi zone into four additional zones. This
subdivision was based on evolutionary changes of
Globorotalia fohsi (Bolli, 1951). In addition, the Glob:-
gerina dissimilis zone (now Catapsydraz dissimilis zone)
lying between Cushman and Stainforth’s Zones I and
II and the Globigerina apertura zone (now Globigerina
ampliapertura zone) were introduced (Cushman and
Renz, 1947; Suter, 1951). The last mentioned zone
represents the basal Cipero.

Detailed surface and subsurface exploration during
recent years made it necessary to further subdivide the
lower part of the Cipero formation. It is now possible
to separate a Globorotalia opima opima zone from the
Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis zone, a Globorotalia
kuglert zone from the Catapsydraz dissimilis zone, and
a Catapsydrazx stainforthi zone from the Globigerinatella
insueta zone. Thus, the Cipero formation can be
clearly divided into 11 biozones, based on the distribu-
tion of planktonic Foraminifera.

The Lengua formation is divided into two zones, a
lower Globorotalia mayert and an upper Globorotalia
menardii zone (Bronnimann, 1951a).

1 Trinidad Oil Company, Ltd. (formerly Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd.), Pointe-d-
Pierre, Trinidad, B.W.1.

The detailed zonation of the Cipero and Lengua
formations finds its practical application in the geolog-
ical surface and subsurface exploration for oil in the
Oligocene and Miocene of south Trinidad. Forami-
nifera provide the safest means of subdividing and
correlating the marl and calcareous clay sequences of
these formations.

Several papers on individual genera and species of ©
planktonic Foraminifera from the Cipero and Lengua
formations have been published recently. Bronnimann
(1950) gave a detailed account of the genus Globigerina-
tella from the Cipero formation. The same author
(1951a, 1952) described the genera Globigerinita, and
Globigerinoita from the Lengua formation. Bronnimann
(1951b) and Blow (1956) discussed the genus Orbulina
and its evolutionary trends in the Cipero and Lengua
formations. The present author followed his earlier
investigations on coiling ratios of some Cipero-Lengua
Globorotalias (1950) with a study on a number of species
of other planktonic genera (1951).

Herein are figured and described, or discussed, 60
planktonic species and subspecies, belonging to 15
genera; of these, 1 genus and 21 species or subspecies
are new. The age of the Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions is discussed, and a correlation with other forma-
tions in Trinidad and the Caribbean and the Gulf Coast
region is presented. A re-interpretation of the Cipero
type section is also presented.

For details on the lithostratigraphy, earlier strati-
graphic subdivisions, and environmental conditions of
the Cipero formation, reference is made to Stainforth
(1948b).

Acknowledgments

The publication of this paper has been made possible
through a grant of the Geological Society of America
(R. A. F. Penrose, Jr., bequest) for preparation of
illustrations, for which the writer wishes to express his
sincere gratitude. He is indebted to The Trinidad
Oil Company for permission to publish this study and
for use of the Company’s laboratory and drafting
facilities at Pointe-a-Pierre.

The author wishes to thank Dr. H. G. Kugler, Con-
sulting Geologist to Central Mining Investment Cor-
poration, and Mr. J. B. Saunders, Paleontologist of

97

98 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

The Trinidad Oil Company, for many suggestions
during the preparation of the paper and for reading and
discussing the manuscript. Dr. K. Rohr of The
Trinidad Oil Company is largely responsible for the
map showing the type section of the Cipero formation.
Through discussions and exchange of material Mr.
W. H. Akers of the California Company and Dr. P. J.
Bermudez of the Creole Petroleum Corporation have
kindly helped the author in the determination of
numerous species. Thanks are due to Dr. A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., of the U. S. National Museum, and to
Dr. Helen Tappan Loeblich, Research Associate,
Smithsonian Institution, for their help extended during
the preparation of this paper. A part of the illustra-
tions for the present paper were prepared under the
erant to Dr. Loeblich for planktonic studies, admini-
stered by the Smithsonian Institution, for which funds
were supplied by the California Research Corporation,
the Carter Oil Company, the Gulf Oil Corporation,
and the Humble Oil and Refining Company.

Mr. R. A. Pallant, Senior Draftsman of The Trinidad
Oil Company, supervised the preparation of the tables.
The plate illustrations are camera lucida drawings by
Patricia and Lawrence Isham, scientific illustrators,
U. S. National Museum. The plates were arranged
and mounted by Drs. Alfred and Helen Loeblich.

Stratigraphy

Unlike the Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary
formations, the Cipero and Lengua formations are well
exposed over wide areas of south Trinidad. The best
exposed section of the Cipero formation, the type
section along the Cipero coast south of San Fernando,
has previously been described in detail by Stainforth
(1948b). Although none of the known surface sections
presents a complete and tectonically undisturbed
sequence, it would nevertheless be possible to compile
the present-day stratigraphic subdivision of the Cipero
formation from these sources alone. However, the
subdivision of the Cipero and Lengua formations, as
herein presented, has been developed almost entirely
from subsurface information. Over one hundred wells,
mainly situated in the oilfields of the Barrackpore-
Penal area, have penetrated the Lengua and upper part
of the Cipero formation, and numerous exploration
wells have penetrated the lower part of the Cipero
formation. Many of these subsurface sections, often
closely cored, are stratigraphically more complete and
tectonically less disturbed than any of the known
surface sections.

Text-figure 17 shows the calcium carbonate content
and the percentages by weight of Foraminifera in sam-
ples taken at the type localities of the Cipero and
Lengua zones. In addition, the number of planktonic
species and subspecies occurring in each zone is shown.
These figures show a marked increase in species from
the Globorotalia kugleri zone to the Catapsydrax dissimilis
zone. It is here that the Oligocene-Miocene boundary

WUMBER OF

FORM) ZONE

CARBONATE
40.6969

GLOBOROTALIA

MENARD
GLOBOROTALIA
AYER!

GLOBOROTALIA
FOHS! ROGUSTA

GLOBOROTALIA
FOHSI LOBATA

GLOBOROTALIA
FOHS! FOHSI

fo)
(GLOBOROTALIA FOH-'
SI! BARISANENSIS

Ww
z
W
(>)
°o
=

GLOBIGERINATELLA
ay INSUETA

CATAPSYDRAX
a STAINFORTHI

CATAPSYDRAX
DISSIMILIS

GLOBOROTALIA .
KUGLERI
GLOBIGERINA
CIPEROENSIS
CIPEROENSIS.
GLOBOROTALIA
OPIMA OPIMA

OLIGOCENE i

GLOBIGERINA
AMPLIAPERTURA

Ficure 17.—Weight percentage of Foraminifera (>0.06 mm.), calcium
carbonate content, and number of planktonic Foraminifera species
and subspecies in samples from the type localities of the Cipero and
Lengua formations.

is tentatively placed. The stratigraphic ranges of all
species and subspecies discussed are given in text-
figure 18.

The Cipero Formation

The Cipero formation of south Trinidad consists
predominantly of marls and highly calcareous clays
which, in the upper and middle part, may be replaced
by turbidity flow conglomerates and sands of the
Herrera and Retrench members. Part of the upper-
most Cipero formation (Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone)
and the lower Lengua formation (Globorotalia mayeri
zone) may be replaced by the widespread Karamat
formation in which planktonic Foraminifera are vir-
tually absent. Along the southern edge of the Central
Range, a part of the Cipero formation (Globorotala
kugleri to Catapsydraz stainforthi zones) is replaced
towards the North by the Nariva formation in which
planktonic Foraminifera are also absent. The part of
the Cipero formation which is above the Catapsydraz
stainfortht zone changes northwards into the neritic
facies of the Brasso formation.

Small reefal limestone developments with orbitoidal
faunas are occasionally found in the Cipero formation
(e. g., Morne Diablo limestone, Mejias limestone; vide
Kugler, 1953). The coralliferous limestone of the Ste.
Croix member seemingly belongs to the base of the
Brasso formation.

The basal part of the Cipero formation (Globigerina
ampliapertura zone) often appears as a dark silt.
Lithologically it then becomes almost indistinguishable

STUDIES

(A0VHE) SITVHILVTINOIV JD _YNISIDILSVH

IN FORAMINIFERA

NNYWINNOYE SISNIVINION VLIONIYIIIEGOID
2NIY @ NUWHSND IHISLNY VTIINIGOYIVHIS

GSN ‘17708 IZIONMHIE VITINISTIILSVH
9S 'N‘I770G SITIGVIEVA SIOIOTWLOYOGOI9

SIZPIIN NITVOSNIHD VITINIVIOUIVNS | aes | ||

(AN91840.0) vivaolg YNITNGYO

ANSIGHO.0 VSHIAINN VNITINGYO

NNVWINNOYG SITVENLNS YNITNEGYO
HLYOINIVLS 8 NUNHSND WLINSNI YTIFLONISISN

OTHER GENERA

NNVWINNOYE SISNIUNISYSIN VLINISFIDIGOTI

(NOLNOd 8 NUNHSND) SISNTTOSHD VITINIGINSSI

OS 'N 17708 18FLNS SIGIOIWLOHOGOT9

(MOTE) SIBVININID YVSOHINOTD “d
(M0718) WSOHINOTI VYSOYINOTI ‘A

(M078) VAYNI VSOUINOTD ad

(MOTE) WIHOLISNVHL “od

SENS 'N ‘17708 VSOGOT9 VHIdSILTY ©

(SNITT09 @ Ydvd ‘NUNdIYHI) SNIDSINIA “9
(SIASVP 8 NVWHSND) VaIdSILIV VaIdSILIV ‘9

G00L VIINIHAISID "9

SN ‘17708 VLANINIG “9

ad0L V4LIN ‘9
(SSNI4) VEONHL VEOTIYL “9

(AN91940,0) v¥Ens 9

SENS 'N ‘17708 VANLATASVILIV YEOTIAL'D

‘dS ‘NW ‘177108 vnbI7TE0 “9

GLOBIGERINOIDES

(AQVHE) V4IFITNIIVS vEaoTIeL 9

AOY FT VUNLVWNI VEOTINL 9

oS “N ‘17708 SISNIVNINIT *9
(AN91880,0) lldHUNIW "9

17708 viSN@Od ISHOS “9

ZIGNNHIG WLVGOT ISHOS '9

(AQv#8) VINLIIS 9

HLYOINIVIS ONY NUWHSND HICHYNINIVHd “9

YOSIT7I ONY NUWHSND ISHOF ISHOS “9
‘SS 'N ‘17708 HOYYNINOZHIUY °9)
‘dS 'N ‘17708 VWISSILNNIN °9)

‘dS 'N ‘17708 vS780 9

404 F7 SISNINVSINVE ISHOJ 9
‘dS 'N 'I7708 183799 “9
YOSITIIT ONY NYWHSND 1UFAUN 9

GLOBOROTALIA

‘ASENS NSN ‘177108 WWI VNIdO'D

‘ASENS N‘IS'N‘IT708 VNUN VNIdO 9

NVdd VL ONY HIIT8I07 ‘17708 SNTNAYYd “D
NVddVL ONY HII78I07 17108 IWLYOINIVLS "D9

< (ZIONWHFE ONY NVWHSNI) SITINISSIO “9D
3 =) AVdd VL ONY HII78I07 ‘17708 SNAVIINA'D

GG0L SFIHLNIGIN *9).

‘ASW ‘17708 vivI70s 9

YINSIIM 1A0VHE 9
‘SW 'IT7T08 SITINFANT 9

SENS 'N 17708 SITVUNLNSITNINY SISNIONIAII'9
ANDIGYO.A SISVINIONIUL ID 9

98I80FH VNVTINZINIA'D
oS 'N ‘17708 1dHOw "9

GLOBIGERINA

PSENS'N'ITIOR VLVIITISWNILSNINY SISNIOXISII'9

17108 SISNIOYIAI SISNIOYIANI'9

oS ‘N'17708 VAUYd'9

2S WN I7708 VENLYIIVITINY “9

396818—57——8

FOHS!I ROBUSTA

GLOBOROTALIA
GLOBOROTALIA
GLOBOROTALIA
IGLOBOROTALIA FOH-
S$! BARISANENSIS
@ |GLOSIGERINATELLA
AMPLIAPERTURA

MENARD

GLOBOROTALIA
FOHS! LOBATA
GLOBOROTALIA
FOHS! FOHS!
CATAPSYDRAX
a | STAINFORTHI
CATAPSYDRAX
DISSIMILIS
GLOBOROTALIA
CIPEROENSIS
CIPEROENSI.
GLOBOROTALIA
OPIMA OPIMA
GLOBIGERINA

GLOBIGERINA

Slo

3 N39 1 WwW 1 3N3909IN0

Ficure 18.—Distribution of planktonic Foraminifera in the Oligocene - Miocene Cipero and Lengua formations of Trinidad, B. W. I.

100

from the similar facies of the Mount Moriah silt member
of the upper Eocene San Fernando formation. Those
beds which have a Mount Moriah silt aspect but do
not contain any Eocene foraminiferal markers are
here placed in the Oligocene part of the Cipero forma-
tion. The Globigerina ampliapertura zone commonly
also occurs in a calcareous clay that weathers to a light
creamy-brown color and as such is different from the
Mount Moriah silt.

The thickness of a single Cipero zone may vary
considerably, even within such a small area as the
Barrackpore oilfield (Higgins, 1955). In a normal
sequence of beds one expects a zone to measure several
hundred feet, but thicknesses of over 1,000 feet have
been recorded, especially for the Globorotalia fohsi
robusta zone. The Globorotalia fohst lobata zone, on
the other hand, is usually rather reduced in thickness,
seldom exceeding 200 feet. Often one or several zones
are found to be completely absent, either due to non-
deposition or to subsequent submarine erosion.
Because of these irregularities it is difficult to give even
an average thickness for any zone.

There is a very strong predominance of planktonic
Foraminifera in the Cipero formation which according
to Stainforth (1948b, p. 1321) fulfills the requirement
for a fossil Globigerina ooze. Stainforth (1948b, p.
1320) counted several thousand Foraminifera in random
samples of Cipero marl, which gave the following
results:

Zone I (=Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis zone):
several hundred planktonic to each benthonic
specimen.

Zone II (=Globigerinatella insueta zone): 2197 plank-
tonic to 37 benthonic specimens (59:1).

Zone III (=Globorotalia fohsi lobata zone): 2984 plank-
tonic to 119 benthonic specimens (25:1).

The Cipero formation is here divided into the
following zones (from top to bottom):

Globigerina ampliapertura Zone

Tyrr Locauity: In left side branch of a gully, 800
feet northeast of north end of San Fernando railway
station, 250 feet southeast of railway bridge. Coordi-
nates N:237850 links; ©:357560 links (Coordinates are
given according to the Government cadastral sheets of
12 chains to 1 inch, almost 1:10,000). Type sample
SE 4668 (TTOC 246756).

set Massive, silty, impure, sepia colored
marl.

Remarks: The Globigerina ampliapertura zone, for-
merly known as the Globigerina apertura zone (Suter,
1951) is characterized by the zonal marker and by
Globigerina parva Bolli, new species. Both species
occur also in the upper Eocene but such character-
istic forms as Hantkenina, Globorotalia centralis Cush-
man and Burmudez, Globorotalia cocoaensis Cushman,
Bulimina jacksonensis Cushman, became extinct at the
close of the Eocene. Several planktonic species ap-
parently originate in the Globigerina ampliaperiura

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

zone, e. g., Cassigerinella chipolensis (Cushman and
Ponton), and Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis Bolli.

In the interval after the extinction of Globigerina
ampliapertura and before the first occurrence of Glo-
borotalia opima opima Bolli, new species, new subspecies
(marker for the next younger zone), a comparatively
monotonous planktonic fauna occurs, consisting pre-
dominantly of Globigerina cf. venezuelana Hedberg. A
separate zone could be erected for this interval, but in
order to avoid unnecessary complication this interval
has here been included in the Globigerina ampliapertura
zone and is referred to as its upper part. This upper
part of the Globigerina ampliaperiura zone is well
exposed northeast of the type locality (in a gully 1,100
feet northeast of the north end of the San Fernando
railway station, 200 feet southeast of the railway bridge,
at the bottom of a small water fall (Coordinates
N:238270 links; E:357940 links).

Globorotalia opima opima Zone

TyprE LocaLity: Cipero type section, between 20 and
240 feet southwest from fixed point (see p. 103). Type
sample JS 20 (TTOC 193265). Rz 90 (TTOC 21721),
the type sample for Cushman and Stainforth’s zone
I (Globigerina concinna zone), comes from the same sec-
tion.

Lirgotoey: Bluish grey marl with dark grey blotchés,
gypsiferous; brown and yellow limonitic patches.

Remarks: The zonal marker Globorotalia opima opima
Bolli, new species, new subspecies, is restricted to the
zone. Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis Bolli and
Globigerina venezuelana Hedberg are usually abundant.
Globigerina ampliapertura Bolli, new species and
Globigerina parva Bolli, new species, present in the
underlying zone, became extinct before the appearance
of Globorotalia opima opima.

Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis Zone

TYPE LOCALITY: Cipero type section, between 60 feet
northeast and 20 feet southwest of fixed point (see
p. 103). Type sample Bo 291A (TTOC 215656).

LirHotocy: Green-brown marl with reddish iron
streaks.

Remarks: The Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis
zone differs faunally from the Globorotalia opima opima
zone only in the absence of Globorotalia opima opima
Bolli, new species, new subspecies. The zonal marker
disappears at the upper limit of this zone.

Globorotalia kugleri Zone

Type tocaLity: South bank of San Fernando By-
pass Road, approximately 240 feet northeast from the
north end of road bridge across the Siparia railway line.
Coordinates N:225700 links; E:361900 links. Type
sample Bo 274 (TTOC 201223).

Lrrnoxtoey: Grey and yellow brown, mottled, cal-
careous clay, gypsiferous and limonitic.

Remarks: The zonal marker Globorotalia kugleri

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

Boll, new species, is restricted to the zone. The genus
Globigerinoides makes its appearance in the upper part
of the zone. Globigerina juvenilis Bolli, new species,
and Globigerina bradyi Wiesner are other species which
are recorded for the first time in the Globorotalia kugleri
zone.

Catapsydrax dissimilis Zone

TypE Locauity: South bank of San Fernando Bypass
Road, approximately 1,050 feet northeast from north
end of road bridge across the Siparia railway line.
Coordinates N:226600 links; E:362200 links. Type
sample Bo 267 (TTOC 201216).

LirHotocy: Cream to light grey marl, with yellow
limonite patches, gypsiferous; black iron stains.

Remarks: The Catapsydraz dissimilis zone, as com-
pared with the Globorotalia kuglert zone, shows a
marked increase of planktonic Foraminifera from 16
to 25 species or subspecies. Various species of Globi-
gerinoides are to a large degree responsible for the
increase.

Catapsydrax stainforthi Zone

Type Locauity: Cipero type section, between 2,150
and 3,200 feet southwest from fixed point (see p. 103)
at the southern end of the exposed section. Coordi-
nates N:227300 links; E:352900 links. Type sample K.
9397 (TTOC 1938790).

Lirnoiocy: Cream to grey brown marl, occasionally
blotchy.

Remarks: Globigerinatella insueta Cushman and

Stainforth first appears in the Catapsydrax stainforthi
zone, where it occurs with the zonal marker and
Catapsydraz dissimilis (Cushman and Bermudez).
Globoquadrina dehiscens (Chapman, Parr, and Collins)
and Globoquadrina altispira altispira (Cushman and
Jarvis) also make their first appearance in this zone.
Otherwise the planktonic fauna is very much the same
as that of the underlying Catapsydrax dissimilis zone.

Globigerinatella insueta Zone

TypE Locauity: Cipero type section, small promon-
tory generally known as ‘“‘Cipero Nose,” approximately
820 feet southwest from fixed point (see p. 103). Co-
ordinates N:229450 links; E:354250 links. Rz 108
(TTOC 21743), the type sample for Cushman and
Stainforth’s Zone II (G@lobigerinatella insueta zone),
comes from the same section. A co-locality, repre-
senting the Radiolaria rich facies of the zone, has been
established near the Retrench trigonometrical station,
Golconda Estate. Coordinates N:217296 links; E:371482
links.

LirHotocy: Massive, cream to yellow grey marl,
fairly resistent to weathering, hence forming topo-
graphic highs.

Remarks: The Globigerinatella insueta zone is charac-
terized by the zonal marker and by the absence of
Catapsydrax dissimilis (Cushman and Bermudez).
Globigerinoides diminuta Bolli, new species, is a charac-
teristic form restricted to the zone or part of it. Blow

101

(1956), in his study on the origin and evolution of the
genus Orbulina, described the first occurrence of Globi-
gerinoides bispherica Todd in the upper half of the
Globigerinatella insueta zone. Within the short time
interval of the uppermost part of the zone he then
showed the development of Orbulina from this species
(op. cit., p. 69, text-fig. 4). Based on these evolutionary
trends, a further subdivision of the upper part of the
Ete bil ce insueta zone could readily be estab-
ished.

Globorotalia foshi barisanensis Zone

Type tocauity: Hermitage Quarry, on the west
side of the road leading from Hermitage Village to
Ally’s Creek about 1,200 feet northwest from the road
junction in the village, south Trinidad. Coordinates
N:208100 links; E:351800 links. Type sample Bo
202 (TTOC 193125).

LirHoLocy: Cream to white marl with yellow limo-
nitic patches.

Remarks: Globigerinatella insueta Cushman and
Stainforth and Catapsydraz stainforthi Bolli, Loeblich,
and Tappan have become extinct before the Globorotalia
fohsi barisanensis zone. The transitional forms leading
from Globigerinoides bispherica Todd to Orbulina dis-
appear in the lower part of the zone. The character-
istic Hastigerinella bermudezi Bolli, new species, has
thus far been recorded only from this zone.

Globoratalia fohsi fohsi Zone

Typr tocaLity: On east bank of cricket ground
southwest of Golconda Estate house which is about
one-sixth mile south of Golconda Village, south Trini-
dad. Coordinates N:208100 links; E:357800 links.
Type sample Bo 185A (TTOC 1938121).

Litnotocy: Cream to light yellow marl, with grey
patches; slightly limonitic and gypsiferous.

Remarks: Globorotalia fohsi fohst Cushman and
Ellisor, the zonal marker, developed from Globorotalia
fohsi barisanensis Le Roy in the basal part of the zone.
Globorotalia scitula (Brady) appears first in the upper
part of the zone.

Globorotalia fohsi lobata Zone

TypE LOcALITy: Cipero type section, between 1,500
and 1,700 feet from fixed point (see p. 103). Type
sample JS 32 (TTOC 193786). Rz 425 (TTOC
61418), the type sample for Cushman and Stainforth’s
Zone III, (Globorotalia fohsi zone) comes from the same
section.

Lirnotoey: Light bluish grey marl with black
streaks.

Remarks: Globorotalia fohsi lobata Bermudez, the
zonal marker, develops from Globorotalia fohsi fohsi
Cushman and Ellisor in the basal part of the zone.

Globorotalia fohsi robusta Zone

Typr LocaLity: Cipero type section, between 850
and 1,400 feet southwest of fixed point (see p. 103) south

102 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

of the small promontory, the type locality of the
Globigerinatella insueta zone. Type sample Bo 354
(TTOC 207274).

Lirnouoey: Light bluish grey marl with black
streaks.

Remarks: Globorotalia fohsi robusta Bolli, the zonal
marker, is restricted to the zone. It develops from
Globorotalia fohsit lobata Bermudez, which becomes
extinct in the basal part of the zone. Samples con-
taining Globigerinoides rubra (d’Orbigny) but without
Globorotalia fohst robusta are occasionally encountered
at the top of the zone. Typical Globorotalia menardi
(d’Orbigny) appears late in the Globorotalia fohsi
robusta zone and continues into the Lengua formation.
Such typical species as Sphaeroidinella rutscht Cushman
and Renz, Hastigerina cf. aequilateralis (Brady),
Globigerina nepenthes Todd, and Globorotalia lenguaensis
Bolli, new species, commence in the lower Lengua;
they have not been observed in the Cipero formation.
The lithology grades from a highly calcareous marl in
the Cipero formation to a calcareous clay in the Lengua
formation.

The Lengua Formation

The Lengua formation of south Trinidad (Renz,
1942, p. 560) formerly known as “Green Clay” and
“Sphaeroidinella Clay,” consists predominantly of a
greenish, calcareous clay, weathering buff to yellow grey
in color. The Lengua formation overlies the Cipero
formation, often with an apparently normal contact.
In certain areas the lower part of the Lengua formation
can be replaced by the more clayey-silty Karamat
formation which also may replace part of the uppermost
Cipero. Upwards, the Lengua formation becomes
gradually replaced by the clays, silts, and sands of the
Cruse formation which are practically void of planktonic
Foraminifera. Marl-boulder and clay-breccia beds of
great thickness (Rio Claro boulder bed) are known from
the Lengua formation.

The zonation of Trinidad sediments based on plank-
tonic Foraminifera which, almost without interruption,
can be applied from the Cretaceous onwards, comes to
an end at the top of the Lengua formation. With few
exceptions, the later conditions were no longer locally
suitable for planktonic Foraminifera. Preliminary in-
vestigations in more favorable sections of the Agua
Salada group in Falcén, Venezuela, show, that such
characteristic species as Globigerina nepenthes Todd,
Sphaeroidinella grimsdalei Keijzer, Globoquadrina alti-
spira altispira (Cushman and Jarvis), Globoquadrina
dehiscens (Chapman, Parr, and Collins) became extinct
between upper Lengua time and the Recent. Numer-
ous other planktonic species, e. g., Globigerina bulloides
d’Orbigny, Globigerina eggeri Rhumbler, Globorotalia
truncatulinoides (d’Orbigny), and Globorotalia tumida
(Brady), originate during this time interval.

As is the case with the Cipero formation, the thickness
of the zones of the Lengua formation is subject to con-
siderable variation. The whole formation may attain

a thickness of over 2,000 feet but is usually less. For
instance in the Barrackpore-Penal area the average
thickness of the Globorotalia menardii zone is 600 feet
and of the Globorotalia mayeri zone 150 feet.

The Lengua formation is here divided into the fol-
lowing zones (from bottom to top):

Globorotalia mayeri Zone

Typr Locatity: In a ditch on the east side of the
Cunjal Road, about 150 feet from its junction with the
Realize Road, about 2% miles south southeast of
Lengua Settlement, south Trinidad. Coordinates
N:205000 links; H:419600 links. Type sample KR
23422 (TTOC 160021, 160634).

Litnotoey: Buff to yellow grey, calcareous clay,
gypsiferous and limonitic.

Remarks: The zonal marker Globorotalia mayeri
Cushman and Ellisor ranges from the Globorotalia opima
opima zone through the Cipero formation into the lower
Lengua; the top of the Globorotalia mayeri zone is mark-
ed by the extinction of this long-ranging form. The
following species appear first in the Globorotalia mayeri
zone and continue into the Globorotala menardu zone:
Globigerina nepenthes Todd, Globorotalia lenguaensis
Bolli, new species, Sphaeroidinella rutscht Cushman and
Renz, Globigerinoita morugaensis Bronnimann and
Hastigerina cf. aequilateralis (Brady).

Globorotalia menardii Zone

Typr Locatiry: In a ditch on the east side of the
road leading from Lengua Settlement to Cipero - Ste.
Croix, about 150 feet from the road junction in Lengua
Settlement, about 1 mile south of Princes Town, south
Trinidad. Coordinates N:208900 links; E:413600 links.
Type sample KR 23425 (TTOC 178890).

Lirgotoey: Buff to yellow grey, calcareous clay,
gypsiferous and limonitic.

Remarks: The only distinction between the Globo-
rotalia menardi zone and the underlying Globorotaha
mayert zone is the absence of Globorotalia mayeri Cush-
man and Ellisor in the Globorotalia menardu zone.

Age of Cipero and Lengua Formations

Until recently the Cipero formation was generally
regarded as entirely Oligocene in age (Cushman and
Stainforth, 1945; Stainforth, 1948b, etc.). Globoro-
talia fohsi, originally described from the Miocene, was
considered to be a typical representative of the upper
Oligocene in the Caribbean region.

A recent paper on the Miocene-Oligocene boundary
by Eames (1953) initiated a controversy on the place-
ment of that boundary in the Caribbean region.
Comments on the problem were subsequently made by
Stainforth (1954), Eames (1954, 1955), Kugler (1954),
and Drooger (1954, 1956). Evidence brought forward
by some of these contributors indicates that the Oligo-
cene-Miocene boundary in the Caribbean region had
been placed too high when compared with that of
Europe and other areas. Considering the reasons

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 103

given by several of the authors, the present writer
tentatively places the Oligocene-Miocene boundary
between the Globorotalia kugleri and Catapsydraz dis-
similis zones of the Cipero formation. This level
approximately coincides with a marked increase in
planktonic species and with the first occurrence of the
genus Globigerinoides. This alone may not be sufficient
reason for placement of the Oligocene-Miocene bound-
ary, and further careful studies of the faunas of the
classical localities and comparison with their equivalents
in the Caribbean region will have to be made before a
more conclusive correlation can be offered.

Type Section of Cipero Formation

The first detailed description of the Cipero formation
was published by Stainforth (1948b). He used the
same three zones as proposed earlier by Cushman and
Stainforth (1945). In addition he distinguished a
“Flat Rock tongue” of different lithological aspect
separating Zones I and IJ. This ‘Flat Rock tongue”
was formerly also known as ‘‘Bamboo silt.”

In order to obtain an up-to-date interpretation of the
Cipero type area, based on the present subdivision of
the formation, a complete revision became necessary.
In addition to the reidentification of existing augerhole
samples from the area east and northeast of the type
section, 110 new surface samples were collected from
the type section along the coastline and several addi-
tional auger lines were run further inland. The
reassessment of the coastal section is summarized below
and the interpretation of the complete survey is shown
on the map and section in text-figure 19.

In this connection it is imperative to note that marine
erosion along the Cipero coast amounts to at least 2
feet per year. This ingress leads to a changing picture
at least as far as the northern part of the section is
concerned.

The fixed point from which all measurements were
taken is the southernmost of a number of iron rails
driven into the marls along the beach. This iron rail
is 140 feet south southeast from the present south end
of the sea wall. The coast line along which the type
section is exposed runs approximately in a northeast-
southwest direction, the fixed point being 60 feet south-
west of the northernmost exposure. From the fixed
point a chain was run along the coastline in a south-
west direction to the ‘“Cipero Nose” (a distance of 823
feet); from there 87 feet to the east and then again
2293 feet to the southwest. The composition of the
type section is as follows:

From 60 ft. NE. to 2 ft. SW.: Marl; Globigerina ciperoensis

ciperoensis zone.

From 28 to 235 ft. SW.: Marl; Globigerina opima opima
zone.

From 250 to 368 ft. SW.: Clay, silty clay, marl lenses;
Globigerina ampliapertura zone, upper part (“Flat Rock
tongue’’).

At 406 ft. SW.: Pebble bed with whitish marl pebbles. Diag-

nostic Foraminifera of the bed are Globorotalia fohsit
barisanensis Le Roy, Globorotalia fohsi fohsi Cushman

and Ellisor, Globigerinoides triloba (Reuss) group,
?Orbulina sp., Globigerinoides rubra (d’Orbigny). The
youngest components are of Globorotalia fohst fohsi
zone age. This pebble bed appears to belong to the
large slump-mass which occurs further to the south.

From 433 to 536 ft. SW.: Marl and dark brown silty clay,
with rounded, iron-rich mudstone pebbles and thin
pebble beds. Globigerina ampliapertura zone, occasion-
ally with ?younger faunas (‘‘Flat Rock tongue’’).

From 536 to 758 ft. SW.: Strongly heterogeneous interval;
predominantly dark, silty clay with marl lenses and
pebble beds. Samples taken here represent either mixed
faunas of Globigerina ampliapertura zone to Globoro-
talia fohsi fohsi zone age or, if taken from larger slip-
masses or pebbles, may be pure faunas from any zone
within the above named interval. Between 613 and
679 feet is a lens of Upper Eocene Hospital Hill marl.

From 759 to 845 ft. SW.: Large slip-mass of indurated marl
forming the prominent ‘‘Cipero Nose’’ promontory,
Globigerinatella insueta zone.

From 848 to 913 ft. SW.: Pebble bed. Oldest component,
Globorotalia opima opima zone; youngest, Globorotalia
fohst robusta zone. This pebble bed may be regarded
as the base of a large slump-mass resting unconform-
ably on the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone.

From 937 to 1483 ft. SW.: Marl; Globorotalia fohsi robusta
zone.

From 1583 to 1774 ft. SW.: Marl; Globorotalia fohsi lobata
zone.

From 1780 to 1794 ft. SW.: Marl; Globorotalia fohsi fohsi
zone, lower part.

From 1815 to 1835 ft. SW.: Pebble bed. Oldest compo-
nents—Globigerinatella insueta zone, youngest—Globo-
rotalia fohsi fohsi zone.

From 1845 to 2052 ft. SW.: Marl; Globigerinatella insueta
zone.

From 2154 to 3203 ft. SW.: Marl; Catapsydrax stainforthi
zone.

The type section can best be divided into the three
major units described below:

1. The southern part of the section beginning in the
south with the Catapsydrax stainforthi zone and ending
with the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone. This is a
normal sequence except that the Globorotalia fohsi
barisanensis zone is missing. A reduced Globorotalia
fohst fohsi zone rests with a basal pebble bed directly on
the Globigerinatella insueta zone.

2. The large slump-mass beginning with a pebble bed
lying on the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone immediately
south of the ‘“‘Cipero Nose’”’ promontory and extending
to the northernmost pebble bed 406 feet south of the
fixed point. Pebbles or larger slump-masses represent-
ing upper Eocene Hospital Hill marl and almost every
zone of the Cipero formation are found in this complex
unit. These pebble beds and slump-masses were ap-
parently deposited late in Globorotalia fohsi robusta
time (late Cipero), or at the begining of Lengua time
and thus may well be an equivalent of the Rio Claro
boulder bed which occurs in the Globorotalia mayeri
zone of the Lengua formation in the eastern part of the
island.

No planktonic Foraminifera younger than Globoro-
talia fohsi fohst zone age have been found thus far in
the slump-mass and pebble bed complex north of the
“Cipero Nose,” which itself is a large slumped unit of
the Globigerinatella insueta zone. It is thus possible

104

that the northern part of the slump-mass may in fact
be of the Globorotalia fohst fohsi zone. If so, it might
be related to the Globorotalia fohsi fohst beds and under-
lying pebble bed which are found farther south in the
type section.

Stainforth (1948b, p. 1302) mentions an intraforma-
tional marl breccia within the Cacatro member, con-
sisting of angular pieces of greenish marl, mostly
polished or slickensided, in a marl matrix. During the
recent survey, 16 samples were collected from this
pebble bed between 848 and 913 feet, just south of the
“Cipero Nose” and resting on the Globorotalia fohsi
robusta zone, consisting of single pebbles and matrix
containing small pebbles. Almost every zone from the
Globorotalia opima opima zone to the Globigerinatella
imsueta zone is represented by these pebbles. The
matrix and pebble samples showed faunas ranging from
the Globorotalia opima opima zone to the Globorotalia
fohsi robusta zone.

This pebble bed is now regarded as the base of the
large slump-mass extending from 848 feet to the north-
ernmost pebble bed at 406 feet. This interval contains
Stainforth’s Zone II (between his Zone III and the
“Hlat Rock tongue’’).

During the recent survey, a pebble bed was also
found to be present between Stainforth’s southern Zone
II complex and his Zone IJI. This pebble bed marks
a stratigraphic break between the Globigerinatella in-
sueta zone and the Globorotalia fohsi fohsi zone.

3. The northernmost portion of the section, where
the basal three zones (Globigerina ampliapertura zone
to Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis zone) of the Cipero
formation appear in normal succession.

Stainforth (1948b, p. 1300) divided the Cipero for-
mation at the type section into a lower (Zone I) Para-
dise member and an upper (Zones II, III) Cacatro
member, the two being separated by the ‘Flat Rock
tongue” which was regarded as being probably in nor-
mal stratigraphic position. Stainforth separated the
two members solely on the existence of the ‘‘Flat Rock
tongue” and not on lithological differences which he
considered negligible. The study of the planktonic
Foraminifera of the “Flat Rock tongue” has now re-
vealed that the northern part of the tongue (northeast
of the pebble bed at 406 feet) is equivalent to the
Globigerina ampliapertura zone in age and apparently is
in normal contact with the overlying Globorotalia opima
opima zone. It has to be placed below Cushman and
Stainforth’s Zone I, rather than between Zones I and
II as suggested by Stainforth. Southwest of the peb-
ble bed at 406 feet the “Flat Rock tongue” contains
other small and irregular pebble beds. Globigerina
ampliapertura Bolli, new species, and Globigerina parva
Bolli, new species, occur here together with such younger
forms as Globorotalia opima opima Bolli, new species,
new subspecies, Globorotalia fohst fohsi Cushman and
Ellisor and ?0Orbulina sp. Here the rich orbitoidal
faunas mentioned by Stainforth are found. The peb-
ble beds and the heterogeneous faunas indicate that

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

this portion of the ‘Flat Rock tongue” is a part of the
large slump-mass extending from 406 to 913 feet.

The age of the ‘Flat Rock tongue” has been discussed
in several publications and unpublished reports. It
was given as upper Hocene by several earlier authors.
Renz (1942) and Stainforth (1948b) attributed a
middle Oligocene age to it, based on the identification
of larger Foraminifera by B. Caudri (private reports)
and Vaughan and Cole (1941), and of the molluscan
fauna by R. Rutsch (unpublished report). Stainforth
(1948b) admits that the evidence for placing the “Flat
Rock tongue” in the middle Oligocene is not entirely
conclusive and suggests as an alternative the possi-
bility that it could be an upfaulted block of the youngest
part of the San Fernando formation. This view brings
the stratigraphic position of the tongue much nearer to
the present interpretation. Stainforth placed the
bulk of Zone I in the lower Oligocene with the bottom
part possibly topmost Eocene and the upper part
middle Oligocene. Zone II was given a middle to
upper Oligocene age and Zone III a probable upper
Oligocene age.

Although the basal part of the Cipero formation is
exposed in the type section, no contact with the under-
lying Eocene is visible. Such contacts may, however,
be studied further to the north, in the Vista Bella area
of San Fernando. Natural outcrops are scarce, but
much information has been obtained from lines of
augerholes and two shallow boreholes. About 500
feet of marls and marly clays or silty, muddy marls of
the basal Cipero Globigerina ampliapertura zone are
found to rest on approximately 300 feet of Mount
Moriah silt of the upper Eocene San Fernando forma-
tion. Members of this formation may be developed in a
conglomeratic, sandy, silty, glauconitic or reefal lime-
stone (Vista Bella Quarry) facies. In the Vista Bella
area the Globigerina ampliapertura zone is overlain
normally by about 300 feet of marls of Globorotaha
opima opima and Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis
zone age. Although not well exposed, this section
appears to be one of the best in Trinidad for a study of
the basal Cipero and its contact with the uppermost
Hocene.

Stainforth (1948b, p. 1297) states that the Cipero
formation rests basinward on the Hospital Hill marl,
which is now regarded as the top member of the Navet
formation. Although such contacts may occur, they
are not regarded as normal. Based on the occurrence
of planktonic Foraminifera, it is believed that the
Hospital Hill marl and the San Fernando formation
are not synchronous, but that the San Fernando forma-
tion is younger, representing the topmost Hocene and
thus lying between the Hospital Hill marl and the basal
Cipero.

The lower Oligocene basal part of the Cipero forma-
tion is faunistically distinguished from the topmost
Eocene beds of the San Fernando formation by the
absence of Hantkenina, Globorotalia centralis Cushman

and Bermudez, and Globorotalia cocoaensis Cushman.
There are also numerous upper Eocene benthonic
species, e. g., Bulimina jacksonensis Cushman, that do
not cross the EKocene-Oligocene boundary. Cassigeri-
nella chipolensis (Cushman and Ponton) and the
Globigerina ciperoensis Bolli group on the other hand
appear for the first time in the lower Oligocene Globi-
gerina ampliapertura zone.

Lengua formations have been observed at various
localities, such as in trenches in the Barrackpore area.
The extinction of Globorotalia fohsi robusta, the change
to a more clayey lithology, and the presence in certain
areas of pebble beds and slump-masses of considerable

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

Apparently normal contacts between the Cipero and

q ATT
NY ADs Lu}
WS my | 7 1
LEGEND \ | | | | | 4 | San]| |Fernani
ge oe \ % | | I
tN It 5
STRATIGRAPHIC_ZONATION ie s ASY
PES SS S YE
Localities i = = LL Se
Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone(1) Myots Donn fates
sy “Ty
” » lobata » @ i H dH
” » fohsi »@® ‘ isauee HE Be fs
” barisanensis » (4) Wi
Globigerinatella insueta zone () \ t i Pe:
N
Catapsydrax stainforthi zone ©) \ be H tt

Catapsydrax dissimilis zone (7) i: E
Begouedeastsquescenh

Globigerina ciperoensis zone @) Seri evel

DROADWE

Globorotalia kugleri zone

ld :

RUSNWORTH sy
owe

Globorotalia opima opima zone (0)
Globigerina ampliapertura zone (11)

Fixed |(9
Point

10 yer A

Slump masses occuring mainly in i S| eines aid
Globorotalia fohsi zone s.l. They range
from Upper Eocene Hospital Hill Marl
(H.H) of the Navet formation to
Globigerinatella insueta zone

of the Cipero formation.

aaaa Pebble & rubble beds

Note: Type localities 3,4,7,8 6 Il are U
outside of mapped area.

Mile MH
Yj iy sip mass Te

LiL cl

Sub-recent Terrace

DE GPO
§ ee

=
Cipero River

if PoRT-oF-SPAIN “<Q TRINIDAD

TYPE SECTION OF THE CiPERO FORMATION Gur
TRINIDAD B.W.1. PARIA

Authors: K.Rohr and H.M.Bolli

SCALE

Location of

° 2 8 1000 FT.

i San Fernando

mapped area.

ooo
00s

Le, z
Rou
fa —“s
<< 7 op,
Lit, Yy Ly é
Y :

“Wy
aay

tl}

Ficure 19.—Type section of the Cipero formation, Trinidad, B. W. I.

105

thickness are indications not only of environmental
changes but also of tectonic and possibly of turbidity
flow activities at the end of Cipero time.

The structural complexities in the area of the type
section and further to the north (see text-fig. 19) make
extremely difficult a satisfactory interpretation of the
existing tectonic conditions.
exposed along the Cipero type section is also character-
istic for the whole Naparima area further to the east.
With the introduction of the present zonation it has
become more and more evident that many of the com-
plications in the area are not of a tectonic nature but
are probably caused by penecontemporaneous large
scale slumping (Kugler, 1953).

The complex pattern as

opueusay ues

106

Stratigraphic Correlation of Cipero and Lengua
with Other Formations

Trinidad

Stratigraphic correlations of the Cipero and Lengua
formations with formations of the same age have been
offered by several authors, most recently by Stainforth
(1948b), Suter (1951) and Kugler (1953). In several
of the age equivalents, e. g., the Brasso formation,
we find the same characteristic planktonic foraminiferal
markers, though often in smaller numbers. Others,
such as the Nariva or Karamat formations may be
completely void of planktonic Foraminifera. Inter-
fingering or over- and underlying beds containing
planktonic faunas have, however, identified their
stratigraphic position in relation to the Cipero and
Lengua zones. The arenaceous Cipero facies is a clay
characterized by an arenaceous foraminiferal fauna.
It is lithologically almost indistinguishable from the
Nariva clay, which is characterised by Gravellina
nariwaensis Bronnimann and Alveovalvulinella pozonensis
(Cushman and Renz). This Nariva fauna is commonly
of Catapsydrax dissimilis zone age but it may also be
slightly older (Globorotalia kugleri zone) or slightly
younger (Catapsydraxz stainforthi zone). ‘The arena-
ceous Cipero facies may occur throughout the entire
Cipero formation. Geographically, the Nariva forma-
tion is largely restricted to the Central Range area,
where it underlies the Brasso formation.

Intercalations of sands of mostly lenticular nature
occur in certain areas in the Globigerinatella insueta and
Catapsydraz stainforthi zone of the Cipero formation.
They are known as Retrench sands, a name that origi-
nates from the Retrench trigonometrical station, south
of San Fernando, where the Globigerinatella insueta zone
is developed in a radiolarian facies and is known as
Retrench beds. MRadiolarian-rich assemblages have
also been found in the Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis
zone, e. g., at the type locality (see p. 101).

The Herrera sands and conglomerates range in age
from the Globorotalia fohsi fohsi zone to the lower part
of the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone. Occasional thin
sands which may be attributed to the Herrera are also
found in the Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis zone. The
Karamat formation with Jarvsella karamatensis Bron-
nimann as marker fossil ranges from the upper part
of the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone (top Cipero) into
the Globorotalia mayeri zone (lower Lengua).

It is of interest to note that formations such as the
Karamat or Nariva, which may attain several thousand
feet in thickness, were deposited within a comparatively
short time interval.

The Brasso formation, in contrast to the Cipero
formation contains more calcareous benthonic Foram-
inifera, though planktonic forms commonly occur
in sufficient numbers to allow correlation with the
faunal zones of the Cipero and Lengua formations.
The Brasso formation consists predominantly of clays
with their main development in the Central Range

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

area. Renz (1948, p. 89) recognized the following
members from top to bottom: Los Atajos, Navarro
River, Tunnel Hill, and Esmeralda. These members
are here tentatively considered to range in age from the
Globigerinatella insueta zone to the Globorotalia mayert
zone (see text-fig. 20).

Recently the Los Atajos member has been placed in
the lower part of the Manzanilla formation, which
starts with the Brasso conglomerate. The Tamana
formation consists of a coralliferous algal reef limestone
interfingering with the Globorotalia mayeri and Globo-
rotalia menardii zones of the Lengua formation.

The Ste. Croix formation, originally described as a
series of foraminiferal silts and clays with minor beds
of sand, is now regarded as a member of the Brasso
formation. It is slightly older than the Esmeralda
member and represents an extension to the south of
the Central Range where it is commonly found inter-
bedded in the Cipero formation. Cushman and Renz
(1947) described the foraminiferal fauna of the Ste.
Croix formation, recording 10 planktonic species, in-
cluding Globigerinatella insueta Cushman and Stain-
forth from the Trinidad Point calcareous clay locality.
On the basis of this species, this part of the Ste. Croix
formation was correlated with Cushman and Stain-
forth’s Globigerinatella insueta zone (Zone Il), whereas
the Ste. Croix calcareous clay from the type locality
was considered to be slightly younger. In addition to
Globigerinatella insueta, Bronnimann (1950, p. 81) also
reported Catapsydraz dissimilis from the Ste. Croix
calcareous clay locality; hence these beds are in the
Catapsydrax stainforthi zone.

Caribbean and Gulf Coast Region

Correlations of the Cipero and Lengua formations
with formations of the Caribbean region outside
Trinidad are here restricted to sections either studied
by the author himself or discussed with other workers.

One of the most complete and best described sections
is doubtless that of the Agua Salada group in the State
of Falcén, Venezuela (Renz, 1948). The general
aspect of the rich foraminiferal fauna is more like
that of the Brasso formation of Trinidad, which is rich
in benthonic Foraminifera. However, no difficulties
have been found in correlating Renz’s Agua Salada
zones with those of the Cipero and Lengua formations
(see text-fig. 20).

Beckmann (1953) described the Foraminifera from
the Eocene-Oligocene Oceanic formation of Barbados.
Discussions with this author indicate that the Oligocene
part of the Oceanic formation, which is rich in plank-
tonic Foraminifera, can readily be correlated with the
zones of the lower part of the Cipero formation (see
text-fig. 20). The Bissex Hill formation is an age
equivalent of the Globigerinatella insueta zone and the
overlying Globigerina marls of the lower Globorotalia
fohsi zone, sensu lato.

Several samples from the Antigua limestone of
Antigua were found to contain Globigerina ciperoensis
Bolli, sensu lato. These beds may therefore be cor-

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 107

ToL: VENEZUELA

GIPERO AND LENGUA
FORMATIONS (RENZ 1948)
STE. CROIX

MEMBER

(RENZ 1948)

ANTIGUA U. S. A.

GULF COAST
(AKERS, PRIVATE
REPORT AND 1955)

FORM. ZONE

BARBADOS

(SENN 1948;
BECKMANN,
PRIVATE REPORT)

GLOBOROTALIA
MENAROI

GLOBOROTALIA
MAYERI
GLOBOROTALIA
FOHSI ROBUSTA

GLOBOROTALIA
FOHSI LOBATA

LOS ATAJOS
KARAMAT MEMBER

FORMATION

NAVARRO
HERRERA bs

GLOBOROTALIA
FOHS!I FOHSI

MEMBER MEMEEL,

IGLOBOROTALIA FOH-|
St BARISANENSIS

IGLOBIGERINATELLA
INSUETA

CATAPSYDRAX
STAINFORTHI

ESMERALDA
MEMBER

STE. CROIX
MEMBER

SAN LORENZO

CATAPSYDRAX
OISSIMILIS

GLOBOROTALIA
KUGLERI
GLOBIGERINA

CIPEROENSIS
CIPEROENSIS

GLOBOROTALIA
OPIMA OPIMA
GLOBIGERINA
AMPLIAPERTURA

ARENACEOUS
CIPERO

OLIGOGENE
GUACHARAGA

MEMBER

VALVULINERIA

HERRICKI

GLOBOROTALIA
FOHSI

SIPHOGENERINA
TRANSVERSA

ROBULUS
WALLACEI

“UVIGERINELLA”

SPARSICOSTATA

MARGINULINOPSIS
BASISPINOSUS

TEXTULARIA
STAPPER/

BIGENERINA
HUMBLE!

CIBICIDES
CARSTENS!

GLOBIGERINA
MARLS

BISSEX HILL
FORMATION

NOT YET RECORDED

WITH PLANKTONIC

FORAMINIFERA
Cet UM ANAHUAC

FORMATION

PAYNES HAMMOCK
FORMATION

OCEANIC
FORMATION

ANTIGUA
LIMESTONE CHICKASAWHAY

FORMATION

VICKSBURG
STAGE

Ficure 20,—Stratigraphic correlation of the Cipero and Lengua formations with other formations in Trinidad, the Caribbean, and
the Gulf Coast region.

related with the Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis
or the Globorotalia opima opima zones of the Cipero
formation.

An attempt has also been made to correlate Gulf
Coast sediments of Oligocene-Miocene age with the
Cipero formation (see text-fig. 20). This is based
on discussions with W. H. Akers and on his (1955)
report on the subject. Samples from the Vicksburg
stage which correlate with the Globigerina ampliaper-
tura zone have also been examined by the present
author.

It is well known that the Oligocene-Miocene plank-
tonic Foraminifera which are here described from
Trinidad are not restricted to the Caribbean and Gulf
Coast region. For example, identical forms have been
described from Colombia (Petters and Sarmiento,

Systematic

Sixty planktonic foraminiferal species and subspecies
belonging to fifteen genera are described or listed. A
full description is given only for the new species and
subspecies. Synonymy lists are restricted to the
original description and to species or subspecies de-
scribed from the Caribbean and Gulf Coast region.

The stratigraphic range within the Cipero and
Lengua formations is given for each species or sub-

1956) and from Peru (Stainforth, 1948a). An attempt
has recently been made by Drooger (1956) to arrive
at a transatlantic correlation of the Oligo-Miocene by
means of Foraminifera. He places special emphasis
on the planktonic Foraminifera and some encouraging
preliminary results have already been obtained.

Such studies as Le Roy’s (1948, 1952) indicate that
similar or identical planktonic foraminiferal assemblages
also occur in Oligocene-Miocene sediments of the Far
East. Thus, it may safely be concluded, as with the
Cretaceous and lower Tertiary forms, that the Oligo-
cene-Miocene planktonic Foraminifera have a world-
wide distribution, limited only by locally adverse
environmental conditions. They offer, where present,
an excellent means for age determination, zonation
and long range correlation.

Descriptions

species. Several species occur also in the upper
Eocene, and this is mentioned in the specific descriptions.
With the change of the ecologic conditions at the
end of the Lengua time all planktonic Foraminifera
disappeared locally. Some of them may have become
extinct at this time, but it is known that many species
continued to live in other more favourable regions, and
several of these species are known from Recent seas.

108
Family Hantkeninidae Cushman, 1927

Subfamily Hastigerininae Bolli, Loeblich, and
Tappan, 1957

Genus Hastigerina Thompson, 1876
Hastigerina cf. aequilateralis (Brady)
Puate 22, Ficures la—2b

Globigerinella aequilateralis (Brady) BreRMuDEz, Cushman. Lab.
Foram. Res. Spec. Publ. 25, p. 280, pl. 21, fig. 51, 1949.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Lengua formation): Glo-
borotalia mayeri zone to Globorotalia menardu zone.

Locauity: Figured specimens (USNM P5601a,b)
from the Globorotalia menardii zone, from a subsurface
section.

REMARKS: Scarce specimens of Hastigerina are found
in the Lengua formation. They are slightly more
involute than Brady’s types and are therefore listed
as H. cf. aequilateralis.

Subfamily Cassigerinellinae Bolli, Loeblich, and
Tappan, 1957

Genus Cassigerinella Pokorny, 1955
Cassigerinella chipolensis (Cushman and Ponton)
Puate 22, FiguRES 3a-c

Cassidulina chipolensis CUSHMAN and Ponton, Florida Geol.
Surv. Bull. 9, p. 98, pl. 15, figs. 2a—c, 1982 —Cusuman and
SrarnrortH, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ.
14, p. 64, pl. 12, fig. 5.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation):
Globigerina ampliapertura zone to Globorotalia fohsi
robusta zone.

Locaurry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5602) from
the type section of the Globorotalia opima opima zone,
sample JS 20 (TTOC 193265).

Remarks: Cassigerinella chipolensis is restricted to
the Cipero formation. The very small species is easily
recognizable.

Family Orbulinidae Schultze, 1854

Subfamily Globigerininae Carpenter, 1862
Genus Globigerina d’Orbigny, 1826

Globigerina ampliapertura Bolli, new species

PuatE 22, FigurEs 4a-7b

Shape of test trochospiral; spiral side almost flat to
slightly convex, umbilical side convex; equatorial
periphery lobate; axial periphery rounded. Wall
calcareous, perforate, surface finely pitted. Chambers
spherical in the early stage, becoming somewhat com-
pressed laterally in the last whorl; about 12, arranged

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

in 2% whorls; the usually 4 chambers of the last whorl
increase rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral side radial
to oblique, depressed; on umbilical side radial, de-
pressed. Umbilicus fairly small, deep. Aperture a
high, distinct arch; interiomarginal, umbilical. Coiling
random. Largest diameter of holotype 0.55 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Glo-
bigerina ampliapertura zone.

Locatity: Holotype (USNM P5603) and figured
paratype (USNM P5604), sample Bo 314A (TTOC
215658) and figured paratypes (USNM P5605a,b),
sample JS 19 (TTOC 198264), all from the Globigerina
ampliapertura zone, Cipero type section, Trinidad.

Remarks: Globigerina ampliapertura, new species, is
distinguished from G. venezuelana in having a larger,
distinctly arched aperture. It differs from G. apertura
Cushman, which was described from the Miocene, in
having the chambers of the last whorl somewhat com-
pressed laterally and in the aperture being smaller in
relation to the chamber size. The G. apertura mentioned
by Bronnimann (1950, p. 80) from the Cipero formation
is a G. ampliapertura. The new species occurs also in
the upper Eocene.

Globigerina parva Bolli, new species
PuatEe 22, Figures 14a-c

Shape of test small, medium to high trochospiral;
equatorial periphery distinctly lobate. Wall calcareous,
perforate, surface smooth to very finely pitted. Cham-
bers spherical; 10-12, arranged in about 2% whorls;
the 4 or occasionally 5 chambers of the last whorl
increase moderately in size. Sutures on spiral side
radial, depressed; on umbilical side radial, depressed.
Umbilicus small. Aperture a medium to low arch;
interiomarginal, umbilical. Coiling random. Largest
diameter of holotype 0.25 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in the Cipero formation):
Globigerina ampliapertura zone.

Locauity: Holotype (USNM P5606) from the
Globigerina ampliapertura zone, Cipero type section,
Trinidad, sample Bo 314A (T'TOC 215658).

Remarks: Globigerina parva, new species, is sep-
arated from the G. ciperoensis subspecies in being more
trochospiral and in having usually 4 instead of 5
chambers in the last whorl. The new species occurs
also in the upper Eocene.

Globigerina ciperoensis Bolli

A considerable variation is observed within the species
Globigerina ciperoensis Bolli. The forms included orig-
inally in this species (Bolli, 1954) have a characteris-
tically large umbilicus; they are now given subspecies
rank (G. ciperoensis ciperoensis). All gradations occur
to forms with a small umbilicus associated with the
typical representatives, but those with smaller umbilicus
become predominant towards the end of the Globigerina
ciperoensis ciperoensis zone, where the typical G. cipe-
roensis ciperoensis disappear. ‘They continue into the
Globorotalia kuglert zone and lower part of the Catapsy-

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 109

draa dissimilis zone. This form is here described as a
new subspecies, Globigerina ciperoensis angustiumbili-
cata.

Another subspecies, Globigerina ciperoensis angulisu-
turalis has been erected for specimens that show deep,
angular, U-shaped sutures between the chambers of the
last whorl. Transitional forms to G. ciperoensis cipe-
roensis arecommon. The new subspecies appears to be
restricted to the Globorotalia opima opima zone and the
Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis zone.

Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis Bolli
Puate 22, Figures 10a—b

Globigerina ciperoensis Bout, Contr. Cushman Found. Foram.
Res., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 1, 1954.

Globigerina concinna Reuss, Nurrauu, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 6,
No. 1, p. 29, pl. 6, figs. 9-11, 1932—Franxun, Journ.
Paleontol., vol. 18, No. 4, p. 317, pl. 48, fig. 5, 1944.

Globigerina cf. concinna Reuss, CUSHMAN and SrainrortH, Cush-
man Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 14, p. 67, pl. 13, figs.
la-b, 1945.—Brckmann, Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 46,
No. 2, p. 390, pl. 25, fig. 5, 1953.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Globi-
gerina ampliapertura zone to Globigerina ciperoensis
ciperoensis zone.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5607) from
the Globorotalia opima opima zone, sample Bo 273
(TTOC 201222).

Remarks: The subspecies Globigerina ciperoensis
ciperoensis includes the forms as described originally
with a large umbilicus and without the angular, U-
shaped sutures of the subspecies angulisuturalis.

Globigerina ciperoensis angulisuturalis Bolli. new subspecies
Puate 22, Figures 1la-c

Shape of test very low trochospiral; equatorial
periphery almost circular, lobate, with deep, angular,
U-shaped sutures between the chambers; axial peri-
phery rounded. Wall calcareous, perforate, surface
very finely pitted. Chambers spherical; about 10,
arranged in 2 to 2% whorls; the 5 chambers of the
last whorl increase moderately in size. Sutures on
spiral side depressed, radial; on umbilical side depressed,
radial. Umbilicus fairly wide. Aperture arched; in-
teriomarginal, umbilical. Coiling random. Largest
diameter of holotype 0.19 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Glo-
borotalia opima opima zone to Globigerina ciperoensis
ciperoensis zone.

Locatity: Holotype (USNM P5608) from the type
section of the Globorotalia opima opima zone, Trinidad,
sample Bo 306A (TTOC 215657).

Remarks: Globigerina ciperoensis angulisuturalis, new
subspecies, is distinguished from G. ciperoensis ciperoen-
sis by having deep cut, angular, U-shaped sutures.

Globigerina ciperoensis angustiumbilicata Bolli, new subspecies
Priate 22, Figures 12a-13c

Shape of test very low trochospiral; equatorial

periphery distinctly lobate, axial periphery rounded.
Wall calcareous, perforate, surface smooth or very
finely pitted. Chambers spherical; about 12, arranged
in about 2% whorls; the 4-5 chambers of the last whorl
increase moderately to fairly rapidly in size. Sutures
on spiral side depressed, radial; on umbilical side
depressed, radial. Umbilicus small. Aperture a medi-
um to low arch; interiomarginal, umbilical, often with
a thin lip. Coilingrandom. Largest diameter of holo-
type 0.24 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Glo-
bigerina ampliapertura zone to Catapsydrax dissimilis
zone.

Locauity: Holotype (USNM P5609) and figured
paratype (USNM P5610) from the type section of the
Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis zone, ‘Trinidad,
sample Bo 291A (TTOC 215656).

Remarks: Globigerina ciperoensis angustiumbilicata,
new subspecies, is distinguished from G. ciperoensis
ciperoensis by having a small umbilicus. The aperture,
which is umbilical in position, may in some specimens
show a tendency towards an umbilical—extraumbilical
position.

Globigerina rohri Bolli, new species

PuatEe 23, Figures la—4b

Globigerina venezuelana Hedberg, Brcxmann, Eclog. Geol.
Helvetiae, vol. 46, No. 2, p. 392, pl. 10, figs. 12-13, 1953.
Shape of test trochospiral; equatorial periphery
slightly lobate; because of the lateral compression of
the chambers, the test has a somewhat spherical appear-
ance. Wall calcareous, perforate, surface finely pitted.
Chambers spherical, those of last whorl laterally com-
pressed; about 12, arranged in about 2% whorls; the 3
or occasionally 4 chambers of the last whorl increase
very rapidly in size; in large specimens the final cham-
ber is commonly reduced in size. Sutures on spiral
side curved in early stage, radial or oblique later,
depressed; on umbilical side radial, depressed. Um-
bilicus small, deep; rugosities or short thick spines are
found around the umbilical edge. Aperture arched;
interiomarginal, umbilical; because of the almost closed
umbilicus not well visible. Coiling random. Largest
diameter of holotype 0.73 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Glob7-
gerina ampliapertura zone to Catapsydrax dissimilis zone.

Locaurty: Holotype (USNM P5611) and figured
paratypes (USNM P5612a-c) from the type section of
the Globorotalia opima opima zone, Trinidad, sample
JS 20 (TTOC 193265).

Remarks: Globigerina rohri, new species, is distin-
guished from G. venezuelana Hedberg by having usually
3 instead of 4 chambers in the last whorl, by the rugo-
sities or short spines around the umbilical edge and by
having the chambers of the last whorl laterally more
compressed.

The species is named for Dr. K. Rohr in recognition
of his geological work in Trinidad.

110 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Globigerina venezuelana Hedberg
Piate 23, Figures 6a-8b

Globigerina venezuelana Hepsere, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 11,
No. 8, p. 681, pl. 92, figs. 7a-b, 1937.—CusuMan and
SrainrortH, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 14,
p. 67, pl. 12, figs. 13a—b, 1945.—BrrmupxEz, Cushman Lab.
Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 25, p. 280, pl. 21, figs. 39-40, 1949.

Globigerina conglomerata Schwager, Beckmann, Kclog. Geol.
Helvetiae, vol. 46, No. 2, p. 391, pl. 25, figs. 6-9, 1953.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions): Globigerina ampliapertura zone to Globorotalia
menardi zone.

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5613) from
the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, sample JS 46
(TTOC 194056); (USNM P5614) from the type sec-
tion of the Globorotalia fohsi lobata zone, sample JS 32
(TTOC 193786); and (USNM P5615) from the type
locality of the Globorotalia menardii zone, sample KR
23425 (TTOC 178890).

Remarxs: Considerable variation in size and shape
of chambers is found in Globigerina venezuelana. The
differences, however, appear not to be constant enough
to allow a further division of the species. It is found
for instance that the chambers of G. venezuelana are
generally more spherical in the Globorotalia opima
opima zone to the Globorotalia kugleri zone and again
in the Globorotalia fohst lobata zone to the Globorotalia
menardiui zone. In the Catapsydrax dissimilis zone to
the Globorotalia fohsi fohsi zone the specimens are often
somewhat compressed laterally. The same is also true
for the Globigerina ampliapertura zone, where many
specimens have only 3 chambers in the last whorl
instead of the usual 4.

A small, rudimentary final chamber (see pl. 23, figs.
7b, 8b) commonly occurs in Globigerina venezuelana.
It is attached in the conventional way and does not
cover the umbilicus and therefore can not be regarded
as a bulla.

Globigerina cf. trilocularis d’Orbigny

PuatE 22, FicurEs 8a—9c

Globigerina ef. bulloides d’Orbigny, CusHMAN and STAINFORTH,
Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 14, p. 68, pl. 13,
figs. 4a—b, 1945.

Globigerina trilocularis d’OrBieny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, p.
277, 1826 (unpublished figures of d’Orbigny in Fornasini,
Rend. Accad. Sci. Inst., Bologna, new ser. vol. 2, fase. 1,
pl. 1, figs. 6, 7—-7a; p. 12, text-fig.).

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Glo-
bigerina ampliapertura zone to Catapsydrax dissimilis
zone.

Locauity: Figured specimens (USNM P5616a,b)
from the Catapsydrax dissimilis zone, core at 4,543—
48 feet of Trinidad Northern Area well Charuma No. 1
(TTOC 198467).

Remarks: The Trinidad specimens resembling the
figures of Globigerina trilocularis given by Fornasini
are for the present placed in this species. They are
restricted in Trinidad to the lower (Oligocene) part of
the Cipero formation, whereas d’Orbigny’s type might
be from a different level. From observations made on

material from the Globorotalia kuglert zone, it appears
probable that the Globigerina cf. trilocularis can be re-
garded as the ancestor of Globigerinoides triloba (Reuss).
Specimens of Globigerina trilocularis and Globigerinoides
triloba immatura Le Roy were found to be indistinguish-
able in this zone, except that the latter showed a
supplementary sutural aperture in the last chamber.

Globigerina juvenilis Bolli, new species
Puate 24, Figures 5a-6

Shape of test moderately to distinctly trochospiral;
equatorial periphery distinctly lobate. Wall calcare-
ous, perforate, surface smooth to very finely pitted.
Chambers spherical to ovate; about 12, arranged in
about 3 whorls; the 3-4 chambers of the last whorl
increase rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral side curved
to radial in the early stage, radial in the last whorl,
depressed; on umbilical side radial, depressed. Um-
bilicus very small. Aperture a low elongate slit, often
with a thin lip; imteriomarginal, umbilical. Coiling
random. Largest diameter of holotype 0.29 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions): Globorotalia kugleri zone to Globorotalia menardiz
zone.

Locatity: Holotype (USNM P5617) from the type
section of the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, Trinidad,
sample JS 16 (TTOC 193261); figured paratype
(USNM P5618) from the type section of the Globoro-
talia fohsi lobata zone, sample JS 32 (TTOC 198786).

Remarks: Globigerina juvenilis, new species, appeacs
to be related to G. bradyi Wiesner, but is less distinctly
trochospiral. Transitional forms between the two
species may be observed. It is also possible that
Globigerina juvenilis represents the juvenile stage of
Globigerinita naparimaensis Bronnimann, where the
bulla is not yet developed (for comparison see Bolli,
Loeblich and Tappan, 1957, pl. 8, figs. 1a—c).

Globigerina bradyi Wiesner
Piatt 23, FicurEs 5a-c

Globigerina sp., Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, zool., vol. 9, p.
603, pl. 82, figs. 8, 9, 1884.

Globigerina bradyi Wiesner, Deutsche Siidpolar-Expedition
1901-1908, vol. 20 (zool., vol. 12), p. 183 (for figs. see Brady
op. cit.), 1901-1903.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions): Globorotalia kugleri zone to Globorotalia menardiz
zone.

Locauiry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5619) from
the type locality of the Globorotalia menardii zone,
sample KR 23425 (TTOC 178890).

Remarks: The Trinidad specimens here described
as Globigerina bradyi seemingly agree well in size and
general shape with Brady’s figures of Globigerina sp.,
which later were named by Wiesner as G. brady.
Occasionally, specimens are seen that have one or
several secondary sutural apertures on the last chamber.
They should probably be placed in Globigerinoides
minuta Natland. The two species seem to be synony-

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA lil

mous, with the exception that G. minuta has sutural
apertures on the final chamber, which might be a
gerontic stage. More detailed work will be required
to establish possible relationships between Globigerina
bradyi and Globigerinoides minuta on the one hand and
Globigerina juvenilis and G. bradyi on the other. In
this connection, possible relationships between G.
juvenilis and Globigerinita naparimaensis Bronnimann
and between Globigerinoides minuta and Globigerinoita
morugaensis Bronnimann should also be studied.

Globigerina foliata Bolli, new species
Puate 24, Ficures la-c

Shape of test low trochospiral; equatorial periphery
strongly lobate. Wall calcareous, perforate, surface
very finely pitted. Chambers spherical; 8 to 10, ar-
ranged in about 2 whorls; the 4 chambers of the last
whorl increase very rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral
side radial, deeply depressed; on umbilical side radial,
deeply depressed. Umbilicus fairly small. Aperture
a medium to low arch, often with a thin lip; interio-
marginal, umbilical. Coiling random. Largest diam-
eter of holotype 0.56 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions): Catapsydrax dissimilis zone to Globorotalia men-
ardii zone.

Locauity: Holotype (USNM P5620) from the type
section of the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, Trinidad,
sample JS 16 (TTOC 193261).

Remarks: Globigerina foliata, new species, is char-
acterized by having almost discrete spherical chambers.
The sutures between the four chambers of the last
whorl are deeply incised.

Globigerina nepenthes Todd
PuatTe 24, Figures 2a-c

Globigerina nepenthes Topp, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper
280-H, p. 301, pl. 78, fig. 7, 1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Lengua formation): Globo-
rotalia mayeri zone to Globorotalia menardivi zone.

Locaurry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5621) from
the type locality of the Globorotalia mayeri zone, sample
KR 23422 (TTOC 160684).

Remarks: Globigerina nepenthes is restricted in
Trinidad to the upper part of the Globorotalia mayeri
zone and to the Globorotalia menardii zone. Although
it is found in the transitional beds of the Lengua and
Cruse formations and would under more favourable
conditions probably have a longer range, it is here an
excellent index fossil for the Lengua formation.

Genus Globoquadrina Finlay, 1947
Globoquadrina dehiscens (Chapman, Parr, and Collins)
Puate 24, Ficurrs 3a-4e

Globorotalia dehiscens CHAPMAN, Parr, and Couurns, Linn. Soe.
London, Journ. Zool., vol. 38, No. 262, p. 569, pl. 11, figs.
36a-c, 1934.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua for-

mations): Catapsydrax stainforthi zone to Globorotalia
menardit zone.

Locaurry: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5622) from
the type section of the Globorotalia fohsi lobata zone,
sample JS 32 (TTOC 193786) ; (USNM P5623) from the
Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, sample JS 46 (TTOC
194056).

Remarks: Globoquadrina quadraria (Cushman and
Applin) and G. quadraria var. advena Bermudez
are apparently closely related to G. dehiscens. Although
some variation can be observed in the Cipero and
Lengua specimens, they are here all placed in G.
dehiscens.

Globoquadrina altispira altispira (Cushman and Jarvis)
Puate 24, Figures 7a-8b

Globigerina altispira CusHMaN and Jarvis, Contr. Cushman
Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 12, pt. 1, p. 5, pl. 1, figs. 13a—-c, 14,
1936.—CoryYELL and Rivero, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 14,
No. 4, p. 339, pl. 42, fig. 32, 1940.—Brermupez, Cushman
Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 25, p. 277, pl. 21, fig. 48, 1949.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions): Catapsydraz stainforthi zone to Globorotalia fohsi
robusta zone.

Locauiry: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5624) from
the type section of the Globorotalia fohsi lobata zone,
sample JS 32 (TTOC 193786); (USNM P5625) from
the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, sample JS 46 (TTOC
194056).

Remarks: Globoquadrina altispira altispira varies
considerably, ranging from small to large specimens
and from low to high trochospiral forms. The form
described by Cushman and Jarvis is here given sub-
species rank. It is distinguished from G. altispira glo-
bosa, new subspecies, by having somewhat elongate and
laterally compressed chambers.

Globoquadrina altispira globosa Bolli, new subspecies
PuateE 24, Ficures 9a-10¢

Shape of test medium to high trochospiral; equatorial
periphery distinctly lobate. Wall calcareous, perforate,
surface finely pitted, with short spines on well preserved
specimens (figs. 10a-c). Chambers spherical to very
slightly compressed laterally; 15-20, arranged in 3-4
whorls; the 5-6 chambers of the last whorl increase
moderately in size. Sutures on spiral side radial, de-
pressed; on umbilical side radial, depressed. Umbilicus
fairly wide, deep. Aperture high, covered above by an
elongate, toothlike flap; interiomarginal, umbilical.
Coiling random in the Catapsydraz dissimilis zone, later
becoming predominantly sinistral (as is also Globoquad-
rina altispira altispira and Globoquadrina dehiscens;
Bolli, 1951). Largest diameter of holotype 0.7 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions): Catapsydrax dissimilis zone to Globigerinatella
insueta zone and Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone to
Globorotalia menardi zone.

Locaurry: Holotype (USNM P5626) and figured
paratype (USNM P5627) from the type locality of the

112

Catapsydraz dissimilis zone, Trinidad, sample Bo 267
(TTOC 201216).

Remarks: Globoquadrina aitispira globosa, new sub-
species, is distinguished from G. altispira altispira (Cush-
man and Jarvis) by having more globular chambers.

Genus Hastigerinella Cushman, 1927
Hastigerinella bermudezi Bolli, new species
PuateE 25, FicurEs la-c

Hastigerinella eocanica Nuttall, CusHman and STAINFORTH,
Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 14, p. 69, pl. 13,
fies. 1la—b, 1945.—BrrmupbEz, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
Spec. Publ. 25, p. 282, pl. 22, figs. 1-2, 1949.

Shape of test very low trochospiral; equatorial pe-
riphery very strongly lobate. Wall calcareous, perfo-
rate, surface finely pitted. Chambers: early ones spheri-
cal to ovate, the ultimate ones becoming club-shaped;
12-15, arranged in about 2% whorls; the 4-5 chambers
of the last whorl increase rapidly in size. Sutures on
spiral side slightly curved to radial, depressed; on um-
bilical side radial, depressed. Umbilicus fairly wide,
shallow. Aperture a low arch or slit; mteriomarginal,
umbilical-extraumbilical; a faint lip is visible in well
preserved specimens. Coiling trends slightly to dextral
in specimens counted from the type locality. Largest
diameter of holotype 0.7 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Globo-
rotalia fohsi barisanensis zone.

Locaurry: Holotype (USNM P5628) from the type
locality of the Globorotalia fohst barisanensis zone,
Trinidad, sample Bo 202 (TTOC 193125).

Remarks: Hastigerinella bermudezi, new species,
differs from H. digitata Rhumbler (=H. rhumbleri
Galloway) in its lower trochospiral form and less
elongate chambers. The Hastigerinella species of sim-
ilar aspect described from the Hocene (H. eocena
Nuttall, H. colombiana Petters) are not fully preserved
specimens and the position of the aperture of the ulti-
mate chamber is not clearly visible. It appears likely
that these Eocene forms belong to Clamgerinella which
possesses an interiomarginal, symmetrical aperture.
No typical species of Hastigerinella are known from the
Cretaceous; those described from the Cretaceous belong
largely to Hastigerinoides or Praeglobotruncana (see
Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, 1957). It seems probable
that true Hastigerinella does not appear before the
Miocene.

The species is named for Dr. Pedro J. Bermudez in
recognition of his contributions to the micropaleon-
tology of the Caribbean region.

Genus Globigerinoides Cushman, 1927
Globigerinoides triloba (Reuss)

Globigerinoides sacculifera (Brady) and G. sacculifera
immatura Le Roy are closely related to G. triloba
(Reuss). Forms transitional between those species are
often difficult to place with certainty. The members
of the group appear almost simultaneously in the Cipero
formation towards the top of the Globorotalia kugleri

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

zone. For these reasons Globigerinoides sacculifera and
G. sacculifera immatura are here treated as subspecies
of G. triloba which has priority as a specific name. A
fourth subspecies, G. triloba altiapertura, is here de-
scribed as new. Spiral and umbilical views of the sub-
species of G. triloba, G. rubra (d’Orbigny) and G. obliqua,
new species, are shown in text-figure 21. G. triloba

We ae

“BI
Sane

Ficure 21.—Shape of test and position of apertures in some species and
subspecies of Globigerinoides (a, umbilical view; b, spiral view):
No. 1, Globigerinoides triloba triloba (Reuss); No. 2, Globigerinoides
triloba timmatura Le Roy; No. 3, Globigerinoides triloba altiapertura
Bolli, new subspecies; No. 4, Globigerinoides tiriloba saccultfera
(Brady); No. 5, Globigerinoides obliqua Bolli, new species; No. 6,
Globigerinoides rubra (d’Orbigny).

triloba differs from G. triloba immatura in havirg a final
chamber that is larger than all the earlier chambers
combined. G. triloba sacculifera differs from G. triloba
immatura in having a terminal, elongate, sacklike
chamber. G. iriloba altiapertura differs from G. triloba
immatura in having a high arched, primary aperture.

Globigerinoides rubra (d’Orbigny) differs from the G.
triloba group and G. obliqua, new species, in the position
of the primary interiomarginal, umbilical aperture and
supplementary sutural apertures. In G. rubra each
aperture is a fairly high arch symmetrically placed above
the suture between two earlier chambers (see text-fig.
21, Nos. 6a,b); in the subspecies of G. triloba and G.
obliqua each aperture is placed above the two sutures
between three earlier chambers (see text-fig. 21, Nos.
4a,b, 5a,b) or distinctly asymmetrical above the suture
between two earlier chambers (see text-fig. 21, No. 1a).

Globigerinoides triloba triloba (Reuss)

Puare 25, Figures 2a-c; Text-r1IGuRE 21, No. 1

Globigerina triloba Rruss, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-
Nat. Classe, vol. 1, p. 374, pl. 47, figs. 1la-d, 1850.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua forma~-

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 113

tions): Catapsydrax dissimilis zone to Globorotalia me-
nardw zone.

Locaurty: Figured hypotype (USNM P5629) from
the type locality of the Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis
zone, sample Bo 202 (TTOC 193125).

Globigerinoides triloba immatura Le Roy
Puate 25, Ficures 3a—4c; Text-riaureE 21, No. 2

Globigerinoides sacculiferus (Brady) var. immatura Lx Roy,
Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indie, Batavia, vol. 99, pt. 6,
p. 263, pl. 3, figs. 19-21, 1939.

Globigerinoides sacculifera (Brady), CusHMAN and STAINFORTH,
Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 14, p. 68, pl. 13,
fig. 3, 1945.—BrrmuprEz, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec.
Publ. 25, p. 278, pl. 21, fig. 49, 1949.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions): Globorotalia kugleri zone to Globorotalia menardii
zone.

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5630a,b)
from the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, sample JS 46
(TTOC 194056).

Globigerinoides triloba sacculifera (Brady)
Puiate 25, Ficures 5a-6; Text-ricureE 21, No. 4

Globigerina sacculifera Bravy, Geol. Mag., n.s., decade 2, vol.
4, No. 12, p.535, 1877 (type figure in Rep. Voy. Challenger.
Zool., vol. 9, pl. 80, figs. 15, 16, 1884).

Globigerinoides sacculifera (Brady), CoryELL and Rivero, Journ.
Paleontol., vol. 14, No. 4, p. 340, pl. 42, figs. 24, 25, 32,
1940.—Brrmupez, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ.
25, p. 281, pl. 21, fig. 53, 1949.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions): Globorotalia kugleri zone to Globorotalia menardii
zone.

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5631a,b)
from the type section of the Globorotalia fohsi lobata
zone, sample JS 32 (TTOC 193786).

Globigerinoides triloba altiapertura Bolli, new subspecies
Prats 25, FicurEs 7a-8; TEXT-FIGURE 21, No. 3

Shape of test trochospiral; equatorial periphery dis-
tinctly lobate (trilobate); axial periphery rounded.
Wall calcareous, perforate, surface finely pitted. Cham-
bers spherical; about 12, arranged in about 2% whorls;
the 3 chambers of the last whorl increase rapidly in
size. Sutures on spiral side between early chambers
radial, later slightly curved and oblique, depressed; on
umbilical side: radial, depressed. Umbilicus fairly nar-
row, deep. Primary aperture, a high, distinct arch,
interiomarginal, umbilical; the last few chambers show
one supplementary sutural aperture about opposite the
primary aperture. Coiling random. Largest diameter
of holotype 0.55 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Catapsy-
drax dissimilis zone to Catapsydrax stainforthi zone.

Locauitry: Holotype (USNM P5632) and figured para-
type (USNM P5633) from the type locality of the
Catapsydraz dissimilis zone, Trinidad, sample Bo 267
(TTOC 201216).

Remarks: Globigerinoides triloba altiapertura, new
subspecies, is distinguished from G. triloba immatura
Le Roy by having a larger, higher arched, primary
aperture.

Globigerinoides obliqua Bolli, new species
Puate 25, Figures 9a-10c; Text-ricure 21, No. 5

Shape of test trochospiral; equatorial periphery dis-
tinctly lobate; axial periphery rounded. Wall cal-
careous, perforate, surface finely pitted. Chambers
spherical, except the ultimate ones, which are com-
pressed in a lateral oblique manner; 12-15, arranged
in about 3 whorls; the 3, in large specimens 4, chambers
of the last whorl increase rapidly in size; in large
specimens the last chamber may be reduced again in
size. Sutures on spiral side radial to oblique, de-
pressed ; on umbilical side radial, depressed. Umbilicus
small. Primary aperture a distinct, often fairly
high arch, interiomarginal, umbilical; one or oc-
casionally two supplementary sutural apertures are
visible in the last few chambers. Largest diameter of
holotype 0.5 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions): Globorotalia kugleri zone to Globorotalia menardii
zone.

Locauity: Holotype (USNM P5634) and figured
paratype (USNM P5635) from the type locality of the
Globorotalia mayeri zone, Trinidad, sample KR 23422
(TTOC 160634).

Remarks: Globigerinoides obliqua, new species, is
distinguished from the Globigerinoides triloba group by
having the ultimate or the last few chambers compressed
in a lateral, oblique manner. In Globigerinoides triloba
they remain spherical and in the subspecies sacculifera
become elongate, sack-like shaped.

Globigerinoides rubra (d’Orbigny)
Puats 25, Ficures 12a-13b; Trext-ricure 21, No. 6

Globigerinoides rubra (d’Orbigny), BERMupEz, Cushman Lab.
Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 25, p. 281, pl. 21, fig. 52, 1949.
Globigerinoides subquadrata BRONNIMANN, in Todd, Cloud, Low,
and Schmidt, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 252, p. 680, pl. 1,

fig. 5, 1954.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Cata-
psydrax dissimilis zone to Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone.

Locaurry: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5636) from
the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, sample KR 20464G
(TTOC 96722), and (USNM P5637) from the Glo-
bigerinatella insueta zone, core 7,419-39 feet of United
British Oilfields of Trinidad, Ltd. (now Shell Trinidad,
Ltd.), well Penal No. 92.

Remarks: Globigerinoides rubra is a characteristic
species ranging in the Cipero formation from the
Catapsydraz dissimilis zone to the Globorotalia fohsi
robusta zone. It is easily recognizable by the position
of the primary and supplementary sutural apertures,
which are always symmetrically placed above the
suture between two earlier chambers (see text-fig. 21,

114 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Nos. 6 a, b). Typical Globigerinoides rubra specimens
of Cipero age appear indistinguishable from Recent
forms. However, in Trinidad the species disappears at
the close of the Cipero time, shortly after the extinction
of Globototalia fohst robusta, and is not found in the
Lengua formation. Globigerinoides rubra apparently
made its return to Trinidad again in late Miocene time.
Together with Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigay it is
found in the Upper Miocene Melajo formation. An
explanation for the absence of Globigerinoides rubra in
the Lengua formation might be found in assuming that
the environmental conditions of the Lengua sea were
not favorable for the life habits of the species.

Globigerinoides diminuta Bolli, new species

Puate 25, Figures 11 a-c

Shape of test trochospiral; equatorial periphery al-
most subquadrate; axial periphery rounded. Wall
calcareous, perforate, surface finely pitted. Chambers
spherical in early stages, later becoming laterally some-
what compressed ; about 10, arranged in about 2% whorls;
the 3 chambers of the last whorl increase moderately
in’size. Sutures on spiral side radial, slightly depressed ;
on umbilical side radial, slightly depressed. Umbilicus
small. Primary aperture small, almost circular, sym-
metrically above the suture line of the two previous
chambers; interiomarginal, umbilical; supplementary
sutural apertures, usually 2 of which are visible, are of
similar shape and occupy the same symmetrical posi-
tion over the sutures of earlier chambers. Coiling
’random. Largest diameter of holotype 0.27 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Globi-
gerinatella insueta zone.

Locatiry: Holotype (USNM P5638) from the
Globigerinatella insweta zone, Trinidad, core 7,419-39
feet of United British Oilfields of Trinidad, Ltd. (now
Shell Trinidad, Ltd.), well Penal No. 92.

Remarks: Globigerinoides diminuta, new species, is
separated from Globigerinoides rubra (d’Orbigny) by its
constantly very small size and more compact shape.
The position of the apertures symmetrically above the
suture between two earlier chambers is a characteristic
feature in both species. In contrast to Globigerinoides
rubra, the new species is confined to the Globigerinatella
imsueta zone (probably to the lower part).

Globigerinoides mitra Todd
Puate 26, Figures la-4

Globigerinoides mitra Topp, U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 280-H,
p. 302, pl. 78, figs. 3, 6, 1956.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua for-
mations): Catapsydrax dissimilis zone to Globorotalia
menardi zone.

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5639a-c)
from the Globorotalia menardii zone and (USNM
5640) from the Globorotalia fohsi fohsi zone, sample
KWB 6572 (TTOC 100219).

Remarks: Scarce specimens of the large Globiger-
inoides mitra may occur from the Catapsydrax dissimilis

zone onward. In the transitional beds between the
Lengua formation and the Cruse formation, where
they are more often encountered than deeper in the
section, the tests of Globigerinoides mitra are usually
pyritized. It appears possible that these abnormally
large forms have developed from Globigerinoides ob-
liqua, new species, by the development of additional
chambers. The large specimen of Globigerinoides ob-
liqua (pl. 25, figs. 9a-c) and Globigerinoides species
(pl. 26 figs. 5a-c) (USNM P5641) are possibly transi-
tional forms.
Globigerinoides bispherica Todd

PuatE 27, Figures la—b

Globigerinoides bispherica Topnp, in Todd, Cloud, Low, and
Schmidt. Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 252, No. 11, p. 681, pl.
1, figs. la-e, 4, 1954.—Buow, Micropaleontol., vol. 2,
No. 1, p. 62, text-fig. 1, Nos. 4-8, text-fig. 2, Nos. 10-11,
1956.

Globigerina conglobaia (AH. B. Brady), CusHmMan and STAIn-
FoRTH, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 14, p. 68,
pl. 13, fig. 6, 1945.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Upper
part of the Globigerinatella insueta zone.

Locaurry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5642) from
the Globigerinatella insueta zone; sample KWB 7446A
(TTOC 125125).

Remarks: Globigerinoides bispherica is regarded as
the ancestor of the Porticulasphaera glomerosa (Blow)
group and the genus Orbulina, (See Blow, 1956).

Genus Sphaeroidinella Cushman, 1927
Sphaeroidinella grimsdalei (Keijzer)
Piate 26, Ficurus 8—12c

Globigerina grimsdalet Ke1szer, Univ. Utrecht, Geogr. Geol. Med.,
Phys. Geol. Reeks, ser. 2, No. 6, p. 205, tf. 33a-d, 1945.

Globigerina cf. digitata (Brady), CusHMaAN and STAInFoRTH,
Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 14, p. 68, pl. 13,
figs. 5a—b, 1945.

Globigerina digitata (Brady), BermupEz, Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., Spec. Publ. 25, p. 280, pl. 21, figs. 54-55, 1949.

Globigerinoides grimsdale: (Keijzer), Bermupnz, Cushman Lab.
Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 25, p. 281, pl. 21, figs. 56-57,
1949.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua for-
mations): Globorotalia fohst barisanensis zone to Globo-
rotalia menardi zone.

Locauiry: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5643a-c)
from the type locality of the Globorotalia fohsi fohsz
zone, sample Bo 185A (TTOC 193121), and (USNM
P5644a, b) from the type locality of the Globorotalia
mayert zone, sample KR 23422 (TTOC 160634).

Remarks: Sphaerozdinella grimsdalei is rather vari-
able in size and in number of chambers comprising the
final whorl. Stratigraphically early specimens are
usually small with 3 chambers in the last whorl. During
the course of evolution, the tests tend to become larger
and the last whorl may consist of 3 and 4, occasionally
even 5 or 6, chambers. Sphaeroidinella rutschi Cush-
man and Renz probably branched off from Sphaeroidi-
nella grimsdalei. An apparently transitional form is
shown on plate 26, figures 13a, b (USNM P5646).

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 115

Sphaeroidinella rutschi Cushman and Renz
Piatse 26, Ficures 6a-7b

Sphaeroidinella rutschti CusHMAN and Renz, Contr. Cushman
Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 17, pt. 1, p. 25, pl. 4, fig. 5, 1941.—
Renz, Geol. Soc. Amer., Mem. 32, p. 167, pl. 10, figs.
la-c.

Sphaeroidinella seminulina (Schwager), BrrmupEz, Cushman
Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 25, p. 283, pl. 21, fig. 59,
1949.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Lengua formation):
Globorotalia mayeri zone to Globorotalia menardii zone.

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5645a,b)
from the Globorotalia menardii zone; ditch sample at
1,938 feet of Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd. (now The
Trinidad Oil Company), well Barrackpore 352 (TTOC
194771).

Remarks: Sphaeroidinella rutschi has probably de-
veloped from the Sphaeroidinella grimsdalei Keijzer
group and may be regarded as the ancestor of Sphae-
roidinella dehiscens (Parker and Jones).

Subfamily Orbulininae Schultze, 1854
Genus Porticulasphaera Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, 1957

In a paper on the evolution of the genus Orbulina
Blow (1956) described a number of forms under the
genus Globigerinoides that are regarded as transitional
between Globigerinoides and Orbulina. They resemble
Orbulina suturalis Bronnimann in having a strongly
embracing inflated final chamber and small sutural
supplementary apertures, but differ in the absence of
areal supplementary apertures. They resemble Glo-
bigerinoides in having sutural supplementary apertures,
but differ in possessing a final, strongly embracing
chamber which has no distinct primary umbilical aper-
ture. These intermediate forms fit into the definition
given for the short-lived middle Eocene genus Porticu-
lasphaera. Although there is no genetic relation be-
tween the middle Eocene and the lower Miocene forms,
Blow’s transitional species are here placed in Porticu-
lasphaera. Possibly further comparative studies will
reveal differences between the Eocene and Miocene
forms that will allow the separation of Blow’s species
as a distinct genus.

For detailed species and subspecies descriptions and
evolutionary trends, reference is made to Blow (1956).

Porticulasphaera glomerosa curva (Blow)
PuaTeE 27, Figure 7

Globigerinoides glomerosa curva Buow, Micropaleontol., vol. 2,
No. 1, p. 64, text-fig. 1, Nos. 9-14, 1956.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Upper
part of the Globigerinatella insueta zone to the basal
part of the Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis zone.

Locautty: Figured hypotype (USNM P5647) from
the Globigerinatella insueta zone; sample KWB 7446A
(TTOC 125125).

Porticulasphaera glomerosa glomerosa (Blow)
Puate 27, Figure 8

Globigerinoides glomerosa glomerosa Buow, Micropaleontol., vol.
2, No. 1, p. 65, text-fig. 1, Nos. 15-19, text-fig. 2, Nos. 1-2,
1956.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation):
Uppermost part of the Globigerinatella insueta zone to
the basal part of the Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis zone.

Locaurry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5648) from
the Globigerinatella insueta zone, sample KWB 7446A
(TTOC 125125).

Porticulasphaera glomerosa circularis (Blow)
PuatE 27, FicurE 2

Globigerinoides glomerosa circularis BLow, Micropaleontol., vol.
2, No. 1, p. 65, text-fig. 2, Nos. 3-4, 1956.
STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Top-
most part of the Globigerinatella insueta zone to the
lower part of the Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis zone.
Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5649) from
the Globigerinatella insueta zone, sample KWB 7446A
(TTOC 125125).

Porticulasphaera transitoria (Blow)
PuatE 27, FicurE 3

Globigerinoides transitoria Buow, Micropaleontol., vol. 2, No. 1,
p. 65, text-fig. 2, Nos. 12-15, 1956.
STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Upper
part of the Globigerinatella insueta zone.
Locauiry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5650) from
the Globigerinatelia insueta zone, sample KWB 7446A
(TTOC 125125).

Genus Orbulina d’Orbigny, 1839
Orbulina suturalis Bronnimann
PuatTE 27, Fiaurp 4

Orbulina suturalis Bronnimann, Contr. Cushman Found.
Foram. Res., vol. 2, pt. 4, p. 135, text-fig. 2, figs. 1-2, 5-8,
10; text-fig. 3, figs. 3-8, 11, 138-16, 18, 20—22; text-fig. 4,
figs. 2-4, 7-12, 15-16, 19-22, 1951.—Buow, Micropaleontol.,
vol. 2, No. 1, p. 66, text-fig. 2, Nos. 5-7, 1956.

Candorbulina universa Jedlitschka, CusHMAN and STAINFORTH,
Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spee. Publ. 14, p. 69, pl. 13,
fiz. 10, 1945.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua for-
mations): Topmost part of the Globigerinatella in-
sueta zone to the Globorotalia menardi zone.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5651) from
the type locality of the Globorotalia menardii zone,
sample KR 23425 (T'TOC 178890).

Orbulina universa d’Orbigny

PuaTE 27, Figure 5

Orbulina universa d’Orbigny, BeRMupEz, Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., Spec. Publ. 25, p. 282, pl. 21, fig. 3, 1949.—Bron-
NIMANN, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 2, pt. 4, p. 134,
pl. 4, fig. 1, 1951.—Buiow, Micropaleontol., vol. 2, No. 1,
p. 66, text-fig. 2, Nos. 8-9, 1956.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua for-

116 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

mations): Topmost part of the Globigerinatella in-
sueta zone to the Globorotalia menardii zone.

Locatity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5652) from
the type locality of the Globorotaiia mayeri zone,
sample KR 23422 (TTOC 160021).

Orbulina bilobata (d’Orbigny)
Puate 27, Ficure 6

Globigerina tilobaia pD’OrBIGNY, Foraminiféres fossiles du bassin
tertiaire de Vienne, p. 164, pl. 9, figs. 11-14, 1846.

Orbulina bilobata (d’Orbigny), Pater, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist.
Nat., vol. 15, p. 286, pl. 28, fig. 3, 1941.—BxrrmupEz,
Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 25, p. 282, pl. 22,
fig. 4, 1949.—Bronnimann, Contr. Cushman Found.
Foram. Res., vol. 2, pt. 4, pp. 135, 136, text-fig. 3, figs.
1—2, 9-10, 17, 19; text-fig. 4, figs. 5-6, 17-18, 1951.

Biorbulina bilobata (d’Orbigny), Buow, Micropaleontol., vol. 2,
No. 1, pp. 69-70, text-fig. 2, No. 16, 1956.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua for-
mations): Topmost part of the Globigerinatella in-
sueta zone to the Globorotalia menardii zone.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5653) from
the Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis zone, sample Bo
201 (TTOC 161336).

Subfamily Catapsydracinae Bolli, Loeblich, and
Tappan, 1957

Genus Catapsydrax Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, 1957
Catapsydrax dissimilis (Cushman and Bermudez) ?

Globigerina dissimilis CusaMan and Brrmupez, Contr. Cushman
Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 13, pt. 1, p. 25, pl. 3, figs. 4-6, 1937.—
Brermuprz, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 25,
p- 279, pl. 21, fig. 47, 1949——Bxrckmann, Eclog. Geol.
Helvetiae, vol. 46, No. 2, (1953), p. 391, pl. 25, fig. 10,
1954.

Catapsydrax dissimilis (Cushman and Bermudez), Bott,
Loxzsuicu, and Tappan, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 36,
pl. 7, figs. 6-8, 1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Glo-
bigerina ampliapertura zone to Catapsydrax stainforthi
zone.

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P4218a, b)
from the type section of the Globigerina ciperoensis
cuperoensis zone, sample Bo 291A (TTOC 215656).

Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan

Catapsydrax wnicavus Bout, Lorsurcu, and Tappan, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 215, p. 37, pl. 7, fig. 9, 1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Globi-
gerina ampliapertura zone to Catapsydrax stainforthi
zone.

_Locaurry: Holotype (USNM P4216) from the Glo-
bigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis zone, sample Bo. 270
(TTOC 201219).

7Inasmuch as Cipero specimens of this and other species of Catapsydraz, Globi-
gerinita, Globigerinoita, and Globigerinatella have been figured in the present volume
(pls. 7 and 8), they are not refigured here. References to the earlier figures may be
found in the synonymy.

Catapsydrax stainforthi Bolli, Loeblich and Tappan

Catapsydrax stainfortht Bout, Lompiicu, and Tappan, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 37, pl. 7, fig. 11, 1957.
STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Cata-
psydraz dissymilis zone to Globigerinatella insueta zone.
Locauity: Holotype (USNM P4840) from the type
section of the Catapsydraxz stainfortht zone, sample K
9397, (TTOC 193790).

Catapsydrax parvulus Bolli, Loeblich and Tappan

Catapsydraz parvulus Bout, Lorsiicu, and Tappan, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 215, p. 36, pl. 7, fig. 10, 1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua for-
mations): Catapsydrax dissimilis zone to Globorotalia
menardw zone.

Locauity: Holotype (USNM P4219) from the type
locality of the Globorotalia mayeri zone, sample KR
23422 (TTOC 160634).

Genus Globigerinita Bronnimann, 1951
Globigerinita naparimaensis Bronnimann

Globigerinita naparimaensis BRONNIMANN, Contr. Cushman
Found. Foram. Res., vol. 1, pts. 3-4, p. 82, pl. 14, fig. 11,
1951.—Botur, Lonsiicu, and Tappan, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 215, p. 37, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua for-
mations): Catapsydrax dissimilis zone to Globorotalia
menardii zone.

Locauiry: Holotype (USNM 64182) from the Glo-
borotala menardii zone. Core at 5,423 feet of Trinidad
Leaseholds, Ltd. (now The Trinidad Oil Company),
well Morne Diablo No. 34 (TTOC 161214).

Genus Globigerinoita Bronnimann, 1952
Globigerinoita morugaensis Bronnimann

Globigerinoita morugaensis BRONNIMANN, Contr. Cushman
Found. Foram. Res., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 26, text-fig. 1, figs.
a-m; text-fig. 2, figs. a-h, 1952.—Bo tt, Lorsiicu, and
Tappan, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 38, pl. 8, fig. 3.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Lengua formation): Globo-
rotalia mayer: zone to Globorotalia menardii zone.

Locatiry: Holotype (USNM P3913) from the Globo-
rotalia menardii zone, sample GF 4028 (TTOC 3514).

Genus Globigerinatella Cushman and Stainforth, 1945
Globigerinatella insueta Cushman and Stainforth

Globigerinatella insueta CusHMAN and SrarinrortH, Cushman
Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 14, p. 69, pl. 13, figs. 7-9,
1945.—Bronnimann, Contr. Cushman Found. Foram. Res.,
vol. 1, pts. 3-4, pp. 80-82, pl. 13, figs. 1-12, pl. 14, figs. 1-13,
1950.—Boiu, Lorsiicu, and Tappan, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 215, p. 38, pl. 8, figs. 4-7.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Cata-
psydraxz stainforthi zone to Globigerinatella insueta zone.

Locauity: Figured paratypes (Cushman Coll.
44043a, b) from the Globigerinatella insueta zone;
figured topotype (USNM 3932b) from the Globi-
gerinatella insueta zone.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 117

Globorotaloides Bolli, new genus

Typx sprctzes: Globorotaloides variabilis Bolli, new
genus, new species.

Test free, trochospiral, chambers ovate to spherical,
sutures depressed, surface smooth or pitted; primary
aperture in the early stage interiomarginal, umbilical-
extraumbilical, later becoming umbilical. Ultimate
chamber often smaller than penultimate, may cover part
or entire umbilicus and become almost indistinguishable
from a bulla. This ultimate chamber normally has a
single aperture though multiple ones may occur.

Remarks: Globorotaloides, new genus, shows in stages
the characteristic feature of three planktonic genera.
The first stage is that of a Globorotalia with a distinct
interiomarginal, umbilical-extraumbilical primary aper-
ture, followed by a Globigerina-like stage, where the
aperture becomes umbilical. The presence of a bulla-
like final chamber covering a part or the whole umbilicus
indicates the final Catapsydraz-like stage.

Specimens featuring the early @loborotalia stage only
(pl. 27, figs. 15b, 17b) or the following Globigerina-like
stage (pl. 27, fig. 19b) were found commonly in the
samples studied. The close relationship of these stages
with the fully developed Globorotaloides becomes evident
when studying a large number of specimens. The
mature stage does not depend on the size of the speci-
men; it may be found in small and large forms. In
small specimens with a bulla-like final chamber (pl. 27,
fig. 16b) the Globigerina stage may be missing.

Globorotaloides, new genus, differs from Globorotalia
in the interiomarginal umbilical position of the primary
aperture in the final chamber and in the possession of a
bulla-like small chamber that covers part or all of the
umbilicus.

It differs from Globigerina in having an early Globoro-
talia stage and a bulla-like small final chamber.

Globorotaloides resembles Catapsydraz in having a
bulla-like small final chamber but differs in having an
early Globorotalia stage.

Globorotaloides suteri Bolli, new species

Puate 27, Figures 9a-13b

Shape of test low trochospiral, biconvex; equatorial
periphery lobate, in small specimens slightly elongate;
axial periphery rounded. Wall calcareous, perforate,
surface finely cancellate. Chambers ovate to spherical;
about 11-14, arranged in 2-2}, whorls; the 4—5 chambers
of the last whorl increase fairly rapidly in size. Sutures
on spiral side slightly curved to radial, depressed; on
umbilical side radial, depressed. Umbilicus fairly wide,
open in immature specimens, in mature specimens
partly or completely covered by bulla-like chamber.
Aperture a slit or low arch; interiomarginal, umbilical-
extraumbilical in early stage, later becoming interio-
marginal, umbilical, which in mature specimens becomes
covered by a bulla-like chamber with usually one, rarely
two or more infralaminal apertures. Coiling random
or some predominance for dextral. Largest diameter
of holotype 0.35 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Most
common and typical in the Globigerina ampliapertura
zone, ranging to the Globigerinatella insueta zone.

Locatity: Holotype (USNM P5654) and figured
paratypes (USNM P5655a-d) from the Globigerina
ampliapertura zone, Cipero type section, Trinidad,
sample Bo 314A (TTOC 215658).

Remarks: Globorotaloides suteri, new species, is dis-
tinguished from G. variabilis, new species, by the more
inflated early chambers, less curved sutures and fewer
chambers.

The species is named for Dr. H. H. Suter in recogni-
tion of his contribution to the geology of Trinidad.

Globorotaloides variabilis Bolli, new species

Puate 27, Figures 15a-20e

Shape of test low trochospiral, biconvex; equatorial
periphery lobate, in small specimens somewhat elongate;
axial periphery subacute in immature specimens,
rounded in mature specimens. Wall calcareous, perfo-
rate, surface very finely cancellate. Chambers sub-
angular to ovate in early stage, later becoming ovate to
spherical; about 15-18, arranged in 2—2% whorls; the
5-7 chambers of the last whorl increase fairly rapidly
in size. Sutures on spiral side distinctly curved in
early stage, later becoming more radial, depressed; on
umbilical side slightly curved in early stage, later
becoming radial, depressed. Umbilicus fairly wide,
open in immature specimens, in mature specimens
partly or completely covered by a bulla-like chamber.
Aperture a slit or low arch; interiomarginal, umbilical-
extraumbilical in early stage, later becoming umbilical,
which in the mature stage becomes covered by a bulla-
like chamber with one infralaminal aperture. Coiling
random. Largest diameter of holotype 0.45 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions): Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis zone to Globoro-
talia menardiit zone. Most typical and common in the
Lengua formation.

Locatiry: Holotype (USNM P5657) and figured
paratypes (USNM P5658a-e) from the Globorotalia
menardii zone, Lengua formation, road cutting, Concord
area, Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad, sample Rz 502 (TTOC
65629).

Remarks: Globorotaloides variabilis, new species, is
distinguished from G. suteri, new species, by having
more compressed early chambers, more curved sutures
and a greater number of chambers. It is likely that
G. suteri, which is restricted to the lower and middle
part of the Cipero formation, is the ancestor of G.
variabilis, new species. .

Family Globorotaliidae Cushman, 1927
Genus Globorotalia Cushman, 1927
Globorotalia opima opima Bolli, new species, new subspecies
PuLaTE 28, Figures la-2

Shape of test very low trochospiral; equatorial
periphery slightly lobate; axial periphery rounded; due

118 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

to the rapid increase in size of the chambers in the last
whorl, the spiral side often appears slightly concave.
Wall calcareous, perforate, surface finely pitted.
Chambers spherical, 10-12, arranged in about 2%
whorls; the 4-5 chambers of the last whorl increase
rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral side radial, depressed;
umbilical side radial, depressed. Umbilicus narrow,
deep. Aperture a fairly low arch, a slight rim or lip is
only occasionally observed, interiomarginal, umbilical-
extraumbilical. Coiling random. Largest diameter of
holotype 0.55 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Globo-
rotalia opima opima zone.

Locaurry: Holotype (USNM P5659) and figured
paratype (USNM P5660) from the type section of the
Globorotalia opima opima zone, Cipero type section,
Trinidad, sample JS 20 (TTOC 193265).

Remarks: Globorotalia opima opima, new species,
new subspecies, is distinguished from G. mayert Cush-
man and Ellisor by the greater thickness of the test
and in having 4-5 chambers in the last whorl, mstead
of 5-6. The apertural lip, which is usually present in
G. mayeri, is only occasionally seen in the new sub-
species. G. opima opima has a very restricted range
whereas G. mayeri can be followed through most of the
Cipero formation into the lower Lengua. G. opima
opyma differs from G. opima nana, new species, new
subspecies, by its larger size. It has a more restricted
stratigraphic range.

Globorotalia opima nana Bolli, new species, new subspecies
PuaTE 28, FicurEs 3a-c

Shape of test very low trochospiral; equatorial
periphery slightly lobate, of a somewhat quadrangular
aspect in four-chambered specimens; axial periphery
rounded. Wall calcareous, perforate, surface finely
pitted. Chambers spherical; about 10, arranged in
about 2 whorls; the 4-5 chambers of the last whorl
increase fairly rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral side
radial, depressed; on umbilical side radial, depressed.
Umbilicus narrow, deep. Aperture a low arch, a rim
or lip is often present; interiomarginal, umbilical-
extraumbilical. Coiling random. Largest diameter of
holotype 0.3 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Globi-
gerina ampliapertura zone to Globigerina ciperoensis
ciperoensis zone. Similar forms occur sparsely in the
higher zones of the Cipero formation.

Locauity: Holotype (USNM P5661) from the type
section of the Globorotalia opima opima zone, Cipero
type section, Trinidad, sample JS 20 (TTOC 193265).

Remarks: Globorotalia opima nana, new species,
new subspecies, is distinguished from G. mayeri Cush-
man and Hllisor by greater relative thickness of test and
by having 4-5 chambers in the last whorl, instead of 5-6.
The range of the new subspecies is restricted to the
lower part of the Cipero formation, while that of G.
mayeri extends into the lower Lengua. G. opima nana
differs from G. opima opima, new species, new sub-

species, by its smaller size. It has a more extended

stratigraphic range.

Globorotalia mayeri Cushman and Ellisor
Piate 28, Figures 4a-c

Globorotalia mayert CusHMaN and Ex.isor, Contr. Cushman
Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 15, pt. 1, p. 11, pl. 2, figs. 4a-4e,
1939. Bermuprz, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec.
Publ. No. 25, p. 286, pl. 22, figs. 24-26, 1949.

Globorotalia (Turborotalia) mayert Cushman and Hllisor, CusH-
MAN and BrrmupEz, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
vol. 25, pt. 1, p. 44, pl. 8, figs. 16-18, 1949.

Globorotalia cf. mayert Cushman and Hllisor, Paumer, Mem.
Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat., vol. 14, No. 1, p. 292, pl. 28, figs.
5a-c, 1940.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions): Globigerina opima opima zone to Globorotalia
mayer. zone.

Locauiry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5662) from
the Catapsydraz dissimilis zone, sample Bo 267 (TTOC
201216).

Remarks: Globorotalia mayert has a remarkably long
range compared with other Oligocene and Miocene
species and subspecies of the genus. A close relation to
G. opima nana, new species, new subspecies, is likely
and it is also possible that G. fohsi barisanensis Le Roy
branches off from this form in the Catapsydraxz dis-
similis zone.

Globorotalia kugleri Bolli, new species
PLATE 28, FicuREs 5a-6

Shape of test very low trochospiral; equatorial
periphery slightly lobate; axial periphery rounded or
with a tendency to become subangular. Wall calcar-
eous, perforate, surface finely pitted. Chambers ovate;
18-20, arranged in 2%-3 whorls; the 6-8 chambers of
the last whorl increase slowly in size. Sutures on
spiral side: curved, depressed; on umbilical side radial,
depressed. Umbilicus fairly narrow. Aperture a dis-
tinct arch, a lip may be present; interiomarginal,
umbilical-extraumbilical. Coiling random. Largest
diameter of holotype 0.3 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Globoro-
talia kugleri zone.

Locaurry: Holotype (USNM P5663) and figured
paratype (USNM P5664) from the Globorotalia kugleri
zone, type locality area, Trinidad, sample KWB 8672
(TTOC 138659).

Remarks: Globorotalia kugleri, new species, is dis-
tinguished from G. fohsi barisanensis Le Roy by having
more chambers in the last whorl. G. kugleri became
extinct shortly after the first occurrence of G. fohsi
barisanensis.

The species is named for Dr. H. G. Kugler in recogni-
tion of his contributions to the geology of Trinidad.

Globorotalia fohsi Cushman and Ellisor

Reference is made to Bolli (1950) for species and sub-
species descriptions of Globorotalia fohsi and the discus-
sion of evolutionary trends.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 119

Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis Le Roy

Puate 28, Figures 8a-c
Globorotalia barisanensis Le Roy, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl.-
Indie, vol. 99, pt. 6, p. 265, pl. 1, figs. 8-10, 1939.
Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis Le Roy, Bou, Contr. Cushman
Found. Foram. Res., vol. 1, pts. 3-4, p. 88, pl. 15, figs.
6a-c, 1950.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation):
Catapsydrax dissimilis zone to the basal part of the
Globorotalia fohsi fohsi zone.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5666) from
the type locality of the Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis
zone, sample Bo 202 (TTOC 193125).

Globorotalia fohsi fohsi Cushman and Ellisor
Puate 28, Figures 9a-10c

Globorotalia fohsi CusHMAN and Exutisor, Contr. Cushman Lab.
Foram. Res., vol. 15, pt. 1, p. 12, pl. 2, figs. 6a-c, 1939.—
Renz, Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 32, p. 137, pl. 11, figs. 2a-c,
1948.—CusHMAN and BrrmuprEz, Contr. Cushman Lab.
Foram. Res., vol. 25, pt. 1, pp. 30-31, pl. 5, figs. 14-16,
1949.—BrrmupeEz, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ.
25, p. 285, pl. 22, figs. 18-20, 1949.

Globorotalia cf. fohsi Cushman and Ellisor, PALMER, Mem. Soc.
Cubana Hist. Nat., vol. 14, No. 1, p. 291, pl. 29, figs. 3a-e,
1940-41.

Globorotalia barisanensis Le Roy, CusHMAN and STAINFORTH,
Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 14, p. 70, pl. 13,
figs. 15a—c, 1945.

Globorotalia fohsi fohsi Cushman and Ellisor, Bou, Contr.
Cushman Found. Foram. Res., vol. 1, pts. 3-4, p. 88, pl. 15,
figs. 4a—c, 1950.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Glo-
borotalia fohsi fohsi zone to the basal part of the Glo-
borotalia fohsi lobata zone.

Locatity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5667, P5668)
from the type locality of the Globorotalia fohsi fohsi
zone, sample Bo 185A (TTOC 193121).

Globorotalia fohsi lobata Bermudez
PLATE 28, Figures 13a-14b

Globorotalia fohsi Cushman and Ellisor, CusHmMan and Srarn-
ForRTH, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 14, p. 70,
pl. 13, figs. 13a-c, 1945.

Globorotalia lobata Bermuprz, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
Spec. Publ. 25, p. 286, pl. 22, figs. 15-17, 1949.

Globorotalia fohst lobata Bermudez, Bou, Contr. Cushman
Found. Foram. Res., vol. 1, pts. 3-4, p. 88, pl. 15, figs.
7-8c, 1950.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Glo-
borotalia fohsi lobata zone to the basal part of the
Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone.

Locauiry: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5669a, b)
from the type section of the Globorotalhia fohsi lobata
zone, sample JS 32 (TTOC 193786).

Globorotalia fohsi robusta Bolli
Pate 28, FicurEs 16a-c

Globorotalia fohsi robusta Bou, Contr. Cushman Found.
Foram. Res., vol. 1, pts. 3-4, pp. 84, 89, pl. 15, figs. 3a—c,
1950.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Glo-
borotalia fohsi robusta zone.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5671) from
the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, sample JS 46
(TTOC 194056).

Globorotalia obesa Bolli, new species
PLATE 29, Ficures 2a-3

Shape of test very low trochospiral; equatorial pe-
riphery strongly lobate; axial periphery rounded.
Wall calcareous, perforate, surface finely pitted, in
well preserved specimens with fine, short spines.
Chambers strongly inflated, spherical; 10-12, arranged
in 2-2% whorls; the 4-4% chambers of the last whorl
increase rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral side radial,
strongly depressed; on umbilical side radial, strongly
depressed. Umbilicus fairly wide, deep. Aperture a
medium to high arch without lip or rim; interiomar-
ginal, umbilical-extraumbilical. Coiling random.
Largest diameter of holotype 0.5 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua for-
mations): Catapsydraz dissimilis zone to Globorotalia
menardit zone.

Locatiry: Holotype (USNM P5673) from the type
section of the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, Cipero
type section, Trinidad, sample JS 16 (TTOC 193261);
figured paratype (USNM P5674) from the type locality
of the Globorotalia fohsi fohsi zone, sample Bo 185
(TTOC 153997).

Remarks: Globorotalia obesa, new species, differs
from G. mayeri Cushman and Ellisor in having fewer
and more inflated chambers in the last whorl.

Globorotalia minutissima Bolli, new species
PuaTE 29, FiaurEs la-c

Shape of test very low trochospiral; equatorial pe-
riphery lobate; axial periphery rounded. Wall cal-
careous, very finely perforate, surface smooth. Cham-
bers ovate; 10-12, arranged in about 2 whorls; the 5
chambers of the last whorl increase moderately in size.
Sutures on spiral side radial to slightly curved, de-
pressed ; on umbilical side radial, depressed. Umbilicus
small, shallow. Aperture a narrow slit, often with a
lip or rim; interiomarginal, umbilical-extraumbilical.
Coiling random. Largest diameter of holotype 0.2 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua
formations): Catapsydraz stainforthi zone to Globorotalia
menardi zone.

Locauity: Holotype (USNM P5775) from the type
locality of the Globorotalia fohsi fohsi zone, sample
Bo 185 (TTOC 153997).

Remarks: Globorotalia minutissima, new species, is
distinguished from other Globorotalia species of similar
shape (e. g., G. mayert Cushman and Ellisor, and
G. obesa, new species) by its very small size and smooth
surface.

Globorotalia archeomenardii Bolli, new species
PuaTE 28, Ficures 1la-c

Shape of test low trochospiral, compressed ; equatorial
periphery slightly lobate; axial periphery acute with a

120 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

thin but distinct keel. Wall calcareous, very finely
perforate, surface smooth. Chambers angular rhom-
boid, strongly compressed; 12-15, arranged in about
3 whorls, the 4-5 chambers of the last whorl increase
fairly rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral side strongly
curved; on umbilical side radial to slightly curved,
depressed. Umbilicus small, fairly shallow. Aperture
a low slit; interiomarginal, umbilical—extraumbilical.
Coiling random. Largest diameter of holotype 0.3 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Upper
part of the Globigerinatella insueta zone to the lower
part of the Globorotalia fohsi fohsi zone.

Locaurty: Holotype (USNM P5676) from the type
locality of the Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis zone,
Trinidad, sample Bo 202 (ITTOC 193125).

Remarks: Globorotalia archeomenardii, new species,
is distinguished from G. menardi (d’Orbigny) and G.
praemenarditi Cushman and Stainforth by having a
more convex spiral side and in being less lobate. The
range in size of the specimens of the new species is
very small in contrast to that of the other two species.
Typical G. archeomenardii disappear with the first
appearance of G. praemenardii. It is probably the
ancestor of the G. praemenardii—menardvi suite.

Globorotalia praemenardii Cushman and Stainforth
PiatEe 29, FigurEes 4a-c

Globorotalia praemenardii CusuMaN and StTainrortu, Cushman
Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 14, p. 70, pl. 13, figs. 14a-c,
1945.—CusumMan and Brrmuprz, Contr. Cushman Lab.
Foram. Res., vol. 25, pt. 1, p. 31, pl. 5, figs. 17-19, pl. 6,
figs. 1-3.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero formation): Globo-
rotalia fohsi fohsi zone to Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone.
Locatity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5677) from
the type locality of the Globorotalia fohsi fohsi zone,
sample Bo 185 (T'TOC 153997).

Globorotalia menardii (d’Orbigny)
Pate 29, Figures 6a-10b

Rotalia menardii d’OrBieny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, p. 273,
modéle No. 10, 1826.

Globorotalia menardit (d’Orbigny), Nurtrauu, Journ. Paleontol.,
vol. 6, pp. 29-30, pl. 4, fig. 16, 1932.—Coryztu and RivzRo,
Journ. Paleontol., vol. 14, p. 336, pl. 42, figs. 34, 35, 1940.—
Renz, Geol. Soc. Amer. Memoir 32, p. 137, pl. 10, figs.
3a-c, 1948.—CusHmMAN and BrrMupEz, Contr. Cushman
Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 25, pt. 1, pp. 29-30, pl. 5, figs. 4-6,
1949.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions): Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone to Globorotalia
menardy zone.

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5678a-e)
from the type locality of the Globorotalia menardii
zone, sample KR 23425 (ITTOC 178890).

Remarks: The considerable variation in size within

the species is shown on the plate.
mens are from the same sample.

All figured speci-

Globorotalia scitula (Brady)
PuatEe 29, Figures 11a-12c

Pulvinulina scitula Brapy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 11,
p. 716, 1884 (figs. in Brady, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool.,
vol. 9, pl. 103, figs. 7a—c, 1884).

Globorotalia canariensis (d’Orbigny), CUSHMAN and STAINFORTH,
Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 14, p. 70, pl. 18,
figs. 12a—b, 1945—ReEnz, Geol. Soc. Amer., Memoir 32,
p. 136, pl. 11, figs. 3a—b, 1948.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Cipero and Lengua, for-
mations): Globorotalia fohsi fohsi zone to Globorotaha
menardit zone.

Locatity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5679, P5680),
from the Globorotalia mayeri zone, sample GF 3695
(TTOC 3320).

Remarks: Globorotalia scitula was previously de-
scribed from the Cipero formation (Cushman and
Stainforth, 1945) as G. canariensis (d’Orbigny).
D’Orbigny describes this form (Rotalia canariensis) as
elongate-depressed and carinate which brings it close
to the G. menardii (d’Orbigny) group. Compared
with this group, the equatorial periphery of G. scitula
is more circular and the axial periphery is rounded to
subangular. The Trinidad specimens are slightly
larger than the type which was described from the
Faroe Channel. Specimens of the same size as those
found in Trinidad are today living predominantly in
warm waters. Temperature and other ecological
factors probably account for the variation in size.

Globorotalia lenguaensis Bolli, new species
PiatE 29, FiGuRES 5a—c

Shape of test low trochospiral; equatorial periphery
almost circular, not or only very slightly lobate; axial
periphery angular to subangular, often with a faimt
keel. Wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface smooth.
Chambers strongly compressed; 15-20, arranged in
2%-3 whorls; the 6-7 chambers of the last whorl in-
crease moderately in size. Sutures on spiral side
strongly curved, occasionally slightly depressed; on
umbilical side radial to slightly sigmoidal, depressed.
Umbilicus very narrow, almost closed. Aperture a low
arch often with a lip; interiomarginal, umbilical-extra-
umbilical. Coiling apparently random in the Globoro-
talia mayert zone; almost exclusively sinistral in the
Globorotalia menardii zone. Largest diameter of holo-
type 0.3 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE (in Lengua formation): Glo-
borotalia mayeri zone to Globorotalia menardii zone.

Locatiry: Holotype (USNM P5681) from the type
locality of the Globorotalia menardii zone, Trinidad,
sample KR 23425 (TTOC 178890).

Remarks: Globorotalia lenguaensis, new species, re-

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 121

sembles G. canariensis var. minima Akers but differs in
its less convex umbilical side and more circular equa-
torial periphery. G. canariensis var. minima has been
described from the Cibicides carstensi var. opimus zone
(Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis zone to Globorotalia

fohsi fohsi zone of the Cipero formation), whereas
Globorotalia lenguaensis is restricted to the Lengua
formation. The new species differs from G. menardii
(d’Orbigny) in its smaller size, less lobate and more
circular equatorial periphery.

References

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1955. Some planktonic Foraminifera of the American Gulf Coast and suggested correlations with
the Caribbean Tertiary. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 647-664, pl. 65, 3 text-figs.
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1949, Eocene and Oligocene Foraminifera from Little Stave Creek, Clarke County, Alabama. Bull.
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Oligocene of Trinidad, B. W. I. Contr. Cushman Found. Foram. Res., vol. 1, pts. 3-4,
pp. 80-82, pls. 13-14.
1951a. Globigerinita naparimaensis n. gen., n. sp., from the Miocene of Trinidad, B. W. I. Contr.
Cushman Found. Foram. Res., vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 16-18, text-figs. 1-14.
1951b. The genus Orbulina d’Orbigny in the Oligo-Miocene of Trinidad, B. W. I. Contr. Cushman
Found. Foram. Res., vol. 2, pt. 4, pp. 182-138, text-figs. 2-5.
1952. Globigerinoita and Globigerinatheka, new genera from the Tertiary of Trinidad, B. W. I.
Contr. Cushman Found. Foram. Res., vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 25-28, text-figs. 1-3.
CoryELL, H. N., and Rivero, F. C.
1940. A Miocene microfauna of Haiti. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 324-344, pls. 41-44.
CusHMAN, J. A.
1941. The species described as Globigerina by d’Orbigny in 1826. Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., vol. 17, pt. 2, pp. 38-42, pl. 11.

122 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

CusHMaN, J. A., and Brermup#z, P. J.
1949. Some Cuban species of Globorotalia. Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 25, pt. 2, pp.
26-45, pls. 5-8.
CusHman, J. A., and Jarvis, P. W.
1936. Three new Foraminifera from the Miocene Bowden marl of Jamaica. Contr. Cushman Lab.
Foram. Res., vol. 12, pt. 1, pp. 3-5, pl. 1.
Cusuman, J. A., and Renz, H. H.
1941. New Oligocene-Miocene Foraminifera from Venezuela. Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
vol. 17, pt. 1, pp. 1-27, pls. 1-4.
1947. ‘The foraminiferal fauna of the Oligocene Ste. Croix formation of Trinidad, B. W.I. Cushman
Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 22, pp. 1—46, pls. 1-8.
Cusuman, J. A., and Starnrorts, R. M.
1945. The Foraminifera of the Cipero marl formation of Trinidad, British West Indies. Cushman
Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 14, pp. 1-75, pls. 1-16.
Cusuman, J. A., and STEPHENSON, F. V.
1948. A Miocene foraminiferal fauna from Ecuador. Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 24,
pt. 3, pp. 50-68, pls. 9-10.
Droocsr, C. W.
1954. The Oligocene-Miocene boundary on both sides of the Atlantic. Geol. Mag., vol. 91, No.6,
pp. 514-518.
1956. Transatlantic correlation of the Oligo-Miocene by means of Foraminifera. Micropaleontol.,
vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 183-192, pl. 1.
Hames, F. E.
1953. The Miocene/Oligocene boundary and the use of the term Aquitanian. Geol. Mag., vol. 90,
No. 6, pp. 388-392.
1954. The Caribbean “Oligocene”. Geol. Mag., vol. 91, No. 4, pp. 326-327.
1955. The Miocene/Oligocene boundary in the Caribbean region. Geol. Mag., vol. 92, No. 1, p. 86.
Franxuin, E. 8.
1944. Microfauna from the Carapita formation of Venezuela. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 18, No. 4,
pp. 301-319, pls. 44-48. ;
Hepsere, H. D.
1937. Foraminifera of the middle Tertiary Carapita formation of northeastern Venezuela. Journ.
Paleontol., vol. 11, No. 8, pp. 661—697, pls. 90-92.

Hicains, G. E.

1955. The Barrackpore-Wilson Oilfield of Trinidad. Journ. Inst. Petr., vol. 41, No. 376, pp. 125-147.
Kuaeter, H. G.

1953. Jurassic to Recent sedimentary environments in Trinidad. Bull. Assoc. Suisse des Géol. et

Ing. du Pétrole, vol. 20, No. 59, pp. 27-60, 2 text-figs.
1954. The Miocene/Oligocene boundary in the Caribbean region. Geol. Mag., vol. 91, No. 5,

pp. 410-414.
1956. Trinidad. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 65, pp. 351-366.
Le Roy, L. W.
1948. The foraminifer Orbulina universa d’Orbigny, a suggested middle Tertiary time indicator.

Journ. Paleontol., vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 500-508, 4 text-figs.
1952. Orbulina universa d’Orbigny in Central Sumatra. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 22, No. 4, pp.
576-584, 4 text-figs.
Nurtauyt, W. L. F.
1932. Lower Oligocene Foraminifera from Mexico. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 3-35, pls.
1-9.
Patmer, K. P.
1940-1941. Foraminifera of the Upper Oligocene Cojimar formation of Cuba. Mem. Soc. Cubana
Hist. Nat., vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 19-35; No. 2, pp. 1138-132, pls. 17-18; No. 4, pp. 277-304,
pls. 51-58; vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 181-200, pls. 15-17; No. 3, pp. 281-306, pls. 28-31.
1945. Notes on the foraminifera from Bowden, Jamaica. Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 29, No.
115, pp. 1-82, pls. 1-2.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 123

Pautmer, D. K., and Brermupsz, P. J.
1936. An Oligocene foraminiferal fauna from Cuba. Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat., vol. 10, No.
4, pp. 227-271, pls. 13-20; No. 5, pp. 273-316.
Perrers, V., and Sarmiento, S. R.
1956. Oligocene and Lower Miocene biostratigraphy of the Carmen-Zambrano area, Colombia.
Micropaleontol., vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 7-35, text-figs. 1-2, tables 1-7.
Renz, H. H.
1942. Stratigraphy of Northern South America, Trinidad and Barbados. Proc. Eighth Amer.
Sci. Congress, vol. 4, pp. 513-571.
1948. Stratigraphy and fauna of the Agua Salada group, State of Falcon, Venezuela. Geol. Soc.
Amer. Mem. 32, pp. 1-219, pls. 1-12.
Senn, A.
1947. | Die Geologie der Insel Barbados B. W. I. (Kl. Antillen) und die Morphogenese der umlie-
genden marinen Grossformen. Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 199-222.
Surer, H. H.
1951. The general and economic geology of Trinidad. Colonial Geol. and Min. Resources, vol.
2, Nos. 3 and 4, and vol. 3, No. 1, 134 pp., 7 pls., 15 text-figs.
Srarnrorty, R. M.
1948a. Applied micropaleontology in Coastal Ecuador. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 113-
151, pls. 24-26.
1948b. Description, correlation and paleoecology of Tertiary Cipero marl formation, Trinidad,
B. W. I. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol., vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 1292-1330, 2 text-figs.
1954, Comments on the Caribbean Oligocene. Geol. Mag., vol. 91, No. 2, p. 175.
1955. | Ages of Tertiary formations in Northwest Peru. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol., vol. 39,
No. 10, pp. 2068-2077.
SrarnrortH, R. M., and Riinea, W.
1953. Mid-Oligocene transgression in Southern Peru. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol., vol. 37,
No. 3, pp. 568-569.
Topp, Ruru.
1957. Geology of Saipan, Mariana Islands: smaller Foraminifera. U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper
280-H, pp. 265-320, pls. 64-98, tables 1—4.
Topp, R., CLoup, P. E., Jr., Low, D., and Scumipt, R. G.
1954. Probable occurrence of Oligocene on Saipan. Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 252, pp. 673-682.
Vauauan, T. W., and Coxs, W. S.
1941. Preliminary report on the Cretaceous and Tertiary larger Foraminifera of Trinidad, British
West Indies. Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Paper 30, pp. 1-137, pls. 1—46.

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Some Planktonic Foraminifera of the Type Danian and Their
Stratigraphic Importance

By J. C. Troelsen!

Introduction

pre DISCUSSING THE biostratigraphy of the Danian
stage, it may be well to give a brief description of
the development of the stage in its type area (see
text-fig. 22). The Danian stage was proposed by E.
Desor (1846, p. 181) for the limestone deposits which
in Denmark lie above the Maestrichtian White Chalk.
The type localities are Stevns Klint and Fakse
(=Faxe=Faxée), both of which are located some 40
miles south-southwest of Copenhagen in eastern
Denmark. The island of Saltholm, east of Copenhagen,
is sometimes cited as the type locality of the Danian,
but this interpretation of Desor’s text seems to be
untenable.

The Danian deposits are known from a belt that
stretches in a northwest-southeasterly direction across
Denmark and southern Sweden. The belt (including
deposits lying under the Cenozoic sediments) is now
about 100 miles wide, and there is evidence to suggest
that this is not far from the original width. The
Danian sediments were thus laid down in a narrow
sound, whose southeastern extension may be found in
Poland (Pozaryska, 1954). Farther to the southeast,
the sound may have been connected with the sea in
which the Danian sediments of the Crimean Peninsula
were laid down (Bettenstaedt and Wicher, 1956, p. 515).

The Danian deposits in the type area may be char-
acterized as very pure limestones, which range from
calcilutites to calcirudites. Many of them may also
be classified as coccolithic limestones, bryozoan reef
limestones or coral reef limestones. The almost
complete absence of terrigenous detritus, which is so
marked a character not only of the Danian limestones
but also of the underlying White Chalk, is probably
connected with the peneplanation of the land and the
consequent low gradient of the rivers in late Cretaceous
and early Cenozoic times. Bailey and Weir (1939,
pp. 462-468) infer the probability of arid conditions in
northwest Europe in this period of time. The latter
theory finds support in the fact that planktonic
Foraminifera occurred, although in varying numbers,
in the narrow Danian sea. Examples from Recent seas
show that Globigerinae rarely enter sounds or embay-
ments unless the salinity of the water is high. We may
therefore assume that but little fresh water flowed into

1 Curator of Invertebrate Fossils, Mineralogisk-Geologisk Museum, Copenhagen,
Denmark.

E = Danian {J Bosalt
AT eee == U. Cretaceous Pliocene
= Cambrian ss. L.Gretoceous MAH Miocene
Gombrian YU Rhaetic-Jura Oligocene
Granite Fes Triassic Eocene
Goeiss oe aa Permian Paleocene

Scale

THEODOR SORGENFREL
Geological Survey of Denmark 1954
Ficure 22.—Geological map of Denmark and south Sweden (by Th.

Sorgenfrei), showing the location of the exposures mentioned in the
texts

the Danian sea (see also Said, 1950). The regular
occurrence of benthonic organisms in all parts of the
Danian stage further shows that the bottom waters
must have been well aerated.

125

126 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

The Paleocene deposits (‘‘Sélandian,’’ Rosenkrantz,
1924, p. 34), which with a complete change in facies
and a (minor ?) hiatus overlie the Danian limestones,
are composed of terrigenous detritus with some glauco-
nite. The Paleocene sea was a rather narrow embay-
ment (Grénwall and Harder, 1907). Its fauna con-
tained a great many marine molluscs (Ravn, 1939),
besides benthonic Foraminifera (Brotzen, 1948), but
true planktonic Foraminifera’ have not been found,
except for some specimens which from their appearance
must be assumed to have been reworked from the
Danian rocks. Brotzen’s report (1948, p. 30) of
Globigerinae in the Kerteminde marl of Denmark has
not been confirmed. (Globorotalites lobata Brotzen from
the Danian and Sélandian beds of Denmark-Sweden
and in fact the entire genus Globorotalites, is not here
considered to be a planktonic form.) The cause of their
absence may well have been the influx of freshwater of
which the terrigenous detritus is evidence.

In Denmark and southern Sweden, the lithostrati-
graphic unit which corresponds to the Danian stage is
the Danskekalk formation (Odum, 1935, p. 14; the name
simply means ‘“‘Danish limestone’’). Since this is in the
type area, the limits of the stage coincide with those of
the formation. The composite section given in text-
figure 23 is based upon the type localities at Stevns

THOLOGY LOCALITIES aS
STAGES LITHOLOG Sass
; glauconitic clay ray
Selandian silt and cgl+6m. Copenhagen no Tylocidaris
BUNA asad

T. vexilifera
Schluter

Copenhagen
Saltholm

Calcarenite with
chert. 30-50 m.

<| minor hiatus

2

= i

&:| (Bryozoan’ restsisnt shite (0 "eh ialoee Seer
=

2| with chert;

=| locally coral

&| reef Is.+66m. Ty sdumj
=

o

c

oS

(s)

Calcilutite with marl
at SSE ae c. % m.
[major hiatus _| hiatus

T. baltica
Schliter

White eal with
eal + 20m,

Moestrichtian

Ficure 23.—Composite section through the Danian stage of east Den-
mark (adapted from A. Rosenkrantz, 1937, p. 201; only the more
important localities are listed).

Klint and Fakse combined with occurrences in or near
Copenhagen (Rosenkrantz, 1937, p. 201).

Biostratigraphy

A few remarks on the planktonics of the Danian
stage of Sweden have been published by Munthe (1896)
and Brotzen (1940, 1945, 1948), but only the important
articles by Bronnimann (1953) and Reichel (1953) give
any information on the occurrence of these organisms

in the type Danian. Reichel, who examined two pieces
of limestone from Fakse, seems to have been the first
to correlate, in a general way, the type Danian with
the zone of small Globigerinae which in the Tethys area
commonly occurs between the Globotruncana assemblage
of undoubted Maestrichtian age and the Globigerina-
Globorotalia assemblage of assumed Paleocene age (see
also Z. Reiss (1952, 1954, 1955), J. Schweighauser
(1958, p. 28), S. E. Nakkady (1955), Bettenstaedt
and Wicher (1956, pp. 501, 514-515), and others).
Bronnimann (1953) lists the followmg Globigerina
species which he found in a sample of Danian cocco-
lithic limestone from Daubjerg in northwest Denmark
and which also occur in the Lizard Springs formation of
Trinidad, B. W. I.: G. pseudobu.loides Plummer, G.
triloculinoides Plummer, G. linaperta Finlay, G. horni-
brooki Bronnimann, G. stainforthi Bronnimann, G.
daubjergensis Bronnimann, and G. compressa Plummer
(another sample from Hjerm contained only two poorly
preserved species).

Globigerinae occur throughout the Danian stage,
whereby the theory that the Danian sea was at one
time transformed into a completely enclosed basin
seems to have been refuted (Ravn, 1939, p. 23, and
others). In the Danian of eastern Denmark, the only
horizons in which Globigerinae are even fairly abundant
are, however, the base of the zone of Tylocidaris 6dumz
and the greater part of the zone of Tylocidaris vexwifera
(the latter occurrence has already been observed by
Brotzen, 1940). Hven within these zones, only a few
samples have yielded well-preserved tests and it has
therefore been rather difficult to procure enough materi-
al for the following analysis.

Although the underlying White Chalk of Maestrich-
tian age is characterized by the abundant occurrence of
Rugoglobigerina, “Globigerinella,” Pseudotextularia, stri-
ated Guembelinae, and, in certain strata, Globotruncana
(s.1.), the only planktonics to occur in the type Danian
are small Guembelinae and Globigerinae, of which only
the latter will receive further attention in the present
article. The change from one faunizone to the other
is very abrupt and occurs at the hiatus between the
White Chalk and the Danskekalk formation (text-fig.
23). The fact that the basal few inches of the
Danskekalk formation contain occasional specimens
(presumably reworked) of Rugoglobigerina and “‘Glo-
bigerinelia” does not alter the impression of a funda-
mental difference between the two deposits (see also
Troelsen, 19552). On the evidence of the planktonic
Foraminifera, the present writer is therefore inclined
to agree with those who place the Danian stage in the
Cenozoic.

For the present analysis the writer has endeavored to
procure samples from the type localities of the Danian
stage and from all the major fossil zones. Only the
samples representing the zone of Tylocidaris vexilifera
had of necessity to be collected outside the type
localities since this zone is not represented there. In
order to avoid bias, only samples in which even the
smallest Foraminifera were well preserved and identi-

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 127

fiable have been included in the analysis. Such material
is rarely found in the Danskekalk formation, and in
the case of the zone of 7. vexilifera it became necessary
to use material from Ostra Torp in Sweden since the
Copenhagen area failed to yield any samples with
perfectly preserved Globigerinae. Under these circum-
stances it has not been possible to analyze more than
six samples. From each sample, 100-150 Globigerinae
were picked at random to insure a reasonably reliable
census of the fauna, the only exceptions being samples
4 and 6, in which no more than 23 and 32 specimens,
respectively, could be found. A certain correlation
therefore exists between the number of Globigerinae
counted and their relative abundance in the samples.
An examination of numerous samples of Danian Fora-
minifera from other parts of Denmark and Sweden
shows that the species listed in text-figure 24 are
typical of the Danian stage in this part of the world.
As it will appear from the descriptive part of this
article, not all the species which Bronnimann found in
the limestone at Daubjerg (listed in a previous para-
graph) occur in the samples examined by the present
writer. The cause of this discrepancy may be that
Bronnimann’s material came from a horizon which is
not represented in the material extensive though it is,
available to the present writer, or it may be due to
personal variation as to the concept of the species.
Among those species found by the present writer,
Globigerina pseudobulloides Plummer is of stratigraphic
importance since it was originally described from the
Midway group of the Gulf Coastal Plain. An examina-
tion of a number of foraminiferal faunas of Danian and
Paleocene age has shown, however, that @. pseudobul-
loides Plummer has a considerably more restricted
distribution than a survey of the literature would lead
one to believe. Of still greater value for stratigraphic
purposes is G. daubjergensis Bronnimann, which in
the type Danian is most abundant in the upper part
of the stage. It occurs in the basal Midway group
(‘Along north-south road N. of Austin-Elgin highway,
W. of Elgin, Texas,’’ H. J. Plummer), and it is rather
abundant in the upper part of the Clayton formation
or the lower part of the Porter’s Creek formation (‘‘2.3
mniles S. of Thomaston, Alabama, on Alabama Highway
99, Marengo Co., Alabama,” J. W. West and G. E.
Murray) and in the Mexia clay member of the Wills
Point formation, i. e., the lower part of the upper
Midway group (‘Mexia clay pit, Mexia, Texas,”
D. E. Feray; and “Branch of Tehuacana Creek, 2
miles N. W. of Mexia, Texas,” O. L. Bandy). The
distribution of G. compressa Plummer and @. trilo-
culinodes Plummer, of which we have specimens from
the above-mentioned samples of the Mexia clay,
offer a similar correlation. Specimens of G. compressa
and G. triloculinoides were also obtained from the lower
Lizard Springs formation of Trinidad, B. W. I. (‘‘Rz.
283 (50316) and Rz. 286-291 (50505-10) ,”’ H. H. Renz).
Brotzen (1948, pp. 32-33) has correlated the upper
part of the Danskekalk formation with the North
American Kincaid formation (lower part of the Midway

TYLOCIDARIS
ZONES

T. vexilifera
Schliter

T. briinnichi
Ravn

T. abildgoaardi
Ravn

T.d6dumi
Brinnich Nielsen

no Tylocidaris

Ficure 24.—Diagram illustrating the vertical distribution of Globig-
erinae within the Danian stage of east Denmark and South Sweden.
Sample numbers: 1, Ostra Torp, Sweden; calcarenite, horizon with

many sponges, wu, Ostra Torp, 2 meters below Sample x. 1, Fakse;
unconsolidated limy mud (lagoonal deposit?) in coral-reef limestone.
1v, Boesdal, Stevns Klint; bryozoan limestone filling cavities in chert
nodule. v, Boesdal, Stevns Klint; bryozoan limestone filling cavities
in underlying cemented calcilutite. v1, N. of Holtug quarry, Stevns
Klint; calcilutite. (Reworked specimens of Rugoglobigerina and
“Globigerinella” not included.)

group). The above-mentioned evidence indicates,
however, that also the Wills Point formation (i. e.,
the upper part of the Midway group), or at least the
lower portion of that formation, may be correlated
with the upper part of the Danskekalk formation.
It is necessary to point out, however, that one of the
bases used by Brotzen in correlating the Paleocene of
Denmark-Sweden with the upper Midway group, viz.,
the occurrence in both deposits of Epistomina (Hog-
lundina) scalaris Franke, Lamarckina naheolensis Cush-
man and Todd, Ceratobulimina perplexa (Plummer) and
Epistominoides midwayensis Plummer (Brotzen, 1948,
p. 33), is partly invalid, inasmuch as all these species
have aragonite tests (Troelsen, 1955b) and therefore
could not possibly have been preserved in the lime-
stone of the Danskekalk formation, although they may
conceivably have lived in the area in late Danian time.
Brotzen’s list of stratigraphically important species is
thus reduced to two, viz., Elphidiella prima (ten Dam)
and ‘Allomorphina”’ (i. e., Quadrimorphina) halli
Jennings.

The question of the first appearance of Globorotalia
(sensu lato) in relation to the Danian-Montian (or
Danian-Sélandian) boundary is difficult or impossible
to solve on the basis of the evidence of the type Danian.
There are two obvious reasons for this: one is the
previously mentioned absence of planktonic Fora-
minifera in the Paleocene (Sélandian) stage of Denmark-
Sweden (planktonic Foraminifera are likewise prac-
tically absent in the type Montian); the other is that
Globorotalia probably never reached this Boreal area

128

(see Bettenstaedt, 1949, p. 156). We have no very
definite evidence as to the temperature of the sea in
Danian time (see Lowenstam and Epstein, 1954, pp.
244, 246). Jf one keeps these difficulties in mind, the
correlation of the type Danian with what Grimsdale
(1951, fig. 1) terms the “‘? Danian” of the Middle Hast
and the ‘‘Paleocene—Lower and Upper Midway” of
the Gulf of Mexico-Caribbean area can be made with
a fair degree of accuracy. Bettenstaedt and Wicher’s
subdivision of the Danian-Montian imto Danian I and
Danian II is undoubtedly practicable for the Tethys
area but can hardly be applied to Denmark-Sweden
or for that matter even to southern Belgium, which
is the type area of the Montian. The present writer
therefore favors a unification of the Danian and the
Montian into one stage.

Acknowledgments

The writer wishes to thank the Danish State Re-
search Foundation for having defrayed the cost of the

Systematic

Globigerina daubjergensis Bronnimann
Priate 30, Ficurzes 1-2

Globigerina daubjergensis BRONNIMANN, Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae,
vol. 45, No. 2, p. 340, fig. 1, 1953.

? Globigerina daubjergensis RuicHEet, Hclog. Geol. Helvetiae,
vol. 45, No. 2, p. 344, fig. 1, h, i, j, 1, 1953.

? Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer, BrotzEn, Sveriges Geol.
Undersékning, ser. C, No. 493, pp. 89-90, pl. 17, fig. 2, 1948.

Remarks: This species occurs throughout the Danian
stage of Scandinavia but is particularly abundant in the
upper part, where it commonly dominates the plank-
tonic fauna (text-fig. 24). Three topotypes, kindly
presented by P. Bronnimann, permitted an accurate
identification of this somewhat variable but nevertheless
distinct species. The constant characters of the species
are (1) the finely spinose wall surface, (2) the trochoid
early chambers, (3) the small and shallow umbilicus,
and (4) the small subcircular aperture which is not
surrounded by a lip and which opens into the umbilicus.
Two main morphological types have been observed,
one of them having a trochoid spire and, in the last
volution, 4 subglobular chambers which increase gradu-
ally in size; the other, a low spire and 3 to 3) rapidly
increasmg chambers in the last volution. The low
spire is commonly produced by an involution of the
trochoid early chambers or by a rotation of the axis
of the test during growth. In the material at hand (a
few hundred specimens), the two types grade imper-
ceptly into each other, and it has not been possible to
detect any pattern in their stratigraphic distribution
within the type Danian.

Small accessory apertures commonly occur along the
sutures of the final chamber, but the writer has never-
theless refrained from referring the species to the
(probably polyphyletic) genus Globigerinoides.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

preparation of the material and of the drafting of the
illustrations. Gratitude is also expressed to the Danish
State Research Foundation, the Rask-Orsted Founda-
tion, the Carlsberg Foundation and the University of
Copenhagen for having made possible a visit to the
United States National Museum in Washington, where
type specimens were examined. The writer is happy
to acknowledge a debt to Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., and
Helen Tappan Loeblich for much help, advice, and
hospitality; and to O. L. Bandy, P. Bronnimann,
J. G. Carlsson, C. Drooger, Brooks F. Ellis, H. Hagn,
Philip Morey, Grover E. Murray, A. Nérvang, the late
H. J. Plummer, A. Rosenkrantz, and J. Wind for
material for comparison. Miss Gunni Jorgensen pre-
pared the drawings of the Foraminifera with her usual
skill and care.

Figured hypotypes are deposited in the U.S. National
Museum collections, Washington, D. C. Additional
hypotypes from all samples are in the Mineralogisk-
Geologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Descriptions

The occurence of G. daubjergensis in the Midway
group of the Gulf Coastal Plain has been mentioned
above. It may be added that in the Mexia clay member
only small trochoid specimens occur, while in the other
samples large specimens with inflated end chambers are
also present.

Comine Ratio: Zone. of Tylocidaris briinnichi:
Fakse, 56. percent dextral (+5.7). Zone of T. verili-
fera: Ostra Torp, south Sweden, sample 1 (see text-
fig. 24), 52.7 percent dextral (5.2); same locality,
sample 2, 55. percent dextral +5.8); same locality,
exact level unknown, 40.9 percent dextral (=£4.7).

Dimensions: The specimens range in greatest diam-
eter of the test as follows: Basal Danian (Bogelund and
Stevns Klint), 0.11-0.12 mm.;zone of T. édwmi (Stevns
Klint), 0.21 mm.; zone of J. abildgaardi (Stevns Klint),
0.19-0.32 mm.; zone of T. briinnichi (Fakse), 0.19-0.27
mm.; zone of J. vexilifera (Torp, Ostra Torp), 0.17—
0.26 mm.

Globigerina pseudobulloides Plummer
Puate 30, FigurEs 6-8

Globigerina pseudobulloides, PuumMMER, Univ. Texas Bull. 2644,
pp. 133-134; pl. 8, figs. 9a—c, 1926.

Remarks: The specimens from the Danskekalk
formation have been compared with a large number of
specimens of typical G. pseudobulloides (some of them
identified by H. J. Plummer) from various parts of the
Midway group of the Gulf Coastal Plain. Although the
Danish specimens fall within their range of variation,
they differ so much from the majority of the topotype
specimens that it is considered desirable to add the
following partial description:

Spiral side flattened, initial whorl either slightly
depressed or somewhat convex. Umbilical side strongly

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 129

convex. Umbilicus very narrow. Periphery moderately
to strongly lobate and broadly rounded. Chambers
inflated, 9-13 in number, all visible spirally, only
4 to 4% (very rarely 5) of last whorl visible on umbilical
side. Sutures distinct and depressed, straight and
radial except in initial whorl where they are curved
backward. Wall calcareous, thin, finely perforate,
practically always perfectly smooth. Aperture large,
an arch at base of final chamber, extending from um-
bilicus to a point near periphery, bordered by distinct
lip. Aperture of penultimate chamber occasionally
visible in umbilicus. Gerontic specimens develop
strongly inflated chambers in last whorl; final chamber
is displaced toward umbilical side, and occasionally
carries accessory aperture on spiral side.

This species is characteristic of the Danian stage in
Denmark and Sweden and does not occur in the under-
lying Maestrichtian White Chalk. In the basal part
of the overlying Sélandian beds, reworked (?) specimens
have been observed.

The present form might be considered a chronological
subspecies, but it might also be a geographical sub-
species, produced by the hydrographic conditions in
the enclosed Danian sea (cfr. G. bulloides, which ac-
cording to Brady (1884, pl. 79, figs. 1-7) develops a
dwarfed and smooth (?) test near the British coast).

Corning RATIO: Basal Danian: Bégelund, 49. per-
cent dextral (+4.9); north of Holtug quarry, Stevns
Klint, 48. percent dextral (+9.). Zone of Tylocidaris
é6dumi: Hojerup, Stevns Klint, 56.9 percent dextral
(+6.); Boesdal, Stevns Klint, 51. percent dextral
(+3.9). Zone of T. briinnichi: Fakse, 76.9 percent
dextral(-+11.7).

Dimensions: Specimens range in greatest diameter
of test as follows: Basal Danian (Bégelund), 0.16—0.29
mm.; zone of Tylocidaris édumi (Stevrs Klint), 0.29-
0.34 mm. (gerontic specimens, 0.40 mm); ? zone of 7.
6dumi (Hjerm), 0.26-0.34 mm.; Zone of T. abildgaardi
(Stevns Klint), 0.17-0.19 mm.; zone of T. briinnichi
(Fakse), 0.17-0.20 mm.; zone of T. veailifera (Ostra
Torp), 0.16-0.24 mm.

Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer
Priate 30, Ficure 4

Globigerina triloculinoides PLUMMER, Univ. Texas Bull. 2644, pp.
134-135, pl. 8, fig. 10, 1926.

Non Globigerina triloculinoides Brotzmn, Sveriges Geol.
Undersékning, ser. C, No. 493, pp. 89-90, pl. 17, fig. 2, 1948.

Remarks: The distinctive features of this highly
variable species are (1) the pitted (reticulate) surface,

(2) the inflated, globular chambers, (3) the small and
shallow umbilicus, and (4) the small aperture, which is
covered by a distinct lip.

The occurrence of the species in the Midway group of
North America has been mentioned above.

The species reported by Brotzen (1948) from the
Danian stage of Sweden as @. triloculinoides has a some-
what trochoid spire and the volutions increase more
slowly in width than do those of the typical G@. trilocu-
linoides. Brotzen’s specimens may perhaps be refer-
able to G. daubjergensis Bronnimann.

Comine ratio: Zone of T. briinnichi: Fakse, 100
percent dextral (11 specimens counted). Zone of T.
vexilifera: Ostra Torp, south Sweden, sample 2 (see
text-fig. 24), 47.8 percent dextral (+7.); same locality,
exact level unknown, 81.8 percent dextral (+11.6).
Additional data are needed before the question of the
variation in coiling ratio of this species can be satis-
factorily answered.

Dimensions: Specimens range in greatest diameter of
the test as follows: ? zone of Tylocidaris édumi (Hjerm),
0.20-0.27 mm.; zone of TJ. briinnichi (Fakse), 0.19-0.22
mm.; zone of 7. vexilifera (Ostra Torp), 0.14—-0.26 mm.

Globigerina compressa Plummer
PuaTE 30, Fiaure 5

Globigerina compressa PuumMER, Univ. Texas Bull. 2644, pp.
135-136, pl. 8, fig. 11, 1926.

Remsrks: Bronnimann (1953) placed this species in
the genus Globorotalia, but the present writer agrees with
Brotzen (1948, p. 90) that it should be referred to the
genus Globigerina inasmuch as it possesses ‘‘a distinct
umbilicus and umbilical apertures, covered by small
lips on the base of the last chambers.” This character
has also been observed in specimens from the Mexia clay
member of the Wills Point formation (upper Midway
group). There is good agreement in all respects be-
tween the specimens from the Danskekalk formation
and those from the Midway group.

Corine RATIO: ? Zone of Tylocidaris édumi: Hjerm,
only 3 specimens available. Zone of TZ. veailifera:
Ostra Torp, south Sweden, sample 1 (see text-fig. 24), 1
specimen; same locality, sample 2, 50 percent dextral
(+14.); same locality, exact level unknown, 63.6%
dextra (14.5).

DIMEnsIONs: Specimens range in greatest diameter of
the test as follows: ? zone of Tylocidaris 6dumi (Hjerm),
0.22-0.26 mm.; zone of ZT. verilifera (Ostra Torp),
0.16-0.30 mm.

130

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

References

Baitzy, E. B., anp Weir, J.
1939. Introduction to geology, pp. 1-498.
BETTENSTAEDT, F. >

1949. Palaogeographie des nordwestdeutschen Tertiér mit besonderer Berticksichtigung des Mikro-
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Bodenforschung, pp. 1-387.

BErrENSsTAEDT, F., AND WICHER, C. A.

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Brapy, H. B. :

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BRONNIMANN, P.

1953. | Note on planktonic Foraminifera from Danian localities of Jutland, Denmark. Kclog. Geol.

Helvetiae, vol. 45 (1952), No. 2, pp. 339-341.
Brorzen, F.

1940. Flintrannans och Trindelrannans geologi (Oresund) (summary in German: Die Geologie der
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pp. 1-88, 1 pl.

1945. De geologiska resultaten fran borrningarna vid Hdollviken. Preliminaér rapport. Del I:
Kritan (Summary in English: Geological results of the borings at Hollviken: Part I:
The Cretaceous). Sveriges Geol. Undersékning, Avh. ser. C, No. 465, pp. 1-59, 1 pl.

1948. The Swedish Paleocene and its Foraminiferal Fauna. Sveriges Geol. Undersokning, Avh.
ser. C, No. 493. pp. 1-140, pls. 1-19.

Desor, E.
1846. Sur le terrain danien, nouvel étage de la craie. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, ser. 2, vol. 4, pp.
179-182.
Grimspate, T. F.
1951. Correlation, age determination, and the Tertiary pelagic Foraminifera. Proc. III World

Petroleum Congress, sect. I, pp. 463-475.
Gronwat., K. A., anpD Harper, P.
1907. Paleoczen ved Rugaard i Jydland og dets Fauna (Résumé en frangais: Paléocéne de Rugaard
en Jutland). Danmarks geologiske Underségelse, Rekke 2, No. 18, pp. 1-102, pl. 1.
LowenstaM, H. A., anp Epsretn, 8.
1954. Paleotemperatures of the post-Aptian Cretaceous as determined by the oxygen isotope method.
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Montage, H.
1896. Till kannedomen om foraminiferfaunaen i Sk&nes kritsystem. Geologiska foreningens i
Stockholm férhandl., vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 21-32.
Naxkapy, S. E.
1955. The stratigraphical implication of the accelerated tempo of evolution in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic
transition of Egypt. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 702-706.
Opum, H.
1935. Grundvand og Vandindvinding (Groundwater and water recovery. (In Danish only).
Danmarks Geol. Underségelse, Rekke 3, No. 25, pp. 1-36.
PiumMER, H. J.
1926. Foraminifera of the Midway formation of Texas. Univ. Texas Bull. 2644, pp. 1-206, pls.
1-15.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 131

PozarysKa, K.

1954. O przewodnich otwornicach z kredy gérnej Polski Srodkowej (Summary in English: The
Upper Cretaceous index Foraminifera from central Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica,
vol. 4, pp. 249-276.

Ravn, J. P. J.

1939. Btudes sur les mollusques du Paléocéne de Copenhagne. Danske Vidensk. Selskab., Biol.

Skrifter, vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-106, pls. 1-4.
ReicHet, M.

1953. Remarques sur les globigérines du Danien de Faxe (Danemark) et sur celles des couches de
passage du Crétacé au Tertiaire dans la Scaglia de l’Apennin. Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae,
vol. 45 (1952), No. 2, pp. 341-349.

Reiss, Z.

1952. On the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary microfaunas of Israel. Bull. Res. Council of
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1954. Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary Bolivinoides from Israel. Contrib. Cushman Found.
Foram. Res., vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 154-164, pls. 28-31.

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RosENKRANTZ, A.

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1937. Bemerkninger om det 6stsjellandske Daniens Stratigrafi og Tektonik (Remarks on the
stratigraphy and tectonics of the Danian deposits of East Zealand. In Danish only).
Meddelelser, Dansk Geol. Forening, vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 199-212.

Sarp, R.

1950. The distribution of Foraminifera in the northern Red Sea. Contrib. Cushman Found.

Foram. Res., vol. 1, No. 1-2, pp. 9-29.
ScHWEIGHAUSER, J.

1953. Mikropalaontologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungen im Paleocin und Eociin des

Vicentin (Norditalien). Schweizerische Paldontol. Abh., vol. 70, pp. 1-97, pls. 1-13.
TroEtsen, J. C.

1955a. Globotruncana contusa in the White Chalk of Denmark. Micropaleontology, vol. 1, No. 1,
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Found. Foram. Res., vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 50-51.

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A Revision of the Foraminiferal Family Heterohelicidae

By Eugenia Montanaro Gallitelli’

Introduction

apes FAMILY HuTEROHELICIDAH, as established by
Cushman (1927a), is accepted at present by only a
few authors (Colom, 1946, Le Calvez, 1953), and they
agree to accept it only provisionally. Cushman in-
cluded in the family an homogeneous group of genera
related to the type genus, Heterohelix, but he also
placed in it a number of forms which actually should
have been placed among the ‘‘incertae sedis’’ because of
transitional or poorly known morphological or anatom-
ical characters.

Emendations of this family of considerable interest
have been proposed in revisions of the systematics of
Foraminifera by Galloway (1933), and chiefly by
Glaessner (1936, 1937, 1945), followed without funda-
mental change by Sigal (1952) and Pokorny (1954).
But many conclusions are still unsatisfactory.

The analytical research of Loeblich (1951) on the
coiling in some Heterohelicidae, and by Hofker (1951a)
concerning the toothplate in Bolivinita and Bolivinoides,
must be mentioned as indicative that this confusion is
partially due to an absence of knowledge of morphol-
ogical and structural characters of many genera of
fundamental significance in the systematics of this
family. A careful restudy of all the type species is
required before a new systematical arrangement can
be proposed.

Acknowledgments

A grant from the Italian National Research Council
and a Fulbright travel grant allowed the writer to make
this study at the National Museum in Washington.
The writer found the collections and library facilities
there to be the best available anywhere for such a
study. And above all, the writer is deeply indebted
to Dr. Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., for his assistance and
suggestions during her stay and study in Washington,
for suggesting the present research topic, and for allow-
ing the use of his undescribed material and illustrations.
Dr. Helen Tappan Loeblich has kindly read, corrected,
and edited the manuscript and has discussed with the
writer various systematic and morphologic questions
in connection with this research.

Illustrations are camera-lucida drawings made by
Mr. Lawrence B. Isham and Mrs. Patricia Isham,
scientific illustrators, U. S. National Museum.

1 University of Modena, Italy.

Material Examined

The recent visit of the writer to Washington made
possible a reexamination of all the types of the Hetero-
helicidae Cushman, then deposited in the U. S. National
Museum; almost all the type species of the various
genera are there represented. Of the type species 11
are represented by holotypes, 7 by paratypes or topo-
types and 5 by hypotypes. Other congeneric species
more or less related to these type species have also
been restudied when necessary.

The type species of Heteroheliz Ehrenberg (H. ameri-
cana (Khrenberg)) and of Plectofrondicularia Liebus
(P. concava Liebus) are not available; consequently,
some well known related species were examined (Heter-
ohelix navarroensis Loeblich and Plectofrondicularia
garzaensis Cushman).

Three genera (Bolivinopsis Yakovlev, Nodomorphina
Cushman, and Nodogenerina Cushman) are represented
in the Museum only by doubtfully congeneric species;
of these Bolivinopsis is considered an arenaceous form
by Pokorny and Sigal: thus these genera have not
been taken into consideration here.

The following genera have been invalidated in the
present research: Guembelina Egger (=Heterohelia
Ehrenberg), Rectoguembelina Cushman (= Tubitextul-
aria Sule), Ventilabrella Cushman (=Planoglobulina
Cushman), Bronnimannella Montanaro Gallitelli
(=Pseudotestularia Rzehak).

Three related and more recently described genera,
which were not included in the Heterohelicidae by
Cushman, are added for discussion: Tosaia Takayanagi,
Tappanina Montanaro Gallitelli, and Trachelinella
Montanaro Gallitelli.

The genus Pseudotertularia Rzehak is emended and a
new genus, Racemiguembelina is proposed.

Method of Study

The examinations were made by use of the highest
magnification ( 216) available for the stereobinocular.
The previous use solely of low magnifications explains
many of the misinterpretations in these extremely small
Foraminifera.

When the arrangement of the early chambers was
not otherwise clear, specimens were immersed in anise
oil, a method found to be very successful in emphasizing

133

134

the inner structures, although any trace of external
feature then becomes temporarily concealed. It is
therefore difficult to make a comparative examination
between external sculpture and internal arrangement of
the chambers by this method.

In studying the internal structures (inner characters of
the wall, columellar process, toothplate, cribrate or
radiate feature of the aperture) the best results were
obtained by dissection by use of dilute hydrochloric
acid mixed with a small quantity of gum tragacanth
glue (a method used and described by Troelsen). This
method avoids a dangerous extension of the dissolution
of the test as may happen when diluted acid is used
alone on very tiny tests. Some of the specimens here
illustrated represent dissections obtained by this
method, which in many cases can be substituted ad-
vantageously for the use of thin sections, and this has
made possible many corrections to previous structural
interpretations.

Statistical method was only occasionally applied,
for it is hardly applicable in many cases, due to the
small size of the specimens and the lack ofmeasurable
elements. It was used in the investigation of the genus
Guembelina, in order to establish the percentage of
coiled specimens in the different species and so to evalu-
ate the validity of that genus m comparison with
Heterohelia. For this purpose, more than 3,000 speci-
mens were statistically examined.

Systematic Relationships

With regard to previous interpretations of the rela-
tionships in the Heterohelicidae, Cushman (1927a, p.
59) described the family Heterohelicidae as follows:
“Test in the more primitive forms planospiral in the
young, later becoming biserial, in the more specialized
genera the spiral stage and even the biserial stage may
be wanting and the relationships shown by other char-
acters; wall calcareous, perforate, ornamentation in
higher genera: bilaterally symmetrical; aperture when
simple, usually large for the size of the test, without
teeth, in some forms with apertural neck and phialine
lip.” With a range of variability as great as thus
stated, almost every perforate foraminifer could be
included. In contrast with this too wide allowance of
systematic variability for the family, very subtle
generic distinctions were accepted between very closely
related forms, such as Heteroheliz and Guembelina,
which were placed by Cushman in two different sub-
families because of a distinct early coil in the first and
less frequent early coiling in the latter.

Galloway (1933, p. 342) notes with some humor that
“It would be possible to consider the whole group as one
without subfamilies, or to make nearly as many sub-
families as there are genera, depending upon the cap-
rices of the systematist.”” But some of these genera
are quite unrelated. The positions of Pseudowvigerina
and Siphogenerinoides were corrected by Galloway, but
no substantial changes to the general arrangement of
the family were suggested.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Glaessner (1936, p. 126) divided the Heterohelici-
dae, sensu stricto, into two subfamilies: the Hetero-
helicinae, containing Heteroheliz and Spiroplectoides,
and the Giimbelininae, including Giimbelina, Giimbe-
hitria, Tubiteatularva, and Pseudotextularia.

Later, Glaessner (1945, p. 86) observed: “A few
families such as the Heterohelicidae and Cassidulinidae
are artificial as they include genera whose structural
and genetic affinities lie elsewhere.” He separated
some of the Heterohelicidae of Cushman into two
different superfamilies: Rotaliidea (im which he placed
the Giimbelinidae near the Globigerinidae and Hant-
keninidae) and Buliminidea, family Buliminidae (Gn
which he placed the subfamilies Bolivininae, Plecto-
frondiculariinae and Uvigeriminae). In this publica-
tion he used the family name Giimbelinidae, in place
of Heterohelicidae. Glaessner’s subdivision was the
greatest advance to date in the systematics of the so-
called Heterohelicidae, for unrelated forms were here
definitely separated from the globular-chambered
forms related to Heteroheliz.

Sigal (1952) and Pokorny (1954) followed Glaessner’s
classification in general, both these authors place the
family Giimbelinidae (with Guembelina) in the super-
family Rotaliidea, and place the family Heterohelici-
dae (with Heteroheliz) in the superfamily Buliminidea.
They continued to interpret Bolivinita, Bolivinitella,
and Bolivinella as an homogeneous group within the
Heterohelicidae.

The recent tentative classification of a group of
Heterohelicidae from the Upper Cretaceous of the
Pyrenees, made by Kikoine (1948), is based upon such
erroneous interpretations as the biseriality of Guem-
belina. Moreover, Kikoine considered only six genera,
leaving undiscussed the trio Bolivinita, Bolivinoides,
and Bolivinella, and he failed to discuss their most
important characters.

No systematic rearrangement is possible without a
previous revision of the genera on the basis of their
type species. In this connection some recent contri-
butions must be mentioned. Loeblich (1951) empha-
sized and illustrated the presence of coiling in ‘“Giim-
belina,” and ‘“Ventilabrella,”’ and noted the biserial,
rather than triserial, initial stage in Houvigerina.
Hofker (1951b) examined the structure of Bolivinoides
and the ‘‘toothplate’’ in Bolivinita, discussg new
morphologic elements. Stone (1946) described the
inner structure of Stphogenerinoides 11 comparison
with Siphogenerina.

These few analytical contributions clearly demon-
strate the exactness of the statement by Loeblich
(1951, p. 106) that “few families among the Forami-
nifera contain genera as poorly known as are several
genera belonging to the family Heterohelicidae.”’

Basis of Present Revision

The following variable elements have been considered
in this study: (1) Coiling in the early stage; (2) shape
of the test and arrangement of chambers in neanic and
adult stage (acceleration, etc.); (3) position and shape

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

of the aperture; (4) presence, development and shape
of the ‘“‘toothplate” or columellar process.

Coiling in the early stage is present more or less
frequently in: Heteroheliz americana (fide Ehrenberg),
H. navarroensis, Guembelina globulosa, G. globocarinata,
G. planata, G. striata, G. glabrans, and G. pseudotessera
(=G. pulchra Brotzen). Both Heteroheliz navarroensis
and Guembelina spp. also have a variable percentage of
specimens with the early stage uncoiled. Considering
that no other differences previously separated Guem-
belina from Heteroheliz (Galloway (1933, p. 343) states
that “Guembelina differs from Heteroheliz only in the
absence of the spiral, early stage’’), there is no further
reason to uphold their generic separation: consequently
Guembelina Egger is here considered a junior synonym
of Heteroheliz Ehrenberg.

An occasional or constantly coiled early stage in
Tubitextularia, Pseudotextularia, Gublerina, Pseudo-
guembelina, Planoglobulina, and the new genus Racemi-
guembelina is here demonstrated. This character is
documented for each genus in the illustrations.

Loeblich (1951) demonstrated that Eouvigerina has
no coiling in the early stage. This observation is
confirmed by the present investigation and in addition
three other genera, described previously as “‘coiled,”’
are demonstrated to be constantly and clearly biserial:
Bolivinella (according to Cushman (1929, p. 28) ‘‘in
the microspheric form the young [is] apparently plani-
spiral’), Bolivinoides and Plectofrondicularia. Among
the ‘‘Heterohelicidae,’’ therefore, coiling is present only
in the genera related also by other characters to the
genus Heteroheliz.

The exact position and shape of the aperture is here
described for each genus. This important character
has been neglected or erroneously described in some
genera; in others neither the description nor the figures
give any indication as to the apertural characters. The
present investigation, involving some thousands of spe-
cimens demonstrates that (1) the genera closely related
to Heterohelix have a simple basal arched aperture as
previously described ; of this group, only the accelerated
genus Tubitextularia, with an adult uniserial stage, has
an obviously terminal aperture and this is always
simple, without a lip; (2) a basal aperture with lip is
present in Bolivinoides, Bolivinita (the drawings by
Hofker are discussed in the systematic description), and
Tappanina; (3) a simple, open terminal aperture is
present in the genera Zeauvigerina and Trachelinella;
(4) a terminal aperture, reduced to an elliptical opening
by internal tubercles or costae, is observed in Bolivini-
tella and Plectofrondicularia; and (5) a radiate cribrate
aperture is observed in Amphimorphina and a typically
cribrate aperture seems to be occasionally present in
Bolivinella.

No internal columellar processes (the ‘‘toothplate”’ of
Hofker) were mentioned by Cushman (1927a, p. 64)
for this family but Hofker (1951b) recently described
the “toothplate”’ in Bolivinita and, less carefully, in
Bolivinoides. Stone (1946) illustrated the same charac-
ter for Siphogenerinoides. In the present investigation

135

an internal process is also demonstrated for Houvigerina
and Pseudouvigerina. Bolivinoides has no “plate’’ but
a continuous tube arising from the first chamber.
Bolivinita has a “plate” (spout) which is extremely
variable in shape, size, concavity, position in the aper-
tural cavity, and development in the final “spatula.”
In Stphogenerinoides the internal ‘‘tube” is actually a
spoutlike discontinuous interapertural process, whose
single divisions alternate in opposite tangential posi-
tions to the aperture, with the concavity always turned
towards the wall. This character gives a peculiar ap-
pearance to the apertural outline, which was misin-
terpreted by Stone. Houvigerina has a very thin colu-
mellar process, apparently tubular and continuous,
beginning with the youngest stage. Pseudouvigerina
has a discontinuous spoutlike process, which is very
clear in the final chamber. Such a great variability of
this inner skeleton seems to require further study in
order to establish its value in the systematics of Fora-
minifera.

The internal characters of the wall in the genus
Bolivinoides were investigated by Hofker (1952), and
some corrections of his observations concerning the
morphology and structure of the septa are given here.
In addition, it is noted here that the internal surface of
the wall is irregularly tuberculate, a most distinctive
peculiarity of this genus, which is thus considered
entirely valid, and not synonymous with Bolivina as
affirmed by Hofker (1951b), Glaessner (1945), Sigal
(1952), and others.

Morphological Types Recognized

The present revision does not presume to give a
satisfactory reclassification of all the 23 genera included
by Cushman (1948) in the family Heterohelicidae. A
complete revision of all the type species and of a large
number of specimens is necessary; the same has to be
done for the related families and superfamilies of Fora-
minifera and the results compared. Moreover we do
not know at present which character or characters in
the Foraminifera have an actual genetic value, and in
this respect the research of Arnold, Grell, and others
on living Foraminifera is welcome.

It is possible here only to give an emendation of the
family Heterohelicidae, and a short systematic discus-
sion of the other genera formerly included in that family,
with some new information as to their structural details.

Many specimens, in addition to those here illustrated,
were partially acid-treated in order to show series of
transitional forms and structural details. It was im-
possible to illustrate all these, hence references to these
additional slides in the collections of the U. S. National
Museum, are given in the systematic descriptions.

The terminal aperture is found in this family, as here
restricted, only as an expression of an accelerated de-
velopment from a typical “guembelinoid” genus, as in
Tubitertularia Sule (= Rectoguembelina Cushman) where
the first heterohelicoid stage is clearly visible. Five
different morphological types are distinguishable:

136

(1) triserial (subfamily Guembelitriinae)

(a) constantly triserial Guembelitria
(b) with proliferation Guembelitriella

(2) biserial or planispiral (subfamily Heterohelicinae)

(a) with average proportion of thickness to breadth 1:2

Heteroheliz

Pseudoguembelina

Tubitextularia

(b) proliferation in the adult stage, average proportion

of thickness to breadth=1:1 Racemiguembelina

(ec) frequently planispiral in early stage then prolifer-

ated, average proportion of thickness to breadth

1:4 to 1:7 Gublerina

Planoglobulina

(d) planispiral and biserial, average proportion of
thickness to breadth 1.5:1 to 4:1

Pseudotextularia

Bolivinella, Plectofrondicularia, and Amphimorphina
have in common an early biserial stage (continued to
the mature stage in Bolivinella), absence of a columellar
process, aperture reduced by tuberculations or even
subcribrate.

The subfamily Plectofrondiculariinae Cushman can
be maintained, but it has no relationship to the Hetero-
helicidae as presently emended. We do not know how
closely the apertural character is concerned with con-
ditions of life, but the shape of the test, the biserial
early arrangement of the generally flat chambers, the
peculiar reduction of the lumen in the aperture, and
the lack of a columellar process have led us to here
consider the former subfamily Plectofrondiculariinae
as a distinct family, the Plectofrondiculariidae.

Bolivinita Cushman, Bolivinoides Cushman, and
Tappanina Montanaro Gallitelli are interrelated by
having the test biserial, costate or carinate; chambers
not globular; aperture basal, central, narrow. Colu-
mellar processes are sinuous and discontinuous. Boli-
vinitella Marie is only an example of convergence with
Bolivinita, and must be separated from this quite

Systematic
Family Heterohelicidae Cushman, 1927, emended

Test calcareous, perforate; chambers inflated, spheri-
cal, globular or reniform; early stage either planispiral,
biserial, or triserial, not trochoid; serial reductions or
proliferations are occasionally present; aperture rela-
tively large, simple and basal in biserial or triserial
forms, terminal only in accelerated uniserial forms.
Columellar processes absent.

Subfamily Guembelitrinae Montanaro Gallitelli,
new subfamily

Test triserial; chambers globular; aperture basal,
arched, simple.

Genus Guembelitria Cushman, 1933
Puate 31, Ficurzs 1, 2

Gimbelitria Cusuman, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol.
9, p. 37, 1933.

TypE species: Guembelitria cretacea Cushman, 1933,

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

different group, as is discussed more fully below. These
three genera belong to the subfamily Bolivinitinae.
The subfamily Eouvigerininae (type genus Houzi-
gerina Cushman) is placed within the family Bulimi-
nidae after the subfamily Bolivinitinae. The original
description of Howigerina is also emended, with de-
scription of an internal columellar process.
Siphogenerinoides Cushman is initially biserial, not
triserial as formerly described, and must be placed
only provisionally near the Houvigerininae until more
information is available as to the genetic value and the
ratio of variability of the columellar process. Also, its
placement in the family Plectofrondiculariidae seems
at present at least premature because of the substan-
tially different structure of the columellar process.
The name Siphogenerinoides is not exact from the point
of view of the character it recalls, as the columellar
process is not a siphon but a large discontinuous spout.
Zeaungerina Finlay, Trachelinella Montanaro Galli-
telli, and Bolivinitella Marie are biserial, with apertural
neck, without columellar process, and are still incertae
sedis, perhaps near the Bolivininae, from which they
are distinguished by the terminal aperture and neck.
Of the Tertiary Tosaia Takayanagi only three para-
types were examined. It is possible that there is a
trochoid initial stage, but this requires further investi-
gations. All the specimens seen have a quite bulimin-
oid aperture. ‘There is no relationship to Guembelitria
or other true Heterohelicidae; on the other hand a rela-
tionship with the Buliminidae seems quite probable.
Pseudouvigerina Cushman must be placed unques-
tionably in the Uvigerininae, as was done by Glaessner
(1945). It has a triserial test, terminal aperture with
neck and lip, columellar process, and longitudinal orna-

mentation. The genus is closely related to Angulo-
gerina.
Descriptions

Upper Cretaceous Navarro (Maestrichtian), from pit of
Seguin Brick and Tile Company, 0.8 mile south of
McQueeny Station, Guadelupe County, Texas.

Diaenosis: Test calcareous, triserial. Chambers
generally globular, more or less regularly aligned in
three series throughout development. Aperture basal,
arched, simple.

Discussion: An examination of all the specimens of
Guembelitria in the U. S. National Museum shows that
neither initial coil nor initial biserial stage are present.
Only a single specimen is dubious, but even when im-
mersed in anise oil it does not give the appearance of a
true biserial initial stage.

On the other hand, specimens where the alignment of
the three series of chambers is irregular are not rare.

Guembelitria vivans Cushman, a living form, is not a
true Guembelitria, although triserial and with globular
chambers. The aperture is extremely narrow, elon-
gated perpendicular to the suture, and turned inwards,
as in certain Buliminidae (see fig. 2). Guembelitria

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

minuta Natland, also living, is not a Guembelitria but
because of the clearly trochoid coiling probably is a
Globigerinid.

Genus Guembelitriella Tappan, 1940
PuatEe 31, Ficures 3, 4

Guembelitriella Tappan, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 14, p. 115, 1940.

Typmr species: Guembelitriella graysonensis Tappan,
1940, Cretaceous Grayson formation (Cenomanian),
from Grayson Bluff, 3% miles northeast of Roanoke,
Denton County, Texas.

ORIGINAL pIAGNosis: ‘Test free, small, triserial in
the early stage, similar to Guembelitria, later becoming
multiserial on the top; chambers globular, increasing
rapidly in size; sutures distinct, depressed; wall cal-
careous, finely perforate; aperture at base of the final
chamber.”

Discussion: No addition to the diagnosis given by
Tappan is necessary. This genus is a further develop-
ment from Guembelitria, becoming multiserial in the
adult, a development parallel to that shown by Plano-
globulina from the Heterohelix group. Consequently,
the separation of this genus by Tappan has the same
validity as the separation of Planoglobulina from
Heteroheliz. It is of some interest that Tappan also
noted the presence of accessory apertures in this genus.
A discussion of this general character is given in the
discussion of Pseudoguembelina Bronnimann and Brown.

Subfamily Heterohelicinae Cushman, 1927
Genus Heterohelix Ehrenberg, 1841
Puate 31, Figures 5-20

Heteroheliz EnRENBERG, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 429,
1841.

Guembelina Eacrr, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Munchen, Classe 1,
vol, 21, p. 31, 1889.

TypPE spscizus: Spiroplecta americana Ehrenberg,
1844, Cretaceous, from Missouri and Mississippi,
North America (not since recognized).

Diaenosis: Test calcareous, biserial or planispiral in
the early stage, always biserial in the adult stage.
Chambers generally inflated, globular to reniform,
Wall calcareous, perforate, surface smooth or striate.
Aperture basal, relatively large, with simple margin.

Discussion: Heteroheliz and Guembelina were con-
sidered by Cushman (1927a, p. 59) as representative
of two different subfamilies of the Heterohelicidae, i. e.,
Heterohelicinae and Guembelininae. The distinctive
character was considered to be the presence in the
Heterohelicinae of a coiled early stage, ‘forming a
considerable portion of the test.” For Guembelina, the
test was indicated as ‘‘in the early stage of themicro-
spheric form planispiral, often skipped in the megalo-
spheric form.’

Galloway (1933,p. 343) adopted the same systematic
subdivision, stating that Guembelina “differs from
Heteroheliz only in the absence of the spiral, early

137

stage.” Glaessner (1945) does not cite the genus
Heterohelia.

Sigal (1952) even placed Heteroheliz and Guembelina
in two different superfamilies. Heterohelix he placed
in the superfamily Buliminidea, family Heterohelicidae,
subfamily Heterohelicinae, with Bolivinopsis and Nodo-
planulis—and included in the family the two subfami-
lies Bolivinitinae and Plectofrondiculariinae of Cush-
man, emended. Guembelina was placed in the super-
family Rotaliidea, family Guembelinidae, between the
families Globorotaliidae and Elphidiidae.

Thus, the previous separation of the two genera was
based substantially on the presence of a well-developed,
coiled early stage in Heterohelix, and rare or no coiling
in Guembelina.

Loeblich (1951) published a discussion of the phylo-
genetic relationships of the Heterohelicidae of Cushman,
and illustrated specimens with a coiled early stage not
only in Heteroheliz, but also in Guembelina (G. globulosa
(Ehrenberg)), and Ventilabrella (=Planoglobulina) (V.
carseyi Plummer). Concerning G. globulosa he noted
(1951, p. 108) “‘an extremely tiny initial coil of about
five chambers, followed by 11 to 12 biserially arranged
chambers,” and for Heterohelia (1951, p. 107) “‘five to
six chambers of the coil,’’ with “six to eleven biserially
arranged chambers.’’ For the present study, more than
3,000 specimens of Heterohelia and Guembelina were
examined under high magnification (x 216) and, when
necessary, also by immersion in anise oil. No critical
examination was made of the validity of the numerous
species of both Heterohelix and Guembelina, as this was
aside from the main purpose of this study; therefore,
in the following lists there may be some specific names
which may later be proven to be synonymous. The
total number of specimens examined, and the number
and percentage of specimens with an initial coil are
given below for the various species:

Number Percent
Name Specimens coiled coiled

G. globulosa 447 113 25.3
G. globocarinata 1, 067 175 16.
G. carinata 4 2 50.
G. planata 5 4 80.
G. striata 130 5 3.8
G. glabrans 6 2 30.
G. reussi 2, 000 12 0.5
G. pseudotessera (=G. pulchra) 127 5 3.9
G. cubensis 45
G. ultimatumida 15
G. venezuelana 42
G. trinitatensis 1
G. wilcoxensis 2

It is necessary to remark, in considering these statistical
data, that only the specimens with absolutely clear
coiling are indicated in the percentage of the spiral
forms. Many specimens have an asymmetrical en-
largement of the test, with a slightly curved initial
stage and sometimes an additional asymmetrical
chamber near the proloculus. Nevertheless they were
not added to the “spiraling” list. Many specimens
from the early upper Cretaceous (ex. G. moremani
Cushman) have a poorly preserved test, commonly

138

crystallized, so that a determination of the early stage
is almost impossible. Many specimens have a very
tiny coiled stage and the two or three tiny chambers
below the proloculum may be partially or entirely
destroyed, resulting in a falsely biserial appearance.
BHxamples of this modification are not rare in the collec-
tion. In spite of these negative elements, and of the
precautions taken in the statistical examination, the
percentage of coiled specimens in more than 3000
specimens of Guembelina is only 8.2 percent, a value
that, with further investigation, may increase but will
not decrease.

Guembelina globulosa, G. globocarinata, and G. planaia,
are the most closely related by general shape to typical
Heteroheliz. In G. globulosa 25 percent of the specimens
are coiled; in G. globocarinata, 16 percent. In many
cases the well developed specimens also have well
developed coiling. Nine of the 14 species of Guem-
belina examined may have a Clearly coiled early stage,
and although most of the paratypes of Heterohelix
navarroensis Loeblich were found to be coiled, some
uncoiled specimens also occur in this species.

In the present study only the early Cretaceous Guem-
belina have been found to be without coiling in the early
stage, or show it only rarely. The name Heteroheliz
could thus possibly be restricted to only the coiled
forms of the uppermost Upper Cretaceous. However,
the name Guembelina could not be used for the uncoiled
species of the Lower Cretaceous because the type
species of Guembelina shows an early coil and is late
Upper Cretaceous in age.

Morphologically, their separation is also unwarranted,
because not only Guembelina and Heteroheliz have an
early coiled stage, as was demonstrated previously by
Loeblich for Guembelina and Ventilabrella (=Plano-
globulina), and as the present study has shown also for
Tubitextularia, Pseudoguembelina, Gublerina and Race-
miguembelina. Furthermore the entire group of the
biserial Heterohelicidae (Guembelina-Heteroheliz) are
homogeneous in all other characters: the chambers
tend to become globular, the surface may become
striate by the alignment of the very fine spines in thin
striae; there may be an initial coil of as many as 5 to
6 chambers, and there is a simple aperture.

Other differences are only minor, such as the statis-
tically larger number of biserial chambers in Guembelina
Gn fact Loeblich cites Heterohelix navarroensis with 11
biserial chambers also, and the present writer observed
@ specimen of G. globulosa (Cushman Coll. 24400), with
only four chambers following the coil), and the larger
frequency of coiled specimens in Heterohelix (which has
however fewer representatives in species and specimens).
These differences can only justify specific separation:
Consequently Guembelina cannot be separated from
Heterohelix as representing a different superfamily,
family, or subfamily, and is not even a distinct genus.
As Heterohelix has priority, the name Guembelina must
be considered a junior synonym.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Genus Pseudotextularia Rzehak, 1891, emended
PLATE 33, FiGuRE 6

Pseudotextularia RzEHAK, Verh. Naturf. Ver. Brinn, vol. 24,
p. 8, 1886 (nomen nudum); (part), Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus.,
Wien., vol. 6, No. 1, p. 2, 1891.

Bronnibrownia Montanaro Gawuiteni1, Mem. Accad. Sci.
Lett. Arti Modena, ser. 5, vol. 13, pp. 215, 220, 222 (nomen
nudum), 1955.

Bronnimannella Montanaro Gawuiteti1, Contr. Cushman
Found. Foram. Res., vol. 7, p. 35, 1956. Type species:
Guembelina plummerae Loetterle, 1937; fixed by original
designation.

TYPE spPEcIES: Cuneolina elegans Rzehak, 1891.
Fixed by subsequent monotypy, Rzehak, 1891. Krom
the Upper Cretaceous (Alttertiér, Paliéogen), glau-
konitischer Tegelsand, from Bruderndorf, Niederéster-
reich, Germany. i

Diaenosts: Test calcareous, generally coiled in the
early stage, later biserial, cuneiform, chambers rapidly
increasing in size as added. Later chambers increase
very rapidly in thickness and become comparatively
strongly compressed laterally, so that the original pro-
portion of breadth to thickness is inverted, reaching an
extreme of 1:4. The last chamber may be deflected
from the normal biserial alignment and become nearly
central in position. Aperture broad, becoming almost
linear in the most appressed forms. Aberrant speci-
mens may have an additional smaller aperture at the
top of the last chamber.

Discussion: The generic name Pseudotestularia was
first used by Rzehak (1886, p. 8) for a form resembling
Testularia, but regarded as either a monstrosity or a
new genus. No species were placed in the genus until
1891 (p. 4) when Rzehak described Cuneolina elegans,
remarking that it should perhaps be placed in a distinct
genus, for which he had previously proposed the name
Pseudotextularia. Cuneolina elegans, as the first species
placed in the genus, thus becomes the type species, as
was noted by Ellis and Messina (1940), being desig-
nated by subsequent monotypy. Rzebak included in
this species both biserial forms and those with chamber
proliferation. He later (Rzehak, 1895, p. 217) de-
scribed Pseudotextularia varians, but as he included his
earlier Cuneolina elegans in its synonymy, P. varians is
an invalid synonym. This publication gave the earliest
illustrations, the figs. 1a, b being of a biserial specimen,
and figs. 2, 3 showing a form with chamber proliferation
at the top. This description considered the biserial
form to represent a youthful stage of a species whose
adult form was proliferated. Later workers considered
them to represent two different species, and White
(1929, p. 40) restricted Pseudotextularia varians to the
figs. 2, 3 of Rzehak, and placed the biserial form
(Rzehak’s figs. 1a, b) in Guembelina elegans (Rzehak).

Galloway (1933, p. 348) considered Pseudotextularia
varians to be the'type by monotypy of Pseudotextularia,
also considering Rzehak’s fig. 1 to be of Guembelina
elegans; in this he was followed by later writers (Cush-
man, 1948, p. 256; Pokorny, 1954, -p. 245).

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 139

Glaessner (1936, p. 99) considered varians to be only
a variety of elegans, and copied Rzehak’s figs. 1a, b as
typical Pseudotertularia elegans, Rzehak’s fig. 2 as P.
elegans var. varians, and Rzehak’s fig. 3 as P. elegans
var. acervulinoides (Egger). Glaessner included within
Pseudotextularia Rzehak, 1891, both the forms with and
without proliferation, included therein by Rzehak, and
also the genera Planoglobulina Cushman, 1927, and
Ventilabrella Cushman, 1928, which also show chamber
proliferation. Véentilabrella is here considered to bea
synonym of Planoglobulina, but the latter is regarded
as distinct from both Pseudotextularia and the new
genus here described as Racemiguembelina.

As mentioned above, the type species of Pseudotertu-
laria is Cuneolina elegans, and the lectotype of the
type species is Rzehak’s figs. 1a, b from the description
of Pseudotextularia varians. As mentioned above and
as noted by Ellis and Messina (1940), P. varians is
merely a junior synonym of C. elegans, and the pro-
liferated form requires a new name.

Following the earlier but erroneous type designation
by Galloway, Cushman, Ellis and Messina, and others,
the present writer recently proposed the generic name
Bronnimannella for the biserial species with later
lateral compression, type Guembelina plummerae Loet-
terle. The designation of the type specimen of
Pseudotextularia elegans as Rzehak’s fig. 1 of the 1895
publication, makes the species Guembelina plummerae
Loetterle a junior synonym, as it is of similar size,
proportions and ornamentation. Thus, the type species
of Bronnimannella is conspecific with the type of
Pseudotextularia, and the generic name Bronnimannella
becomes a junior subjective-objective (genotype species
are believed to be the same) synonym.

‘The early stage suggests the relationship of Pseudo-
textularia to Heterohelix, but in the mature test a
gradual but complete change occurs in the proportion
of breadth to thickness, with extreme specimens having
the proportion of breadth to thickness of 1:4. Pos-
sibly another species could be separated, representing
the maximum lateral constriction (1:5.5), but a careful
investigation of several hundred specimens of the
species did not show any sharp discontinuity between
the moderately and strongly compressed specimens,
although the two extremes look quite different in
shape. The ornamentation consists of similar axial
ridges, sometimes more prominent in the young stage,
and the initial coil is frequent both in the less and in
the more compressed forms. Also the deflection of
the final chamber to a central position is found in
specimens of both extremes of the lateral compression.
An example with final central chamber was illustrated
recently as Bronnimannella plummerae (Loetterle) (by
Montanaro Gallitelli, 1956) and hence is not here
refigured.

The constant characters of this genus are a distinc-
tive lateral compression of the test, of great or lesser
intensity, culminating in an inversion of the usual
proportion of breadth to thickness as known for the

Heterohelicidae; and a biserial arrangement of the
adult chambers.

Pseudoteztularia differs from Planoglobulina in the
inversion of the proportions of lateral compression of
the test, and an absence of chamber proliferation.
Racemiguembelina, new genus, is separated from Pseudo-
textularia by the conical shape (proportion of breadth
to thickness of 1:1) and the crown of chamberlets at
the top of the test.

The perfect preservation and the normal increase in
the young stage of all the specimens exclude the possi-
bility of mechanical deformation of the test during
fossilization.

Kikoine (1948, pl. 1, figs. 5 and 8) figured specimens
of this genus from the Upper Cretaceous of Hendaye
and Gan (Southern Pyrenees). He interprets the
specimen of his figure 8 as a new variety of Guembelina
striata (Ehrenberg), G. striata var. deformis Kikoine,
and noted that this variety represents “l’aboutissement
de V’évolution de G. plummerae,” and that only the
ornamentation of the variety is comparable with the
species striata. The figures given by Kikoine clearly
show his form to be identical with G. plummerae
(=Pseudotextularia elegans), and his variety invalid.

Genus Pseudoguembelina Bronnimann and Brown, 1953
PuaTeE 31, Fiaurss 21-23

Pseudoguembelina BRONNIMANN and Brown, Contr. Cushman
Found. Foram. Res., vol. 4, pt. 4, p. 150, 1953.

Typr species: Guembelina excolata Cushman, 1926.
Upper Cretaceous Mendez shale, from Mexico.

Draenosis: Test biserial, rarely may be coiled in the
early stage; chambers subglobular, becoming lobate in
the mature test and compressed laterally near the
aperture. Wall calcareous; surface with straight longi-
tudinal costae. Aperture arched, sinuous, extended
down into the lateral lobes of each mature chamber,
and producing a sort of accessory aperture which may
be covered by tiny flaps.

Discussion: The presence and the frequency of
accessory apertures in the different genera of the
Heterohelicidae has been studied, as a basis upon
which to confirm or deny the validity of the genus
Pseudoguembelina. Accessory apertures may occasion-
ally be present in the penultimate or last chamber of
various globose species, but it is always a rare feature.
Such is the case for Guembelina striata, where the
the accessory apertures are not the rule. Rare acces-
sory apertures were also observed by Tappan in
Guembelitriella Tappan, are not rare in Ventilabrella,
and can also be observed in Pseudoteztularia elegans
(Rzehak). Consequently, as this character is not
constant, with related pecularities of shape and posi-
tion, and as it is not accompanied by other constant
morphological or structural characters, it cannot be
accepted as a character of generic importance.

However, in Pseudoguembelina costulata (Cushman),

140 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

P. excolata (Cushman) and?P. palpebra Bronnimann
and Brown, the accessory apertures are present from
the very first stages, are connected with a peculiar
feature of the chambers, and, finally, have a quite
different appearance from the accessory apertures we
observe occasionally in other MHeterohelicidae. A
specimen of P. costulata was chosen to show the peculi-
arity of this character. The reniform chambers
become constricted near the axial area, then extend
laterally in two lobes, which are tubuliform when well
developed, and curved to meet the lower chambers.
When the lobes are small, one may observe (fig. 22)
that they originate from a conspicuous extension of
the aperture, with two more or less marked constric-
tions near the two lateral extremities of the aperture.
In such a situation, the chambers lose their original
globular appearance. The morphological transition
from globular to reniform to lobate chambers may be
observed in the populations of Heterohelia (Guembelina)
globulosa and H. planata, and H. pseudotessera (=H.
pulchra (Brotzen), 1936; see Montanaro Gallitelli,
1955b, p. 188). Consequently, the genus Pseudoguem-
belina Bronnimann and Brown is considered to be a
valid genus, but is restricted to include only those
forms with a strong modification in the shape of the
terminal basal part of the chambers and of the aperture,
which give rise to peculiar accessory apertures, differ-
ing in their origin from the accessory apertures occasion-
ally found in other species and genera of the Hetero-
helicidae. For this reason, P. striata and P. punctulata
are not considered to be typical Pseudoguembelina, but
are here considered to belong to Heteroheliz.

Bronnimann and Brown (1953, p. 153) stated that
“Textularia striata Ehrenberg is the only species of
Pseudogeumbelina n. gen. in which coiling has been
observed.” The present study has shown that it
occurs also in P. excolata (Cushman), the type species
of the genus (fig. 23).

Genus Gublerina Kikoine, 1948
Pate 32, Ficurss 1-9

Gublerina Kixoine, Soc. Géol. France, Bull., ser. 5, vol. 18, fasc.
1-3, p. 26, 1948.

Type sprcius: Gublerina cuvilliert Kikoine, 1948
(= Ventilabrella ornatissima Cushman and Church,
1930), Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), from the
region of Orthez and to the south of Gan, northern edge
of the Pyrenees, France.

Diacnosis: Test compressed, rapidly increasing in
breadth but not flabelliform, presenting a fairly broad
triangular outline. Early stage frequently coiled; in
the later stage the chambers are arranged in two
diverging series, commonly widely separated by a
broad, nonseptate, incompletely divided or occasionally
bubbled central area which only finally becomes camer-
ate. Proliferation of chambers occurs at the top of

the test, with 4-8 final bulbous chambers. Sutures
well developed, limbate, generally granulate on the
surface, sometimes strongly projecting. Wall calcar-
eous, surface opaque, rough, especially in the early
stage, except for the initial coil which is generally
smooth and transparent. Aperture not visible in the
pparatyes available.

Discusston: Comparison of the holotype and para-
types of Ventilabrella ornatissima Cushman and Church
with the topotypes of Gublerina cumlliert, in the National
Museum collections, showed that the specific name
cuvilliert is also invalid as it is a synonym of Gublerina
ornatissima (Cushman and Church). The morphologic
characters of this genus brought out in this paper prove
its validity, although the genus must be somewhat
emended from the original description. Recognition
of these characters was made possible by etching away
in hydrochloric acid the external part of the wall in two
specimens of Gublerina cuvilliert (=G. ornatissima).

Thus, a coiled early stage may be present (fig. 3),
followed by the young biserial stage. The first two to
four pairs of chambers are overlapping, then the two
series of chambers become more and more divergent,
leaving a broad internal communication between the
chambers and the wide undivided central cavity (fig.
7). True internal chambers are not developed at
first in this central area, which becomes irregularly
more or less “bubbled” in appearance (fig. 4). The
granulated, suturelike median costae were dissolved at
the surface by hydrochloric acid in order to verify the
presence of a median series of chambers, but no internal
chambers were found to correspond with these super-
ficial costae (fig. 2). Another partially dissolved
specimen (fig. 1) and three complete specimens (figs.
5, 7, 3) show the sequence from a flat, depressed, and
unornamented central area to a subcostate to a final
bubbled one. In figure 4 granulated intermediate
costae and the final polycamerate stage can be seen.

A specimen of Ventilabrella ornatissima Cushman
and Church, similarly treated (figs. 6a, b), shows that
the two series of chambers openly communicate in the
central area, and that a third incomplete arched suture
appears in the central area, immediately below the
final proliferation.

Ventilabrella decoratissima de Klasz is a Gublerina
with strongly developed granulated sutures, and a
biserial arrangement of chambers nearly to the top of
the test, which shows the usual final proliferation.
Paratypes of this species from the Santonian of Hisen-
arzt, Bavaria (de Klasz Coll.) show the Gublerina-
arrangement of the chambers and the surface sculpture
(fig. 8).

The constant characters of Gublerina are, therefore,
the biserial arrangement of the chambers almost to the
top of the test, with the two gradually diverging series
separated by an intervening noncamerate cavity; and
the limbate sutures, frequently granulate on the surface,

STUDIES IN

opening internally and leaving a broad opening between
the chambers and the central area. Gublerina thus
represents one of the most distinctive genera in the
family Heterohelicidae.

Variable characters are (1) the width of the central
cavity, where an incomplete central chamber occasion-
ally appears, and the broad opening from the chambers
into the wide central cavity; (2) the development of the
granulated ornamentation; (3) the presence, size,
depression, and evidence of bubbles in the central area;
and (4) the external lateral inflation of the chambers and
consequently the sharpness of the transverse section.
A comparison of G. ornatissima and G. decoratissima
emphasizes the constant and the variable characters of
this very distinctive genus.

Some other synonyms of species of Gublerina have
been suggested by Bronnimann and Brown (1954).
Gublerina hedbergi Bronnimann and Brown was stated
to be a synorym of G. acuta robusta de Klasz, and
Gublerina aff. G. cuvillieri Kikoine described by de
Klasz (1953, p. 248, footnote 1, pl. 8, figs. 2a, b) is the
same as G. glaessnert Bronnimann and Brown.

The investigation of the structure of the central area
of the test, and the statement that central internal
chambers do not occur in Gublerina but are so simulated
by more or less irregular bubbles and external orna-
mentation, suggest the advisability of reexamining
many of the specimens interpreted as Gublerina and
figured with one or more completely developed central
chambers. Such a character (central internal cham-
bers), when actually occurring in flabelliform specimens,
represents Planoglobulina, not Gublerina. On the other
hand, specimens where the reniform chambers are ar-
ranged in two diverging series, separated by a non-
septate central area but without proliferation at the
top of the test, are representatives of aberrant forms
(although still of Gublerina) which tend toward the
extreme limits of variability of the genus Heteroheliz
(H. tessera, H. pulchra, H. lata).

A paratype of Gublerina hedbergi (=G. acuta robusta
de Klasz) examined for this study shows that following
an early coiled stage there are eight chambers with a
typical guembelinoid development (chambers inflated
and sutures deep and narrow). The four mature cham-
bers which follow become reniform and depressed in the
central area, simulating, because of their irregularity,
the presence of one or more internal chambers. Actu-
ally an observation of both sides of the test by trans-
mitted light shows no traces of sutures in this area.
The fragmentary final two chambers in this paratype
show only a bicamerate end stage, not multicamerate
as in Gublerina, even though the wide central area,
typical of this genus, is present. A comparison with
forms like Heterohelix pseudotessera (=H. pulchra) and
H. lata can be made through the illustrations given here.

Thus, the genus Gublerina can be interpreted as very
distinctive, with its morphological and genetical posi-
tion between Heteroheliz and Planoglobulina.

FORAMINIFERA 141

Genus Planoglobulina Cushman, 1927
Puate 32, Figures 10-13

Planoglobulina Cusuman, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
vol. 2, p. 77, 1927.

Ventilabrella CusumMan, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol.
4, p. 2, 1928.

Type species: Guembelina acervulinoides Egger, 1900.
Upper Cretaceous Senonian of Bavarian Alps. Numer-
ous localities and horizons were listed, none designated
as type. Thesynonymous Ventilabrella was also defined
without citation of a type specimen, horizon, or locality
in either the generic definition or the description of the
type species, V. eggeri Cushman.

Diaenosts: Test biserial in the young stage, later with
a more or less abundant proliferation of globular cham-
bers, which spread out in the plane of biseriality, giving
a flabelliform shape to the test. Wall calcareous, finely
perforate, and commonly striate on the surface. Aper-
ture multiple on the final series of chambers, which
may be numerous.

Discussion: This genus can easily be distinguished
from Gublerina by the absence of costate sutures and
the globular and completely developed chambers in the
area of proliferation.

A comparison of the figures of complete and sectioned
specimens of Gublerina and Planoglobulina emphasizes
these differences better than does a discussion. Speci-
mens from the Cushman Collection (31839 and 31861)
also demonstrate these elements well.

According to the present redescription and emended
diagnosis of the genus Gublerina, Ventilabrella decora-
tissima de Klasz is a typical Gublerina. The figure
given by de Klasz (1953) seems to represent a real
Ventilabrella (=Planoglobulina). However, examina-
tion of a paratype in the de Klasz collection in the
U. S. National Museum, shows somewhat different
ornamentation and character of chambers, and an
internal structure typical of a Gublerina.

A young specimen of Planoglobulina eggeri (Cushman)
var. glabrata (Cushman) shows the derivation of
Planoglobulina from a globulosa-like Heterohelia.

The generic name Ventilabrella has commonly been
used for this group of species, but is a synonym of
Planoglobulina. Both genera were described by Cush-
man, who stated that Planoglobulina arose from a
Pseudotextularia stage and Ventilabrella from a Guem-
belina stage. Planoglobulina was defined in 1927, and
the type designated as Guembelina acervulinoides Egger.
Cushman (1927b) stated that it had a planospiral early
stage, followed by a biserial stage and finally a pro-
liferation of chambers in a single plane. The following
year Cushman (1928) defined Ventilabrella, citing as
type the new species V. eggeri, and stating that it
developed from a biserial stage, with later proliferation
of chambers in a single plane. In his description of the
type species he also stated that the microspheric form
probably also was planispiral in the early stage.

142

Within the description of Ventilabrella eggeri, Cush-
man (1928) also discussed Planoglobulina and selected
Egger’s figure 20 as the type of the species P. acervuli-
noides Egger. This specimen shows well developed
proliferation following a biserial early stage. The
figure is not sufficiently clear to note the presence or
absence of an early coil. Although he selected a type
for Egger’s species, Cushman apparently neglected to
do so for V. eggeri, for no holotype or paratype speci-
mens of V. eggeri occur in the Cushman collection or
U. S. National Museum collections, and no type speci-
men is listed in the text in this or later papers of Cush-
man. Furthermore, no type horizon or locality were
cited for V. eggeri, although Cushman stated (1928, p. 3)
that “species of Ventilabrella occur often in great
numbers in certain horizons of the Taylor marl of
Texas.”

In 1946, Cushman did illustrate specimens of V.
eggert, from the Taylor, but also placed in the synonymy
of V. eggeri, Planoglobulina acervulinoides Egger (part),
and included Egger’s figure 20! He thus placed the
specimen he himself had selected as type for Egger’s
species in his later species, so that the type species of
Ventilabrella (V. eggeri) is a junior synonym of the
type species of Planoglobulina (P. acervulinoides), the
two genera thus being identical.

Galloway (1933) placed Ventilabrella in the synonymy
of Planoglobulina, but was not followed in this by most
other workers, who recognized both genera. Species
referred to the two generic names are identical in
development, with a biserial stage, or more rarely
coiled to biserial, followed by chamber proliferation
in a single plane, resulting in a flabelliform test.

As Planoglobulina has priority, and the type species
are synonymous, the name Ventilabrella must be
suppressed as a junior subjective-objective (genotype
species are believed to be the same) synonym.

Genus Racemiguembelina Montanaro Gallitelli, new genus
Puate 32, Ficures 14, 15

Pseudotertularia RzeHAxK (part), Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien,
vol. 6, No. 1, p. 2, 1891.

Tyre spEcies: Giimbelina fructicosa Egger, 1900,
Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) of Bavarian Alps, Ger-
many.

Diacnosis: Test calcareous, conical in shape; rarely
planispiral in the early stage, later biserial, increasing
regularly and equally in thickness and breadth, finally
proliferated with a varying number of additional glob-
ular chambers, the last of which form a crown at the
top of the test and are provided with a series of arcuate,
basal apertures. No spiral arrangement of the adult
chambers is evident. Ornamentation consists of longi-
tudinally developed costae.

Discussion: This genus includes species that develop
a final chamber proliferation, giving rise to a conical

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

test, such as have been placed in the genus Pseudotertu-
laria Rzehak by various authors. As the emendation
of the genus Pseudotextularia, earlier in the present
paper, on the basis of its type species, P. elegans
(Rzehak), restricts that genus to species which are
biserial in the adult, with a lateral compression of the
test in its later stages, the forms with chamber prolifer-
ation require a new generic assignment, and the present
genus is proposed to fill that necessity.

As noted above, in the discussion of Pseudoteztularia,
specimens of this type were originally included with
specimens of a biserial genus in Rzehak’s description
(1891, p. 2) of Cuneolina elegans, and later both forms
were figured by Rzehak (1895) as Pseudotextularia
VaTUANs.

Because Rzehak (1895) included in his synonymy of
Pseudotestularia varians, the prior name Cuneolina
elegans, he obviously considered them identical, hence
the specific name varians must be suppressed as a junior
synonym of elegans, as was later noted by Ellis and
Messina (1940). It cannot be later resurrected for part
of the group included therein by Rzehak. The biserial
specimen of Rzehak (1895, pl. 7, fig. 1) was referred to
the restricted Cuneolina elegans (=Pseudotextularia) by
White (1929, p. 40), and is thus the lectotype of that
species.

Cushman (1938, p. 22) considered Guembelina fruc-
ticosa Egger (misspelled as fruticosa) to be identical with
Pseudoteatularia varians. Thus the first valid name
available for the proliferated form of Rzehak (commonly
but erroneously referred to previously as Pseudotextu-
laria varians), is fructicosa, and the correct name thus
becomes Racemiguembelina fructicosa (Egger).

The enlargement of the test in Racemiguembelina
produces a form which is circular or subcircular in
transverse section. This circular section, together with
the high degree of chamber proliferation in the mature
stage, are characters, peculiar to this genus, which
justify its separation from those forms with a completely
biserial chamber arrangement and lateral compression.

If we do not consider as generic distinctions both
these peculiarities—the conical enlargement and the
final proliferation of the chambers, and accept within
its range of variability the forms without proliferation
and also those more or less compressed or extended, the
majority of the globular-chambered Heterohelicidae
could be placed within a single genus. As there is no
biological proof to confirm or deny the “natural” value
of these characters in extinct forms, we must accept the
morphological features of the test as a basis for a usable
taxonomy, and the compressed biserial forms are here
considered to belong to the genus Pseudotextularia,
emended, whereas those with chamber proliferation
belong to the present genus Racemiguembelina.

Although many authors cite a spiral arrangement of
the chambers in this proliferated genus, none is visible
either in their published figures nor in the types ex-
amined, hence this is discounted.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

The generic name comes from racemus, Latin, bunch
or cluster of grapes+Guembelina, genus of Foramini-
fera; gender, feminine. The name refers to the later
chamber proliferation as in a bunch of grapes, following
an early development like Guembelina (=Heteroheliz).

Genus Tubitextularia Sulc, 1929

Puate 33, Figures 1-5

Tubitextularia Suuc, Vestnik Stat. Geol. Ceskosl. Rep., vol. 5’
p. 148, 1929.

Rectogtimbelina CusumMan, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
vol. 8, p. 6, 1932.

Tyre species: Pseudotextularia bohemica Sulc, 1929,
Upper Cretaceous Senonian, of Vinice, Czechoslovakia.

Diagnosis: Test with initial stage coiled or more
commonly biserial, consisting of two to eight chambers
followed by an uniserial stage of two to five chambers.
Chambers inflated. Wall calcareous, perforate,
smooth. Aperture simple, terminal.

Discussion: The genus Rectoguembelina Cushman
has identical characters and is a synonym of Tubitextu-
laria as was correctly stated by Glaessner (1936, p. 108).
The only differing character cited by Cushman is the
presence of a neck in Rectoguembelina. However, even
the figure given by Cushman (after Sulc) shows the
last chamber in Tubiteztularia, as in Rectoguembelina,
becoming elongate and rather constricted in a sort of
large neck, which is broken. Consequently only a
specific separation can be admitted. This genus can
be considered as an example of genetic reduction in the
number of chambers, which has a parallel in other
families. The modification of the apertural position
from basal to terminal is an obvious consequence of the
change in chamber arrangement. Other than position,
the character of the aperture is identical to that of
other Heterohelicidae, i. e., simple, without lip, tooth,
or internal laminae. That it is clearly derived from a
heterohelicoid form is shown by the occasional remnant
of the primitive basal aperture at the end of the young
biserial stage.

In addition to the type species, only Tubitextularia
cretacea (Cushman) and T. texana (Cushman) definitely
belong to this genus, as shown by the clearly hetero-
helicoid young stage. A much accelerated specimen
identified by Cushman as 7. terana, has only a coiled
first stage followed, without a biserial stage, by a uni-
serial stage of four chambers. Another specimen has
only three initia] chambers which are doubtfully bi-
serial with an oblique axis before the uniserial stage.
In this latter example, the heterohelicoid stage has
practically disappeared but there are all gradations
from the genus Heterohelix (H. globulosa) to Tubitextu-
laria, which can thus be interpreted as an aberrant
development of Heteroheliz, but not as a stratigraphical
evolution from it.

143
Family Plectofrondiculariidae Cushman, 1927

Subfamily Plectofrondiculariinae Cushman, 1927
Genus Bolivinella Cushman, 1927

Puate 33, Figures 12-13

Bolivinella Cusaman, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 2,
p. 79, 1927.

TypE specius: Textularia agglutinans d’Orbigny var.
folium Parker and Jones, 1865, from Recent shore sand,
near Melbourne, Australia.

Diaenosis: Test biserial, compressed, flabelliform.
Proloculum spherical in megalospheric specimens,
elongate or ovoidal, provided with one or two spines.
No coiling present. Chambers depressed, slightly
overlapping, narrow and much elongate laterally,
generally sigmoid. Sutures well developed, limbate,
more or less projecting. Wall calcareous, perforate.
There is no simple basal aperture, but a series of tiny
openings at the base of the final chamber, surrounded by
numerous papillae commonly aligned in series radiating
from the apertural area.

Discussion: The genus is placed by Galloway and
Cushman near Bolivinitella, in the Bolivinitinae. Sigal
maintains its placement in the Heterohelicidae (super
family Buliminidea). Pokorny puts Bolivinella in the
same superfamily, but in the subfamily Plectofrondicu-
lariinae.

Galloway (1933, p. 350) referred to the early stage as
‘“4n the microspheric forms doubtfully planispiral” and
Cushman (1927b, p. 79) described the aperture as
“transverse to the compression of the test, with nu-
merous papillae at the base of the opening’’.

Sigal (1952, p. 224) considers Bolivinella closely
related to Bolivinita and Bolivinitella, as all the three
genera “‘sautent le stade planispirale.”’ The present
research, made at high magnification on several hundred
specimens and sections now gives a more complete
documentation of the morphological characters. As
stated by Sigal, a coiled initial stage is definitely ex-
cluded, as none was shown in the specimens examined.
The proloculum is spherical, ovoidal, or reniform;
provided with one or two spines, and partially broken
spines give the appearance of the “rectangular”’
proloculum described by Cushman. Partial dissolution
by hydrochloric acid shows the two symmetrical
chambers following the proloculum.

New information is available concerning the aperture.
The original figures of the type species show a gen-
eralized simple aperture, as Cushman (1927b, p. 79)
described vaguely. The diagnosis of the numerous
species of Cushman give no description or figure of the
aperture. The aperture consists of a row of small
openings at the central part of the base of the final
chamber. Investigation of the apertural area has been

144 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

made either at a magnification of X 216 with the stereo-
binocular microscope or with transmitted light. Acid
treatment has also been used to make the apertural area
visible and free of ornamentation. The aperture con-
sists of 2 to 4 minute openings aligned at the base of the
final chamber and the adjoining upper surface is cov-
ered by numerous papillae or minute spines aligned in
radiating rows. These rows continue over the entire
apertural face, the ridges running between the pores
at the base of the face and touching the opposite cham-
ber surface. An open elongate aperture, as described
by Cushman and figured by Parker and Jones, is
visible only when the specimen has been damaged, and
is not present in any stage of the development of the
test, as proved by dissection of specimens. The tiny
apertural openings are visible only at high magnifica-
tion, but this apertural character and the radiating
papillae are both present in different species, demon-
strating that they do not represent an abnormality.
The amount of ornamentation and the number and
size of the pores are variable characters.

Concerning the ornamentation, Cushman considers
the lateral spines to be frequent, those of the prolocu-
lum rare. However, the spines of the proloculum
represent the rule, and the lateral spines, sometimes
modified into alar expansions, represent a specific
character, and may be absent altogether. As is under-
standable, no toothplate is present in this genus.

The completely different apertural character as here
described proves that no relationship exists between
Bolivinella and the groups of Bokivinita and Bolivinitella.

Genus Plectofrondicularia Liebus, 1903
PLATE 33, FieurEs 10,11

Plectofrondicularia Lirsus, Jahrb. Geol. Reichs., vol. 52, p.
76, 1903

TypPE sprcius: Plectofrondicularia concava Liebus,
1903, Tertiary (upper glass sand) Promberger Schich-
ten?, from Probe 69, southeast of Heimberg bei Meis-
bach, Oberbayern, Germany.

Diaenosis: Test elongate or frondicularian, biserial
in the early stage, later uniserial, much compressed;
sutures limbate. Wall calcareous, smooth or longi-
tudinally costate; aperture terminal with an elliptical
margin, internally depressed and radially dentate: the
teeth are frequently anastomosed at the interior of the
aperture, which becomes reduced to one or more small,
irregularly distributed, elliptical openings.

Discussion: No specimens of the type species were
available in the U. S. National Museum and the figures
given by Liebus show an incomplete specimen with an
early biserial stage. Nevertheless, Cushman describes
a planispiral early stage for the genus. An examination
of all specimens of other species of Pletofrondicularia in
the National Museum showed none with an early coiled
stage. In the elongate forms the biserial stage has a
Bolivina-like arrangement; in the more enlarged species
(P. garzaensis Cushman and Siegfus) the first two or
three chambers embrace the proloculum. This arrange-

ment, which must not be confused with a planispiral
development, is here illustrated. The third chamber
is then placed above the first two chambers, and is
followed by the symmetrical uniserial development of
the mature stage.

The aperture was previously described only as ter-
minal, elliptical. The elliptical lip is easily visible and
may be rather well developed. The aperture is concave;
the lip is internally thickened, with a variable number
of radiating teeth which reach the center of the aperture
and may become anastomosed there, so that the aper-
ture is reduced to one or more small openings. No
internal tube or toothplate are present. This apertural
character is identical in different species (P. floridana,
P. californica and P. garzaensis), so that it may be
considered a constant character of generic significance.

The character of the aperture and the first stage of
the test both show a relationship to the completely
biserial Bolivinella, and demonstrate that there is no
relationship between these genera and the Heteroheli-
cidae, s. Ss.

Glaessner (1945) placed Plectofrondicularia in his
superfamily Buliminidea, family Buliminidae, sub-
family Plectofrondiculariinae, and in this was followed
by Pokorny (1954). Sigal (1952) considered this genus
to belong to the Heterohelicidae, with Bolwinella.
The subfamily is here elevated to family status.

Genus Amphimorphina Neugeboren, 1850

Puate 33, Figures 7-9

Amphimorphina NeuGeBoren, Verh. Mitth. Siebenbirgischer
Ver. Naturw., vol. 1, p. 125, 1850.

Nodomorphina CusumMan, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
vol. 2, p. 80, 1927.

Type species: Amphimorphina hauerina Neuge-
boren, 1850, Miocene, from Lapugy, Hungary.

Diaenosis: Test elongate, more or less compressed
in the early stage, which is uniserial in the megalo-
spheric form and clearly biserial in the microspheric
form, including the six to ten early chambers. Cham-
bers frondicularian in the young stage, then may be
inflated; sutures limbate and centrally crossed by a
rather large lumen. Ornamentation longitudinal,
with more or less lamellate costae, situated near the
margins of the test. Aperture in the early stages con-
sists of grooves radiating from the center, and in the
later stages consists of 3 to 6 pores separated by the
converging ribs, which meet terminally.

Discussion: The biseriality of the early stage of the
type species of Amphimorphina was not noted by
Neugeboren, although Cushman (1927, p. 63) stated
that the microspheric form “may show traces of the
biserial stage.”’

There is nevertheless a clearly biserial early stage,
as shown in the figures. One specimen was observed
which has a single asymmetrical chamber following
the proloculum, that could be interpreted as a sub-
coiled stage, but in reality it is only an abnormal ac-
celerated increase giving rise immediately to a third

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 145

completely developed chamber which occupies the full
breadth of the test. Megalospheric specimens are also
figured for the same species.

Neither Neugeboren nor Cushman figured complete
specimens. The aperture in the early stages consists
of radiating grooves from the mid-point of the apertural
region. The ribs between these grooves converge in
later growth, meeting centrally and leaving open 3 to
6 pores between the strong radial costae, forming a
cribrate aperture. A similar aperture was described
and figured by Glaessner (1936, p. 117, pl. 2, figs. 9, 14).
No internal plates or tubes are visible.

The characters as now described suggest a close re-
lationship of Amphimorphina and Plectofrondicularia,
as stated by Glaessner (1936, p. 120; 1945, p. 138) and
Pokorny (1954). Because of their striking morpho-
logical similarity, the two genera are here placed in
the Plectofrondiculariinae.

The type species of Nodomorphina Cushman, 1927,
is Nodosaria compressiuscula Neugeboren, 1852. No
specimens of this species were available in the U. S.
National Museum. However, the generic diagnosis
given by Cushman strongly suggests that this genus is
synonymous with Amphimorphina Neugeboren. The
only difference cited by Cushman is the complete
uniseriality of the test (the quadrangular section of
the test in the early stage is a common character in
Amphimorphina also). But most specimens of Amphi-
morphina are megalospheric, and also show an uniserial
arrangement of the chambers. The similarity of all
the other characters suggests much doubt as to the
separate validity of this generic name, and its sup-
pression is recommended.

Family Buliminidae Jones, 1876
Subfamily Bolivinitinae Cushman, 1927
Genus Bolivinoides Cushman, 1927
PuiatE 33, F cures 14-16

Bolivinoides CusumMan, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
vol. 2, p. 89, 1927.
Type species: Bolivina draco Marsson, 1878, Cre-
taceous Weisse Schreibkreide, from the Isle of Riigen,
Germany.

Diaenosis: Test biserial from the early stage,
cuneiform, gradually increasing in breadth, with final
chamber umbonate. Initial chambers near the pro-
loculum more or less arched, and sometimes enveloping.
Sutures oblique, slightly curved, at a 45-degree angle
with the horizontal, thickened, flat. Wall calcareous,
minutely perforate, internally tuberculate, and extern-
ally costate and tuberculate, giving a generally strong
longitudinal ornamentation. Aperture narrow, gen-
erally basal, symmetrical, frequently provided extern-
ally with a lamellar lip and internally with a columellar
toothplate, disposed axially between the two series of
chambers and extending from the proloculum.

Discussion: This Cretaceous and Paleocene genus
was incompletely described, and was originally placed
in the Heterohelicidae. This systematic position was
corrected by Glaessner (1945) who placed the genus
in the superfamily Buliminidea, family Buliminidae,
subfamily Bolivininae, considering Bolivinoides only a
subgenus of Bolivina. The same position was accepted
by Sigal.

In the last few years Hiltermann and Koch (1950),
Reiss (1954) and Edgell (1954) published statistical
researches on the stratigraphical variability of this
genus, with particular attention to the variability in
shape and ornamentation. Hofker (1952) noted the
existence of a “‘toothplate” and attempted a reconstruc-
tion of the internal structure of the test.

The present work partially confirms Hofker’s results,
and gives some new structural information. The
biseriality of the early stage is confirmed. Hiltermann
and Koch (1950, p. 598) suppose that “der scheinbar
planispirale Aufbau der Embryonal-kammern findet
sich nach unseren Material nur bei einen kleinen Teil
der Individuen und ist auch bei megalospherischen
Formen zu beobachten.” The simulated appearance
of a coiled initial stage can be explained, because in
the most extended forms of this genus, as for instance,
Bolivinoides draco draco (Marsson), the first two cham-
bers formed after the proloculum are almost completely
enveloping, in both the micro- and megalospheric
forms. Actually, the biseriality is a constant character.

The aperture was correctly described by Hofker. In
the specimens observed, the aperture is proportionally
narrower and more reduced than was figured by Hilter-
mann and Koch. Furthermore the margin of the
aperture is reduced at the surface to a thin lip, which
can become lamellar in the better preserved specimens.
This lamellar lip is not continuous, but is generally
situated on the side opposite to that of the toothplate.
The aperture is surrounded by a narrow depressed area.

The toothplate is externally visible in many speci-
mens. Internally it is modified to form a tubular
columella, which is visible in the figured sectioned
specimen (fig. 14), and also in others not here figured
but prepared with acid by the writer (Cushman Coll.
16267, 12108).

Hiltermann and Koch (1950, p. 597) described the
internal structure as follows: “jede Kammer iiberdeckt
die darunter liegende mit ihrer aussen etwas herabge-
zogenen Kammerbasis; die Einzelkammern besitzen eine
Anzahl zu ihrer Basis rechtwinklig angeordnete Kam-
mervertsitze, die auf die darunter liezende Kammer
tibergreifen; diese bilden die Skulptur und treten als
Knoten oder Rippen auf... . ; die Suturen werden
dadurch entsprechend verdeckt und sind bei aus-
gesprochenen Rippenskulptur sogar unsichtbar. .
Kammerraum langlich halbmondformig; Anfangsteil
verjtingt, manchmal etwas verdreht.”’

Hofker (1952, p. 379, figs. 3 and 4) gives an interpre-
tation which needs correction. His figure 3b indicates
thin sutures crossed by perpendicular processes. In
figure 3c (‘in optischen Schnitt”) septal marginal folds

146 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

are drawn (‘“Uberlappungen’’), with correspondent
costae (“‘dariiber ungelagerten Kalkrippen’’). His fig-
ure 4b shows the same character.

Some new internal characters were recognized in the
present study. Specimens were examined in trans-
mitted light at 216 magnification, and in order to
obtain more complete evidence of the septal surfaces,
some specimens were progressively acid-treated until
final dissolution of the septa allowed an examination of
the internal surface of the wall. In longitudinal section
the chambers are semilunar or strongly arched, depend-
ing on their position as related to the proloculum and
to the lateral extension of the test. The septa are very
thick; they have often the same thickness as the
chamber cavities themselves in the young stage; in the
adult stage they gradually become thinner. The
septal surface is flat, not undulated. The marginal
undulation is simulated by the septa encountering an
internally tuberculate wall (fig. 14). The large tuber-
cules are present also in the central area and are aligned
with the external sculpture.

In conclusion, the present investigation confirms the
validity of the genus Bolivinoides Cushman. It should
not be placed near Bolivina, because of its very dis-
tinctive characters, the structure of the wall, sculpture,
test shape and proportion, and it comprises an homo-
geneous group of species with a distinctive strati-
graphical development.

Hiltermann and Koch (1950, p. 626) consider
Bolivina watersi Cushman as an extreme form of
Boliwinoides. However, B. watersi, which has a neck
and terminal aperture, has recently been made the
basis for a distinct genus, Trachelinella Montanaro
Gallitelli.

Genus Bolivinita Cushman, 1927

Puate 33, Figures 17-20

Bolivinita Cusaman, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 2,
p. 90, 1927.

Typx specizs: Teztilaria quadrilatera Schwager, 1866,
lower Tertiary, from Kar Nikobar, “British India.”

Draenosts: Test biserial, elongate, gradually en-
larging in size, rectangular in transverse section and more
or less compressed, with four strongly developed and
sometimes lamellar axial costae at the angles; broader
sides flat or moderately concave. Chambers elongate,
irregularly pyriform or reniform, more inflated laterally.
Earliest chamber with one basal spine in the micro-
spheric and two or more spines in the megalospheric
forms. Sutures straight and thin at the narrow sides,
occasionally strongly limbate and oblique in the broader
faces, where they form an angle of about 90 degrees,
strongly arched and fused one to another at the lateral
end of the broader faces, forming the lamellar longi-
tudinal costae. Wall thin, calcareous, completely
covered with minute pores and sporadic larger ones;
frequently spinose and sometimes vertically costate in
the early stage. Aperture basal, subcircular, elliptical,
with major axis perpendicular to the suture and pro-

vided with a fairly well developed lip which may be
present also in the sutural area. Apertural tooth
moderately or not projecting, somewhat arched at the
upper surface, enlarged internally in an oblique spout
(toothplate), which is developed along either one or
another of the sides of the chamber, and may be spatu-
late at the free lower end.

Discussion: A plesiotype incorrectly figured by
Cushman is here refigured. ‘The other specimens are
similar to those studied and illustrated by Hofker
(1951b, p. 104) for comparison in following his mor-
phological and structural studies. They probably
represent a different species but the generic characters
are constant. The results obtained by Hofker con-
cerning the toothplate were substantiated, but other
new structural details were also observed. ‘The plate
is variable in size, concavity, position in the apertural
cavity, and development of the final spatula. One
correction is necessary. Text-fig. 61d of MHofker
(1951b, p. 105) represents the aperture limited in the
ventrodorsal direction by a strongly limbate, arched
septum. Not one of the approximately one hundred
specimens of Bolivinita quadrilatera investigated from
a single sample present such a character. In fact, the
anterodorsal portion of the septum between the. pen-
ultimate and the final chamber is not visible externally
because it is situated internally to the aperture; the
arch of the aperture ends in contact with a fold of the
upper terminal surface of the penultimate chamber.

The conclusion of Hofker (1951b, p. 102) as to the
systematic invalidation of this genus and its placement
within the genus Bolivina seems hardly acceptable, at
least until more is known about the importance of
the toothplate, and until a correlation between the
variability of this structure and that of other morpho-
logical characters is established. Investigations at
high magnification, by thin sections and dissections,
even in very minute specimens now show that internal
processes are more common than was previously sus-
pected, and we need much more evidence before estab-
lishing a new systematics on this basis alone. Further-
more, a systematics based only on toothplates and pores
cannot consider the vast number of fossil Foraminifera
where these characters are lacking or concealed by the
process of fossilization, or obscure due to their minute
size. Without further evidence, such a revision would
result in confusion rather than order.

The toothplate represents only a single character,
just as does the position and form of the aperture, the
chamber arrangement, or the chamber shape. In a
group of specimens from a single sample, the position,
development, and shape of the toothplate may be
quite variable.

Hofker (1951b, p. 107) stated “There is no reason
why we should create a new genus only distinguished
from the central genus by an ornamentation of the
wall.’”’ Nevertheless, the presence of four vertical
carinae is more than a question of ornamentation; it is
the consequence of a completely different chamber
shape. The chambers in Bolivina are generally reniform

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 147

or more or less depressed and are more inflated toward
the axis of the test. In Bolivinita the chambers are
pyriform in section, but have the more inflated portion
at the external side of the test. This gives rise to flat
or even concave broader faces of the test, and the
strongly oblique chambers allow the lateral fusion of the
limbate frontal sutures to form four vertical costae or
lamellae. This character is present in different genera
(Bolivinitella, Eouvigerina plummerae) which are easily
distinguishable by such other morphological elements
as the aperture and the chamber arrangement.

For these reasons, an invalidation of the name Boli-
vinita seems at least premature, and it is here recognized
as a valid genus.

Genus Tappanina Montanaro Gallitelli, 1955

Puats 33, Ficure 21

Tappanina MOoNTANARO GALLITELLI, Mem. Accad. Sci. Lett.
Arti Modena, ser. 5, vol. 13, p. 18, 1955.

Typr sprcies: Bolivinita selmensis Cushman, 1933,
Upper Cretaceous Selma chalk, from New Corinth high-
way, 13.5 miles South of Selmer, McNairy County,
Tennessee.

Draenosis: Test biserial, rectangular or rhomboidal
or deformed in transverse section. Chambers depressed,
cuneiform, apparently concave on the broad sides, more
or less inflated laterally, with a well developed and some-
times fringed or lamellar carina which is horizontal or
arched on the lateral margin then deflected and parallel-
ing the long axis of the chambers. Sutures thin, de-
pressed, straight or arched. Wall calcareous, finely
perforate. Surface appears rough when carinae are
strongly developed. Aperture narrow, elongate, at the
center of the base of the last chamber.

Discussion: The cuneiform shape of the adult cham-
bers, with laterally subhorizontal or arched carinae, the
deflection of the carinae on the broader faces, giving a
rectangular transverse section to the test, and the inde-
pendence of the carinae from the sutures are constant
characters of this genus. Variable characters are the
lateral convexity of the chambers, the development of
the carinae and the more or less angular deflection at
the beginning of the broader faces, and the deformation
of the test in section from rectangular to rhomboidal or
elliptical.

The group of forms allied to the type species have
fundamentally different characters than do either Boli-
vinita Cushman or Bolivinitella Marie. Distinctive ele-
ments peculiar to the genus Tappanina are the presence
of strong horizontal carinae, the narrow and deep su-
tures, the degeneration of the four axial lamellar sutural
costae, characteristic of Bolivinita and Bolivinitella, into
discontinuous thickenings and the character of the
aperture.

Neither Cushman nor the later authors who examined
specimens of this widespread species (Tappanina sel-
mensis has also been found in the Upper Cretaceous and
Paleocene of Europe) recognized the actual distinction

between the lateral thin sutures and the strongly de-
veloped horizontal arched carinae, which are relatively
close to the preceding suture, and which give the tecti-
form appearance to the test.

The description of Bolivinita selmensis given by
Cushman (1946, p. 114) is as follows: ‘Test minute,
gently tapering from the subacute initial end, broad
faces distinctly concave, the narrow sides strongly
convex; chambers distinct, increasing gradually in size
as added; sutures distinct, somewhat limbate; wall
smooth, very finely perforate, translucent, especially
in the middle of the chambers on the flattened faces;
aperture narrow, at the inner margin of the last-formed
chamber.”

An analogous description was given for the very
similar Bolivinita costifera Cushman (1946, p. 115):
“Test small, about twice as long as broad, gradually
tapering from the subacute initial end to the greatest
breadth slightly above the middle, thence tapering
slightly to the apertural end, periphery broadly round-
ed, strongly serrate in front view, in transverse section
somewhat rhomboid, broader faces flattened or con-
cave; chambers very distinct, increasing gradually in
size as added, earlier chambers flattened and com-
pressed, later chambers concave on the broader faces,
and convex on the periphery, greatly increasing in
thickness; sutures distinct, slightly curved in the early
stages, more strongly so in the adult, slightly limbate;
wall smooth and polished, except for the basal angle of
the chamber in the adult, which has a sharp angle that
may develop into a raised costa-like ridge; aperture
narrow, elongate, at the base of the inner margin of the
apertural face.”

The holotype of Tappanina selmensis is here refigured.
The holotype of Houvigerina excavata Cushman con-
sists of a specimen of 7’. selmensis with the last chamber
broken and thus simulating a neck. This confirms the
doubt of Brotzen (1948) about the validity of the
species excavata. Only a “paratype” of the species
selmensis, figured by Cushman and refigured by
Brotzen (1948, text fig. 16, specimen on the left) is
perhaps a true Bolivinita, characterized by the slender
test and the typical sutures and sculpture, but the
absence of other specimens compels a further investi-
gation as to the existence of a toothplate.

Brotzen proposed a list of synonyms for selmensis:
Bolivinita crawfordensis Jennings, B. exigua Glaessner,
B. costerifera (read costifera) Cushman. However, after
examining many paratypes and hypotypes from the
Kemp Clay, the writer believes Tappanina costifera to
be a valid form, although closely related to the type
species. B. exigua Glaessner from the Upper Cre-
taceous of the Caucasus appears from the figures and
descriptions to be a synonym of T. selmensis. B.
craufordenis Jennings, from the lower Eocene of New
Jersey, cannot be satisfactorily compared with 7.
selmensis because of the insufficient description and
figure of the former.

In addition to the holotype of Tappanina selmensis
(Cushman), the writer (Montanaro Gallitelli, 1956,

148

pl. 7, figs. 3-7) recently refigured the conspecific
“holotype”? of Houvigerina excavata Cushman, and the
holotype and two hypotypes of the congeneric 7.
costifera (Cushman), hence these are not here refigured.

Subfamily Eouvigerininae Cushman, 1927
Genus Eouvigerina Cushman, 1926
Puate 34, Fiagures 1-7

Eouvigerina Cusuman, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol.
2, p. 4, 1926.

Type sprecizs: Houvigerina americana Cushman,
1926, Upper Cretaceous Taylor marl, from pit of
Dallas Brick Company, % mile west of Mesquite,
Dallas County, Texas.

Draenosis: Test small, biserial throughout, com-
monly twisted and thus may simulate an appearance
of triseriality. ‘The chambers immediately following
the proloculum are reniform and arranged longi-
tudinally on opposite sides of the proloculum, giving a
round outline and a false coiled appearance to the
neanic stage. In the adult the commonly loosely
arranged chambers are more inflated, assuming a
pyriform or, if carinate, subtriangular shape. When
the chambers are overlapping and carinate, the test
becomes subrectangular in cross section. The final
chamber is nearly central in position. Wall calcareous,
surface finely perforate and frequently more or less
spinose. Strong carinae may be present in the mature
stage, following the length and the curvature of the
chambers and consequently becoming horizontal, arched
and finally subvertical or vertical.

Aperture terminal, with a more or less well developed
neck and lip. One or two thin transverse ridges may
appear on the surface of the neck. Internally the
aperture has a thin columellar process (fig. 2) which is
also visible in the young stage.

Discussion: Loeblich (1951, p. 109), after restudying
the types, substantiated the description of Glaessner
(1945, p. 138), correcting the original generic diagnosis
of Cushman by recognizing the absence of a coiled
early stage, and the complete biseriality of this genus,
tending to a uniserial development.

The use of high magnification and numerous partially
acid-treated specimens in the present study revealed
the presence of an internal columellar process, extending
from the very young chambers of the test up to the
aperture. Because of the small size of the test, the
tubular nature of this process is visible only in the last
chamber and the shape of this very thin “toothplate”’
and the position of its departure from the aperture
could not be determined.

Another investigation of some interest concerned the
relationship of the external shape in the different
species of Houvigerina to the (1) shape and position of
each chamber, and (2) presence, position and develop-
ment of the carinae, which are more or less well devel-
oped in nearly all the species.

There is a great variability in the form of the test,

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

and a separation into different species often cannot
easily be made. | If the Paleocene species Houvigerina
excavata Cushman, which is conspecific with Tappanina
selmensis (Cushman), is excluded, it can be said of
Houvgerina that the test is frequently twisted, a fact
that lead Cushman and others to believe it triserial;
and the change in shape in the mature stage is gradual,
and is related to the development and the overlap of
the pyriform chambers, and the strength of the carinae.
An example without carinae is #. fragilis (Terquem),
which has uvigeriniform later: chambers. When the
carinae are strongly developed, the pyriform chambers
become subtriangular in top view, which may lead to
different test shapes, according to the more or less
close arrangement of the chambers. Chambers closely
arranged and carinate, but not large or much arched,
have a Tappanina-like appearance, subrectangular in
cross section and depressed on the broader faces, as in
E. serrata (Chapman) and £. americana Cushman
(part). When the chambers are carinate, loosely
arranged, twisted (as in USNM P4887), and tend to
become almost uniserial, a false triserial appearance is
given, when viewed from above, as in typical H. ameri-
cana Cushman.

Houvigerina plummerae is a very distinctive form.
As the present research is an analytical restudy of the
genera as based on their type species, a discussion of
each species is out of place. Nevertheless as some
“transitional”’ specimens are in the U. S. National
Museum, it is perhaps of some interest for further
discussion to show such specimens, and two aberrant
specimens of E. americana for comparison. If this
species belongs to another genus—as there is evidence
to believe—it must in any case be related to Howmgerina.
The chambers are elongate and strongly arched, losing
the lateral portion of the carinae (as is also true in
aberrant E. americana, figs 3, 5), become closely ap-
pressed and overlapping, with fusion of the arched
carinae on the sides of the broader faces from the early
stage, giving four sharp vertical Boliwinita-like lamellae,
although the species is clearly distinguishable from
Bolivinita by the different aperture. An appearance of
similarity seems to exist between H. plummerae and
Bolivinitella. Nevertheless the latter genus has a
quite different aperture and lacks an apertural or
columellar proccess.

The results of the studies of this genus by Glaessner
(1945), Loeblich (1951) and the present study all show
clearly that neither the morphological nor structural
characters of Houvigerina show any relationship to the
true Heterohelicidae.

Genus Siphogenerinoides Cushman, 1927

Prats 34, Fiaurss 8-10
Siphogenerinoides CusHMAN, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
vol. 3, p. 63, 1927.
Types sprcies: Siphogenerina plummert Cushman,
1927, Upper Cretaceous, Maestrichtian, from bank of
Walker Creek, 6 miles N.15° E. of Cameron, about 1

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 149

mile upstream from intersection of Walker Creek and
Cameron-Clarkson road, Milam County, Texas.

Driaenosis: Test elongate, straight, constantly biser-
ial in the early stage in both microspheric and mega-
lospheric forms. Chambers rather inflated. Sutures
slightly depressed, subhorizontal. Wall calcareous, per-
forate, surface crossed by numerous continuous costae,
which may become lamellar and thickened near the
sutures. Aperture terminal, elliptical or reniform, fre-
quently interrupted by fusion with the columellar
spout, which is arched in cross section and may rarely
give the appearance of two teeth. Columellar process
well developed, spoutlike in shape, developed from the
early stage, each successive simple intercameral spout
with its concave side facing in the opposite direction to
that of the spout immediately preceding, and each
apertural lip, except that of the final chamber, con-
nects to the extremities of two sections of spout, the
terminal end of the inferior one and the base of that in
the succeeding chamber situated diametrally opposite
in the circular opening and both having their convex
surface oriented toward the opening.

Discussion: A study of numerous topotypes was
made. Acid-treated specimens show clearly the char-
acters of the “siphon” described by Plummer (1931)
and Stone (1946) and of the early stage. The early
stage is always biserial, even in megalospheric forms.
No specimen showed a triserial beginning. The biser-
ial stage is very short in the megalospheric forms (2 to
6 chambers), and more fully developed in microspheric
ones (as many as 10 chambers).

A longitudinal acid-section shows (fig. 10) the in-
ternal alignment of the columellar process. The sec-
tion was purposely not completely axial, and the pre-
vious interpretations of the internal structure are cor-
rected as follows: The internal process is not a ‘‘tube’”’
as described by both Plummer and Stone, who gave
extremely small figures; it is an hemicylindrical sub-
vertical process (spout), joining from one opening to
another of two adjacent chambers. The spout always
lies with the convexity oriented toward the apertural
Opening and is not continuous; there are single sections
for each chamber, and each opening, except that of
the last chamber, receives on one side the terminal
portion of one section of spout and on the other side
the beginning of the superjacent one. This alignment
is very regular and is shown in the figures.

The position and the direction of the convexity of
the spout explains the secondary small opening ob-
served by Plummer. The aperture of the last chambers
receives only the end of one section of spout. In the
region of the termination of the spout the apertural lip
may be reduced or absent, and the section of the end
of the spout (which has the convexity facing the aper-
ture) may be secant and simulate a second small open-
ing. According to the different position of adherence
of the spout to the apertural lip, different shapes of
apertural outline (subcircular, reniform, irregular) may
arise.

A relationship of Siphogenerinoides with triserial
genera must be excluded. The presence and the
nature of the columellar process, the biseriality of the
early stage, and the apertural features are the char-
acters important for its systematic placement. Accord-
ing to the present morphological revision, a close rela-
tion with Siphogenerina now appears probable. Only the
character of the columellar process seems still to distin-
guish Siphogenerinoides from Siphogenerina. Sigal (1952,
p. 219, fig. 80, p. 220, pl. 16, figs. 17a,b) states that
Siphogenerinoides (which he includes in the Uvigeri-
ninae, with triserial initial stage) has the columellar
process ‘‘external” to the aperture, instead of “‘internal’’
as in Siphogenerina. A further investigation as to the
variability of the joining position of the columellar
process to the aperture in both Siphogenerina and
Siphogenerinoides is recommended.

Genus Zeauvigerina Finlay, 1939
Puate 34, Fiaures 11, 12

Zeauvigerina Finuay, Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. New Zealand,
vol. 68, p. 541, 1939.

Typr spEcies: Zeauvigerina zelandica Finlay, 1939,
middle-upper Eocene, Danneverke area, New Zealand.

Draenosis: Test small, subcircular to elliptical in
cross section. Chambers biserially arranged, minute
and depressed in the early stage, rather inflated in the
mature stage; sutures horizontal to oblique, with an
angle of up to 15 degrees from the horizontal. Final
chamber frequently less inflated than the penultimate,
flask-shaped, tending to become central and provided
with a neck, which is commonly almost as large as the
last chamber. Apertural margin proportionally thick,
circular or elliptical, internally provided with fine
tuberculate ridges, commonly reducing the aperture
to an elliptical opening. Wall calcareous, surface
fairly rough, rarely finely spinulate.

Discussion: Only three paratypes were available in
the U. S. National Museum collection, consequently
an analysis of the internal structure of the test was
practically impossible. Finlay based the separation of
this genus from Houvigerina Cushman on the complete
biseriality of the new genus, compared to the ‘‘coiled”
first stage and the “‘triserial’’ arrangement of the mature
stage in Howvigerina. The critical review made by
Loeblich (1951) recognized that neither coiled early
stage nor triseriality are present in Houvigerina. Con-
sequently, Loeblich considered Zeauvigerina a synonym.

The present investigation revealed the presence of a
toothplate in Houvigerina. The same internal char-
acter may be present in Zeawvigerina also, but it is still
unrecognized; the three paratypes examined are in-
ternally filled with sand, and an investigation by
transmitted light was inconclusive.

If all external characters were identical to those of
Eouvigerina, the generic name of Finlay doubtless should
be invalidated, and the problem of the presence of the
toothplate set aside for the present, as we do not yet
know how widespread is this single character in the

150 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

smaller Foraminifera, nor what is its systematic im-
portance. But in Zeauvigerina (at least im the para-
types studied) the chambers are strongly compressed,
with almost horizontal sutures, instead of having the
rather loosely appressed chambers of Houmgerina; the
last chamber is smaller in size than the penultimate in
Zeauvigerina, the neck is considerably larger and the
apertural cavity more reduced than in Houwigerina.
Consequently, these features have led the writer to
maintain, although with many doubts, the name
Zeauvigerina, until a complete structural, morpholog-
ical, and, if possible, statistical investigation of abun-
dant material of both “genera” is made, showing
transitional forms between the two populations.

Genus Trachelinella Montanaro Gallitelli, 1956
Prats 34, Ficure 13

Trachelinella MonTANARO GALLITELLI, Contr. Cushman Found.
Foram. Res., vol. 7, p. 38, pl. 7, figs. 8-10, 1956.

Trakelina Montanaro GautireLii, Mem. Accad. Sci. Lett.
Arti Modena, ser. 5, vol. 13, p. 5 (momen nudum), 1955.
Typr species: Bolivina watersi Cushman, 1927, Upper
Cretaceous Navarro (Maestrichtian), Core A-D-1 (Sun
Oil Co.), from east of Richlands, Navarro County,

Texas.

Diaenosis: Test elongate, flaring gradually, com-
monly twisted as much as 90 degrees, thickest in
median line; periphery subacute, generally carinate,
or more rarely serrate. First chamber with a basal
spine and rarely two opposing median costae; adult
chambers strongly arched. Sutures narrow, arched,
deep. Wall calcareous, finely perforate, smooth.
Sculpture well developed, with prominent, rough,
somewhat spinose carinae, aligned along the major
extension and inflation of the chambers and con-
sequently strongly arched, commonly fused at the
lateral margins, which become carinate or serrate.
Aperture terminal, round or slightly elliptical, with a
short neck and a lip. No apertural internal teeth
visible, at a magnification of more than 200 diameters.

Discussion: This genus is very abundant in the
Upper Navarro Kemp clay. The holotype of “‘Bolivina’’
watersi Cushman is a specimen with a broken apertural
neck, giving an erroneous Bolivina-like appearance. A
short apertural neck is visible at high magnification on
one of the two broad faces of this specimen.

This genus differs from Bolivina in the presence of a
well developed neck which may relate it to the
Kouvigerininae. The oblique axis, the short neck of
the last chamber, and the biserial arrangement of the
chambers also suggest a relationship with Bolwinitella,
although the latter genus has a peculiar rectangular
section, concave broader faces, and four vertical
lamellar costae, features not characteristic of Trache-
linella.

Additional specimens of the type species were recently
figured by the writer, hence are not here refigured.

Genus Bolivinitella Marie, 1941
Puate 34, Figures 14-17

Bolivinitella Manin, 1941, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., new ser.,
vol. 12, p. 189.

TypE species: Boliwinita eleyi Cushman, 1927, Upper
Cretaceous Brownstown marl, 8.1 miles west of Arka-
delphia, Clark County, Arkansas.

Disenosts: Test elongate, biserial throughout,
rectangular in section and compressed. Broader sides
flat or concave, chambers reniform, strongly over-
lapping and arched in the mature stage, tending to
become uniserial. Last chamber strongly compressed
at the upper portion. Sutures limbate, strongly
arched on the broad sides and fused at the four angles
to form four longitudinal carmae. Aperture terminal,
linear or elliptical, may have a lip, the apertural cavity
finely tuberculate.

Discussion: Hofker’s peculiar conclusions con-
cerning this genus are not supported by sufficient
observation. He invalidated the present generic name
and placed Bolivinitella with Siphogaudryina, which
has, however, an arenaceous test and a triserial early
stage. As the test of Bolivinitella is calcareous and
soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, a diagnosis of the
so-called secondary material (granules) by optical and
X-ray methods is required. When partially acid-
treated the test shows a transparent shell material at
high magnification.

Dissections by acid and observations of the genera-
tion B of Hofker did not show any triserial early ar-
rangement of the chambers in any of the numerous
specimens in the National Museum collections. How-
ever, a strongly tuberculate or more rarely costate
ornamentation at the beginning of the test is very
frequent.

The absence of a toothplate is substantiated, not
unexpectedly, because of the extremely thin antero-
dorsal section of the final portion of the last chamber.
If a toothplate is present in the young stage (because
of the smallness of the specimens, this could not be
demonstrated at X 216 magnification or by acid-
treatment) it must be obviously absent in the apertural
extension of the chamber. The aperture is not exactly
as described by Hofker, but is more frequently linear
and occasionally elliptical, and provided with a lip.
In the best preserved specimens the lip shows internally
a relatively well developed granulation which may
obliterate the aperture and perhaps even cause it to
become cribrate.

For these reasons the consideration of Bolwwinitella as
a synonym of Siphogaudryina is discounted, and the
genus is here held to be valid. The position and feature
of the aperture, and the shape of the chamber are
constant and distinctive generic characters, despite the
absence of the toothplate.

STUDIES IN

-? Family Buliminidae Jones, 1876
Genus Tosaia Takayanagi, 1953
Prats 34, Ficure 18

Tosaia TAKAYANAGI, Inst. Geol. Paleontol. Sendai, Short Paper
No. 5, p. 30, 1953.

Typp sprcius: Tosaia hanzawai Takayanagi, 1953,
Pliocene Nobori formation, from cliff 100 miles east of
Nobori, Hane-muri, Aki-gun, Kochi Prefecture, Japan.

Diaenosis: Test rapidly enlarging, triserial or oc-
casionally biserial in last three chambers. Early stage
obscure, not improbably trochoid. Early chambers
depressed, rather inflated, last three or four chambers
more inflated, with sutures consequently more de-
pressed. Wall calcareous, smooth, finely perforate.
Aperture basal, relatively small, provided with a fairly
rough lip.

Discussion: Only three specimens were available for
the present investigation: one relatively large paratype
here figured, and two smaller, completely triserial
specimens. Consequently very little can be added to
the original diagnosis and only a statistical investigation
as to the variability of this genus can decide if the final
biserial arrangement is an aberration or not.

Takayanagi compares this genus to Guembelitria, of
which the triserial arrangement and the basal aperture
are suggestive; that the triseriality is only a matter of
convergence is shown by other important characters,
namely: the reduction to a biserial arrangement in the
final stage; the vertical compression of the young
chambers, resulting in subhorizontal sutures; the
extension of the wall in a liplike plate at the aperture
(without the compact structure of the usual lip); and,
finally, the much larger test than in Guembelitria, which
is characterized by its very small size. A very uncer-
tain character, at present, is the arrangement of the
early chambers. The specimens available were too
scarce, so that a partial dissolution by acid-treatment
was impossible. Immersion in anise oil seems to reveal
a trochoid early portion, although this appearance may
be due to reflections, and further investigation of
numerous and well preserved specimens must be
awaited.

Family Uvigerinidae Galloway and Wissler, 1927

Subfamily Uvigerininae Galloway and Wissler,
1927

Genus Pseudouvigerina Cushman, 1927
Puate 34, Figures 19-22

Pseudouvigerina CusHMan, Contr. Cushman Lab, Foram. Res.,
vol. 2, p. 81, 1927.

Type spscies: Uvigerina cristata Marsson, 1878,
Cretaceous of Riigen Island (Pomerania). Figured
hypotype from the Upper Cretaceous, Gerhardtsreuter
Schichten (Maestrichtian), Starzmiihl near Teisendorf,
Upper Bavaria, Germany.

FORAMINIFERA 151

Diacnosis: Test small, triserial throughout, triangu-
lar in cross section. Chambers normally inflated, ex-
ternally triangular in section because of the presence of
three strong double vertical costae disposed along. the
line of major inflation of the chambers. Sutures
limbate, distinct, slightly depressed ; between the sutures
the wall is covered by numerous tubercles, which may
become well developed and proportionally large.
Aperture circular or subelliptical, with a short neck.
Internally, a narrow columellar plate is developed from
the early stage, and connected to the aperture (where no
tooth is visible).

Discussion: Cushman described an early — biserial
stage for Pseudouvigerina. An investigation of hypo-
types from the Upper Cretaceous of Bavaria showed
the eacly stage to be triserial in both generations.

Furthermore, a partial dissolution by hydrochloric
acid revealed the presence of an internal plate, some-
what oblique and free at its lower end. The plate has
no tooth at the apertural end, but terminates at the
base of the neck.

The genus Pseudouvigerina possesses no characters for
separation from the Uvigerininae. A generic identity
of Angulogerina with Pseudouvigerina is at present only
suspected. Sigal (1952, p. 219) follows Galloway in
stating that Angulogerina differs from Pseudowvigerina
in tending to become uniserial. No comparison in this
respect between species of both genera has been made
here to confirm this difference. If a tendency to be-
come uniserial should be demonstrated also in Pseu-
douvigerina, Angulogerina would become a junior
synonym of Pseudouvigerina.

Class Crustacea
Order Isopoda ?
Genus Nodoplanulis Hussey, 1943

Puate 34, Ficure 23
Nodoplanulis Hussey, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 17, p. 166, 1943.

Typ species: Nodoplanulis elongata Hussey, 1943,
Eocene, Cane River formation, La Salle Parish, Lou-
isiana.

Diaenosis: Test elongate, transparent, depressed,
with lateral margins parallel. Basal portion flat, de-
pressed, provided with a series of four or five complanate
spines. The test consists of six vertically arranged
sections; on the base of each a crown of irregularly
developed, rarely spinate tubercles is present. Each
section appears separated from the others at the surface
by a variable and irregularly developed band. The
upper end is provided with a “neck” and terminates in
an elongate aperture with lip.

Discussion: Only the holotype was available for
study; consequently no sections to show the internal
structure were made. Nevertheless the good preserva-
tion of the fossil allows some discussion of the diagnosis
given by Hussey.

152 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

The specimen does not show any spiral early stage.
Immersed in anise oil it shows only a spinulate, compact
basal region, followed by a single hollow section of the
test. No traces of sutures appear in transmitted light,
nor is there any suggestion of minute chambers, spiral
or otherwise. The arrangement is then, in any case,
uniserial. The “sutures” are not clear; they are neither
limbate nor linear, but appear like a band of opaque
material, variable in size in the different positions but
not regularly enlarging from the base to the top. The
absence of other specimens prevented the preparation
of thin sections to determine if septa are present in-

concealed. At the top, a flat neck is provided with a
lip and an elliptical narrow opening.

Because of the obscure morphology of the ‘‘sutures’’
and of the other general characters of the specimen
(base with comblike arrangement of spines, character
of the tubercles at the base of each segment) some
doubt arose as to the actual foraminiferal nature of this
fossil. Dr. Fenner A. Chace, Division of Marine In-
vertebrates, U. S. National Museum, kindly agreed to
examine this specimen and concluded that there were
no characters preventing an interpretation of this fossil
as the base of the flagellum (first or second antenna)
of a Crustacean, probably an Isopod.

References

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Euuis, B. F., and Mussina, A. R.

Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York.

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1933. A manual of Foraminifera, pp. 1-483, pls. 1-42.

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GuarssneEr, M. F.
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Moscow Univ. Lab. Paleontol., vol. 1, pp. 116-134, pls. 1-2, text-figs. 1-3.
1937. Die Entfaltung der Foraminiferenfamilie Buliminidae. Probl. Paleontol., Moscow Univ.
Lab. Paleontol., vols. 2-3, pp. 411-422, text-figs. 1-2.
1945. Principles of micropaleontology, pp. 1-296, pls. 1-14.
GrELL, K. G.
1954. Der Generationswechsel der Polythalamen Foraminifere Rotaliella heterocaryotica. Archiv.
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lands. Geol. Jahrb. Hannover, vol. 64, pp. 595-632, 7 figs., 7 tables.
Horker, J.
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154 UNITED STATES NATIONAL’ MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

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Planktonic Foraminifera from the Eocene Navet and San Fernando

Formations of Trinidad, B. W. L

By Hans M. Bolli’

Introduction

T= PAPER CONTAINS the results of a study of plank-
tonic Foraminifera and their stratigraphic distribu-
tion in the Eocene Navet and San Fernando formations.
It represents the link between similar investigations in
the Paleocene-lower Eocene Lizard Springs formation
and the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and Lengua forma-
tions. Planktonic Foraminifera have been chosen for
the biostratigraphic subdivision of the Navet and San
Fernando formations on account of their abundance
and the short life ranges of many species. The species
and subspecies of the genera Hantkenina, Cribrohant-
kenina, Chiloguembelina and related genera are omitted
because they have previously been described in detail
by Bronnimann (1950a, b) and by Beckmann (1957).
The stratigraphic distribution of the Chiloguembelinae
given by Beckmann is based on the same zonation as is
proposed here; that of the Hantkeninae and Cribro-
hantkeninae was given in more generalized terms by
Bronnimann and a few remarks on how the more char-
acteristic species fit into the present zonation are made.

The smaller Foraminifera of the Navet formation
have previously been described by Cushman and Renz
(1948). The Orbulinidae were purposely left out by
these authors, and of the Globorotaliidae only 4 species
were included. The Ramdat marl, which is now placed
in the Lizard Springs formation (Bolli, 1957a), was
regarded as the basal part of the Navet formation and
the Hospital Hill marl, now included in the Navet
formation, was treated as a formation of its own. The
fauna described by Cushman and Renz was collected
from several isolated outcrops in the Central Range and
Naparima area of Trinidad, each containing a distinct
foraminiferal assemblage based on which the authors
proposed a tentative stratigraphic sequence.

Unlike the Upper Cretaceous formations, the Pale-
ocene-lower Eocene Lizard Springs formation, and the
Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and Lengua formations, in
all of which some comparatively undisturbed surface
or subsurface sections are known, the Navet and San
Fernando formations outcrop only in small, isolated
masses in tectonically strongly disturbed areas. At the

1 The Trinidad Oil Company, Ltd. (fermerly Trinidad Leaseholds, Ltd.), Pointe-
a-Pierre, Trinidad, B.W.I.

396818—57——11

present time not one reasonably complete surface or
subsurface section is known.

Because of this virtual absence of continuous sections
the present investigations had to be confined to isolated
outcrops and subsurface samples, altogether about 50
in number. This was found to be a great handicap for
detailed biostratigraphic and evolutionary studies. Only
because many planktonic species have a short life range
or show rapid morphological changes during their evo-
lution has it been possible to establish the proposed
zonation of the middle and upper Eocene of Trinidad.
Tt still remains doubtful whether the zones given here
represent a complete sequence of beds.

Acknowledgments

The writer is indebted to The Trinidad Oil Company
for permission to publish this study and to use the
Company’s laboratory and drawing office facilities at
Pointe-a-Pierre. The publication of this paper has been
made possible through a grant in aid from the Cali-
fornia Research Corporation, The Carter Oil Company,
The Gulf Oil Corporation, and the Humble Oil and Re-
fining Company, made to the Smithsonian Institution
for the study of planktonic Foraminifera.

The author wishes to thank Dr. H. G. Kugler, con-
sulting geologist to the Central Mining Investment
Corporation and Mr. J. B. Saunders, paleontologist of
The Trinidad Oil Company, for reading and discussing
the manuscript. Dr. K. Rohr kindly made the sketch
map showing Navet localities in the Central Range.
Through discussions and exchange of material Dr. P. J.
Bermudez of the Creole Petroleum Corporation has
aided the author in the determination of several species.
Thanks are due to Dr. A. R. Loeblich, Jr., of the U. S.
National Museum and to Mrs. Helen Tappan Loeblich,
Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution, for their
help extended in the completion of the paper.

Mr. R. A. Pallant, senior draftsman of The Trindad
Oil Company, supervised the preparation of the table
and text figure. The plate illustrations are camera
lucida drawings by Patricia and Lawrence Isham,
scientific illustrators, U. S. National Museum, Wash-
ington, D. C.

155

156
Stratigraphy

Navet Formation

The term Navet formation was introduced by Renz
(1942) for the characteristic light grey to greenish-grey,
khaki-weathering, nodular marls occurring between the
Paleocene-lower Eocene Lizard Springs formation and
the upper Eocene San Fernando formation. They
contain a very rich fauna of smaller Foraminifera,
especially planktonic forms, and at some levels are
also rich in Radiolaria.

In their paper on the Kocene Foraminifera of the
Navet and Hospital Hill formations of Trinidad,
Cushman and Renz (1948) described the fauna from
seven isolated localities. Tentative stratigraphic posi-
tions based on faunistic evidence for these localities
were given from top to bottom as follows:

Penitence Hill marl

Fitt. Trace—Navet River—Nariva River marls
Friendship Quarry—Dunmore Hill marls
Ramdat marl

For faunistic and lithologic reasons the Ramdat
marl has been moved to the Lizard Springs formation
(Bolli, 1957a, p. 64). No clear break has been recog-
nized between the Lizard Springs and Navet forma-
tions. The Globorotalia palmerae zone, here placed
in the basal Navet, occupies a somewhat transitional
position between the two formations. The calcium
carbonate content as measured at the type localities
does not exceed 10 to 15 percent in the lower Lizard
Springs and 25 percent in the upper Lizard Springs
but increases to 36 percent in the Globorotalia palmerae
zone and between 50 and 70 percent in the higher
Navet beds.

The Hospital Hill marl was treated by Cushman
and Renz as a separate formation. However, it is
lithologically so similar to the Navet formation that
it is here considered to represent its topmost zone.
To the author’s knowledge, no contacts are exposed
between the marls of the Navet formation and the clays,
silts, sands, and boulder beds of the younger San Fer-
nando formation. The Navet formation is here
regarded as comprising the uppermost part of the lower
Eocene, the middle Hocene, and the lower part of the
upper Eocene.

The complete absence of continuous sections in the
Navet formation and the difficulty in establishing
biostratigraphic sequences from isolated, small outcrops
and subsurface occurrences has already been pointed
out in the introduction. The large number of samples
studied has counterbalanced these unfavourable condi-
tions to some degree. The additional material studied
has enabled the erection of two more zones to the
subdivisions suggested by Cushman and Renz (1948):

The Globorotalia palmerae zone: This zone shows
affinities to the Globorotalia aragonensis zone of the
uppermost Lizard Springs but contains in addition
Globorotalia aspensis (Colom) and the short-lived
Globorotalia palmerae Cushman and Bermudez. The
genera Hantkenina and Clavigerinella, both restricted

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

to the middle and upper Eocene are not found here.
It is regarded as uppermost lower Eocene (basal Navet).

The TZruncorotaloides rohri zone: This zone still
contains the spinose forms of the 7runcorotaloides rohri
Bronnimann and Bermudez group and small specimens
of Globorotalia lehnert Cushman and Jarvis but no
longer Globigerapsis kuglert Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan
and the zonal marker of the Porticulasphaera mexicana
zone. Some species known in the upper Eocene and
lower Oligocene begin to appear, but the zonal marker
of the Globigerapsis semiinvoluta zone (Hospital Hill
marl) is not yet present. It is considered to be of
uppermost middle Eocene age.

Seven zones, based on the distribution of planktonic
Foraminifera, are distinguished in the proposed bio-
stratigraphic subdivision of the Navet formation. The
following tabulation (see also text-figures 25 and 26)
shows the Navet marl localities described by Cushman
and Renz in relation to the new zonation. They are
from top to bottom:

Globigerapsis
semiinvoluta zone

Truncorotaloides rohri zone
Porticulasphaera mexicana

Hospital Hill formation

Penitence Hill marl

Fitt Trace marl—Navet
River marl

Dunmore Hill marl-
Nariva River marl

Friendship Quarry marl

zone

Globorotalia lehnert zone
Globigerapsis kuglert zone
Hantkenina aragonensis

Globorotalia palmerae zone

Some of the Navet mar! localities given by Cushman
and Renz contain poorly preserved faunas, this is
especially true for the Friendship Quarry marl. One
of them, the Penitence Hill marl locality, is no longer
accessible. Therefore, in addition to the Cushman and
Renz localities which are here maintained as type
localities, a number of outcrops which contain better
preserved faunas are proposed as cotype localities. A
very suitable area for such outcrops is found between
mileposts 12 and 12% of the Brasso-Tamana Road and
the Navet River in the Central Range (See text-fig. 25).
All but one zone of the Navet formation, including a
new type locality, are here exposed in a very restricted
and comparatively easily accessible area. Most of the
outcrops lie in two small ravines leading into the Navet
River. A few are found along the Navet River and
two more are situated further north, one on the Brasso-
Tamana Road, near milepost 12%, the other west of
the road, on the slope of a small marl hill. Although
almost every zone is represented in this area, they are
not in any normal stratigraphic sequence, the Navet
being present as slip-masses in the upper Oligocene-
lower Miocene Nariva formation.

Globorotalia palmerae Zone

Typr LocaLity: Trinidad Petroleum Development
well Esmeralda 1, eastern Central Range, Trinidad
(coordinates N:270297 links; H:415893 links), type
sample: core 9,386-9,405 feet (TTOC 228911).

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 157

SKETCH MAP
SHOWING

EXPOSURES oF NAVET

IN THE
CENTRAL RANGE, TRINIDAD
‘by _K.Rohr

320,000

LEGEND

Zones of the Navet Formation
®© Globigerapsis semiinvoluta
@® Truncorotaloides rohri

(€)) Porticulasphaera mexicana

@ Globoroftalia lehneri
© Globigerapsis kugleri
Hantkenina aragonensis

@ aff Hantkenina aragonensis

1000 Feet

= Area under review |
Ya km.
x |

Ss
)
a)
Ss
%

Eocene Plaisance conglomerate blocks

x
or, Extensive landslips in argilfsceous areas
ta

>.

Hill tops

Saddles on watersheds

Old test pit

=i— Mile Post

Ficure 25.—Exposures of the Navet formation in the Central Range, Trinidad, B.W.I.

158 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Litnotocy: Dark red, indurated marl type with pale
green blotches.

Remarks: At present the Globorotalia palmerae zone
is known in Trinidad only from the subsurface. The
planktonic fauna still shows strong affinities to the
underlying Globorotalia aragonensis zone (Ramdat
marl) of the Lizard Springs formation. Species that
make their first appearance are the zonal marker, Glo-
borotalia aspensis (Colom) and “‘Globigerinoides”’ hag-
ginsi Bolli, new species.

Hantkenina aragonensis Zone

Typr tLocaLity: Friendship Quarry (Friendship
Quarry marl of Cushman and Renz, 1948) near mile-
post 5 of the Naparima-Mayaro Road between San
Fernando and Princes Town, in teak plantation, about
100 yards north of the road, south Trinidad (coordi-
nates N:241000 links; E:391900 links), type sample Rz
336 (TTOC 52767).

Coryrr LocaLitizs: In small ravines between mile-
posts 12 and 12% of the Brasso-Tamana Road and the
Navet River, Central Range (see text-fig. 25), samples
K 8775, 8781, 8783, 8820, 8823, 8911, 8914.

Litnotocy: White to light grey marl, in part in-
durated, chalklike.

Remarxs: The Friendship Quarry is maintained as
the type locality for the Hantkenina aragonensis zone
because of easy accessibility. The chalklike beds of
this locality contain a fairly poorly preserved foraminif-
eral fauna. Better faunas are found in the above
mentioned cotype localities in the Central Range.

The Hantkenina aragonensis zone is characterized by
the first occurrence of species of the genera Hantkenina
and Clavigerinella together with a number of other
planktonic species such as Globigerina boweri Bolli, new
species, Globorotalia bullbrooki Bolli, new species, G.
spinulosa Cushman, G. pseudomayeri Bolli, new species,
and G. spinuloinflata (Bandy). G. palmerae Cushman
and Bermudez, which is typical for the underlying
Globorotalia palmerae zone, has disappeared together
with a number of other species which persisted from the
Lizard Springs formation.

A few outcrops (e. g., K 8817, 9002 of text-fig. 25)
were found to contain planktonic assemblages appar-
ently intermediate between those of the Globorotala
palmerae and the Hantkenina aragonensis zones. In
this intermediate fauna Globorotalia palmerae is already
extinct while Hantkenina aragonensis Nuttall has not
yet appeared. Globorotalia pseudomayeri and small
Clavigerinella with club-shaped chambers are common.
The latter are probably ancestral forms of Clavigerinella
akersi Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan.

Globigerapsis kugleri Zone

Typr Locauiry: Hindustan-Monkey Town Road
Junction, Dunmore Hill area, south Trinidad (coordi-
nates N:229700 links; E:434500 links), type sample
Rz 476 (TTOC 63610) (Dunmore Hill marl of Cushman
and Renz, 1948).

Cotyrr Locatitizs: Nariva River, eastern Central
Range (coordinates N:314460 links; H:486945 links),
samples Gunther 7865, 7200-7204 (Shell Trinidad)
(Nariva River marl of Cushman and Renz, 1948); in
small ravine between mileposts 12% and 12% of the
Brasso-Tamana Road and the Navet River, Central
Range (see text fig. 25), samples K 8821, 8824.

Lirnouoey: Light grey, yellowish weathering marl,
with indurated layers.

Remarks: Globigerapsis index (Finlay), Globigerapsis
kugleri Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, Globorotalia lehnerr
Cushman and Jarvis, and Globorotalia centralis Cush-
man and Bermudez make their first appearance in the
Globigerapsis kuglert zone, while several species, e. ¢g.,
Globorotalia aragonensis Nuttall, Globorotalia broeder-
manni Cushman and Bermudez, Globigerina bower
Bolli, new species, and “‘Globigerinoides”’. higgins: Bolli,
new species, become extinct at the top of this zone.

Globorotalia lehneri Zone

Typr Locatiry: Outcrop on roadside near Fitt Trace
on the Cunapo Southern Road, near milepost 17%,
eastern Trinidad (coordinates N:311300 links; H:528110
links), type sample KS 233 (T'TOC 18360) (Fitt Trace
marl of Cushman and Renz, 1948).

Cotypr tocatities: Navet River, eastern Central
Range (coordinates N:317120 lnks; E:500660 links),
sample KR 4347a (TTOC 1285). (Navet River marl
of Cushman and Renz, 1948). In small ravines be-
tween mileposts 12 and 12% of the Brasso-Tamana
Road and the Navet River, Central Range, and west
of the Brasso-Tamana Road, between mileposts 12%
and 12% (see text-fig. 25), samples K 8780, 8815, 8822,
8983.

Lirnonoey: Light grey, yellowish weathering, soft
marl.

Remarks: In addition to the zonal marker the
Globorotalia lehneri zone is characterized by Globig-
erapsis kugleri Bolli, Loeblich and Tappan and Glo-
bigerinatheka barri Bronnimann which makes its first
appearance in this zone. Globorotalia aragonensis Nut-
tall and Globorotalia broedermannt Cushman and Ber-
mudez do not extend into this zone.

Porticulasphaera mexicana Zone

TypE LocaLity: Outcrop in road cut near milepost
12% of the Brasso-l'amana Road, Central Range, type
sample K 8814 (see text-fig. 25).

Coryrz Locaities: In small ravines between the
mileposts 12 and 12% of the Brasso-Tamana Road and
the Navet River, Central Range (see text-fig. 25),
samples K 8777, 8778, 8779, 8785, 8825.

The Penitence Hill marl of Cushman and Renz
(1948) which falls in the Porticulasphaera mexicana
zone is no longer accessible. It was described from
the foundation of the Town Hall, Penitence Hill, San
Fernando, south Trinidad.

A small block of Porticulasphaera mexicana zone,
Navet, containing an exceptionally well preserved

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 159

GLOBIGERINA LOBOROTALIA

a

OTHER GENE

ASPENSIS (COLOM)

ICATAPSYDRAX GF. DISSIMILIS (CUSHMAN & BERMUDEZ)| >

| mmm] GLOBIGERAPSIS SEMIINVOLUTA (KEIJZER)

TRUNCOROTALOIDES ROHRI BRONNIMANN & BERMUDEZ

G. BROEDERMANNI CUSHMAN AND BERMUDEZ
GLOBIGERAPSIS INDEX (FINLAY)

G. ARAGONENSIS NUTTALL
IGATAPSYDRAX UNICAVUS BOLLI, LOEBLICH & TAPPAN

GLOBIGERAPSIS KUGLERI BOLLI,LOEBLICH @ TAPPAN

TRUNCOROTALOIDES TOPILENSIS (CUSHMAN)
GLOBIGERINATHEKA SARRI BRONNIMANN

CLAVIGERINELLA AKERS! BOLLI, LOFBLICH & TAPPAN
GLAVIGERINELLA JARVIS! (CUSHMAN)

G. CIPEROENSIS ANGUSTIUMBILICATA BOLLI
HASTIGERINA MICRA (COLE)

ce Pe es Ee BL ees

G. CENTRALIS CUSHMAN AND BERMUDEZ

G. OPIMA NANA BOLLI
PORTICULASPHAERA MEXICANA (CUSHMAN)

GLOBOROTALOIDES SUTERI BOLLI

G. PALMERAE CUSHMAN AND BERMUDEZ

G. YEGUAENSIS WEINZIERL AND APPLIN
CATAPSYORAX ECHINATUS BOLLI, WN. SP.

G. CF. TRILOCULARIS D'ORBIGNY
G. VENEZUELANA HEDOBERG

G. PARVA BOLLIi

"GLOBIGERINOIDES "HIGGINS! BOLLI, N. SP.

6. PSEUDOMAYER/ BOLLI, WN. SP.
G. BULLBROOKI/ BOLLI, N. SP.
G. LEHNER! CUSHMAN AND JARVIS

G.SOLOADOENSIS BRONNIMANN
G. SPINULOSA CUSHMAN

G. SPINULOINFLATA (BANDY)
G6. BOLIVARIANA (PETTERS)

G. RENZ/ BOLLI, W. SP.

G. COCOAENSIS CUSHMAN

G.COLLACTEA (FINLAY)
G. SENNI (BECKMANN)

G. LINAPERTA FINLAY

| | side. Bowers Borel,
1
——

G. TURGIDA FINLAY

COCOAENSIS
GLOBIGERAPSIS
SEMIINVOLUTA
TRUNCOROTALOIDES
ROHRI
7
PORTICULASPHAERA
w MEXICANA

Hq GLOBOROTALIA

iT aa eel
ee ee ee ae
Se aie
| «16. PROLATA BoLLI
| iis.
—| |
i fe ee
ae oe |
ee
= 2

|. | |. | j—med|G. AMPLIAPERTURA BOLLI

> GLOBOROTALIA
LEHNER
<
GLOBIGERAPSIS
KUGLERI
z
HANTKENINA
ARAGONENSIS
GLOBOROTALIA
PALMERAE

Ficure 26.—Distribution of planktonic Foraminifera in the Eocene Navet and San Fernando formations of Trinidad, B.W.I.

MIDOLE

fauna was found reworked in the upper Oligocene to Remarks: The Truncorotaloides rohri zone is charac-
lower Miocene Nariva formation in the cutting west terized by the persistence of the spinose Truncorotaloides
of tank 127, situated south of The Avenue and 850 _rohri Bronnimann and Bermudez group and small speci-
feet west of its junction with Bon Accord Road, Pointe- mens of the strongly compressed Globorotalia lehneri
a-Pierre. Many of the specimens illustrated in this Cushman and Jarvis. In contrast to Globigerapsis in-
paper are from this block, which is no longer existant. dex (Finlay) and Globigerinatheka barri Bronnimann,

(Sample Hg 8581, TTOC 215782). these species do not continue into the overlying Globi-
LirHo.oey: Light grey, yellowish weathering, soft gerapsis simiinvoluta zone. Globigerina senni (Beck-

marl, mann) also becomes extinct at the top of the zone.
Remarks: Porticulasphaera mexicana (Cushman) is

restricted to this zone. Globorotaloides suteri Bolli and Globigerapsis semiinvoluta Zone

Globigerina venezuelana Hedberg occur for the first time,
while Globorotalia spinulosa Cushman, Globorotalia spi-
nuloinflata (Bandy), Truncorotaloides topilensis (Cush-
man), and Globigerapsis kugleri Bolli, Loeblich, and
Tappan become extinct at the top of the zone.

Typs Locauity: Hospital Hill marl, on east side of
road running from Kings Wharf, San Fernando, to
Point Bontour and the Cipero Coast, 235 feet north-
east from small bridge, 0.2 miles south of Kings Wharf
(coordinates N:234850 links; E:355650 links), type
sample Rz 75 (TTOC 23130) (Hospital Hill formation
of Cushman and Renz).

TyprE Locatity: Outcrop (see text-fig. 25) in Navet CortyrEe Loca.itiss: In small ravine between mile-
River, Central Range (coordinates N:316640 links; posts 12% and 12% of the Brasso-Tamana Road and
E:502260 links), type sample K 8834 (TTOC 177773), the Navet River, Central Range (see text-fig. 25),
outcrop K 8833 contains an identical fauna. samples K 8829, 8830, 8882 (TTOC 177769, 177770,

Lirxotoey: Yellowish grey, soft marl. 177771).

Truncorotaloides rohri Zone

160

Litnoniogy: Yellowish-grey, nodular marl.

Remarks: The Globigerapsis semiinvoluta zone is char-
acterized by the zonal marker, and by the absence of
the middle Hocene spinose Truncorotaloides rohr, Bron-
nimann and Bermudez group and the strongly com-
pressed Globorotalia lehneri Cushman and Jarvis.

San Fernando Formation

The term San Fernando beds was introduced by
Guppy (1866). These beds, later elevated to forma-
tion rank, are best exposed in the San Fernando area,
south Trinidad, where they are developed as glauconi-
tic calcareous clays, clays, silts, sands, boulder beds,
and small complexes of reefal limestone. As might be
expected, these varied lithologic units, together com-
prising a thickness of up to 800 feet, carry equally
varied foraminiferal faunas including completely are-
naceous, predominantly planktonic, and shallow reefal
assemblages. The larger Foraminifera of the limestones
have been described by Vaughan and Cole (1941).
Reworked Foraminifera, especially from the Navet for-
mation, occur almost throughout the formation.

The Mount Moriah formation is considered synony-
mous with Guppy’s San Fernando formation. The
term ‘Mount Moriah” is today only used in member
status for the silts, sands, and boulder beds of the San
Fernando formation.

In some sections in the San Fernando area (see Bolli,
1957b, p. 98) the calcareous clays of the San Fernando
formation are overlain, apparently without a distinct
lithologic break, by calcareous clays and marls of the
Globigerina ampliapertura zone, Cipero formation.
Faunistically, the separation is clearly shown by the
disappearance of the typical Eocene planktonic and
benthonic marker Foraminifera such as Hantkenina,
Globorotalia cocoaensis Cushman, Globorotalia centralis
Cushman and Bermudez, Bulimina jacksonensis Cush-
man etc. The only planktonic species which appear
for the first time in the basal Cipero are Globigerina
ciperoensis ciperoensis Bolli and Cassigerinella chipolen-
sis (Cushman and Ponton).

In the San Fernando area the San Fernando forma-
tion rests unconformably on the lower part of the Navet
formation or on the Lizard Springs formation.

Because of the varied foraminiferal assemblages in
the San Fernando formation and the strong reworking
of Foraminifera from older formations, no subdivision
‘into biozones is possible with the sections available at
the present time.

Globorotalia cocoaensis Zone

TYPE LOCALITY: Steep bank on east (waiting rooms)
side of San Fernando Railway Station (coordinates
N:237060 links; E:356425 links), type sample KR25684
(TTOC 238769).

Litno.oey: Dark grey-brown calcareous silt.

Remarks: The zone is characterized by the presence
of Globorotalia cocoaensis Cushman, Hantkenina primi-

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

tia Cushman and Jarvis and Cribrohantkenina ber-
mudezi (Thalmann) and the absence of Globigerapsis
semunvoluta (Keijzer).

Evolutionary Trends and Direction of Coiling

More complete sections than those available in
Trinidad would be necessary to study in detail the
evolutionary trends and patterns of coiling in the middle
and upper Eocene. However, the following condensed
remarks on observation made on the Trinidad material
will suffice to show that the rapid tempo in evolution
and distinct patterns in preferred coiling directions
as shown for many planktonic species in the upper
Paleocene and lower Eocene (Bolli, 1957a) also persist
through the middle and upper Eocene. The same
trends were found again in the Oligocene and Miocene
(Bolli, 1950, 1951).

The species of the genera Globigerapsis, Globiger-
inatheka, and Porticulasphaera obviously represent a
related group. Transitional specimens indicate that
Globigerapsis kuglert Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan
branched off from the long-ranging Globigerapsis index
(Finlay) and later developed into Porticulasphaera
mexicana (Cushman). Globigerinatheka barr, Bron-
nimann is closely related to Globigerapsis kugleri,
differing only in the possession of sutural bullae. Al-
though no transitional specimens were observed in
Trinidad between Globigerapsis index (Finlay) and
Globigerapsis semiinvoluta (Keijzer) it is likely that the
latter branched off from the former in early upper
Kocene time.

The fact that over 90 percent of the specimens of
the species belonging to the genera Globigerapsis,
Globigerinatheka, and Porticulasphaera coil dextrally is
further proof for close genetic relationship.

The earliest recorded species of Zruncorotaloides in
the upper Paleocene coil almost exclusively dextrally.
This trend seems to persist throughout the lower
Eocene. The lower middle Eocene Globorotalia bull-
brooki Bolli, new species, (probably a Truncorotaloides)
still shows a preference for dextral coiling, although
this is much less pronounced than in the older Trun-
corotaloides. A rapid change towards sinistral coiling
in Truncorotaloides apparently occurs at the end of the
Hantkenina aragonensis zone. The ratio of sinistral
to dextral coiling of T. rohri Bronnimann and Bermudez
and T. topilensis (Cushman) in the Globigerapsis
kugleri to Truncorotaloides rohri zones is over 90 percent.

The strong preference for sinistral coiling (over 90
percent) shown by Globorotalia aragonensis Nuttall
and Globorotalia broedermanni Cushman and Bermudez
in the uppermost Lizard Springs (Bolli, 1957a) is found
to continue in the Navet formation until the two species
become extinct at the top of the Globigerapsis kuglert
zone. Of approximately 100 specimens of Globorotalia
renzi Bolli, new species, counted in samples throughout
the recorded range, all were found to coil dextrally.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 161

Globorotalia lehneri Cushman and Jarvis, together
with Globorotalia spinulosa Cushman and Globorotalia
spinuloinflata (Bandy), belongs to a group of Globoro-
talia species that does not develop a distinct preference
for one coiling direction. This is rather exceptional,
because it is known that most Globorotalia species
from the upper Paleocene to the Recent, especially
the more highly developed angular and keeled forms,
do develop a distinct preference for either sinistral or
dextral coiling (Bolli, 1950, 1957a).

A number of specimens of Globorotalia centralis
Cushman and Bermudez, from the Globigerapsis kugleri
zone to the Globorotalia cocoaensis zone, were checked
for the direction of coiling. During the early stage of
evolution in the Globigerapsis kugleri and Globorotalia
lehnert zones specimens coiled at random, but a 60-80
percent preference for sinistral coiling was found in
the Porticulasphaera mexicana, Globigerapsis semi-
involuta and Globorotalia cocoaensis zones. The pref-
erence for sinistral coiling in Globorotalia cocoaensis
Cushman, a species thought to have developed from
Globorotalia centralis, is probably over 80 percent.

Forty-four planktonic Foraminifera species and sub-
species belonging to eleven genera are recorded though
full descriptions are given only for the six new species.
Synonymy lists are restricted to the original description
and to literature concerning the Caribbean, the Gulf
Coast region, Central America and northern South
America. The species of the genera Hantkenina,
Cribrohantkenina, and Chiloguembelina have previously
been described in detail and are left out of this paper.

The range of many of the species is not restricted to

Systematic

Family Hantkeninidae Cushman, 1927
Subfamily Hastigerininae Bolli, Loeblich, and
Tappan, 1957

Genus Hastigerina Thomson
Hastigerina micra (Cole)
Puate 35, Fiaures la-2b

Nonion micrus Cour, Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 14, No. 51,
p. 22, pl. 5, fig. 12, 1927.

Globigerinella micra (Cole), GuAESSNER, Publ. Lab. Paleontol.
Moscow Univ., vol. 1, fase. 1, p. 30, pl. 1, figs. 4a—b, 1937.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Hantkenina aragonensis zone,
Navet formation to Globorotalia cocoaensis zone, San
Fernando formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5698a,b)
from the Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet forma-
tion; block in the upper Oligocene-lower Miocene
Nariva formation, in cutting west of tank 127, north
of The Avenue and 850 feet west of its junction with
Bon Accord Road, Pointe-a-Pierre. Sample Hg 8581
(TTOC 215782). The block is no longer existant.

Remarks: With the exception of the Globorotalia
palmerae zone, Hastigerina micra (Cole) occurs through-

the Navet and San Fernando formations. Several
originate in the Paleocene-lower Eocene Lizard Springs
formation while some continue into the Oligocene-Mio-
cene Cipero formation. However, the complete range
as observed in Trinidad is given in the notes on each
species.

For the description and stratigraphic distribution of
the Chiloguembelinae and related genera in the Navet
and San Fernando formations reference is made to
Beckmann (1957).

Bronnimann (1950a,b) described the species of the
genera Hantkenina and Cribrohantkenina fully but dis-
cussed their stratigraphic distribution only in a general-
ized way. Within the new zonation the range of some
of the better known species was found to be as follows:

Hantkenina aragonensis Nuttall, a species closely re-
lated to H. mexicana Cushman and H. lehneri Cushman
and Jarvis, is restricted to the zone of the same name.
A probable descendant of Hantkenina aragonensis is
H. dumblei Weinzierl and Applin which succeeds it in
the Globigerapsis kugleri zone. Hantkeninae of the
longispina-alabamensis type follow H. dumblei in the
higher zones of the Navet formation. In the San Fer-
nando formation the Hantkeninae have a tendency to
become smaller. This could either be an indication of
a gerontic stage or be due to less favorable ecologic
conditions. Hantkenina primitiva Cushman and Jarvis,
originating in the uppermost Navet, is the most abun-
dant Hantkenina species in the San Fernando formation
where it occurs with Cribrohantkenina bermudezi
(Thalmann).

Descriptions

out the Navet and San Fernando formations but does
not continue into the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero forma-
tion. Glaessner (1937) changed the generic status of
this species to Globigerinella which is now regarded as a
junior synonym of Hastigerina (Bolli, Loeblich, and
Tappan, 1957, p. 29).

Genus Clavigerinella Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, 1957
Clavigerinella akersi Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan
Puate 35, Fiaure 4

Clavigerinella akersi Bouu1, Lorsuicu, and Tappan, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 215, p. 30, pl. 3, figs. 5a-b, 1957.

Hastigerinella eocanica Nuttall, Cusaman anp Renz, Cushman
Lab. Foram. Res., Spec, Publ. 24, p. 38, pl. 7, fig. 17, 1948.—
Weiss, Micropaleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 309, pl. 2, figs.
11, 13, 1955.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Hantkenina aragonensis zone
to Globigerapsis kugleri zone, Navet formation.

Locatity: Figured topotype (USNM P5699) from
the Hantkenina aragonensis zone, Navet, formation; in
small ravine between mileposts 12% and 12% of the

Brasso-Tamana Road and the Navet River, Central

Range (see text-fig. 25). Sample HGK 8820 (TTOC

177760).

162 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Remarks: Clavigerinella akersi Bolli, Loeblich, and
Tappan is distinguished from C. jarvisi (Cushman) by
having the later, elongate chambers distinctly inflated
at the outer ends. It is more restricted in its range and
may be regarded as a characteristic index fossil.

Petters (1954, p. 40) described Hastigerinella colum-
biana from the middle Eocene Carreto formation of
Colombia. The figures for the species show the cham-
bers to be club-shaped though not as distinctly so as
in Clavigerinella akersi; the aperture is not visible on
the figure, but is described as “a rather wide arched
slit with a slight lip at base of last-formed chamber,
slightly ventrally of periphery.” Similar or identical
forms possessing an equatorial aperture which occur in
the middle Eocene of Trinidad could possibly represent
a juvenile stage of Clavigerinella akersi or an inter-
mediate stage between C. jarvis: and C. akersi. (See
pl. 35, figs. 3a,b; specimen (USNM P5700) from the
Hantkenina aragonensis zone, Navet formation, between
mileposts 124% and 12% of the Brasso-Tamana Road,
Central Range, sample K 8775 (IT'TOC 177647).)
It may also be assumed that Hastigerinella eocanica
Nuttall belongs to Clavigerinella, although the aperture
is not preserved on the types figured by Nuttall.

Clavigerinella jarvisi (Cushman)
PLaTE 35, Figures 5-6

Hastigerinella jarvisi Cusuman, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
vol. 6, p. 18, pl. 3, figs. 8-11, 1930.
Hastigerinella eocanica var. aragonensis NuTTALL, Journ. Pale-
ontol., vol. 4, No. 3, p. 290, pl. 24, figs. 16, 17, 1930.
STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Hantkenina aragonensis zone
to Globigerapsis semiinvoluta zone, Navet formation.
Locatity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5701a,b)
from the Globorotalia lehneri zone, Navet formation;
Navet River marl and Fitt Trace marl (see Cushman
and Renz, 1948, p. 3); samples KR 4347, KS 233
(TTOC 1285, 18360).

Family Orbulinidae Schultze, 1854
Subfamily Globigerininae Carpenter, 1862
Genus Globigerina d’Orbigny, 1826

Globigerina soldadoensis Bronnimann
PLATE 35, FIGURES 9a-c

Globigerina soldadoensis BRONNIMANN, Bull. Amer. Paleontol.,
vol. 34, No. 148, pp. 9-11, pl. 1, figs. 1-9, 1952.—Bouu,
U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 71, pl. 16, figs. 7-12, 1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia velascoensis zone,
Lizard Springs formation to Globorotalia spalmerae
zone, Navet formation.

Locaurry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5704) from
the Globorotalia palmerae zone, Navet formation; Pit
sample from a block reworked in the Oligocene-Miocene
Cipero formation;2,900 feet south of the Naparima-
Mayaro Road and Corial Road junction, Malgretout
Estate, west of Princes Town, south Trinidad (coordi-
nates N:235390 links; E:398620 links); sample KTO
145 (TTOC 143701).

Globigerina soldadoensis angulosa Bolli
PLATE 35, FicuREs 8a-c

Globigerina soldadoensis angulosa Bout, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
215, p. 71, pl. 16, figs. 4-6, 1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia formosa formosa
zone, Lizard Springs formation to Globorotalia palmerae
zone, Navet formation.

Locatity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5703) from
the Globorotalia palmerae zone, Navet formation; same
locality as given for Globigerina soldadoensis Bronni-
mann; sample KTO 145 (TTOC 143701).

Remarks: Transitional forms indicate that Globi-
gerina soldadoensis angulosa is likely to be the ancestor
of Globorotalia aspensis (Colom).

Globigerina collactea (Finlay)

PuaTE 35, FicurEs 18a—b

Globorotalia collactea Finuay, Trans. Proc., Roy. Soc. New
Zealand, vol. 69, p. 37, pl. 29, figs. 164-165, 1939.

Globigerina collactea (Finlay), BRonNIMANN, Bull. Amer. Paleon-
tol., vol. 34, No. 143, pp. 13-14, pl. 1, figs. 13-15, 1952—
Bouu, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 72, pl. 15, figs. 21-23,
1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia rex zone, Lizard
Springs formation to Globorotalia palmerae zone, Navet
formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5710) from
the Globorotalia palmerae zone, Navet formation; same
locality as given for Globigerina soldadoensis Bronni-
mann; sample KTO 145 (TTOC 143701).

Globigerina prolata Bolli

Puate 35, Ficures 7a-b

Globigerina prolata Bout, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 72, pl. 15,
figs. 24-26, 1957.

Globigerina pseudobulloides Plummer, BRONNIMANN, Bull. Amer.
Paleontol., vol. 34, No. 148, pp. 21—28, pl. 3, figs. 7-9, 1952.
STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia formosa formosa

zone, Lizard Springs formation to Globorotalia palmerae

zone, Navet formation.

Locauiry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5702) from
the Globorotalia palmerae zone, Navet formation; same
locality as given for Globigerina soldadoensis Bronni-
mann; sample KTO 145 (TTOC 143701).

Globigerina turgida Finlay
Puatre 35, Fieures 13a-c

Globigerina turgida Finuay, Trans. Proc., Roy. Soc. New Zealand,
vol. 69, p. 125, 19839.—Bronnimann, Bull. Amer. Paleontol.,
vol. 34, No. 143, pp. 19-21, pl. 3, figs. 1-8, 1952.—Boux1,
U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 73, pl. 15, figs. 3-5, 1957.
STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia aragonensis zone,

Lizard Springs formation to Hantkenina aragonensis

zone, Navet formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5706) from
the Globorotalia palmerae zone, Navet formation;
same locality as given for Globigerina soldadoensis
Bronnimann; sample KTO 145 (TTOC 143701).

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 163

Globigerina senni (Beckmann)

Puatn 35, Figures 10a-12

Sphaeroidinella senni BECKMANN, Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae, vol.
46, No. 2, pp. 394-95, pl. 26, figs. 2-4, text-fig. 20, 1953.
STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia palmerae zone

to Truncorotaloides rohri zone, Navet formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5705a-c)
from the Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet forma-
tion; same locality as given for Hastigerina micra (Cole)
(p. 161); sample Hg 8581 (TTOC 215782).

Remarks: Globigerina senni was originally described
by Beckmann as a Sphaeroidinella. Sutural supple-
mentary apertures and chamber flanges, which are
typical for the genus Sphaeroidinella, do not exist in
this species. It is therefore placed in Globigerina.
The species is found in all Navet zones except the
highest. It is likely that it developed from the upper
Lizard Springs Globigerina taroubaensis Bronnimann,
a species lacking the granular particles usually seen
surrounding the umbilical area in Globigerina sennt.

Globigerina linaperta Finlay

Puate 36, Figures 5a—-b

Globigerina linaperta Finuay, Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. New Zea-
land, vol. 69, p. 125, pl. 13, figs. 54-57, 1939.— BronNIMANN,
Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 34, No. 143, pp. 16-17, pl. 2,
figs. 7-9, 1952.—Bouur, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 70,
pl. 15, figs. 15-17, 1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia pseudomenardu
zone, Lizard Springs formation to Globigerapsis semi-
involuta zone, San Fernando formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5715) from
the Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet formation;
Brasso-Tamana Road, near milepost 12%, Central
Range (see text-fig. 25) ; sample K 8814 (TTOC 177755).

Globigerina boweri Bolli, new species
Puate 36, Fiaures la—2b

Shape of test low trochospiral; equatorial periphery
distinctly lobate (trilobate); axial periphery rounded.
Wall calcareous, perforate, surface very finely pitted.
Chambers spherical, early ones somewhat compressed
and slightly subangular; about 12, arranged in about
2% whorls; the 3-3% chambers of the last whorl increase
rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral side: in early stage
radial to slightly curved, in late stage radial or oblique,
depressed; on umbilical side radial, depressed. Um-
bilicus narrow. Aperture a distinct arch, commonly
with a short lip or rim; interiomarginal, umbilical, with
a tendency to become umbilical-extraumbilical. Coil-
ing predominantly dextral (90 percent or more) in the
Hantkenina aragonensis and Globigerapsis kugleri zone,
Navet formation. Largest diameter of holotype 0.4 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Hantkenina aragonensis zone
to Globigerapsis kugleri zone, Navet formation.

Locatiry: Holotype (USNM P5711) from the Hant-
kenina aragonensis zone, Navet formation; outcrop on

396818—57——12

left side of right branch of Nariva River, about 450
feet from its junction, Central Range, Trinidad (coor-
dinates N:314350 links; E:487360 links); sample K
9077 (TTOC 178166). Figured paratype (USNM
P5712) from the Hantkenina aragonensis zone, Navet
formation; in small ravine between mile posts 12% and
12% of the Brasso-Tamana Road and the Navet River,
Central Range (see text fig. 25); sample HGK 8820
(TTOC 177760).

Remarks: Globigerina boweri, new species, differs
from G. linaperta Finlay in having a higher arched
aperture which has the tendency to be slightly extra-
umbilical in position. Especially the earlier chambers
are somewhat compressed which gives them a slightly
subangular aspect.

The species is named for Mr. T. H. Bower, senior
exploitation geologist of The Trinidad Oil Company.

Globigerina yeguaensis Weinzierl and Applin
Piate 35, Figures 14a-lic

Globigerina yeguaensis WEINZIERL and ApPtin, Journ. Paleontol.,
vol. 3, No. 4, p. 408, pl. 43, figs. la—b, 1929.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Hantkenina aragonensis zone,
Navet formation to Globorotalia cocoaensis zone, San
Fernando formation.

Locatity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5708) from
the type locality of Globigerapsis semiinvoluta zone,
Navet formation (see p. 159); sample Ky 7 (TTOC
144343). Figured hypotype (USNM P5707) from the
Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet formation;
same locality as given for Hastigerina micra (Cole)
(p. 161); sample Hg 8581 (TTOC 215782).

Remarks: There is considerable variation in the
specimens regarded as belonging to Globigerina yeguaen-
sis. All forms are distinctly lobate, display a fairly
open umbilicus and have the apertures of the last,
occasionally also of earlier chambers protected by a
fragile lip.

In typical forms the 3-3% chambers of the last whorl
increase rapidly in size (fig. 14a-c); in others with 4
chambers the increase is more moderate (figs. 15a-c).
G. venezuelana Hedberg is a more compact form than
G. yeguaensis. It has a less open umbilicus and shows
no apertural lips. G. yeguaensis has not been seen
with a rudimentary final chamber, a feature often
present in G. venezuelana.

Globigerina cf. trilocularis d’Orbigny
Piats 36, FieurEes 3a—-b

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia lehneri zone,
Navet formation to Catapsydraz dissimilis zone,
Cipero formation.

Locauiry: Figured specimen (USNM P5713) from
the Globorotalia cocoaensis zone, San Fernando forma-
tion; Soldado Rock Island (see Kugler, 1938); sample
K3741 (TTOC 190838).

164

Globigerina venezuelana Hedberg

Puate 35, Figures 16a-17

Globigerina venezuelana HrpseErc, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 11,
No. 8, p. 681, pl. 92, figs. 7a-b, 1987.—CusHman and
STainrortH, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 14,
p. 67, pl. 12, figs. 13a—b, 1945.—BrrmupEz, Cushman Lab.
Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 25, p. 280, pl. 21, figs. 39-40,
1949.— Bou, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 110, pl. 23, figs.
6a-8b, 1957.

Globigerina conglomerata Schwager, Buckmann, Eclog. Geol.
Helvetiae, vol. 46, No. 2, p. 391, pl. 25, figs. 6-9, 1953.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Porticulasphaera mexicana
zone, Navet formation to Globorotalia menardw zone,
Lengua formation, probably continuing into younger
beds.

Locatrty: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5709a-b)
from the Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet
formation; same locality as given for Hastigerina micra
(Cole) (p. 161); sample Hg 8581 (TTOC 215782).

Globigerina parva Bolli
PiatTe 36, FiguRES 7 a-c

Globigerina parva Bou, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 108, pl. 22,
figs. 14 a-c, 1957.

?Globigerina ouachitaensis Hows and Watuacr, Geol. Surv.
Bull. Louisiana Dep. Conserv., No. 2, p. 74, pl. 10, figs.
10 a-b, 1932.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Jruncorotaloides rohri zone,
Navet formation to Globigerina ampliapertura zone,
Cipero formation.

Locatrry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5717) from
the type locality of the Globigerapsis semiinvoluta zone,
Navet formation (see p. 159);sample Ky 7 (TTOC
144343).

Remarks: This small, strongly lobate, fairly high
spired form with four chambers in the last whorl is
typical for the upper Eocene and basal Oligocene:
Globigerina ouachitaensis Howe and Wallace, described
from the upper Hocene is probably very close to this
species.

Globigerina ampliapertura Bolli

PLatEe 36, FieurEs 8 a-c

Globigerina ampliapertura Bout, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p.
108, pl. 22, figs. 4a-7b, 1957,

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia cocoaensis zone,
San Fernando formation to Globigerina ampliapertura
zone, Cipero formation.

Locatity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5718) from
the Globorotalia cocoaensis zone, San Fernando forma-
tion; augerhole, Jarvis Street, San Fernando; sample
KR 25636 (TTOC 238132).

Remarks: Globigerina ampliapertura, which appears
in the uppermost Eocene and continues into the basal
Oligocene, seems to be genetically related to Globoro-
talia centralis Cushman and Bermudez. Intermediate
forms (USNM P5719a,b) showing the aperture in a
transitional position, are commonly found in the
Globorotalia cocoaensis zone (pl. 36, figs. 9, 10). The
species might represent a gerontic stage of the G.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

centralis-G. cocoaensis strain, reverting before its ex-
tinction to a globigerinid form and also to random
coiling.

Globigerina ciperoensis angustiumbilicata Bolli

PuatEe 36, Figures 6a—b

Globigerina ciperoensis angustiumbilicata Bout, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 215, p. 109, pl. 22, figs. 12a—13c, 1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia cocoaensis zone
(probably upper part), San Fernando formation to
Catapsydras dissimilis zone, Cipero formation.

Locatiry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5716) from
the Globorotalia cocoaensis zone, San Fernando forma-
tion; Soldado Rock Island (see Kugler, 1938); sample
K 3741 (TTOC 190838).

Globigerina rohri Bolli
Puate 36, FicurEes 4a—b

Globigerina rohrt Bouut, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 109, pl. 23,
figs. la—4b, 1957.

Globigerina venezuelana Hedberg, Brcxmann, Eclog. Geol.
Helvetiae, vol. 46, No. 2, p. 392, pl. 10, figs. 12-13, 1953.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia cocoaensis zone,
San Fernando formation to Catapsydraz dissimilis zone,
Cipero formation.

Locatiry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5714) from
the Globorotalia cocoaensis zone, San Fernando forma-
tion, Kern Trinidad Oilfields well C-609, core 4,425-36
feet (TTOC 192784).

“Globigerinoides” higginsi Bolli, new species
Priate 36, Ficures 11a—13b

Shape of test high trochospiral; equatorial periphery
distinctly lobate. . Wall calcareous, perforate, surface
finely pitted, m well preserved specimens with very
minute spines. Chambers spherical, later ones often
somewhat ovate, 12-15, arranged in about 2% whorls;
the last whorl of about 4 chambers increasing moder-
ately in size, the ultimate chamber may be smaller
than the penultimate (see fig. 12). Sutures on spiral
side radial, deeply incised; on umbilical side radial,
deeply incised. Umbilicus narrow, deep. Primary
aperture a high arch, interiomarginal-umbilical; in well
preserved specimens a supplementary sutural aperture
is seen between the penultimate and ultimate chambers
and occasionally also between earlier chambers of the
last whorl. Coiling random in the Globorotalia palme-
rae zone; a preference for dextral coiling of over 90
percent in the Hantkenina aragonensis and Globigerapsis
kuglert zone, Navet formation. Largest diameter of
holotype 0.5 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia palmerae zone to
Globigerapsis kuglert zone, Navet formation.

Locatity: Holotype (USNM P5720) from an Hocene
core, lat. 30° 43’ N., long. 62° 28’ W.; depth of water
1,554 meters; depth of sample in core, 120-122 cm.
Figured paratypes (USNM P5721a, b) from the Hant-
kenina aragonensis zone, Navet formation; outcrop on
left side of right branch of Nariva River, about 450 feet

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 165

from its junction, Central Range, Trinidad (coordinates
N:3143800 links; E:487360 links) ; sample K 9077 (TTOC
178166).

Remarks: According to the generic definition of
Globigerinoides, ‘‘Globigerinoides”’ higginsi, new species,
should be included here. This is only done provisionally
because no genetic relation is apparent between this
lower-middle Eocene form and the main group of Globi-
gerinoides species which appears only at the close of the
Oligocene or in the early Miocene. More detailed
studies on well preserved material might reveal differences
that justify a generic separation of “Globigerinoides”’
higginsi from Globigerinoides. It has been thought that
“Globigerinoides”’ higginsi might possibly be the ancestor
of the Globigerapsis group. However, it differs from
Globigerapsis index (Finlay), which is the oldest repre-
sentative of that genus, in the possession of a large
umbilical aperture, higher spire, and more globular
chambers.

Through the courtesy of Dr. A. R. Loeblich, U. S.
National Museum, an excellently preserved specimen
from an Eocene core from the Atlantic Ocean was made
available to the author (pl. 36, figs. 1la—b). It possesses
two sutural supplementary apertures, and the surface
is covered with very minute spines. It has been chosen
as the holotype.

The species is named for Mr. G. E. Higgins, senior
exploration geologist of The Trinidad Oil Company.

Subfamily Orbulininae Schultze, 1854.

Genus Globigerapsis Bolli, Loeblich and Tappan, 1957
Globigerapsis index (Finlay)
Puate 36, Ficures 14a-18b

Globigerinoides index Finuay, Trans. Proc., Roy. Soc. New Zea-
land, vol. 69, pt. 1, p. 125, pl. 14, figs. 85-88, 1939.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globigerapsis kuglert zone to
Globigerapsis semiinvoluta zone, Navet formation; ?Gilo-
borotalia cocoaensis zone, San Fernando formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (figs. 14, 15; USNM
P5722a-b) from the Globigerapsis kugleri zone, Navet
formation; in small ravine between mileposts 12% and
12% of the Brasso-Tamana Road and the Navet River,
Central Range (see text-fig. 25); sample HGK 8824
(TTOC 177764). Figured hypotypes (figs. 16-18;
USNM P5723-5725) from the Porticulasphaera mexicana
zone, Navet formation; same locality as given for
Hastigerina micra (Cole) (p. 161); sample Hg 8581
(TTOC 215782).

Remarks: Globigerapsis index differs from G. kugleri
Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan in having a smaller final
chamber covering the umbilicus and in higher arched
sutural supplementary apertures.

Globigerapsis kugleri Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan
Puate 36, Ficures 21a-b

Globigerapsis kugleri Botu1, Lorsuicu, and Tappan, U. 8. Nat.
Mus, Bull. 215, p. 34, pl. 6, figs. 6a—b, 1957.

Globigerinoides mexicana (Cushman), BreckMANN, Eclog. Geol.
Helvetiae, vol. 46, No. 2, p. 398, pl. 25, figs. 15, 17, 1953.
STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Gilobigerapsis kugleri zone to
Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet formation.
Locaurry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5727) from
the Globorotalia lehneri zone, Navet formation; Nariva
River, Central Range; sample K 9071 (TTOC 178160).

Globigerapsis semiinvoluta (Keijzer)
Puate 36, Figures 19-20

Globigerinoides semitnvolutus Ketszer, Univ. Utrecht Geogr.
Geol. Med., Phys.-Geol. Reeks, ser. 2, No. 6, p. 206, pl. 4,
figs. 58a-e, 1945,

Globigerinoides index Finlay, BeckMANN, Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae,
vol. 46, No. 2, p. 392, pl. 25, fig. 14, 1953.

Globigerapsis semtinvoluta (Keijzer), Boxtur, Lorsiica, and
Tappan, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 34, pl. 6, figs. 7a-c,
1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE:
zone, Navet formation.

Locauiry: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5726a-b)
from the type locality of the Globigerapsis semiinvoluta
zone, Navet formation (see p. 159);sample Ky 7 (TTOC
144343).

Globigerapsis semiinvoluta

Genus Porticulasphaera Bolli, Loeblich and Tappan, 1957
Porticulasphaera mexicana (Cushman)
Puate 37, Fiaurss la-b.

Globigerina mexicana CusuMaNn, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 6, pl. 1, figs. 8a-—b, 1925.—Wetss,
Micropaleontology, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 309, pl. 2, fig. 15, 1955.

Globigerinoides mexicana (Cushman), BEcKMANN, Eclog. Geol.
Helvetiae, vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 393-394, pl. 25, fig. 19, 1953.

Porticulasphaera mexicana Bout, Lorsuicn, and Tappan, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 35, pl. 6, figs. 8, 9a—b, 1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Porticulasphaera mexicana
zone, Navet formation.

Locauiry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5728) from
the Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet formation;
same locality as given for Hastigerina micra (Cole)
(p. 161); sample Hg 8581 (TTOC 215782).

Genus Catapsydrax Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, 1957
Catapsydrax echinatus Bolli, new species
PuatTEe 37, FiauRES 2a—5b

Shape of test low to medium trochospiral; equatorial
periphery lobate; axial periphery rounded, more rarely
becoming slightly subangular. Wall calcareous, per-
forate, surface covered with short, thin spines. Cham-
bers spherical or slightly compressed, 10-15 in about
244 whorls; the last whorl of about 4 chambers increasing
fairly rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral side radial or
slightly oblique, depressed; on umbilical side radial,
depressed. Umbilicus fairly narrow, covered by a
bulla. Primary aperture covered by umbilical bulla,
interiomarginal, umbilical; accessory apertures of bulla
very small medium to low arches, one or two in number,
occasionally more, infralaminal, situated above sutures
between earlier chambers. Coiling in over 90 percent

166 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

of specimens sinistral in the Porticulasphaera mexicana
zone. Largest diameter of holotype 0.37 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia lehneri zone to
Truncorotaloides rohri zone, Navet formation.

Locauity: Holotype (USNM P5729) and figured
paratypes (USNM P5730a-c) from the Porérculas-
phaera mexicana zone, Navet formation; same locality
as given for Hastigerina micra (Cole) (p. 161); sample
Hg 8581 (TTOC 215782).

Remarks: Catapsydrax echinatus, new species, is
distinguished from C. dissimilis (Cushman and Ber-
mudez) and C. wnicavus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan
by having a distinctly spinose surface. This type of
surface ornamentation is characteristic for many upper
Paleocene to middle Eocene planktonic species. The
bulla, which varies considerably in size may be smooth
(see fig. 5b) or spinose (see figs. 2b, 3b). Most speci-
mens observed are smaller than the average size of
C. cf. dissimilis found in the upper part of the Navet
and San Fernando formations.

Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan
Pxiats 37, Fieures 7a—b

Catapsydrax unicavus Bou, Lorstica, and Tappan. U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 37, pl. 7, figs. 9a—c, 1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Truncorotaloides rohri zone,
Navet formation to Catapsydraz stainforthi zone,
Cipero formation.

Locauity: Figured specimen (USNM P5732) from
the Truncorotaloides rohri zone, Navet formation;
near junction of small ravine with Navet River (see
text fig. 25); sample K 8833 (TTOC 177772).

Catapsydrax cf. dissimilis (Cushman and Bermudez)
Prats 37, Figures 6a—-b

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Truncorotaloides rohri zone,
Navet formation to Catapsydrax stainforthi zone,
Cipero formation.

Locauity: Figured specimen (USNM P5731) from
the type locality of the Globigerapsis semiinvoluta zone,
Navet formation (see p. 159); sample Ky 7 (TTOC
144343).

Remarks: The middle and upper Eocene forms
differ from the Catapsydraz dissimilis of the Oligocene-
lower Miocene in having somewhat more globular
chambers. The umbilical bullae have commonly only
two and more rarely only one infralaminal accessory
aperture, whereas the bullae of Oligocene-lower Mio-
cene specimens often display three or four accessory
apertures. C. unicavus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan,
whose bulla has one accessory aperture, is smaller in
size and its chambers are less inflated than those found
in C. cf. dissimilis. The direction of coiling in the
Eocene specimens is apparently random, whereas the
Oligocene-lower Miocene specimens show a strong
preference for dextral coiling

Genus Globigerinatheka Bronnimann, 1952
Globigerinatheka barri Bronnimann
PiatE 37, Ficurres 8-9

Globigerinatheka barri BRoNNIMANN, Contr. Cushman Found.
Foram. Res., vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 27-28, text figure 3a, 1952.—
Bout, Lorsiicu, and Tappan, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
215, p. 38, pl. 7, figs. 12a—-c, 1957.

Globigerinoides mexicana (Cushman), BrecKMANN, Eclog. Geol,
Helvetiae, vol. 46, No. 2, p. 393, pl. 25, fig. 16, 1953.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia lehneri zone to
Globigerapsis semiinvoluta zone, Navet formation,
?Globorotalia cocoaensis zone, San Fernando formation.

Locatity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5738a,b)
from the Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet forma-
tion; same locality as given for Hastigerina micra (Cole),

p. 161, sample Hg 8581 (T'TOC 215782).

Genus Globorotaloides Bolli, 1957
Globorotaloides suteri Bolli
Puate 37, Fiagures 10a-12

Globorotaloides sutert Bout, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 117,
pl. 27, figs. 9a—13¢, 1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Porticulasphaera mexicana
zone, Navet formation to Globigerinatella insueta zone,
Cipero formation.

Locauiry: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5734a-c)
from the Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet forma-
tion; same locality as given for Hastigerina micra (Cole)
(p. 161); sample Hg 8581 (TTOC 215782).

Family Globorotaliidae Cushman, 1927

Genus Globorotalia Cushman, 1927
Globorotalia palmerae Cushman and Bermudez
Puate 38, Figures 2a-c

Globorotalia palmerae CusHmMAN and BrRmupxEz, Contr. Cush-
man Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 13, p. 26, pl. 2, figs. 51-53,
1937.—BzErmMupEz, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat., vol. 11,
p. 167, 1937; vol. 12, p. 11, 1938.—CusamMan and BERMUDEZ,
Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 25, pt. 2, pp. 31-32,
pl. 6, figs. 4-6, 1949.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia palmerae zone,
Navet formation.

Locaurry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5740) from
the type locality of the Globorotalia palmerae zone,
Navet formation (see p. 156); sample from core 9,386-
9,405 feet (TTOC 228911).

Remarks: The preservation of the specimens found
so far in Trinidad is poor; the characteristic Hantke-
nina-like peripheral spines are partially eroded.

Globorotalia aspensis (Colom)
Puats 37, Figures 18a-c

Globigerina aspensis Cotom, Bol. Inst. Geol. y Min. Espafia,
vol. 66, pp. 151-54, pl. 3, figs. 1-5, pl. 4, figs. 1-3, 1954.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia palmerae zone to
Globigerapsis kugleri zone, Navet formation.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 167

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5738) from
the Globorotalia palmerae zone, Navet formation; same
locality as given for Globigerina soldadoensis Bronni-
mann (p. 162); sample KTO 145 (TTOC 143701).

Remarks: The position of the apertures in the type
specimens of Globigerina aspensis figured by Colom is
interiomarginal, umbilical—extraumbilical. For this
reason the species is here placed in Globorotalia.
Colom’s specimens show considerable variation in size,
number of chambers in the last whorl (5-7) and shape
of chambers (spherical to subangular). A similar range
of varieties is found in the lower Navet of Trinidad.
It appears likely that the species has developed from
Globigerina soldadoensis angulosa Bolli. Detailed
studies of this group in areas where more complete sec-
tions are available might show that differences in the
stratigraphic ranges of the varieties justify the erection
of a number of subspecies.

Globorotalia broedermanni Cushman and Bermudez
PuaTe 37, Fiaures 13a-c

Globorotalia (Truncorotalia) brédermanni CusHMAN and BeErR-
MuDEZ, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 25, pt. 2,
p. 40, pl. 7, figs. 22-24, 1949.

Globorotalia broedermannit CusHMAN and Brermupez. Bolli, U. 8.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 80, pl. 19, figs. 13-15, 1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia rex zone, Lizard
Springs formation to Globigerapsis kugleri zone, Navet
formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5735) from
the Globorotalia palmerae zone, Navet formation; same
locality as given for Globigerina soldadoensis Bronni-
mann (p. 162); sample KTO 145 (TTOC 148701).

Globorotalia aragonensis Nuttall

Puate 38, Figures la-c

Globorotalia aragonensis NuTrauu, Journ. Paleontol. vol. 4, No.
3, p. 288, pl. 24, figs. 6-8, 10-11, 1930.—CusHMman and
Renz, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 24, p. 40,
pl. 8, figs. 1-2, 1948.—Brrmupxz, Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., Spec. Publ. 25, p. 284, pl. 22, figs. 33-35, 1949.—
Bou, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 75, pl. 18, figs. 7-9,
1957.

Globorotalia (Truncorotalia) aragonensis Nuttall. CusamMan
and BrrmupsEz, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol.
25, pt. 2, pp. 38-39, pl. 7, figs. 13-15, 1949.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globorotalia formosa formosa
zone, Lizard Springs formation to Globigerapsis kugleri
zone, Navet formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotype (USNM P5739) from
the Hantkenina aragonensis zone, Navet formation;
Baccus River, Central Range; sample K 8854 (TTOC
177804).

Globorotalia pseudomayeri Bolli, new species
Puats 37, Figures 17a-c
Shape of test low trochospiral; equatorial periphery
slightly lobate; axial periphery rounded. Wall cal-

careous, perforate, surface very finely pitted. Cham-
bers spherical; 10-12, arranged in about 2% whorls;

The 4 or 5 chambers of the last whorl increase fairly
rapidly in size. Sutures on spiral side curved or
oblique in early portion, later radial, depressed; on
umbilical side radial, depressed. Umbilicus narrow.
Aperture a medium to low arch, with or without a
faint lip; interiomarginal, umbilical-extraumbilical.
Coiling random. Largest diameter of holotype 0.4 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Hantkenina aragonensis zone,
Navet formation.

Locauity: Holotype (USNM P5737) from the Hant-
kenina aragonensis zone, Navet formation; in upper
part of small ravine between mileposts 12% and 12%
of the Brasso-Tamana Road and the Navet River
(see text-fig. 25); sample K 8817 (TTOC 177758).

Remarks: Globorotalia pseudomayeri, new species,
is morphologically very close to G. opima nana Bolli
and G. mayeri Cushman and Ellisor. It differs from
the former in that the chambers of the last whorl
increase more rapidly in size. The last whorl consists
of 4 to 44% chambers, whereas in G. mayeri it has 5 or 6.
G. pseudomayeri is restricted to the Hantkenina ara-
gonensis zone of the Navet formation, whereas @.
opima nana is found from the Truncorotaloides rohri
zone, Navet formation to the Globigerina ciperoensis
ciperoensis zone, Cipero formation. Globorotatia mayeri
is restricted to the Cipero formation and lower part
of the Lengua formation.

Globorotalia bullbrooki Bolli, new species
Puatr 38, Ficures 4a—5e

Shape of test on spiral side almost flat or low trochospi-
ral, umbilical side strongly convex, subangular. Wall
calcareous, perforate, surface covered with short,
blunt spines. Chambers subangular, inflated; about
12-15, arranged in about 2% whorls; the 4 chambers
of the last whorl increase fairly rapidly in size. Su-
tures on spiral side oblique or radial, depressed; on
umbilical side radial, depressed. Umbilicus narrow,
deep. Aperture a low arch, interiomarginal, umbili-
cal-extraumbilical. Coiling without distinct pattern
in the preliminary study of eight isolated samples
belonging to the Hantkenina aragonensis zone. In
four of these samples, 70-90 percent of the specimens
coiled dextrally, in two a preference for sinistral coiling
was observed and in two the specimens coiled at ran-
dom. It may be of interest to note that in the sam-
ples with a predominance of dextrally coiled specimens,
Ciavigerinella was found but Hantkenina was absent.
To gain a clear picture of the coiling pattern in Globo-
rotalia bullbrooki, it will be necessary to make further
investigations in a more nearly complete stratigraphic
section. Largest diameter of holotype 0.5 mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Hantkenina aragonensis zone
to Globigerapsis kugleri zone, Navet formation.

Locauity: Holotype USNM P5742) and figured
paratype (USNM P5743) from the Hantkenina arag-
onensis zone, Navet formation; holotype from outcrop
on left side of right branch of Nariva River, about
450 feet from its junction, Central Range, Trinidad

168 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

(coordinates N:314350 links; E:487360 lmks); para-
type from upper part of small ravine between mileposts
12% and 12% of the Brasso-Tamana Road and Navet
River (see text-fig. 25); samples K 9077, 8817 (TTOC
178166, 177758).

Remarks: Globorotalia bullbrooki, new species, is
distinguished from G. aspensis (Colom) by its more
subangular test and by the presence of 4 chambers
in the last whorl instead of the 5-7 of that species.

Globorotalia crassata (Cushman), often referred to
in publications, may be close to the new species. The
single spiral view of the holotype given by Cushman
(1925) is not sufficient for an accurate determination
and comparison. G. crassata as figured by Cushman
and Bermudez (1949) shows 5% chambers in the last
whorl as against the 4 commonly found in G. bull-
brooki. G. crassata var. densa (Cushman) is described
as differing from G. crassata in its more rounded com-
pact form, rounded periphery, and in having only 4
chambers in the last formed coil instead of 5 or 6 as
in the typical form. No figure was given by Cushman
for this variety. On the basis of the scanty description
alone it is not possible to compare it with Globorotalia
bullbrookt or any other possibly synonymous Navet
species.

Specimens found among the middle Eocene forami-
niferal fauna of a Mid-Pacific core (see p. 169), are
indistinguishable from Globorotolia bullbrooki, with the
exception that they possess small sutural supplemen-
tary apertures on the spiral side, which are typical of
the genus Truncorotaloides. It is likely that G. bull-
brooki also possesses such accessory apertures which,
however, cannot be seen due to the poor preservation,
and should therefore be placed in the genus Zrun-
corotaloides.

The species is named for Mr. J. A. Bullbrook, geolo-
gist. and archeologist, Trinidad.

Globorotalia spinulosa Cushman
Piate 38, Figures 6a—7c

Globorotalia spinulosa CusumMan, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., vol. 3, p. 114, pl. 23, figs. 4a—-c, 1927.—Brcxmann,
Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 46, No. 2, p. 397, pl. 26, fig.
13, 1953.

Globorotalia (Truncorotalia) spinulosa Cushman, CusHmMan and
BERMUDEZ, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 25, pt. 2, pp.
40-41, pl. 8, figs. 1-3, 1949.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Hantkenina aragonensis zone
to Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5744a, b)
from the Hantkenina aragonensis zone, Navet forma-
tion; in small ravine between mileposts 12% and 12% of
the Brasso-Tamana Road and the Navet River, Central

Range (see text-fig. 25) ; sample K8820 (TTOC 177760).

Remarks: Globorotalia spinulosa Cushman is likely
to be the ancestor of G. lehnert Cushman and Jarvis.

Forms transitional between the two species are com-

mon. Typical G. spinulosa are umbilicoconvex; G.

lehnerit is very strongly compressed with both sides

about equally convex.

Globorotalia spinuloinflata (Bandy)
Puate 38, FicurEs 8a-c

Globigerina spinuloinflata Banpy, Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol.
32, No. 131, p. 122, pl. 23, figs. la-c, 1949.
Globorotalia crassula Cushman and Stewart, Beckmann, Eclog.
Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 46, No. 2, p. 397, pl. 26, fig. 12, 1958.
?Globorotalia crassata var. densa (Cushman), CusHmMaN and
Renz, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 24, p. 40,
pl. 8, figs. 7, 8, 1948.
STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Hantkenina aragonensis zone
to Porticulasphaera meaicana zone, Navet formation.

Locauiry: Figured hypotype (USNM P5745) from
the Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet formation;
same locality as given for Hastigerina micra (Cole)
(p. 161); sample Hg 8581 (TTOC 215782).

Remarks: The figure of the holotype of Globigerina
spinuloinflata Bandy shows a subangular test with an
interiomarginal, umbilical-extraumbilical aperture; for
these reasons it is placed in Globorotalia. Although the
Trinidad specimens are often somewhat more angular
than the figure given by Bandy (1949), they are here
included in this species.

Globorotalia renzi Bolli, new species

PuatE 38, FicurEs 3a-c

Shape of test very low trochospiral; equatorial
periphery almost circular, only very slightly lobate;
axial periphery angular with a thin keel. Wall cal-
careous, finely perforate, surface smooth or very finely
pitted. Chambers strongly compressed; 15-18, ar-
ranged in about 2% whorls; the chambers of the last
whorl, usually 6 in number, increase fairly rapidly in
size. Sutures on spiral side curved; on umbilical side
radial or very slightly curved, slightly depressed be-
tween last chambers. Umbilicus very narrow, shallow.
Aperture a low arch, often with a distinct lip, interio-
marginal, umbilical-extraumbilical. Coiling almost 100
percent dextral throughout the observed range in the
Navet formation. Largest diameter of holotype 0.23
mm.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Hantkenina aragonensis zone
to Truncorotaloides rohri zone, Navet formation.

Locaurry: Holotype (USNM P5741) from the
Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet formation;
block in the upper Oligocene-lower Miocene Nariva
formation, in cutting west of tank 127, north of The
Avenue and 850 feet west of its junction with Bon
Accord Road, Pointe-a-Pierre; sample Hg 8581 (TTOC
215782). The block is no longer existant.

Remarks: Globorotalia renzi Bolli, new species, is
distinguished from @. lehneri Cushman and Jarvis by
its small size and spineless periphery. It usually has 6
chambers in the last whorl compared with 4—5 in small
specimens of G. lehneri.

The species is named for Dr. H. H. Renz of the Mene
Grande Oil Company, in recognition of his contribu-
tions to micropaleontology in the Caribbean region.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 169

Globorotalia bolivariana (Petters)
Puate 37, Figures 148-16

Globigerina wilsoni Cole subsp. bolivariana Prtrers, Contr.
Cushman Found. Foram. Res., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 39, pl. 8,
figs. 9a-c, 1954.—Weiss, Micropaleontology, vol. 1, No. 4,
p. 309, pl. 2, figs. 6-8, 1955.

Globigerina wilsont Cole, Wxiss, Micropaleontology, vol. 1, No.
4, p. 309, pl. 2, figs. 22-23, 1955.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Hantkenina aragonensis zone
to Truncorotaloides rohri zone, Navet formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5736a-c)
from the Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet forma-
tion; same locality as given for Hastigerina micra

(Cole) (p. 161); sample Hg 8581 (TTOC 215782).

Remarks: Globorotalia bolivariana (Petters), origi-
nally described as subspecies of Globigerina wilsoni

Cole, displays a distinctly interiomarginal, umbilical-

extraumbilical aperture; the very narrow slit often

extends towards the spiral side. The species differs
from the Globorotalia opima Bolli in being more involute

(chambers of the earlier whorls are almost invisible)

and in being almost planispiral. G. bolivariana is

restricted to the middle Eocene while G. opima ranges
from the uppermost middle Eocene to the Oligocene.

Globorotalia lehneri Cushman and Jarvis
Puate 38, Ficurres 9a-13

Globorotalia lehneri CusHMAN and Jarvis, Contr. Cushman Lab.
Foram. Res., vol. 5, p. 17, pl. 3, figs. 16a—c, 1929.—Cusu-
MAN and Renz, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 24,
p. 40, pl. 8, figs. 3-4, 1948—CusHmMan and BrrmupeEz,
Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 25, pt. 2, p. 82, pl. 6,
figs. 7-9, 1949.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globigerapsis kugleri zone
(probably upper part only) to Truncorotaloides rohri
zone, Navet formation.

Locauiry: Figured hypotypes from the Porticulas-
phaera mexicana zone, Navet formation: (figs. 9, 10, 12,
13; USNM P5746a-d): same locality as given for
Hastigerina micra (Cole) (p. 161); sample Hg 8581
(TTOC 215782); (figs. 1la-b; USNM P5747), block in
Moruga River, south Trinidad; sample BB 124 (TTOC
2548).

Globorotalia centralis Cushman and Bermudez
Puate 39, Figures la—4

Globorotalia centralis CusHMAN and Brermupez, Contr. Cushman
Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 13, p. 26, pl. 2, figs. 62-65, 1937.—
Brcxmann, Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 46, No. 2, p. 396,
pl. 26, figs. 8, 9, 1953 —Brrmuprz, Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., Spec. Publ. 25, p. 284, pl. 22, figs. 30-32, 1949.

Globorotalia (Turborotalia) centralis Cushman and Bermudez,
CusHMan and Brermuprez, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.,
vol. 25, pt. 2, pp. 44-45, pl. 8, figs. 19-21, 1949.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globigerapsis kugleri zone
(probably upper part), Navet formation to Globorotalia
eocoaensts zone, San Fernando formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (figs. 1a-3c; USNM
P5748a-c) from the Porticulasphaera mexicana zone,

Navet formation; same locality as given for Hastigerina
micra (Cole) (p. 161); sample Hg 8581 (TTOC 215782).
Figured hypotype (fig. 4; USNM P5749) from the
Globorotalia cocoaensis zone, San Fernando formation;
road cut at intersection of Naparima—Mayaro Road
and San Fernando Bypass Road, east of San Fernando;
sample KR 20521a (TTOC 113248).

Remarks: Globorotalia centralis Cushman and Ber-
mudez shows considerable variation. During the evolu-
tion of the species there is a change in chamber shape
from rounded towards subangular. The more sub-
angular specimens may be regarded as transitional to
G. cocoaensis Cushman. High spired specimens (figs.
2a-b) begin to occur in the upper part of the Navet
formation. It has already been pointed out (p. 164)
that specimens transitional between G. centralis and
Globigerina ampliapertura Bolli are found in the Globoro-
talia cocoaensis zone, San Fernando formation. Further
studies on the Globorotalia centralis group and related
species will have to be carried out before it will be
possible to establish definitely the genetic relationships.
It may then be possible to erect a number of subspecies
of stratigraphic value.

Globorotalia opima nana Bolli

Globorotalia opima nana Bouu, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 118,
pl. 28, figs. 8a—c, 1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Truncorotaloides rohri zone,
Navet formation to Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis
zone, Cipero formation.

Globorotalia cocoaensis Cushman
Puate 39, Figures 5a-7b

Globorotalia cocoaensis CusHMAN, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., vol. 4, pt. 3, p. 75, pl. 10, figs. 3a—c, 1928.—Banpy,
Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 32, No. 131, p. 79, pl. 12, figs.
la-c, 1949,

Globigerina cerro-azulensis Coun, Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 14,
No. 53, p. 217, pl. 32, figs. 11-13, 1928.

Globorotalia (Turborotalia) cerro-azulensis (Cole), CusHMAN and
BerMupDgz, Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 25, pt. 2, pp.
42-43, pl. 8, figs. 10-12, 1949.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globigerapsis semiinvoluta
zone, Navet formation to Globorotalia cocoaensis zone,
San Fernando formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5750a-c)
from the type locality of Globorotalia cocoaensis zone
(see p. 160); sample KR 25684 (TTOC 238769).

Genus Truncorotaloides Bronnimann and Bermudez, 1953

After completion of the present study on the plank-
tonic Foraminifera of the Navet formation, some ex-
cellent preserved material of Eocene and Paleocene
age from Mid-Pacific seamounts became available for
examination through the courtesy of Dr. E. L. Hamil-
ton, U. S. Navy Electronics Laboratory, San Diego,
California, and the Scripps Institution of Oceanog-
raphy.

The predominantly planktonic fauna of Mid-Pacific

170 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

expedition core 25H-1 (19°40’ N., 168°32’ W.) de-
scribed by Hamilton (1953) is almost identical with
that of the Hantkenina aragonensis zone or the basal
part of the Globigerapsis kuglert zone of the Navet
formation. Many of the specimens which are other-
wise indistinguishable from those described here as
Globorotalia bullbrooki Bolli, new species, show distinct
supplementary sutural apertures on the spiral side, a
feature that could not be seen in the Trinidad speci-
mens due to poor preservation. It seems most likely
therefore, that Globorotalia bullbrooki from the Navet
formation should be placed in the genus TYruncorota-
lordes.

The fauna of dredge sample 33C (17°45’ N., 174°
16’ W.), described by Hamilton as Paleocene, is com-
parable with that of the Globorotalia velascoensis zone
of the Lizard Springs formation of Trinidad (Bolli,
1957a). Another possibility is that it represents a
horizon between the Paleocene Globorotalia velascoensis
zone and the lower Eocene Globoratalia rex zone of the
Lizard Springs formation, where a stratigraphic break
is indicated in the Trinidad section. Together with
Globorotalia velascoensis (Cushman), numerous Trun-
corotaloides types were found in the well preserved
material. The study of the dredge sample would
suggest that there are Truncorotaloides types identical
with or very close to species described under the names
Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman and Ponton, G.
formosa gracilis Bolli, and G. aequa Cushman and Renz.

The fact, that TZruncorotaloides appears in the
Paleocene makes it likely that some lower Eocene
species, so far attributed to the genus Globorotalia,
might also possess supplementary sutural apertures
on the spiral side which have not been observed because
of poor preservation. One such species likely to
belong to Zruncorotaloides is Globorotalia quetra Bolli.

All known Truncorotaloides species belong to the
group of distinctly spinose forms which appeared in
the upper Paleocene and apparently became extinct
at the end of the middle Eocene.

Truncorotaloides rohri Bronnimann and Bermudez
Puate 39, Fieurss 8—12¢

Truncorotaloides rohri BRONNIMANN and BrERMUDEZ, Journ.
Paleontol., vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 818-819, pl. 87, figs. 7—9,
1953.—BrckManNn, Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 46, No. 2,
p. 396, pl. 26, figs. 10, 11, 1953.—Bon11, Lomsuicu, and
Tappan, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 42, pl. 10, figs.
5a-e, 1957.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: ?Hantkenina aragonensis
zone; Globigerapsis kuglert zone to Truncorotaloides
rohri zone, Navet formation.

Locauity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5751a-e)
from the Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet
formation: same locality as given for Hastigerina micra
(Cole) (p. 161); sample Hg 8581 (TTOC 215782).

Remarks: In addition to Truncorotaloides rohri,
Bronnimann and Bermudez (1953) described three
varieties of this species which illustrate the variation
of chamber and test shape ranging from rounded to
angular forms. In TZ. rohry var. guaracaraensis are
included specimens with spherical chambers. JT. rohri
var. piparoensis is an intermediate form between T.
rohri var. guaracaraensis and T.rohri. The chambers of
T. rohri var. mayoensis are angular conical, the test
umbilicoconvex. This variety may be regarded as
related to ZT. topilensis (Cushman).

Truncorotaloides topilensis (Cushman)
Puate 39, Figures 13-16b
Globigerina topilensis CusHMAN, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 7, pl. 1, figs. 9a-c, 1925.

STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Globigerapsis kugleri zone to
Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet formation.

Locatity: Figured hypotypes (USNM P5752 a—d)
from the Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet forma-
tion; same locality as given for Hastigerina micra (Cole),
(p. 161); sample Hg 8581 (TTOC 215782).

Remarks: The Trinidad specimens of Truncorota-
loides topilensis (Cushman) compare closely with the
holotype of Globigerina topilensis Cushman, except
that many specimens possess sutural, supplementary
apertures on the spiral side, such as characterize the
genus Truncorotaloides.

References

Banpy, O. L.
1949.

Eocene and Oligocene Foraminifera from Little Stave Creek, Clarke County, Alabama.

Bull.

Amer. Paleontol., vol. 32, No. 131, pp. 1-210, pls. 1-27.

Beckmann, J. P.
1953.

Die Foraminiferen der Oceanic Formation (Eocaen-Oligocaen) von Barbados, KI. Antillen.

Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 301—412, pls. 16-30, 29 text-figs.

1957.

Chiloguembelina Loeblich and Tappan and related Foraminifera from the lower Tertiary of

Trinidad, B. W.I. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, pp. 83-95, pl. 21.

Brermupez, P. J.
1949.

Tertiary smaller Foraminifera of the Dominican Republic.
Spec. Publ. 25, pp. 1-322, pls. 1-26.

Cushman Lab. Foram. Res.;

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 171

Bouu, H. M.
1950. The direction of coiling in the evolution of some Globorotaliidae. Contr. Cushman Found.
Foram. Res., vol. 1, pts. 3-4, pp. 82-89, pl. 15.
1951. Notes on the direction of coiling of rotalid Foraminifera. Contr. Cushman Found. Foram.
Res., vol. 2, pt. 4, pp. 189-143.
1957a. The genera Globigerina and Globorotalia in the Paleocene - lower Eocene Lizard Springs forma-
tion of Trinidad, B. W. I. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, pp. 61-81, pls. 15-20.
1957b. Planktonic Foraminifera from the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and Lengua formations of
Trinidad, B. W.I. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, pp. 97-123, pls. 22-29.
Bouu, H. M., Loznsurcn, A. R., Jr., and Tappan, H.
1957. The planktonic foraminiferal families Hantkeninidae, Orbulinidae, Globorotaliidae, and
Globotruncanidae. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, pp. 3-50, pls. 1-11.
BRONNIMANN, P.
1950a. ‘The genus Hantkenina Cushman in Trinidad and Barbados, B. W.I. Journ. Paleontol.,
vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 397-420, pls. 55-56, text-figures 1-2.
1950b. Weitere Beobachtungen an Hantkeninen. LEclog. Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 245-251,
text-figs.
1952a. Trinidad Paleocene and lower Eocene Globigerinidae. Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 34, No.
143, pp. 1-34, pls. 1-3.
1952b. Globigerinoita and Globigerinatheka, new genera from the Tertiary of Trinidad, B. W. I.
Contr. Cushman Found. Foram. Res., vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 25-28, text-figs. 1-3.
BRONNIMANN, P., and Bermupez, P. J.
1953. Truncorotaloides, a new foraminiferal genus from the Eocene of Trinidad, B. W. I. Journ.
Paleontol., vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 817-820, pl. 87.
Cotz, W. 8S.
1927. A fordminiferal fauna from the Guayabal formation in Mexico. Bull. Amer. Paleontol.,
vol. 14, No. 51, pp. 1-46, pls. 1-5.
1928. A foraminiferal fauna from the Chapapote formation in Mexico. Bull. Amer. Paleontol.,
vol. 14, No. 53, pp. 1-32, pls. 1-4.
Coto, G.
1954. Estudio de los biozonas con foraminiferos del Terciario de Alicante. Bol. Inst. Geol. y Min.
Espafia, vol. 66, pp. 1-279, pls. 1-35.
CusHMan, J. A.
1925. An Eocene fauna from the Moctezuma River, Mexico. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol., vol.
9, No. 2, pp. 298-308, pls. 6-8.
1930. Fossil species of Hastigerinella. Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 6, pt. 1, pp. 17-19,
pl. 3.
Cusuman, J. A., and Bermupez, P. J.
1949. Some Cuban species of Globorotalia. Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 25, pt. 2, pp.
26-45, pls. 5-8.
Cusuman, J. A., and Jarvis, P. W.
1929. New Foraminifera from Trinidad. Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 5, pt. 1, pp. 6-17,
pls. 2-3.
CusHMan, J. A., and Renz, H. H.
1946. The foraminiferal fauna of the Lizard Springs formation of Trinidad, B.W.I. Cushman Lab.
Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 18, pp. 1-48, pls. 1-8.
1948. Eocene Foraminifera of the Navet and Hospital Hill formations of Trinidad, B.W.I. Cush-
man Lab. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ. 24, pp. 1-42, pls. 1-8.
GuazssneR, M. F.
1937. Plankton Foraminiferen aus der Kreide und dem Eozin and ihre stratigraphische Bedeutung.
Studies in Micropaleontol., Publ. Lab. Paleontol. Moscow Univ., vol. 1, fase. 1, pp. 27-46,
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Gupry, R. J. L.
1866. On the relations of the Tertiary formations of the West Indies. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
London, vol. 22, pp. 570-590, pl. 26.
Hamitton, E. L.
1953. Upper Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Recent planktonic Foraminifera from Mid-Pacific flat-
topped seamounts. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 204-237, pls. 29-32.
Kuetrr, H. G.
1938. The Eocene of the Soldado Rock near Trinidad. Bol. Geol. Miner. Venezuela, vol. 2, Nos.
2,3,4, pp. 1—24.
1953. Jurassic to Recent sedimentary environments in Trinidad. Bull. Assoc. Suisse Géol. Ing.
Pétrole, vol. 20, No. 59, pp. 27-60, 2 text figures.
Nourraut, W. L. F.
1928. Notes on the Tertiary Foraminifera of southern Mexico. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 2, No. 4,
pp. 372-376, pl. 50.
1930. Eocene Foraminifera from Mexico. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 271-293, pls. 23-25.
Petters, V.
1954. ‘Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera from Colombia, 8. A. Contr. Cushman Found.
Foram. Res., vol. 5, pt. 1, pp. 37—41, pl. 8.
Renz, H. H.
1942. Stratigraphy of northern South America, Trinidad and Barbados. Proc. 8th Amer. Sci.
Cong., vol. 4, pp. 5138-571.
SrainrortH, R. M.
1948a. Description, correlation and paleoecology of Tertiary Cipero marl formation, Trinidad,
B.W.I. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol., vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 1292-1330, 2 text figures.
1948b. Applied micropaleontology in coastal Ecuador. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 113-151,
pls. 24-26.
Suter, H. H.
1951-52. The general and economic geology of Trinidad, B.W.I. Colonial Geol. and Min. Res., vol.
2, Nos. 3,4, vol. 3, No. 1, pls. 1-7.
VaucuHan, T. W., and Cots, W. 8.
1941. Preliminary report on the Cretaceous and Tertiary larger Foraminifera of Trinidad, British
West Indies. Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Pap. 30, pp. 1-137, pls. 1-46.
Weiss, L.
1955. Planktonic index Foraminifera of northwestern Peru. Micropaleontology, vol. 1, No. 4,
pp. 301-319, pls. 1-3.

Planktonic Foraminifera of Paleocene and Early Eocene Age from the
Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains
By Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., and Helen Tappan’

Introduction

Te HAS LONG BEEN controversy concerning the
geologic age of nearly every formation throughout
the world referable to an age somewhere between the
Upper Cretaceous Maestrichtian and the Eocene Ypre-
sian. This is none the less true of the formations
here discussed which occur along the Gulf and Atlantic
Coastal Plains. The differing methods used in the
past to determine the age and correlation, range from
solely lithologic and structural evidence to paleontologic
correlations variously based on brachiopods, mollusks,
bryozoa, ostracods, and Foraminifera.

Because the planktonic Foraminifera have come to
be recognized in recent years as exceptionally valuable
tools for regional and world wide correlations, the
writers have made a study of these forms that occur
in certain Paleocene and lower Eocene strata. These
planktonic species are then made the basis for an inter-
regional correlation. The stratigraphic nomenclature
and age designations used in this report do not neces-
sarily follow the usage of the U. 8. Geological Survey.

Strata from which planktonic species are here de-
scribed include the Velasco formation of Mexico, the
Kincaid and Wills Point formations of the Midway
group of Texas; the Pine Barren and McBryde members
of the Clayton formation, the Matthews Landing marl
member of the Porters Creek clay, the Coal Bluff marl
member of the Naheola formation and the Salt Moun-
tain limestone, all of the Midway group of Alabama;
the Nanafalia formation of the Wilcox group of Ala-
bama; the Brightseat formation of Maryland, the Aquia
formation of Maryland and Virginia, and the Horners-
town and Vincentown formations of New Jersey. For
purposes of comparison, the planktonic species of the
type Danian of Denmark are also described and illus-
trated. The Wilcox group of Texas and the Porters
Creek clay and the Oak Hill member of the Naheola
formation of Alabama contained no planktonic Fo-
raminifera, in the samples studied, hence are not further
discussed in the present report. Samples of the under-
lying Cretaceous horizons were also examined in each
area, but their quite different faunas are not here
described.

1 Helen Tappan Loeblich, U. 8. Geological Survey and Research Assoelate, Smith-
sonian Institution.

Previous Correlations and Age Assignments

Velasco Formation

The Velasco formation of the Tampico embayment
of Mexico was first separated from the Upper Cre-
taceous Mendez formation by Cushman and Trager
(1924) and was then thought to be related to the Taylor
marl of Texas. Later (1926), Cushman stated that it
was equivalent to the Navarro of Texas. Dumble and
Applin (1924) described the same sequence of beds as
Tamesi and considered them as lower Eocene.

Midway Group

The Midway group was originally described from
Alabama, and since 1894 has been generally recognized
as including the oldest Tertiary beds of the Gulf
Coastal Plain. It was long considered by the U. S.
Geological Survey to be lower Eocene in age (Wil-
marth, 1938, p. 1366). However, about 30 years ago,
Gayle Scott (1926, p. 161) had correlated the Midway
group of the Gulf Coast with the Danian, placing the
nautiloid Enclimatoceras ulrichi White in the synonymy
of Hercoglossa danica (Schlotheim). He considered
(1934, p. 1158) that the Midway was therefore of Cre-
taceous age, as the Danian was then generally regarded
as late Cretaceous. Gardner (1933, p. 92) first placed
the Midway group in the Paleocene, the lower Midway
(Kincaid) being considered Montain, and the Upper
Midway (Wills Point) correlated with the Landenian.
She stated (p. 99) that ‘The existance of marine
deposits of Danian age in either of the Americas has
not been established.” Brotzen (1948, p. 32) considered
the Kincaid as of Danian age, and the Wills Point as
Seelandian. He also considered the lower Wilcox to
represent the Thanetian and younger stages. His
correlations were largely based on benthonic Fo-
raminifera although he mentioned that the Midway

- “Globigerinidae’”’ occur in the lower Paleocene of

Sweden.

Wilcox Group

The Wilcox group is recognized by the U. S. Geologi-
cal Survey (Wilmarth, 1938, p. 2333) to be of lower
Eocene age, and to designate “‘deposits overlying the
Midway and underlying the Claiborne in the Gulf

173

174 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Coastal Plain.” Recent studies (Murray, 1955) have
shown that the “basal Wilcox’ of some areas is a
“date Midway” time equivalent. The recognizable
sedimentary facies of the Midway and Wilcox groups
are thus not entirely time equivalents. The Wilcox
is considered to be lower Eocene, yet strata in other
areas have been referred to the Wilcox, on lithologic
bases, which are faunally much closer to the Midway
(Paleocene).

As was demonstrated by Murray (1955), confusion
has arisen by the varying usage of the terms Midway
and Wilcox by some authors in a lithologic sense (rock
unit) and by others in a time connotation (time-rock
unit). The greater use of the Huropean stage names or
of faunal zones in determining correlations would avoid
these misinterpretations.

Salt Mountain Limestone

The Salt Mountain limestone of Alabama is recog-
nized by the U. S. Geological Survey to be of lower
Eocene age and to belong to the. Wilcox group (Wil-
marth, 1988, p. 1898). It is regarded as lying between
the Tuscahoma sand and the Nanafalia formation,
although it does not appear in contact with these
formations, the only known outcrops being at Salt
Mountain and in its immediate vicinity. Toulmin
(1941, p. 569) recorded 99 species of Foraminifera from
the Salt Mountain, of which 19 were common to the
upper Wilcox greensand at Ozark, Alabama, 10 oc-
curred also in the upper Wilcox (Bashi) of Woods Bluff,
Alabama, 11 occurred in the lower Midway (Kincaid)
of Texas, 18 in the upper Midway of Texas, and 14
were found in common with a Midway fauna in Ala-
bama. Thus the Salt Mountain limestone has about
the same number of species in common with the
Midway elsewhere as it does with the Wilcox, although
Toulmin considered that at least the upper part was
younger than Midway and probably of early Wilcox age.

Aquia Formation

The Aquia formation of Maryland has been con-
sidered by the U. S. Geological Survey to be lower
Eocene in age. Cooke and Stephenson (1928) con-
sidered the Vincentown formation of New Jersey to be
the equivalent of the Aquia formation of Maryland,
considering both to be of Wilcox Hocene age. Miller
(1956) concurred in this determination, on the basis of
megafossils. Shifflet (1948) described the Foraminifera
of the Aquia, and stated (p. 17) that the Aquia was
“considered equivalent to the lower Wilcox of the Gulf
Coast and to the Ypresian of Europe.” She recorded
nine species of planktonic Foraminifera.
Brightseat Formation

The Brightseat formation of Maryland was recently
described as of Paleocene age, and underlies the Aquia
formation.
Vincentown and Hornerstown Formations

Both the Vincentown and Hornerstown formations of
New Jersey were originally described as of late Creta-
ceous age (Clark, Bagg, and Shattuck, 1897, p. 326),

but younger than the Upper Cretaceous of the Gulf
Coastal region, and the equivalent of the European
Danian stage. Cooke and Stephenson (1928, p. 141)
placed these strata in the Eocene (in 1928 the U. S.
Geological Survey did not recognize the Paleocene as a
distinct epoch), on the basis of macrofossil evidence, as
well as diastrophic evidence that the Hornerstown marl
transgressed southward on successively older Creta-
ceous beds. They also correlated the Vincentown
formation with the Aquia formation of Maryland.
Canu and Bassler (1933, p. 3) correlated the Vincen-
town with the Maestrichtian and Danian (Upper
Cretaceous) of Europe, on the basis of the Bryozoa, but
also noted a similarity of the fauna to that of the
Aquia of Maryland and the Clayton formation (lower
Midway) of the Gulf Coast. Brotzen (1948, p. 32)
correlated the Vincentown with the Thanetian, Lande-
nian (Paleocene) and the Ypresian (lower Eocene).
McLean (1953, p. 1) identified Paleocene benthonic
Foraminifera in the Vincentown, as well as some species
suggestive of the Wilcox Eocene, and believed the
Vincentown to represent transitional strata.

Fox and Olsson (1955, p. 736) placed the Horners-
town formation in the Paleocene and the Vincentown
was said to contain a ‘mixture of typical Paleocene
forms in association with new Eocene elements charac-
teristic of the upper part of the Vincentown.” ‘They
considered the Vincentown to be “clearly Eocene in
age.” Hofker (1955, p. 1) listed 22 species of Foramin-
ifera common to the Vincentown and the Paleocene of
Europe, and considered the Vincentown to be lower
Paleocene.

Miller (1956, p. 731) studied the invertebrate fauna
of the Vincentown and concluded that the “strongest
affinities are to the Lower Hocene (Aquia) of Maryland
and the Danian of Denmark.’”’ He recorded 18 species
common to the Vincentown and Aquia, including
bryozoans, ostracods, aleyonarids, and mollusca. How-
ever, as the Aquia was considered lower Eocene, he
also correlated the Vincentown with the lower Eocene.
He stated (p. 732) that the “Nautilus” danicus, bryo-
zoans and alcyonarids were also found in the Danian
of Europe, but he considered them “facies fossils.”

Correlation by Planktonic Foraminifera

There is no longer any reason for questionable cor-
relations of marine deposits at the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary. Wherever planktonic Foraminifera occur
they show a very pronounced faunal break. The
planktonic genera characteristic of the Cretaceous
(Globotruncana, Rugoglobigerina, Hastigerinoides, etc.)
are never found in the Cenozoic, and do not occur in
the type Danian or in any Paleocene strata. ‘Typical
Cenozoic Globorotalia and Globigerina, such as are
found in the Paleocene (Danian, Midway, etc.) the
world over, do not appear anywhere in the Cretaceous.
Thus a Cretaceous age is definitely excluded for strata
in which they appear.

As has been shown by Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

(1957), the Paleocene has the most restricted generic
assemblage of coiled planktonic Foraminifera found
since the mid-Cretaceous, containing only species of
Globigerina, Globigerinoides and Globorotalia.

Reiss (1955) described a planktonic faunal sequence
in Israel, with only Globigerina (and Globorotalia with
rounded periphery) in the oldest strata (Reiss believed
this stage represented Danian, but belonged in the
Tertiary), followed by a Globigerina-keeled Globoro-
talia assemblage in the Paleocene. This same sequence
can be recognized throughout much of the world. In
Sweden, Denmark, Russia, the near East, Egypt, the
American Gulf and Atlantic coasts, and Trinidad, no
angular or keeled Globorotalia are found in the lower
Paleocene. They do occur in middle and upper Pa-
leocene strata in these and other areas, so that correla-
tions within the Paleocene may even be made on a
generic or subgeneric level in the planktonic Foramini-
fera, and much more refined correlations may be based
on the species. 3

Globorotalia pseudotopilensis
Globigerina inaequispira
Globigerina chascanona

Chiloguembelina crinita

G. strabocella
Globorotalia convexa
Globorotalia aequa
G. elongata

G. pseudomenardii

runcorotaloides | Nonafalia fm
assemblage Ala.

Velasco fm(up)
México

Aquia fm
Vo.— Md,
Vincentown sand
N.J.

Keeled
Globorotalia
assemblage

Coal Bluff mori
Ala.
Matthews landing
marl Ala.
Wills Point fm:
Tex
McBryde Is mbr
Ala.

z

Borren mbr
Ala.

Brightseat fm
Md

Donian

Denmark

Globigerina
assemblage

se ee

175

The Paleocene is here regarded as including the
Danian (=Montian) and Landenian stages of the
standard European time scale. Typical Paleocene
species of planktonic Foraminifera are Globigerina
triloculinoides and Globorotalia pseudobulloides. The
former ranges throughout the Paleocene and the
latter in about the lower one-half.

The Danian stage, or lower Paleocene, contains a
planktonic assemblage of Globigerina, Globigerinoides,
and Globorotalia with rounded periphery. The plank-
tonic species found in the type Danian of Denmark
also occur in the Kincaid and Wills Point formations
of Texas, the Pine Barren and McBryde members of
Alabama and the Brightseat formation of Maryland
(text-fig. 27). The faunal lists given by Muir (1936)

which were prepared by Helen Jeanne Plummer show
a restricted Globigerina fauna, like that of the Danian,
in the lower part of the Velasco (or Tames{) formation
of Mexico.
here as lower Paleocene.

All these formations are therefore regarded
Species most typical of this

claytonensis

25] Globorotolia pseudobulloides
Woodringina

|__| Globigerina triloculinoides

[= 3] G. pseudoscitula
=z) Globigerina mckannai
|_| Globorotatia acuta
Es G. angulata

Le] | |__| eroborotatia -hispidicidoris

eee Tubitextularia alabamensis

BES Globigerina spiralis

sors] os Globorotalia opanthesma
ea
ce Shoes | SSE G. cf G. soldadoensis

4) aot Se Heterohelix wilcoxensis
Sees Globigerina aquiensis

Kincaid fm
Tex.

Ficure 27.—Range chart of planktonic Foraminifera in the Paleocene and lower Eocene of the Gulf and Atlantic coastal regions. Location of
formations in the chart, within each assemblage, does not necessarily imply their relative stratigraphic position, which is given in fig. 28. Ranges
of species in the Velasco formation are given only for the upper part (the Globorotalia velascoensis zone), although the Velasco also includes
older strata, representative of the Globigerina assemblage.

176 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

this lowermost faunal zone, and restricted to it, are
Globorotalia compressa, Globigerinoides daubjergensis
and Chiloguembelina morset. C. midwayensts appears
in the upper part of the zone.

The Landenian stage (upper Paleocene) contains a
Globigerina-keeled Globorotalia assemblage, and is typi-
fied by the species Globorotalia angulata. Species
typical of the angulata zone, which range almost
throughout its extent include Globorotalia angulata,
G. aequa, G. elongata and G. pseudomenardii, in addition
to the longer ranging G. perclara and Globigerina trilocu-
linoides. The angulata zone may be further subdivided
into subzones, the oldest of which is characterized by
Globorotalia ‘pseudobulloides. This species first ap-
peared in the late Danian, but does not range above
this lower subzone of the Landenian. ‘ In addition to
the continuance of Globorotalia pseudobulloides and and
Globigerina triloculinoides, the subzone notes the first
appearance of Globorotalia angulata, elongata, pseudo-
menardit (all first appearing in the Matthews Landing
marl in the Alabama section), and G. aequa, reissi,
and <irrorata (all appearing first in the Coal Bluff).
The angulata zone thus represents the beginning of the
group of keeled Globorotalia which become increasingly
numerous in later strata. |

The upper subzone of the Paleocene is commonly
referred to as the Globorotalia velascoensis zone, and is
characterized by that very angular and ornate species,
and the similar G. acuta. The typical velascoensis does
not range far north of its type region in Mexico, al-
though it does occur in Trinidad. In the Atlantic and
Gulf Coastal States it is replaced by the similar G. acuta,
which has been considered by some to be merely a
subspecies of G. velascoensis. In the region here studied
the faunal subzone is perhaps better typified by Glo-
bigerina spiralis, which ranges throughout the subzone.

The Hornerstown formation is somewhat transitional
between the mid-Paleocene pseudobulloides subzone
and the upper Paleocene velascoensis-spiralis subzone.
Globorotalia pseudobulloides, compressa, and varianta
have disappeared, as have Chiloguembelina morset, and
midwayensis. The species Chiloguembelina crinita,
Globigerina spiralis, and Globorotalia angulata, aequa,
and convexa have taken their place. However, the
G. acuta-velascoensis group, G. pseudoscitula, occlusa,
and Giobigerina mckannai do not appear until after the
close of Hornerstown time. These species all are
present in the upper Velasco, Salt Mountain, Aquia,
and Vincentown formations, which thus are closely
related faunally.

The lowermost Hocene (Ypresian) typically contains
a Globigerina-Globorotalia-Truncorotaloides assemblage.
In the Gulf and Atlantic coastal region here studied,
the lower Eocene is in many places represented by
nonmarine sediments, and the only fossiliferous mate-
rial used in the present study is that of the Nanafalia
formation of Alabama. It contains 17 species of
planktonic Foraminifera, some of which are holdovers

from the upper Paleocene, but many’ of the most
typical Landenian species are absent. The close of
the Paleocene'was marked by the disappearance of
Globigerina triloculinoides (it is replaced in many
regions by the similar @. linaperta, which is possibly
a derivative), mckannai, and spiralis, and Globorotalia
velascoensis, acuta, angulata, occlusa, and pseudoscitula.
The lower Eocene is characterized by the appearance
of Globorotalia rex (elsewhere also considered a zone
fossil for the Ypresian) and G. pseudotopilensis. The
Landenian, in more offshore marine sections, is also
recognized by the first appearance of the genus Trun-
corotaloides, which resembles a ‘sharply angled Glo-
borotalia, but with supplementary apertures on the
spiral side: ‘True Truncorotaloides has not yet been
observed in the Nanafalia, ‘although the species,
Globorotalia pseudotopilensis Subbotina, is similar to
those which elsewhere did develop the supplementary
apertures.

Summary

The Danian stage of the lower Paleocene (compressa-
daubjergensis faunal zone of the Globigerina assemblage)
is represented by the lower Velasco formation of Mexico;
the Kincaid and Wills Point formations, Midway group
of Texas; the Pine Barren and McBryde members of
the Clayton formation, lower part of the Midway
group of Alabama, and the Brightseat formation of
Maryland (text-fig. 28).

The lower Landenian stage (Thanetian substage),
or middle Paleocene (angulata faunal zone, pseudo-
bulloides subzone of the Globorotalia assemblage), is
not represented at the surface in Texas, Maryland,
Virginia, or New Jersey. In Alabama it consists of
the Porters Creek clay and Naheola formation, the
upper part of the Midway group as previously
recognized.

The upper Landenian stage (Sparnacian substage)
or upper Paleocene (angulata faunal zone, velascoensis-
spiralis subzone) represents the most controversial
part of the section. On the basis of the placement
elsewhere of the Globorotalia velascoensis zone as the
uppermost Paleocene, and in view of the greater
faunal break above than below this zone, it is here
regarded as upper Paleocene. This zone includes the
upper Velasco formation of Mexico, the Salt Mountain
limestone of Alabama (which is thus shown to be older
rather than younger than the Nanafalia formation
of the Wilcox group, and is here included as the upper
formation in the Midway group although younger
than the outcropping Midway of Texas), the Aquia
formation of Maryland and Virginia, and the Horners-
town and Vincentown formation of New Jersey.

The lower Hocene (Ypresian stage) is mostly repre-
sented by nonmarine sediments in this region, marine
strata studied including only the Nanafalia formation
of Alabama, which represents the rez faunal zone of
the Truncorotaloides assemblage.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 177

Planktonic Planktonic
European
Faunal Faunal
Stage
Assemblage Zone

Globigerina-
Globorotalia-

EOCENE YPRESIAN

Truncorotaloides
assemblage

velascoensis-
acuta-
spiralis
subzone

Sparnacian

Globigerina-

pseudobulloides|
Globorotalia

Thonetian

assemblage subzone

repr ier Lae

LANDENIAN
angulata zone

compressa-

Globigerina

doubjergensis
assemblage zone

IMAESTRICHTIAN

CRETACEOUS

México Texas Alaboma Marylond- New
Virginia Jersey
Aragon Wilcox
fm group
.

Globotruncana Méndez Navorro
assemblage fm group »

Nanafalia Manasquan
fm marl
e

Vincentown

Wilcox group

.

Salt Mountain Is

e

Ganmso ullp

Naheola fm
fe}
o
=
=
3
ios
e be

~
\ ° : Matthews Landing
/ s marl mbr. »
] §
Plt
i] A _|&
a .
2 Wills Point | s E McBryde Is i
& fm ry fm | Brightseat
> 6
: S|] Pine Barren fm
ao] o
= rs) fm e bal /
Monmouth
group «

Ficure 28.—Correlation table of Paleocene and lower Eocene strata of the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal regions, based on the included planktonic
species. Material has been examined from each of the formations marked @; all post-Cretaceous planktonic occurrences are shown in the
range chart in fig. 27; correlation of those strata which did not contain planktonic species is based on relative stratigraphic position.

Acknowledgements

This paper is one of the series on planktonic Foram-
inifera and their stratigraphic application for which
technical assistance and illustrative work have been
in part financed by grants-in-aid of research from the
California Research Corp., Carter Oil Co., Gulf Oil
Corp., and the Humble Oil and Refining Co., to which
we express our gratitude.

The writers also gratefully acknowledge the as-
sistance of Dr. J. B. Troelsen, Copenhagen, Denmark,
who supplied material from the type Danian; of Mr.
R. Wright Barker, Shell Development Co., Houston,
Texas, who furnished some excellently preserved upper
Velasco material used in the present study; of Dr.
Stephen Fox of Rutgers University, New Brunswick,
New Jersey, and of Dr. Norman Sohl of the U. S.
Geological Survey, who accompanied Alfred R. Loeblich
Jr., in field study of the Vincentown formation, and in
collecting material from the Vincentown and Horners-
town formations of New Jersey; and of Mr. Richard
Page, Smithsonian Institution, for field assistance in
collecting material from the Brightseat and Aquia
formations of Maryland and Virginia.

We also are grateful to Dr. John Imbrie of Columbia
University, New York City, for making available the

type specimens of the Velasco species described by
Maynard White, for some of which lectotypes have
here been selected and reillustrated.

Illustrations on the plates are camera lucida draw-
ings, prepared by Patricia and Lawrence Isham,
scientific illustrators, U. S. National Museum.

A total of 43 species of planktonic Foraminifera are
described and illustrated. Of these, 8 belong to the
genus Globigerina and one to Globigerinoides, in the
family Orbulinidae. The family Globorotaliidae is
represented by 26 species of Globorotalia, and the family
Heterohelicidae by 1 Heteroheliz, 4 Chiloguembelina, 2
Tubitextularia, and 1 Woodringina. Of the species
described, 13 are new.

In the following descriptions, only partial synonymies
are given. The original reference is cited and addi-
tional references are given only to the local occurrences.
Solely on the basis of the literature, it is impossible to
state with certainty the actual occurrence of a species
without reference to the figured and described material.
Therefore, when a reference is given in the synonymies
which follow, the type specimens have in general been
compared by us with our material. Only the
Russian types of certain of the Paleocene species have
not been personally studied by us.

178 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Systematic Descriptions

Family Heterohelicidae Cushman, 1927

Subfamily Guembelitriinae Montanaro Gallitelli,
1957

Genus Woodringina Loeblich and Tappan, 1957
Woodringina claytonensis Loeblich and Tappan
Prate 40, Figure 6

Woodringina claytonensis LonBLIcH and Tappan, Journ. Wash.
Acad. Sci. vol. 47, p. 39, figs. la—d, 1957.

Test free, tiny, flaring rapidly; early stage with a
single whorl of three chambers (reduced “‘triserial’’),
commonly followed by three, or more rarely up to five,
pairs of biserial chambers, the plan of biseriality
slightly twisted in development; chambers few in
number, subglobular, increasing rapidly in size; sutures
distinct, constricted; wall calcareous, finely perforate
and very finely hispid; aperture a low, arched slit
bordered above by a slight lip, somewhat asymmetrical
in position.

Length of holotype 0.15 mm., greatest breadth 0.12
mm. Other specimens vary from 0.12 to 0.22 mm. in
length.

Remarks: This species superficially resembles Tosaia
hanzawai Takayanagi from the Pliocene of Japan, but
differs in being about one-third as large, in having a
reduced “‘triserial’”’ stage of three chambers, and better
developed biserial stage, whereas the Japanese form
has a trochoid whorl, followed by a triserial stage, and
only an occasional specimen has the poorly developed
biserial stage. The chambers of the present species
are also more inflated and subglobular.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P5685)
from the Pine Barren member of the Clayton formation,
blue-black micaceous clay exposed in road cut opposite
small country store, 0.8 mile west of Alabama River
bridge on Albama state highway 28, Wilcox County,
Alabama. Collected by Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., July
1956.

Subfamily Heterohelicinae Cushman, 1927
Genus Heterohelix Ehrenberg, 1841

Heterohelix wilcoxensis (Cushman and Ponton)
Puate 56, Figures 2a, b

Gimbelina wilcoxensis CusHMAN and Ponron, Contr. Cushman
ae Foram. Res., vol. 8, pt. 3, p. 66, pl. 8, figs. 16, 17,
Test free, small, flaring rapidly, with 3 to 5 pairs of
nearly globular chambers biserially arranged; sutures
distinct, deeply depressed; wall calcareous, finely but
distinctly perforate, with perforations aligned in very
fine longitudinal striae; aperture a broad symmetrical
and relatively high arch.

Length of figured hypotype 0.18 mm.

Remarks: The figured specimen is only about one-
half the size of the holotype, but may be a juvenile
specimen as it is identical in all characters to the earlier
portion of the holotype. This species is characterized
by the perforations aligned in fine longitudinal striae,
the globular chambers, and flaring test.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P5834) from the Aquia formation, 10 to 13 feet above
the base of the exposure, west bank of Potomac River,
near mouth of Aquia Creek, S. 10° E. of Brent Point on
U.S. Geological Survey Nanjemoy Md.-Va. Quadrangle,
1:62,500, 1913, reprinted 1945. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Genus Chiloguembelina Loeblich and Tappan, 1956
Chiloguembelina crinita (Glaessner)
Puates 49, Fieure 1; 51, Ficurus 1a-3; 56, Fieures la, b;
60, FicuRE 6; 62, FicureE 1

Giimbelina crinita GuAESSNER, Probl. Paleontol., Moscow Univ.
Lab. Paleontol., vol. 2-3, p. 383, pl. 4, figs. 34a, b, 1937.

Gumbelina wilcozensis Cushman and Ponton, SHiIFFLETT, Mary-
land Dep. Geol., Mines and Water Resources Bull. 3, p. 60,
pl. 3, fig. 8, 1948.

Test free, small, flaring rapidly; 4 to 6 pair of biser-
ially arranged chambers slightly twisted in development,
early chambers relatively low and broad, later ones
higher and ovate to subglobular; sutures distinct, de-
pressed, straight and slightly oblique; wall calcareous,
finely perforate, surface smooth in the early part, with
the terminal part finely hispid; aperture a broad open
arch, with a narrow lip at one side expanding into a
broad apertural flange at the opposite edge, causing
the aperture to be directed toward one of the flat sides
of the test.

Hypotypes range from 0.20 to 0.30 mm. in length.

Remarks: This species differs from C. midwayensis
(Cushman) in being more flaring, in having higher and
more globose chambers and a finely spinose wall, espe-
cially in the terminal portion.

It differs from C. morsei (Kline) in having a more
flared and more twisted test, and in the early chambers
being broad and low, only the later ones becoming in-
flated. The apertural flange is also more prominent at
one side of the aperture in the present species.

The specimen referred to Gimbelina wilcoxensis
Cushman and Ponton by Shifflett (1948, p. 60) also be-
longs to the present species, and differs from Hetero-
heliz. wilcoxensis (Cushman and Ponton) in lacking the
symmetrical aperture characteristic of true Heterohelia.
Heteroheliz. wilcoxensis also is a much larger and more
robust species, with more nearly globular chambers.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotypes (USNM
P5115a-c) from the Vincentown limesand, along north
bluff of Rancocas Creek, 0.3 to 0.5 mile northwest of
Vincentown, Burlington County, New Jersey. Col-
lected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 179

Figured hypotype (USNM P5116) from the Ostrea
thirsae beds of the Nanafalia formation, 56 feet above
the Midway contact, in road cut 1.2 miles east of Kim-
brough Station, and 0.2 mile east of the Turkey Creek
bridge, Wilcox County, Alabama. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5852) from the Aquia
formation, 42 feet above the base of the exposure, west
bank of Potomac River, near mouth of Aquia Creek,
S. 10° E. of Brent Point, on U. S. Geological Survey
Nanjemoy Md.-Va. Quadrangle, 1:62,500, 1913, re-
printed 1945. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and
Richard A. Page.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5853) from the Horners-
town formation, north bank of Shingle Run, a tributary
to Crosswicks Creek, 1.0 mile north of New Egypt,
Monmouth County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5890) from the Velasco
formation, middle bed at road crossing of arroyo half-
way between San José de las Rusias and Soto la Marina,
Tamaulipas, Mexico. Collected by R. Wright Barker.

This species also occurs in the Salt Mountain lime-
stone of Alabama, and has been recorded from the
Aquia formation of Friendly, Maryland.

It was originally described from the Paleocene of the
northwest Caucasus, USSR.

Chiloguembelina midwayensis (Cushman)
Puates 41, Fiaure 3; 43, Fiaures 7a, b; 45, Figures 9a, b

Gimbelina midwayensis CusHMAN, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., vol. 16, pt. 3, p. 65, pl. 11, fig. 15, 1940.

Chiloguembelina midwayensis (Cushman) LorBiicH and TAPPAN
(part; not Gumbelina morsei Kline, 1943), Journ. Washington
Acad. Sci., vol. 46, No. 11, p. 340, 1956.

Test free, small, flaring rapidly, commonly with
about five pairs of biserially arranged, broad and
relatively low chambers; sutures distinct, slightly de-
pressed and oblique; wall calcareous, finely perforate,
surface smooth, but terminal face of the last pair of
chambers may be finely hispid; aperture at the base of
the final chamber, a broad open arch, with a prominent
apertural flap at one side, causing the aperture to
appear directed to one side of the test.

Hypotypes range in length from 0.23 to 0.25 mm.

Remarks: This species was originally described from
the Midway group of Alabama and appears to be
restricted to the lower and middle Paleocene. It is
here recorded from the McBryde limestone member of
the Clayton formation, the Wills Point formation and
the Matthews Landing marl member of the Porters
Creek clay.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P5829) from the McBryde limestone member of the
Clayton formation, in bed of Rock Creek, 0.8 mile
south of junction of Alabama highways 28 and 10, on
highway 10, Wilcox County, Alabama. Collected by
A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5830) from the Matthews
Landing marl member of the Porters Creek clay, at

Naheola Landing, Tombigbee River, SE%, Sec. 30,
T. 15 N., R. 1 E., 11 miles east of Jachin, Choctaw
County, Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5831) from the Wills
Point formation, 200 feet east of the bridge over
Tehuacana Creek, 4 miles north of Mexia on the
Mexia-Wortham road, Limestone County, Texas.
Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Chiloguembelina morsei (Kline)

Puates 40, Figures 2a, b; 41, Ficurn 4; 42, Ficures la, b;
43, Fieurss 2, 6a, b

Gimbelina morsei Kune, Mississippi Geol. Surv. Bull. 53, p. 44,
pl 7, fig. 12, 1943.

Chiloguembelina midwayensis (Cushman) Lorsiicu and TaPpPAN
(part), Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 46, No. 11,
p. 340, 1956.

Test free, small, relatively narrow and elongate; 5 to
7 pair of biserially arranged subglobular, inflated
chambers, of nearly equal breadth and height; sutures
distinct, depressed, nearly horizontal; wall calcareous,
finely perforate, terminal part finely hispid; aperture
a relatively high arch with a narrow, everted lip at one
side expanding into a relatively wide apertural flange
at the opposite side, and thus directing the aperture
somewhat to one of the flat sides of the test.

Hypotypes range from 0.23 to 0.30 mm. in length.

Remarks: In an earlier paper the present writers
(Loeblich and Tappan, 1956, p. 340) considered this
species a synonym of C. midwayensis (Cushman).
Additional material has shown that C. morsei can be
distinguished by the narrower test, more globular
chambers and more deeply constricted sutures. It
differs from C. crinita (Glaessner) in the less rapidly
flaring test and in having globular rather than somewhat
low and broad chambers.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P5854) from the Danian, calcarenite at Erslev, Mors,
north of the village, west of Téving road, Denmark.
Collected by J. C. Troelsen.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5855) from the McBryde
limestone member of the Clayton formation, in bed of
Rock Creek, 0.8 miles south of the junction of Alabama
state highways 28 and 10 on Alabama highway 10,
Wilcox County, Alabama. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5856) from the Kincaid
formation, in a small stream bank on the east side of
the road to Lund, 3 miles northwest of Elgin on the
Bastrop-Travis county line, 0.5 miles north of the
junction with the Austin-Elgin highway, Texas. Col-
lected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5857) from the Wills
Point formation, 200 feet east of the bridge over
Tehuacana Creek, 4 miles north of Mexia on the Mexia-
Wortham road, Limestone County, Texas. Collected
by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5858) from the type
locality of the Brightseat formation, 1 mile west-south-
west of Brightseat and 0.2 mile south of Sheriff Road,

180 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Prince Georges County, Maryland. Collected by A.
R. Loeblich, Jr. and Richard A. Page.

This species occurs also in the Pine Barren member
of the Clayton formation of Alabama.

Chiloguembelina species
Puate 47, Ficure 1

Remarks: A single specimen of Chiloguembelina was
obtained from the Salt Mountain limestone, which is
somewhat poorly preserved, and not here identified
specifically. It is larger, thicker and more robust than
C. midwayensis (Cushman), and is less flaring. It is
smaller and less flaring than Heterohelix wilcoxensis
(Cushman and Ponton), has the eccentric aperture with
flap at one side characteristic of Chiloguembelina, and
the surface is smooth rather than with coarse perfora-
tions aligned in longitudinal striae.

Length of figured specimen 0.25 mm.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured specimen (USNM
P5832) from the Salt Mountain limestone, in a lime-
stone sink, % mile north of Salt Mountain, in the
NW NWY, Sec. 34, T. 6 N., R. 2 E., Clarke County,
Alabama. Collected by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Genus Tubitextularia Sule, 1929
Tubitextularia alabamensis (Cushman)

Puate 41, Figure 7

Rectogimbelina alabamensis CusumMan, Contr. Cushman Lab.
Foram. Res., vol. 16, pt. 3, p. 65, pl. 11, fig. 16, 1940.

Test free, tiny, elongate, early portion generally
consisting of 5 pair of biserial chambers followed by 3
cuneate-appearing uniserial chambers; chambers in-
flated, increasing gradually in size; sutures distinct,
depressed, somewhat oblique in both biserial and uni-
serial stages; wall calcareous, perforate, surface finely
hispid; aperture terminal, slightly eccentric, bordered
with a slight lip.

Length of figured hypotype 0.23 mm.

Remarks: This species was originally described from
Midway chalk overlying the Ostrea pulaskensis bed in
Alabama. ‘The species is relatively rare in the Clayton
formation of Alabama.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P5686) from the McBryde limestone member of the
Clayton formation, in bed of Rock Creek, 0.8 mile south
of the junction of Alabama highways 28 and 10, on
highway 10, Wilcox County, Alabama. Collected by
A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Tubitextularia laevigata Loeblich and Tappan, new species
Puate 41, FicurE 6

Test free, small, elongate, early part flaring rapidly,
with 4 to 5 pairs of biserially arranged chambers fol-
lowed by 2 or rarely 3 subglobular uniserial chambers,
of somewhat lesser breadth than the preceding biserial
stage; sutures distinct, slightly depressed, nearly hori-
zontal ; wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface smooth;
aperture in the biserial stage at the base of the final

chamber, terminal in the uniserial stage of the adult
test, produced on a short fragile neck which is com-
monly broken.

Length of holotype 0.25 mm.

Remarks: Tubitextularia laevigata, new species, is
closest in appearance to 7. midwayensis (Cushman) with
which it is associated. It differs in the larger and more
flaring test, more globular uniserial chambers and the
smooth rather than hispid wall surface.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P5820)
from the McBryde limestone member of the Clayton
formation, in bed of Rock Creek, 0.8 mile south of the
junction of Alabama highways 28 and 10, on highway
10, Wilcox County, Alabama. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr.

Family Orbulinidae Schultze, 1854

Subfamily Globigerininae Carpenter, 1862

Genus Globigerina d’Orbigny, 1826
Globigerina aquiensis Loeblich and Tappan, new species

Puates 51, Ficures 4a-5c; 56, Ficures 4a—-6c¢

Test free, trochospiral, subglobular to relatively high-
spired, periphery broadly rounded, peripheral outline
lobulate, umbilicus open; commonly with four sub-
globular chambers in the final whorl, and may have a
smaller thin-walled final chamber somewhat resembling
a bulla, but with a normal aperture; sutures distinct,
depressed, slightly curved; wall calcareous, perforate,
surface finely hispid, most prominently in the umbilical
region; aperture umbilical, with a narrow lip, a fairly
high open arch.

Holotype 0.28 mm. in diameter, 0.23 mm. in thick-
ness.

REMARKS: G. aquiensis, new species, is similar to
G. spiralis Bolli in being high spired, but differs in being
considerably smaller, with fewer and more globular
chambers per whorl, and in being finely hispid.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P5839)
from the Aquia formation, 10 to 13 feet above base of
the exposure, west bank of Potomac River, near mouth
of Aquia Creek, S. 10° E. of Brent Point on U.S. Geo-
logical Survey Nanjemoy Md.-Va. Quadrangle, 1:62,-
500, 19138, reprinted 1945. Collected by A. R. Loeblich,
Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Figured paratypes (USNM P5840a, b) from same
locality as above but from 6 to 9 feet above base of the
exposure.

Figured paratypes (USNM P584la, b) from the
Vincentown formation, north bank of Rancocas Creek,
0.3 to 0.5 miles northwest of Vincentown, Burlington
County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.,
and Norman Sobl.

Globigerina chascanona Loeblich and Tappan, new species
Puatss 49, Figures 4a-5c; 61, Fieurns 8a-c

Test free, trochospiral, subglobular to high spired,
periphery rounded, peripheral outline lobulate, all

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 181

chambers of the 2% to 3 whorls visible on the spiral
side, with earlier whorls distinctly elevated above the
level of the 4 to 5 chambers of the final whorl, only
the final whorl visible on the umbilical side, final cham-
ber may be somewhat reduced in size and bulla-like;
sutures distinct, depressed, slightly curved; aperture a
small umbilical arch bordered with a narrow lip.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.20 mm., height of
spire 0.23 mm.

Remarks: G. chascanona, new species, differs from
G. aquiensis, new species, and @. spiralis Bolli in having
a very prominently spinose surface, smaller umbilical
area, lower aperture, and in being much smaller in size.

The specific name is from the Greek name for cockle-
bur, chaskanon.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P5842)
and figured paratype (USNM P5843) from the Horners-
town formation, north bank of Shingle Run, a tributary
to Crosswicks Creek, 1.0 mile north of New Egypt,
Monmouth County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured paratype (USNM P5844) from the Nana-
falia formation, basal 6 feet of formation, road cut, 0.2
mile east of Turkey Creek bridge, and 1.2 miles east of
Kimbrough Station, Wilcox County, Alabama. Col-
lected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Also occurs in the Aquia formation of Virginia.

Globigerina inaequispira Subbotina

Puates 49, Figures 2a-c; 52, Ficurus la—2c; 56, FicurEs 7a-c;
61, FicurEs 3a-c; 62, FigurEs 2a-c

Globigerina inaequispira SuBBOTINA, Trudy Vses. Neft. Naukno-
Issledov. Geol.-Razved. Inst., new ser., vol. 76, p. 69,
pl. 6, figs. 1-4, 1953.

Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer, SuirFLeETtT, Maryland Dep.
Geol., Mines and Water Resources Bull. 3, p. 71, pl. 4,
figs. 16, 17, 1948.

Test free, consisting of rapidly enlarging chambers in
a low trochospiral arrangement; chambers subglobular,
all visible on the spiral side, only the 3 to 4 chambers
of the final whorl visible on the umbilical side; sutures
distinct, depressed; wall calcareous, finely perforate,
surface finely spinose, becoming coarsely spinose in the
umbilical region; aperture interiomarginal and umbili-
cal, and may have a narrow bordering lip.

Hypotypes range from 0.23 to 0.48 mm. in greatest
diameter and from 0.15 to 0.33 mm. in thickness.

Remarks: Originally described from the “Lower to
Middle Eocene” of Russia in a zone with Globorotalia
velascoensis, Globorotalia pseudoscitula, and Globigerina
triloculinoides this species is here considered to be of
Paleocene age, as the G. velascoensis zone is so considered
elsewhere. G. inaequispira differs from @. triloculin-
oides Plummer in lacking the coarsely reticulate surface
and in being finely to prominently spinose.

G. inaequispira is similar to G. linaperta Finlay which
also has a spiny surface, but in G. linaperta the surface
also shows a reticulate pattern.

The specimens referred to G. triloculinoides Plummer
by Shifflett (1948) are typical @. inaequispira, having

the characteristic spiny surface which is not found in
true G. triloculinoides.

G. inaequispira has a somewhat more restricted
geologic range than does G. triloculinoides and is found
only in strata of middle to late Paleocene (Landenian)
age, not in the underlying lower Paleocene (Danian)
strata.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Hypotype (USNM P5729)
from the Salt Mountain limestone in a limestone sink,
¥ mile north of Salt Mountain in the NWY%NW%, sec.
34, T. 6 N., R. 2 E., Clarke County, Alabama. Col-
lected by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5730) from the Ostrea
thirsae beds of the Nanafalia formation, top of section
exposed, approximately 56 feet above the Midway
contact, in road cut 0.2 mile east of Turkey Creek
bridge, 1.2 miles east of Kimbrough Station, Wilcox
County, Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5731) from the Aquia
formation, 15 to 17 feet above base, west bank of
Potomac River, near mouth of Aquia Creek, S. 10° E.
of Brent Point, on U. S. Geol. Survey Nanjemoy
Md.-Va. quadrangle, 1:62,500, 1913, reprinted 1945.
Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5732) from the Horners-
town formation, north bank of Shingle Run, a tributary
to Crosswicks Creek, 1.0 mile north of New Egypt,
Monmouth County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5117a,b) from the
Vincentown formation, along north bluff of Rancocas
Creek, 0.3 to 0.5 mile northwest of Vincentown,
Burlington County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5881) from the upper
Velasco formation, middle bed at road crossing of
arroyo halfway between San José de las Rusias and
Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Collected by
R. Wright Barker.

Globigerina mckannai White

Puates 47, Figures 7a-c; 53, Figures la-2c; 57, Ficurus 8a-c;
62, Ficures 5a-7c

Globigerina mckannai Wuite, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 2, p. 194,
pl. 27, figs. 16a-c, 1928.

Globorotalia mckannai (White), Bouur, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215,
p.79, pl. 19, figs. 16-18, 1957.

Globigerina cretacea var. esnehensis NAkKaDy, Journ. Paleontol.,
vol. 24, p. 689, pl. 90, figs. 14-16, 1950.

Globigerina gravelli BRONNIMANN, Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 34,
No. 143, p. 160, pl. 11, figs. 16-18, 1952.—Bouu1, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 215, p. 72, pl. 16, figs. 1-3, 1957.

Globigerina sp., Horxer, Rep. McLean Foram. Lab., No. 2,
p. 15, pl. 5, 1955.

Test free, subglobular to slightly compressed, spiral
side convex, in a low trochospiral coil of 2% whorls, um-
bilical side convex with broad open umbilicus, periph-
eral margin broadly rounded to subtruncate, peripheral
outline lobulate; 5 to 6 globular to ovate chambers in
the final whorl, commonly 5, increasing regularly in
size; sutures distinct, depressed, slightly curved back-

182 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

wards on the spiral side, radial on the umbilical side;
wall calcareous, surface finely spinose, the spines most
prominent in the umbilical region, an occasional speci-
men has a smaller final chamber which is thin-walled
and nearly smooth; aperture interiomarginal, umbilical,
in some specimens showing a tendency to extend some-
what to an extraumbilical position, with apertures of
earlier chambers all remaining open into the umbilicus.

Hypotypes range from 0.28 to 0.48 mm. in diameter,
and 0.20 to 0.35 mm. in thickness.

Remarks: Originally placed in Globigerina, this spe-
cies was placed in Globorotalia by Bolli (1957, p. 79).
However, the early umbilical position of the aperture,
inflated chambers, rounded periphery, and coarsely
spinose surface all show a stronger relationship to Glo-
bigerina (and the type species Globigerina bulloides) than
to Globorotalia (typified by Globorotalia tumida). The
gradual migration of the aperture from completely um-
bilical to a somewhat extraumbilical position can be
found in nearly every species of Globigerina, if a large
suite of specimens is examined. ‘This species is closest
in appearance to Globigerina soldadoensis Bronnimann,
which Bolli did leave in Globigerina, although even the
holotype of this species has an asymmetrical aperture.

Bolli (1957, p. 72) recorded Globigerina gravelli Bron-
nimann as occurring in Trinidad throughout the lower
Kocene part of the Lizard Springs formation, although
the holotype of Bronnimann’s species was from the
lower Lizard Springs formation (Paleocene, Globorotalia
velascoensis zone, sample Rz 287). ‘The specimen fig-
ured by Bolli from the upper Lizard Springs formation
(of lower Eocene age) as well as the holotype of gravellz
would both easily fall within the variation of Globoro-
talia mckannai White at its type locality (Velasco
formation of Mexico, Globorotalia velascoensis zone).

Globigerina mckannai shows a tendency to develop
the somewhat truncate chamber form typical of Glo-
boquadrina, but differs in lacking the toothlike apertural
flaps. This appearance also suggests a relationship
with the Orbulinidae, rather than the Globorotaliidae.

Globigerina soldadoensis Bronnimann commonly has
fewer chambers per whorl, a more rapid increase in
chamber size, and thinner chambers.

Specimens of G. esnehensis identified by S. E. Nak-
kady show it to be synonymous with the present species.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotypes (USNM
P5119a,b) from the Vincentown formation, along north
bluff of Rancocas Creek, 0.3 to 0.5 miles northwest of
Vincentown, Burlington County, New Jersey. Col-
lected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5120) from the Aquia
formation, 14 to 16 feet above base of exposure, west
bank of Potomac River, near mouth of Aquia Creek,
S. 10° E. of Brent Point, on U. S. Geological Survey
Nanjemoy Md.—Va. Quadrangle, 1:62,500, 1913, re-
printed 1945. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and
Richard A. Page.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5833) from the Salt
Mountain limestone, in a limestone sink, 4 mile north
of Salt Mountain, in the NW% NW, Sec. 34, T. 6 N.,

R. 2 E., Clarke County, Alabama.
and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Lectotype (Columbia Univ. 19878), here designated,
from the Velasco formation, Columbus Station on the
Tampico-Monterey railroad line, Mexico.

Figured hypotypes (USNM P5884a,b) from the
Velasco formation, middle bed at road crossing of arroyo
halfway between San José de las Rusias and Soto la
Marina, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Collected by R. Wright
Barker.

Collected by H. T.

Globigerina cf. G. soldadoensis Bronnimann
PuatEe 53, FicurRES 4a-c

Test free, of medium size, globose, periphery broadly
rounded; chambers increasing rapidly in size, only the
3% chambers of the final whorl visible around the deep
and open umbilicus of the umbilical side; sutures
distinct, slightly depressed, somewhat oblique on the
spiral side, radial on the umbilical side; wall calcareous,
finely perforate, surface covered with short blunt
spines, aperture interiomarginal, umbilical, or extend-
ing slightly to an extraumbilical-umbilical position.

Figured specimen 0.33 mm. in diameter.

Remarks: This form differs from typical G. soldado-
ensis Bronnimann in being more globose, with more
evenly rounded chambers and less incised sutures. It is
somewhat similar to the associated G. mckannai White,
but differs in having fewer chambers per whorl, a more
broadly rounded periphery and a flatter spire.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured specimen (USNM
P5130) from the Vincentown formation, north bluff of
Rancocas Creek, 0.3 to 0.5 miles north of Vincentown,
Burlington County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Globigerina spiralis Bolli

PuaTes 47, FicguRES 3 a-c; 49, FIGURES 3 a-C; 51, FIGURES 6 a-9 c;
53, FiguRES 3 a-c

Globigerina spiralis Bout, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 70,
pl. 16, figs. 16-18, 1957.

Globigerina cf. ouachitaensis Howe and Wallace, SHIFFLET,
Maryland Dep. Geol., Mines and Water Resources Bull. 3,
p- 71, pl. 4, figs. 11-13, 1948.

Test free, the high trochospiral coiling resulting in a
nearly globular test; chambers globular, increasing
rapidly in size, those of the 2 to 3 whorls all visible on
the spiral side, only the 4 to 6 chambers of the final
whorl visible on the umbilical side, umbilicus open, rare
specimens may have the umbilicus nearly closed (pl. 51,
fig. 6); sutures distinct, depressed; wall calcareous,
perforate, surface finely to moderately spinose, most
prominently so in the umbilical region; aperture a broad
umbilical interiomarginal arch in the final chamber,
those of previous chambers also remaining open into
the umbilicus.

Greatest diameter of hypotypes ranges from 0.18 to
0.38 mm.

Remarks: Globigerina spiralis Bolli is distinguished
by the globular test and the extremely prominent spire,

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 183

the early whorls standing somewhat above the general
level of the surface on the spiral side. The somewhat
smaller, smooth and thin-walled final chamber is also a
characteristic feature.

According to Bolli (1957, p. 70) this species is re-
stricted to the Globorotalia uncinata zone of the Lower
Lizard Springs (lower Paleocene). In the Gulf and
Atlantic coast Paleocene it occurs somewhat higher in
the section in the uppermost Paleocene, and no similar
forms occur in lower Paleocene samples. It occurs in
the Salt Mountain limestone, Aquia, Hornerstown and
Vincentown formations.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotypes (USNM
P5121a-e) from the Vincentown formation, along north
bluff of Rancocas Creek, 0.3 to 0.5 mile northwest of
Vincentown, Burlington County, New Jersey. Collected
by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5122) from the Salt
Mountain limestone, in a limestone sink, % mile north
of Salt Mountain, in the NW% NW%, Sec. 34, T. 6 N.,
R. 2 E., Clarke County, Alabama. Collected by H. T.
and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5838) from the Horners-
town formation, north bank of Shingle Run, a tributary
to Crosswicks Creek, 1.0 mile north of New Egypt,
Monmouth County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sobl.

This species also occurs in the Aquia formation of
Virginia.

Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer

Piates 40, Figures 4a-c; 41, Ficurns 2a-c; 42, Figures 2a-c;
43, Ficurres 5a-c; 8a-9c; 45, Fieurns 3a-c; 46, Ficures
la-c; 47, Figures 2a-c; 52, Figures 3-7; 56, Figures 8a-c:
62, Figures 3a—4¢

Globigerina triloculinoides PuumMMER, Univ. Texas Bull. 2644,
p. 134, pl. 8, figs. 10a-c, 1926.—Jmnnines, Bull. Amer.
Paleontol., vol. 23, No. 78, p. 193, pl. 31, fig. 7, 1936.—
Horxer, Rep. McLean Foram. Lab., No. 2, p. 15, pl. 2,
1955.—Suirrtet, Maryland Dep. Geol., Mines and Water
Resources Bull. 3, p. 71, pl. 4, figs. 16, 17, 1948.

Globigerina pseudotriloba Wutte, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 2, No. 3,
p. 194, pl. 27, fig. 17, 1928.

Globigerina triangularis WuitE, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 2, No. 3,
p. 195, pl. 28, fig. 1, 1928.

Globigerina velascoensis var. compressa WuitTE (not Globigerina
compressa Plummer, 1926), Journ. Paleontol., vol. 2, No. 3,
p. 196, pl. 28, fig. 3, 1928.

Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny, JENNINGS, Bull. Amer. Paleon-
tol., vol. 23, No. 78, p. 193, pl. 31, fig. 7, 1936.

Globigerina linaperta Finlay, BRoNNIMANN, Bull. Amer. Paleon-
tol., vol. 34, p. 164, pl. 2, figs. 7-9, 1952.—Bouur, U. 8.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 70, pl. 15, figs. 15-17, 1957.

Globigerina stainforthi BRONNIMANN, Bull. Amer. Paleontol.,
vol. 34, p. 171, pl. 3, figs. 10-12, 1952.

Globigerina finlayi BRONNIMANN, Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 34,
p. 166, pl. 2, figs. 10-12, 1952.

Globigerina hornibrooki BRoNNIMANN, Bull. Amer. Paleontol.,
vol. 34, p. 163, pl. 12, figs. 4-6, 1952.

Globorotalia tortiva Bout (new name for Globigerina velascoensis
var. compressa White, 1928; not Globigerina compressa
Plummer, 1926), U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 78 (not pl.
19, figs. 19-21), 1957.

Test free, composed of rapidly enlarging chambers in
a low trochospiral arrangement; chambers subglobular,

the two whorls of chambers visible on the flattened
spiral side, only the 3 to 3% chambers of the final
whorl visible on the umbilical side, with the final one
occupying % to % the side; sutures distinct, depressed;
wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface prominently
reticulate; aperture interiomarginal, umbilical, with a
distinct and prominent lip, the aperture in some speci-
mens showing a tendency to become extraumbilical-
umbilical.

Hypotypes range from 0.23 to 0.43 mm. in greatest
diameter and 0.15 to 0.33 mm. in thickness.

Remarks: Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer is
characterized by the tripartite appearance of the um-
bilical side, with the exceptionally large and inflated
final chamber and the typical pitted or reticulate
surface. The aperture is typically umbilical, but in
some specimens extends somewhat more forward, tend-
ing to become extraumbilical-umbilical, as is true of
occasional specimens in many other species of Glo-
bigerina.

An examination of a large suite of specimens from a
single locality shows considerable variation in minor
features, but these variations are obviously within the
limits of a single population. For this reason, we
consider as synonyms here certain of these variations
which have been given distinct names in the past even
though they occur together in a single assemblage or
are of the same age.

Bolli (1957, p. 70) considered Globigerina jfinlayi
Bronnimann a synonym of G. linaperta Finlay and G.
hornibrooki Bronnimann a synonym of G. triangularis
White. He considered G. stainforthi transitional be-
tween G. triloculinoides Plummer and G. pseudobul-
loides Plummer. Globigerina stainforthi, G. hornibrooki,
G. finlayi, G. triangularis, and G. pseudotriloba White
all are here considered synonyms of @G. triloculinoides
Plummer as all have relatively few chambers, rapidly
increasing in size, and a coarsely reticulate surface.

Globigerina linaperta Finlay is a middle Eocene
instead of a Paleocene species, and is characterized by
an almost equatorial aperture. The similarity to G.
triloculinoides Plummer in chamber development and
coarsely punctuate surface, and the tendency of some
specimens of G. triloculinoides to develop an extra-
umbilical aperture, strongly suggest that G. linaperta
is a descendant of the earlier G. triloculinoides. The
specimens referred to G. linaperta by Bronnimann
(1952) from the lower Lizard Springs are typical G.
triloculinoides, not linaperta, and are of Paleocene age.

Globigerina pseudobulloides Plummer does not have a
coarsely reticulate surface, has more chambers per
whorl, a more gradual rate of increase in chamber size
and a more definitely extraumbilical aperture.

Globigerina hornibrooki Bronnimann is probably a
synonym of G. triangularis White as was stated by
Bolli, but we regard both as synonyms of G. trilocu-
linoides. The type specimens of these species show a
more gradual increase in chamber size than does the
original figure of @. triloculinoides, as the type specimens
of G. triangularis White have 4 chambers in the final

184 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

whorl, resulting from less rapid merease in chamber
size than in G. triloculinoides. A large suite of topo-
types of G. triloculinoides contains specimens with all
of these variations and many others. Globigerina
hornibrookt was defined as differing in having the final
chamber smaller than the penultimate one, but the
gerontic character of a final chamber of reduced size
is common to many species and not of specific impor-
tance.

Globigerina velascoensis Cushman var. compressa
White is merely Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer
with somewhat flattened final chamber. This varietal
name is a homonym of G. compressa Plummer, 1926.
Bolli (1957, p. 78) renamed this homonym as Glloboro-
talia tortiva Bolli, new name, but the specimen he
figured is a species distinct from that of White and
thus must either be otherwise identified or itself made
the basis of another specific name.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P5814) from the ?lower Danian, zone of Tylocidaris
édumi Brimnich Nielsen, Hjerm (western quarry),
northwestern Denmark. Collected by J. C. Troelsen.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5815) from the Kincaid
formation, in a small stream bank on the east side of
the road to Lund, 3 miles northwest of Elgin on the
Bastrop-Travis County line, 0.5 mile north of the
junction with the Austin-Elgin highway, Texas. Col-
lected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured topotype (USNM P5816) from the Wills
Point formation, shallow ditch at the road corner
southeast of the new Corsicana Reservoir, on the road
to Mildred, Navarro County, Texas. Collected by
A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5817) from the Mexia
clay member of the Wills Point formation, in abandoned
pit of the Mexia Brick Works at Mexia, Limestone
County, Texas. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5818) from the McBryde
limestone member of the Clayton formation, in bed of
Rock Creek, 0.8 mile south of junction of Alabama
highways 28 and 10, on Alabama highway 10, Wilcox
County, Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5819) from the Matthews
Landing marl member of the Porters Creek clay at
Naheola Landing on the Tombigbee River, SE%, Sec.
30, T. 15 N., R.1E., 11 miles east of Jachin, Choctaw
County, Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5697) from the Coal
Bluff marl member of the Naheola formation in creek
bottom, just west of store at Caledonia, about 4% mile
south of center of Sec. 29, T. 11 N., R. 10 E., Wilcox
County, Alabama. Collected by F. Stearns MacNeil.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5698) from the Salt
Mountain limestone, in a limestone sink, 4 mile north
of Salt Mountain, in the NWKNW*%, Sec. 34, T. 6 N.,
R. 2 E., Clarke County, Alabama. Collected by
H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5699) from the type
locality of the Brightseat formation, 1 mile west-south-
west of Brightseat and 0.2 mile south of Sheriff Road,

Prince Georges County, Maryland. Collected by
A. R. Loeblich, Jr. and Richard A. Page.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5700) from the Aquia
formation, 15 to 17 feet above base, west bank of
Potomac River, near mouth of Aquia Creek, S. 10° E.
of Brent Point, on U. S. Geological Survey Nanjemoy
Md.-Va. Quadrangle, 1:62,500, 1913, reprinted 1945:
Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Figured hypotypes (USNM P5123a-e) from the
Vincentown limesand, along north bluff of Rancocas
Creek, 0.3 to 0.5 mile northwest of Vincentown,
Burlington County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

The species also occurs in the Hornerstown formation,
north bank of Shingle Run, a tributary to Crosswicks
Creek, 1.0 mile north of New Egypt, Monmouth
County, New Jersey.

Lectotype (Columbia Univ. 19882), here designated,
of Globigerina velascoensis var. compressa White from
the Velasco formation, Columbus Station on the
Tampico-Monterey railroad line, Mexico.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5883) from the Velasco
formation, middle bed at road crossing of arroyo
halfway between San José de las Rusias and Soto la
Marina, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Collected by R. Wright

Barker.
Globigerina species
Prats 50, FicurEs 2a-c
Remarks: A juvenile specimen of a finely spinose

Globigerina is figured, but it is not certain to which
species it should be referred. As compared to the
associated species, it is less high spired and has fewer
chambers per whorl than does G. spiralis Bolli, is much
thicker and with fewer chambers per whorl than
Globorotalia perclara, new species, and has a more
bluntly rounded periphery and less oblique sutureson
the spiral side than does Globorotalia convexa Subbotina.
This form is too rare to be described asa distinct species,
however.

Figured specimen 0.18 mm. in diameter.

TYPES AND OCCURENCE: Figured specimen (USNM
P5849) from the Hornerstown formation, north bank
of Shingle Run, a tributary to Crosswicks Creek, 1.0
mile north of New Egypt, Monmouth County, New
Jersey. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Norman
Sohl. :

Genus Globigerinoides Cushman, 1927

Globigerinoides daubjergensis (Bronnimann)

Puatss 40, Figures la-c, 8a-c; 41, Fieures 9a-c; 42, FIGURES
6a-7c; 43, Figures la-c; 44, Figures 7—8¢

Globigerina daubjergensis BRONNIMANN, Eclog. Geol. Helvetiae,
vol. 45 (1952), No. 2, p. 340, text-fig. 1, 1953

Test free, small, trochospiral, high spired; chambers
few in number, globular, increasing rapidly in size,
forming about two whorls with 3% to 4 chambers in
the final whorl; umbilicus small, commonly open, but
may become closed by a somewhat overlapping final
chamber; sutures distinct, depressed; wall calcareous,

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 185

finely perforate, surface spinose; primary aperture a
small high arch, interiomarginal and umbilical in po-
sition, secondary apertures tiny along the sutures on
the spiral side. Specimens range from 0.15 to 0.35
mm. in greatest diameter.

Remarks: This species was originally described
from the Danian of Jutland, Denmark, and was placed
in the genus Globigerina d’Orbigny, as the small sup-
plementary apertures of the spiral side were not ob-
served. These openings have since been noted on type
Danian specimens by Troelsen (1957), and are here
shown in specimens from the Danian of Sweden, as
well as from those of the Gulf and Atlantic Coast
Paleocene. In his original description Bronnimann
(1953, p. 339) stated that the type Danian contains
“a, small number of characteristic Globigerina and
Globorotalia species, which, with the exception of
Globigerina daubjergensis n. sp., are known from the
Paleocene of Texas ..’’ This characteristic species
is also quite abundant in both the Kincaid and Wills
Point formations of the Midway group in Texas,
probably having been overlooked in the past due to
its small size. It occurs also in the Pine Barren and
McBryde members of the Clayton formation of Ala-
bama, and in the Brightseat formation of Maryland.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: The holotype was de-
scribed from the Danian at Daubjerg, quarry south-
west of Stavnsbjerg Farm, Denmark. Originally
stated to be deposited in the Cushman Collection,
U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C., but
not as yet deposited therein.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5709) from the upper
Danian, zone of Tylocidaris vexilifera Schliiter, from
calcarinite at Ostra Torp, Sweden. Collected by J.
G. Carlsson.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5710) from the Kincaid
formation in a small stream bank on the east side of
the road, 3 miles northwest of Elgin, on the secondary
road leading to Lund, and lying on the Bastrop-Travis
County line, about 0.5 mile north of its junction with
the Austin-Elgin highway, Texas. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5711) from the Wills
Point formation, 200 feet east of the bridge over
Tehuacana Creek in bank of creek, 4 miles north of
Mexia on the Mexia-Wortham road, Limestone
County, Texas. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5712) from the Mexia
clay member of the Wills Point formation, in abandoned
pit of Mexia Brick Works at Mexia, Limestone County,
Texas. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5713) from the Pine
Barren member of the Clayton formation, blue-black
micaceous clay in road cut opposite country store,
0.8 mile west of Alabama River Bridge on Alabama
Highway 28, Wilcox County, Alabama. Collected
by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5714) from the Mc-
Bryde limestone member of the Clayton formation,
in bed of Rock Creek, 0.8 mile south of junction of

Alabama Highways 28 and 10, on Highway 10, Wilcox
County, Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotypes (USNM P5715a,b) from the
type locality of the Brightseat formation, 1 mile west-
southwest of Brightseat and 0.2 mile south of Sheriff
Road, Prince Georges County, Maryland. Collected
by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Family Globorotaliidae Cushman, 1927

Genus Globorotalia Cushman, 1927
Globorotalia acuta Toulmin
Puates 47, Ficurus 5a-c; 55, Figures 4a-5c; 58, Figures 5a-c

Globorotalia wilcozensis Cushman and Ponton var. acuta Tout-
MIN, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 15, p. 608, pl. 82, figs. 6-8,
1948.—Suirrtet, Maryland Dep. Geol., Mines and Water
Resources Bull. 3, p. 73, pl. 4, figs. 28a-c, 1948.

Globorotalia (Truncorotalia) lacerti Cushman and Renz, HorKeEr,
Rep. McLean Foram., Lab., No. 2, p. 14, pl. 1, 1955.

Test free, planoconvex, umbilicoconvex, periphery
keeled, umbilical shoulder sharply_angled and strongly
spinose, umbilicus relatively wide and open; chambers
angular conical in shape, increasing gradually in size
and angularity, all the 2 to 2% whorls visible on the
flat spiral side, only the 4 to 6 chambers of the final
whorl visible on the angularly convex umbilical side;
sutures distinct and thickened, but flush with the sur-
face, oblique and directed sharply backwards on the
spiral side, radial and depressed on the umbilical side;
wall calcareous, distinctly and coarsely perforate, sur-
face spinose, with a somewhat sugary appearance
especially in the earlier chambers, peripheral margin
with a spinose keel and highly ornamented, very sharply
angled or even keeled umbilical shoulder; aperture
interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical, with a dis-
tinctly triangular toothlike lip, earlier apertures remain-
ing open into the wide umbilicus.

Hypotypes range in diameter from 0.20 to 0.55 mm.
in diameter and in thickness from 0.13 to 0.28 mm.

Remarks: This species has in the past been variously
referred to as a variety (or subspecies) of Globorotalia
wilcoxensis (by Toulmin, 1941, p. 608) or as a variety
of G. velascoensis (by Grimsdale, 1951, p. 471). Bolli
(1957) regards it as synonymous with G. velascoensis, as
he stated that a gradation occurs between these forms
in the Velasco shale of Mexico. Although both forms
do occur in the Velasco, we regard the two species as
distinct, for in more northern regions only specimens
like the typical G. acuta have been observed. This is
true of the Salt Mountain limestone of Alabama where
G. acuta was first described, the Aquia formation of
Virginia, and the Vincentown formation of New
Jersey; in each region G@. acuta is abundantly repre-
sented, whereas there are no specimens similar to the
type of velascoensis.

Globorotalia acuta Toulmin differs from G. velascoensis
(Cushman) in being somewhat smaller and in having a
less pronounced peripheral keel than does @. velascoensis.
Globorotalia acuta has a more rapid increase in chamber
size, with the final chamber commonly occupying \ to

186

% of the umbilical side, and the final chamber of G.
velascoensis comprises % to } of the umbilical side, the
ornamentation of the umbilical shoulder is more highly
ornamented in G. velascoensis, and the sutures of the
spiral side are limbate, elevated, and beaded. The
sutures of G. acuta are flush with the spiral surface.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotypes (USNM
P5141a,b) from the Vincentown formation, north bluff
of Rancocas Creek, 0.3 to 0.5 miles north of Vincen-
towa, Burlington County, New Jersey. Collected by
A. BR. Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5142) from the Salt
Mountain limestone, in a limestone sink % mile north
of Salt Mountain, in the NW% NW%, Sec. 34, T. 6 N.,
R. 2 E., Clarke County, Alabama. Collected by H. T.
and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

The species also occurs in the Velasco formation,
middle bed at road crossing of arroyo halfway between
San José de las Rusias and Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas,
Mexico. Collected by R. Wright Barker.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5865) from the Aquia
formation, 10 to 13 feet above the base of the exposed
section, west bank of Potomac River, near mouth of
Aquia Creek, S. 10° E. of Brent Point on U.S. Geologi-
cal Survey Nanjemoy Md.-Va. Quadrangle, 1:62,500,
1913, reprinted 1945. Collected by A. R. Loeblich,
Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Globorotalia aequa Cushman and Renz

Puates 46, Figures 7a-8c; 50, Figures 6a-c; 55, FicuRES
8a-c(?); 59, Fieures 6a-c; 60, Ficures 3a-c; 64, FicurEs
4a—¢

Globorotalia crassata (Cushman) var. aequa CUSHMAN and RENz,

Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 18, pt. 1, p. 12, pl.
3, figs. 83a—c, 1942.

Test free, trochospiral, spiral side flat or slightly
convex, umbilical side strongly convex, peripery sharply
angled with a narrow keel, peripheral outline strongly
lobulate; chambers increasing rapidly in size, lunate in
spiral view, rhomboidal and truncate in section,
sharply angled at the umbilical shoulder around a
relatively wide and open umbilicus, lower margin of
final chamber commonly constricted against the
earlier whorl, the chamber expanding above in width,
sutures distinct, gently curved, slightly thickened and
beaded on the spiral side, each chamber being at-
tached somewhat below the level of the anterior margin
of the preceding one, giving the appearance of a de-
pression at the sutures, sutures radial and constricted
on the umbilical side; wall calcareous, finely perforate,
keel and sutures on spiral side thickened and nodose, re-
mainder of surface somewhat granular in appearance
although final chamber may be somewhat smoother;
aperture interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical, in
well preserved specimens with a thin and delicate
subtriangular lip.

Hypotypes range from 0.30 to 0.40 mm. in diameter.

Remarks: Globorotalia aequa differs from G. rex
Martin in having higher chambers, fewer per whorl,

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

more lobulate periphery, more angular umbilical
shoulder and wider umbilicus, more spinose keel and
pustulose surface. The spiral side of G. rex is flat and
sutures flush, whereas in G. aequa the chambers are
somewhat imbricated in appearance, and the sutures
thickened and nodose.

Rarely, a specimen may show a dwarfed instead of
the more usual large and prominent final chamber,
such as that shown on plate 55, figure 8. This final
chamber somewhat resembles the bullae developed by
some orbulinids, in the thin wall, lessened ornamenta-
tion and tendency to cover the previous aperture.
The aperture of this final chamber is nearly umbilical
in position. However, it retains the characteristic
surface of the species, and the final chamber is visible
on both the spiral and umbilical sides. Typical simple
bullae, such as found in Catapsydrax are distinctly
umbilical in position, completely covering the former
aperture and the umbilicus, and commonly lack the
ornamentation of the true chambers. The small
chamber here shown is thus undoubtedly only a senile
development of the specimen and not of generic or
specific importance.

TypEs AND OCCURRENCE: The hypotype (USNM
P5888) figured on plate 55 is questionably referred here.
It is from the Vincentown limesand, north bluff of
Rancocas Creek, 0.3 to 0.5 mile north of Vincentown,
Burlington County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5889) from the Horners-
town formation, north bank of Shingle Run, a tributary
to Crosswicks Creek, 1.0 mile north of New Egypt,
Monmouth County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5894) from the Velasco
formation, middle bed at road crossing of arroyo
halfway between San José de las Rusias and Soto la
Marina, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Collected by R. Wright
Barker.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5125) from the Aquia
formation, 15 to 17 feet above the base of the exposed
section, west bank of Potomac River, near mouth of
Aquia Creek, S. 10° E. of Brent Point on U. S. Geo-
logical Survey Nanjemoy Md.-Va. Quadrangle, 1:62,500,
1913, reprinted 1945.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5863) from the Nanafalia
formation, south valley wall of Shoal Creek, 5.5 miles
southeast of Camden, along the Camden-Fatama road,
Wilcox County, Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loe-
blich, Jr.

Figured hypotypes (USNM P5864a, b) from the
Coal Bluff marl member of the Naheola formation, in
creek bottom, just west of store at Caledonia, about
¥, mile south of the center of Sec. 29, T. 11 N., R. 10 E.,
Wilcox County, Alabama. Collected by F. Stearns
MacNeil.

The species was originally described from the
Soldado formation (Paleocene) of Trinidad, B. W. I.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 187

Globorotalia angulata (White)

Puates 45, Ficurss 7 a-c; 48, Figures 2a—c; 50, Ficurrs 4a-c;
55, Fiaurss 2, 6, 7; 58, Figures 2a-c; 64, Figures 5a-c

Globigerina angulata Wuite, Journ. Paleontol., vol. 2, p. 191,
pl. 27, figs. 13a—c, 1928.

Globorotalia wilcozensis Cushman and Ponton, SH#IFFLETT,
Maryland Dep. Geol., Mines and Water Resources Bull. 3,
p. 73, pl. 4, figs. 20-22, 1948.

Test free, trochospirally coiled, peripheral margin
truncate and sharply angled, peripheral outline lobulate,
biconvex to umbilicoconvex, umbilicus small, rounded
and deep; chambers lunate in spiral view, cuneate in
umbilical view, angular rhomboid in edge view, um-
bilical shoulder acutely angled, 4 to 4% chambers per
whorl, increasing rapidly in size; sutures distinct, curved
and oblique on the spiral side, strongly depressed,
straight and radial on the umbilical side and very
strongly incised in the peripheral area; wall calcareous,
finely perforate, surface smooth to lightly spinose on
the spiral side, more prominently spinose on the um-
bilical side, and at the peripheral margins; aperture
interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical, a high arch
directed somewhat forward, with a narrow bordering
lip preserved in some specimens.

Hypotypes range in diameter from 0.30 to 0.45 mm.,
and in thickness from 0.20 to 0.28 mm.

Remarks: Globorotalia angulata (White) differs from
G. rex Martin in having a more angled and elevated
umbilical shoulder, the chambers are slightly inflated
on the spiral side, with sutures depressed, and have an
imbricated appearance, the posterior margin of each
succeeding chamber attaching below the anterior mar-
gin of that preceding, whereas in G. rex the spiral
chamber surface forms a plane.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotypes (USNM
P5127a-c) from the Vincentown limesand, north bluff
of Rancocas Creek, 0.3 to 0.5 miles north of Vincen-
town, Burlington County, New Jersey. Collected by
A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5126) from the Salt
Mountain limestone, in a limestone sink % mile north
of Salt Mountain in the NWYNW%, Sec. 34, T. 6 N.,
R. 2 E., Clarke County, Alabama. Collected by H. T.
and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5859) from the Aquia
formation, 15 to 17 feet above the base of the exposure,
near mouth of Aquia Creek, S. 10° E. of Brent Point
on U.S. Geological Survey Nanjemoy Md.-Va. Quad-
rangle, 1:62,500, 1913, reprinted 1945. Collected by
A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5891) from the Velasco
formation, middle bed at road crossing of arroyo, half-
way between San José de las Rusias and Soto la Marina,
Tamaulipas, Mexico. Collected by R. Wright Barker.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5892) from the Mat-
thews Landing marl member of the Porters Creek clay
at Naheola Landing on the Tombigbee River, SE%,
Sec. 30, T. 15 N., R. 1 E., 11 miles east of Jachin,
Choctaw County, Alabama. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr.

396818—57——13

Figured hypotype (USNM P5893) from the Horners-
town formation, north bank of Shingle Run, a tributary
to Crosswicks Creek, 1.0 mile north of New Egypt,
Monmouth County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Globorotalia apanthesma Loeblich and Tappan, new species

Puates 48, Figures la-c; 55, Ficures la-c; 58, Fiaures
4a-c; 59, Ficures la-c

Globorotalia cf. angulata (White) Suirrterr, Maryland Dep.
Geol., Mines and Water Resources Bull. 3, p. 72, pl. 4,
figs. 18a—c,1948.

Test free, trochospiral, planoconvex, umbilicoconvex,
with rather wide, deep and open umbilicus, periphery
subacute, peripheral outline lobulate; chambers hemi-
spherical, flattened to gently convex and appearing
lunate in side view from the spiral side, strongly in-
flated to subangular on the umbilical side, 4 to 5 in the
final whorl, commonly somewhat obliquely overlapping
earlier chambers, the forward margin of each chamber
protruding slightly above the general level of the spiral
side, the posterior margin of the succeeding chamber
beginning at a slightly lower level; sutures distinct,
strongly curved and slightly depressed on the spiral
side, radial and strongly depressed on the umbilical
side, wall calcareous, rather coarsely perforate, surface
spinose, most strongly on the umbilical side; aperture
interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical, a broad arched
opening, with a narrow bordering lip present in well
preserved specimens.

Hypotypes range from 0.23 to 0.45 mm. in diameter
and from 0.15 to 0.33 mm. in thickness.

Remarks: Globorotalia apanthesma, new species,
differs from G. acuta Toulmin in lacking a peripheral
keel, in having a spinose surface, less angular chambers,
more convex spiral side, and less ornamented umbilical
shoulder.

Globorotalia angulata (White) differs in being larger,
in having fewer chambers and more rapid increase in
chamber size and the chambers are more angular in
spiral view, more inflated in umbilical view, with a
more truncate periphery and a more finely spinose
surface.

The specific name is from the Greek apanthisma, a
plucked flower.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P5860)
and figured paratype (USNM P5868) from the Aquia
formation, 10 to 13 feet above the base of the exposed
section, west bank of Potomac River, near mouth of
Aquia Creek, S. 10° E. of Brent Point on U. S.
Geological Survey Nanjemoy Md.-Va. Quadrangle,
1:62,500, 1913, reprinted 1945. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Figured paratype (USNM P5861) from the Vincen-
town formation, north bluff of Rancocas Creek, 0.3 to
0.5 miles north of Vincentown, Burlington Co., New
Jersey. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Norman
Sohl.

Figured paratype (USNM P5862) from the Salt

188 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Mountain limestone, in a limestone sink, % mile north
of Salt Mountain in the NWANW%, Sec. 34, T. 6 N..,
R. 2 E., Clarke Co., Alabama. Collected by H. T. and
A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Globorotalia compressa (Plummer)

Puatres 40, Figures 5a-c; 41, Ficurrs 5a-c; 42, Figures
5a-c; 44, Figures 9a—10c

Globigerina compressa PLUMMER, Uniy. Texas Bull. 2644, p. 135,
pl. 8, figs. 1la—c, 1926.

Globorotalia ehrenbergt Bout, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, p. 77,
pl. 20, figs. 18-20, 1957.

Test free, trochospiral, compressed, umbilical side
with small deep umbilicus, periphery subacute, peri-
pheral outline lobulate; chambers moderately inflated,
more so on the umbilical side, enlarging rapidly im size
as added, of nearly equal breadth and height, arranged
in about 2 whorls, commonly 5 occur in the final whorl;
sutures distinct, gently curved, slightly depressed;
wall calcareous, distinctly perforate, surface smooth;
aperture interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical, an
arched opening extending nearly to the periphery, and
bordered above with a narrow lip.

Hypotypes range in diameter from 0.28 to 0.38 mm.

Remarks: This species has been misinterpreted by
some workers. Bronnimann (1952, p. 25, pl. 12, figs.
19-24) referred to G. compressa specimens with a more
angular or keeled periphery, rapid increase in chamber
size, relatively large final chamber, and larger test;
these latter forms are here referred to Globorotaha
elongata Glaessner. The holotype of Globorotalia chren-
bergi Bolli is identical in appearance to metatypes of
G. compressa Plummer, and this specific name is there-
fore considered a synonym.

Typical G. compressa (as shown by metatypes and
topotypes) is very similar to Globigerina pseudobulloides
Plummer, differing in being smaller and with a some-
what more angular peripheral margin (compressed) and
smooth, very finely perforate wall instead of the more
coarsely perforate and pitted wall of G. pseudobulloides.

Globorotalia imitata Subbotina is also similar to the
present species but has a rounded rather than subacute
periphery, and a more flattened spiral side, more curved
sutures and lower chambers.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P5716) from the Danian calcarenite at Ostratorp,
Skane, Sweden. Collected by J. C. Troelsen.

Figured hypotypes (USNM P5717a,b) from the Wills
Point formation, in road cut near top of hill on the
Corsicana-Navarro road just south of the junction with
the Mildred road, Navarro County, Texas. Collected
by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5718) from the McBryde
limestone member of the Clayton formation, in bed of
Rock Creek, 0.8 mile south of junction of Alabama
Highways 28 and 10, on Highway 10, Wilcox County,
Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5719) from the type
locality of the Brightseat formation, 1 mile west-south-

west of Brightseat and 0.2 mile south of Sheriff Road,
Prince Georges County, Maryland. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Globorotalia convexa Subbotina

Puiates 48, Figures 4a-c; 50, Figures 7a-c; 53, FigurEs 6a-8c;
57, FiaurEs 5a-6c; 61, Ficurus 4a-c; 63, Figurus 4a-c

Globorotalia convesa Suppotina, Trudy Vses. Neft. Naukno-
Issledov. Geol.-Razved. Inst., new ser., vol. 76, p. 209, pl. 17,
figs. 2a—3e, 1953.

Test free, ovate in outline, trochospirally coiled,
inflated, peripheral margin rounded, peripheral outline
slightly lobulate; chambers gradually enlarging, all
whorls visible on the flattened spiral side, only the 4 to
6 chambers of the final whorl visible around the nearly
closed umbilicus on the umbilical side; sutures some-
what indistinct, strongly curved backwards on the spiral
side, radial on the umbilical side; wall calcareous, per-
forate, entire surface spinose; aperture interiomarginal,
extraumbilical-umbilical, a low arched opening extend-
ing about halfway to the periphery, with a narrow lip
above.

Hypotypes range in greatest diameter from 0.23 to
0.30 mm. and in thickness from 0.13 to 0.23 mm.

Remarks: Globorotalia convera Subbotina is similar
to Globigerina mckannai White in its surface texture and
number of chambers per whorl, but differs in the smaller
size, more strongly curved but somewhat obscure and
less incised sutures, more broadly rounded periphery,
and nearly closed umbilicus.

It differs from Globorotalia albeart Cushman and Ber-
mudez in being smaller, in having fewer chambers per
whorl, a more rounded periphery, less distinct sutures,
flatter spiral side, and more spinose surface.

It is similar in appearance to Globorotala broeder-
manni Cushman and Bermudez from the lower Eocene
Capdevila formation of Cuba, but differs in being only
about % as large and in having a more closed umbilicus,
and a lower and much smaller apertural opening. The
present species is probably ancestral to the lower
Eocene species.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotypes (USNM
P5129a-c) from the Vincentown formation, north bluff
of Rancocas Creek, 0.3 to 0.5 miles north of Vincen-
town, Burlington County, New Jersey. Collected by
A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5845) from the Horners-
town formation, north bank of Shingle Run, a tributary
to Crosswicks Creek, 1.0 mile north of New Egypt,
Monmouth County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotypes (USNM P5846a, b) from the
Aquia formation, 14-16 feet above base of exposure,
west bank of Potomac River, near mouth of Aquia
Creek, S. 10° KE. of Brent Point on U.S. Geological Sur-
vey Nanjemoy Md.-Va. Quadrangle, 1:62,500, 1913,
reprinted 1945. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and
Richard A. Page.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5847) from the Salt

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 189

Mountain limestone, in a limestone sink, 4% mile north
of Salt Mountain, in the NW% NW%, Sec. 34, T. 6 N.,
R. 2 E., Clarke County, Alabama, Collected by H. T.
and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5848) from the Nana-
falia formation, basal 6 feet of formation just above
Midway group, road cut 0.2 mile east of the Turkey
Creek bridge, 1.2 miles east of Kimbrough Station,
Wilcox County, Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loeb-
lich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5885) from the Velasco
formation, middle bed at road crossing of arroyo halfway
between San José de las Rusias and Soto la Marina,
Tamaulipas, Mexico. Collected by R. Wright Barker.

It was originally described from the “lower Eocene”
of Russia, where it occurred in the Globorotalia velas-
coensis zone, a zone here considered to be of Paleocene
age.

Globorotalia elongata Glaessner
Puates 45, Ficures 5a-c; 46, Figures 5a-c; 48, Fiaures 5a-c;

49, Figures 7a-c; 54, Fiaures la-5e; 59, Fiaures 4a-c;

60, FigurEs 9a-c; 63, FiauREs 2a-c.

Globorotalia pseudoscitula Glaessner var. elongata GLAESSNER,
Studies in Micropaleontol., Univ. Moscow Lab. Paleontol.,
vol. 1, fase. 1, p. 33, text-figs. 3d-f, 1937.

Globorotalia elongata Glaessner, Bouur, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215,
p. 77, pl. 20, figs. 11-13, 1957.

Globorotalia compressa (Plummer) Tovumin, Journ. Paleontol.,
vol. 15, No. 6, p. 607, pl. 82, figs. 1, 2, 1941.

Test free, biconvex but compressed, trochospirally
coiled, somewhat elongated, peripheral margin rounded
to subacute, peripheral outline lobulate; all chambers
of the 2 whorls visible on the spiral side, early coils
somewhat depressed, only the 4 to 5 chambers of the
final whorl visible on the umbilical side, which has a
relatively wide and open umbilicus, chambers of nearly
equal breadth and height, increasing rapidly in size,
final chamber comprising about two-fifths of the entire
test; sutures distinct, depressed, gently curved; wall
calcareous, finely perforate, surface smooth; aperture
interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical, extending to
the periphery and may even extend slightly onto the
spiral side, with a distinct lip, portions of earlier lips
remaining visible around the umbilicus.

Hypotypes range in greatest diameter from 0.20 to
0.55 mm., and in thickness from 0.08 to 0.23 mm.

Remarks: Globorotalia elongata differs from G. pseu-
domenardvi Bolli in lacking the peripheral keel and
thickened sutures and in having a more incised spiral
suture.

TYPES AND OccURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P5813) from the Matthews Landing marl member of
the Porters Creek clay, Naheola Landing, Tombigbee
River, SE%, Sec. 30, T. 15 N., R. 1 E., 11 miles east of
Jachin, Choctaw County, Alabama. Collected by
A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5692) from the Coal
Bluff marl member of the Naheola formation in creek
bottom, just west of store at Caledonia, about 4 mile

south of center of Sec. 29, T. 11 N., R. 10 E., Wilcox
County, Alabama. Collected by F. Stearns MacNeil.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5693) from the Salt
Mountain limestone, in a limestone sink, ¥ mile north
of Salt Mountain, in the NWY%NWY, Sec. 34, T. 6 N.,
R. 2 E., Clarke County, Alabama. Collected by
H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5694) from the Ostrea
thirsae beds of the Nanafalia formation, 56 feet above
the Midway contact, in road cut 1.2 miles east of
Kimbrough Station, and 0.2 mile east of the Turkey
Creek bridge, Wilcox County, Alabama. Collected by
A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5695) from the Aquia
formation, 42 feet above the base of the exposure,
west bank of Potomac River, near mouth of Aquia
Creek, S. 10° E. of Brent Point, on U. S. Geol. Survey
Nanjemoy Md.-Va. quadrangle, 1:62,500, 1913, re-
printed 1945. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and
Richard A. Page.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5697) from the Horners-
town formation, north bank of Shingle Run, a tributary
to Crosswicks Creek, 1.0 mile north of New Egypt,
Monmouth County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotypes (USNM P5133a-e) from the
Vincentown limesand, along north bluff of Rancocas
Creek, 0.3 to 0.5 mile northwest of Vincentown,
Burlington County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5882) from the Velasco
formation, middle bed at road crossing of arroyo halfway
between San José de Jas Rusias and Soto la Marina,
Tamaulipas, Mexico. Collected by R. Wright Barker.

Globorotalia esnaensis (Le Roy)
Puates 57, Ficures 7a-c(?); 61, Ficures la—2c, 9a-c

Globigerina esnaensis Lm Roy, Geol. Soc. Amer., Mem. 54, p. 31,
pl. 6, figs. 8-10, 1953.

Test free, small, trochospiral, inflated, spiral side
flattened, umbilical side convex, umbilicus small,
periphery broadly rounded, peripheral outline lobulate;
chambers increasing rapidly in size as added, four in the
final whorl with final chamber occupying about one-
third of the umbilical side; sutures distinct, depressed,
radial; wall calcareous, finely perforate. surface finely
spinose; aperture an interiomarginal arch tending to
extend somewhat to an extraumbilical position.

Hypotypes range in diameter from 0.25 to 0.38 mm.

Remarks: The specimens here figured are similar
to the holotype of Globorotalia esnaensis (Le Roy) in
all respects, except that they are about half its size.
As various other species also appear somewhat smaller
in the strata here studied than elsewhere, the specimens
are regarded as conspecific. The present species is
also very similar to G. wilcozensis Cushman and Ponton,
but the latter is almost truncate and the sutures are
curved and oblique on the spiral side.

190 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Because of the extraumbilical position of the aper-
ture, the species is here regarded as a Globorotalia.

The specimen here figured from the Aquia formation
is somewhat questionably referred to this species, as
the early spire is more elevated than is usual in this
species. Other specimens from the Aquia are quite
typical, however, and this specimen is regarded as
atypical.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotypes
(USNM P5876a,b) from the Nanafalia formation,
basal six feet of the formation, in road cut 0.2 miles
east of Turkey Creek bridge and 1.2 miles east of Kim-
brough Station, Wilcox County, Alabama. Collected
by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5877) from the upper
25 feet of the Nanafalia formation exposed in the road
cut at the above locality.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5878) from the Aquia
formation, 15 to 17 feet above the base of the exposed
section, west bank of Potomac River, near mouth of
Aquia Creek S. 10° E. of Brent Point on U. S. Geo-
logical Survey Nanjemoy Md.-Va. Quadrangle.
1:62,500, 1913, reprinted 1945. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Globorotalia hispidicidaris Loeblich and Tappan, new species
Prats 58, Ficures la—c

Test free, of medium size, trochospiral, spiral side
gently convex, umbilical side inflated, periphery
angularly truncate, peripheral outline gently lobulate;
chambers increasing slowly in size, 5 per whorl in early
stages, final whorl with 6 to 7 chambers; sutures dis-
tinct, slightly depressed, curved and oblique on the
spiral side, more deeply depressed, straight and radial
around the small umbilicus on the umbilical side; wall
calcareous, finely perforate, surface spinose throughout,
although final one or two chambers may be less promi-
nently spinose, distinctly spinose at the peripheral
angle, presenting a keel-like appearance; aperture a low
interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical arch extend-
ing to the periphery.

Holotype 0.35 mm. in diameter.

Remarks: This species resembles Globorotalia conico-
truncata Subbotina from the Russian Danian(?) in the
numerous chambers per whorl, truncated spiral side,
and the angular-truncate periphery. The present
species is smaller and has a prominently spinose surface.

It differs from Globigerina mckannai White in being
less thickened and more nearly keeled, in having more
chambers per whorl, more oblique sutures on the spiral
side, and a truncate rather than rounded periphery.

Globorotalia apanthesma, new species, has fewer
chambers per whorl, a less truncate periphery and the
chambers slope graduaily from the peripheral keel to
the umbilical shoulder. The wall surface is also less
prominently spinose.

The specific name is from the Latin hispidus, bristly,
prickly, and cidaris, a diadem or tiara, referring to the
general appearance of the species.

TYPES AND OccURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P5875)
from the Aquia formation, 15 to 17 feet above the base
of the exposure, west bank of Potomac River near
mouth of Aquia Creek, S. 10° HB. of Brent Point on U.S.
Geological Survey Nanjemoy Md.-Va. Quadrangle,
1:62,500, 1913, reprinted 1945, Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Globorotalia imitata Subbotina
Puatss 44, Ficurzs 3a-c; 45, Ficurss 6a-c; 54, Figures 8a-9c;
59, FicurEs 5a-c; 63, FigurEs 3a-c
Globorotalia imitata Suppotina, Trudy Vses. Neft. Naukno-
Issledov. Geol.-Razved. Inst., new ser., vol. 76, p. 206, pl.
16, figs. 14-16, 1953.

Test free, tiny, spiral side flattened to gently convex,
peripheral margin rounded, peripheral outline lobulate;
chambers moderately inflated, ovate, increasing gradu-
ally in size and arranged in a low trochospiral coil of
about 2 volutions, 4 to 5 in the final whorl; sutures
distinct, slightly depressed, gently curved; wall cal-
careous, finely perforate, surface smooth; aperture
interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical, a low arch,
bordered by a narrow, protruding lip.

Hypotypes range from 0.15 to 0.25 mm. in diameter,
and from 0.09 to 0.13 mm. in thickness.

Remarks: Originally described from strata of Danian
age in Russia, this species occurs in beds of equivalent
age in Texas (Wills Point formation), but also ranges
somewhat higher, occurring also in the Matthews
Landing marl member of the Porters Creek clay of
Alabama, in the Vincentown formation of New Jersey
and the Aquia formation of Virginia.

It somewhat resembles Globorotalia compressa (Plum-
mer) in general appearance, but has a less acute periph-
ery which is rounded to almost truncate, an almost
flattened spiral side, more curved sutures and lower
chambers.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P5688) from the Wills Point formation (Mexia clay
member) in abandoned pit of the Mexia Brick Works
at Mexia, Limestone County, Texas. Collected by
A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5689) from the Matth-
ews Landing marl member of the Porters Creek clay,
at Naheola Landing, Tombigbee River, SE%, Sec. 30,
T. 15 N., R. 1 E., 11 miles east of Jachin, Choctaw
County, Alabama: Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5131 a, b) from the
Vincentown limesand, along north bluff of Rancocas
Creek 0.3 to 0.5 mile northwest of Vincentown, Burling-
ton County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R. Loeblich,
Jr., and Norman Sobl.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5691) from the Aquia
formation, 15 to 17 feet above the base of the exposure,
west bank of Potomac River, near mouth of Aquia
Creek, S. 10° E. of Brent Point, on U. S. Geological
Survey Nanjemoy, Md.-Va. Quadrangle, 1: 62,500, 1913,
reprinted 1945. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and
Richard A. Page.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5886) from the Velasco

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 191

formation, middle bed at road crossing of arroyo half-
way between San José de las Rusias and Soto la Marina,
Tamaulipas, Mexico. Collected by R. Wright Barker.

The species also occurs in the Ostrae thirsae beds of
the Nanafalia formation in a road cut 1.2 miles east
of Kimbrough Station and 0.2 mile east of the Turkey
Creek bridge, Wilcox County, Alabama.

Globorotalia irrorata Loeblich and Tappan, new species
Puates 46, Figures 2a-c; 61, Figures 5a-c

Test free, small, trochospiral, spiral surface some-
what flattened, umbilical surface inflated, umbilicus
small and deep, periphery broadly rounded, peripheral
outline gently lobulate; chambers increasing gradually
in size, 4 to 5 per whorl; sutures depressed, oblique on
the spiral side, radial on umbilical side; wall calcareous,
finely perforate, surface covered with short blunt spines;
aperture a low interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical
arch.

Holotype 0.26 mm. in diameter.

Remarks: Globorotalia irrorata, new species, differs
from Acarinina intermedia Subbotina in having lower
chambers, with less rapid increase in thickness. It
differs from Globigerina soldadoensis Bronnimann in
having a more flattened spiral side, lower chambers,
radial instead of oblique sutures on the umbilical side,
and a lower, and more extraumbilical aperture.

Globorotalia convexa differs from the present species
in having broader and lower chambers, more oblique
sutures, and a less broadly rounded periphery.

The specific name is from the Latin, irroratus, be-
dewed, covered with granules, and refers to the hirsute
surface.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P5872)
from the Nanafalia formation, south valley wall of
Shoal Creek, 5.5 miles southeast of Camden, along the
Camden-Fatama road, Wilcox County, Alabama.
Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured paratype (USNM P5873) from the Coal Bluff
marl member of the Naheola formation, in creek bottom
just. west of store at Caledonia, about % mile south of
the center of Sec. 29, T. 11 N., R. 10 E., Wilcox County,
Alabama. Collected by F. Stearns MacNeil.

Globorotalia occlusa Loeblich and Tappan, new species

Puatss 55, Figures 3a-c; 64, Figures 3a-c

Test free, of medium size, trochospiral, spiral side
flat, umbilical side convex, with a very small and deep
umbilicus, periphery keeled, peripheral outline entire
to slightly lobulate; chambers gradually increasing in
size, 4 to 5, rarely 6, in the final whorl, of greatest thick-
ness at the umbilical shoulder immediately adjacent to
the narrow umbilicus, umbilical shoulder subacutely
rounded; sutures distinct, curved and oblique, thick-
ened and flush to slightly elevated on the spiral side,
radial and moderately depressed on the umbilical side;
wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface smooth except
for the thickened sutures on the spiral side and the
peripheral keel which may be marginally nodose to

hirsute, umbilical side with a somewhat granular ap-
pearance, particularly in the early region of the final
whorl; aperture an interiomarginal, extraumbilical-
umbilical arch with a distinct lip above.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.45 mm.

Remarks: Globorotalia occlusa, new species, differs
from G. velascoensis (Cushman) and G. acuta Toulmin
in being smaller, of less thickness, and in having a small,
almost closed umbilicus in place of the wide umbilicus
and sharply angled, highly ornamented umbilical
shoulder. It also differs from G@. velascoensis in having
fewer chambers per whorl and from G. acuta in having
elevated sutures on the spiral side.

It differs from G. crater Finlay in having a more
narrow umbilicus and a less elevated umbilical side.

The specific name is from the Latin occlusus, shut up,
closed, and refers to the narrow umbilicus.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P5874)
from the Velasco formation, middle bed at road crossing
of arroyo halfway between San José de las Rusias and
Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Collected by
R. Wright Barker.

Figured paratype (USNM P5866) from the Vincen-
town formation, north bluff of Rancocas Creek, 0.3 to
0.5 miles northwest of Vincentown, Burlington County,
New Jersey. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and
Norman Sohl.

This species also occurs in the Salt Mountain lime-
stone of Alabama and the Aquia formation of Virginia.

Globorotalia perclara Loeblich and Tappan, new species

Puates 40, Ficures 7a-c; 41, Figures 8a—c; 42, Ficures 4a-c;
45, Fieurms lla-c; 46, Fieurms 3a-c; 47, Fieures 6a-c;
50, Figures la-c; 54, Figures 6a-7c; 57, Fiaurrs 3a—4c;
60, FieurEs 5a-c

Globigerina cf. pseudo-bulloides Plummer, Suirryet, Maryland
Dep. Geol., Mines and Water Resources Bull. 3, p. 71, pl.
4, figs. 14, 15, 1948.

Test free, trochospiral, sides flattened, umbilicus
small, peripheral margin broadly rounded, peripheral
outline lobulate; 5 to 6 chambers in the final whorl,
increasing gradually in size as added, rounded to ovate
in shape, or may somewhat overhang the preceding
suture, of somewhat greater breadth than height on
the spiral side, and commonly somewhat excavated
near the spiral suture, elevated near the periphery;
sutures distinct, depressed, curved back at the periphery
on the spiral side, radial on the umbilical side; wall
calcareous, finely perforate, surface smooth to finely
hispid on the spiral side, distinctly spinose on the
umbilical side; aperture a small, interiomarginal,
extraumbilical-umbilical arch.

Holotype 0.26 mm. in diameter.

Remarks: The specimens from the Aquia formation
of Aquia Creek, Virginia, referred by Shifflet (1948) to
Globigerina cf. pseudobulloides Plummer, belong to the
present species. It differs from G. pseudobulloides
(which is here considered also a Globorotalia) in the
much smaller size, lower chambers, which increase

192 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

more slowly in size, and the very prominently spinose
umbilical side.

Globorotalia reissi, new species, is similar in size, but
has @ more convex spiral side, and a nearly smooth
surface.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P5356)
from the Brightseat formation, 1 mile west-southwest of
Brightseat and 0.2 mile south of Sheriff Road, Prince
Georges County, Maryland. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Figured paratype (USNM P5821) from the Pine
Barren member of the Clayton formation, road cut
opposite small country store, 0.8 mile west of the
Alabama River Bridge on Alabama state highway 28,
Wilcox County, Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loe-
blich, Jr.

Figured paratype (USNM P5822) from the McBryde
limestone member of the Clayton formation, in bed of
Rock Creek, 0.8 mile south of junction of Alabama
state highways 28 and 10, on highway 10, Wilcox
County, Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured paratype (USNM P5823) from the Matthews
Landing marl member of the Porters Creek clay,
Naheola Landing, Tombigbee River, SE%, Sec. 30, T.
15 N., R.1E., 11 miles east of Jachin, Choctaw County,
Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loebiich, Jr.

Figured paratype (USNM P5824) from the Coal
Bluff marl member of the Naheola formation im creek
bottom, just west of store at Caledonia, about 4 mile
south of center of Sec. 29, T. 11 N., R. 10 E., Wilcox
County, Alabama. Collected by F. Stearns MacNeil.

Figured paratype (USNM P5825) from the Horners-
town formation, north bank of Shingle Run, a tribu-
tary to Crosswicks Creek, 1.0 mile north of New
Egypt, Monmouth County, New Jersey. Collected by
A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured paratypes (USNM P5135a, b) from the
Vincentown formation, along north bluff of Rancocas
Creek 0.3 to 0.5 miles northwest of Vincentown, Bur-
lington County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr. and Norman Sohl.

Figured paratypes (USNM P5826a, b) from the
Aquia formation, 6 to 9 feet above the base of the
exposed section, west bank of Potomac River, near
mouth of Aquia Creek, S. 10° E. of Brent Point, on
U. S. Geological Survey Nanjemoy, Md.-Va. Quad-
rangle, 1:62,500, 1913, reprinted 1945. Collected by
A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Figured paratype (USNM P5827) from the Nana-
falia formation, south valley wall of Shoal Creek, 5.5
miles southeast of Camden, along Camden-Fatama
road, Wilcox County, Alabama. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr.

Figured paratype (USNM P5828) from the Salt
Mountain limestone, in a limestone sink, % mile north
of Salt Mountain, in the NWM4NW%, Sec. 34, T. 6 N.,
R. 2 E., Clarke County, Alabama. Collected by H. T.
and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Globorotalia pseudobulloides (Plummer)

PuatEs 40, FigurEs 3a-c, 9a-c; 41, Figures la—c; 42, Figures
3a-c; 43, Figures 3a-4c; 44, Ficures 4-6c; 45, Ficures
la—2c; 46, FicurEs 6a-c.

Globigerina pseudo-bulloides PLUMMER, Univ. Texas Bull. 2644,
p. 133, pl. 8, figs. 9a—c, 1926.

Test free, medium sized, low trochospiral, coil of
about 2% volutions, umbilical side with small deep
umbilicus; chambers subglobular and inflated, increas-
ing rapidly in size, 5 to 7 in the final whorl, most
commonly 5; sutures distinctly constricted; wall cal-
careous, distinctly perforate and very finely pitted, but
not spinose; aperture extraumbilical-umbilical, interio-
marginal, a rounded arch bordered above by a narrow
lip.

Hypotypes range from 0.18 to 0.50 mm. in diameter.

Remarks: Globorotalia pseudobulloides differs from
G. varianta (Subbotina) in having a more coarsely per-
forate and finely pitted wall which may give the appear-
ance of being reticulate, but does not have the finely
spinose surface of the associated G. varianta.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P5720) from the lower Danian, zone of Tylocidaris
é6dumi, bryozoan limestone, filling cavities in underlying
caleilutite (Cerithium limestone with Cerithium baltica)
H6jerup, Stevns Klint, Denmark. Collected by J. C.
Troelsen.

Figured hypotypes (USNM P5721a,b) from the
Kincaid formation, in a small stream bank on the east
side of the road to Lund, 3 miles northwest of Elgin on
the Bastrop-Travis county line, 0.5 mile north of the
junction with the Austin-Elgin highway, Texas. Col-
lected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotypes (USNM P5722a,b) from the
Mexia clay member of the Wills Point formation, in
abandoned pit of Mexia Brick Works at Mexia, Lime-
stone County, Texas. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured topotype (USNM P5723) from the Wills
Point formation, shallow ditch at road corner southeast
of the new Corsicana Reservoir, on the road to Mildred,
Navarro County, Texas. Collected by A. R. Loeblich,
Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5724) from the Pine
Barren member of the Clayton formation, blue black
micaceous clay exposed in road cut opposite small
country store on Alabama highway 28, 0.8 mile west
of the Alabama River bridge, Wilcox County, Alabama.
Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5725) from the Mc-
Bryde limestone member of the Clayton formation, in
bed of Rock Creek, 0.8 mile south of junction of Ala-
bama highways 28 and 10, on highway 10, Wilcox
County, Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotypes (USNM P5726a,b) from the
Matthews Landing marl member of the Porters Creek
clay, at Naheola Landing, Tombigbee River, SE¥, Sec.
30, T. 15 N., R. 1 E., 11 miles east of Jachin, Choctaw
County. Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 193

Figured hypotype (USNM P5727) from the Coal
Bluff marl member of the Naheola formation in creek
bottom, just west of store at Caledonia, about % mile
south of center of Sec. 29, T. 11 N., R. 10 E., Wilcox
County, Alabama. Collected by F. Stearns MacNeil.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5728) from the type
locality of the Brightseat formation, 1 mile west-
southwest of Brightseat and 0.2 mile south of Sheriff
Road, Prince Georges County, Maryland. Collected
by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Globorotalia pseudomenardii Bolli

PiateEs 45, Figures 10a-c; 47, Figures 4a-c; 49, FigurEs 6a-c;
54, Figures 10a—13c; 59, Figures 3a-c; 60, FigurEs 8a-c; 63,
Ficures la-c

Globorotalia pseudomenardii Bou, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215,
p. 77, pl. 20, figs. 14-17, 1957.

Globorotalia membranacea(Ehrenberg) TouLmin, Journ. Paleontol.,
vol. 15, No. 6, p. 608, pl. 82, figs. 4, 5, 1941.

Globorotalia cf. membranacea (Ehrenberg) Horxrer, Rep. Mc-
Lean Foram. Lab., No. 2, p. 14, pl. 4, 1955.

Test free, biconvex but compressed, trochospirally
coiled, periphery with a narrow but distinct keel; all
chambers of the 2% whorls visible on the gently but
regularly convex spiral side, low and broad and curved
backwards at the periphery, only the 5 to 5% chambers
of the final whorl visible on the umbilical side, where
they are of nearly equal height and breadth and more
wedge-shaped in outline, although the final chamber is
commonly relatively large and almost hemispherical in
outline, occasional specimens may show only a gradual
increase in size or even a final chamber smaller than the
penultimate one, umbilicus small or nearly closed;
sutures of the early whorls somewhat obscure on the
spiral side, those of final whorl strongly curved back-
ward and somewhat thickened although flush with the
surface, radial and slightly depressed on the umbilical
side; wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface smooth;
aperture interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical with
a narrow lip, and in specimens with nearly closed um-
bilicus the aperture tends to become completely ex-
traumbilical and to extend to the peripheral keel.

Hypotypes range in greatest diameter from 0.19 to
0.48 mm. and in thickness from 0.10 to 0.22 mm.

Remarks: Globorotalia pseudomenardi Bolli differs
from the somewhat similar @. elongata Glaessner in
having a peripheral keel, thickened and flush, rather
than incised, sutures, which are more strongly curved on
the spiral side, and a more gradual increase in chamber
size and less enlarged final chamber, resulting in a less
elongate test. The spiral side is gently convex, with
flush chambers and sutures in all whorls, whereas in G.
elongata the more incised radial and spiral sutures give a
depressed appearance to the early whorls.

Globorotalia membranacea (Ehrenberg) of Toulmin is
identical with this species, the original figures showing
well the characteristic peripheral keel and thickened
and curved sutures on the spiral side. Planulina
membranacea Ehrenberg was originally recorded from
Cretaceous chalk and two specimens were figured by

transmitted light. No description was given and no
depository cited for the types. As keeled Globorotalia is
not found in the Cretaceous, Ehrenberg’s form is un-
doubtedly not identical with the present species, and the
only available evidence (the original figures) could
place the form in almost any coiled genus. It is there-
fore unrecognizable.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P5701) from the Matthews Landing marl member of the
Porters Creek clay, Naheola Landing, Tombigbee River,
SEX, Sec. 30, T. 15 N., R. 1 E., 11 miles east of Jachin,
Choctaw County, Alabama. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5702) from the Salt
Mountain limestone, in a limestone sink, % mile north
of Salt Mountain, in the NW% NW%, Sec. 34, T. 6 N.,
R. 2 E., Clarke County, Alabama. Collected by H. T.
and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5703) from the Aquia
formation, 15 to 17 feet above the base of the exposure,
west bank of Potomac River near mouth of Aquia
Creek, S. 10° E. of Brent Point, on U. S. Geological
Survey Nanjemoy, Md.-Va. Quadrangle, 1:62,500, 1913,
reprinted 1945. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and
Richard A. Page.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5704) from the Horners-
town formation, north bank of Shingle Run, a tributary
to Crosswicks Creek, 1.0 mile north of New Egypt,
Monmouth County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotypes (USNM P5137a-d) from the Vin-
centown limesand, along north bluff of Rancocas Creek,
0.3 to 0.5 mile northwest of Vincentown, Burlington
County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.,
and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5706) from the Ostrea
thirsae beds of the Nanafalia formation, approximately
56 feet above contact with the Midway, in road cut 1.2
mile east of Kimbrough Station and 0.2 mile east of the
Turkey Creek Bridge, Wilcox County, Alabama. Col-
lected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5887) from the Velasco
formation, middle bed at road crossing of arroyo half-
way between San José de las Rusias and Soto la Marina,
Tamaulipas, Mexico. Collected by R. Wright Barker.

Globorotalia pseudoscitula Glaessner

Puatss 46, Ficurrs 4a-c; 48, Fiaurns 3a-c; 53, Fiaurns 5a-c;
59, Figures 2a—-c; 63, Figures 6a-c

Globorotalia pseudoscitula GLAESSNER, Studies in Micropaleontol.,
Univ. Moscow Lab. Paleontol., vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 32, 49,
text figs. 3a-c, 1937.

Test free, trochospiral, biconvex. almost lenticular
in form, umbilicus small to nearly closed, peripheral
margin subacute, peripheral outline very slightly lobu-
late; chambers appearing lunate from the spiral side,
inflated and broadly cuneate from the umbilical side,
ovate to almost angular rhomboid in section, increasing
gradually in size as added, 5, or more rarely 6 to 7, in the
final whorl; sutures nearly flush, curved, oblique and

194

somewhat thickened on the spiral side, nearly straight
and radial on the umbilical side; wall calcareous, finely
perforate, surface smooth to lightly spinose; aperture
interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical, a low arch
which may show a narrow bordering lip.

Hypotypes range in diameter from 0.20 to 0.38 mm.
and in thickness from 0.11 to 0.23 mm.

Remarks: Globorotalia pusilla laevigata Bolli from
the Paleocene of Trinidad is a very similar form and
undoubtedly related to the present species.

Globorotalia pseudoscitula differs from G. convexa Sub-
botina in being more lenticular in section, with a more
convex spiral side rather than a flattened one and a less
inflated umbilical side, with nearly closed umbilicus.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P5139) from the Vincentown formation, north bluff of
Rancocas Creek, 0.3 to 0.5 miles north of Vincentown,
Burlington County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5130) from the Aquia
formation, 15 to 17 feet above the base of the section
exposed, west bank of Potomac River near mouth of
Aquia, Creek, S. 10° E. of Brent Point on U. 8. Geo-
logical Survey Nanjemoy Md.-Va. Quadrangle, 1: 63,500,
1918, reprinted 1945.

Ficured hypotype (USNM P5140) from the Salt
Mountain limestone, in a limestone sink % mile north
of Salt Mountain. in the NWYNW%, Sec. 34, T. 6 N.,
R. 2 E., Clarke County, Alabama. Collected by H. T.
and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5895) from the Velasco
formation, middle bed at road crossing of arroyo half-
way between San José de las Rusias and Soto la Marina,
Tamaulipas, Mexico. Collected by R. Wright Barker.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5870) from the Coal
Bluff marl member of the Naheola formation, in creek
bottom just west of store at Caledonia, about 4 mile
south of center of Sec. 29, T. 11 N., R. 10 E., Wilcox
County, Alabama. Collected by F. Stearns MacNeil.

Globorotalia pseudotopilensis (Subbotina)

Puate 60, Ficures 2a-c

Acarinina pseudotopilensis SusBotina, Trudy Vses. Neft.
Naukno-Issledoy. Geol.-Razved. Inst., new ser. vol. 76,
p. 227, pl. 21, figs. 8, 9; pl. 22, figs. 1-3, 1953.

Test free, trochospiral, inflated, periphery broad»
subtruncate but not angular, peripheral outline lobu-
late, with final chamber broadest somewhat above its
base and presenting a trapezoidal appearance, umbilicus
small, umbilical shoulder rounded; chambers in about
two whorls, 4 in the final whorl, final chamber com-
prising about one-third of the test; sutures distinct.
nearly radial and constricted on both sides; wall cal-
careous, finely perforate, hispid in appearance, covered
with prominent blunt spines, which are strongest in
the peripheral area; aperture an arched interiomarginal
extraumbilical opening.

Greatest diameter of figured hypotype 0.30 mm.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Remarks: This species was originally described from
the Paleocene and lower Eocene of Russia. It occurs
rarely in the Nanafalia formation (Ostrea thirsae beds)
of Alabama.

Globorotalia pseudotopilensis differs from G. angulata
(White) in the rounded margins, instead of having a
peripheral keel, in the much more strongly spinose
surface, and more elevated chambers.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P5869) from the Nanafalia formation, south valley
wall of Shoal Creek, 5.5 miles southeast of Camden,
aiong the Camden-Fatama road, Wilcox County,
Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Globorotalia reissi Loeblich and Tappan, new species

Puiates 50, FicurEs 3a-—c; 58, Fiaures 3a-c; 60, FiaurEs 7a—c

Test free, trochospiral, periphery subangular, periph-
eral outline lobulate, strongly convex on the spiral
side where the 2% whorls may be seen with the early
whorls raised distinctly above the level of the 5 to 6
chambers in the final whorl; chambers of greater
breadth than height, increasing gradually in size as
added; sutures distinct, depressed, slightly curved on
the spiral side, radial on the umbilical side; wall cal-
careous, finely perforate, surface smooth; aperture a
low extraumbilical-umbilical arch, with a narrow
bordering lip above.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.16 mm.

Remarks: This species is closest in appearance to
G. perclara, new species, but differs in the more elevated
spire, and smooth rather than spinose surface. It
differs from G. imitata Subbotina in the more lenticular
form, with subglobular periphery, and the more
numerous chambers per whorl.

The specific name is in honor of Dr. Z. Reiss, micro-
paleontologist, Geological Survey of Israel.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P5835)
from the Aquia formation, 0 to 3 feet above base of the
exposure, west bank of Potomac River, near mouth of
Aquia Creek, S. 10° E. of Brent Point on U.S. Geologi-
cal Survey Nanjemoy Md.-Va. Quadrangle, 1:62,500,
1918, reprinted 1945. Collected by A. R. Loeblich,
Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Figured paratype (USNM P5836) from the Horners-
town formation, north bank of Shingle Run, a tributary
to Crosswicks Creek, 1.0 mile north of New Egypt,
Monmouth County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Figured paratype (USNM P5837) from the Nana-
falia formation, south valley wall of Shoal Creek, 5.5
miles southeast of Camden, on the Camden-Fatama
road, Wilcox County, Alabama. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr.

This species also occurs in the Coal Bluff marl
member of the Naheola formation of Alabama and
the Matthews Landing marl member of the Porters
Creek clay of Alabama.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 195

Globorotalia rex Martin
PuatEe 60, Ficurres la-c

Globorotalia rex Martin, Stanford Univ. Publ., Univ. Ser.,
Geol. Sci., vol. 3, No. 3, p. 117, pl. 8, fig. 2, 1943.

Test free, planoconvex, spiral side flattened, umbili-
cal side convex to subconical, umbilicus small, periph-
ery keeled, peripheral outline slightly lobulate;
chambers increasing rapidly in size, commonly with
4 chambers in the final whorl, final chamber comprising
% to % of the umbilical side, chambers gently convex
at the umbilical shoulder; sutures somewhat indistinct
on the spiral side, very gently curved, thickened and
may be flush or very moderately elevated, especially
near the peripheral margin, sutures radial and depressed
on the umbilical side; wall calcareous, finely perforate,
surface smooth on spiral side, with a granulated appear-
ance on the umbilical side, becoming rougher toward
the peripheral margin to appear somewhat spinose,
peripheral keel somewhat beaded; aperture a very low
interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical arch.

Greatest diameter of hypotypes 0.38 mm.

Remarks: Globorotalia rex differs from G. angulata
(White) in the flat spiral side with flush sutures, rather
than the uneven spiral side and depressed sutures. It
has a less markedly lobulate periphery, more pro-
nounced keel, less angular umbilical shoulder and smal-
ler umbilicus.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotype (USNM
P5867) from the Nanafalia formation, top of exposure of
Ostrea thirsae beds, road cut 0.2 mile east of Turkey
Creek bridge, 1.2 miles east of Kimbrough Station,
Wilcox County, Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loe-
blich, Jr.

This species was originally described from the Lodo
formation of California.

Globorotalia strabocella Loeblich and Tappan, new species
Puate 61, Figures 6a-c

Test free, of medium size, trochospiral, sides moder-
ately convex, umbilical shoulder rounded, umbilicus
broad and open, periphery broadly rounded, peripheral
outline lobulate; chambers increasing gradually in size
as added, of greater breadth than height, 4 per whorl
in the early stages, increasing to 5 or 6 per whorl in
the adult, early whorls somewhat elevated above the
level of the final whorl, each successive chamber on the
spiral side added somewhat below the level of that
preceding, resulting in an imbricated appearance;
sutures distinct, depressed, curved and oblique on the
spiral side, radial and nearly straight on the umbilical
side; wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface finely
spinose, especially on the umbilical side; aperture an
interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical opening ex-
tending to the periphery.

Holotype is 0.33 mm in greatest diameter.

Remarks: Globorotalia strabocella, new species, differs
from G. apanthesma, new species, in the more elevated
early whorls and less truncate spiral side, broadly

396818—b7_14

rounded instead of subacute periphery, more rounded
chambers and less curved sutures on the spiral side.

It differs from Globigerina mckannai White in being
somewhat more compressed, with less globular cham-
bers and a more extraumbilical aperture. G. mckannai
may have been ancestral to the present species.

The specific name is from the Latin strabus, oblique,
and cella, chamber, referring to the oblique attachment
of successive chambers on the spiral side.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P5879)
from the Nanafalia formation, south valley wall of
Shoal Creek, 5.5 miles southeast of Camden, along the
Camden-Fatama road, Wilcox County, Alabama.
Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

The species also occurs rarely in the Vincentown
formation.

Globorotalia tribulosa Loeblich and Tappan, new species
Puates 56, Ficurres 3a-c; 61, Ficures 7a-c

Test free, trochospiral, biconvex, spire nearly flat,
umbilicus small and deep, periphery rounded, peripheral
outline lobulate; chambers globular, increasing rapidly
in size, forming about 2% whorls, commonly with 4 to
5 chambers in the final whorl; sutures distinct, con-
stricted, gently curved to radial; wall calcareous, dis-
tinctly perforate throughout, surface finely but promi-
nently hispid; aperture an interiomarginal, extra-
umbilical-umbilical, high, broad arch.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.30 mm. Paratype
0.28 mm. in diameter.

Remarks: The species somewhat resembles Globoro-
talia pseudobulloides (Plummer) in general appearance,
differing in the spinose surface. It differs from Globi-
gerina esnaensis LeRoy in being much smaller, and in
having more globular chambers.

The specific name comes from the Latin ¢tribulosus,
thorny, and refers to the spinose wall.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P5850)
from the Nanafalia formation, basal 6 feet of the for-
mation, road cut 0.2 mile east of Turkey Creek bridge
and 1.2 miles east of Kimbrough Station, Wilcox
County, Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Paratype (USNM P5851) from the Aquia formation,
14 to 16 feet above the base of the exposure, west bank
of Potomac River, near mouth of Aquia Creek, S. 10°
E. of Brent Point on U.S. Geological Survey Nanjemoy
Md.-Va. Quadrangle, 1:62,500, 1913, reprinted, 1945.
Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and Richard A. Page.

Globorotalia trichotrocha Loeblich and Tappan, new species

Puates 50, Figures 5a-c; 57, Figures la—2c

Test free, small, trochospiral, spiral side flattened,
umbilical side strongly convex and highest at the um-
bilical shoulder around the small deep umbilicus,
periphery subangular, peripheral outline only slightly
lobulate; chambers low and relatively broad on the
spiral side, with 6 or more rarely 7 in the final whorl,
the chambers sloping sharply outward to the periphery
from the umbilical shoulder at the small umbilicus,

196

giving the test a low conical appearance; sutures dis-
tinct, curved obliquely backwards on the spiral side,
radial on the umbilical side; wall calcareous, finely per-
forate, entire surface may be hispid, but with early
spire most prominently spinose, final one or two cham-
bers may be somewhat more smooth; aperture a very
small interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical arch.

Holotype 0.23 mm. in diameter.

Remarks: Globorotalia trichotrocha, new species, is
one of a closely related group of species, all of small
size with flattened spiral side, rounded or subacute
peripheral angle and spinose surface. It differs from
G. conicotruncata Subbotina in its smaller size, fewer
chambers per whorl and narrower umbilicus. Globoro-
talia perclara, new species, differs in having more lobu-
late periphery, and relatively high, subglobular cham-
bers which are evenly convex on the umbilical side with-
out a prominent umbilical shoulder, and in haying a
less hispid surface; G. reissi, new species, has a convex
spiral side, a more lobulate periphery, chambers evenly
rounded on the umbilical side, sutures nearly radial
instead of oblique on the spiral side.

The specific name is from the Greek thrix, trichos,
hair, and trochus, wheel.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P5355)
and figured paratype (USNM P5705) from the Aquia
formation, 3 to 6 feet above base of section exposed,
west bank of Potomac River, near mouth of Aquia
Creek, S. 10° E. of Brent Point on U.S. Geological Sur-
vey Nanjemoy Md.-Va. Quadrangle, 1:62,500, 1913,
reprinted 1945. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr., and
Richard A. Page.

Figured paratype (USNM P5690) from the Horners-
town formation, north bank of Shingle Run, a tributary
to Crosswicks Creek, 1.0 mile north of New Egypt,
Monmouth County, New Jersey. Collected by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., and Norman Sohl.

Globorotalia troelseni Loeblich and Tappan, new species
Puates 60, Ficurns 4a-c; 63, Figures 5a-c

Test free, medium sized, compressed trochospiral,
1% to 2 whorls visible on the spiral side with the early
spire somewhat depressed, umbilical side with an open
umbilicus with portions of earlier whorls visible within,
due to the tendency of the final whorl to uncoil slightly
and appear somewhat evolute, periphery subacute with
a slight keel, peripheral margin lobulate; 5 to 6 chambers
in the final whorl, moderately inflated, of nearly equal
breadth and height, increasing gradually in size as
added; sutures distinct, depressed, gently curved on the
spiral side, nearly radial on the umbilical side; wall cal-
careous, distinctly perforate, surface smooth; aperture
interiomarginal, extraumbilical-umbilical, a relatively
high arch extending to the periphery, bordered above
with a very narrow lip.

Holotype 0.26 mm. in greatest diameter.

Remarks: This species is characterized by its ten-
dency to become evolute, so that the early whorls are
visible from both the spiral and umbilical sides. It is

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

closest in appearance to Globorotalia pseudomenardii
Bolli, differing in the evolute tendency, and more nu-
merous chambers, which are more equally inflated on
the two sides. It has been observed only in the
Nanafalia and Velasco formations.

This species is named in honor of Dr. John C. Troel-
sen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, in recogni-
tion of his work on the Paleocene and lower Hocene
Foraminifera.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P5687)
from the Nanafalia formation (Ostrea thirsae beds), 56
feet above the Midway contact, in road cut 1.2 mile
east of Kimbrough Station and 0.2 mile east of the
Turkey Creek bridge, Wilcox County, Alabama. Col-
lected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Paratype (USNM P5896) from the Velasco forma-
tion, middle bed at road crossing of arroyo halfway be-
tween San José de las Rusias and Soto la Marina,
Tamaulipas, Mexico. Collected by R. Wright Barker.

Globorotalia varianta (Subbotina)
Puates 44, Fiaurns la—2b; 45, Ficeures 4a—-c

Globigerina varianta Sussotina, Trudy Vses. Neft. Naukno-
Issledov. Geol.-Razved. Inst., new ser., vol. 76, p. 63, pl. 3,
figs. 5-12; pl. 4, figs. 1-3; pl. 15, figs. 1-3.

Test free, medium sized, low trochospiral coil of
approximately 2% whorls, umbilical side with small
and deep umbilicus; chambers subglobular and inflated,
increasing rapidly im size, 5 to 6 in the final whorl;
sutures distinct, constricted; wall calcareous, distinctly
perforate, surface prominently spimose, especially in
the early chambers, later chambers becoming less
spinose; aperture extraumbilical-umbilical, a high open
arch extending to the periphery and bordered above by
a subtriangular lip which is widest at its midpoint and
tapers toward the periphery and umbilicus.

Hypotypes range from 0.23 to 0.40 mm. in diameter.

Remarks: This species is similar in size and plan of
growth to G. pseudobulloides (Plummer) and has
probably been confused with that species in the past.
It differs in having a prominently spinose surface and is
less coarsely perforate.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotypes (USNM
P5707a,b) from the Mexia clay member of the Wills
Point formation, in abandoned pit of the Mexia Brick
Works at Mexia, Limestone County, Texas. Collected
by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Figured hypotype (USNM P5708) from the Matthews
Landing marl member of the Porters Creek clay at
Naheola Landing on the Tombigbee River, SE%, Sec.
30, T. 15 N., R. 1 E., 11 miles east of Jachin, Choctaw
County, Alabama. Collected by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Globorotalia velascoensis (Cushman)
Puate 64, Fiaures la—2c

Pulvinulina velascoensis CusHMaAN, Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram.
Res., vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 19, pl. 3, figs. 5a-c, 1925,

Test free, trochospiral, spiral side flattened, umbilical
side with the chambers much elevated at the umbilical

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 197

shoulder around the broad and open umbilicus, the
umbilical shoulder strongly thickened, highly spinose,
and may even form an everted collar, chamber wall
sloping sharply in both directions from this umbilical
shoulder, periphery with a distinct, wide and spinose
keel, peripheral outline lobulate; chambers increasing
gradually in size, 7 to 9 in the final whorl; sutures
distinct, thickened, elevated, oblique and beaded on
the spiral side, radial, depressed and straight on the
umbilical side; wall calcareous, finely perforate, orna-
mented with the beaded sutures, beaded or spinose
peripheral keel, and thickened and spinose collar at the
umbilical shoulder; aperture an interiomarginal, extra-
umbilical-umbilical arch with a narrow lip.

Hypotypes range from 0.42 to 0.60 mm. in diameter.

Remarks: This species is characterized by the
limbate and beaded sutures, wide umbilicus and highly
ornate collar at the umbilical shoulder. Globorotalia
acuta Toulmin differs in lacking the beaded sutures,
and in having fewer chambers per whorl. Globorotalia
apanthesma, new species, lacks the umbilical collar, and
has depressed sutures on the spiral side. Globorotalia
occlusa, new species, has a very narrow umbilicus and
no umbilical collar.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured hypotypes (USNM
P5871a,b) from the Velasco formation, middle bed at
road crossing of arroyo halfway between San José de las
Rusias and Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
Collected by R. Wright Barker.

Globorotalia species
Puats 45, Fiaures 8a-c

Test free, small, trochospiral, compressed, umbilicus
tiny, peripheral outline slightly lobulate, peripheral
angle subacute; chambers in about two whorls, 4%
broad low chambers in the final whorl, gently convex
on the spiral side, more elevated on the umbilical side,
with a rounded to subacute umbilical shoulder; sutures
distinct, slightly depressed, curved and oblique on the
spiral side, nearly straight and radial on the umbilical
side; wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface smooth,
except near the periphery where it becomes very finely
hispid; aperture interiomarginal, extraumbilical-
umbilical, bordered above by a narrow lip.

Greatest diameter of figured specimen 0.20 mm.

Remarks: This species somewhat resembles Globoro-
talia pseudoscitula Glaessner, but has somewhat higher
chambers on the spiral side, is less prominently perforate
or punctate, is more compressed and has fewer chambers
per whorl. It differs from G. pusilla Bolli in being more
compressed, with a more flattened spiral side and higher
chambers, and a more gradual increase in chamber size.
Because it is quite rare it is not here described as a
new species.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured specimen (USNM
P5880) from the Matthews Landing marl member of
the Porters Creek clay, Naheola Landing, Tombigbee
River, SEY, Sec. 30, T. 15 N., R. 1 E., 11 miles east of
Jachin, Choctaw County, Alabama. Collected by A.
R. Loeblich, Jr.

References

Bout, H. M.
1957.
mation of Trinidad, B. W. I.

1957.
Globotruncanidae.

BRONNIMANN, P.
1952.
No. 143, pp. 153-182, pls. 11-13.
1953.

Trinidad Paleocene and lower Eocene Globigerinidae.

The genera Globigerina and Globorotalia in the Paleocene - lower Eocene Lizard Springs for-
U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, pp. 61-81, pls. 15-20.

Bout, H. M., Lonsuics, A. R., Jr., and Tappan, H.

The planktonic foraminiferal families Hantkeninidae, Orbulinidae, Globorotaliidae, and
U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 215, pp. 3-50, pls. 1-11.

Bull. Amer. Paleontol., vol. 34,

Note on planktonic Foraminifera from Danian localities of Jutland, Denmark. LEclog.

Geol. Helvetiae, vol. 45 (1952), No. 2, pp. 339-341.

BrotzEn, F.
1948.

The Swedish Paleocene and its foraminiferal fauna.

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ser. C, No. 493 (Arsbok 42, No. 2), pp. 1-140, pls. 1-19.

Canu, F., and Basser, R. 8.

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pls. 1-21.
Cuark, W. B., Baaa, R. M., and Suarruck, G. B.
1897.

vol. 8, pp. 315-358, pls. 40—50.
Cooxs, C. W., and StppHenson, L. W.
1928.

The bryozoan fauna of the Vincentown limesand. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 165, pp. 1-108.

Upper Cretaceous formations of New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer.,

The Eocene age of the supposed late Upper Cretaceous Greensand marls of New Jersey.
Journ. Geol., vol. 36, pp. 139-148.

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UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

CusuHMAN, J. A.
1926. The Foraminifera of the Velasco shale of the Tampico embayment area. Bull. Amer. Assoc.
Petr. Geol., vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 581-612, 7 pls.
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1933. The Midway group of Texas. Univ. Texas Bull. 3301, 403 pp., 4 figs., 28 pls.
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Part I:
BENTHONIC FORAMINIFERA

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New Cretaceous Index Foraminifera from Northern Alaska

By Helen Tappan !

Introduction

Syren OF ROCK sAMPLES from Naval Petroleum
Reserve No. 4, northern Alaska, over a period of about
8 years has shown that among the microfossils occuring
in the Cretaceous strata are several new species which
because of their stratigraphic importance should be
described. Possibly because the strata here considered
are of a facies distinct from that of the better known
Cretaceous horizons (Tappan, 1951, pp. 3-4), certain
of these new species do not fit into any previously
described genera and hence new genera are here
described to include them.

This paper describes 3 new genera and 34 new
species, two-thirds of which are agglutinated forms.
The calcareous species described are in large part
Nodosariidae and rotaliform genera.

Some reports that are in press or in preparation by
other members of the U. S. Geological Survey describe
the stratigraphy and structure of northern Alaska as
deduced from field study and from information derived

1U. 8. Geological Survey and Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution, Pub-
lication authorized by the Director, U. S. Geological Survey.

EUROPEAN
TIME SCALE

SENONIAN

COLVILLE GROUP

TURONIAN

UPPER CRETACEOUS

> NORTH

by drilling in connection with the petroleum explor-
ation in this region. Further information on the
foraminiferal zonation in the surface and subsurface
material, as well as foraminiferal range charts for the
various wells, is presented in those reports.

The Foraminifera discussed in this paper have been
obtained from rocks ranging from Neocomian to
Campanian in age. A correlation chart (text-fig. 29)
shows how these Alaskan rocks are interrelated and
how they fit into the European time scale.

All type specimens of the species described in the
preseat paper are deposited in the U. S. National
Museum.

Acknowledgments

The writer is indebted to many of the geologists of
the U. S. Geological Survey for collecting the samples
from which these Foraminifera were obtained and for
supplying the necessary geographic and stratigraphic
data. The field geologists are acknowledged by name
under the locality data in the descriptions of species.

CANNING
RIVER AREA

ARCTIC COASTAL PLAIN PROVINCE

Sentinel Hill member
SCHRADER BLUFF

FORMATION

Rogers Creek member

Ayiyak member SEABEE

FORMATION

CENOMANIAN

CRETACEOUS

NANUSHUK GROUP

MIDDLE

FORTRESS
MOUNTAIN
FORMATION

FORMATION

—j—

-1—--1
UPPER APTIAN

OKPIKRUAK
FORMATION

NEOCOMIAN

LOWER CRETACEOUS

UNITS OF JURASSIC AGE

Unnamed unit

NINULUK

FORMATION IGNEK

FORMATION
GRANDSTAND
FORMATION

GRANDSTAND

FORMATION TOPAGORUK

FORMATION

OUMALIK
FORMATION

LOWER CRETACEOUS (?)
AND UPPER JURASSIC (?)

ROCKS,
UNDIFFERENTIATED

Predominantly nonmarine

Ficure 29.—Cretaceous strata of Northern Alaska and correlation with European time scale (modified after Gryc and others, 1956, and Imlay

and Reeside, 1954).

201

202

Assistance is also acknowledged from George Gryc,
from Harlan Bergquist, who has discussed with the
writer many features of the micropaleontology and
stratigraphic zonation, and from Florence Robinson

Systematic
Family Rhizamminidae Cushman, 1927
Genus Bathysiphon Sars, 1872

Bathysiphon brosgei Tappan, new species

Puate 65, Fieures 1-5

Test free, elongate, consisting of an undivided
tubular chamber, commonly straight but rarely some-
what irregularly bent or curved; wall finely agglutinated
with considerable cement, rather smoothly finished,
surface may have transverse growth wrinkles, irregu-
larly spaced; aperture rounded at the open end of the
tubular chamber.

Length of holotype 1.22 mm., greatest breadth 0.31
mm. Other specimens range from 0.34 to 1.66 mm.
in length and from 0.10 to 0.32 mm. in breadth.

Remarks: Bathysiphon brosgei Tappan, new species,
differs from the associated B. vitta Nauss in bemg much
narrower, about one-third to one-fifth as broad, and
in having a somewhat more roughened surface. It is
similar in appearance to the figures of B. alexanderi
Cushman, but an examination of the type specimens
of the latter shows them to be inorganic limonitic sticks,
and not Foraminifera. B. brosger occurs throughout
the Nanushuk group and the underlying Fortress
Mountain formation. It is named in honor of W. P.
Brosgé, geologist, U. S. Geological Survey.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4216),
ficured paratypes (USNM P4217a,b) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4218) from the Topagoruk forma-
tion in a core at 2,235-2,245 feet, unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4219) from a core at 1,247-1,267 feet, un-
figured paratype (USNM P4220) from a core at 1,197—
1,207 feet, all from Simpson test well 1, at lat. 70°57’05’’
N., long. 155°21’45’’ W., west of Cape Simpson,
northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4221) from well
cuttings at 3,650-3,660 feet and unfigured paratype
(USNM P4222) from well cuttings at 3,930-3,940 feet,
both in the Topagoruk formation in Umiat test well 1,
at lat. 69°23’52’’ N., long. 152°19’45’’ W., west of
Unmiat, in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range,
northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM 4223) from well
cuttings at 2,640-2,650 feet and figured paratypes
(USNM P4224a,b) from well cuttings at 2,670-2,680
feet, all in the Topagoruk formation in Umiat test
well 2, at lat. 69°23/04”” N., long. 152°05/01”" W.,
north of Umiat, in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4225) from the Fort-
ress Mountain formation (field sample 49A Pa 125),

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

and Florence Rucker, who determined lithologic types.

Illustrations for the present paper are shaded camera
lucida drawings by the writer and by Patricia Isham,
scientific illustrator, Smithsonian Institution.

Descriptions

on a small north-flowing tributary to Fortress Creek,
which flows into the Ayiyak River, northeast of
Fortress Mountain, lat. 68°30’ N., long. 153°05’30’’ W.,
in the southern foothills of the Brooks Range, northern
Alaska. Collected by W. W. Patton, Jr., 1949.

Family Hyperamminidae Cushman, 1910
Genus Hyperamminoides Cushman and Waters, 1928

Hyperamminoides barksdalei Tappan, new species

PLatEe 65, Ficures 6-12

Test free, flattened, elongate, somewhat flaring,
consisting of an undivided tubular chamber with
occasional growth wrinkles or constrictions but without
internal partitions; wall finely arenaceous, smoothly
finished; aperture a rounded opening at the somewhat
constricted end of the chamber.

Length of holotype 0.55 mm., breadth 0.26mm. Para-
types range from 0.26 to 1.12 mm. in length.

Remarks: Hyperamminordes barksdalei, Tappan, new
species, differs from H. elegans (Cushman and Waters)
in being less tapering and much smaller and in having
less constricted transverse growth wrinkles. This
species occurs in the Topagoruk and Grandstand
formations. It is named in honor of W. L. Barksdale,
geologist, formerly with the U. S. Geological Survey.

TYPES AND occuRRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4386)
from a core at 196-201 feet and unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4387) from a core at 438-443 feet in the
Grandstand formation; and unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4388) from a core at 1,302—1,312 feet in the
Topagoruk formation; all from Simpson test well 1, at
lat. 70°57/05’’ N., long. 155°21’45’’ W., west of Cape
Simpson, northern Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4389) from well cuttings
at 2,110-2,120 feet in the Topagoruk formation, in
South Barrow test well 1, at lat. 71°19’12’’ N., long.
156°42/16’’ W., southwest of Point Barrow, northern
Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4390) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4391) from a core at 660-670 feet
in the Topagoruk formation, in South Barrow test well
2, at lat. 71°15’49’’ N., long. 156°38’03’’ W., south-
southwest of Point Barrow, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4392) from a core at
950-960 feet in the Topagoruk formation, in Arcon
Point Barrow core test 1, at lat. 71°20’ N., long.
156°40’ W., southwest of Poimt Barrow, northern
Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4226) from the Grand-
stand formation, 2,000 feet below the top (field sample
47A Dt 236), about 4% miles airline upstream from

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 203

the mouth of Fossil Creek, a small north-flowing
tributary to the Colville River, approximately at lat.
69°19/15’" N., long. 152°28’ W., in the northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska.
Collected by R. L. Detterman, 1947.

Figured paratype (USNM P4227) from the lower
part of the Topagoruk formation, west fork of Birthday
Creek, Awuna River area (field sample 47A Wh 541),
lat. 69°11’30’’ N., long. 156°41’ W., northern Alaska.
Collected by C. L. Whittington, 1947.

Figured paratype (USNM P4228) from well cuttings
at 1,370-1,380 feet, figured paratype (USNM P4229)
from well cuttings at 3,300-3,310 feet, and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4230) from well cuttings at
1,290-1,300 feet, all in the Topagoruk formation,
Umiat test well 2, lat. 69°23/04’’ N., long. 152°05’01”’
W., north of Umiat, in the northern foothills of the
Brooks Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4231) from the
Grandstand formation (field sample 47A Tr 108), north
limb of Awuna anticline, on Discovery Creek, lat.
69°14’ N., long. 157°25’ W., in the northern foothills
of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Collected by
M. L. Troyer, 1947.

Family Tolypamminidae Cushman, 1929

Genus Involutina Terquem, 1862

Involutina mangusi Tappan, new species

PuatE 65, Fiaures 13, 14

Test free, discoidal, consisting of proloculus and long
undivided, planispiral, evolute second chamber, which
is relatively thick and forms only a few whorls; speci-
mens commonly compressed in preservation, surface
granular in appearance; wall finely to moderately
coarsely agglutinated; aperture at the open end of the
tubular chamber.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.49 mm., thickness
0.06 mm. Paratypes range from 0.36 to 0.68 mm. in
diameter.

Remarks: Involutina mangusi Tappan, new species,
differs from Ammodiscus gaultinus Berthelin in being
about one-half as large, in having a relatively thicker
spiralling chamber, and in being more coarsely agglu-
tinated. The present species is more evenly plani-
spiral, rather than irregularly coiled in the early stages
as in A. gaultinus. The species is found in the Topa-
goruk and Grandstand formations and marine tongues
in the equivalent Chandler formation. It is named in
honor of M. D. Mangus, geologist, U. S. Geological
Survey.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4232)
and unfigured paratype (USNM P4233) from a core at
1,080-1,087 feet, unfigured paratype (USNM P4234)
from a core at 1,187—-1,197 feet, unfigured paratypes

(USNM P4235) from a core at 1,247—-1,267 feet, all in
the Topagoruk formation; and unfigured paratype
(USNM P4236) from a core at 673-683 feet in the
Grandstand formation; all from Simpson test well 1,
lat. 70°57’05’’ N., long. 155°21’45’’ W., west of Cape
Simpson, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4237) from a core at
548-558 feet in the Topagoruk formation, in Arcon
Point Barrow core test 1, at lat. 71°20’ N., long.
156°40’ W., southwest of Point Barrow, northern
Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4238) from well cut-
tings at 1,130-1,140 feet and unfigured paratype
(USNM P4239) from well cuttings at 1,140-1,150 feet
in the Topagoruk formation, in South Barrow test
well 1, at lat. 71°19’12’’ N., long. 156° 42/15’” W.,
southwest of Point Barrow, northern Alaska.

Paratype (fig. 14; USNM P4240) from field sample
47A Wh 623, residual soil of marine zone in Chandler
formation, on the south flank of the Awuna anticline,
lat. 69°03/18’" N., long. 156°02’30’’ W., northern
Alaska. Collected by C. L. Whittington, 1947.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4241) from field sample
47A Wh 688, residual soil sample of the Grandstand
formation on the south flank of the Awuna anticline,
lat. 69°02’48’’ N., long. 155°59’30’" W., northern
Alaska. Collected by C. L. Whittington, 1947.

Family Lituolidae Reuss, 1861

Genus Haplophragmoides Cushman, 1910
Haplophragmoides topagorukensis Tappan, new species
Puate 65, Ficures 15-25

Test free, planispiral and involute, occasional speci-
mens partly evolute, biumbilicate, periphery rounded,
8 to 12 chambers in the final whorl, increasing gradually
in size as added, and slightly inflated; sutures straight
and radial, somewhat thickened, moderately depressed ;
wall finely agglutinated, with variable amount of
cement, test apparently not extremely rigid in original
character, as most tests are distorted in preservation,
those laterally crushed having the appearance of a
more sharply angled periphery; surface generally
smoothly finished, but those specimens from sandy
horizons commonly possessing a more roughened ex-
terior; aperture an arch at the base of the final chamber
face on the periphery.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.62 mm., thickness
0.08 mm. Paratypes range from 0.31 to 1.87 mm. in
greatest diameter.

Remarks: This is an extremely variable species in
size; and because of the prevalence of distorted tests
due to compression in preservation, it is variable in
apparent relative thickness and angularity of periphery.
However, as there are specimens crushed in different
directions as well as some pyrite-filled tests which are

204

less distorted, it is possible to determine the true
characters. It is found in the Grandstand and Topa-
goruk formations, the upper part of the Torok of the
surface sections, and in marine zones within the
Chandler formation.

The species differs from Haplophragmoides collyra
Nauss in having more numerous chambers in the final
whorl and a less lobulate periphery. It is distinguished
from H. eggeri Cushman in being about twice as large
and in having about double the number of chambers in
the final whorl.

It occurs at approximately the same stratigraphic
position as does Haplophragmoides gigas Cushman in
Canada, in beds of middle and upper Albian age.
Although similar to H. gigas im size, and possibly
related to it, the present species lacks the distinctly
sinuate sutures and the raised umbilical margins which
are characteristic of the Canadian form.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4242)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4243) from a core
at 1,322-1,330 feet in the Topagoruk formation; un-
figured paratypes (USNM P4244) from a core at 303—
308 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM 4245) from
a core at 443-444 feet, figured paratypes (USNM
p4246a,b) and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4247)
from a core at 533-543 feet, unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4248) from a core at 565-578 feet, unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4249) from a core at 578-588 feet,
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4250) from a core
at 713-723 feet, all in the Grandstand formation; un-
figured paratypes (USNM P4251) from a core at 1,227—
1,237 feet, figured paratype (USNM P4252) and un-
figured paratypes (USNM P4253) from a core at 1,247—
1,267 feet, figured paratype (USNM P4254) and un-
figured paratypes (USNM P4255) from well cuttings
at 1,730-1,740 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4256)
from well cuttings at 1,830—1,840 feet, figured paratype
(USNM 4257) and unfigured paratypes (USNM
P4258) from a core at 2,235-2,245 feet, unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4259) from a core at 2,739-2,749
feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4260) from well
cuttings at 2,760-2,770 feet, and unfigured paratypes
USNM P4261) from well cuttings at 2,880-2,890 feet,
all in the Topagoruk formation; all from Simpson test
well 1, at lat. 70°57’05’’ N., long. 155°21’45’’ W., west
of Cape Simpson, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4262) from well cut-
tings at 1,180—1,190 feet and (USNM P4263) at 1,370-
1,380 feet in the Topagoruk formation, from South
Barrow test well 1, lat. 71°19’12”” N., long. 156°42715’
W., southwest of Point Barrow, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM 4269) from a core at
264 feet in the Grandstand formation, in Skull Cliff
core test 1, at lat. 70°55’ N., long. 157°38’ W., south-
west of Point Barrow, and approximately midway
between Point Barrow and Point Franklin, northern
Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM 4270) from a core at
3,776-3,786 feet in the Topagoruk formation, in Fish
Creek test well 1, at lat. 70°18’36”’ N., long. 151°52’40’”

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

W., about 15 miles west of the mouth of the Colville
River, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4271) from a core at
1,615-1,625 feet and unfigured paratypes (USNM
P4272) from a core at 1,625-1,635 feet, unfigured para-
types (USNM P4273) from a core at 2,347—2,357 feet,
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4274) from a core
at 2,365-2,370 feet, all im the Grandstand formation;
and figured paratype (USNM P4275) from well cuttings
at 3,660-3,670 feet and unfigured paratypes (USNM
P4276) from well cuttings at 4,110—4,120 feet, all in the
Topagoruk formation; all in Umiat test well 1, west of
Umiat, at lat. 69°23’52’’ N., long. 152°19’45’” W., in
the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, northern
Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM 4277) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4278) from cuttings at 2,400-2,410
feet and figured paratype (USNM P4279) from cuttings
at 2,950-2,960 feet, all in the Topagoruk formation,
in Umiat test well 2, north of Umiat, at lat. 69°23/04’’
N., long. 152°05’01’’ W., in the northern foothills of
the Brooks Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4280) from the upper
part of the Torok formation, equivalent of the upper
part of the Topagoruk formation in the subsurface,
about 2,960 feet below the top of the Grandstand
formation (field sample 47A Dt 223), 5 miles airline
upstream from the mouth of Fossil Creek, a small north-
flowing tributary to the Colville River. Unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4281) from the Grandstand forma-
tion, 2,390 feet below the top (field sample 47A Dt 227),
about % mile farther upstream; unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4282) from the Grandstand formation, 2,000
feet below the top (field sample 47A Dt 236), about %
mnile farther upstream ; and unfigured paratypes (USNM
4283) from the Grandstand formation, 1,450 feet below
the top (field sample 47A Dt 244), about 1% miles
farther upstream, from approximately lat. 69°19’30’’
N., to 69°18’40’’ N., long. 152°28’ W., in the northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Col-
lected by R. L. Detterman, 1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4284) from the Grand-
stand formation (field sample 48A Dt 336) on Trouble
Creek, Big Bend anticline, at lat. 69°06’30’’ N., long.
151°38’ W., in the area of the Chandler River, northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Col-
lected by R. L. Detterman, 1948.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM 4285) from the
Grandstand formation, 140 feet below the base of the
Ninuluk formation (field sample 48A Dt 268), Chandler
River, Niakogon syncline to Big Bend anticline, lat.
69°04’ N., long. 151°52’ W., northern Alaska. Collected
by R. L. Detterman, 1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4286) from a marine
zone in the Chandler formation (field sample 47A Tr
241), north flank of Awuna anticline, lat. 69°12’18’’ N.,
long. 155°47’ W., northern Alaska. Collected by M.
L. Troyer, 1947.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4287) from well cut-
tings at 250-260 feet in the Grandstand formation, in

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 205

Simpson core test 8, lat. 70°56’43’’ N., long. 155°17/16’’
W., northern Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4288) and unfigured
paratype (USNM P4289) from a core at 529-532 feet
in the Grandstand formation, in Umiat test well 3, lat.
69°23/16’’ N., long. 152°05’/14”” W., north of Umiat,
northern Alaska.

Family Textulariidae d’Orbigny, 1846

Genus Spiroplectammina Cushman, 1927

Spiroplectammina koveri Tappan, new species

Puate 66, Fieures 1, 2

Test free, tiny, elongate, early chambers in a plani-
spiral coil, later chambers biserially arranged, increas-
ing gradually in breadth as added, but increasing more
rapidly in relative height, from five to six pairs of
biserial chambers; sutures distinct, depressed, slightly
oblique; wall finely agglutinated, rather smoothly
finished; aperture a low arch at the base of the final
chamber.

Length of holotype 0.49 mm., greatest breadth 0.18
mm., greatest thickness 0.06 mm. Paratype specimens
range from 0.34 to 0.57 mm. in length.

Remarks: This species differs from Spiroplectam-
mina longa Lalicker in being smaller and less tapering,
and in the more gradual increase in chamber size with
development. It occurs in the Topagoruk formation.

It is named in honor of A. N. Kover, geologist, U.S.
Geological Survey.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4290)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4291) from a core
in the Topagoruk formation at 459-469 feet, in South
Barrow test well 2, at lat. 71°15’15’’ N., long. 156°
37’55’’ W., south-southwest of Point Barrow, northern
Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4292) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4293) from a core at 1,342-1,352
feet in the Topagoruk formation, in Arcon Point
Barrow core test 1, at lat. 71°20’ N., long. 156°40’ W.,
southwest of Point Barrow, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4294) from a core at
1,030-1,040 feet in the Topagoruk formation, in Simp-
son test well 1, at lat. 70°57’05’’ N., long. 155°21’45’’
W., west of Cape Simpson, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4295) from seismo-
graph party 47, line 27-48, shot hole 8, at 190-200 feet,
lat. 71°15’58’’ N., long. 156°37/27’" W., northern
Alaska.

Spiroplectammina webberi Tappan, new species
Puate 66, Fiaures 3-5

Test free, small, elongate, base rounded with early
portion planispiral, later biserial with sides gradually
flaring; chambers increasing gradually in size, about
three or four pair of biserial chambers, of nearly equal
height and breadth; sutures slightly depressed, nearly
horizontal in the biserial portion; wall agglutinated, of

fine to medium grains, roughly finished; aperture at the
base of the inner margin of the chamber.

Length of holotype 0.44 mm., breadth 0.21 mm.,
thickness 0.08 mm. Paratypes range from 0.26 to 0.88
mm. in length.

Remarks: This species differs from S. mordenensis
Wickenden in being larger and more compressed, in
having a relatively smaller coil, higher biserial cham-
bers, and a more flaring test. It occurs throughout the
Colville group, from the Seabee formation to the Sen-
tinel Hill member of the Schrader Bluff formation.

The species is named in honor of E. J. Webber,
geologist, formerly with the U. S. Geological Survey.

TyPEs AND OccuRRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4348)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4349) from the Sea-
bee formation (field sample 47A Wb 150) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4350) from the Seabee formation
(field sample 47A Wb 155) both samples from an out-
crop on the Nanushuk River, south-southeast of Umiat,
at approximately lat. 69°03’ N., long. 150°56’ W., in
northern Alaska. Collected by E. J. Webber, 1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4351) from 31 to 42
feet above the base of the Sentinel Hill member of the
Schrader Bluff formation (field sample 47A St 25), on
the north bank of the Colville River, about 7% miles
southwest of the confluence with the Chandler River,
at approximately lat. 69°25’ N., long. 151°48’ W.,
northern Alaska. Collected by Karl Stefansson, 1947.

Figured paratypes (USNM P4352 a, b) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4358) from a core at 1,110-1,120
feet in the Sentinel Hill member of the Schrader Bluff
formation, in Sentinel Hill core test 1, at lat. 69°37’30’’
N., long. 151°27’ W., on the west bank of the Colville
River, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4354) from a core at
490-499 feet in the Seabee formation, in Umiat test
well 1, west of Umiat, at lat. 69°24’ N., long. 154°20’
W., in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range,
northern Alaska.

Genus Textularia Defrance, 1824
Textularia topagorukensis Tappan, new species
Puate 66, Ficurss 8, 9

Test free, tiny, tapering, biserial throughout; cham-
bers numerous, somewhat inflated, increasing gradually
in size; wall finely agglutinated, commonly crushed and
distorted in preservation; aperture at the base of the
final chamber.

Length of holotype 0.46 mm., breadth 0.17 mm.,
thickness 0.07 mm. Paratypes range from 0.23 to 0.60
mm. in length.

Remarks: Tezxtularia topagorukensis, new species, dif-
fers from TZ. rollaensis Stelck and Wall in the lower and
more numerous chambers, more horizontal sutures, and
more nearly parallel sides. It is found in the Grand-
stand and Topagoruk formations.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4296)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4297) from a core

206

at 459-469 feet and figured paratype (USNM P4302)
from well cuttings at 1720-1730 feet, in the Topagoruk
formation, in South Barrow test well 2, at lat. 71°15’15/”
N., long. 156°37’55’’ W., south-southwest of Point
Barrow, northern Alsaka.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4298) from a core
at 2,235-2,245 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4299)
from a core at 2,939—2,949 feet, all in the Topagoruk for-
mation, in Simpson test well 1, at lat. 70°57’05’”’ N.,
long. 155°21'45’’ W., west of Cape Simpson, northern
Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4300) from a core at
1,600-1,610 feet in the Topagoruk formation, in South
Barrow test well 1, at lat. 71°19’/12’” N., long. 156°42’
15’ W., northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4303) from a core at
256-264 feet in the Grandstand formation, in Skull Cliff
core test 1, at lat. 70°55’ N., long. 157°38’ W., midway
between Point Barrow and Point Franklin, northern
Alaska.

Genus Siphotextularia Finlay, 1939

Siphotextularia? rayi Tappan, new species
Puate 66, Ficures 6, 7

Test free, biserial, somewhat flaring; chambers
inflated, relatively high, and increasing rapidly in
size; sutures distinct, depressed, horizontal; wall finely
agglutinated, smoothly finished, white; aperture a slit
in the terminal face of the final chamber, not extending
to the base of the chamber.

Length of holotype 0.55 mm., breadth 0.31 mm.,
thickness 0.08 mm. Paratypes range from 0.44 to
0.60 mm. in length.

Remarks: Siphotextularia? rayi, new species, differs
from S. washitensis Loeblich and Tappan in being
larger, with higher and more inflated chambers and more
nearly horizontal sutures. It is not a typical Sipho-
textularia in that it is not quadrangular in section,
but seems closest to that genus in the terminal apertural
character, although the aperture is not produced on a
neck. It occurs in the Grandstand and Topagoruk
formations.

The specific name is in honor of R. G. Ray, geologist,
U. S. Geological Survey.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4304)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4305) from a core
at 660-670 feet in the Topagoruk formation, in South
Barrow test well 2, at lat. 71°15/15’’ N., long.
156°37'55’’ W., south-southwest of Poimt Barrow,
northern Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4306) from well cuttings
at 857-867 feet and unfigured paratypes (USNM
P4307) from well cuttings at 1,086-1,091 feet, all in
the Topagoruk formation, in Arcon Point Barrow core
test 1, at lat. 71°19’30’’ N., long. 156°40’ W., north-
northeast of Barrow Village, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4308) from a core at
2,235-2,345 feet in the’ Topagoruk formation, in
Simpson test well 1, at lat. 70°57’05’’ N., long. 155°-

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

21’45’’ W., west of Cape Simpson, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4309) from seismo-
graph party 47, line 14 A-48, shot hole 35, at 110-120
feet in the Grandstand formation, at lat. 71°18’08’’ N.,
long. 156°42’45’’ W., northern Alaska.

Family Verneuilinidae Cushman, 1911
Genus Verneuilinoides Loeblich and Tappan, 1949

Verneuilinoides borealis Tappan, new species

Puate 66, Ficurres 10-18

Test free, elongate, triserial, axis commonly slightly
twisted, rounded in section, broadly flaring, rarely
more elongate and less flarimg in the later portion;
chambers increasing rapidly in size, normally inflated,
but in many specimens the tests are crushed in
preservation; sutures distinct, depressed; wall com-
monly finely agglutinated, or may be relatively coarse
grained, probably reflecting the character of the local
depositional environment; aperture a low arch at the
base of the final chamber.

Length of holotype 0.49 mm., breadth 0.18 mm.
Paratypes range in length from 0.26 to 1.17 mm.

Remarks: This species is extremely variable in
size, degree of flaring, coarseness of texture, and type
of preservation. Commonly the specimens are crushed
and distorted, but more rarely specimens are filled with
pyrite, which preserves the original form and inflation
of the chambers. It is one of the most abundant
species in the northern Alaska strata. It differs from
Verneuilinoides perplexa var. gleddier Stelck and Wall
in being considerably larger and more flaring.

V. borealis occurs in the Grandstand and Topagoruk
formations, in equivalent marine zones in the Chandler
formation, and in the upper part of the surface Torok
formation.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM 106131),
figured paratype (USNM 106132), and unfigured para-
types (USNM 106133) from a core at 1,810—1,816 feet,
unfigured paratypes (USNM P4310) from a core at
1,635-1,645 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4311)
from a core at 1,693-1,703 feet, unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4312) from a core at 2,365-2,370 feet, all in
the Grandstand formation; and unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4313) from well cuttings at 3,890-3,900 feet
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4314) from well
cuttings at 4,860—4,870 feet in the Topagoruk forma-
tion; all in Umiat test well 1, at lat. 69°23’52”’ N., long.
152°19/45/’ W., west of Umiat, in the northern foothills
of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4315) from a core at
469 feet and unfigured paratypes (USNM 106135) from
a core at 785-788 feet in the Grandstand formation, in
Umiat test well 2, at lat. 69°23/04’’ N., long. 152°05’01’’
W., north of Umiat, in the northern foothills of the
Brooks Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM 106134) from a core at
361-366 feet in the Grandstand formation, in Umiat
test well 3, at lat. 69°23/16’’ N., long. 152°05’14”” W..,

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

north of Umiat, in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4316) from field
sample 48A Dt 328, in a marine zone interfingered with
the Chandler formation, Chandler River, Big Bend
anticline, lat. 69°07’30’’ N., long. 151°45’ W., northern
Alaska. Collected by R. L. Detterman, 1948.

Figured paratype (USNM P4317) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4318) from a core at 461-466 feet
in the Grandstand formation, in Skull Cliff core test 1,
at lat. 70°55’ N., long. 157°38’00’’ W., between Point
Barrow and Point Franklin, northern Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4319) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4320) from a core at 308-318 feet,
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4821) from a core
at 533-543 feet, all in the Grandstand formation; and
unfigured paratypes (USNM P4322) from a core at
2,275-2,285 feet in the Topagoruk formation; all from
Simpson test well 1, at lat. 70°57’05’’ N., long.
155°21'45’’ W., west of Cape Simpson, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4323) from a core at
231.5 to 233 feet in the Grandstand formation, in
Simpson core test 3, at lat. 70°55’27’’ N., long.
155°16’55’’ W., northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4324) from a core at
342-352 feet in the Grandstand formation, in Simpson
core test 8, at lat. 70°56’43’’ N., long. 155°17/16”’ W.,
northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4325) from well cut-
tings at 150-160 feet, figured paratype (USNM P4326)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4327) from well
cuttings at 170-180 feet, and unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4328) from well cuttings at 180-190 feet, all
from the Grandstand formation, in Oumalik core test 2,
at lat. 69°50/18’” N., long. 155°59’24’” W., northern
Alaska.

Figured paratypes (USNM P4329a-d) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4330) from the Grandstand forma-
tion (field sample 46A Th 165), on the Colville River,
lat. 69°06’ N., long. 154°24’ W., northern Alaska.
Collected by R. F. Thurrell, 1946.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4331) from the Grand-
stand formation (field sample 47A Dt 240), about 3%
miles airline upstream from the mouth of Fossil Creek,
a north-flowing tributary to the Colville River, at
approximately lat. 69°19’05’’ N., long. 152°28’ W., in
the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, northern
Alaska. Collected by R. L. Detterman, 1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4332) from field
sample 48A Dt 2, upper part of the Torok formation
(equivalent to the Topagoruk formation in the sub-
surface) at Tuktu Bluff on the Chandler River, lat.
68°43’ N., long. 152°15’ W., northern Alaska. Col-
lected by R. L. Detterman, 1948.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4333) from the lower
part of a 50-foot section on the west fork of Birthday
Creek (field sample 47A Tr 167), 80 feet below the top
of the Topagoruk formation, lat. 69°12’30’’ N., long.
156°47’ W., northern Alaska. Collected by M. L.
Troyer, 1947.

207

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4334) from 180-230
feet above the base of the Grandstand formation, on the
north flank of the Awuna anticline (field sample 47A
Tr 289), lat. 69°09’30”’ N., long. 155°59’ W., northern
Alaska. Collected by M. L. Troyer, 1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4335) from an outcrop
3,850 feet below the top of the Grandstand formation
(field sample 47A Z 615 A), in a section on the north
limb of the Kurupa anticline, from lat. 68°55’ N., long.
155°05’ W., to lat. 69° N., long. 155° W., along the
Kurupa River, in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska. Collected by J. H. Zumberge,
1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4336) from field
sample 48A Dt 187, in marine zone of the Chandler
formation, lat. 68°45’30’’ N., long. 152°15’ W., northern
Alaska. Collected by R. L. Detterman, 1948.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4337) from well
cuttings at 450-460 feet in the Topagoruk formation,
in South Barrow test well 2, at lat. 71°15’15”’ N., long.
156°37’55’’ W., south-southwest of Point Barrow,
northern Alaska.

Verneuilinoides fischeri Tappan, new species

Puate 66, FiaurEes 23-28

Test large, free, flaring at the base, but comparatively
narrow and elongate, sides nearly parallel in the later
portion; chambers numerous, inflated, triserially ar-
ranged, increasing in proportional height as added;
sutures distinct, depressed; wall finely agglutinated,
surface smoothly finished; aperture loop shaped, at
the base of the inner face of the final chamber.

Length of holotype 1.30 mm., breadth 0.39 mm.
Paratypes range from 0.36 to 1.77 mm. in length.

Remarks: This species occurs in the Seabee and
Schrader Bluff formations of Turonian to Campanian
age, and their equivalent zones in the Ignek formation.

Verneuilinoides fischeri, new species, differs from
Verneuilina parallela Cushman from the Craie Blanche
of France, in being longer, narrower and more tapering,
in having relatively higher chambers, and in lacking the
triangular section of true Verneuilina. V. bearpawensis
(Wickenden) has more inflated and higher chambers
and a more twisted test.

The species is named in honor of W. A. Fischer,
geologist, U. S. Geological Survey, who collected some
of the material containing this species.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4356),
figured paratypes (USNM P4357a,b), and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4358) from the Upper Cretaceous
part of the Ignek formation (field sample 46A L 66),
at the base of the section exposed at the forks of the
Ivishak and Sagavanirktok Rivers, at approximately
lat. 69°30’ N., long. 148°30’ W., northeastern Alaska.
Collected by E. H. Lathram, 1946.

Figured paratype (USNM P4359) from a core at
571-574 feet, unfigured paratype (USNM P4360) from
a core at 500-510 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM
4361) from a core at 589-602 feet, unfigured paratypes

208

(USNM P4362) from a core at 602-604 feet, and un-
figured paratypes (USNM P4363) from a core at 829-
839 feet, all from the Sentinel Hill member of the
Schrader Bluff formation, in Sentinel Hill core test 1,
at lat. 69°35’48’’ N., long. 151°28’09’’ W., on the
banks of the Colville River, northwest of Umiat,
northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4364) from a core at
1,351 feet in a marine zone of the Prince Creek forma-
tion, in Gubik test well 2, at lat. 69°25’10’’ N., long.
151°27/26’’ W., near the confluence of the Chandler
and Colville Rivers, northern Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM 4340) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4341) from field sample 46A Fi
80A, in the Seabee formation (Turonian), taken one
mile east of Wolf Creek test well 2, in the area of the
Wolf Creek anticline, at lat. 69°24’32’’ N., long.
153°31/25’’ W., northern Alaska. Collected by W. A.
Fischer, 1946.

Figured paratype (USNM P4342) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM 4343) from field sample 46A Gr
98, lower part of the Ignek formation, on the Ivishak
River, at lat. 69°20’40’’N., long. 148°10’50’’ W.,
northern Alaska. Collected by George Gryc, 1946.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4346) from field
sample 47A St 25, from 2,570 feet below the top of the
Sentinel Hill member of the Schrader Bluff formation,
on the north bank of the Colville River, about 8 miles
east-northeast of Umiat, at lat. 69°25’ N., long. 151°48’
W., about 7% miles southwest of the junction of the
Chandler and Colville Rivers, in the northern foothills
of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Collected by
Karl Stefansson, 1947.

Verneuilinoides tailleuri Tappan, new species

Pate 66, Figures 19-22

Test free, relatively narrow, elongate, sides nearly
parallel; chambers numerous, low, triserially arranged,
somewhat inflated; sutures distinct, depressed, hori-
zontal; wall finely agglutinated; aperture a low arch at
the base of the final chamber.

Length of holotype 0.58 mm., breadth 0.18 mm. Para-
types range from 0.34 to 0.55 mm. in length.

Remarks: Verneutlinoides tailleurt, new species,
differs from V. borealis, new species, in being smaller and
narrower, with nearly parallel sides, and in having
lower, more numerous, and more closely appressed
chambers and nearly horizontal sutures. It differs from
Tritaxia spiritensis prolongata Stelck and Wall in lacking
the terminal aperture and in having lower and more
closely appressed chambers.

V. tailleuri is restricted to the Fortress Mountain
formation. The specific name is in honor of I. L. Tail-
leur, geologist, U. S. Geological Survey, who collected
some of the outcrop material containing this species.

TYPES AND occURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4367),
figured paratype (USNM P4368), and unfigured para-
types (USNM P4369) from 5,500 to 6,000 feet above
the base of the Fortress Mountain formation (field

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

sample 49A Tr 565), on Castle Creek, south-southwest
of Castle Mountain, at lat. 68°32’05’’ N., long. 152°49’
W.., in the southern foothills of the Brooks Range, north-
ern Alaska. Collected by I. L. Tailleur, 1949.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P 4370) from the Fortress
Mountain formation (field sample 49A Pa 84), along
Fortress Creek, tributary to the Ayiyak River, north-
west of Fortress Mountain, at lat. 68°35/20’’ N., long.
153°11/30’” W., in the southern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska. Collected by W. W. Patton,
Jr., 1949.

Figured paratype (USNM P4365) and unfigured para-
types (USNM P4366) from the Fortress Mountain for-
mation (field sample 49A Tr 662), from a cut bank on
the east side of a small tributary that enters Kiruk-
tagiak River from the south, about 1,000 feet upstream
from their confluence, at lat. 68°37’ N., long. 152°42’
W., in the southern foothills of the Brooks Range,
northern Alaska. Collected by I. L. Tailleur, 1949.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4371) from the Fortress
Mountain formation (field sample 49A Pa 436), on
Castle Creek, 2.9 miles airline south-southwest of
Castle Mountain, at lat. 68°32’30’’ N., long. 152°51/30/
W.., in the southern foothills of the Brooks Range, north-
ern Alaska. Collected by W. W. Patton, Jr., 1949.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4372) from the Fortress
Mountain formation (field sample 49A Pa 571), on
Castle Creek, about 2% miles southwest of Castle Moun-
tain, at lat. 68°32’45’’ N., long, 152°51’30’’ W., in
southern foothills of the Brooks Range, northern
Alaska. Collected by W. W. Patton, Jr., 1949.

Figured paratype (USNM P4873) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4374) from field sample 49A Pa
594, in a section from 1,150 to 1,750 feet above the base
of the Fortress Mountain formation, on the Kiruktagiak
River, west of Castle Mountain, at lat. 68°35’ N., long.
152°54’ W., in the southern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska. Collected by W. W. Patton,
Jr., 1949.

Family Valvulinidae Cushman, 1927
Genus Arenobulimina Cushman, 1927

Arenobulimina paynei Tappan, new species
Puate 67, Ficures 1-4

Test free, flaring, early portion triserial, later with
four chambers to a whorl; chambers much inflated, al-
though some specimens have been crushed in preserva-
tion, increasing rapidly in size; sutures distinct and
much constricted; wall finely agglutinated, but some of
the paratypes are represented only by pyritic casts, a
common method of preservation in these strata; aper-
ture a low arch at the inner margin of the final chamber.

Length of holotype 0.36 mm., breadth 0.21 mm.
Paratypes range in length from 0.18 to 0.55 mm.

Remarks: This species differs from Arenobulimina
chapmani Cushman from the Gault of England in being
more flaring, about one-third as large, and with more

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

inflated and fewer chambers to each whorl. It occurs in
the Grandstand and Topagoruk formations.

This species is named in honor of T. G. Payne, geol-
ogist formerly with the U. S. Geological Survey, in
recognition of his work on the stratigraphy of the
Cretaceous strata of Alaska.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P 4375
from well cuttings at 4,140-4,150 feet, unfigured para-
type (USNM P4376) from well cuttings at 4,150-4,160
feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4377) from well
cuttings at 3,160-3,170 feet, unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4378) from well cuttings at 4,460-4,470 feet,
all in the Topagoruk formation, in Umiat test well 1,
west of Umiat, at lat. 69°23’52’’ N., long. 152°19’45/”
W., in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range,
northern Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4379) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4380) from a core at 602-609 feet
in the Grandstand formation; unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4381) from well cuttings at 1,560—-1,570 feet,
unfigured paratype (USNM P4382) from well cuttings
at 2,850-2,860 feet, unfigured paratype (USNM P4383)
from well cuttings at 2,900-2,910 feet, figured paratypes
(USNM P4384a,b) from well cuttings at 2,980-2,990
feet, and unfigured paratype (USNM P4385) from well
cuttings at 4,580-4,590 feet, all in the Topagoruk for-
mation; all in Umiat test well 2, at lat. 69°23’04’’ N.,
long. 152°05’01’’ W., north of Umiat, in the northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska.

Arenobulimina torula Tappan, new species

Puate 67, Ficures 5-7

Test free, elongate, flaring from the pointed base,
rounded in section; chambers numerous, low and
triserial in the early portion, later becoming higher and
narrower with four chambers to a whorl, the chambers
lying somewhat obliquely; sutures distinct, flush,
oblique, somewhat darker in color than the remainder
of the test; wall finely arenaceous, surface smoothly
finished, specimens commonly crushed in various ways
in preservation; aperture an arch at the base of the
inner face of the final chamber.

Length of holotype 0.62 mm., breadth 0.36 mm.
Paratypes range from 0.16 to 0.68 mm. in length.

Remarks: Arenobulimina torula, new species, differs
from A. chapmani Cushman in being slightly larger, and
in having broader, lower, and more inflated chambers,
and in being more finely arenaceous with a more smooth-
ly finished surface.

This species occurs in the Ayiyak member of the
Seabee formation and in the Ignek formation.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4393)
from the Ignek formation, on the Shaviovik anticline,
seismograph party 144, line 4-53, shot hole 6, at 50-100
feet, at lat. 69°34’24’’ N., long. 147°33/35’’ W., at the
eastern end of the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4394) from a depth of
50-100 feet and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4395)

209

from a depth of 100-150 feet, all in the Ignek formation,
seismograph party 144, line 8-53, shot hole 4, along the
Shaviovik anticline, at lat. 69°34’26’’ N., long. 147°43/
03’” W., at the eastern end of the northern foothills
of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska.

Figured paratypes (USNM P4396a,b) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4397) from the Ignek formation
(field sample 46A L 66), at the base of the section ex-
posed at the confluence of the Ivishak and Sagavanirk-
tok Rivers, at approximately lat. 69°30’ N., long.
148°30’ W., in northern Alaska. Collected by E. H.
Lathram, 1946.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4398) from the
Ayiyak member of the Seabee formation (field sample
47A Wb 35), on the Nanushuk River, at lat. 68°45’ N.,
long. 150°43’ W.., in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska. Collected by E. J. Webber,
1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4399) from the Ayiyak
member of the Seabee formation, in Umiat seismograph
shot point 13, at a depth of 25 feet, at lat. 69°24’29.4’’
N., long. 152°05/19.8’’ W., near Umiat, in the northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4400) from the Seabee
formation, at 561-571 feet, in Umiat test well 11, lat.
69°24’29’’ N., long. 152°05’58’" W., north of Umiat,
northern Alaska.

Genus Dorothia Plummer, 1931
Dorothia chandlerensis Tappan, new species

Puate 66, Ficures 29, 30

Test free, narrow, elongate, sides nearly parallel;
early chambers in a whorl at the base forming a some-
what inflated knob, followed by seven or eight pairs
of biserially arranged, somewhat compressed chambers
all of nearly equal size, relatively low and broad; sutures
obscure in the early portion, distinct and depressed in
the biserial portion; wall finely arenaceous, roughly
finished; aperture a low arch at the base of the final
chamber.

Length of holotype 0.62 mm., breadth 0.18 mm.
Paratypes range from 0.39 to 0.99 mm. in length.

Remarks: Dorothia chandlerensis, new species, differs
from D. filiformis (Berthelin) in the more bulbous early
portion, the broader parallel-sided biserial portion, and
more roughly finished wall.

It occurs in the Torok and Oumalik formations.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4401)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4402) from field
sample 48A Dt 120, in the Torok formation, 4300 feet
below the top of the section exposed in Tuktu Bluff,
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4403) from field
sample 48A Dt 121, taken 80 feet lower, in the Tuktu
Bluff on the Chandler River, at lat. 68°41’ N., long.
152°15’ W., in the southern foothills section of the
Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Collected by R. L.
Detterman, 1948.

Figured paratype (USNM P4404) from well cuttings
at 5,150-5,160 feet in the Oumalik formation, in

210

Simpson test well 1, at lat. 70°57’05’’ N., long.
155°21’45’’ W., west of Cape Simpson, northern
Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM 4405) from field
sample 49A Tr 685, in the Torok formation, on the
south limb of the Ayiyak anticlinorium on the Kiruk-
tagiak River, north of Castle Mountain, at lat.
68°39/15’’ N., long. 152°43’ W., in the southern foot-
hills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Collected
by I. L. Tailleur, 1949.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4406) from field
sample 49A Tr 756, in the Torok formation, on Okok
Creek, tributary to the Okpikruak River, at lat.
68°42’30’" N., long. 153°35’ W., in the Castle Mountain
area in the southern foothills of the Brooks Range,
northern Alaska. Collected by I. L. Tailleur, 1949.

Family Rzehakinidae Cushman, 1933

The genera here included were in part previously
placed in the subfamily Rzehakininae, family Silicini-
dae. However, the type genus of the family, Silicina
Bornemann 1874, is unrecognizable as based on its
type species, Jnvolutina polymorpha Terquem, 1863.
Of the three type specimens of Terquem in the Museum
National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, examined by
Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., and the writer, one is a frag-
ment of a Reophax and the other two are indeterminate
fragments. Hence the species and the genus for which
it serves as type species are unrecognizable and are
here suppressed. Of the three genera placed by Cush-
man in the subfamily Silicininae Cushman (1933, p.
143) (not Involutininae as proposed by Thalmann,
1935, p. 715) Silicina is thus unrecognizable; Involutina
Terquem, 1862, was shown (Loeblich and Tappan,
1954, p. 308) to be an agglutinated form (including
species previously referred to Ammodiscus); and Prob-
lematina Bornemann is calcareous, not related to these
siliceous genera.

Because Silicina is invalid, the family name has no
validity, as families (and subfamilies) must be based on
a valid genus included in them. For this reason the
subfamily Silicininae of Earland (1933, p. 91) also was
invalid, as he originally considered it a subfamily of
the Lituolidae, including only Rzehakina, Silicosig-
moilina and Miliammina, and not including Silicina,
which must be included if the subfamily name be based
on its name. Thalmann (1935, p. 715) was therefore
in error in proposing the subfamily Involutininae for
the subfamily Silicininae Cushman, 1933 (not Farland,
1933). Cushman included the genus Silicina Borne-
mann in his subfamily and therefore his usage was valid,
whereas Harland did not include that genus and his
usage was not valid.

The name Involutininae Thalmann, 1935 (not Cush-
man, 1940, as was erroneously cited by Loeblich and
Tappan, 1954, p. 308), with the type genus Involutina
Terquem, 1862, must therefore be removed to the
family Tolypamminidae (see Loeblich and Tappan,
1954, p. 308).

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Sigal (1952, p. 159) restricted the Involutinidae to
include only Silicina, Problematina, and Involutina,
and placed the family under the suborder Biloculinidea.
He then (1952, p. 208) named an “‘appendice-famille”
Paramiliolidae to include the chambered genera, i. e.,
Rzehakina, Silicosigmoilina, Miliammina, and Spirolo-
cammina, and placed this “family” in the suborder
Pluriloculinidea, superfamily Miliolidea. However, the
family ‘‘Paramiliolidae” is also invalid, as there is no
genus “Paramiliola” upon which it can be based.

Therefore as the Involutininae is based on a genus
belonging elsewhere, as the Silicinidae is based on a
genus which is unrecognizable, and as the ‘‘Paramili-
olidae” is not based on any genus, the next family or
subfamily name available (these are considered of
equal rank for purposes of priority, according to the
Rules of Nomenclature) would be the Rzehakininae
Cushman, 1933, which is here elevated to family rank.

This family now includes Rzehakina Cushman, 1927,
Stlicosigmoilina Cushman and Church, 1929, Miham-
mina Heron-Allen and Earland, 1930, Spirolocammina
Harland, 1934, Bramletteia Israelsky, 1951, Trilocularena
Loeblich and Tappan, 1955, and the new genus Psam-
minopelia, here described.

The Rzehakinidae includes siliceous or arenaceous
genera, insoluble in acid, which are in large part iso-
morphs of the calcareous imperforate Miliolidae.

Genus Miliammina Heron-Allen and Earland, 1930
Miliammina awunensis Tappan, new species
Puate 67, Figures 19-21

Test free, elongate, flattened, ovate in outline,
quinqueloculine in plan; chambers narrow, elongate,
each a half coil in length, of equal diameter throughout
length; sutures distinct, depressed; wall finely aggluti-
nated, surface smoothly finished; aperture a simple
opening at the end of the tubular chamber.

Length of holotype 0.44 mm., breadth 0.26 mm.
Paratypes range from 0.23 to 0.65 mm. in length.

Remarks: Specimens of this species are commonly
distorted in preservation and may be crushed at vary-
ing angles, so that the test may assume variable out-
lines.

Miliammina awunensis, new species, differs from
M. manitobensis Wickenden in having narrower cham-
bers, of even diameter throughout, and in being more
finely agglutinated and smoothly finished. It differs
from M. valdensis Bartenstein and Brand in being
somewhat larger with thicker chambers.

It occurs in the Gransdtand and Topagoruk forma-
tions and in marine zones of the equivalent Chandler
formation.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4407)
from residual soil of brackish or marine tongues in the
Chandler formation, on the south flank of the Awuna

' syncline (field sample 47A Wh 628), at lat. 69°03/18”

N., long. 156°02’30’’ W., in the northern foothills of
the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Collected by
C. L. Whittington, 1947.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 211

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4408) from field
sample 47A Wh 688, in residual soil of the Grandstand
formation, on the south flank of the Awuna anticline,
at lat. 69°02’48’’ N., long. 155°59’30’" W., in the
northern foothills of the Brooks Range, northern
Alaska. Collected by C. L. Whittington, 1947.

Figured paratype (USNM P4409) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM 4410) from field sample 47A
Wh 655, in residual soil of marine or brackish tongues
in the Chandler formation, on the south flank of the
Awuna anticline, at lat. 69°06’48’’ N., long. 155°58’ W.,
in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, northern
Alaska. Collected by C. L. Whittington, 1947.

\Unfigured paratypes (USNM 4411) from field
sample 47A Tr 293, from a marine zone in the Chandler
formation on the north flank of the Awuna anticline, at
lat. 69°09’30’’ N., long. 155°59’ W., in the northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Col-
lected by M. L. Troyer, 1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4412) from field
sample 47A Tm 13, bed 12, 60 feet below the top of
exposed 100-foot section of the Cretaceous, probably
equivalent to the lower part of the Nanushuk group of
the eastern areas, on the south limb of a syncline, on
the west bank of the Utukok River, at approximately
lat. 69°13’ N., long. 160°38’ W., about 70 miles east-
northeast of Cape Beaufort, in the northern foothills of
the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Collected by
R. M. Thompson, 1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4413) from field
sample 47A Z 604, in the Grandstand formation, on
the north limb of the Kurupa anticline, in a section from
lat. 68°55’ N., long. 155°05’ W., to lat. 69°00’ N.,
long. 155° W., along the Kurupa River, west-southwest
of Umiat, in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range,
northern Alaska. Collected by J. H. Zumberge, 1947.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4414) from a core at
432-439 feet in the Grandstand formation, in Umiat
test well 8, at lat. 69°23/16’’ N., long. 152°05/14’’ W.,
north of Umiat, in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4415) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4416) from a core at 256-264 feet,
in the Grandstand formation in Skull Cliff core test 1,
at lat. 70°55’ N., long. 157°38’ W., between Point
Barrow and Point Franklin, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4417) from a core at
443-444 feet in the Grandstand formation, in Simpson
test well 1, at lat. 70°57’05’’ N., long. 155°21’45”’ W.,
west of Cape Simpson, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4418) from a core at
459-469 feet in the Topagoruk formation, in South
Barrow test well 2, at lat. 71°15’15’’ N., long.
156°37'55’’ W., south-southwest of Point Barrow,
northern Alaska.

Miliammina ischnia Tappan, new species
PuatE 67, Ficures 25, 26

Test free, small, narrow, elongate, sides subparallel,
quinqueloculine in section; chambers narrow, elongate,

a half coil in length; sutures distinct, depressed; wall
finely agglutinated, surface smoothly finished; aperture
at the open end of the final chamber.

Length of holotype 0.36 mm., breadth 0.10 mm.

Remarks: Miliammina ischnia, new species, differs
from M. manitobensis Wickenden in being smaller and
comparatively narrower and more elongate. It differs
from Miliammina awunensis, new species, in being
narrower with nearly parallel sides, rather than ovate
in outline. Miliolina gramen Friedberg is similar in
general appearance, but is two to three times at large.

This species is found in the Grandstand formation.

TYPES AND OccURRENCE: Holotype USNM P4419)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4420) from a core at
1,910-1,920 feet and figured paratype (USNM P4421)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4422) from a core
at 1,693-1,708 feet, both in the Grandstand formation,
in Umiat test well 1, at lat. 69°23’52’’ N., long.
152°19’45’’ W., west of Umiat, in the northern foothills
of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4423) from a core at
432-439 feet in the Grandstand formation, in Umiat
test well 3, lat. 69°23/16’’ N., long. 152°05/14’”” W.,
north of Umiat, in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska.

Genus Psamminopelta Tappan, new genus

Typ spEctus: Psamminopelta bowshert Tappan, new
species. (Derivation: psamminos, Gr., of sand + pelte,
Gr., f., small, light shield; gender, feminine.)

Test free, flattened, consisting of proloculus and
tubular, planispirally coiled chambers, each a half coil
in length, and only very slightly overlapping earlier
whorls; wall agglutinated with siliceous cement, insol-
uble in hydrochloric acid; aperture at the open end of
the tubular chamber, without a tooth.

Remarks: Psamminopelta, new genus, differs from
Rzehakina Cushman in having chambers exactly half
a coil in length, so that the test is symmetrical about
the vertical axis rather than having a sigmoid vertical
axis. It differs from Spirolocammina Earland in having
a perfectly planispiral development, and lacking the
slightly sigmoid plan of chamber arrangement, as seen
in horizontal section.

Miliammina Heron-Allen and Earland has a quinque-
loculine rather than planispiral development, and
Trilocularena Loeblich and Tappan is triloculine in
section.

Psamminopelta bowsheri Tappan, new species

Puiate 67, Fiaures 11-18, 22-24

Test free, ovate in outline, flattened, consisting of
long, narrow and tubular planispirally arranged cham-
bers, each a half coil in length, and only very slightly
overlapping earlier coils; sutures depressed; wall finely
agglutinated, smoothly finished, with siliceous cement,
insoluble in acid, commonly crushed and flattened in
preservation; aperture at the open end of the tubular
chamber, commonly appearing elongate because of
compression of the test, without a tooth.

212

Length of holotype 0.83 mm., breadth 0.57 mm.,
thickness 0.05 mm. Paratypes range from 0.29 to 0.91
mm. in length.

Remarks: Psamminopelia bowsheri, new species,
differs from Massilina texasensis Cusbman in the nar-
rower chambers, planispiral coiling, relatively broader
test, and the agglutinated wall, which is insoluble in
acid.

The species occurs in the Grandstand, Topagoruk,
Tuktu, and upper part of the Torok formations and in
marine zones of the equivalent Chandler formation.
It is named in honor of A. L. Bowsher, geologist,
U.S. Geological Survey.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4424)
from a core at 256-264 feet in the Grandstand forma-
tion, in Skull Cliff core test 1, at lat. 70°55’ N., long.
157°38’ W., between Point Barrow and Point Franklin,
northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4425) from a core at
438-443 feet, in the Grandstand formation, figured
paratype (USNM 4426) from a core at 1,020—-1,030
feet and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4427) from a
core at 1,247-1,267 feet in the Topagoruk formation,
all in Simpson test well 1, at lat. 70°57/05’’ N., long.
155°21’45’’ W., west of Cape Simpson, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4428) from well cut-
tings at 470-480 feet in the Grandstand formation, in
Simpson core test 10, at lat. 70°57’34’’ N., long.
155°17/27’’ W., near Cape Simpson, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4468) from a core at
1,424—-1 434 feet, figured paratype (USNM P4429) from
a core at 1,615-1,620 feet, and figured paratypes
(USNM 4430a-d) and unfigured paratypes (USNM
P4431) from a core at 1,810—1,816 feet, all from the
Grandstand formation; and unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4432) from well cuttings at 3,970-3,980 feet
and unfigured paratype (USNM P4433) from well
cuttings at 4,790-4,800 feet in the Topagoruk forma-
tion; all in Umiat test well 1, at lat. 69°23’52’’ N.,
long. 152°19’45’’ W., west of Umiat, in the northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4434) from residual soil
of the Grandstand formation (field sample 47A Wh
688), at lat. 69°02’48’’ N., long. 155°59’30’’ W.; un-
figured paratypes (USNM P4435) from residual soil of
marine zone in the Chandler formation (field sample
47A Wh 648), at lat. 69°06/12’’ N., long. 155°57’ W.;
figured paratype (USNM P4436) and unfigured para-
type (USNM P4437) from field sample 47A Wh 654, a
residual soil sample of marine tongues taken 610-650
feet above the base of the Chandler formation, at lat.
69°06’48’’ N., long. 155°58’ W.; and unfigured para-
type (USNM P4438) from residual soil of marine zone
in the Chandler formation (field sample 47A Wh 671),
at lat. 69°07/18’’ N., long. 155°58/18’’ W.; all from
the south flank of the Awuna anticline, in the northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Col-
lected by C. L. Whittington, 1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4439) from marine
zone in the Chandler formation (field sample 48A Dt

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

249), from the Chandler River area, at lat. 68°55’ N.,
long. 151°50’ W.., in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska. Collected by R. L. Detter-
man, 1948.

Figured paratype (USNM 4462) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM 4463) from field sample 47A Tr
253, in the Kukpowruk formation, on the north flank of
the Awuna anticline, at lat. 69°09/30’’ N., long.
155°59’ W., in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska. Collected by M. L. Troyer,
1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM 4464) from field
sample 47A Wh 594, residual soil sample of the
Grandstand formation, on the south flank of the
Kigalik anticline, lat. 69°17/48’’ N., long. 155°51’ W.,
in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, northern
Alaska. Collected by C. L. Whittington, 1947.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4465), from seismo-
graph party 47, line 14 A-48, shot hole 45, at 110-120
feet, in the Grandstand formation, at lat. 71°16’20’’
N., long. 156°45’07’’ W., in the Arctic Coastal Plain
of northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4466) from the Grand-
stand formation (field sample 47A Dt 227) from 4%
miles airline upstream from the mouth of Fossil Creek,
tributary to the Colville River, at approximately lat.
69°19’20’" N., long. 152°28’ W., in the northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Col-
lected by R. L. Detterman, 1947.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4467) from 81 feet
below the top of the Tuktu formation (field sample
47A Z 604) and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4445)
from 70 feet above the base of the Tuktu formation
(field sample 47A Z 608), on the north limb of the
Kurupa anticline, in a section from lat. 68°55’ N.,
long. 155°05’ W.., to lat. 69°N., long. 155° W., along the
Kurupa River, in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska. Collected by J. H. Zumberge,
1947.

Figured paratype (USNM P4443) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4444) from field sample 47A Wh
199, in the upper part of the Torok formation, equiva-
lent to the Topagoruk formation of the subsurface,
75-100 feet above the base of the section exposed on
Quartzite Creek, Awuna River region, at lat. 69°13’
N., long. 157°02’18’” W., in the northern foothills of
the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Collected by
C. L. Whittington, 1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM 4447) from field
sample 47A Ba 50, in a marine zone, in an unnamed,
dominantly nonmarine upper unit of the Nanushuk
group of the western area and equivalent to the Corwin
formation of the Cape Lisburne Peninsula, 1,400 feet
below the top of a 3,700-foot section of intermittent
exposures along the north bank of the Utukok River,
at approximately lat. 69°07’30’’ N., long. 160°54’ W.,
about 70 miles east of Cape Beaufort, in the northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska.
Collected by W. L. Barksdale, 1947.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 213

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4448) from a core at
472-481 feet in the Grandstand formation, in Umiat
test well 3, at lat. 69°23/16’’ N., long. 152°05’14’’ W..,
north of Umiat, in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4449) from well cut-
tings at 1,090-1,100 feet and unfigured paratype
(USNM P4450) from well cuttings at 1,180—-1,190 feet
in the Topagoruk formation, in South Barrow test
well 1, at lat. 71°19’12’’ N., long. 156°42’15’’ W.,
southwest of Point Barrow, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4451) from well
cuttings at 750-760 feet in the Topagoruk formation,
in South Barrow test well 2, at lat. 71°15’15” N.,
long. 156°37’55’’ W., south-southwest of Point Bar-
row, northern Alaska.

Psamminopelta subcircularis Tappan, new species
Puiate 67, Fiaures 8-10

Test free, discoidal, planispiral, each chamber a half
coil in length, chambers very narrow and elongate,
nearly circular in section; sutures distinct, depressed;
wall finely agglutinated, smoothly finished; aperture
at the end of the last tubular chamber, no tooth visible.

Length of holotype 0.31 mm., greatest breadth 0.26
mm., thickness 0.04 mm. Paratypes range from 0.18
to 0.84 mm. in length.

Remarks: Psamminopelta subcircularis, new species,
differs from Miliammina manitobensis Wickenden in
being much smaller, about one fourth as large, in being
discoidal rather than fusuline in shape, and in lacking
the quinqueloculine development of Miliammina. It
somewhat resembles Massilina glutinosa Cushman and
Cahill, but is about one-half as large, with narrower
chambers and more nearly circular outline, planispiral
development, and arenaceous wall, insoluble in acid.

The species occurs in the Grandstand and Topagoruk
formations.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4452)
and figured paratype (USNM P4453) from a core at
361-366 feet in the Grandstand formation, in Umiat
test well 3, at lat. 69°23/16’’ N., long. 152°05/14’” W.,
north of Umiat, in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4454) and unfigured
paratype (USNM P4455) from a core at 499-509 feet,
unfigured paratype (USNM P4456) from a core at
522-524 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4457) from
a core at 770-780 feet, all from the Grandstand forma-
tion; and unfigured paratype (USNM P4458) from
well cuttings at 4,010-4,020 feet in the Topagoruk
formation; all in Umiat test well 2, at lat. 6992304” N.,
long. 152°05’01’’ W., north of Umiat, in the northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4459) from a core at
1,424-1,434 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4460)
from a core at 1,693-1,703 feet, and unfigured para-
types (USNM P4461) from a core at 1,713-1,728 feet,
all from the Grandstand formation, in Umiat test well

1, at lat. 69°23’52’” N., long. 152°19’45’” W., west of
Umiat, in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range,
northern Alaska.

Family Trochamminidae Schwager, 1877

Genus Trochammina Parker and Jones, 1859
Trochammina eilete Tappan, new species

PLATE 68, Fiaures 1, 2

Test free, discoidal, trochoid but with a flattened
spire, periphery rounded; chambers numerous, about
10 to 14 in the final whorl of adult specimens, of greater
height than breadth and appearing cuneate in side
view; sutures distinct, thickened, somewhat depressed,
radiate; wall finely agglutinated, with considerable
cement, surface smoothly finished; aperture a low arch
at the base of the final chamber face, against the peri-
phery of the previous whorl.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.52 mm., thickness
0.17 mm. Paratypes range from 0.21 to 0.68 mm. in
diameter.

Remarks: TJrochammina eilete, new species, differs
from T. sablei Tappan from the Jurassic in being about
twice as large, in having many more chambers per
whorl, and in the chambers being wedge shaped rather
than inflated and subglobular. This species is char-
acteristic of the Torok formation and the equivalent
Fortress Mountain formation.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4483)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4484) from field
sample 49A Ch 45 and unfigured paratypes (USNM
P4485) from field sample 49A Ch 44, both taken 180
feet (approximate) below top of the Torok formation
in Ravine Basin, Kukpowruk River area, at lat.
68°46/30’" N., long. 163°07’ W., in northwestern
Alaska. Collected by R. M. Chapman, 1949.

Figured paratype (USNM P4487) and unfigured
paratype (USNM P4488) from the Fortress Mountain
formation, in a section 1,150-1,750 feet above the base
(field sample 49A Pa 593), on the Kiruktagiak River,
west of Castle Mountain, at lat. 68°35’ N., long.
152°54’ W., in the southern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska. Collected by W. W. Patton,
Jr., 1949.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4489) from 5,500
to 6,000 feet above the base of the Fortress Mountain
formation (field sample 49A Tr 562), on Castle Creek,
south-southwest of Castle Mountain, at lat. 68°32’05’’
N., long. 152°49’ W., in the southern foothills of the
Brooks Range, north Alaska. Collected by I. L.
Tailleur, 1949.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4482) from the Torok
formation (field sample 49A Tr 695), on the south
limb of the Ayiyak anticlinorium, on the Kiruktagiak
River, due north of Castle Mountain, at lat. 68°38’40’’
N., long. 152°44’ W., in the southern foothills of the
Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Collected by I. L.
Tailleur, 1949.

214

Trochammina stefanssoni Tappan, new species
Puate 67, FieurEs 30-33

Test free, trochoid, low spired, periphery rounded;
all chambers of the approximately two whorls visible
dorsally, only the nine of the final whorl visible on the
umbilicate ventral side, chambers increasing rapidly in
size, early ones subglobular, later cuneate in side view;
sutures distinct, depressed, radial; wall very finely
arenaceous, with considerable cement and smoothly
finished, all specimens crushed and distorted in preser-
vation; aperture an arch at the base of the final chamber
face, against the previous whorl on the periphery.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.55 mm. Paratypes
range from 0.31 to 0.62 mm. in diameter.

Remarks: Trochammina stefanssoni, new species,
differs from TJ’. diagonis (Carsey) in having more cham-
bers to each whorl and in the chambers being cuneate
rather than rounded and inflated. It is also more finely
arenaceous and more smoothly finished.

This species has been found only in the Sentinel Hill
member of the Schrader Bluff formation (Upper Cre-
taceous). The specific name is in honor of Karl Stefans-
son, geologist, formerly of the U. S. Geological Survey.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4490)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4491) from a core
at 475-476 feet, figured paratypes (USNM P4492a-c)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4493) from a core
at 478-480 feet, and unfigured paratypes (USNM
P4494) from a core at 579-589 feet, all from the Sentinel
Hill member of the Schrader Bluff formation, in Sen-
tinel Hill core test 1, at lat. 69°35’48’’ N., long.
151°28/09’’ W., on the west bank of the Colville River,
Arctic Coastal Plain, northern Alaska.

Trochammina umiatensis Tappan, new species
PuatH 67, Figures 27-29

Test free, trochoid, relatively high spired, periphery
lobulate and rounded; chambers inflated and subglob-
ular, few in number, increasing rapidly in size, only
four or rarely five in each whorl; sutures distinct, de-
pressed, radial; wall finely to coarsely agglutinated,
roughly finished; aperture ventral, a slit at the base of
the final chamber face.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.68 mm., thickness
0.29 mm. Paratypes range from 0.29 to 0.81 mm. in
diameter.

Remarks: Trochammina umiatensis, new species,
differs from T. globigeriniformis (Parker and Jones) in
having more chambers per whorl, commonly four in-
stead of the three of 7. globigeriniformis, in being nearly
three times as large, and in having a better developed
and higher spire and a greater increase in chamber size.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4495)
from well cuttings at 735-740 feet in the Grandstand
formation, in Umiat test well 2, at lat. 69°23’04’’ N.,
long. 152°05’01’’ W., north of Umiat, in the northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4500) from a core at
1,615-1,625 feet and unfigured paratype (USNM

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

P4501) from a core at 1,625-1,635 feet, both in the
Grandstand formation, in Umiat test well 1, at lat.
69°23/52’’ N., long. 152°19’45’’ W., west of Umiat, in
the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, northern
Alaska.

Figured paratypes (USNM P4502a-b) from a core
at 1,130-1,133 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM
P4503) from a core at 1,183-1,186 feet, and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4504) from well cuttings at 1,190—
1,195 feet, all in the Grandstand formation, in Umiat
test well 8, at lat. 69°23/59’” N., long. 152°06’56’’ W.,
north of Umiat, in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska.

Trochammina whittingtoni Tappan, new species

Puate 68, Fiaures 3-6

Test free, trochoid, much compressed; chambers nu-
merous, increasing gradually in size, eight to nine in the
final whorl; sutures slightly depressed, radial; wall
finely agglutinated, probably with a ‘“‘chitinous’” base
as all specimens are laterally crushed in preservation
and of a brownish color, with chambers collapsed cen-
trally; aperture obscured by the lateral compression of
the test.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.49 mm. Paratypes
range from 0.26 to 0.73 mm. in diameter.

Remarks: This species differs from T. diagonis
(Carsey) in having more chambers per whorl and hav-
ing a characteristic brownish color and fine-grained wall,
with its usual lateral compression.

The species occurs in the Seabee and Schrader Bluff
formations of the Upper Cretaceous. It is named in
honor of C. L. Whittington, geologist, U. S. Geological
Survey.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4505),
figured paratype (USNM P4506), and unfigured para-
types (USNM P4507), all from the Seabee formation
(field sample 47A Wh 295), taken 541-545 feet below
the top, on September Creek, Knifeblade area, between
the Kigalik and Awuna Rivers, at lat. 69°11’ N., long.
154°34’ W., in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska. Collected by C. L. Whiting-
ton, 1947.

Figured paratype (USNM 4508) and unfigured
paratype (USNM P4509) taken 20 feet above the base
of the Seabee formation (field sample 47A Dt 80) and
unfigured paratypes (USNM P4510) taken 210 feet
above the base of the Seabee formation (field sample
47A Dt 125), all from the vicinity of the Colville River,
west of Ninuluk Creek, at lat. 69°13’ N., long. 153°15’
W., in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range,
northern Alaska. Collected by R. L. Detterman, 1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4511) taken 140-160
feet above the base of the Ayiyak member of the Seabee
formation (field sample 48A Dt 377), at lat. 69°10’ N.,
long. 151°27’ W., and unfigured paratypes (USNM
P4512) taken 990-1010 feet above the base of the
Rogers Creek member of the Schrader Bluff formation
(field sample 48A Dt 422), at lat. 69°14’ N., long.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

151°25’ W., along the Chandler River, near the Schrader
anticline, southeast of Umiat, in the northern foothills
of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Collected by
R. L. Detterman, 1948.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4513) taken 2,460
feet below the top of the Sentinel Hill member of the
Schrader Bluff formation (field sample 47A St 30), on
the north bank of the Colville River, about 7% miles
southwest of the confluence of the Chandler and Col-
ville Rivers at lat. 69°25’ N., long. 151°48’ W., in the
northern foothills of the Brooks Range, northern
Alaska. Collected by Karl Stefansson, 1947.

Figured paratype (USNM P4514) and unfigured para-
types (USNM P4515) from a core at 609-615 feet, all
from the Sentinel Hill member of the Schrader Bluff
formation, in Sentinel Hill core test 1, at lat. 69°35’48’’
N., long. 151°28’09’’ W., on the west bank of the Col-
ville River, Arctic Coastal Plain, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4517) from a core at
499-509 feet and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4518)
from a core at 519-529 feet, all from the Seabee forma-
tion, in Umiat test well 1, at lat. 69°23’52’’ N., long.
152°19’45’’ W., west of Umiat in the northern foothills
of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4519) from 1,290 feet
below the top of the Seabee formation (field sample 47A
Wb 172), along the Nanushuk River about 15 miles
south of the confluence of the Nanushuk and Anaktuvuk
Rivers, at approximately lat. 69°04’ N., long. 150°55’
W., in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range,
northern Alaska. Collected by E. J. Webber, 1947.

Family Nodosariidae Schultze, 1854

Genus Marginulina d’Orbigny, 1826
Marginulina gatesi Tappan, new species
Puiate 68, Fiaures 7, 8

Test free, robust, early portion with a curved axis,
but not a distinct coil, later uncoiled and rectilinear,
rounded in section; chambers few in number, those of
the curved early portion increasing very rapidly in
size as added, later three or four chambers uncoiled
and of more nearly equal size, considerably overlapping,
inflated, final chamber about twice the height of the
penultimate one; sutures distinct, somewhat con-
stricted, radial in the early portion, nearly horizontal
in the uncoiled part of the test; wall calcareous, finely
perforate, surface ornamented with about 12 low and
widely spaced vertical ribs; aperture radiate, terminal
on the final chamber, eccentric, somewhat closer to the
dorsal angle and slightly produced.

Length of holotype 0.52 mm., breadth 0.26 mm.
Paratypes range from 0.36 to 0.68 mm. in length.

Remarks: Marginulina gatesi, new species, differs
from M. radiata Terquem in having fewer and wider
spaced ribs and in these being vertical rather than
crossing the chambers obliquely. The present species
is also much more robust.

This species occurs in the Grandstand and Topa-

215

goruk formations. The specific name is in honor of
G. L. Gates, chief of the Alaskan Geology Branch,
U.S. Geological Survey.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4522)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4523) from a core
at 273-283 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4524)
from a core at 238-256 feet, unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4525) from a core at 293-303 feet, unfigured
paratype (USNM P4526) from a core at 338-348 feet,
figured paratype (USNM P4527) and unfigured para-
types (USNM P4528) from a core at 523-533 feet, un-
figured paratypes (USNM P4529) from a core at
900-910 feet, all in the Grandstand formation; and un-
figured paratype (USNM P4530) from a core at 1,080-
1,087 feet in the Topagoruk formation; all from Simpson
test well 1, at lat. 70°57’05’’ N., long. 155°21’45’’ W.,
west of Cape Simpson, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4531) from well cut-
tings at 410-420 feet in the Grandstand formation, in
Simpson core test 10, at lat. 70°57’34’’ N., long. 155°
17’27’’ W., in the vicinity of Cape Simpson, northern
Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4532) from the Grand-
stand formation (field sample 47A Dt 228) taken about
4% miles airline upstream from the mouth of Fossil
Creek, a small, north-flowing tributary to the Colville
River, at lat. 69°19’20’’ N., long. 152°28’ W., in the
northern foothills of the Brooks Range, northern
Alaska. Collected by R. L. Detterman, 1947.

Genus Dentalina d’Orbigny, 1826
Dentalina? dettermani Tappan, new species

PuatEe 68, Ficures 9-12

Test free, consisting of inflated somewhat elongate
or ovate chambers, much constricted to a slender
tubular neck at each end, and probably originally
consisting of a number of these chambers uniserially
arranged, but in an arcuate series as the chambers
may be slightly asymmetrical, with the apertural neck
eccentric; sutures consisting of greatly constricted
neck, but chambers of all specimens observed have
been broken apart at these constrictions; wall calcare-
ous, finely perforate, hyaline, surface smooth or finely
hispid; aperture at the end of the tubular neck, rounded.

Length of chamber of holotype 0.65 mm., breadth
0.34 mm. Paratypes range in chamber length from
0.29 to 0.55 mm.

Remarks: The generic placement of this species is
questioned, as no complete tests have been found,
undoubtedly because of the fragile nature of the con-
necting necks between the inflated chambers. The
asymmetry of the single chambers, their size range,
and the invariable presence of a broken neck at one or
both ends strongly suggest that these chambers repre-
sent an elongate, fragile Dentalina, whose chambers
were isolated in preservation.

Superficially D.? dettermani, new species, resembles
Lagena hauteriwiana Bartenstein and Brand but differs
in the presence of a connecting neck at both ends of

216

the inflated ovate chambers, their asymmetrical and
more elongate outline, and the greater range in size,
the smaller specimens possibly representing earlier
formed chambers.

This species occurs in the Grandstand, Topagoruk,
and Fortress Mountain formations. The specific name
is in honor of R. L.. Detterman, geologist, U.S. Geologi-
cal Survey.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4556),
figured paratype (USNM P4557), and unfigured para-
types (USNM P4558), all from a core at 543-545 feet
in the Grandstand formation, in Simpson test well 1, at
lat. 70°57'05’’ N., long. 155°21’45’’ W., west of Cape
Simpson, northern Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4559) from well cuttings
at 5,730-5,740 feet and unfigured paratypes (USNM
P4560) from well cuttings at 4,310—-4,320 feet, all from
the Topagoruk formation, in Umiat test well 2, at lat.
69°23/04’’ N., long. 152°05/01’’ W., north of Umiat, in
the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, northern
Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4561) from the Fortress
Mountain formation (field sample 49A Pa 94), on the
north limb of Fortress Mountain syncline, along Fort-
ress Creek, tributary to the Ayiyak River, southwest of
Fortress Mountain, at lat. 68°35’ N., long. 153°10’ W.,
in the southern foothills of the Brooks Range, northern
Alaska. Collected by W. W. Patton, Jr., 1949.

Genus Rectoglandulina Loeblich and Tappan, 1955
Rectoglandulina kirschneri Tappan, new species
Puate 68, FieureEs 17, 18

Test free, elongate, rectilinear, circular in section,
chambers increasing gradually in size from the conical
proloculus, early chambers closely appressed and over-
lapping, later more inflated and with less overlap, final
chamber turbinate in appearance; sutures distinct,
depressed, horizontal; wall calcareous, hyaline, finely
perforate, surface smooth; aperture terminal, radiate,
slightly produced on a neck.

Length of holotype 0.52 mm., breadth 0.23 mm.
Paratypes range from 0.34 to 0.94 mm. in length.

Remarks: This species somewhat resembles Glandu-
lina elongata Reuss, 1860, from the Upper Cretaceous
(not G. elongata Bornemann, 1855) in general appear-
ance but is about one-third as large and has a conical
instead of a rounded proloculus.

The species has been found in the Grandstand,
Topagoruk, and Oumalik formations. It is named in
honor of C. A. Kirschner, geologist, formerly with U.S.
Geological Survey.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4546)
from a core at 1,152-1,162 feet in the Topagoruk
formation, in Point Barrow core test 1, at lat. 71°19’30’’
N., long. 156°40’ W., southwest of Point Barrow, north-
ern Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4547) from a core at

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

555-565 feet in the Grandstand formation and figured
paratype (USNM P4548) from well cuttings at 4,870—
4,880 feet in the Oumalik formation, both in Simpson
test well 1, at lat. 70°57’05’’ N., long. 155°21’45’” W.,
west of Cape Simpson, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4549) from a core at
1,625-1,630 feet in the Grandstand formation, in
Umiat test well 1, at lat. 69°23’52’’ N., long. 152°19/45’"
W., in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range,
northern Alaska.

Genus Saracenaria Defrance, 1824
Saracenaria dutroi Tappan, new species

PuatEe 68, FieurEes 14-16

Test free, early portion coiled, later uncoiling and
rectilinear, triangular in section, periphery acute but
without a keel; chambers increasing rapidly im size
from the globular proloculus, becoming increasingly
broader but enlarging very little in height, with con-
siderable overlap, so that final chamber is about half
again as high as the penultimate, sides of chambers
flattened or slightly depressed centrally, apertural face
flattened; sutures distinct, gently curved in the early
portion, more nearly straight but oblique in the later
portion, highest at the dorsal angle, wall calcareous,
hyaline, finely perforate, surface smooth; aperture ter-
minal at the dorsal angle, radiate, and slightly produced.

Length of holotype 0.78 mm., greatest breadth of
side 0.31 mm., breadth of face 0.26 mm. Paratypes
range from 0.26 to 0.73 mm. in length.

Remarks: Saracenaria duirot, new species, differs
from S. saratogana Howe and Wallace in being relatively
narrower, with fewer and higher chambers, a more
enrolled base, and more acutely angled margins.

This species occurs in the Grandstand and Topago-
ruk formations. The specific name is in honor of J. T.
Dutro, Jr., geologist, U. S. Geological Survey.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4533)
from well cuttings at 1940-1950 feet in the Topagoruk
formation; unfigured paratypes (USNM P4534) from
a core at 438-443 feet, unfigured paratype (USNM
P4535) from a core at 493-503 feet, unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4536) from a core at 543-545 feet, all in the
Grandstand formation; figured paratype (USNM
P4537) from a core at 1,080-1,087 feet, unfigured para-
type (USNM P4538) from well cuttings at 2,300-2,310
feet, and unfigured paratype (USNM P4539) from well
cuttings at 2,460-2,470 feet, all in the Topagoruk for-
mation; all in Simpson test well 1, at lat. 70°57/05’’ N.,
long. 155°21’45’’ W., west of Cape Simpson, northern
Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4540) from well cuttings
at 1,392-1,397 feet, in the Topagoruk formation, in
Arcon Point Barrow core test 1, at lat. 71°19’30” N.,
long. 156°40’ W., southwest of Point Barrow, northern
Alaska.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

Family Polymorphinidae d’Orbigny, 1846
Genus Pyrulinoides Marie, 1941

Pyrulinoides thurrelli Tappan, new species
PuatE 68, Ficure 13

Test free, elongate, fusiform in outline, circular in
section; chambers added 180 degrees apart, in a biserial
arrangement, much overlapping, increasing rapidly in
size, final chamber extending back about three-fourths
the distance to the base on one side, only about one-
third the distance on the opposite side; sutures strongly
oblique, flush; wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface
smooth; aperture terminal, radiate.

Length of holotype 0.94 mm., greatest breadth 0.42
mm. Paratypes range from 0.60 to 1.12 mm. in length.

Remarks: Pyrulinoides thurrelli, new species, differs
from P. obesa Marie in the larger size, more regularly
fusiform outline, greater chamber overlap, more oblique
sutures, and fewer, larger chambers. The species oc-
curs in the Grandstand and Topagoruk formations.
The specific name is in honor of R. F. Thurrell, geologist,
formerly with U.S. Geological Survey.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4553)
from a core at 466-476 feet in the Grandstand forma-
tion, in Skull Cliff core test 1, lat. 70°55’ N., long.
157°38’ W., between Point Barrow and Point Franklin,
northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4554) from a core at
523-533 feet in the Grandstand formation and unfig-
ured paratype (USNM P4555) from well cuttings at
3,160-3,170 feet in the Topagoruk formation, both
from Simpson test well 1, at lat. 70°57’05’’ N., long.
155°21’45’’ W., west of Cape Simpson, northern
Alaska.

Family Buliminidae Jones, 1876

Genus Praebulimina Hofker, 1951

Praebulimina seabeensis Tappan, new species

Puate 69, Ficures 14-16

Test free, elongate, flaring, chambers in a high spiral,
triserially arranged, low, somewhat inflated, increasing
gradually in size, those of final whorl somewhat higher
and subglobular; sutures distinct, depressed, horizontal;
wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface smooth; aper-
ture loop-shaped, at the inner margin of the final cham-
ber, extending up into the chamber face.

Length of holotype 0.26 mm., breadth 0.18 mm.
Paratypes range from 0.10 to 0.42 mm. in length.

Remarks: Praebulimina seabeensis, new species, dif-
fers, from P. venusae (Nauss) in the larger size, more
bluntly rounded base, less flared test, and lower final
whorl of chambers.

The specific name refers to the Seabee formation, in
which this species is found.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4564)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4565) from a core at
591-601 feet, figured paratype (USNM P4566) and un-
figured paratype (USNM P4567) from a core at 519-

217

529 feet, and figured paratype (USNM P4568) and
unfigured paratypes (USNM P4569) from a core at
584-591 feet, all in the Seabee formation, in Umiat
test well 1, at lat. 69°23’52’”” N., long. 152°19’45’’ W.,
west of Umiat, in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska.

Family Discorbidae Cushman, 1927
Genus Eurycheilostoma Loeblich and Tappan, 1957
Eurycheilostoma grandstandensis Tappan, new species
Puate 68, Fiaures 19-25

Test free, trochoid, extremely high spired, all whorls
visible dorsally, only the final whorl visible on the con-
cave, widely umbilicate ventral side, triserial through-
out, chambers increasing gradually in size in the early
portion, forming a gradually enlarging spire, later
chambers enlarging rapidly and becoming inflated, so
that there may be a distinct change in the diameter of
the test with the final whorl, the final chamber occupy-
ing one-half to two-thirds of the ventral side of the
test; sutures distinct, flush in the early spire, depressed
in the later portion; wall calcareous, finely but distinctly
perforate, surface smooth, aperture an arch at the inner
margin of the final chamber on the ventral side opening
into the umbilicus, partly covered over by an extensive
although narrow flap which has a serrate border in all
well preserved specimens, an apertural reentrant occur-
ring at both extremities of this flap.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.16 mm., height of
spire 0.31 mm. Paratypes range from 0.13 to 0.26 mm.
in diameter.

Remarks: This species differs from L. altispira Loe-
blich and Tappan in being larger and extremely high
spired and in having the conical early portion com-
monly followed by an abrupt flaring of the final whorl.
It differs from E. robinsonae, new species, in being much
higher spired, with a pointed apex and nearly flush
sutures in the early development.

Eurycheilostoma grandstandensis occurs in the Grand-
stand and Topagoruk formations.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4595),
figured paratypes (USNM P4596 a,b), and unfigured
paratype (USNM P4597) from a core at 555-565 feet,
unfigured paratypes (USNM P4598) from a core at
433-438 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4599)
from a core at 543-545 feet, all from the Grandstand
formation; unfigured paratypes (USNM P4600) from
a core at 1,030-1,040 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM
P4601) from a core at 1,070-1,080 feet, unfigured para-
types (USNM P4602) from a core at 1,247—1,267 feet,
figured paratype (USNM P4603) and unfigured para-
types (USNM P4604) from a core at 1,360-1,370 feet,
figured paratype (USNM P4605) and unfigured para-
types (USNM P4606) from well cuttings at 1,580-
1,590 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4607) from
well cuttings at 1,760-1,770 feet, unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4608) from well cuttings at 1,870-1,880 feet,
unfigured paratypes (USNM P4609) from a core at

218

1,967-1,977 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4610)
from a core at 2,024—2,026 feet, and figured paratypes
(USNM P4611a,b) from well cuttings at 2,390-2,395
feet, all from the Topagoruk formation; all from Simp-
son test well 1, at lat. 70°57’05’’ N., long. 155°21’45’’
W., west of Cape Simpson, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4612) from well
cuttings at 4,180-4,190 feet, unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4613) from well cuttings at 4,220-4,230
feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM 4614) from well
cuttings at 4,340-4,350 feet, all from the Topagoruk
formation, in Umiat test well 1, at lat. 69°23’52” N.,
long. 152°19’45” W., west of Umiat, in the northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4615) from well
cuttings at 4,140-4,150 feet and unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4616) from a core at 5,585-5,595 feet in the
Topagoruk formation in Umiat test well 2, at lat.
69°23/04” N., long. 152°05’01” W., north of Umiat,
in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, northern
Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4617) from 2,390
feet below the top of the Grandstand formation (field
sample 47A Dt 227), about 4% miles airline upstream
from the mouth of Fossil Creek, a small north-flowing
tributary to the Colville River, at approximately lat.
69°19/20” N., long. 152°28’ W., in the northern foot-
hills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Collected
by R. L. Detterman, 1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4618) from the lower
part of a 50-foot section of the Topagoruk formation
(field sample 47A Tr 167) on the west fork of Birthday
Creek, at approximately lat. 69°12’30” N., long.
156°47’ W., which flows south to the Awuna River,
north-central Alaska. Collected by M. L. Troyer,
1947.

Eurycheilostoma robinsonae Tappan, new species
Puate 70, FraurEs 8-11

Test free, trochoid, conical, dorsal side in a much
elevated spire of about four volutions, ventral side
concave with open and extensive umbilicus, periphery
rounded; chambers inflated, increasing rapidly in size,
later ones becoming semilunar in dorsal view but
relatively high as seen in edge view, final whorl with
only three chambers, the last chamber occupying about
three-fifths the area of the ventral side; sutures distinct,
slightly depressed; wall calcareous, finely but distinctly
perforate, surface smooth; aperture ventral, an arch
at the inner margin of the final chamber, opening into
the umbilicus and partly covered by a ventral umbilical
flap of the chamber, which has a serrated border, and
an apertural reentrant into the chamber face at each
extremity of the flap.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.29 mm., height of
spire 0.31 mm. Paratypes range from 0.13 to 0.29 mm.
in diamter.

Remarks: Hurycheilostoma robinsonae, new species,
differs from the associated E. grandstandensis in the
much lower spire and more regular increase in chamber

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

size. It differs from H. altispira Loeblich and Tappan
in being about twice as large and higher spired.

This species is found in the Grandstand and Topa-
goruk formations. The specific name is given in honor
of Florence Robinson, geologist, U. S. Geological
Survey.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4584)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4585) from a core
at 651-661 feet in the Topagoruk formation, in Arcon
Point Barrow core test 1, at lat. 71°19’30” N., long.
156°40’ W., southwest of Point Barrow, northern
Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4586) from a core at
264 feet in the Grandstand formation, in Skull Cliff
core test 1, at lat. 70°55’ N., long. 157°38’ W., between
Point Barrow and Point Franklin, northern Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4587) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4588) from a core at 2,024—2,026
feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4589) from well
cuttings at 1,760-1,770 feet, and unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4590) from well cuttings at 1,840-1,850 feet,
all in the Topagoruk formation, in Simpson test well 1,
at lat. 70°57/05’’ N., long. 155°21/45/’ W., west of
Cape Simpson, northern Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4591) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4592) from a marine zone at the
base of a 640-foot section, in an unnamed, dominantly
marine lower unit of the Nanushuk group found in
the western area (field sample 47 A Ba 67), on the north
limb of a syncline, just north of the Utukok River and
southwest of a small tributary at approximately lat.
69°14’ N., long. 160°37’ W., about 70 miles east-
northeast of Cape Beaufort, in the northern foothills
of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Collected by
W. L. Barksdale, 1947.

Genus Nanushukella Tappan, new genus

Typr sprcites: Nanushukella umiatensis Tappan,
new species. (Derivation: Nanushuk, formational
group in Alaska -+ ella, L., diminutive; gender,
feminine.)

Test free, trochoid, planoconvex, low spired, ven-
trally umbilicate, periphery rounded; all chambers
visible on the convex dorsal side, only the relatively
few of the last whorl visible ventrally; sutures dis-
tinct, oblique dorsally, radiate ventrally; wall calcare-
ous, relatively coarsely perforate, surface smooth;
aperture ventral, a low arch along the broad umbilical
margin of the final chamber and opening into the
umbilicus, with a narrow fimbriate lip or flap extending
its full length, the apertures of all earlier chambers
of the final whorl remaining open beneath their flaps
along the sutures from the umbilicus about one-half
the distance to the periphery.

Remarks: Nanushukella, new genus, differs from
Conorbina Brotzen in haying a more extensive umbilical
aperture and an open umbilicus and in having all
earlier apertures of the final whorl remaining open.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

Nanushukella umiatensis Tappan, new species
Puats 69, Ficures 1-10

Test free, trochoid, planoconvex, with a low rounded
spire of about 2% volutions, periphery rounded;
chambers increasing rapidly in size, semilunate in dorsal
view, about six in the early whorls and commonly
only four in the final whorl, last chamber occupying
about one-third of the ventral side; sutures distinct,
flush dorsally and may be somewhat limbate, ventrally
depressed and nearly radial, with a slight forward
swing from the outer margin of the aperture to the
periphery; wall calcareous, coarsely perforate, surface
smooth; aperture ventral, a low arch at the umbilical
margin of the final chamber extending over much of the
length of its ventral margin, bordered above by a narrow
apertural flap that has a fimbriate margin, apertures
of earlier chambers of the final whorl all remaining
open and visible, radiating from the open umbilicus.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.29 mm., height
0.16 mm. Paratypes range from 0.18 to 0.34 mm.
in diameter.

Remarks: This species differs from Conorhina conica
Lozo in having higher and less arcuate chambers as
seen dorsally, a lower, more rounded spire, less oblique
sutures, the characteristic umbilical aperture with
serrated lip, and the earlier apertures remaining open
with later development.

It is found in the Grandstand, Topagoruk, and
Fortress Mountain formations.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4619),
figured paratype (USNM P4620), and unfigured para-
types (USNM P4621) from a core at 565-578 feet,
unfigured paratypes (USNM P4622) from a core at
206-211 feet, figured paratypes (USNM P4623a-c)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4624) from a core
at 238-256 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4625)
from a core at 338-348 feet, figured paratypes (USNM
P4626a,b) and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4627)
from a core at 348-358 feet, unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4628) from a core at 438-443 feet, figured
paratype (USNM 4629) and unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4630) from a core at 513-523 feet, and un-
figured paratypes (USNM P4631) from a core at 543-
545 feet, all from the Grandstand formation, Nanushuk
group; unfigured paratype (USNM P4632) from a core
at 1,758-1,768 feet and unfigured paratype (USNM
P4633) from well cuttings at 1,990-2,000 feet, both in
the Topagoruk formation; all in Simpson test well 1,
at lat. 70°57’05’’ N., long. 155°21’45’’ W., west of
Cape Simpson, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM 106138) from well
cuttings at 1,560-1,570 feet, unfigured paratypes
(USNM 106137) from a core at 1,850-1,855 feet,
unfigured paratypes (USNM 106136 and P4634) from
well cuttings at 2,610—-2,620 feet, from the Topagoruk
formation, in Umiat test well 2, at lat. 69°23’04’’ N.,
long. 152°05’01’’ W., north of Umiat, in the northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4635) from the For-

396818—57-15

219

tress Mountain formation (field sample 49A Tr 611),
east of Castle Mountain, on the east fork of Torok
Creek, at lat. 68°33/35’’ N., long. 152°38’30’’ W., in
the southern foothills of the Brooks Range, northern
Alaska. Collected by I. L. Tailleur, 1949.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4636) from the middle
part of the Fortress Mountain formation (field sample
49A Pa 468), 1% miles southwest of Castle Mountain,
along a tributary to Castle Creek, which flows north
to join the Kiruktagiak River, at lat. 68°33’40’’ N.,
long. 151°51’ W., in the southern foothills of the
Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Collected by W. W.
Patton, Jr., 1949.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4637) from seismo-
graph party 47 test hole, line 144-48, shot hole 37,
at 190-200 feet, in the Grandstand formation, at lat.
71°17'54’’ N., long. 156°43/21’” W., northern Alaska.

Figured paratypes (USNM P4570a,b) and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4571), all from the Cretaceous,
probably equivalent to the lower part of the Nanushuk
group of the eastern areas (field sample 47A Tm 10),
in a section of intermittent exposures along the Utukok
River, at lat. 69°07’30’’ N., long. 160°54’ W., about
70 miles due east of Cape Beaufort in the northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Col-
lected by R. M. Thompson, 1947.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4572) from the lower
part of the Fortress Mountain formation (field sample
49A Pa 81), on Fortress Creek, north of Fortress
Mountain, at lat. 69°35’25’’ N., long. 153°11’ W., in
the southern foothills of the Brooks Range, Northern
Alaska. Collected by W. W. Patton, Jr., 1949.

Genus Eponides Montfort, 1808
Eponides morani Tappan, new species
Puats 70, Figures 1-7

Test free, trochoid, biconvex, periphery subacute,
all chambers of the 1% to 2% whorls visible dorsally,
only the 6 to 8 chambers of the final whorl visible on
the umbilicate ventral side, chambers relatively nar-
row, extending backward at the periphery; sutures
distinct, thickened, flush dorsally, ventrally nearly
radial although slightly curved; wall calcareous,
hyaline, relatively coarsely perforate, surface smooth;
aperture broad and low, a ventral, interiomarginal slit,
extending from the umbilical region almost to the
peripheral margin.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.47 mm., thickness
0.18 mm. Paratypes range in diameter from 0.26 to
0.49 mm.

Remarks: Eponides morani, new species, differs
from E. repandus (Fichtel and Moll) in being much
smaller, with a lower spire, in having 6 to 8 chambers
rather than 5 or 6 in the fina] whorl, in lacking a keel,
and in having a lower more slitlike aperture.

The specimen selected as holotype was obtained
from well cuttings, but it was selected as type because
it was the most complete and best preserved specimen

220

found; its true stratigraphic age is inferred from the
occurrence of other specimens in core samples.

This species is found in the Grandstand and Topa-
goruk formations; its appearance in older rocks is
probably due to contamination of the well cuttings.

Tt is named for P. F. Moran, administrative assistant,
U.S. Geological Survey.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4638)
from well cuttings at 5,670-5,680 feet, probably from
the Topagoruk formation, found as contamination in
the underlying Jurassic rocks; figured paratypes (USNM
P4639a-c) and unfigured paratype (USNM P4640)
from a core at 2,235-2,245 feet, unfigured paratype
(USNM P4641) from a core at 2,275-2,285 feet, all
from the Topagoruk formation; unfigured paratype
(USNM P4644) from well cuttings at 3,760-3,770 feet,
unfigured paratype (USNM P4642) from well cuttings
at 4,180-4,190 feet, and figured paratype (USNM
P4643) from well cuttings at 5,190—5,200 feet, all of
Topagoruk age but found as contamination in older
beds; all from Simpson test well 1, at lat. 70°57’05’’ N.,
long. 155°21’45’’ W., west of Cape Simpson, northern
Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM 4645) and unfigured
paratype (USNM P4646) from the upper part of the
Torok formation (Topagoruk formation equivalent)
(field sample 47A Wh 543), and figured paratype
(USNM P4647) and unfigured paratype (USNM P4648)
from the upper part of the Torok formation (Topagoruk
formation equivalent) (field sample 47A Wh 541), all
on the north flank of the Awuna anticline, along
Birthday Creek, which flows south into the Awuna
River, at lat. 69°11/30’’ N., long. 156°41’ W., in the
northern foothills of the Brooks Range, north-central
Alaska. Collected by C. L. Whittington, 1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4659) from a core at
2,789-2,797 feet in the Grandstand formation, in
Oumalik test well 1, at lat. 69°50’18’’ N., long.
155°59/24’" W., approximately 125 miles airline south
of Point Barrow, northern Alaska.

Genus Globorotalites Brotzen, 1942

Globorotalites alaskensis Tappan, new species

Puate 69, Ficures 11-13

Test free, trochoid, dorsally flat to slightly convex,
ventrally strongly convex and centrally umbilicate,
periphery subacute; chambers increasing rapidly in size
and becoming more oblique dorsally, extending back
along the periphery, the six to eight chambers of the
final whorl may be slightly less elevated than the pe-
ripheral keel, presenting an almost collapsed appearance;
sutures distinct, dorsally oblique, those of final whorl
somewhat thickened and elevated dorsally, radial and
flush or slightly depressed ventrally; wall calcareous,
finely perforate, surface smooth; aperture interiomarg-
inal, ventral, a low slit extending from the umbilicus
almost to the periphery.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.31 mm., thickness

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

0.13 mm. Paratypes range from 0.16 to 0.36 mm. in
diameter.

Remarks: Globorotalites alaskensis, new species,
differs from G. multisepta (Brotzen) in being one-third
as large, in being less elevated ventrally, in having
fewer chambers per whorl, and in the chambers being
broader and the sutures less oblique.

It occurs in the Grandstand and Topagoruk forma-
tions.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4649)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4650) from a core
at 680-690 feet in the Grandstand formation; unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4651) from a core at 1,429-1,439
feet and figured paratype (USNM P4652) from well
cuttings at 1,770-1,780 feet in the Topagoruk forma-
tion; all in Umiat test well 2, at lat. 69°23’04”” N., long.
152°05’01’’ W., north of Umiat, in the northern foot-
hills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4653) and unfigured
paratype (USNM P4654) from a core at 206-211 feet,
unfigured paratype (USNM P4655) from a core at
211-221 feet, and unfigured paratype (USNM P4656)
from a core at 555-565 feet, all in the Grandstand
formation, in Simpson test well 1, at lat. 70°57’05’’ N..,
long. 155°21’45’’ W., west of Cape Simpson, northern
Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4657) from well cut-
tings at 190-200 feet in the Grandstand formation, in
Simpson core test 10, at lat. 70°57’34’’ N., long.
155°17/27’’ W., near Cape Simpson, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4658) from a core at
874-885 feet in the Grandstand formation, in Simpson
core test 25, at lat. 70°55’56”’ N., long. 154°43’52’” W.,
near Cape Simpson, northern Alaska.

Family Chilostomellidae Brady, 1881
Genus Pallaimorphina Tappan, new genus

Typr spxEcies: Pallaimorphina ruckerae Tappan,
new species. (Derivation: pallai, Gr., plural of palla,
f., ball + morphe, Gr., form or shape + ina, dimin-
utive suffix; gender feminine.)

Test free, small, subglobular, trochoid, with broadly
rounded periphery; chambers increasing rapidly but
evenly in size as added, early chambers subglobular,
later tending to become crescentic in dorsal view, four
to five in the final whorl; sutures oblique dorsally,
radial ventrally; wall calcareous, finely perforate,
granular in structure, surface smooth; aperture a low
sutural slit, extending from the umbilical region about
half the distance to the periphery, bordered above by
@ narrow lip.

Remarks: Pallaimorphina, new genus, is closest in
character to Quadrimorphina Finlay and may have
given rise to that genus. It differs in the gradual
chamber enlargement, and does not have the extremely
high final chamber characteristic of the genera Allo-
morphina and Quadrimorphina. The apertural flap of
Pallaimorphina is also primitive, being extremely

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 221

narrow, and extending along the suture from the um-
bilicus toward the periphery rather than across the
umbilical margin of the chamber as in the other genera
mentioned above. Nevertheless the granular wall
structure, trochoid coiling, and apertural flap definitely
show the present genus to belong to the Chilostomel-
lidae.

Pallaimorphina ruckerae Tappan, new species
Priatse 71, Freures 1-9

Test free, small, trochoid, rotund, and biconvex,
periphery broadly rounded; four to five inflated cham-
bers per whorl, increasing gradually in height and
rapidly in length as added, so that chambers of final
whorl are crescentic in dorsal view, about twice as
long as high; sutures distinct, slightly depressed,
curved and oblique dorsally, nearly straight and radial
ventrally; wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface
smooth; aperture a low sutural slit, extending from
the umbilicus about half the distance to the periphery,
bordered above by a narrow lip.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.21 mm., thickness
0.16 mm. Paratypes range from 0.13 to 0.36 mm.
in diameter.

Remarks: Pallaimorphina ruckerae, new species,
differs from Quadrimorphina allomorphinoides (Reuss)
in lacking an extremely broad spatulate apertural flap,
having instead only a very narrow one. It is also
much smaller and the chambers are subglobular,
increasing gradually in size, without developing the
extremely radial elongate final chamber characteristic
of Q. allomorphinoides. Very small young specimens
of Reuss’ species tend somewhat to resemble the present
species, suggesting that this genus may be ancestral
to Quadrimorphina.

The species occurs in the Grandstand, Topagoruk,
and Fortress Mountain formations. It is named in
honor of Florence Rucker, geologist, U. S. Geological
Survey.

TYPE AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P 4664)
and figured paratype (USNM P4665) from a core at
533-543 feet, figured paratypes (USNM P4666a,b)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4667) from a core
at 206-211 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4668)
from a core at 238-256 feet, figured paratype (USNM
P4669) and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4670) from
a core at 256-266 feet, figured paratypes (USNM
P4671a,b) from a core at 273-283 feet, unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4672) from a core at 338-348 feet,
figured paratype (USNM P4673) from a core at 358-368
feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4674) from a core
at 438-443 feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4675)
from a core at 503-513 feet, unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4676) from a core at 533-543 feet, unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4677) from a core at 565-578
feet, unfigured paratypes (USNM P4678) from a core
at 663-673 feet, all in the Grandstand formation; and
unfigured paratypes (USNM P4679) from a core at
1,000-1,010 feet in the Topagoruk formation; all from

396818—5716

Simpson test well 1, at lat. 70°57’05’’ N., long.
155°21’45’’ W., west of Cape Simpson, northern
Alaska.

Figured paratype (USNM P4680) from a core at
464% feet in the Grandstand formation, in Umiat
test well 2, at lat. 69°23’04’’ N., long. 152°05’01’’ W..,
north of Umiat, in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4681) from a core
at 256-264 feet and unfigured paratypes (USNM
P4682) from a core at 461-466 feet all in the Grand-
stand formation, in Skull Cliff core test 1, lat. 70°55’ N.,
long. 157°38’ W., between Point Barrow and Point
Franklin, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4683) from a core
at 558-568 feet in the Topagoruk formation, in Arcon
Point Barrow core test 1, at lat. 71°19’30’’ N., long.
156°40’ W., southwest of Point Barrow, northern
Alaska.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4684) from well cut-
tings at 2,545-2,550 feet in the Grandstand formation
and unfigured paratype (USNM P4685) from well
cuttings at 4,820-4,830 feet in the Topagoruk forma-
tion, all in Umiat test well 1, at lat. 69°23’52’” N., long.
152°19’45’’ W., in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4686) from the
Cretaceous, probably equivalent to the lower part of
the Nanushuk group of the eastern areas (field sample
47A Ba 83), 903-1,043 feet above the base, south and
east of the Utukok River and 2% miles west of the
confluence of Disappointment Creek with the Utukok
River, at lat. 69°15’ N., long. 159°57’ W., about 70
miles east of Cape Beaufort, in the northern foothills
of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Collected by
W. L. Barksdale, 1947.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4687) from the upper
part of the Torok formation (Topagoruk formation
equivalent) (field sample 47A Tr 161), on the north
flank of the Awuna anticline, at lat. 69°11’42” N.,
long. 156°45’ W., in the Awuna River region, northern
foothills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Col-
lected by M. L. Troyer, 1947.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4688) from the Topa-
goruk formation (field sample 48A Wb 24), at the
confluence of Reynard Creek with the Colville River,
northeast of Noluk Lake, at lat. 69°06’30’’ N., long.
159°27’ W., in the northern foothills of the Brooks
Range, northern Alaska. Collected by E. J. Webber,
1948.

Unfigured paratype (USNM P4689) from the For-
tress Mountain formation (field sample 49A Pa 90),
on the north limb of the Fortress Mountain syncline on
Fortress Creek, at lat. 68°35’10’’ N., long. 153°10’30’’
W., and unfigured paratype (USNM P4690) from the
Fortress Mountain formation (field sample 49A Pa 94),
at lat. 68°35’ N., long. 153°10’ W., on the syncline
along Fortress Creek, tributary to the Ayiyak River,

222

southwest of Fortress Mountain in the southern foot-
hills of the Brooks Range, northern Alaska. Collected
by W. W. Patton, Jr., 1949.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4691) from the For-
tress Mountain formation (field sample 49A Pa 561),
on Castle Creek, about 2% miles southwest of Castle
Mountain, at lat. 68°33/15’” N., long. 152°52’30’’ W.,
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P4692) from the
Fortress Mountain formation (field sample 49A Pa
564), about 2% miles southwest of Castle Mountain on

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Castle Creek, at lat. 68°33/10’’ N., long. 152°52/15’’
W., in the southern foothills of the Brooks Range,
northern Alaska. Collected by W. W. Patton, Jr.,
1949.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4693) from the For-
tress Mountain formation (field sample 49A Tr 611),
on the east fork of Torok Creek, east of Castle Moun-
tain, at lat. 68°33’35’’ N., long. 152°38’30’’ W.., in the
southern foothills of the Brooks Range, northern
Alaska. Collected by I. L. Tailleur, 1949.

References

CusHMAN, J. A. .
1933.
Publ. 4, pp. 1-349.

EARLAND, A.

1933. Foraminifera: Part II, South Georgia.
Gryrc, G., and others
1956.

Foraminifera, their classification and economic use.

Mesozoic sequence in Colville River region, northern Alaska.

Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., Spec.

Discovery Reports, vol. 7, pp. 27-138, pls. 1-7.

Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol.,

vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 209-254, 6 text-figs.

Imuay, R. W., and Reesips, J. B., Jr.
1954.

Correlation of the Cretaceous formations of Greenland and Alaska.

Geol. Soc. Amer., Bull.

vol. 65, pp. 223-246, 2 text- figs., 1 pl.

Lorsuicu, A. R., Jr., and Tappan, H.

Emendation of the foraminiferal genera Ammodiscus Reuss, 1862, and Involutina Terquem,

Pt. 1, pp. 133-178, 192-301.

General Introduction and Part 1, Triassic

U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 236—A, pp. 1-20, pls. 1—5.

1954.
1862. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 44, No. 10, pp. 306-310.
Sieat, J.
1952. Foraminiféres. Jn J. Piveteau, Traité de paléontolgie.
Tappan, H.
1951. Foraminifera from the Arctic Slope of Alaska.
Foraminifera.
THALMANN, H. E.
1935.

Bibliography and index to new genera, species, and varieties of Foraminifera for the year

1933. Journ. Paleontol., vol. 9, No. 8, pp. 715-743.

Eleven New Genera of Foraminifera
By Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., and Helen Tappan *

Introduction

6 lb THE INCREASED NUMBER Of aids for identifica-
tion of genera now in common use, such as X-ray
and petrographic methods of determining wall struc-
ture and composition, thin-sectioning or dissections to
show internal structures, and higher magnifications to
study apertural characters, etc., a more refined classi-
fication is often possible, and species are occasionally
found which do not fit into previously described genera
without greatly expanding the generic limits. As too
wide generic limits lessen their usefulness in strati-
graphic work, and also may transgress natural relation-
ships, it seems advisable to propose new generic names
for these dissimilar species.

During a restudy of type species of foraminiferal
genera, undertaken by the writers in connection with
the preparation of the “Treatise on Invertebrate
Paleontology,” there were found a number of such
species which did not fit well into any previously de-
scribed genera. Some of these species had been de-
scribed in the past and referred to other genera to
which they can no longer be assigned. Seven new
species are also described. Eleven new generic names
are proposed and defined, and one previously described
genus is emended on the basis of unsuspected charac-
ters discovered in the type species. The Foraminifera
discussed in the present paper are of varying ages and
localities, six being found in Recent dredgings, one from
the Pleistocene, two from the Tertiary, five from the
Cretaceous, and one from the Jurassic; and the species

4 Helen Tappan Loeblich, U.S. Geological Survey and Research Associate, Smith-
sonian Institution.

cover a geographic range from Europe to North
America, and from the North Atlantic to the South
Pacific.

The writers are grateful to the Smithsonian Institu-
tion for making it possible for Alfred R. Loeblich to
visit the British Museum (Natural History) in London
and to make collections in the field in England, France,
and Spain; and to the John Simon Guggenheim Me-
morial Foundation for a fellowship grant to Helen
Tappan Loeblich, which made possible the restudy and
reillustration of the Jones, Parker and Brady, and the
Barnard types in the British Museum.

Assistance in the field, in the collection of material
used in the present paper, was graciously given by Mr.
A. G. Davis, British Museum (Natural History), Lon-
don, Mr. Raymond Casey, Geological Survey of Great
Britain, London, Dr. J. R. Bataller, University of
Barcelona, Spain, and M. Pierre Marie, Bureau des
Recherches Géologiques et Géophysiques, Paris, France.

Dr. H. W. Parker, British Museum (Natural His-
tory), London, also aided the present study by allow-
ing access to the types of Foraminifera under his care,
and making possible the reillustration of the type
specimens of Hemisphaerammina bradyi, Tentifrons
barnardi, and Webbinella hemisphaerica. He also made
possible the exchange of material, allowing us to ob-
tain topotype specimens of Favocassidulina favus.

All specimens studied in the present paper are de-
posited either in the U. S. National Museum, Wash-
ington, D. C. (hereafter abbreviated as USNM), or in
the British Museum (Natural History), London, Eng-
land (hereafter abbreviated as BMNH).

Systematic Descriptions

Family Saccamminidae Brady, 1884
Hemisphaerammina Loeblich and Tappan, new genus

TypE sprecizs: Hemisphaerammina batalleri, new
species. (Derivation: hemi, Gr., half+sphaira, Gr.,
ball+-ammos, Gr., sand; gender feminine.)

Test attached, consisting of a single hemispherical
chamber; wall agglutinated, with considerable cement;
aperture not observed.

Remarks: Upon examination of the British Mu-
seum (Natural History) collections in London, the

holotype of Webbina hemispherica Parker, Jones and
Brady (type species of Webbinella Rhumbler) was
found to be an attached polymorphinid, and the generic
description has therefore been emended. This left
nameless the attached hemispherical agglutinated forms
previously placed in Webbinella and the present genus
is described to fill that vacancy.

It differs from Webbinelloidea Stewart and Lampe,
1947, in consisting only of single chambers, whereas
the type species of Webbinelloidea is two chambered,
and other species have three or four chambers. Two
species of Webbinelloidea have been described as single-

223

224

chambered forms, but as they occurred with other
multilocular forms they may have represented young
individuals not yet completely developed, or may have
become separated in fossilization. The multilocular
Webbinelloidea is more characteristic of the Paleozoic
and the single-chambered Hemisphaerammina of the
Mesozoic and Cenozoic.

Hemisphaerammina batalleri Loeblich and Tappan, new species

Puate 72, FIicuRE 3

Test attached, consisting of a single, rounded to
ovate, inflated chamber attached by the flattened side;
wall agglutinated, of rather coarse grains with a
ground mass of finer material; no aperture visible.

Greatest diameter of holotype 1.04 mm., least diam-
eter 0.88 mm., greatest diameter of paratype 0.83 mm.

Remarks: This species differs from Webbinella rugosa
ten Dam from the Albian of the Netherlands, in being
of considerably larger size, nearly three times as large,
and in lacking the narrow flattened border of W. rugosa.

The specific name is given in honor of Dr. J. R.
Bataller of the University of Barcelona, Spain, in rec-
ognition of his oustanding work on the Cretaceous of
Spain.

TYPHS AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P3095)
and unfigured paratype (USNM P3096) both from the
upper Santonian, near Casa Canellas, northeast of
Trago di Noguera, on the east bank of the Noguera
River, 16.5 km west of the main route between Trago
and Blancaforte, Province Lerida, Spain. Collected
by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr., with Dr. J. R. Ba-
taller, April 3, 1954.

Hemisphaerammina bradyi Loeblich and Tappan, new species

PiLate 72, FicurE 2
Webbina hemispherica BRADY (not Jones, Parker and Brady 1866),
Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol.9, p. 350, pl. 41, fig.11
1884.

Test attached, consisting of a single hemispherical
chamber; wall agglutinated, consisting of large angular
grains in @ ground mass of finer particles, with much
cement; no visible aperture.

Diameter of holotype 1.56 mm. According to Brady
other specimens range from 0.5 to 1.4 mm. in diameter.

Remarks: As noted above, the holotype of Webbina
hemispherica Jones, Parker and Brady from the Plio-
cene is an attached polymorphinid and quite distinct
from the agglutinated forms later referred to that
species. The latter requires a distinct name and the
present species is therefore described. It differs from
Hemisphaerammina batalleri, new species, in being more
circular in outline, more inflated, and the suface more
smoothly finished. H. depressa (Heron-Allen and
Earland) has a more irregular outline and is less
inflated.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (BMNH ZF2626)
is the specimen figured by Brady (pl. 41, fig. 11) and
is from the Recent deposits off Redcliff, Durham at
30 fathoms.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

A hypotype (USNM P3225) of Hemisphaerammina
depressa (Heron-Allen and Earland) is here figured
for comparison on plate 72, figure 1. It is from the
Recent, at Albatross station D4900, Ose Saki Light,
N. 10° E., 8 miles, lat. 32°28’50” N., long. 128°34’40/”
E., at a depth of 139 fathoms.

Family Textulariidae d’Orbigny, 1846

Zotheculifida Loeblich and Tappan, new genus

Tyrer species: Textularia lirata Cushman and Jarvis,
1929. Derivation: zothecula, L., f., diminutive of
zotheca, chamber or closet-+-jid, L., suffix, denoting
division into parts; gender feminine.)

Test free, compressed, elongate or palmate, chambers
numerous, biserially arranged with internal incomplete
partitions extending obliquely downward from the
septa, these partitions not visible externally on most
well preserved specimens, but may be seen when the
outer surface has either been dampened or somewhat
abraded, and in occasional rare specimens the secondary
partitions are visible externally as slightly darker than
the intervening spaces; wall agglutinated, fine grained,
rather smoothly finished; aperture a high narrow arch
at the base of the final chamber.

Remarks: Zotheculijida, new genus, differs from
Tawitawia Loeblich in the more numerous and regularly
arranged internal partitions and in possessing a single
textularian aperture rather than the terminal linear
series of pores. It differs from Porttextularia Loeblich
and Tappan in the presence of the internal partitions
and in possessing only a single aperture. From Teztu-
laria Defrance it is differentiated by the internal
secondary partitions.

Zotheculifida lirata (Cushman and Jarvis), emended
Puate 72, Fieures 4-8

. Textularia lirata CUSHMAN and Jarvis, Contr. Cushman Lab.

Foram. Res., vol. 5, p. 6, pl. 2, figs. 4a,b, 1929.

Test free, greatly compressed, margins subacute,
palmate in outline; chambers numerous, biserially
arranged, up to eight or nine pair, strongly recurved
laterally with height about one-fourth their breadth,
surface slightly excavated; sutures distinct, limbate
and raised above the level of the chamber surface,
strongly arched, internally the septa have numerous
pendant partial secondary partitions which are radially
arranged, being nearly vertical near the plane of bi-
seriality and horizontal or even recurved at the outer
margins; wall finely agglutinated, rather smoothly
finished; aperture a high narrow arch about four times
as high as broad, at the base of the last chamber.

Remarks: In describing this species, Cushman and
Jarvis (1929, p. 6), on the basis of a single incomplete
specimen, stated that the chambers were somewhat
spinose at the periphery and that the surface showed
oblique furrows in the outer portions of each chamber.
The “‘spinose periphery” is not always present, occurr-
ing only in greatly compressed specimens and the
“oblique furrows’ are actually the surface reflection of

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

the internal secondary partitions and are present
equally in the central portion of the test and not
restricted to the outer margins.

Length of incomplete holotype (fig. 4) 1.27 mm.,
breadth 1.30 mm.; length of hypotype of figure 5, 1.20
mm., breadth 1.22 mm.; length of hypotype of figure 7,
0.52 mm., breadth 0.55 mm; length of hypotype of figure
8, 1.22 mm., breadth 1.14 mm. Other specimens range
up to 2.16 mm. in length.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Cushman and Jarvis de-
scribed this species as occurring in the Eocene ‘‘Sagrina”
beds of Trinidad. At present these beds are con-
sidered to be Upper Oligocene in age.

Holotype (Cushman Coll. 10084) from the “Sagrina
Beds,” Trinidad Point, Oropouche Lagoon, Trinidad,
B. W. I.

Figured hypotypes (USNM P3086a-c) and unfigured
hypotypes (USNM P3085) from the Upper Oligocene
Brasso formation, Tumpuna River, southeast of
Bocuno Hill, 3 miles south of Four Road, Central
Range, Trinidad, B. W. I.

Figured sectioned hypotype (USNM P4884) and
unfigured hypotypes (USNM P3087) from the Brasso
formation, Carata Hill West, coal mine area, 3 miles
north of Mount Harris, Central Range, Trinidad,
B. W. I.

Family Nodosariidae Schultze, 1854

Berthelinella Loeblich and Tappan, new genus
PuaTE 72, Fieures 9-13

Type species: Frondicularia paradoxa Berthelin,
1879. (Derivation: patronymic, in honor of G. Berthe-
lin+ ella, L., diminutive suffix; gender, feminine.)

Test free, palmate, flattened ; consisting of an elongate
proloculus followed by a reduced biserial stage which
may consist solely of an ovate second chamber, extend-
ing from a point near the aperture of the proloculus
along one side nearly to the base, or may consist of two
pair of alternating chambers, biserial stage followed by
low, broad and equitant chambers extending back on
both sides of the aperture of the preceding chambers,
although early equitant chambers may be slightly asym-
metrical; sutures distinct, depressed to limbate, strongly
arched over the center of the test; wall calcareous,
finely perforate, surface smooth or faintly ribbed; aper-
ture terminal and central, an elongate slit.

Remarss: Berthelinella, new genus, differs from
Frondicularia Defrance in having a reduced biserial
early stage of one or two pair of chambers preceding
the uniserial development, and a slitlike rather than
radiate aperture. Palmuia Lea and Neoflabellina Bar-
tenstein differ in having a distinctly coiled early portion,
Citharinella Marie has an early Citharina-like stage, in-
stead of a reduced biserial one. Parafrondicularia
Asano has an elongate biserial portion and parallel
sides.

Tappan (1951, p. 14), in a discussion of Sagoplecta,
stated that ‘Frondicularia paradoza Berthelin, from the

225

Jurassic of France, also is biserial with later uniserial
equitant chambers. The carinate margins, compressed
ttes, and simple rounded aperture suggest that this spe-
cies is a lagenid and it should probably be referred to
Parafrondicularia. It has been placed in Flabellina,
but seems to have a definite biserial early stage, and
show no true coiling.”

Some specimens of Frondicularia didyma Berthelin
recorded from the Albian at Wissant on the west coast
of France, and later also recorded from the Gault of
Folkestone, England, as Flabellina didyma (Berthelin)
and as Palmula tarrantensis Loeblich and Tappan from
the Lower Cretaceous (Upper Albian) Weno and Paw
Paw formations of Texas, seem superficially to resemble
the present genus. However, although the majority of
specimens show only a single eccentric chamber at one
side of the proloculus, followed by equitant chambers,
as is also true of some specimens of Frondicularia
didyma, a rare specimen of P. tarrantensis shows two or
three chambers arranged as in Citharina, so that it does
not have true biseriality as does the present genus.
These species have been referred to Frondicularia by
Berthelin, to Flabellina by Chapman and Eichenberg, to
Palmula by Loeblich and Tappan and to Citharinella
by ten Dam. Specimens of the common pseudobiserial
form and the rare Citharinella form of C. tarrantensis
(Loeblich and Tappan) are here figured (pl. 72, figs.
14-16) for comparison with Berthelinella, new genus.
These Cretaceous species also differ from Berthelinella
in having a typical radiate aperture, as in Citharinella.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Topotypes (USNM
P4473a-e) of Berthelinella paradoxa (Berthelin) from the
Lower Pliensbachian (Lias), below the Ammonites mar-
garitatus zone, Lower Jurassic, in a quarry at Saint
Vincent Sterlange, Dept. Vendée, France. Collected
by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr., January 23, 1954.

Hypotype (USNM P4880) of Citharinella tarrantensis
(Loeblich and Tappan), from the Gault (Albian, Lower
Cretaceous), bed 10, in sea cliffs at Folkestone, Kent,
England. Collected by H. T. and A. R. Loeblich, Jr.,
September 4, 1953. Hypotype (USNM P4881) of C.
tarrantensis (Loeblich and Tappan) from the Denton
formation (Albian, Lower Cretaceous) at the Gaines-
ville Brick pit, now unworked, southeast of Gainesville,
Cooke County, Texas. Collected by H. T. and A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., July 1940. Hypotype (USNM P4882)
of C. tarrantensis (Loeblich and Tappan) from the
Denton formation (Albian), on the west bank of the
north fork of Nolands River, 100 feet south of bridge
on the Godley-Joshua road, 1.4 miles NE of Godley,
Johnson County, Texas. Collected by H. T. and A. R.
Loeblich, Jr., June 1939.

Tentifrons Loeblich and Tappan, new genus

Type sprcties: Tentifrons barnardi, new species.
(Derivation: tentus, L., hold + frons, L., f., leaf; gender,
feminine.)

Test free in early stages, with chambers in a citharine
arrangement, loosely coiled and becoming uniserial,
flattened and palmate with chevron-shaped chambers

226

which are smooth and centrally excavated, attached in
the later stages, with the chambers slightly inflated,
extremely papillose and fistulose although retaining
somewhat the chevron-shaped character; sutures raised
and thickened in the early portion, slightly depressed
in the irregular attached portion; wall calcareous,
perforate; aperture terminal like Cuitharinella in the
early stages, with numerous apertures at the ends of
the fistulose extensions in the later attached chambers.

Remarks: Tentifrons, new genus, differs from all
palmate Nodosariidae m being attached in its later
stages, in developing the fistulose growth, and in having
multiple apertures. These characters show again the
close affinity between the families Nodosariidae and
Polymorphinidae.

Tentifrons barnardi Loeblich and Tappan, new species

PuatEe 72, FicurEs 17, 18
Flabellina cf. angulosa d’Orbigny BARNARD, 1949 (not Frondicu-
laria angulosa d’Orbigny, 1840), Proc. Geol. Assoe., vol. 60,
pt. 4, p. 285, pl. 12, figs. 1-6.

Test large, flattened, free in the early stage, later
attached; chambers increase gradually in size from the
globular proloculus, at first in a citharine arrangement,
later uniserial with chevron-shaped chambers, and
flattened or slightly depressed, the final chambers
formed after the test becomes attached are irregular in
outline, more inflated, and with a distinctly papillose
surface and some develop numerous fistulose extensions
along the chamber margins; sutures raised and thick-
ened in the early stages, formed during the free develop-
ment, but slightly depressed between the later fistulose
attached chambers; wall calcareous, perforate, surface
smooth in the early free portion, distinctly ornamented
in the later portion; aperture terminal, as in Citharinella,
at first at the dorsal angle, then terminal and central,
but in the later attached portion there are numerous
apertures at the ends of the fistulose extensions of the
chambers along their margins.

Length of early free stage of holotype 1.4 mm.,
greatest breadth 0.84 mm., total length of test 8.9 mm.,
greatest breadth of fistulose chambers 2.99 mm.

Remarks: Barnard (1949, p. 285) described these
specimens under the name Flabellina cf. angulosa
d’Orbigny. Evidently this combination of names must
be in error as d’Orbigny described no species F.
angulosa, so far as the authors have been able to deter-
mine. In addition no species of Cristellaria was
termed angulosa by d’Orbigny. The species Frondicu-
laria angulosa d’Orbigny is so different that it could not
be this species. As no parentheses were placed around
d’Orbigny’s name, the writers are in doubt as to what
species Barnard referred these peculiar forms from the
English Chalk. However, the early stage of the present
species compares favorably with that of Cristellaria
gaudryana d’Orbigny, 1840.

Barnard considered these forms to be abnormal
specimens, evidently “freaks”; but they seem to repre-

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

sent a trend in the development of the palmate Nodo-
sarlidae, the end stage of one line of evolution. Cer-
tainly such forms, evidently not rare, which change
from a free mode of existence to a fixed life, and develop
a fistulose end stage with numerous apertures are
worthy of recognition as a distinct genus.

Our illustration of the holotype (pl. 78, fig. 18),
shows two more chambers than the illustration of this
specimen published by Barnard (1949, pl. 12, fig. 6);
however, these last two chambers are somewhat
abraded, and are represented largely by a mere outline
and some fragmentary portions of the test along the
margins.

Tentifrons barnardi, new species, is similar to Cristel-
laria gaudryana d’Orbigny in size and shape of the
early test, but C. gaudryana lacks any tendency to
develop the fistulose growth in the later stage, and does
not show the pustulose wall and inflated later chambers
also typical of the present species.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (BMNH P40275),
specimen figured by Barnard (1949), pl. 12, fig. 6 and
paratype (BMNH 40274), specimen figured by
Barnard (1949), pl. 12, fig. 5, both from the Belem-
nitella mucronata zone (Upper Senonian) of the Upper
Chalk of Tharston, Norfolk County, England. Col-
lected by A. W. Rowe.

Barnard (1949, pl. 12) also figured specimens similar
to these from Councils Pit, Newmarket Road, Norwich,
and from Stonehill Kiln, Norwich, both also from the
Belemnitella mucronata zone of the Upper Chalk
(BMNH P40272 and P40273).

Family Polymorphinidae d’Orbigny, 1846

Genus Webbinella Rhumbler, 1904, emended

Webbinella RHUMBLER, Archiv. Protistent., Band 38, Teil 1, p.
228, 1904.
PuatE 72, FiaurEe 19

Type species: Webbina hemisphaerica Jones, Parker
and Brady, 1865. Subsequent designation by Cushman
(1918, p. 61).

Test attached, consisting of an initial polymorphine
stage of three chambers, surrounded by a larger circular
fourth chamber spreading on the surface of the sub-
stratum; wall calcareous, perforate; aperture not
evident.

Remarks: The holotype of Jones, Parker and Brady,
in the British Museum, is an attached hemispherical
form, but is calcareous and not agglutinated. Further-
more, when dampened with glycerine the chamber
divisions can be seen and the species is shown to be a
polymorphinid, completely unlike the arenaceous forms
usually placed under Webbinella. It is similar therefore
to Bullopora Quenstedt, but differs in having an early
multilocular polymorphine stage. It differs from
Histopomphus Loeblich and Tappan in having a circular
spreading attachment and not a branched and
irregular one.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 227

Typ and occurrEeNcE: Holotype (BMNH P41659)
here figured, from the Lower Crag (Pliocene) of Sutton,
Suffolk, England.

? Family Virgulinidae Cushman, 1927

Aeolostreptis Loeblich and Tappan, new genus
Puate 72, Ficure 20

Type sprEctEs: Buliminella vitrea Cushman and
Parker, 1936. Derivation: aiolos, Gr., changeable +
streptos, Gr., twisted; gender feminine.)

Test free, elongate, base bluntly rounded, the early
portion in a low discorbine coil with six chambers per
whorl, later reduced in number to three chambers per
whorl, and becoming high spired; chambers few in
number, at first low, later about equal in breadth and
height, but never extremely high and elongate; sutures
distinct, depressed; wall calcareous, finely perforate,
granular in structure, surface smooth; aperture a loop
at the inner margin of the final chamber, at right angles
to the sutures, with a narrow lip at the forward margin.

Remarks: Aeolostreptis, new genus, differs from
Lacosteina Marie in the early coil being trochoid as in
Discorbis Lamarck, rather than planispiral, and in
there being a gradual increase in the height of the spire
instead of an abrupt change in the plane of coiling from
the early coil to the later spire.

Buliminella Cushman differs in having a radial rather
than granular wall structure and a tapered rather than
bluntly rounded base, due to the type of chamber
arrangement. Buliminella has an increasing number of
chambers per whorl with later development, and has a
complex internal toothplate, whereas Aeolostreptis has a
decreasing number of chambers in later development.

The majority of species with few chambers in the last
whorl, placed in Buliminella by Cushman and Parker
(1947), are in reality species referrable to Praebulimina
Hofker, since typical Buliminella apparently is not
found below the Eocene. Aeolostreptis, new genus,
differs from Praebulimina in having the early many-
chambered coil forming a bluntly rounded base, instead
of being triserial throughout and increasing gradually
in diameter.

It resembles Virgulina in having a granular wall, un-
like the radial-walled Buliminidae, but has an early
spire, rather than a twisted biserial development. It is
therefore referred to the Virgulinidae questionably for
the present.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype of Buliminella
vitrea Cushman and Parker (Cushman Coll. 22575),
paratypes (Cushman Coll. 32550) from the Selma group,
Dermopolis chalk (Campanian), 2 miles west of Gun-
town, Mississippi. Collected by G. M. Ponton.

Figured hypotype (Cushman Coll. 32549) from
chalk of the Selma group, 11% miles east of Blue Springs,
Mississippi. Unfigured hypotypes (Cushman Coll.
32547) from chalk of the Selma group, 1 mile west of
Tupelo, Mississippi. Unfigured hypotypes (Cushman
Coll. 32548) from chalk of the Selma group, 1 mile east

of Booneville, Mississippi. All hypotypes collected by
G. M. Ponton.

Family Virgulinidae Cushman, 1927

Sigmavirgulina Loeblich and Tappan, new genus
Puats 73, Figures 1, 2; TExt-FIGURE 30

Type specizs: Bolivina tortuosa Brady, 1881. (Deri-
vation: sigma, Gr., letter S + Viérgulina, genus of
Foraminifera; gender feminine.)

Test free, biserial, with chambers added slightly
more than 180° apart, forming a sigmoiline type of
arrangement with two series of chambers at first
forming a tight low spire, later developing a higher
spire, and appearing almost regularly biserial although
somewhat twisted throughout, periphery angled or
with a distinct keel, chambers numerous, increasing
regularly in height as added, increasing more rapidly
in breadth so that the test is flaring; sutures distinct,
thickened, depressed; wall calcareous, of calcite (by
X-ray determination), coarsely perforate, granular in
structure, surface smooth or with short spines, espe-
cially in the early portion; aperture at the inner margin
of the final chamber, an elongate oval, surrounded by
a lip which passes gradually into the peripheral keel,
in some specimens the aperture may tend to become
terminal, and is situated a short distance above the
base of the chamber.

Remarks: Sigmavirgulina, new genus, differs from
Bolivina d’Orbigny in having a granular instead of a
radial wall structure, in the early sigmoiline type of
development, and the twisted adult test resulting from
this process. Typical Bolivina may also have fingerlike
extensions of the chambers extending back over the
preceding sutures.

Sigmavirgulina is thus much closer to Virgulina
d’Orbigny in having a granular wall and a twisted
biserial test. It differs in having a compressed rather
than rounded test, broad low chambers rather than
very high and elongate ones, and a coarsely perforate
test.

Ficure 30.—Outline camera lucida drawing of basal view of Sigma-
virgulina tortuosa (Brady) to show spiral biserial chamber arrange-
ment and sigmoid curve of plane of biseriality. P, proloculus, 1-7,
and 1’-6’ showing the two spiralling series of chambers. X 125.

Numerous references in the past have erroneously
stated that Virgulina has a triserial base. Topotypes
of the type species, V. sguammosa d’Orbigny, from the
Pilocene of Italy, when examined from the base show
the same highly twisted biserial development as in
Sigmavirgulina. Those species with a true triserial

228

base must be referred to another genus. Many have
radial walls and probably belong to the Buliminidae.
The Recent species figured and discussed by Hofker
(1951, p. 268) as Cassidella squammosa (d’Orbigny) is
not conspecific and probably not congeneric with true
V. squammosa, as he states that the walls are opaque.
In typical V. squammosa the wall is hyaline, as was
mentioned by d’Orbigny.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: The type species, Bolimna
tortuosa Brady, is 2 very common species in the Indo-
Pacific area. Figured hypotypes (USNM P4857a,b)
are from the Recent, near Nairai, Fiji.

Family Spirillinidae Reuss, 1861

_ Sejunctella Loeblich and Tappan, new genus

Type species: Sejunctella earlandi Loeblich and
Tappan, new species. (Derivation: Sejugo, sejunctus,
L., disunited, separated + ella, L., diminutive; gender
feminine.)

Test free, planispiral, discoidal, and may have a
peripheral keel; globular to ovate proloculus followed
by loosely wound, spiral, undivided, tubular second
chamber that does not lie in contact with the previous
whorl but is separated from it by a solid platelike area;
wall calcareous, finely perforate, chamber wall and
peripheral keel, when present, formed of a single crystal
of calcite, but the intercalary plate between coils of
the tubular chamber is composed not of a single crystal
but of secondary granular calcite; aperture a rounded
opening at the end of the tubular chamber.

Remarks: Sejunctella differs from Spirillina Ehren-
berg in the presence of the platelike intercalation
between the planispiral whorls, a condition considered
to be generically important, not only on external
appearance but also because it differs in structure,
being composed of granular calcite instead of a single
crystal as is the remainder of the test. The type
species has a peripheral keel on the final whorl, but
this may be lacking in other species.

Spirillina lateseptata Terquem, 1875, from the Recent
beach at Dunkerque, Dept. du Nord, France, and
S. virvpara var. carinata Halkyard, 1889, from Recent
dredging at 3% to 5 fathoms, St. Brelade’s Bay, Jersey,
Channel Islands, also belong to this genus.

Sejunctella earlandi Loeblich and Tappan, new species
Puate 73, Figure 6

Spirillina lateseptata Terquem Cusaman (not Terquem, 1875),
U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 8, p. 6, pl. 1, figs. 13a,b (not
figs. 12a,b), pl. 2, fig. 1, 1931.

Test free, planispiral, discoidal, or sometimes more
flattened on one side or even planoconcave, with finely
fimbriate peripheral keel; globular to ovate proloculus,
followed by loosely wound, spiral, undivided, tubular
second chamber of about three to three and a half
whorls separated from each other by a solid platelike
area; wall calcareous, finely perforate, chamber walls
and peripheral keel formed of a single crystal of calcite,

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

but the intercalary plate between coils of the tubular
chamber is composed of granular calcite; aperture a
rounded opening at the end of the tubular chamber on
the periphery.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.23 mm., least diam-
eter 0.18 mm. Paratypes range from 0.21 to 0.39 mm.
in greatest diameter.

Remarks: This species was included by Cushman
(1931, p. 6) in Spirillina lateseptata Terquem, but
differs in being about one-half to one-third as large, and
in the presence of a peripheral fimbriate keel, as S.
lateseptata has a smoothly rounded periphery and only
the intercalated plate between whorls. S. vivipara
var. carinata Halkyard is much larger than the present
species.

The specific name is given in honor of Arthur Harland
in recognition of his excellent works on the Recent
Foraminifera.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P3294)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P3295) from F. C.
Goldseeker Station 16, lat. 62° N., long. 6°12’ W.., off
Faroe Islands at 128 meters. Unfigured paratypes
(USNM P3297) from Porcupine Station 7, 3rd cruise
1870, lat. 48°18’ N., long. 9°11’ W., depth 93 fathoms,
and unfigured paratype (USNM P3296) from Belgium
station 1744, lat. 51°23’ N., long. 3°15’ E., depth
14.25 meters.

Family Discorbidae Cushman, 1927
Eurycheilostoma Loeblich and Tappan, new genus

Typr species: Hurycheilostoma altispira, new species.
(Derivation: eurys, Gr., broad, wide + cheios, Gr. lip
+ stoma, Gr., mouth; gender feminine.)

Test free, trochospiral, high spired, all chambers
visible from the high conical spiral side, only the final
whorl visible on the flattened to concave, deeply umbili-
cate, umbilical side, earliest whorl with four to six cham-
bers and may be reduced in well developed specimens
to three or four chambers per whorl, the last chamber
occupying one-half or more of the ventral side, extending
around both sides of the open umbilicus, the final whorl
of chambers may abruptly attain a greater diameter,
giving a flaring appearance to the test; sutures distinct,
depressed; wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface
smooth; aperture a broad arch at the inner margin of
the last chamber, opening into the umbilicus, and par-
tially covered by a broad lip, extending out over the
umbilicus from the final chamber, which may have a
serrate margin.

Remarks: Hurychetlostoma, new genus, differs from
Discorbis Lamarck in the commonly high spired test,
the large final chamber, which occupies one-half or
more of the umbilical side, the absence of the alar
chamber flaps of Discorbis and the presence of a broad
serrate umbilical flap.

It is closest to Neoconorbina Hofker, differing in
being high spired in character, rather than low and
scalelike, and in having a rounded periphery and sub-

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA

globular rather than semilunate chambers. The aper-
tural characters are similar, each having a broad
umbilical flap with apertural reentrants at its two
extremities.

Superficially, high-spired species of this genus may
resemble Bulimina d’Orbigny or Praebulimina Hofker,
but the present genus has a completely different broad
low aperture and open umbilicus, with the flap extend-
ing over the umbilicus, whereas the Buliminidae typi-
cally have loop-shaped apertures and an internal
toothplate.

Eurycheilostoma altispira Loeblich and Tappan, new species
PiatE 73, Ficurss 3, 4

Test free, tiny, trochospiral, high spired, umbilical
side flattened to concave, deeply umbilicate, periphery
rounded, chambers inflated and increasing rapidly in
size, all of the two and a half whorls visible on spiral
side, only the three chambers of the last whorl visible
on umbilical side, with the final chamber occupying
over half the periphery and the umbilical side; sutures
distinct, umbilical side depressed, spiral side less
depressed; wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface
smooth; aperture a broad low arch at the inner margin
of the final chamber on the ventral side, covered over
by a narrow flap extending for a distance about half
the diameter of the test, leaving a reentrant at its
two extremities.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.19 mm., height of
spire 0.23mm. Figured paratype 0.18 mm. in diameter,
0.17 mm. in height. Unfigured paratypes vary from
0.13 to 0.29 mm. in diameter and 0.10 to 0.29 mm. in
height.

Remarks: Eurycheilostoma altispira, new species,
differs from Discorbis scanica Brotzen in being higher
spired, with less inflated chambers and in having a
broader apertural flap.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4882),
figured paratype (USNM P4883), unfigured paratypes
(USNM P4884 and P4885) from the Goodland forma-
tion (Albian), at Lake Worth Dam, 5.5 miles (airline)
northwest of the courthouse in Fort Worth, Tarrant
County, Texas. Collected by H. T. and A. R.
Loeblich, Jr.

Unfigured paratypes (USNM P4886 and USNM
P4887) from the Goodland formation, 3.8 miles west
of Montgomery Street on Vickery Boulevard (Old
Stove Foundry Road), at Cragin Knobs, Fort Worth,
Tarrant County, Texas. Collected by H. T. and
A. R. Loeblich, Jr.

Sestronophora Loeblich and Tappan, new genus

Tyre spEcies: Sestronophora arnoldi, new species.
(Derivation: sestron, Gr., n., sieve + phor, Gr., suffix,
to bear or carry; gender feminine.)

Test free, large, trochospiral, nearly planoconvex,
periphery acute and with a keel; all whorls visible on
the strongly convex spiral side where chambers are
of greater breadth than height, somewhat oblique and

229

overlapping at the periphery, only the chambers of
the final whorl visible on the nearly flat, umbilicate
side, the broad ventral umbilicus covered by a series
of plates arising from the umbilical margin of each
chamber and pierced by numerous very large openings
leading through the plates to the open umbilical area
beneath, which also opens laterally beneath the plate
into the various chamber cavities; sutures distinct,
somewhat thickened, gently curved and inclined back
along the periphery and depressed on spiral side, nearly
radial and more strongly depressed on umbilical side;
wall calcareous, finely perforate, surface smooth;
aperture a low slitlike opening on the umbilical side
and at the margin of the final chamber extending from
the umbilicus about half the distance to the periphery,
with a few small accessory pores in the ventral face
of the final chamber.

Remarks: Sestronophora, new genus, is similar to
Eponides Montfort but differs in having the umbilical
area covered by a series of plates pierced by pores and
in having supplementary openings on the umbilical
side of the final chamber. It is similar to Poroeponides
Cushman in having a few rounded openings on the
umbilical side of the final chamber, but differs in
possessing the complex perforated umbilical plates.

Sestronophora arnoldi Loeblich and Tappan, new species

PuaTE 73, Fiaure 5

Pulvinulina punctulata (d’Orbigny), Bace (not Rotalia (Rotalie)
punctulata d’Orbigny, 1826), U. 8. Geol. Survey Bull. 513,
p. 86, pl. 25, figs. 6-9, 1912.

Test free, large, trochospiral, strongly convex on
spiral side, umbilical side flattened and broadly umbili-
cate, periphery acute, keeled ; 2% whorls visible on spiral
side, with chambers of greater breadth than height and
increasing in proportionate breadth as added; some-
what overlapping at the periphery, only the five to six
chambers of the final whorl visible on the umbilical
side, with the final chamber occupying about one-third
of the area, umbilicus occupying about one-third the
diameter of the test, and covered by a series of plates
arising at the inner margin of each chamber and
pierced by six or more relatively large openings, with
additional openings left around the margins of the sieve
plate, all openings connecting with the cavity beneath
the plates and laterally into the chamber cavities also;
sutures distinct, thickened, depressed, gently curved,
strongly inclined backwards at the periphery on the
spiral side, nearly radial and more strongly depressed
on the umbilical side; wall calcareous, finely perforate,
surface lightly sculptured in the early portion on the
spiral side, smooth on the umbilical side; aperture a low
slit-like interiomarginal opening extending from the
umbilicus about % the distance to the periphery, with
from five to eight small supplementary openings in the
face of the final chamber.

Greatest diameter of holotype 2.05 mm., thickness
0.94 mm. Paratypes range from 1.72 to 2.39 mm. in
diameter.

230

Remarks: This species was recorded by Bagg as
Pulvinulina punctulaia (d’Orbigny), but it differs from
the latter in the less angular periphery, fewer chambers
per whorl, in haying the umbilical sieve plate over the
large umbilicus, and in having the supplementary
interioareal apertural openings, in addition to the pores
in the sieve plate and the primary imteriomarginal
aperture.

Sestronophora arnoldi Loeblich and Tappan, new
species, differs from Poroeponides lateralis (Terquem)
in being about twice as large, in having a more gradual
increase in chamber height, a less enlarged final cham-
ber, a wider umbilicus and an umbilical sieve plate,
and a more restricted series of supplementary apertural
pores.

It differs from E/ponides repandus (Fichtel and Moll)
in being nearly twice as large, in having less thickened
sutures and a broad umbilicus, umbilical sieve plate and
supplementary apertures on the face of the final
chamber.

The specific name is in honor of Zach Arnold, in
recognition of his work on the life history of the Recent
Foraminifera.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P3130)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P3131) from the lower
Pleistocene, Santa Barbara formation, Pine Cone
Hollow, Santa Barbara, California. Collected by
F. C. Clark.

Family Cassidulinidae d’Orbigny, 1839

Favocassidulina Loeblich and Tappan, new genus
PuatTe 73, Fieures 7-11

Typr species: Pulvinulina favus Brady, 1877. (Deri-
vation: favo from favus, L., m., honeycomb-cassid
from cassida, L., helmet (cassidula), f., diminutive-++ina,
L., diminutive; gender feminine.)

Test free, lenticular, robust, periphery acute; cham-
bers biserially arranged and spiralling, as in Cassidulina,
each chamber extending to the umbilicus on one side
with only a small triangular portion extending over
onto the opposite side; sutures not visible from the
surface, obscured by the coarse surface ornamentation;
wall calcareous, finely perforate, granular in structure,
ornamented by a honeycomblike secondary growth,
with relatively wide hexagonal open areas separated
by narrow but much elevated “partitions”; aperture
elongate, a slightly curved slit bordered by a very
narrow lip, and extending upward from the base of
the final chamber, near to and paralleling the anterior
margin of the chamber, and opening toward the side
opposite that on which the final chamber lies, each
successive aperture appearing on alternate sides of the
test, the region immediately surrounding the aperture
relatively smooth.

Remarks: Favocassidulina, new genus, differs from
Cassidulina d’Orbigny in having the honeycomblike
secondary growth of the wall completely covering the
surface except for the area immediately surrounding
the aperture, and obscuring all traces of sutures.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Wood (1949, p. 250) recorded Cassidulina favus as
radial in structure. We have rechecked the wall
structure of four different specimens, from Challenger
localities, and all have been granular in wall structure,
as are all true Cassidulina. Apparently, some mistake
must have been made in the original diagnosis or in the
listing of this species as radial.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured topotypes of
Favocassidulina favus (Brady) (USNM P3376a=d) and
unfigured topotypes (USNM P3102) from Challenger
station 300, at lat. 33°42’ S., long. 78°18’ W., at a
depth of 1375 fathoms, off the coast of Chile, southern
Pacific Ocean.

Figured sectioned hypotype (USNM P4469) and
unfigured hypotypes (USNM P3210) of Favocassidulina
favus (Brady) from Challenger station 224, at lat.
7°45’ N., long. 144°20’ E., at a depth of 1,850 fathoms,
Caroline Islands, Pacific Ocean.

Family Anomalinidae Cushman, 1927
Paromalina Loeblich and Tappan, new genus

Typr species: Paromalina bilateralis, new species.
(Derivation: pardmalos, Gr., nearly even or equal—+
ina, diminutive suffix; gender feminine.)

Test free, planispiral, biumbilicate, both sides some-
what excavated centrally, periphery truncate; cham-
bers laterally inflated, with their umbilical margins
extending backward in a flap covering part of the
previous suture and chamber, the flaps more rarely
coalescing to obscure the commonly open umbilicus;
sutures radial, depressed; wall calcareous, with clear
imperforate wall on the sides and apertural face,
coarsely perforate truncate periphery; aperture a
broad low slit on the periphery bordered above by a
narrow lip, at the base of the final chamber and against
the preceding whorl, with supplementary openings
beneath the umbilical chamber flaps on each side of the
test.

Remarks: Paromalina, new genus, is similar to
Discanomalina Asano in being planispiral, with broad
periphery and depressed sides, but the present genus
has the clear imperforate-appearing shell wall on both
sides of the test, and is coarsely perforate only on the
truncate periphery. Discanomalina has the clear shell
material and chamber flaps with secondary openings
only on one side of the test, the entire opposite side
being coarsely perforate, and lacking the umbilical
flaps.

In addition to the type species, Anomalina coronata
Parker and Jones, 1857, and A. coronata var. crassa
Cushman, 1931, also belong to this genus. We believe
the latter should be considered a distinct species,
Paromalina crassa (Cushman), and not a variety of
coronata.

Asano (1951, p. 13) had considered Anomalina
coronata to belong to Discanomalina, but in describing
that genus he stated ‘wall calcareous, coarsely per-
forate except for a large area of clear shell material
in the umbilical region of ventral side.” However,

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 231

Parker and Jones’ original description (1857, p. 294)
stated that A. coronata ‘affects a bilateral symmetry,
the two surfaces being often nearly equal,” and this
character is shown in their illustrations. Asano also
placed Rotalina semipuncta Bailey, 1851, in Discano-
malina, and this species is correctly assigned, having
the clear shell material and chamber flaps only on
one side, with the opposite side entirely coarsely
perforate.

Paromalina bilateralis Loeblich and Tappan, new species
Puate 73, Fiaures 12, 13

Test, free, planispiral, biumbilicate, very thick, with
broad truncate periphery, early whorls obscured on
both sides, seven to nine chambers in the final whorl,
about equal in breadth and height, but with much
greater thickness, truncate on the periphery and
laterally inflated, chambers with an umbilical flap on
each side that extends backward over the previous
suture and toward the umbilicus to cover earlier whorls,
rarely coalescing with those of other chambers to
obscure the more commonly open umbilicus; sutures
distinct, radial, depressed; wall calcareous, smooth,
very coarsely perforate on the truncate peripheral
portion of the chambers, but the sides and umbilical
flaps and the apertural face are clear and apparently
imperforate, and commonly a small imperforate area
formed by the peripheral portion of the previous septal
face is left exposed just behind the suture when the next

chamber is added, giving an erroneous impression of
thickened imperforate sutures, although the actual
sutures are depressed; aperture a broad low slit at the
base of the final chamber on the periphery and against
the preceding whorl, bordered above by a slight lip,
with supplementary openings beneath the umbilical
and posterior margins of the umbilical chamber flaps
on each side of the test.

Greatest diameter of holotype 0.78 mm., least diam-
eter 0.68 mm., greatest thickness 0.65 mm. Paratypes
range from 0.70 to 0.99 mm. in greatest diameter.

Remarks: This species is very similar to Anomalina
coronata Parker and Jones, but neither their original
illustration nor that of Brady (1884, pl. 97, figs. 1 and
2) show the large and distinctive flaps, covering the
umbilical region and obscuring the earlier whorls, that
are characteristic of the present species. Much
smaller flaps are shown by Brady, but a portion of the
previous whorl is left exposed on both sides. The
figure given by Parker and Jones (1857, pl. 10, fig. 15)
is too small to show these details clearly, but they also
show the earlier whorls visible in the umbilical region.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4883)
and unfigured paratypes (USNM P3216) from the
Recent, Albatross Station D2262, lat. 39°54’45’’ N.,
long. 69°29’45’’ W., at 250 fathoms.

Figured paratype (USNM P3137), unfigured para-
types (USNM P3136 and P3138) from F. C. Goldseeker
Station 16, Haul 89, lat. 62° N., long. 6°12’ W., at 128
meters. Collected July 8, 1907.

References

Asano, K.
1951,

Illustrated catalogue of Japanese Tertiary smaller Foraminifera.

Pt. 13, Anomalinidae.

Petroleum Branch, Natural Resources Section, General Headquarters, Supreme Com-

mander for Allied Powers, pp. 12-19.

BARNARD, T.

1949, An abnormal Chalk foraminifer.
Brapy, H. B
1884.

pls. 1-115.
CusHMAN, J. A.

1918, The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean.
pp. 1-111, pls. 1-39.
1931. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean.

Amphisteginidae, Calcarinidae,

Cymbaloporettidae,

Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. 60, pp. 284-287, pl. 12.

Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, pp. 1-814,

U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 1, Astrorhizidae,

U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 104, pt. 8, Rotaliidae,
Globorotaliidae, Anomalinidae,

Planorbulinidae, Rupertiidae and Homotremidae, pp. 1-179, pls. 1-26.

Cusuman, J. A., and Jarvis, P. W.

1929.
pls. 2, 3.
CusHMaN, J. A. and Parker, F. L.
1947, Bulimina and related foraminiferal genera.
pls. 15-30.
Horser, J.
1951. The Foraminifera of the Siboga expedition.

New Foraminifera from Trinidad. Contr. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 5, pp. 6-17,

U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Pap. 210—-D, pp. 55-176,

Siboga-Expeditie, pt. 3, pp. 1-513.

232 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Parker, W. K., and Jonszs, T. R.
1857. Description of some Foraminifera from the coast of Norway. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2,
vol. 19, pp. 273-303, pls. 10, 11.
Tappan, H.
1951. Foraminifera from the arctic slope of Alaska, general introduction and part 1, Triassic Fo-
taminifera. U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Pap. 236—A, pp. 1—20, pls. 1-5.
Woop, A.
1949. The structure of the wall of the test in the Foraminifera; its value in classification. Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 104, pp. 229-255, pls. 13-15.

The Foraminiferal Genus Cruciloculina d’Orbigny, 1839
By Alfred R. Loeblich, Jr., and Helen Tappan *

Introduction

HE GENUS Cruciloculina was described in 1839, and
d’Orbigny (1839b) later recorded a single species, C.
triangularis. Later workers did not recognize this
genus, however, considering it a synonym of Triloculina
d’Orbigny, in spite of the distinctive cruciform aperture.
A century later Asano (1949, p. 479) made a detailed
study of the apertural development of a second species,
Cruciloculina japonica, and emended the generic
diagnosis. The type species for the genus was from the
Recent seas off the Falkland Islands, and the species
described by Asano was from the Pliocene of Japan.

During the course of generic studies of Foraminifera
for the ‘“Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology,” the
writers examined d’Orbigny’s types of Cruciloculina in
the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris.
A lectotype for this species is here selected, refigured,
and described. An additional topotype specimen of C.
triangularis has also been illustrated.

A topotype specimen of C. japonica Asano from the
Japanese Pliocene is illustrated and a brief description
given for comparison.

Three new Recent species of the genus are also here
described, two occurring in the Caribbean and the other
in the North Atlantic off southwestern Ireland.

Systematic

Family Miliolidae d’Orbigny, 1839
Genus Cruciloculina d’Orbigny, 1839

Cruciloculina D’OrsicNy, Foraminiféres in de la Sagra, Hist.
Phys., Polit. et Nat. de l’tle de Cuba, p. 182, 1839.

TypE species: Cruciloculina triangularis d’Orbigny,
1839. Fixed by subsequent monotypy by d’Orbigny
(1839b, p. 72).

Test free, chambers coiled, with the longitudinal
planes of successive chambers added 120 degrees apart
as in the development of Triloculina, test rounded to
triangular in section; sutures distinct, depressed; wall
calcareous, imperforate, smooth or faintly striate;
aperture complex, varying in shape from triradiate in
the young to cruciform or dendritic in the adult, bor-
dered by a narrow lip, but without a distinct tooth.

Cruciloculina differs from Triloculina d’Orbigny in
the apertural features, lacking the distinct tooth of
Triloculina and developing from a simple linear, bifid
or triradial aperture in the young to a cruciform or
dendritic aperture in the adult.

1 Helen Tappan Loeblich, U. 8. Geological Survey and Research Associate, Smith-
sonian Institution.

The ontogenetic apertural development of all species
is similar to that described by Asano for C. japonica.

The genus is thus fairly widespread in the Recent seas,
and in the future will probably be found more wide-
spread in fossil faunas as well.

The writers are grateful to the Smithsonian Institu-
tion for making possible the visit of Alfred R. Loeblich,
Jr., to the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle in
Paris, and to the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial
Foundation for a fellowship grant to Helen Tappan
Loeblich, which thus made possible the restudy of the
d’Orbigny types.

Grateful acknowledgment is given of the cooperation
of M. Jean Roger, Museum National d’Histoire Na-
turelle, Paris, France, in permitting the restudy and
reillustration of the d’Orbigny type specimens.

We are indebted to Dr. K. Asano, Institute of
Geology and Paleontology, Tohoku University, Sendai,
Japan, and to Mr. T. Uchio, Institute of Petroleum
Engineering, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan, for
furnishing us an excellent series of the species Cruci-
loculina japonica Asano from Japan.

Descriptions

This genus occurs in the Pliocene of Japan and in the
Recent in the North and South Atlantic and Caribbean.

Cruciloculina asanoi Loeblich and Tappan, new species
Puiate 74, Fieures 8-11

Test free, triloculine in chamber development, ovate
in side view, subtriangular in section, angles rounded;
chambers with slight amount of overlap, so that those
in the final whorl appear nearly equal in size; sutures
distinct, slightly incised; wall calcareous, imperforate,
surface smooth, aperture triradiate in young specimens,
becoming cruciform in the adult.

Length of holotype 1.06 mm., thickness from center
of final chamber to opposite angle 0.94 mm. Para-
types range from 0.51 to 1.10 mm. in length.

Remarks: This species is similar in appearance to
C. japonica Asano, but differs in the very slight amount
of chamber overlap, somewhat smaller size, and much
less complex adult aperture, that of C. asanoi becoming
only cruciform, whereas that of C. japonica may become
highly dendritic in appearance.

233

234

Thespecies is named in honor of Dr. K. Asano, in recog-
nition of his work on this genus, as well as the other
groups of Foraminifera.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4880),
figured paratypes (USNM P4267a-c), and unfigured
paratypes (USNM P4268) from Challenger Station 24,
lat. 18°38’30’’ N., long. 65°05’30’’ W., at 390 fathoms,
in the Caribbean Sea.

Cruciloculina ericsoni Loeblich and Tappan, new species
Puate 74, Fiacures 3-7

Test free, ovate in section, nearly circular in side
view, chambers triloculine in arrangement, fina] cham-
ber with considerable overlap of earlier chambers, the
margins of the chambers with a slight flange, which
leaves a groove paralleling the suture at the contact
with earlier chambers; sutures distinct, slightly in-
cised; wall calcareous, imperforate, surface smooth;
aperture triradiate in young specimens, becoming cru-
ciform to dendritic in the adult, bordered by a distinct,
slightly recurving lip.

Length of holotype 1.08 mm., breadth (from center
of final chamber to opposite side) 1.05 mm.

Remarks: Cruciloculina ericsoni, new species, dif-
fers from C. japonica Asano in being smaller and more
inflated, nearly circular in side view, and in lacking
distinct angles; and in the slight chamber flange bor-
dering the sutures. The apertural lip is also some-
what more prominent.

The species is named in honor of David Ericson in
recognition of his work on deep sea cores.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P3140)
and figured paratypes (USNM P4338a-d) from F. C.
Helga Haul SR 331, southwest Ireland, lat. 51°12’ N.,
long. 11°55’ W., at a depth of 610 to 680 fathoms.

Cruciloculina japonica Asano, 1949
Puate 74, Ficure 12
Cruciloculina japonica AsANo, Journ. Palentol., vol. 23, no. 5,
p. 480, pl. 80, figs. 1-2, 6-13, 1949.

Test free, triloculine in chamber development, sub-
triangular in section with rounded angles, final chamber
with considerable overlap of the earlier chambers, so
that the final chamber covers nearly one-half the width
when the test is viewed from the side showing the
oldest of the three final chambers; sutures distinct,
slightly incised; wall calcareous, imperforate, surface
smooth; aperture triradiate in young specimens, then
becoming cruciform and finally dendritic in adult
specimens, with a narrow bordering lip.

Length of figured topotype 1.63 mm., greatest thick-
ness, from center of last chamber to opposite angle,
1.43 mm., although the majority of specimens are
somewhat smaller.

Remarks: Cruciloculina japonica Asano differs from
C. triangularis d’Orbigny in being slightly smaller,
and much less distinctly triangular, with more convex
sides and rounded angles. The aperture of C. japonica
also tends to become more complexly dendritic.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Figured topotype (USNM

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

P4339) and unfigured topotypes (USNM P3221,
P4864) from the Late Pliocene Sawane formation in a
sea cliff facing Mano Bay, Sawane-Machi, Sado-Gun,
Nugata Prefecture, lat. 37°59’47’’ N., long. 1388°16/43”
H., Japan. Collected by T. Uchio.

Unfigured topotypes (USNM P63) from the same
locality. Collected by K. Asano.

Cruciloculina striata Loeblich and Tappan, new epecies
Puate 74, Ficures 13-16

Test free, medium in size, robust, sides convex,
subovate in section; chambers arranged as in Jrilo-
culina, inflated, with considerable overlap of earlier
chambers; sutures distinct, flush to slightly incised; wall
calcareous, imperforate, surface ornamented by numer-
ous very fine longitudinal striae; aperture triradiate
in young specimens, cruciform to dendritic in older
specimens.

Length of holotype 1.04 mm., thickness from center
of final chamber to opposite side 0.96 mm. Paratypes
range from 0.73 to 1.09 mm. in length.

Remarks: Cruciloculina striata, new species, is
closest to C. ericsoni, new species, in general form, but
differs in the presence of the vertical striae which are
characteristic of the present species.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Holotype (USNM P4264),
ficured paratypes (USNM P4265a-c), and unfigured
paratypes (USNM 4266) all from Challenger Station
24, lat. 18°38’30’’ N., long. 65°05’30’’ W., in the
Caribbean Sea at 390 fathoms.

Cruciloculina triangularis d’Orbigny, 1839
Puate 74, Fiaures 1, 2
Cruciloculina triangularis D’ORBIGNY, Voy. dans 1’Amerique
Mérid., Foraminiféres, p. 72, 1839.

Test free, triloculine in chamber development, tri-
angular in section, with sides equal in breadth and flat
to very slightly convex and angles acute; chambers
increasing regularly in size with final chamber only
moderately overlapping earlier chambers; sutures
distinct, very slightly incised; wall calcareous, imper-
forate, surface smooth; aperture typically cruciform,
with the extremities tending to become dendritic in
larger specimens, bordered with a narrow lip.

Length of lectotype 1.28 mm., greatest thickness
(from center of final chamber to opposite angle) 1.13
mm. The topotype here figured is 1.9 mm. in length
and the breadth of the final chamber is 1.68 mm.

Remarks: This species is characterized by the
sharply triangular section, large size, and relatively
simple cruciform aperture.

TYPES AND OCCURRENCE: Lectotype (here designated
and figured) of C. triangularis d’Orbigny in the Museum
National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, from
Recent dredgings near the Falkland Islands. Figured
topotype (USNM P4520) and unfigured topotypes
(USNM P4521) from R. R. S. Discovery Station 144,
from lat. 54°04’ S., long. 36°27’ W., to lat. 53°58’ S.,
long. 36°26’ W., off the mouth of Stromness Harbor,
depth 155-178 meters, South Georgia.

STUDIES IN FORAMINIFERA 235

References

Asano, K.
1949. The foraminiferal genus Cruciloculina d’Orbigny, 1839. Journ. Paleontol., vol 23, No. 5,
pp. 479-480, pl. 80.
D’Orsreny, A.
1839a. Foraminiféres, in de la Sagra, Histoire physique, politique et naturalle de I’tle de Cuba, pp.
1-224, pls. 1-12.
1839b. Foraminiféres. Voyage dans l’Amerique méridionale, vol. 5, pt. 5, pp. 1-86, pls. 1-9.

= eat
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PLATES

Prate 1. HANTKENINIDAE: PLANOMALININAE
Page Page
Ficures la, b. Globigerinelloides algeriana Cushman 21 Ficures 7a-l0b. Hastigerinoides alexandert (Cush- 24

man)
7a, Side view of holotype (Cushman Coll.
15750), showing radial elongate chambers. 7b,
Edge view. 8a, 10a, Side views of topotypes
(USNM P3920a, b), showing relict apertures
around umbilical region, and variation in the
shape of the radial elongate chambers. 8b, 10b,

and ten Dam
1a, Side view of paratype (Cushman Coll.
56790), showing evolute coil, umbilical chamber
extensions and sinuate sutures. 1b, Edge view,
showing low arched equatorial aperture. From
the Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) of Algeria.

x 7. Edge views, showing low arched equatorial
Ficures 2a-3b. Planomalina apsidostroba Loeblich 23 aperture. 9, Paratype (Cushman Coll. 15754).
and Tappan All from the Austin chalk (Upper Cretaceous)
2a, Side view of holotype (Cushman Coll. of Texas. X 95. NO. Aes
45667), showing peripheral keel, limbate sutures ee 11-12b. Biglobigerinella multispina La- 25
icker

and the lips of the lateral relict apertures. 2b,
Edge view, showing equatorial primary aperture.
< 110. 3a, Side view of hypotype (USNM
P5394) with well preserved relict apertures in
later chambers. 3b, Edge view, X 145. From
the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) of Texas.

11, Edge view of hypotype (USNM P3214a),
showing lateral paired apertures. From the
Upper Cretaceous Taylor marl (Campanian) of
Texas. 12a, Side view of holotype (Cushman
Coll. 51898), showing spherical chambers and
deeply umbilicate test. 12b, Edge view, showing
final paired chambers. From the Upper Cre-

Ficures 4a-5b. Planomalina caseyi Bolli, Loeblich, 24 ’
. taceous Marlbrook marl (Campanian) of Ar-
and Tappan, new species seas! CGO
Ep Bis wer cf noobie (USINRE Pivee) Fraunns 13218b.)) Bielobieerinelial bere (eolialiae eames
showing planispinal test and relict Apter NEMS. lich, and Tappan, new species
4b, Edge view, showing equatorial primary 13, Side view of large paratype (USNM
aperture, with the secondary relict apertures of P4544a), showing well developed lateral relict
earlier chambers remaining open. 5a, Side view supplementary apertures and somewhat sigmoid
of paratype (USNM P4870). 5b, Edge view sutures of the larger specimens. 14-17, Edge
of paratype. Both from the Gault (Albian), views of paratypes (USNM P4544b-e), showing
Lower Cretaceous, of England. X 180. progressive apertural development, from a single
Ficures 6a,b. Hastigerinoides watersi (Cushman) 24 eT: oe ae, ae

6a, Side view of topotype (USNM P3934),
showing well preserved relict supplementary
apertures. 6b, Edge view, showing low arched
primary aperture. From the Austin chalk (Up-
per Cretaceous) of Texas. 130.

238

holotype (USNM P4543), showing paired final
chambers. 18b, Edge view, showing paired final
chambers, each with separate aperture. All
from the Lower Cretaceous Maridale formation
of Trinidad, B.W.I. X 85.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 1

HANTKENINIDAE; PLANOMALININAE

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 2

HANTKENINIDAE: HANTKENININAE

var. primitiva Cushman and Jarvis
Designated as type species for the subgenus
Hantkeninella Bronnimann. 7a, Side view of

holotype (Cushman Coll. 10067), showing the

Pirate 2. HANTKENINIDAE: HANTKENININAE
Page
Ficures la—2. Schackoina cenomana (Schacko) 26 absence of spine on earlier chamber, which was the
la, b, Opposite sides of hypotype (USNM basis for the subgenus Hantkeninella, but which is
P4644a), showing radially elongate chambers a variable character in this and otherspecies. 7b,
and basal portion of the tubulospines, which were Edge view, showing high equatorial aperture,
broken in preservation. Ic, Edge view, showing with lateral extensions beneath the apertural
low equatorial aperture. 2, Side view of smaller flanges, giving a triradiate appearance. From
hypotype (USNM P4644b). From the Ceno- the Eocene San Fernando formation, ‘Trinidad,
manian of Germany. >< 230. BW alee oo):
Ficures 3a—-tb. Hantkenina aragonensis Nuttall 26 Ficures 8a,b. Hantkenina alabamensis Cushman
3a, Side view of lectotype (Cushman Coll. 8a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P4791),
59476) of this species, which was designated as showing planispiral biumbilicate test, with spin-
type species for the subgenus d4ragonella Thal- ate chambers. 8b, Edge view, showing triradial
mann, with radially elongate chambers. 3b, aperture and lateral apertural flanges. From the
Edge view, showing high arched aperture. 4a, Pachuta formation, Jackson Eocene of Alabama.
Side view of paratype (Cushman Coll. 59477). <3:
4b, Edge view. From the Eocene Aragon forma- Figures 9a-llb. Cribrohantkenina bermudezi Thal-
tion of Mexico. > 60. mann
Ficures 5a-6. Hantkenina dumblet Weinzierl and 26 9a, 10a, 11a, Side views of hypotypes (USNM
Applin P4784a-c), showing typically robust appearance.
This species was designated as type for the sub- 9b, Edge view, showing early development of
genus Applinella Thalmann. 5a, Side view of supplementary areal aperture of only two open-
paratype (USNM P4790), showing how greater ings, in addition to the low arched primary interio-
overlap of succeeding chambers changes the marginal equatorial aperture. 10b, Edge view
apparent position of the spines. 5b, Edge view to show complete arched row of pores of the
showing high arched aperture. 6, Side view of multiple aperture, with lateral remnants of the
lectotype (Cushman Coll. 12204) with elevated primary aperture. 11b, Edge view, showing
lips of previous apertures showing in the radial multiple areal aperture of 244 rows, with primary
elevations paralleling the sutures. From the aperture completely closed, and supplementary
Eocene Yegua formation of Texas. >< 65. openings also nearly completely obscured by a
Figures 7a,b. Hanikenina alabamensis Cushman 26 secondary deposit of shell material. Opening at

top of illustration shows where large spine was

broken. From the Pachuta formation, Jackson
Eocene of Alabama. Fig. 9, 35; figs. 10, 11.
aby

239

Page

26

28

PLATE 3.

HANTKENINIDAE : HASTIGERININAE, CASSIGERINELLINAE

Page Page
Figures 1-3b. Hastigerina murray: Thomson 29 Cushman, showing the planispiral test and large
1, 2, Hypotypes (BMNH ZF1562), mounted equatorial aperture. 4b, Edge view. From
in balsam, were living specimens from tow net the Recent of the Pacific. >< 70.
of the Challenger, and show the extremely Figures 5a, b. Clavigerinella akersi Bolli, Loeblich, 30
elongate and delicate spines present in life. The and Tappan, new genus, new species
protoplasm is also preserved within the shell, 5a, Side view of holotype (USNM P4550),
but the chamber arrangement can be seen. showing early spherical chambers and later
1, Edge view; 2, side view of different specimens. clavate ones, and broad lateral apertural flanges.
3, Dead shell of this species, from dredgings in 5b, Edge view, showing high arched aperture.
the South Atlantic, showing how spines have been From the Eocene Navet formation of Trinidad,
broken. 3a, Side view (BMNH ZF1563), B.W.I. 65.
showing planispiral test. 3b, Edge view, Figures 6a-c. Cassigerinella boudecensis Pokorny 30
showing broad equatorial arched aperture. From 6a, b, Opposite sides of topotype (USNM
the Recent of the South Atlantic. 50. P3389) with arched aperture visible in fig. 6b.
Figures 4a, b. Hastigerina aequilateralis (Brady) 29 6c, Edge view, showing biserial enrolled test

4a, Side view of topotype (USNM P3918) of
the species designated as type for Globigerinella
240

and arched aperture.
cene of Czechoslovakia.

From the middle Oligo-
x 300.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 3

HANTKENINIDAE : HASTIGERININAE, CASSIGERINELLINAE

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 4

ORBULINIDAE : GLOBIGERININAE

Pirate 4. ORBULINIDAE : GLOBIGERININAE

Ficures la-c. Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny
la, Spiral side of hypotype (USNM P3917).
1b, Umbilical side, showing broad arched umbil-
ical aperture. lc, Edge view. From Recent
beach sand, Porto Corsini, Italy. > 115.
Iicures 2a-c. Globigerinoides rubra d’Orbigny
2a, Spiral side of hypotype (USNM P3916),
showing supplementary sutural apertures. 2b,
Umbilical view, showing umbilical primary aper-
ture. 2c, Edge view. From the Recent of the
pNelameics Gi95:
Ficures 3a—5. Pulleniatina obliqueloculata (Parker
and Jones)
3a, Spiral view of paratype (USNM P4228).

Page

31

33

3b, Apertural view, showing result of trocho-
spiral coiling with earlier umbilicus covered by
later whorls; broad arched aperture and thickened
lip. 3c, Edge view. From the Recent of Ab-
rohlos Bank, South Atlantic. 110. 4a,
Edge view of hypotype (USNM P4229a), show-
ing variation in the streptospiral development.
4b, Apertural view. 5, View of dissected hypo-
type (USNM P4229b), showing neanic Globi-
gerina stage, with typically umbilical aperture,
and change in plane of coiling with later growth.
Hypotypes from the Recent of the Pacific.
aia:
241

Prate 5. ORBULINIDAE : GLOBIGERININAE

Page
Figures 1,2. Hastigerinella rhumbleri Galloway 32
1, Umbilical view, showing clavate chambers
and elongate spines. 2, Spiral view, showing
spiroumbilical interiomarginal aperture. After
Rhumbler’s original figures of Hastigerina digi-
tata Rhumbler (not Brady) from the Recent of
the Atlantic. 10.
Figures 3a, b. Hastigerinella digitata (Brady) 32
3a, Spiral side of hypotype (USNM P3037),
showing continuation of the spiroumbilical aper-
ture, and radial elongate later chambers. 3b,
Umbilical side, showing aperture. From the
Recent of the South Atlantic. 95.
Figures 4a-d. Globoquadrina altispira (Cushman 31
and Jarvis)
4a, Spiral view of holotype (Cushman Coll.
22482). 4b, Umbilical view, showing the um-
bilical aperture and the umbilical teeth, formed

242

by the triangular apertural flaps of the final
whorl of chambers. 4c, Edge view. 4d,
Oblique view to show the triangular apertural
flaps. From the Miocene Bowden marl of
Jamaica, B.W.I. X 70.
Figures 5a-c. Globoquadrina dehiscens (Chapman,
Parr, and Collins)

5a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P3926).
5b, Umbilical view, showing less well developed
umbilical teeth and more closed umbilicus. 5e,
Edge view. From the Miocene (Balcombian)
of Victoria, Australia. 140.

Figure 6. Globoquadrina sp.

6, Umbilical view of specimen (USNM P4575)
from the Miocene Lengua formation, Trinidad,
B.W.1., showing angular chambers as in G. de-
hiscens, but with well developed apertural teeth
as in G. altispira. 100.

Page

31

31

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 5

ORBULINIDAE : GLOBIGERININAE

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 6

ORBULINIDAE: GLOBIGERININAE, ORBULININAE

Ficures 1-5.
Jones)

Ficures 6a-c.

Ficures 7a-c.

Pirate 6. ORBULINIDAE : GLOBIGERININAE, ORBULININAE

Sphaeroidinella dehiscens (Parker and

1, Dissected hypotype (USNM P4225a), show-
ing neanic Globigerina stage with umbilical aper-
ture and coarsely perforate wall. 2a, Side view
of paratype (USNM P4224a), showing thickened
heavy wall of ephebic stage, and solid chamber
flanges extending over the apertural area. 2b,
Edge view. 3a—4b, Views of paratypes (USNM
P4224b, c). 5, Edge view of hypotype (USNM
P4225b), showing rare development of a supple-
mentary bulla across the apertural groove be-
tween chamber flanges. Figs. 1, 5 from the
Recent of the Atlantic, figs 24+ from the type
locality in the Recent Pacific. All * 50.
Globigerapsis kugleri Bolli, Loeblich,
and Tappan, new genus, new species

6a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P4220),
showing sutural secondary apertures around the
margin of the final chamber. 6b, Umbilical side,
showing enveloping final chamber which has com-
pletely covered the umbilical area and primary
umbilical aperture. 6c, Edge view, showing
secondary apertures at margin of final enveloping
chamber. From the Eocene Navet formation,
Trinidad, B.W.I. x 95.

Globigerapsis semtinvoluta (Keijzer)
7a, Spiral side of hypotype (USNM P3937),

showing large secondary apertures at margin of

Page

52

34

34

I'icures 8-9b.

Ficures 10a-11.

final chamber. 7b, Umbilical view. 7c, Edge

view. [rom the Eocene Navet formation of
Trinidad, B.W.I. 95.
Porticulas phaera mexicana (Cushman)
8, Dissected hypotype (USNM P3902), show-
ing neanic Globigerina stage with coarsely per-
forate wall, and very fine elongate spines pre-
served on the interior, and suggesting that the
living specimen was also spinose. 9a, Spiral view
of hypotype (USNM P3901), showing supple-
mentary sutural apertures in the early stage, as in
9b, Edge view, showing en-
veloping final chamber over umbilical region

Globigerinoides.

which obscures primary aperture of earlier neanic
stage. Numerous sutural secondary apertures
occur at lower margin of final chamber. From
the Eocene Navet formation of Trinidad, B.W.1I.
x 60.
Candeina ninda d’Orbigny

10a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P3924),
showing multiple sutural secondary apertures as
in Globigerinoides. 10b, Umbilical view, showing
sutural secondary apertures and absence of pri-
mary umbilical aperture in the adult. 10c, Edge
view. 11, Dissected hypotype (USNM P3923),

showing neanic Globigerinoides stage with both

primary umbilical apertures and _ secondary
sutural apertures. From the Recent of the
Atlantic. Figs. 10a—-c, X 110; fig. 11, 100.

243

Page

35

35

Frcures 1-5.

FicurEs 6a-S8c.
and Bermudez).

Pirate 7. ORBULINIDAE: ORBULININAE, CATAPSYDRACINAE

Orbulina universa @ Orbigny

1, Three-chambered hypotype (USNM P3911)
from the Recent Atlantic, showing rarer multi-
locular development, but with typical areal
aperture of large scattered pores. 2, Hypotype
(USNM P3908), from the Miocene Chocta-
whatchee formation of Florida, showing early
Globigerina stage incompletely enveloped by later
spherical chamber, termed “Candorbulina” by
Jedlitschka. 3, Typical
hypotype (USNM P3910). 4, Rare bilocular
form (USNM P3909) of the type described as
“Biorbulina’ by Blow. Both from the Recent
of the Atlantic. 5, Hypotype (USNM P3907),
showing “Candorbulina” type of development,
Figs. 1, 3,4, x 55.

spherical unilocular

from the Miocene of Austria.
Imig. 2, 5, 95.
Catapsydrax dissimilis (Cushman

6a, Spiral side of holotype (Cushman Coll.
23430). 6b, Umbilical side, showing umbilical
bulla covering primary aperture. 6c, Edge view,
showing infralaminal accessory apertures be-
neath umbilical bulla.
7a, 8a, Spiral side of hypotypes (USNM P4218a,
b). 7b, 8b, Umbilical side, showing slight varia-
8c, Edge view, showing
the
Oligocene-Miocene Cipero formation of Trinidad,
B.W.I. All * 60.

244

tions in size of bullae.

infralaminal accessory apertures. From

From the Eocene of Cuba.

Page
35

36

FicuRreEs 9a—c.

Ficures 10a-c.

Ficures lla-—c.

Ficures 12a=c.

Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli, Loeblich,
and Tappan, new species
9a, Spiral side of holotype (USNM P4216).
9b, Umbilical side, showing single infralaminal
accessory aperture. 9c, Edge view. From the
Oligocene-Miocene Cipero formation of Trinidad,
BAWel, d< 95.

and Tappan, new species
10a, Spiral side of holotype (USNM P4219).
10b, Umbilical side, showing less depressed
sutures and small umbilical bulla. 10c, Edge
view. From the Miocene Lengua formation of
Trinidad, B.W.I. X 265.
Catapsydrax stainforthi Bolli, Loe-
blich, and Tappan, new species
11a, Spiral side of holotype (USNM P4840).
11b, Umbilical view, showing larger bulla with
tendency to spread along sutures, with small in-
fralaminal accessory apertures at the suture con-
tacts. llc, Edge view. From the Oligocene-
Miocene Cipero formation of Trinidad, B.W.I.
x95:
Globigerinatheka barri Bronnimann
12a, Spiral side of hypotype (USNM P3922).
12b, Umbilical side, showing enveloping final
chamber obscuring primary aperture and earlier
umbilical region. 12c, Edge view, showing
Porticulasphaera stage with development of
bullae over sutural openings, characteristic of
Globigerinatheka. From the Eocene Navet for-
mation of Trinidad, B.W.I. X 95.

Catapsydrax parvulus Bolli, Loeblich,

Page
37

36

37

38

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 7

ORBULINIDAE: ORBULININAE, CATAPSYDRACINAE

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 8

ORBULINIDAE: CATAPSYDRACINAE

Ficures la-2c.
mann

Ficures 3a-c.
mann

PLATE 8.

Globigerinita naparimaensis Bronni-

la, Spiral side of holotype (Cushman Coll.
64182). 1b, Umbilical side, showing two in-
fralaminal accessory apertures at the edge of the
transparent bulla, which is similar in appearance
and position to a normal chamber, but overlaps
the earlier umbilicus, covering the primary um-
bilical aperture of the neanic stage, which can
be seen through the semitransparent bulla. Ic,
Edge view, showing accessory apertures. From
the Miocene Lengua formation of Trinidad,
B.W.I. 2a, Spiral side of hypotype (USNM
P3914), showing sutural extensions of bulla and
infralaminal accessory apertures. 2b, Umbilical
side, showing well developed umbilical-sutural
bulla, with numerous infralaminal apertures along
all margins of the bulla. 2c, Edge view. From
the Recent Atlantic. Figs. la-c,<190; figs.
2a-c, < 140.

Globigerinoita morugaensis Bronni-

3a, Spiral side of holotype (USNM P3913),
showing spiral supplementary sutural apertures,
as in Globigerinoides. 3b, Umbilical side, showing
umbilical bulla as in Catapsydrax. 3c, d, Edge

Page

37

38

Ficures 4-7c.
Stainforth

ORBULINIDAE: CATAPSYDRACINAE

view, of opposite edges, showing bullae over the
secondary sutural apertures, typical of Globi-
gerinoita. From the Miocene Lengua formation
of Trinidad, B.W.I. 150.

Globigerinatella insweta Cushman and

4, Dissected topotype (USNM P3932a), show-
ing areal aperture as in Orbulina, covered by the
bulla which has been partially removed, with
infralaminal accessory openings visible at the
lower margin of the remaining part of the bulla.
5a, Spiral side of paratype (Cushman Coll.
44043a), showing early trochospiral stage. 5b,
Edge view, showing enveloping final chamber
and areal and sutural bullae. 6, Umbilical view
of topotype (USNM P3932b), showing sutural
secondary apertures of Orbulina stage, and the
sutural bullae with infralaminal apertures charac-
teristic of Globigerinatella. Ta, Spiral side of
paratype (Cushman Coll. 44043b). 7b, Um-
bilical side, showing embracing Orbulina-like
final chamber, with small areal bullae at lower
margin. 7c, Edge view, showing elongated
sutural bullae and rounded areal bullae.
the Oligocene-Miocene Cipero formation, Trini-

dad, B.W.I. Figs. 4-6, > 110; fig. 7, X 105.
245

From

Page

Pirate 9. GLOBOROTALIIDAE

Figures la-c.
mer)
la, Spiral side of topotype (USNM P4481),
showing moderately developed early keel. 1b,
Umbilical side, showing extraumbilical-umbilical
aperture. 1c, Edge view. From the Cenomanian
Del Rio clay of Texas. < 145.
Ficures 2a-c. Praeglobotruncana stephani
dolfi)
2a, Spiral side of topotype (USNM P4848) of
the type species of Rotundina Subbotina. 2b,
Umbilical side, showing extraumbilical-umbilical
aperture. 2c, Edge view. From the Cenomanian
of Switzerland. > 95.
Ficures 3a-d. Praeglobotruncana planispira (Tap-
pan)
3a, Spiral side of hypotype (USNM P4875).
3b, Umbilical side, showing extraumbilical-
umbilical aperture, and apertural flaps of final and
preceding chambers projecting into the open
umbilicus. 3c, Edge view, showing high arched
aperture. 3d, Oblique edge view, showing
apertures of earlier chambers all opening into the

Praeglobotruncana delrioensis (Plum-

(Gan-

umbilicus beneath the apertural flaps. From the
Gault (Albian) of England. > 265.
Ficures 4a-c. Praeglobotruncana? — seminolensis

(Harlton)
4a, Spiral side of holotype (USNM 71380) of
type species of Hedbergina Bronnimann and
Brown, showing rounded chambers, smooth
246

Page

39

39

39

39

surface, and perforate wall. 4b, Umbilical view,
showing extraneous material which fills the
umbilicus and sutural depressions, obscuring the
diagnostic umbilical and apertural features, and
the rounded instead of elongated chambers.
4c, Edge view. From the Cretaceous? (reported
originally as Pennsylvanian) of Oklahoma. 80.
Figures 5a-c. Rotalipora ci. appenninica (Renz)
5a, Spiral side of hypotype (USNM P4873).
5b, Umbilical side, showing well developed
extraumbilical-umbilical primary aperture and
small rounded sutural secondary apertures. 5c,
Edge view, showing high arched primary aper-
From the Cenomanian Del Rio formation
of Texas. 105.
Figures 6a—c. Rotalipora turonica Brotzen
6a, Spiral side of hypotype (USNM P50) of
6b, Umbilical

side, showing primary extraumbilical-umbilical

ture.

the type species of Rotalipora.

aperture and secondary sutural apertures. 6c,
Edge view. From the Turonian, Upper Creta-
ceous, of Sweden. 85.
Ficures 7a—c. Rotalipora brotzeni (Sigal)
7a, Spiral side of topotype (USNM P3930) of
the species designated as the type of Thalmanni-
nella Sigal. 7b, Umbilical side showing sutural
secondary apertures in addition to primary extra-
7c, Edge view.
105.

umbilical-umbilical aperture.
From the Cenomanian of Algeria.

Page

41

41

41

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN

2iDpy REA 9

GLOBOROTALIIDAE

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 10

GLOBOROTALIIDAE

Puate 10. GLOBOROTALIIDAE

Page Page

Ficures la~-c. Rotalipora roberti (Gandolfi) 41
la, Spiral side of hypotype (USNM P4829) of
species selected as type of Ticinella Reichel. 1b,
Umbilical side, showing extraumbilical-umbilical

primary aperture and sutural secondary aper-

Bermudez, for which this species was type. The
extraumbilical-umbilical aperture is covered by
a broad apertural flap. From the Recent off the
Canary Islands. 95.

Figures 4a-c. Globorotalia centralis Cushman and 41

tures. lc, Edge view, showing open primary Bermudez
aperture. From the Cenomanian of Switzerland. 4a, Spiral view of holotype (Cushman Coll.
x 150! 23426) of type species of Turborotalia Cushman

and Bermudez. 4b, Umbilical view, showing
Edge

view, showing rounded to ovate chambers, and

Ficures 2a-c. Globorotalia tumida (Brady) 41
2a, Spiral side of syntype (USNM P3143) of
type species of Globorotalia. 2b, Umbilical
view, showing extraumbilical-umbilical primary
aperture with broad apertural flap. 2c, Edge
view, showing arched primary aperture. From
the post-Tertiary of New Ireland. > 60.
Ficures 3a-c. Globorotalia truncatulinoides (d’Or- 41

bigny)

extraumbilical-umbilical aperture. 4¢c,

open arched primary aperture. From the Eocene
‘or Cubace <0)
Figures Sa-c. Truncorotaloides rohri Bronnimann 42
and Bermudez
5a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P4233),

showing sutural secondary apertures, similar to

3a, Spiral view of topotype (USNM P4542),
showing flattened side. 3b, Edge view, showing
extraumbilical-umbilical aperture. 3c, Edge
view, showing umbilicoconvex test shape, con-
sidered typical of Truncorotalia Cushman and

5b, Umbilical view,
showing extraumbilical-umbilical primary aper-
ture. 5c, Edge view. From the Eocene of
Trinidad. Bawa, >< 130)

those of Globigerinoides.

247

Ficures lac.

Ficures 2a—c.

Figures 3a—4c.

Ficures 5a-c.
nimann

Pruate 11.

Abathomphalus mayaroensis (Bolli)
la, Spiral side of hypotype (USNM P4833).
1b, Umbilical side, showing partially open pri-
mary extraumbilical-umbilical aperture and ir-
regular continuous umbilical tegillum with ac-
cessory infralaminal apertures. 1c, Edge view.
From the Maestrichtian Guayaguayare formation
of Trinidad, B.W.I. X 90.
Rugoglobigerina rugosa (Plummer)
2a, Spiral side of hypotype (USNM P3929),
showing characteristic ornamentation. 2b, Um-
bilical side, showing well developed tegillum with
both intralaminal and infralaminal accessory
apertures. 2c, Edge view, showing meridional
pattern of ornamentation. From the Navarro
(Upper Cretaceous) of Texas. > 105.
Rugoglobigerina scott. Bronnimann
3a, Spiral side of hypotype (USNM P4838).
3b, Umbilical view, showing development of
tegilla from successive chambers, and extending
across umbilicus. 3c, Edge view, showing infra-
laminal accessory apertures. From the Mae-
strichtian Navarro (Upper Cretaceous) of Texas.
4a, Spiral side of holotype (USNM P4856) of
species described as type of Trimitella Bronni-
mann. 4b, Umbilical side, from which umbilical
tegilla have been broken during course of preser-
vation. 4c, Edge view. From the Maestrich-
tian Guayaguayare formation of Trinidad, B.W.I.
Figs. 3a—c, X 115; figs. 4a—c, & 120.
Rugoglobigerina hantkeninoides Bron-

5a, Spiral sides of holotype (USNM P4847),
248

Page
43

43

43

43

Ficures 6-l1c.

GLOBOTRUNCANIDAE

showing radially elongate early chambers con-
sidered basis for the subgenus Plummerella (=
Plummerita, new name) Bronnimann, and the
meridional pattern of ornamentation. 5b, Um-
bilical side, with tegilla somewhat obscurely pre-
served. 5c, Edge view. From the Maestrich-
tian Guayaguayare formation of ‘Trinidad,
B.W.I. 150.

Globotruncana arca (Cushman)

6, Umbilical side of hypotype (USNM P4242a),
showing well developed umbilical tegilla, and
absence of open primary aperture. 7a, Spiral
side of excellently preserved hypotype (USNM
P4242b). 7b, Umbilical side, showing completely
preserved tegilla, which cover entire umbilical
region and obscure primary aperture. 7c, Edge
view. 8, 9, Umbilical side of hypotypes (USNM
P4242c—d) showing variation in development and
preservation of tegilla. 10, Umbilical side of
hypotype (USNM P4242e) showing tegilla broken
out of center as is most common in the poorly
preserved or prepared specimens of the genus.
The primary umbilical aperture can be seen here,
although in life it was always covered. Speci-
mens such as this have led to the common mis-
conceptions as to the distinctions between
Globorotalia and Globotruncana. From the
Navarro (Upper Cretaceous) of Texas. Ila,
Spiral side of holotype (Cushman Coll. 5078).
11b, Umbilical side, showing poor preservation
of the type with umbilical region obscured. IIc,
Edge view. From the Mendez shale of Mexico.
All x 80.

Page

44

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 11

GLOBOTRUNCANIDAE

PLATE 12

IN 215.

MUSEUM

IONAL

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ROTALIPORA

Pirate 12. ROTALIPORA, PRAEGLOBOTRUNCANA

Page Page
Ficures la-c. Rotalipora ticinensis ticinensis (Gan- 56 view of paratype (USNM P4795). 3b, Side
dolfi) view. 3c, Umbilical view. Both from the Glo-
la, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P4792). botruncana stuarti zone, Naparima Hill forma-
1b, Side view. 1c, Umbilical view. From the tion, Trinidad, B.W.I. 110.
Rotalipora ticinensis tictnensis zone, Gautier for- Ficures 4a-c. Praeglobotruncana cf. delrioensis 55
mation, Trinidad, B.W.I. > 200. (Plummer)
Figures 2a—3c. Praeglobotruncana coarctata Bolli, 55 4a, Spiral view of specimen (USNM P4793).

new species ‘
2a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P4794).
2b, Side view. 2c, Umbilical view. 3a, Spiral

4b, Side view. 4c, Umbilical view. From the
Globigerina washitensis zone, Gautier formation,

Trinidad, B.W.I. > 200.

249

Pratz 13. GLOBOTRUNCANA

Page
Figures la-c. Globotruncana helvetica Bolli 56
la, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P4796).
1b, Side view. 1c, Umbilical view. From the
Globotruncana inornata zone, Naparima Hill for-
mation, Trinidad, B.W.I. 112.
Figures 2a-c. Globotruncana repanda Bolli, new 56
species
2a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P4797).
2b, Side view. 2c, Umbilical view. From the
Globotruncana stuarti zone, Naparima Hill forma-
tion, Trinidad, B.W.I. 120.
Ficures 3a-c. Globotruncana concavata (Brotzen) Si
3a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P4798).
3b, Side view. 3c, Umbilical view. From the

250

Globotruncana concavata zone, Naparima Hill for-
mation, Trinidad, B.W.I. X 73.
Ficures 4a-c. Globotruncana ventricosa White
4a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P4799).
4b, Side view. 4c, Umbilical view. From the
Globotruncana stuarti zone, Naparima Hill forma-
tion, Trinidad, B.W.I. 73.
Ficures 5a-6c. Globotruncana inornata Bolli, new
species
5a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P4800).
5b, Side view. 5c, Umbilical view. 102.
6a, Spiral view of paratype (USNM P4801). 6b,
Side view. 6c, Umbilical view. >< 80. Both
from the Globotruncana inornata zone, Naparima

Hill formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.

Page

57

Sf

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 13

GLOBOTRUNCANA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 14

GLOBOTRUNCANA

Pirate 14. GLOBOTRUNCANA

Ficures la-c. Globotruncana schneegansi Sigal
la, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P4802).
1b, Side view. 1c, Umbilical view.
Globotruncana inornata zone,
formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.
Figures 2a-c.
Bolli
2a, Spiral view of specimen (USNM P4804).
2b, Side view. 2c, Umbilical view. From the
Globotruncana renzi zone, Naparima Hill forma-
tion, Trinidad, B.W.I. » 85.
Figures 3a-c. Globotruncana renzi Gandolfi
3a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P4803).
3b, Side view. 3c, Umbilical view. From the
Globotruncana renzi zone, Naparima Hill forma-

tion, Trinidad, B.W.I. X 80.

From the
Naparima Hill
x 80.

Globotruncana cf. lapparenti coronata

Page

58

Ficures 4a-c. Globotruncana wilsoni Boll,
species
4a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P4805).
4b, Side view. 4c, Umbilical view. From the
Globotruncana concavata zone, Naparima Hill
formation, Trinidad, B.W.I. 73.
Figures 5a—c. Globotruncana gagnebini Tilev
5a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P4806).
5b, Side view. 5c, Umbilical view. From the
Abathomphalus mayaroensis zone, Guayaguayare
formation, Trinidad, B.W.I. 97.
Figures 6a-c. Globotruncana andori de Klasz
6a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P4807).
6b, Side view. 6c, Umbilical view. From the
Globotruncana lapparenti tricarinata zone, Guaya-
guayare formation, Trinidad, B.W.I. 73.

251

new

Page
58

Prate 15

Ficures 1, 2. Globigerina taroubaensis Bronnimann
1, Spiral view of topotype (USNM P5041).
2, Umbilical From the Globorotalia
aragonensis zone, upper Lizard Springs forma-
tion, Trinidad, B.W.I. > 100.
Ficures 3-5. Globigerina turgida Finlay
3, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5042).

view.

4, Side view. 5, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia aragonensis zone, upper Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I. X 100.

Ficures 6-8. Globigerina primitiva Finlay
6, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5035).
7, Side view. 8, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia rex zone, upper Lizard Springs for-
mation, Trinidad, B.W.I. X 100.
Figures 9-11. Globigerina velascoensis Cushman
9, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5034).
10, Side view. 11, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia pseudomenardiu zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I. % 100.
Figures 12-14. Globigerina triangularis White
12, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5033).
13, Side view. 14, Umbilical view. From the
252

GLOBIGERINA
Page
72 Globorotalia pseudomenardi zone, lower Lizard

73

ial

71

Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I. 100.
Figures 15-17. Globigerina linaperta Finlay
15, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5032).
16, Side view. 17, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia pseudomenardi zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I. 100.
Figures 18-20. Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer
18, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5031).
19, Side 20, Umbilical From
the Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I. X 100.
Ficures 21-23. Globigerina collactea (Finlay)
21, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5039).
22, Side view. 23, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia rex zone, upper Lizard Springs for-
mation, Trinidad, B.W.I. > 100.
Figures 24-26. Globigerina prolata Bolli, new species
24, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5040).
25, Side view. 26, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia formosa formosa zone, upper Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I. 100.

view. view.

Page

70

70

72

72

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BUEEERIN 215. (PEATE 15

GLOBIGERINA

PLATE 16

BULLETIN 215,

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GLOBIGERINA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Peace I6p

GLOBIGERINA, GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures 100)

Figures 1-3. Globigerina gravelli Bronnimann
1, Spiral view of topotype (USNM P5038).
2, Side view. 3, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia formosa formosa zone, upper Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.
Figures 4-6. Globigerina soldadoensis angulosa Bolli,
new subspecies
4, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5037).
5, Side view. 6, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia formosa formosa zone, upper Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.
Ficures 7-9. Globigerina soldadoensis Bronnimann
7, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5036).
8, Side view. 9, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia formosa formosa zone, upper Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.

TFicures 10-12. Transitional form between Globi-
gerina soldadoensis Bronnimann and Globigerina
gravel Bronnimann

10, Spiral view of specimen (USNM P5073).
11, Side view. 12, Umbilical view. From the

Page

72

71

71

71

Globorotalia formosa formosa zone, upper Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.1.
Figures 13-15.
mann
13, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5029).
14, Side view. 15, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia trinidadensis zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B. W. I.
Ficures 16-18. Globigerina spiralis Bolli, new species
16, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5030).
17, Side view. 18, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia uncinata zone, lower Lizard Springs
formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.
Ficures 19-23. Globorotalia trinidadensis Bolli, new
species
19, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5044).
20, Side view. 21, Umbilical view. 22, Spiral
view of paratype (USNM P5045). 23, Spiral view
of another paratype (USNM P5046). From the
Globorotalia trinidadensis zone, Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B. W. I.

Globigerina daubjergensis Bronni-

lower

253

Page

70

70

73

Pirate 17. GLOBOROTALIA, GLOBIGERINA

(All figures

Ficures 1-3. Globorotalia aequa Cushman and Renz

1, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5051).

2, Side view. 3, Umbilical view. From the

Globorotalia velascoensis zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.

Figures 4-6. Globorotalia angulata abundocamerata

Bolli, new subspecies
4, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5050).
5, Side view. 6, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.

Figures 7-9. Globorotalia angulata (White)

7, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5049).
8, Side view. 9, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.1.

Ficures 10-12. Transitional form between Globoro-
talia uncinata Bolli, new species and Globorotalia
angulata (White)

10, Spiral view of specimen (USNM P5074).
11, Side view. 12, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotaha pusilla pusilla zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.lI.

Ficures 13-15. Globorotalia uncinata Bolli, new species

13, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5048).
14, Side view. 15, Umbilical view. From the

254

Page
74

74

74

74

74

> 100)

Globorotalia uncinata zone, lower Lizard Springs
formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.

Ficures 16-18. Transitional form between Globoro-
talia pseudobulloides (Plummer) and CGloborotalia
uncinata Bolli, new species

16, Spiral view of specimen (USNM P5075).
17, Side view. 18, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia uncinata zone, lower Lizard Springs
formation, Trinidad, B.W.1.

Ficures 19-21. Globorotaha pseudobulloides (Plum-
mer)

19, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5043).
20, Side view. 21, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.

Ficures 22-24. Globorotalia quadrata (White)

22, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5047).
23, Side view. 24, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.lI.

Ficures 25-26. Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer

25, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5076)
showing Globorotalia-like apertural character.
26, Umbilical view. From the Globorotaha pusilla
pusilla zone, lower Lizard Springs formation,

Trinidad, B.W.1.

Page

74

73

73

70

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 17

GLOBOROTALIA, GLOBIGERINA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLA

GLOBOROTALIA

Pirate 18. GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures > 100)

Page Page
Ficures 1-3. Globorotalia formosa formosa Bolli, 76 8, Side view. 9, Umbilical view. From the
new species, new subspecies Globorotalia aragonensis zone, upper Lizard
1, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5056). Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.1.
2, Side view. 3, Umbilical view. From the IFicures 10-12. Globorotalia rex Martin 75
Globorotalia formosa formosa zone, upper Lizard 10, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5053).
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.1I. 11, Side view. 12, Umbilical view. From the
Ficures 4-6. Globorotalia formosa gracilis Bolli, new 75 Globorotalia rex zone, upper Lizard Springs forma-
species, new subspecies tion, Trinidad, B.W.I.
4, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5055). Ficures 13-15. Globorotalia aequa Cushman and 74
5, Side view. 6, Umbilical view. From the Renz
Globorotalia rex zone, upper Lizard Springs forma- 13, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5052).
tion, Trinidad, B.W.I. 14, Side view. 15, Umbilical view. From the
Ficures 7-9. Globorotalia aragonensis Nuttall 75 Globorotalia velascoensis zone, lower Lizard Springs
7, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5054). formation, Trinidad, B.W.1.

255

Pirate 19. GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures X 100)

Page
Ficures 1-6. Globorotalia quctra Bolli, new species 79
1, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5070).
2, Side view. 3, Umbilical view. 4, Spiral view
of paratype (USNM P5071). 5, Side view. 6,
Umbilical view. Both from the Globorotalia
formosa formosa zone, upper Lizard Springs
formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.
Ficures 7-9. Globorotalia wilcoxensis Cushman and 79
Ponton
7, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5069).
8, Side view. 9, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia rex zone, upper Lizard Springs
formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.
Ficures 10-12. Globorotalia white: Weiss 79
10, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5068).
11, Side view. 12, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia pseudomenardu zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.
256

Figures 13-15. Globorotalia broedermanni Cushman
and Bermudez
13, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5072).
14, Side view. 15, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia formosa formosa zone, upper Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.

Ficures 16-18. Globorotalia mckanna1 (White)
16, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5067).
17, Side view. 18, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia pseudomenardi zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.1.

Frcures 19-21. Globorotalia tortiva Bolli, new name

19, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5066).

20, Side view. 21, Umbilical view. From the

Globorotalia pseudomenardu zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.

Page
80

79

78

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 19

GLOBOROTALIA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 20

GLOBOROTALIA

Pirate 20. GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures & 100)

Figures 1-4. Globorotalia velascoensis (Cushman)
1, Spiral view. 2, Side view. 3, Umbilical
view. 4, Umbilical view of small specimen.
Hypotypes (USNM P5057 and P5058). From
the Globorotalia pseudomenardii zone,
Lizard Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.
Figures 5-7. Globorotalia pusilla laevigata Bolli,
new species, new subspecies
5, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5065).
6, Side view. 7, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia pseudomenardii zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.1I.
Ficures 8-10. Globorotalia pusilla pusilla
new species, new subspecies
8, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5064).
9, Side view. 10, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.1I.
Ficures 11-13. Globorotalia elongata Glaessner
11, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5063).
12, Side view. 13, Umbilical view. From the

lower

Bolli,

Page
76

78

78

Globorotalia pseudomenardii zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.1.
Ficures 14-17. Globorotalia pseudomenardii Bolli,
new species
14, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5061).
15, Side view. 16, Umbilical view. 17, Spiral
view of a large paratype (USNM P5062). From
the Globorotalia pseudomenardii zone, lower
Lizard Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.I.
Ficures 18-20. Globorotalia ehrenbergi Bolli, new
species
18, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5060).
19, Side view. 20, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.1I.
Ficures 21-23. Globorotalia compressa (Plummer)
21, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5059).
22, Side view. 23, Umbilical view. From the
Globorotalia pusilla pusilla zone, lower Lizard
Springs formation, Trinidad, B.W.lI.
257

Page

77

ih

77

Prams Zil,

CHILOGUEMBELINA, ZEAUVIGERINA, GUEMBELITRIA

(All figures 122; a list of the sample localities is given on p. 88)

Ficures la, b. Chiloguembelina midwayensis mid-
wayensis (Cushman)
la, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5768),
from sample 232705. 1b, Edge view.
Figures 2a-3. Chiloguembelina midwayensis sub-
cyclindrica Beckmann, new subspecies
2a, Side view of holotype (USNM P5774),
from sample 102301. 2b, Edge view. 3, Side
view of paratype (USNM P5775) from sample
102301, showing small end chamber.
Ficures 4a, b. Chiloguembelina crinita (Glaessner)
4a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5753a),
from sample 228674. 4b, Edge view.
Figures 5a,b. Chiloguembelina subtriangularis Beck-
mann, new species
5a, Side view of holotype (USNM P5783), from
sample 232706. 5b, Side view.
Ficures 6a-c. Chiloguembelina midwayensis strombi-
formis Beckmann, new subspecies
6a, Side view of holotype (USNM P5771),
from sample 223472. 6b, Edge view. 6c, Side
view (opposite side to 6a).
Figures 7a, b. Chiloguembelina trinitatensis (Cush-
man and Renz)
7a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5786),
from sample 50315. 7b, Edge view.
Figures 8a, b. Chiloguembelina parallela Beckmann,
new species
8a, Side view of holotype (USNM P5780),
from sample 228484. 8b, Edge view.
Ficures 9a,b, 11. Zeauvigerina aegyptiaca Said and
Kenawy
9a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5803),
from sample 228674, specimen without terminal
end chamber. 9b, Edge view, showing eccentric
position of aperture. 11, Side view of hypotype
(USNM P5804) from sample 228674, a complete
specimen, showing end chamber with tubular neck.
258

Page
90

90

89

91

90

91

91

92

Fieures 10a, b, 12a—13.
(Cushman and Ponton)
10a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5793),
from sample 50315, showing the small variety
occurring in the lower Lizard Springs formation.
10b, Edge view. 12a, Side view of hypotype
(USNM P5794) from sample 102301, showing the
large variety occurring in the upper Lizard
Springs formation. 12b, Edge view. 13, Side
view of hypotype (USNM P 5795,) from sample
228484, showing small subterminal end chamber.
Ficures l4a,b. Chiloguembelina martini (Pijpers)
14a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5759),
from sample 221009. 14b, Edge view.
Figures 15a, b. Chiloguembelina ct.
(Howe and Roberts)
15a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5764),
from sample 177760. 15b, Edge view.
Ficure 16. Guembelitria columbiana Howe
Side view of hypotype (USNM P5801), from
sample 217995.
Figures 17a, b. Chiloguembelina ct.
(Hussey)
17a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5778),
from sample 177760. 17b, Edge view.
Figures 18a, b. Chiloguembelina sp.
18a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5800),
from sample 178162. 18b, Edge view.
Figures 19a-20b. Chiloguembelina victoriana Beck-

Chiloguembelina wilcoxensis

mauriciana

multicellaris

mann, new species
19a, Side view of holotype (USNM P5789),
from sample 240966. 19b, Edge view. 20a,
Side view of paratype (USNM P5790), from
sample 193785. 20b, Edge view.
Ficure 21. Chiloguembelina cubensis (Palmer)
21a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5756),
from sample 193785. 21b, Edge view.

Page
92

89

89

92

91

92

91

89

21

PLATE

BULLETIN 215,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

CHILOGUEMBELINA, ZEAUVIGERINA, GUEMBELITRIA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 22

HASTIGERINA, CASSIGERINELLA, GLOBIGERINA

Pranrn 22:

Page

Ficures la-2b. Hastigerina ct. aequilateralis (Brady) 108

la, Spiral view of specimen (USNM P5601a).
1b, Umbilical view, lc, Side view. 2a, Equa-
torial view of hypotype (USNM P5601b). 2b,
Side view. All from the Globorotalia menardii
zone, Lengua formation, Trinidad, < 68.
Ficures 3a-c. Cassigerinella chipolensis (Cushman
and Ponton)
3a, 3b, Opposite sides of hypotype (USNM
P5602). 3c, Side view. From the Globorotalia
opima opima zone, Cipero formation, Trinidad,
ere!
Figures 4a—7b. Globigerina ampliapertura Bolli,
new species
6a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5603).
6b, Umbilical view. 6c, Side view. 4a, Spiral
view of paratype (USNM P5604). 4b, Um-
bilical view. 4c, Side view. 5a, Spiral view of
paratype (USNM P5605a). 5b, Umbilical view.
7a, Spiral view of small paratype (USNM
P5605b). 7b, Umbilical view. All from the
Globigerina ampliapertura zone, Cipero forma-
tion, Trinidad, < 68.
Ficures 8a—9c. Globigerina cf. trilocularis d’Orbigny
8a, Spiral view of specimen (USNM P56l6a).

8b, Umbilical view. 8c, Side view. 9a, Spiral
view of specimen (USNM P5616b). 9b, Um-
bilical view. 9c, Side view. All from the

108

108

110

HASTIGERINA, CASSIGERINELLA, GLOBIGERINA

Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis zone, Cipero
formation, Trinidad, > 68.
Ficures 10a,b.
Bolli
10a, Spiral view of large paratype (USNM
P5607). 10b, Umbilical view. From the Glo-
bigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis Cipero
formation, Trinidad, * 150.
Ficures lla-c. Globigerina
turalis Bolli, new subspecies
lla, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5608).
11b, Umbilical view. Ile, Side view.
the Globorotalia opima opima zone, Cipero forma-
tion, Trinidad, 150.
Ficures 12a-l3c. Globigerina ciperoensis angusti-
umbilicata Bolli, new subspecies
12a, Spiral view of paratype (USNM P5610).
12b, Umbilical view. 12c, Side view. 13a,
Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5609). 13b,
Umbilical view. 13c, Side view. Both from
the Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis
Cipero formation, Trinidad, < 150.
Ficures l4a-c. Globigerina parva Bolli, new species
14a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5606).
14b, Umbilical view. 14c, Side view.
the Globigerina ampliapertura zone, Cipero forma-
tion, Trinidad, * 68.

Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis

zone,

ciperoensis angulisu-

From

zone,

From

259

Page

109

—

09

108

Pirate 23. GLOBIGERINA

Page Page

Ficures la-4b. Globigerina rohri Bolli, new species 109 Figures 6a-8b. Globigerina venezuelana Hedberg 110
la, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5611). 6a, Spiral view of large hypotype (USNM
1b, Umbilical view. 1c, Side view. 2a, Spiral P5613). 6b, Umbilical view. 6c, Side view.
view of paratype (USNM P5612a). 2b, Um- From the Glcborotalia fohsi robusta zone, Cipero

bilical view. 3a, Spiral view of paratype (USNM
P5612b). 3b, Side view. 4a, Spiral view of
small paratype (USNM P5612c). 4b, Umbilical
view. All from the Globorotalia opima opima
zone, Cipero formation, Trinidad, < 68.

formation, Trinidad. 7a, Spiral view of hypo-
type (USNM P5615). 7b, Umbilical view
showing rudimentary ultimate chamber. From
the Globorotalia fohsi lobata zone, Cipero forma-
tion, of Trinidad. 8a, Spiral view of hypotype

Figures 5a-c. Globigerina bradyi Wiesner 110
5a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5619). (USNM P5614). 8b, Umbilical view showing
5b, Umbilical view. 5c, Side view. From the rudimentary ultimate chamber. From the
Globorotalia menardu zone, Lengua formation, Globorotalia menardu zone, Lengua formation,
Trinidad, * 210. Trinidad. All x 68.

260

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 23

GLOBIGERINA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE

GLOBIGERINA, GLOBOQUADRINA

Pirate 24. GLOBIGERINA, GLOBOQUADRINA

Ficures la-c. Globigerina foliata Bolli, new species
la, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5620).
1b, Umbilical view. 1c, Side view. From the
Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, Cipero formation,
Trinidad, X 68.
Ficures 2a-c. Globigerina nepenthes Todd
2a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5621).
2b, Umbilical view. 2c, Side view.
Globorotalia mayeri zone,
Trinidad, < 68.
Ficures 3a-4c. Globoquaarina dehiscens (Chapman,
Parr, and Collins)
3a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5623)
with last chamber broken. 3b, Umbilical view.
3c, Side view. 4a, Spiral view of hypotype
(USNM P5622). 4b, Umbilical view, showing a
rudimentary ultimate chamber (the umbilical
teeth are concealed). 4c, Side view. Both from
the Globorotalia fohsi lobata zone, Cipero forma-
tion, Trinidad, x 68.
Figures 5a-6. Globigerina juvenilis Bolli, new species
5a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5617).
5b, Umbilical view. 5c, Side view. From the

From the

Lengua formation,

Page

111

111

Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, Cipero formation,
Trinidad, 120. 6, Spiral view of small para-
type (USNM P5618) from the Globorotalia fohsi
lobata zone, Cipero formation, Trinidad, >< 380.
Ficures 7a-8b. Globoquadrina
(Cushman and Jarvis)
7a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5624).
7b, Umbilical view, (umbilical teeth are con-
cealed by matrix). 7c, Side view. From the
Globorotalia fohsi lobata zone, Cipero formation,
Trinidad. 8a, Umbilical view of small hypo-
type (USNM P5625). 8b, Side view. From the
Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, Cipero formation,
Trinidad. Both 68.
Figures 9a-l0c. Globoquadrina
Bolli, new subspecies
9a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5626).
9b, Umbilical view showing umbilical teeth.
9c, Side view. 10a, Spiral view of small para-
type (USNM P5627). 10b, Umbilical view.
10c, Side view. Both from the Catapsydrax
dissimilis zone, Cipero formation, Trinidad,

x 68.

altispira altispira

altispira globosa

261

Page

—_

11

Pirate 25.

HASTIGERINELLA, GLOBIGERINOIDES

(All figures < 68)

Ficures la-c. Hastigerinella bermudex Bolli, new
species
la, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5628);
1b, Umbilical view; 1c, Side view. From the
Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis zone, Cipero forma-
tion, Trinidad.
Ficures 2a-c. Globigerinoides triloba triloba (Reuss)
2a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5629).
2b, Umbilical view. 2c, Side view. From the
Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis zone, Cipero forma-
tion, Trinidad.
Figures 3a—4c.
Le Roy
3a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5630a).
3b, Umbilical view. 4a, Spiral view of hypotype
(USNM P5630b). 4b, Umbilicalview. 4c, Side
view. Both from the Globorotalia fohsi robusta
zone, Cipero formation, Trinidad.
Ficures 5a-6. Globigerinoides triloba
(Brady)
5a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5631a).
5b, Umbilical view. 5c, Side view. 6, Spiral
view of small hypotype (USNM P5631b). Both
from the Globorotalia fohsi lobata zone, Cipero
formation, Trinidad.
Figures 7a-8. Globigerinoides triloba altiapertura
Bolli, new subspecies
262

Globigerinoides triloba immatura

sacculifera

Page
112

113

7a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5632).
7b, Umbilical view. 7c, Side view. 8, Umbili-
cal view of paratype (USNM P5633). Both
from the Catapsydrax dissimilis zone, Cipero
formation, Trinidad.
Ficures 9a—-l0c. Globigerinoides obliqua Bolli, new
species
9a, Spiral view of paratype (USNM P5635).
9b, Umbilical view. 9c, Side view. 10a, Spiral
view of holotype (USNM P5634). 10b, Umbili-
cal view. 10c, Side view. Both from the Glob-
orotalia mayeri zone, Lengua formation, Trinidad.
Ficures lla-c. Globigerinoides diminuta Bolli, new
species
11a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5638).
11b, Umbilical view. 11c, Side view. From the
Globigerinatella insueta zone, Cipero formation,
Trinidad.
Ficures 12a-13b. Globigerinoides rubra (d’Orbigny)
12a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5636).
12b, Umbilical view. 12c, Side view. From the
Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, Cipero formation,
Trinidad. 13a, Spiral view of small hypotype
(USNM P5637). 13b, Umbilical view.
the Globigerinatella insueta zone, Cipero forma-
tion, Trinidad.

From

Page

114

113

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 25

12a
HASTIGERINELLA, GLOBIGERINOIDES

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 26

GLOBIGERINOIDES, SPHAEROIDINELLA

PuatE 26. GLOBIGERINOIDES, SPHAEROIDINELLA

Ficures la—4+. Globigerinoides mitra Todd
la, b, Side views of hypotype (USNM P5640)
from the Globorotalia fohsi fohsi zone, Cipero
formation, Trinidad. 2a, b, Side views of hypo-
type (USNM P5639a). 3a, b, Side views of
hypotype (USNM P5639b). 4, Side view of
hypotype (USNM P5639c). All from the Glo-
borotalia menardii zone, Lengua formation, Trini-
dad, X 42.
Ficures 5a-c. Globigerinoides species
5a, Spiral view (USNM P5641). 5b, Umbilical
view. 5c, Side view. From the Globorotalia
kugleri zone, Cipero formation, Trinidad, < 68.
Figures 6a-7b. Sphaeroidinella rutschi Cushman and
Renz
6a, Spiral view of small hypotype (USNM
P5645a). 6b, Umbilical view. 7a, Spiral view
of hypotype (USNM P5645b). 7b, Umbilical

Page
114

114

115

view. Both from the Globorotalia menardii zone,
Lengua formation, Trinidad, * 68.
Ficures 8-12c. Sphaeroidinella grimsdalei (Keijzer)
8, Umbilical view of very small hypotype
(USNM P5643a). 10a, Spiral view of small
hypotype (USNM_ P5643b). 10b, Umbilical
view. 11, Umbilical view of hypotype (USNM
P5643c). All from the Globorotalia fohsi fohsi
zone, Cipero formation, Trinidad. 9, Umbilical
view of hypotype (USNM P5644a). 12a, Spiral
view of large hypotype (USNM P5644b). 12b,
Umbilical view. 12c, Side view. Both from the
Globorotalia mayeri zone, Lengua formation,
Trinidad. All 68.
Figures 13a—b. Sphaeroidinella cf. grimsdalei (Keij-
zer)
13a, Spiral view of specimen (USNM P5646).
13b, Umbilical view. From the Globorotalia
menardiu zone, Lengua formation, Trinidad, * 68.
263

Page

114

114

Pirate 27. GLOBIGERINOIDES, PORTICULASPHAERA, ORBULINA,
GLOBOROTALOIDES

(All figures x 68)

Figures la, b. Globigerinoides bispherica Vodd
la, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5642).
1b, Umbilical view. From the Globigerinatella
imsueta zone, Cipero formation, Trinidad.

Ficure 2. Porticulasphaera glomerosa circularis
(Blow)
2, Hypotype (USNM P5649). From the

Globigerinatella insueta zone, Cipero formation,
Trinidad.
Ficure 3. Porticulasphaera transitoria (Blow)

3, Hypotype (USNM P5650), same locality
data as fig. 2.

Ficure 4. Orbulina suturalis Bronnimann

4, Hypotype (USNM P5651). From the
Globorotalia menardi1 zone, Lengua formation,
Trinidad.

Ficure 5. Orbulina universa d’Orbigny

5, Hypotype (USNM P5652). From the
Globorotalia Lengua formation,
Trinidad.

Ficure 6. Orbulina bilobata (d’Orbigny)

6, Hypotype (USNM P5653). From the
Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis zone, Cipero for-
mation, Trinidad.

Ficure 7. Porticulasphaera glomerosa curva (Blow)

7, Hypotype (USNM P5647), same locality
data as fig. 2.

Figure 8.
(Blow)

8, Hypotype (USNM P5648), same locality

data as fig. 2.
Figures 9a—13b.
species

9a, Spiral view of medium sized paratype
(USNM P5655a). 9b, Umbilical view, showing

264

mayert zone,

Porticulasphaera glomerosa glomerosa

Globorotaloides suter. Bolli, new

Page
114

115

116

115

a “Globigerina’ stage. 9c, Side view. 10a,
Spiral view of small paratype (USNM P5655b).
10b, Umbilical view, showing “Globorotalia”
stage. lla, Spiral view of small paratype
(USNM P5655c). 11b, Umbilical view, show-
ing “Globigerina” stage. 12a, Spiral view of
small paratype (USNM P5655d). 12b, Um-
bilical view. 13a, Spiral view of holotype
(USNM P5654). 13b, Umbilical view. From
the Globigerina amphapertura zone, Cipero for-
mation, Trinidad.
Ficures l4a-c. Globorotaloides cf. suteri Bolli, new
species
14a, Spiral view (USNM P5656). 14b, Um-
bilical view. 14c, Side view. From the Globz-
gerina ampliapertura zone, Cipero formation,
Trinidad.
Ficures 15a—20c. Globorotaloides variabilis Bolli,
new genus, new species
15a, Spiral view of small paratype (USNM
P5658a). 15b, Umbilical view showing “‘Glo-
borotalia” stage. 16a, Spiral view of small para-
type (USNM P5658b). 16b, Umbilical view.
17a, Spiral view of medium sized paratype
(USNM P5658c).
“Globorotalia” stage. 18a, Spiral view of medium
sized paratype (USNM P5658d). 18b, Um-
bilical view. 19a, Spiral view of large paratype
(USNM P5658e). 19b, Umbilical view, showing
“Globigerina”’ stage. 19c, Side view. 20a,
Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5657). 20b,
Umbilical view. 20c, Side view. All from the
Globorotalia menardi zone, Lengua formation,

Trinidad.

17b, Umbilical view, showing

Page

117

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BUCCETIN 25, PEATE, 27

GLOBIGERINOIDES, PORTICULASPHAERA, ORBULINA, GLOBOROTALOIDES

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 28

GLOBOROTALIA

PLATE 28.

GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures & 68)

Figures la-2. Globorotalia opima opima Bolli, new
species, new subspecies.
la, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5659).
1b, Umbilical view. 1c, Side view. 2, View of
paratype (USNM P5660). Both from the Glo-
borotalia opima opima zone, Cipero formation,
Trinidad.
Ficures 3a-c. Globorotalia opima nana Bolli, new
species, new subspecies.
3a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5661).
3b, Umbilical view. 3c, Side view. From the
Globorotalia opima opima zone, Cipero formation,
Trinidad.
Ficures 4a-c.
Ellisor
4a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5662).
4b, Umbilical view. 4c, Side view. From the
Catapsydrax dissimilis zone, Cipero formation,
Trinidad.
Ficures 5a-6. Globorotalia kugleri Bolli, new species
5a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5663).
5b, Umbilical view. 5c, Side view. 6, Spiral
view of paratype (USNM P5664). Both from
the Globorotalia kugleri zone, Cipero formation,
Trinidad.
Ficures 7a—c. Globorotalia cf. kugleri Bolli
7a, Spiral view of figured specimen (USNM
P5665) with chambers more globular than in
typical specimens. 7b, Umbilical view. 7c,
Side view. From the Globorotalia kugleri zone,
Cipero formation, Trinidad.
Ficures 8a-c. Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis Le Roy
8a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5666).
8b, Umbilical view. 8c, Side view. From the
Globorotalia fohsi barisanensis zone, Cipero for-
mation, Trinidad.

Globorotalia mayert Cushman and

Page
WIZ

118

118

118

119

Figures Ya-l0c. Globorotalia fohsi fohsi Cushman
and Ellisor
9a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5667).
9b, Umbilical view. 10a, Spiral view of hypo-
type (USNM P5668). 10b, Umbilical view.
10c, Side view. Both from the Globorotalia fohsi
fohst zone, Cipero formation, Trinidad.

Figures lla-c. Globorotalia archeomenardii Bolli,
new species

Ila, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5676).
11b, Umbilical view. Ile, Side view. From the
Globorotalia fohst barisanensis zone, Cipero for-
mation, Trinidad.

Ficures 12a—b. ‘Transitional specimen of Globoro-
talia fohsi fohst Cushman and Ellisor and Globo-
rotalia fohsi lobata Bermudez

12a, Spiral view (USNM P5670). 12b, Um-
bilical view. From the Globorotalia fohsi fohsi
zone, Cipero formation, Trinidad.

Ficures 13a-14b. Globorotalia fohsi lobata Bermudez

13a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5669a).
13b, Umbilical view. 13c, Side view. 14a,
Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5669b). 14b,
Umbilical view. Both from the Globorotalia fohsi
lobata zone, Cipero formation, Trinidad.

Ficures 15a—b. Transitional specimen of Globoro-
talia fohst lobata Bermudez to Globorotalia fohsi
robusta Bolli

15a, Spiral view (USNM P5672). 15b, Um-
bilical view. From the Globorotalia fohsi robusta
zone, Cipero formation, Trinidad.

Ficures l6a—c. Globorotalia fohsi robusta Bolli

16a, Spiral view of paratype (USNM P5671).
16b, Umbilical view. 16c, Side view. From
the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, Cipero for-
mation, Trinidad.

265

Page

119

119

119

119

119

Pirate 29. GLOBOROTALIA

Page
Ficures la-c. Globorotalia minutissima Bolli, new 119
species

la, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5675).

1b, Umbilical view. 1c, Side view. From the

Globorotalia fohsi fohs: zone, Cipero formation,

Trinidad, < 210.

Ficures 2a—3. Globorotalia obesa Bolli, new species

2a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5673).

2b, Umbilical view. 2c, Side view. From the

Globcrotalia fohst robusta zone, Cipero formation,

Trinidad. 3, Spiral view of paratype (USNM

P5674). From the Globorotalia fohsi fohst zone,
Cipero formation, Trinidad. Both X 68.

Globorotalia praemenardu Cushman

119

Figures 4a-c. 120
and Stainforth
4a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5677).
4b, Umbilical view. 4c, Side view. From the
Globorotalia fohst fohsi zone, Cipero formation,
Trinidad, * 68.
Ficures 5a-c. Globorotalia lenguaensis Bolli, new 120
species
266

5a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5681).
5b, Umbilical view. 5c, Side view. From the
Lengua formation, Trinidad, < 68.
Ficures 6a-10b. Globorotalia menardu (d’Orbigny)
6a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5678a).
6b, Umbilical view. 6c, Side view. 7a, Spiral
view of hypotype (USNM P5678b). 7b, Um-
bilical view. 8a, Spiral view of large hypotype
(USNM P5678c). 8b, Umbilical view. 8c,
Side view. 9a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM
P5678d). 9b, Umbilical view. 10a, Spiral view
of small hypotype (USNM P5678e). 10b, Um-
bilical view. All from the Globorotalia menardu
zone, Lengua formation, Trinidad, < 68.
Ficures lla-l2c. Globorotalia scitula (Brady)
11a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5679).
11b, Umbilical view. 1lce, Side view. From
the Globorotalia fohsi robusta zone, Cipero forma-
tion, Trinidad. 12a, Spiral view of hypotype
(USNM P5680). 12b, Umbilical view. 12c,
Side view. From the Globorotalia mayeri zone,

Lengua formation, Trinidad. Both 68.

Page

120

120

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 29

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 30

GLOBIGERINA

Ficures la-2c.
mann

Ficures 3a—4c.

Ficures 5a-c.

Pirate 30. GLOBIGERINA

(All figures 135)

Globigerina daubjergensis Bronni-

la, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5573)
from sample 2, Tylocidaris vexilifera zone, Ostra
Torp. 1b, Peripheral view. 1c, Umbilical view.
2a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5574) from
calearenite, ?7ylocidaris vexilifera zone, orp.
2b, Peripheral view. 2c, Umbilical view.
Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer

3a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5575)
from sample 3 (see text-fig. 24), Tylocidaris briin-
nicht zone, Fakse. 3b, Peripheral view. 3c,
Umbilical view. 4a, Spiral view of hypotype
(USNM_ P5580) from calcarenite,

odumi zone, Hjerm (western quarry).

Tylocidaris
4b, Pe-
ripheral view. 4c, Umbilical view.

Globigerina compressa Plummer

Page
128

129

129

Ficures 6a-8c.
mer

5a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5576)
from Tylocidaris vexilifera zone, exact level un-
known, Ostra Torp. 5b, Peripheral view. 5c,
Umbilical view.
Globigerina pseudobulloides Plum-

6a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5577)
from bryozoan limestone filling cavities in under-
lying hardened calcilutite, Tylocidaris odumi
zone, Hojerup, Stevns Klint. 6b, Peripheral
view. 6c, Umbilical view. 7a, Spiral view of
hypotype (USNM P5578) from calcilutite (the
dark spots are accidental fractures), basal Danian
Bogelund. 7b, Peripheral view. 7c, Umbilical
view. 8a, Spiral view of gerontic hypotype
(USNM P5579) from calcilutite, ?7ylocidaris
odumi zone, Hjerm (western quarry). 8b, Pe-

ripheral view. 8c, Umbilical view.
267

Page

Puate 31.

Ficures la,b. Guembelitria cretacea Cushman
la, Side view of holotype (Cushman Coll.
19022) from the Navarro formation, Upper
Cretaceous, Guadelupe County, Texas. 1b, Top
view. 310.
Ficure 2. “Guembelitria” vivans Cushman
2, Holotype (Cushman Coll. 21515), showing
buliminoid aperture, proving this form not to be
related to the Heterohelicidae; from the Recent,
Challenger Station 192 A, off Little Ki Island,
New Guinea, at 129 fathoms. 290.
Figures 3-4c. Guembelitriella graysonensis Tappan
3, Paratype (Cushman Coll. 44713), showing
multiple apertures in the final chamber. 4a,
Holotype (Cushman Coll. 25098). 4b, Opposite
side. 4c, Top view. Both from the Cretaceous
Grayson formation (Cenomanian), on Denton
Creek, 3% miles northeast of Roanoke, Denton
County, Texas. Coll. by A. R. Loeblich, Jr.,
and Helen Tappan Loeblich. < 175.
Ficures 5a-ll. Heterohelix navarroensis Loeblich
5a, Side view of holotype (USNM P33).
5b, Edge view, showing low arched aperture.
« 145. 6-11, Paratypes (USNM P37a-t),
showing gradation from a large coil of typical
Heterohelix type, to a relatively small coil, found
in species formerly referred to Guwembelina.
x 120. All are from the Upper Cretaceous,
Navarro group, Kemp clay, (Maestrichtian), pit
of Seguin Brick and Tile Co., McQueeny,
Guadelupe County, Texas. Coll. by A. R.
Loeblich, Jr.
Ficures 12-15. Heterohelix globulosa (Ehrenberg)
12, 13, Hypotypes (USNM P34a, b), showing
microspheric and megalospheric forms of the
type species of Guembelina. From the Upper
Cretaceous, Navarro group, Kemp clay (Maes-
trichtian), in pit of the Seguin Brick and Tile Co.,
McQueeny, Guadelupe County, Texas. Coll. by
A. R. Loeblich, Jr. 105. 14, Hypotype
(USNM 104332) from the Upper Cretaceous,
Arkadelphia marl, on Arkansas Highway No. 4,
5 miles northwest of Hope, 100 yards east of the
airport beacon, Hempstead County, Arkansas.
Coll. by W. H. Deaderick. > 90. 15, Hypo-
type (Cushman Coll. 31517) from the Upper
Cretaceous, Arkadelphia clay, 7 miles N. by W.
of Hope, Hempstead County, Arkansas. Align-
ment of pores suggests the development of
striae. X< 90.
Ficure 16. Heterohelix carinata (Cushman)
16, Hypotype (Cushman Coll. 31493), showing
a microspheric form with early coil, from the
Upper Cretaceous, Lower Taylor marl, in a
ditch on the north side of the road to Farmersville,
268

Page
136

136

137

137

HETEROHELICIDAE: GUEMBELITRIINAE, HETEROHELICINAE

9.5 miles east of the McKinney courthouse, Col-
lin County, Texas. Coll. by J. A. Cushman and
James Waters. 145.
Ficure 17. Heterohelix globocarinata (Cushman)
17, Hypotype (Cushman Coll. 31641) from the
Upper Cretaceous, upper part of the Taylor
marl, on the Paris highway 1.8 miles east of

Deport, Red River Co., Texas. Coll. by L. W.
Stephenson. Microspheric specimen showing
the early coil. 100.

Ficure 18. Heterohelix reussi (Cushman)

18, Hypotype (Cushman Coll. 24463) from the
Upper Cretaceous, middle Brownstown, in ditch
east of the Commerce-Paris highway, 2.9 miles
south of Paris, Lamar County, Texas. Micro-
spheric specimen with early coil. < 115.

Freure 19. Heterohelix lata (Egger)

19, Hypotype (Cushman Coll. 31513) from the
Upper Cretaceous, Hopflinger Muhle, Upper
Bavaria, showing small early coil, and somewhat
elongated chambers. 125.

Freure 20. Heterohelix pulchra (Brotzen)

20, Hypotype (Cushman Coll. 24417) of
Guembelina pseudotessera Cushman (=H. pul-
chra) from the Upper Cretaceous, upper Taylor
marl, in road cut near crest of hill, 14.4 miles
south of Paris, 0.9 mile north of Lake City, Delta
County, Texas. Coll. by C. I. Alexauder. Early
coil is shown, and the much broadened later
chambers, which appear reniform. 135.

Ficures 21, 22. Pseudoguembelina costulata (Cush-
man)

21, Hypotype (Cushman Coll. 31706), from
the Upper Cretaceous, Navarro group, Corsicana
marl, from pit near Corsicana, Navarro County,
Texas. Megalospheric form, with biserial base,
and well developed chamber extensions, and
accessory apertures. 125. 22, Hypotype
(Cushman Coll. 31705), from the Upper Creta-
ceous, upper Taylor, in a road cut 14.4 miles S.
of Paris, 0.9 mile north of Lake City, Delta
County, Texas. Coll. by C. I. Alexander. Edge
view, showing lateral extensions of the arched
aperture. > 125.

Figure 23. Pseudoguembelina excolata (Cushman)

23, Hypotype (Cushman Coll. 31769) from the
Upper Cretaceous, Navarro group, Corsicana
marl, from clay pit near Corsicana, Navarro
County, Texas, showing the early coil in the

The final chamber of
the specimen is broken, obscuring the apertural

« 155.

microspheric generation.

characters.

Page

137

137

37

139

Figures 5, 12, and 13 prepared by Helen Tappan Loeblich;

others by Lawrence and Patricia Isham.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULEEE TING 2ZTS: (PEATE 31

HETEROHELICIDAE: GUEMBELITRIINAE, HETEROHELICINAE

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 32

HETEROHELICIDAE: HETEROHELICINAE

Piate 32. HETEROHELICIDAE: HETEROHELICINAE

Page Page
T'icures 1-6b. Gublerina ornatissima (Cushman and 140 Horgering, near Eisenarzt, Upper Bavaria. Coll.
Church) by I. de Klasz. 80.

1, Topotype (USNM P5446) of Gublerina Figure 9. Gublerina acuta robusta de Klasz 140
cuvilliert Kikoine (=G. ornatissima) the type 9, Paratype (USNM P5441) of Gublerina
species of Gublerina, from the Upper Cretaceous, hedbergi Bronnimann and Brown, 1953, text fig.
Maestrichtian, between Gan and Rebenacq, 12, (=G. acuta robusta), from the Upper Creta-
Dept. Basses Pyrenees, France. 2-4, Hypotypes ceous, Maestrichtian, in construction pit of Gran
of G. cuvillieri (USNM P5447a-c), from the Templo Nacional Masonico, NW corner of
Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), 2 miles south Paseo Carlos III and Calzado de Belascoain
of Salies de Béarn, Dept. Basses Pyrenees, (Padre Varela), Habana, Cuba. 130.

France. 2, Acid-treated specimen, with surface Ficures 10-12. Planoglobulina glabrata (Cushman) 141
removed to show interior, the two diverging 10, Large specimen, paratype of Ventilabrella
series of chambers, and wide non-camerate eggert var. glabrata Cushman (Cushman Coll.
central area; 3, specimen showing ornamented 24408), from the Upper Cretaceous, Taylor marl,
basal portion, diverging chambers, and surface clay pit at Palmer, Ellis County, Texas, showing
horizontal grooves suggesting septa across the striate surface, globular chambers and extreme
central non-camerate area, with final chamber chamber proliferation. Coll. by J. A. Cushman
proliferation at the top; 4, specimen with beaded and James Waters. 11, Smaller paratype from
horizontal ornamentation across the non-septate same locality, etched to show early Heterohelix
central area, later bubbled appearance, and finally globulosa—like stage, although the initial portion
the chamber proliferation. 5a, Side view of hypo- of the test is broken. 12, Paratype (Cushman
type (USNM P5448) of G. cuvillieri, from south Coll. 24407) from the same locality, showing
of Gan, Dept. Basses Pyrenees, France. Coll. early Heterohelix-like stage. All < 100.
by I. de Klasz. 5b, Top view, showing com- Figure 13. Planoglobulina carseyae (Plummer) 141
pressed form, but with upper surface broken and 13, Megalospheric hypotype (USNM_ P35b)
aperture not visible. Figs. 1-5, all & 75. 6a, from the Upper Cretaceous, Navarro group,
Paratype (Cushman Coll. 10038) of Ventilabrella Kemp clay, 6 to 8 feet above the base of the pit of
ornatissima Cushman and Church (=Gublerina), the Seguin Tile and Brick Co., McQueeny,
from the Upper Cretaceous, at 1,000 to 1,135 Guadelupe County, Texas. Coll. by A. R
feet, in ‘‘Calif. No. Petr. Co. well No. 19,” sec. 2, Loeblich, Jr. > 105.
T. 21 S., R. 14 E., near Coalinga, California. Figures l4a—15b. Racemiguembelina fructicosa (Egger) 142
Surface etched to show chamber arrangement. 14a, 15a, Side views of the flaring conical and
6b, Unacidized surface of opposite side, showing striate tests of hypotypes (USNM P5451) from
obscure appearance of septa at surface. > 100. the Upper Cretaceous, Navarro group, Corsicana
Ficure 7. Gublerina glaessnert Bronnimann and 140 marl, in branch of Mustang Creek, 1 mile WSW
Brown of Noack, 900 feet downstream from the road,

7, Holotype (USNM P5442), from the Upper and 0.2 mile southwest of Christ Evangelical

Cretaceous, Maestrichtian, in construction pit of L i s :
: : utheran church, Williamson County, Texas.
Gran Templo Nacional Masonico, NW corner of : 3
Paseo Carlos III and Calzado de Belascoain Coll. by A.R. Loeblich; Jr. 14b, 15b, Top bee
(Padre Varela), Havana, Cuba, showing better showing nearly circular form, primary and ac-
preserved surface. >< 100. cessory apertures of the unusually well preserved
Figure 8. Gublerina decoratissima (deKlasz) 140 specimens. % 115.

8, Paratype (USNM P5445) from the Upper
Cretaceous, Santonian, from 500 m. South of

Figures 13 prepared by Helen Tappan Loeblich, others
by Lawrence and Patricia Isham.
269

Puate 33.

HETEROHELICIDAE

Ficure 1. Tubitextularia bohemica (Sulc)

1, Topotype (USNM P5437) from the Upper
Cretaceous, Senonian, of Vinice, Czechoslovakia.
Coll. by J. Sule. X 150.

Ficures 2,3. Tubitextularia texana (Cushman)

2, 3, Hypotypes (Cushman Coll. 31834) from
the Upper Cretaceous, Eagle Ford formation, 1
mile north of Lovelace, Texas. Coll. by L. W.
Stephenson. X 150.

Ficures 4,5. Tubitextularia cretacea (Cushman)

4, 5, Topotypes (USNM P5436) of the type
species of Rectoguembelina Cushman, from the
Upper Cretaceous, Arkadelphia clay, at the SW
corner of the NW, sec. 6, T. 12 S., R. 23 W., on
the Hope-Prescott road, near Hope, Arkansas.
x 150.

Figures 6a-c. Pseudotextularia elegans (Rzehak)
6a, Side view of hypotype (Cushman Coll.
24384) from the Upper Cretaceous, Upper Tay-
lor, in road cut 0.9 mile N. of Lake City, Delta
County, Texas. 6b, Edge view. 6c, Apertural
x 100.

view.
PLECTOFRONDICULARIIDAE

Ficures /a-9. Amphimorphina hauerina Neugeboren
7a, Side view of hypotype (Cushman Coll.

17212) from the Miocene of Kostej, Banat,
Hungary. 7b, Basal view, showing early quad-
rate outline, with gradual change to circular sec-
tion in the adult. Both « 50. 8, 9, Hypotypes
(USNM P5450a,b) from the Lower Miocene, La
Sablaine, Saubriques, Dept. Landes, France.
8a, Side view of megalospheric form; 8b, top
view, showing aperture. 9, Side view of micro-

spheric form, showing biserial early stage. All
« 15-

Figure 10. Plectofrondicularia floridana Cushman

10a, Side view of hypotype (Cushman Coll.

62866) from the upper Oligocene, in a core at 96
to 106 feet, Trinchera formation, Bravo well No.
2, Yaguate area, Trujillo Province, Dominican
Republic. 10b, Apertural view. X 65.

Iicure 11. Plectofrondicularia garzaensis Cushman

and Siegfus

270

Page

143

143

144

144

144

HETEROHELICIDAE, PLECTOFRONDICULARIIDAE, BULIMINIDAE

11, Hypotype (USNM P5438), showing envel-
oping biserial early chambers. From the Oli-
gocene Tumey formation, at 4,143 to 4,152 feet,
in Seaboard Oil Co. Welch No. 1 well, Fresno
County, California. 65.

Fieures 12a, 13b. Boliwinella folia (Parker and
Jones)

12a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5449)
from the Recent, at 12 fathoms, off Levuke, Fiji.
12b, Apertural view. 13a, Side view of hypo-
type (Cushman Coll. 17284) from the Recent,

near Nairai, Fiji. 13b, Apertural view. All
x 130.
BULIMINIDAE
Ficures 14-l6c. Bolivinoides draco (Marsson)
14, 16, Topotypes (Cushman Coll. 12108;

USNM P5435), from Upper Cretaceous, Cam-
panian, at Sassnitz, Island of Rugen, Germany.
Coll. by R. S. Bassler. 14, Showing interior of
acid-treated specimen, with smooth, gently
curved septa and internally tuberculate wall;
16a, side view, showing surface ornamentation;
16b, edge view; 16c, apertural view. 15, Oblique
edge view of hypotype (Cushman Coll. 9383),
from Upper Cretaceous, Pattenauer Stollen,
Germany, with specimen tilted to show apertural
opening. All < 100.

Ficures 17a-20. Bolivinita quadrilatera (Schwager)

17a, 18a, Side views of hypotypes (USNM

P5439a-d) from the Recent at 383 fathoms, 4-
batross Station D5445, Atalaya Point, Batag
Island, Philippines, S. 56° E., 5.3 mi. at lat.
12°44’42’’ N., long. 124°59’50’”" E. 17b, 18b,
Edge views to show variation in shape im micro-
spheric and megalospheric generations. 19, 20,
Edge views of acid-dissected specimens to show
internal tooth. Allx<65.

Ficures 2la,b. Tappanina selmensis (Cushman)

21a, Side view of holotype (Cushman Coll.

19043) from the Upper Cretaceous, Selma chalk,
on New Corinth Highway, 13.5 miles south of

MeNairy County, 21b,

* 190.

Selmer, Tennessee.

Apertural view.

Page

143

145

146

U S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 215, PLATE 33

HETEROHELICIDAE, PLECTOFRONDICULARIIDAE, BULIMINIDAE

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 34

BULIMINIDAE, UVIGERINIDAE

Pratt 34. BULIMINIDAE, UVIGERINIDAE

EouvIGERININAE Page Page
Ficures 1-5. Eouvigerina americana Cushman 148 oes Bee ee ecw, Browne
ite potype (UONNE P5159)" showing vaik terminal aperture. 12a, Paratype (Cushman
ability in shape and less closely appressed cham- ee ae oe a eg tas Sats
bers, from the Upper Cretaceous, Taylor group, oe alae ey re Way 5 pager Se Bary,
7.7 miles east of McKinney, on the road to peey, ey ae, New ane Solon
ee ii Collins County, Tee wee H. J. Finlay. 12b, Top view, showing terminal
potype (Cushman Coll. 32201) from the Upper ee we cath yee
Grecaeconss Taylor eronpe-Wolfe City sand, 2:5 FIGURES I3a-c. Trachelinella waterst (Cushman) 150
miles south of Gober, Fannin County, Texas. es ae ef rer Ne mii
Coll. by L. W. Stephenson. Acid-dissected se ye K eer ese. sad ae Ng VErEr Sy
specimen, showing internal tube in the final Miestrichtian; in: pit of ‘Seguin ile’ andi ierick
chamber, not previously known in this genus. ae anpemeentere en aii
3, 5, Hypotypes|(Cushman Coll. 32208) from Ai ceo ui mea scik || iy
the Upper Cretaceous, Taylor group, Wolfe City Pc, Topiuaew, - showittayherminal,|| apernire
sand, in a roadside ditch north of the McKinney- ae 120 atl :
ey ville <oad. 13.85 miles east of the T. FIGURES 14-17. Bolivinitella eley1 (Cushman) 150
C. railroad cacks in McKinney, Texas. Coll pee mite voy enolase sy Cushman Coll,
MGT. Alecander) These cnedimens ii 5552) from the Upper Cretaceous Brownstown
more rounded chambers than is typical of the pr cea aaa Be Ree a
species. 4a, Side view, showing carinate cham- : y ake - aint rete is "ts
bers and completely biserial test of holotype ae ; Sag ae ; Be ues =
Be Apertural view. 105. 15, 16, Hypotypes
(Cushman Coll. 4986), from the Upper Cretace- (Cush Coll. 62189) Bes Uisaecre:
ous Taylor marl, in clay pit of the Dallas Brick ee nese lk ae We Galena
Be ile ests o8 Wesquite, Texas, 4b} Tap ceous in Ohio Oil Co. Larry G. Hammond well
Ss : , d p } 5 No. 1, at 1,410 to 1,420 feet, Salisbury, Mary-
view, showing terminal aperture. All 160. ;
pes land. 17, Hypotype (Cushman Coll. 17662)
Ficures 6,7. Eouvigerina plummerae Cushman 148 aes p
fe 7ivbarypes (Cusiman. Call. 32246) ¢ from type locality of the Annona Chalk, Upper
ey! “YP vaS . si ima ar Cretaceous, at Annona, Texas. Coll. by N. L.
the Austin chalk, in a road cut between two rail- ae Fies. 15-17 100
road underpasses at the north edge of Howe, Be ; ;
Grayson County, Texas. Coll. by C. I. Alex- ?BULIMINIDAE
ander. XX 160. Ficures 18a-c. Tosaia hanzawai Takayanagi 151

Ficures 8a—-lOb. Siphogenerinoides plummeri (Cush- 148
man)
8a, 9, Side view of topotypes (USNM P5453)
from the Upper Cretaceous, Navarro group,
in the bank of Walker Creek, 6 miles N. 15°

18a, Side view of paratype (USNM P5454),
from the Pliocene, Nobori formation, in cliff 100
miles east of Nobori, Hane-muri, Aki-gun,
Kochi prefecture, Japan. Coll. by Y. Taka-

yanagi. 18b, Top view, showing low arched
E. of Cameron, 1 mile upstream from the aperture. 18c, Basal view, showing trochoid
intersection of Walker Creek and the Cameron- early stage, later triserial, and finally biserial.
Clarkson road, Milam County, Texas. Coll. << 100. :
by H. J. Plummer. 8b, Top view. X 65. UVIGERINIDAE

10a, Sectioned topotype (USNM P5455), show-

Perea) tnbe SC-65. 10b, Upper part of Ficures 19a—-22. Pseudouvigerina cristata (Mars- 151

son)

same specimen, enlarged to show detail of in-
ternal tube, which is only hemicylindrical, and
segments of adjoining chambers alternate in
orientation, suggesting a reflection of the early
biserial development in the interior of the other-
wise uniserial and symmetrical chambers.

130.

Ficures lla-12b. Zeauvigerina zelandica Finlay

lla, Side view of paratype (Cushman Coll.
26775) from the type Wanstead (upper middle
Eocene), Danneverke area, Motuoaria S. D., 1
mile south of Wonstead Hotel, New Zealand.

149

19a, Side view of topotype (Cushman Coll.
39651), from the Campanian, Upper Cretaceous,
Island of Rugen, Germany. 19b, Top view.
< 150. 20-22, Hypotypes (USNM P4858a-c),
from the Upper Cretaceous, Maestrichtian,
Gerhardtsreuter Schichten, Starzmuhl, near
Teisendorf, Upper Bavaria. Coll. by H. Hagn.
20a, View of side; 20b, view from opposite angle;
20c, top view; 21, 22, acid-dissected specimens
showing, respectively, internal tooth in final and
penultimate chamber. > 140.

(Continued on page 272)

PiatEe 34. BULIMINIDAE, UVIGERINIDAE

(Continued)
PlsopoDA Page
Ficure 23. Modoplanulis elongata Hussey 151 east and 345 feet north of the southwest corner,

23, Holotype (LSU 2563), from the Eocene,
Cane River formation, in core from Louisiana
Oil and Refining Co. Tremont well 2, 2,312 feet

Pirate 35.

SW, Sec. 24, T. 10 N., R. 2 E., La Salle Parish,
100. Figured to
acters of this probable arthropod appendage.

Louisiana. < show char-

HASTIGERINA, CLAVIGERINELLA, GLOBIGERINA

(Figures 1-2 144, all others < 73)

Figures la—2b. Hastigerina micra (Cole)
la, Equatorial view of small hypotype (USNM
P5698a). 1b, Side view. 2a, Equatorial view of
hypotype (USNM P5698b). 2b, Side view.
Both from the Porticulasphaera mexicana zone,
Navet formation, Trinidad.

Figures 3a, b. Clavigerinella aff. akers1 Bolli,
Loeblich, and Tappan
3a, Equatorial view of specime1 (USNM

P5700). 3b, Side view. From the Hantkenina
aragonensis zone, Navet formation, Trinidad.
Fieure 4. Clavigerinella akersi Bolli, Loeblich, and
Tappan

4, Equatorial view of topotype (USNM P5699)
from the Hantkenina aragonensis zone, Navet
formation, Trinidad

Figures 5, 6. Clavigerinella jarvist (Cushman)

5, Equatorial view of large hypotype (USNM
P570la). 6, Equatorial view of hypotype
(USNM P5701b). Both from the Globorotalia
lehneri zone, Navet formation, Trinidad.

Ficures 7a, b. Globigerina prolata Bolli

7a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5702).
7b, Umbilical view. From the Globorotalia
palmerae zone, Navet formation, Trinidad.

Figures 8a-c. Globigerina soldadoensis angulosa
Bolli

8a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5703).
8b, Umbilical view. 8c, Side view. From the
Globorotalia palmerae zone, Navet formation,
Trinidad.

Ficures Ya-c. Globigerina soldadoensis Bronnimann
9a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5704)
9b, Umbilical view. 9c, Side view. From the

272

161

162

162

162

162

Globorotalia palmerae zone, Navet formation,
Trinidad.
Figures 10a-12. Globigerina senni (Beckmann)
10a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5705a).
10b, Umbilical view. 11, Umbilical view of
hypotype (USNM P5705b). 12, Side view of
hypotype (USNM P5705c). All from the
Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet forma-
tion, Trinidad.
Figures l3a-c. Globigerina turgida Finlay
13a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5706).
13b, Umbilical view. 13c, Side view. From the
Globorotalia palmerae zone, Navet formation,
Trinidad.
Figures 14a—l5c.
and Applin
14a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5707).
14b, Umbilical view. 14c, Side view. From the
Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet formation,
Trinidad. 15a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM
P5708). 15b, Umbilical view. 15c, Side view.
From the Globigerapsis semiinvoluta zone, Navet
formation, Trinidad.
Figures l6a-17. Globigerina venezuelana Hedberg
16a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5709a).
16b, Umbilical view. 16c, Side view. 17,
Umbilical view of hypotype with rudimentary
final chamber (USNM P5709b). Both from the
Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet forma-
tion, Trinidad.
Ficures 18a, b. Globigerina collactea (Finlay)
18a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5710).
18b, Umbilical view. From the Globorotalia
palmerae zone, Navet formation, Trinidad.

Globigerina yeguaensis Weinzierl

Page

163

163

163

164

162

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 35

HASTIGERINA, CLAVIGERINELLA, GLOBIGERINA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 36

GLOBIGERINA, ‘“‘“GLOBIGERINOIDES,’’ GLOBIGERAPSIS

Pirate 36. GLOBIGERINA, “GLOBIGERINOIDES”, GLOBIGERAPSIS

(All figures 73)

Figures’ la-—2b. bowert Bolli, new
species
la, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5711).
1b, Umbilical view. 1c, Side view. 2a, Spiral
view of large paratype (USNM P5712). 2b,
mien view. Both from the Hantkenina ara-
gonensty zone, Navet formation, Trinidad.
FIGURES 3a, b. Globigerina cf. trilocularis d’Orbigny
3a, Spiral view of figured specimen (USNM
P5713). 3b, Umbilical view. From the Globoro-
talia cocoaensis zone, San Fernando formation,
Trinidad.
Ficures 4a, b. Globigerina rohri Bolli
4a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5714).
4b, Umbilical view, showing a rudimentary final
chamber. From the Globorotalia cocoaensis zone,
San Fernando formation, Trinidad.
Figures 5a, b. Globigerina linaperta Finlay
5a, Spiral view of small hypotype (USNM
P5715). 5b, Umbilical view. From the Por-
‘ ticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet formation,
Trinidad.
Ficures 6a, b. Globigerina ciperoensis angustium-
bilicata Bolli
6a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5716).
6b, Umbilical From the Globorotalia
cocoaensis zone, San Fernando formation, Trini-
dad.
Figures 7a-c. Globigerina parva Bolli
7a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5717).
7b, Umbilical view. 7c, Side view. From the
Globigerapsis semiincoluta zone, Navet formation,
Trinidad.
Ficures 8a-c. Globigerina ampliapertura Bolli
8a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5718).
8b, Umbilical view. 8c, Side view. From the
Globorotalia cocoaensis zone, San Fernando for-
mation, Trinidad.
Figures 9, 10. Specimens transitional between Glo-
borotalia centralis Cushman and Bermudez and
Globigerina ampliapertura Bolli

Globigerina

view.

Page

163

163

164

163

164

164

164

9, Umbilical view of figured specimen (USNM
P5719a). 10, Umbilical view of figured specimen
(USNM P5719b). Both from the Globorotalia
cocoaensis zone, San Fernando formation, Trini-
dad.

Figures lla—13b.
new species

lla, Umbilical view of holotype (USNM

P5720). 11b, Side view. From the lower-mid-

dle Eocene, core in Atlantic Ocean, at lat. 30°43’

N., long. 62°28’ W. 12a, Umbilical view of

paratype (USNM P572la). 12b, Side view.

13a, Umbilical view’ of paratype (USNM

P5721b). 13b, Side view. Both from the

Hantkenina aragonensis zone, Navet formation,

‘Trinidad.

Ficures l4a-18b. Globigerapsis index (Finlay)

14a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5722a).
14b, Umbilical view. 15, Umbilical view of
hypotype (USNM P5722b). Both
Globigerapsis kugleri zone, Navet formation,
Trinidad. 16, Side view of hypotype (USNM
P5723). 17, Umbilical view of hypotype (USNM
P5724), with final chamber removed to show the
open umbilicus of the early globigerinid stage.
18a, Spiral view of juvenile specimen (USNM
P5725), showing early Globigerina stage. 18b,

All from the Porticulasphaera
mexicana zone, Navet formation, Trinidad.
Ficures 19, 20. Globigerapsis semiinvoluta (Keijzer)

19, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5726a).

20, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5726b). Both

from the Globigerapsis semiinvoluta zone, Navet

“Globigerinoides” higginst Bolli,

from the

Umbilical view.

formation, Trinidad.
Ficures 2la,b. Globigerapsis kugleri Bolli, Loeblich,
and Tappan
21a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5727).
21b, Side view. From the Globorotalia lehneri
zone, Navet formation, Trinidad.
273

Page

164

165

165

165

Prare 37. 7 PORMCULASRETADRASy CAA SVs DINASEs Gill © iG BRTING ale eit eve
GLOBOROTALOIDES, GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures X 73)

Page
Ficures la,b. Porticulasphaera mexicana (Cushman) 165
la, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5728).
1b, Side view. From the Porziculasphaera mext-
cana zone, Navet formation, Trinidad.
Ficures 2a-5b. Catapsydrax echinatus Bolli, new 165
species
2a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5729).
2b, Umbilical view. 2c, Side view. 3a, Spiral
view of paratype (USNM P5730a). 3b, Umbili-
cal view. 3c, Side view. 4, Side view of small
paratype (USNM P5730b). 5a, Spiral view of
paratype (USNM P5730c). 5b, Umbilical view,
showing thin-walled bulla without spines. All
from the Portculasphaera mexicana zone, Navet
formation, Trinidad.
Figures 6a, b. Catapsydrax cf. dissimilis (Cushman 166
and Bermudez)
6a, Spiral view (USNM P5731); 6b, Umbilical
view. From the Globigerapsis seminvoluta zone,
Navet formation, Trinidad.
Ficures 7a,b. Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli, Loeblich, 166
and ‘Tappan
7a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5732).
7b, Umbilical view. From the Truncorotaloides
rohri zone, Navet formation, Trinidad.
Frieures 8, 9. Globigerinatheka barri Bronnimann 166
8, Hypotype (USNM P5733a), with only one
of the 3 sutural apertures visible in the figure,
covered by a small sutural bulla. 9, Hypotype
USNM P5733b), with all sutural apertures cov-
ered by large sutural bullae. Both from the
Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet formation,
Trinidad.

274

Figures 10a-12. Globorotaloides suteri Bolli
10a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5734a).
10b, Umbilical view, showing much reduced final
chamber which covers only small area of the
umbilicus. 10c¢, Side view. 11, Umbilical view
of hypotype (USNM P5734b). 12, Umbilical
view of hypotype (USNM P5734c). All from the
Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet formation,
Trinidad.
Freures 13a-c. Globorotalia broedermanni Cushman
and Bermudez
13a, Spiral view ot hypotype (USNM P5735).
13b, Umbilical view. 13c, Side view. From the
Globorotalia palmerae zone, Navet formation,
Trinidad.
Ficures l4a-16. Globorotalia bolivariana (Petters)
14a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5736a).
14b, Umbilical view. 14c, Side view. 15a,

Page
166

167

169

Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5736b). 15b, _

Umbilical view. 15c, Side view. 16, Umbilical
view of hypotype (USNM P5736c). All from
the Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet forma-
tion, Trinidad.
Figures 17a—c. Globorotalia pseudomayert Bolli, new
species
17a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5737).
17b, Umbilical view. 17c, Side view. From the
Hantkenina aragonensis zone, Navet formation,
Trinidad.
Figures 18a-c. Globorotalia aspensis (Colom)
18a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5738).
18b, Umbilical view. 18c, Side view. From
the Globorotalia palmerae zone, Navet formation,

Trinidad.

167

166

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 37

PORTICULASPHAERA, CATAPSYDRAX, GLOBIGERINATHEKA, GLOBOROTALOIDES, GLOBOROTALIA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 38

GLOBOROTALIA

PiaTe 38.

GLOBOROTALIA

(Figures 3a—c, & 144; all others & 73)

Ficures la-c. Globorotalia aragonensis Nuttall
la, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5739).
1b, Umbilical view. 1c, Side view. From the
Hantkenina aragonensis zone, Navet formation,
Trinidad.
Ficures 2a~c.
Bermudez
2a, Spiral view of a worn hypotype (USNM
P5740). 2b, Umbilical view. 2c, Side view.
From the Globorotalia palmerae zone, Navet for-
mation, Trinidad.
Ficures 3a-c. Globorotalia renzi Bolli, new species
3a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5741).
3b, Umbilical view. 3c, Side view. From the
Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet forma-
tion, Trinidad.
Ficures 4a—5c.
species
4a, Spiral view of small paratype (USNM
P5743). 4b, Umbilical view. 4c, Side view.
5a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5742).
5b, Umbilical view. 5c, Side view. Both from
the Hantkenina aragonensis zone, Navet forma-
tion, Trinidad.
Ficures 6a—7c. Globorotalia spinulosa Cushman

Globorotalia palmerae Cushman and

Globorotalia bullbrooki Bolli, new

Page
167

166

168

167

168

6a, Spiral view of well preserved hypotype
USNM P5744a). 6b, Umbilical view. 6c, Side
view. 7a, Spiral view of hypotype with spines
partially worn away (USNM._ P5744b). 7b,
Umbilical view. 7c, Side view. Both from the
Hantkenina aragonensis zone, Navet formation,
Trinidad.
Ficures 8a-c. Globorotalia spinuloinflata (Bandy)
8a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5745).
8b, Umbilical view. 8c, Side view. From the
Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet forma-
tion, Trinidad.
Ficures 9a-13. Globorotalia lehneri Cushman and
Jarvis
9a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5746a).
9b, Umbilical view. 9c, Side view. 10a, Spiral

view of small hypotype (USNM P5746b). 10b,
Umbilical view, showing rudimeatary final
chamber. lla, Spiral view of large hypotype

(USNM P5747). 11b, Umbilical view. 12,
Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5746c). 13,
Spiral view of hypotype with broken rudimentary
final chamber (USNM P5746d). All from the

Porticulasphaera mexicana zone, Navet forma-

tion, Trinidad.

iw]
ie |
ou

Page

168

169

Ficures 5a—/b.

Ficures 8—12c.
and Bermudez

Pirate 39. GLOBOROTALIA, TRUNCOROTALOIDES

(Figures 3a-c, & 144; all others x 73)

Figures la—4. Globorotalia centralis Cushman and
Bermudez

la, Spiral view of large hypotype (USNM
P5748a). 1b, Umbilical view. le, Side view.
2a, Spiral view of high spired hypotype (USNM
P5748b). 2b, Side view. 3a, Spiral view of small
hypotype (USNM P5748c). 3b, Umbilical view.
3c, Side view. All from the Porticulasphaera
mexicana zone, Navet formation, ‘Trinidad.
4, Side view of typical hypotype (USNM P5749).
From the Globorotalia cocoaensis zone, San Fer-
nando formation, Trinidad.
Globorotalia cocoaens1s Cushman

5a, Spiral view of the distinctly umbilico-con-
vex hypotype (USNM P5750a). 5b, Side view.
6a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5750b).
6b, Umbilical view. 6c, Side view. 7a, Spiral
view of hypotype (USNM P5750c). 7b, Side
view. All from the Globorotalia cocoaensis zone,
San Fernando formation, Trinidad.
Truncorotaloides rohri Bronnimann

8, Spiral view of juvenile hypotype which has
not yet developed sutural supplementary aper-
276

Page

169

169

Ficures 13-16b.

man)

tures (USNM P575la). 9, Spiral view of slightly
larger hypotype (USNM P5751b), showing
sutural supplementary apertures. 10a, Spiral
view of hypotype (USNM P575ic) with sutural
supplementary aperture on rudimentary final
chamber. 10b, Umbilical view. 11, Spiral view
of hypotype (USNM P575ld) showing several
sutural supplementary apertures in the last two
chambers. 12a, Spiral view of characteristic
hypotype(USNM P575le). 12b, Umbilical view.
12c, Side view. All from the Porticulasphaera
mexicana zone, Navet formation, Trinidad.

Truncorotaloides topilensis (Cush-

13, Spiral view of small hypotype which has
not developed sutural supplementary apertures
(USNM P5752a). 14, Spiral view of small hypo-
type showing two small sutural supplementary
apertures (USNM P5752b). 15, Spiral view of
large hypotype (USNM P5752c). 16a, Spiral
view of very angular, spinose hypotype (USNM
P5752d). 16b, Umbilical view. 16c, Side view.
All from the Porticulasphaera mexicana zone,
Navet formation, Trinidad.

Page

170

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 39

GLOBOROTALIA, TRUNCOROTALOIDES

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 40

DANIAN AND PINE BARREN PLANKTONIC SPECIES

Piatre 40.

(ligures 1-5 from type Danian, figures 6-9 from Pine Barren; figures 6-8,

Figures la-c.
nimann)
la, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5709),
showing supplementary apertures in final cham-
ber. 1b, Umbilical view. 1c, Edge view.
Figures 2a-b. Chiloguembelina morsei (Kline)
2a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5854)
showing narrow test, and aperture directed to-
ward the broad side. 2b, Edge view.
Ficures 3a-c. Globorotalia pseudobulloides (Plum-
mer)
3a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5720).
3b, Umbilical view, showing extraumbilical aper-
ture. 3c, Edge view.
Ficures 4a-c. Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer
4a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5814)
showing coarsely pitted surface. 4b, Umbilical
view, showing umbilical aperture with narrow lip.
4c, Kdge view.
Ficures 5a-c. Globorotalia compressa (Plummer)
5a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5716).
5b, Umbilical view showing broad simple aper-

Globigerinoides daubjergensis (Bron-

Page

184

_

92

188

DANIAN AND PINE BARREN PLANKTONIC SPECIES

290; all others * 145)

tural lip. 5e, Edge view, showing slightly com-
pressed chambers.

Figure 6.

‘Tappan

6, Side view of holotype (USNM P5685), show-

ing early triserial stage of a single whorl, and

later biserial chambers.

Iicures 7a-c. Globorotalia perclara Loeblich and
Tappan, new species

7a, Spiral view of paratype (USNM P5821),

7b, Umbilical

Woodringina claytonensis \Loeblich and

showing distinctly hispid surface.
view. 7c, Kdge view.
Ficures 8a-c. Globigerinoides daubjergensis (Bronni-
mann)
8a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5713).
8b, Umbilical view. 8c, Edge view.
Iicures Ya-c. Globorotalia pseudobulloides (Plum-
mer)
9a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5724).
9b, Umbilical

9c, Edge view.

view showing prominent lip.

277

P

1

_

1

—

age

78

9]

84

92

Pirate 41.

McBRYDE PLANKTONIC SPECIES

(All figures & 145)

Page

Freures la-c. Globorotalia pseudobulloides (Plum- 192

mer)
la, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5725).
1b, Umbilical view. 1c, Edge view.
Ficures 2a-c. Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer
2a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5818),

showing coarsely pitted surface. 2b, Umbilical

view, showing prominent apertural lip. 2c,
Edge view.
Ficure 3. Chiloguembelina midwayensis (Cushman) 179

3, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5829),
showing aperture directed toward broad side of
test, and fine spies on later part of test.

Ficure 4. Chiloguembelina morsei (Kline) 179
4, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5855),
showing narrower test than in C. midwayensts.
Ficures 5a-c. Globorotalia compressa (Plummer) 188

5a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5718).
5b, Umbilical view, showing prominent apertural
lip. 5c, Edge view.

278

Frcoure 6. Tubitextularia laevigata Loeblich and Tap-
pan, new species

6, Side view of holotype (USNM P5820), show-
ing early biserial part followed by uniserial stage,
and the characteristic smooth surface of the test.

Ficure 7. Tubitextularia alabamensis (Cushman)

7, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5686),
showing early biserial part and later cuneate
chambers tending to become uniserial, and finely
hispid surface.

Ficures 8a-c. Globorotalia perclara Loeblich and
‘Tappan, new species

8a, Spiral view of paratype (USNM P5822).
8b, Umbilical view, showing spinose surface.
8c, Edge view, showing small aperture.

Ficures 9a-c. Globigerinoides daubjergensis (Bron-
nimann)

9a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5714)
showing prominently spinose wall surface, charac-
teristic of this species. 9b, Umbilical view. 9c,
Edge view.

Page
180

180

184

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 215, PLATE 41

McBRYDE PLANKTONIC SPECIES

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETI PLATE 42

BRIGHTSEAT PLANKTONIC SPECIES

Puate 42.

(All figures

Page
Figures la, b. Chiloguembelina morsei (Kline) 179
la, Side view ot hypotype (USNM P5858),
showing narrow test and asymmetrical aperture.
1b, Edge view.
Ficures 2a-c. Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer
2a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5699)
2b, Umbilical view,
showing distinct lip. 2c, Edge view.
Ticures 3a-c. Globorotalia pseudobulloides (Plum- 192
mer)
3a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5728).
3b, Umbilical view, showing prominent apertural
lip. 3c, Edge view.
Figures 4a-c. Globorotalia perclara Loeblich and 191
Tappan, new species

183

showing reticulate surface.

BRIGHTSEAT PLANKTONIC SPECIES

< 145)

4a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P5356),
showing depressed spire and elevated peripheral
region, numerous whorls and low chambers. 4b,
Umbilical view, showing somewhat spinose sur-
face. 4c, Edge view.
Ficures 5a—c. Globorotalia compressa (Plummer)
5a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5719).
5b, Umbilical view. 5c, Edge view, showing
compression and subacute periphery.
Ficures 6a-7c. Globigerinoides daubjergensis (Bron-
nimann)
6a, 7a, Spiral views of hypotypes (USNM
P5715a,b), showing well developed supplemen-
tary apertures and characteristic spinose surface.
6b, 7b, Umbilical views. 6c, 7c, Edge views,
showing variation in height of spire.

279

Page

188

184

Puate 43.

KINCAID AND WILLS POINT PLANKTONIC SPECIES

(Figures 1-5 from Kincaid, figures 6-9 from Wills Point; all figures * 145)

Page
Figures la-c. Globigerinoides daubjergensis (Bron- 184
nimann)

la, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5710).
1b, Umbilical view. 1c, Edge view.

Figure 2. Chiloguembelina morse1 (Kline)

2, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5856),
showing aperture directed toward broad side of
test.

Figures 3a—4c.
mer)

3a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5721a).
3b, Umbilical view, showing simple apertural
lip. 3c, Edge view, showing broad extraumbilical
aperture. 4a, Spiral view of small hypotype
(USNM P5721b). 4b, Umbilical view, showing
bulla-like chamber covering the umbilical area.
4c, Edge view, showing bulla-like chamber.

Figures 5a-c. Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer
5a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5815)
showing coarsely punctate surface. 5b, Um-

280

179

Globorotalia pseudobulloides (Plum- 192

bilical view, showing small apertural lip. 5c,
Edge view.
Figures 6a, b. Chiloguembelina morse (Kline)
6a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5857)
showing narrow test, thin apertural lips and
hispid wall surface. 6b, Edge view, showing the
delicate apertural lip.
Figures 7a—b. Chiloguembelina midwayensis (Cush-
man)
7a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5831),
showing broad test and asymmetrical aperture.
7b, Edge view, showing aperture.
Figures 8a—-9c. Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer
8a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5817)
showing coarsely punctate test and four chambers
in the final whorl. 8b, Umbilical view. 9a,
Spiral view of topotype (USNM P5816) showing
three chambers in the final whorl. 9b, Um-
bilical view, showing prominent apertural lip.
9c, Edge view.

Page

179

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 215, PLATE 43

KINCAID AND WILLS POINT PLANKTONIC SPECIES

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 44

WILLS POINT GLOBOROTALIA AND GLOBIGERINOIDES

Pirate 44. WILLS POINT GLOBOROTALIA AND GLOBIGERINOIDES

(All figures & 145)

Page
Figures la-2b. Globorotalia varianta (Subbotina) 196
la, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5707a),
showing similarity to G. pseudobulloides, but
with distinctly spinose early chambers. 1b,
Umbilical view, showing distinct apertural lip.
Ic, Edge view. 2a, Spiral view of hypotype
(USNM P5707b), with final chamber of reduced
size. 2b, Umbilical view.
Ficures 3a—c. Globorotalia imitata Subbotina 190
3a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5688),
showing small size and low chambers. 3b,
Umbilical view, showing distinct lip. 3c, Edge
view.
Figures 4-6c. Globorotalia pseudobulloides (Plum- 192
mer)
4, 5, Umbilical views of hypotypes (USNM
P5722a, b) with aberrant final chamber extending,

bulla-like, to cover the umbilicus. 6a, Spiral
view of hypotype (USNM P5723). 6b, Umbilical
view. 6c, Edge view.
Ficures 7-8c. Globigerinoides daubjergensis (Bron-
nimann)

7, Umbilical view of hypotype (USNM P5711)
with aberrant and somewhat elongate final
chamber. 8a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM
P5712) showing supplementary apertures and
spinose wall. 8b, Umbilical view. 8c, Edge
view, showing relatively high spire.

Ficures 9a-l0c. Globorotalia compressa (Plummer)
9a, 10a, Spiral views of hypotypes (USNM
P5717a, b). 9b, 10b, Umbilical views. 9c, 10c,
Edge views, showing variation in degree of
compression.
281

Page

184

yee

88

Prate 45.

MATTHEWS LANDING GLOBIGERINA, GLOBOROTALIA, AND

CHILOGUEMBELINA

(Figure 9 > 220; all others 145)

Ficures la-—2c.
mer)
la, 2a, Spiral views of hypotypes (USNM
P5726a,b). 1b, 2b, Umbilical views, showing
prominent lip of final and earlier chambers
remaining visible in the umbilical area. 2c,
Edge view.
Figures 3a-c. Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer
3a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5819).
3b, Umbilical view. 3c, Edge view.
Figures 4a-c. Globorotalia varianta (Subbotina)
4a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5708)
showing spinose surface. 4b, Umbilical view.
4c, Edge view.
Figures 5a-c. Globorotalia elongata Glaessner
5a, Spiral view of small hypotype (USNM
P5813). 5b, Umbilical view. 5c, Edge view.
Figures 6a-c. Globorotalia imitata Subbotina
6a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5689),
showing similarity to G. compressa. 6b, Umbili-
cal view. 6c, Edge view, showing broadly
rounded periphery and inflated chambers, in
contrast with G. compressa.
Figures 7a-c. Globorotalia angulata (White)
7a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5892)
showing keeled periperhy and strongly curved
282

Globorotalia pseudobulloides (Plum-

Page
192

196

189

190

187

sutures. 7b, Umbilical view, with elevated
umbilical shoulder, small umbilicus and narrow
apertural lip. 7c, Edge view, showing angular
and keeled periphery and acutely angled umbili-
cal shoulder.
Ficures 8a-c. Globorotalia species
8a, Side view of specimen (USNM P5880),
showing low chambers and curved sutures. 8b,
Umbilical view. 8c, Edge view.
Figures 9a, b. Chiloguembelina midwayensis (Cush-
man)
9a, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5830)
with asymmetrical aperture directed toward flat
side of test. 9b, Edge view.
Figures 10a-c. Globorotalia pseudomenardu Bolli
10a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5701),
showing peripheral keel and rapid increase in
10b, Umbilical view, showing
small apertural lip. 10c, Edge view.
Figures lla-c. Globorotaha perclara Loeblich and
‘Tappan, new species
11a, Spiral view of paratype (USNM P5823),
showing

chamber size.

small size, globular chambers and

spinose wall. 11b, Umbilical view, showing

relatively wide umbilicus. llc, Edge view.

Page

197

179

193

191

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 45

MATTHEWS LANDING GLOBIGERINA, GLOBOROTALIA, AND CHILOGUEMBELINA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 46

COAL BLUFF GLOBIGERINA AND GLOBOROTALIA

Pirate 46. COAL BLUFF GLOBIGERINA AND GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures

Ficures la-c. Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer
la, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5697).
1b, Umbilical view, with prominent apertural lip.
Ic, Edge view.
Figures 2a-c. Globorotalia irrorata Loeblich and
Tappan, new species
2a, Spiral view of paratype (USNM P5873)
showing spinose wall. 2b, Umbilical view, show-
ing nearly closed small umbilicus. 2c, Edge
view, showing small extraumbilical aperture.
Figures 3a-c. Globorotalia perclara Loeblich and
Tappan, new species
3a, Spiral view of paratype (USNM P5824)

showing spinose early chambers and _ nearly
smooth later chambers. 3b, Umbilical view,
showing umbilicus and small apertural lip.

3c, Edge view, showing small aperture.

Ficures 4a-c. Globorotalia pseudoscitula Glaessner

4a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5870),

showing low chambers and limbate, curved su-
tures. 4b, Umbilical view, showing small um-
bilicus and apertural lip. 4c, Edge view, show-
ing sharply angled periphery.

Figures 5a-c. Globorotalia elongata Glaessner

Page
183

191

191

193

189

x 145)

5a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5692)
showing curved and slightly depressed sutures.
5b, Umbilical view, showing nearly radial su-
tures, small umbilicus and narrow apertural lip.

5c, Edge view.
Ficures 6a-c. Globorotalia pseudobulloides (Plum-

mer)

6a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5727).

6b, Umbilical view, showing narrow apertural

lip. 6c, Edge view.
Figures 7a-8c. Globorotalia aequa Cushman and

Renz

7a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5864a),
showing spinose surface and curved and slightly
limbate sutures. 7b, Umbilical view, showing
apertural lip and umbilicus. 7c, Edge view,
showing keeled periphery. 8a, Spiral view of
hypotype (USNM P5864b), showing abnormal
fourth chamber in final whorl, overlapping the
third chamber and part of the early whorls. 8b,
Umbilical view, showing surface ornamentation
and prominent apertural lip. 8c, Edge view,
showing “supplementary” aperture developed on
abnormal chamber in final whorl.

283

Page

Puate 47.

SALT MOUNTAIN CHILOGUEMBELINA, GLOBIGERINA, AND

GLOBOROTALIA

(Figure 1 & 220; all others & 145)

Figure 1. Chiloguembelina species
1, Side view of specimen (USNM P5832),
showing aperture directed toward broad side of
test.
Figures 2a—c. Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer
2a, Spiral view of 4 chambered hypotype
(USNM P5698), showing coarsely punctate sur-
2b, Umbilical view, with small lip cover-
ing the nearly umbilical aperture. 2c, Edge

face.

view.
Figures 3a-c. Globigerina spiralis Bolli
3a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5122).
3b, Umbilical view, showing umbilical aperture
and spinose character of wall in apertural region.
3c, Edge view, showing elevated spire.
Figure 4a-c. Globorotalia pseudomenardu Boll
4a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5702),
showing rapid increase in chamber height and
curved and slightly limbate sutures. 4b, Um-
284

Page
180

183

182

193

bilical view, showing more nearly radial sutures.
4c, Edge view, showing keeled periphery.
Figures 5a—c. Globorotalia acuta Toulmin
5a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5142),
showing low chambers, curved sutures and
keeled periphery. 5b, Umbilical view, showing
ornate umbilical shoulder. 5c, Edge view, show-
ing nearly flat spiral side and open aperture, with
slight lip.
Figures 6a-c. Globorotalia perclara Loeblich and
Tappan, new species
6a, Spiral view of paratype (USNM P5828).
6b, Umbilical view, showing small apertural lip.
6c, Edge view, showing low aperture.
Freures 7a-c. Globigerina mckannai White
7a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5833),
showing abnormal gap in the final pair of cham-
bers in the last whorl. 7b, Umbilical view, show-
ing completely umbilical aperture. 7c, Edge
view.

Page

185

191

181

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 21

5, PLATE 47

SALT MOUNTAIN CHILOGUEMBELINA, GLOBIGERINA, AND GLOBOROTALIA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ULLETIN 215, PLATE 48

MOUNTAIN GLOBOROTALIA

Puate 48.

(All figures

Page
Ficures la-c. Globorotalia apanthesma Loeblich and 187
Tappan, new species
la, Spiral view of paratype (USNM P5862),
showing low chambers and curved sutures. 1b,
Umbilical view, showing small umbilicus, nearly
radial sutures and extraumbilical-umbilical aper-
ture. 1c, Edge view, showing aperture.
Ficures 2a-c. Globorotalia angulata (White)
2a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5126).
2b, Umbilical view. showing nearly closed small
umbilicus. 2c, Edge view.
Figures 3a-c. Globorotalia pseudoscitula Glaessner

187

193

SALT MOUNTAIN GLOBOROTALIA

< 145)

3a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5140),
showing low chambers, and curved and limbate
3b, Umbilical view.
Figures 4a—c. Globorotalia convexa Subbotina
4a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5847),
showing low chambers and sutures with little
curvature. 4b, Umbilical view. 4c, Edge view.
Figures 5a-c. Globorotalia elongata Glaessner
5a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5693)
showing chambers of nearly equal breadth and
height.
small umbilicus.

sutures. 3c, Edge view.

5b, Umbilical view, showing relatively
5c, dge view.

Page

188

189

Pirate 49. HORNERSTOWN CHILOGUEMBELINA, GLOBIGERINA, AND
GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures & 145)

Figure 1. Chiloguembelina crinita (Glaessner)

1, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5853),
showing aperture directed toward broad side of
test, and the finely spinose wall.

Ficure 2a-c. Globigerina inaequispira Subbotina
2a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5732).
2b, Umbilical view, showing small apertural lip.
2c, Edge view, showing spinose wall.
Ficure 3a-c. Globigerina spiralis Bolli

3a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5838),
showing low chambers, and slight curvature of
sutures. 3b, Umbilical view, showing successive
umbilical apertures and prominent spines in aper-
tural region. 3c, Edge view, showing relatively
high spired test.

Ficures 4-5c. Globigerina chascanona Loeblich and
‘Tappan, new species

4, Paratype (USNM P5843). 5, Holotype
(USNM P5842). 4a, 5a, Spiral views, showing

286

Page
178

182

inflated chambers, numerous whorls and hirsute
surface. 4b, 5b, Umbilical views, showing small
umbilical aperture. 4c, 5c, Edge views, showing
globular chambers and variation in height of
spire.
Ficures 6a—c. Globorotalia pseudomenardi Bolli
6a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5704),
6b, Umbilical

view, showing peripheral keel and low aperture.

showing strongly curved sutures.

6c, Edge view, showing subacute, keeled periph-
ery, and angular umbilical shoulder.
Figures 7a—c. Globorotalia elongata Glaessner
7a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5697),
showing gently curved sutures, and rapidly en-
7b, Umbilical view, with
rounded chambers, small umbilicus and narrow

larging chambers.

apertural lip. 7c, Edge view, showing rounded
periphery and arched aperture.

Page

193

189

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 49

HORNERSTOWN CHILOGUEMBELINA, GLOBIGERINA, AND GLOBOROTALIA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 50

HORNERSTOWN GLOBIGERINA AND GLOBOROTALIA

Pirate 50. HORNERSTOWN GLOBIGERINA AND GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures: a, spiral view; b, umbilical view; c, edge view; all 145)

Ficure 1. Globorotalia perclara Loeblich and Tap-
pan, new species
Paratype (USNM P5825), showing small size,
gradually enlarging chambers of equal breadth
and height, subtruncate periphery, large and
open umbilicus, small aperture and spiny sur-
face.
Figure 2. Globigerina species
Small specimen (USNM P5849) with four
chambers in final whorl, spiny surface and
broadly rounded periphery.
Ficure 3. Globorotalia reissi Loeblich and Tappan,
new species
Paratype (USNM P5836) showing small size,
rounded chambers, rounded periphery and
smooth wall.
Figure 4. Globorotalia angulata (White)
Hypotype (USNM P5893), showing lunate ap-
pearing chambers and curved, elevated and
beaded sutures on the spiral side, subacute and

Page

191

184

—

94

187

angled umbilical shoulder and radial sutures on
the umbilical side, and the keeled periphery.
Ficure 5. Globorotalia trichotrocha Loeblich
Tappan, new species
Paratype (USNM P5690), showing lenticular
test, spiny surface, low aperture, depressed
sutures which are curved backwards on the
spiral side and are radial around the small open
umbilicus on the umbilical side.
Ficure 6. Globorotalia aequa Cushman and Renz
Hypotype (USNM P5889), showing few

chambers per whorl, rapid increase in chamber

and

size, spiny surface, peripheral keel, and elevated
and angled umbilical shoulder.
Figure 7. Globorotalia convexa Subbotina

Hypotype (USNM P5845), showing sub-

globose test, broad low chambers on the spiral

side and strongly curved sutures, with elevated

spire, radial sutures on umbilical side and low,

extraumbilical-umbilical aperture.

287

Page

195

186

188

Ficures la-3.

Figures 4a—5c.
‘Tappan, new species

Pirate 51.

VINCENTOWN CHILOGUEMBELINA AND GLOBIGERINA

(All figures & 145)

Chiloguembelina crinita (Glaessner)
la, 2a, 3, Side views of hypotypes (USNM
P5115a—c), slightly twisted biserial
test. Ib, 2b, Edge views, with slightly asym-
metrical aperture bordered by an apertural
flange, instead of the symmetrical and open
arched aperture typical of true Heterohelix. Ic,
2c, Top views, showing how the bordering
flange directs the apertural opening toward the
side rather than the edge of the test.
Globigerina aquiensis Loeblich and

showing

4a, 5a, Spiral views of paratypes (USNM
P5841a, b), showing few chambers rapidly in-
creasing in size. 4b, 5b, Umbilical views, show-
288

Page

178

180

Ficures 6a—9c.

ing small umbilical aperture.
showing inflated tests, and variation in height of
spire.
Globigerina spiralis Bolli
Hypotypes (USNM P5121a—d); all figures a,
spiral side; b, umbilical side; c, edge view. 6,
Large hypotype with four chambers in final
whorl and a bulla-like final chamber, showing a
tendency to obscure the umbilical region. 7, 8,
Typical hypotypes showing variation from 4 to
5% chambers in the final whorl, characteristic
many-whorled spire, spinose surface and open
umbilical aperture. 9, Hypotype with small
final chamber that has an almost extraumbilical
aperture.

Page
4c, 5c, Edge views,

182

PLATE 51

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Pirate 52. VINCENTOWN GLOBIGERINA

(All figures & 145)

Page Page

Ficures la-2c. Globigerina inaequispira Subbotina 181 Ficures 3-7. Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer 183
la, 2a, Spiral view of hypotypes (USNM Hypotypes (USNM P5123a-e). 4a, 6a, Spiral
P5117a,b), showing similarity to G. triloculinoides views, showing characteristic test form and
in test form, but with small pores instead of prominent surface reticulation. 3, 4b, 5, 6b, 7,
prominent surface reticulation. 1b, 2b, Umbili- Umbilical views, showing rapid increase in
cal side, showing rapid increase in chamber size, chamber size, broad flange-like apertural lip and
spiny surface of umbilical region, and broad coarsely reticulate surface. 4c, 6c, Edge views,

flange-like apertural lip. le, 2c, Edge views, showing low spire.

showing low spire and spiny surface.
289

Pirate 53.

VINCENTOWN GLOBIGERINA AND GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures: a, spiral view; b, umbilical view, c, edge view; all > 110)

Ficures 1,2. Globigerina mckannai White
Hypotypes (USNM P5119a,b). 1, Large
typical specimen with 5% chambers in final
whorl, open umbilicus and spiny surface, ex-
pecially in the umbilical region. 2, Small hypo-
type with tendency to develop an extraumbilical
aperture.
Figure 3. Globigerina spiralis Bolli
| Small hypotype (USNM P5121e), showing very
rare occurrence of an umbilical bulla. The
opening shown in edge view is not that beneath
the bulla, but an accidental break in the wall, the
true opening being on the opposite side of the
bulla, facing the umbilicus.
290

Page
181

182

Figure 4. Globigerina cf. G. soldadoensis Bronui-
mann
Small specimen (USNM P5130) with rounded
chambers.
Ficure 5. Globorotalia pseudoscitula Glaessner
Hypotype (USNM P5139) showing typical
lenticular test, subacute periphery, gradually
enlarging chambers, nearly closed umbilicus and
extraumbilical-umbilical aperature.
Figures 6-8. Globorotalia convexa Subbotina
Hypotypes (USNM P5129a-—c), showing small
size, gradually enlarging chambers, broadly
rounded periphery, flattened spiral side and
nearly closed umbilicus.

Page
182

193

188

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 53

TOWN GLOBIGERINA AND GLOBOROTALIA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 54

VINCENTOWN GLOBOROTALIA

Prate 54. VINCENTOWN GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures & 110)

Page Page

Figures la—Sec. Globorotalia elongata Glaessner 189 Ficures 8a-9c. Globorotalia imitata Subbotina 190

Ficures 6a~7c.
‘Tappan, new species

Hypotypes (USNM P5133a-e). la, 2, 3, 4a,
5a, Spiral views, showing rapid increase in cham-
ber size and elongate test due to the relatively
high chambers. 1b, 4b, 5b, Umbilical views,
showing open umbilicus, and apertural lip. Ic,
4c, 5c, Edge views, showing compressed form,
rounded to subacute periphery and flattened
spire.

Globorotalia perclara Loeblich and

Paratypes (USNM P5135a, b), showing small
size, low spire, gradually enlarging rounded
chambers, open umbilicus, spinose umbilical side
and extraumbilical-umbilical aperture. a, Spiral
side; b, umbilical side; c, edge.

Ficures 10a—13c.

Hypotypes (USNM P513la, b), showing small
size, relatively closed umbilicus, slightly flattened
and compressed chambers on the spiral side, and
low aperture. a, Spiral side; b, umbilical side;
Cc, edge.

Globorotalia pseudomenardii Bolli
Hypotypes (USNM_ P5137a-d). a,

views, showing rapid increase in chamber size,

Spiral

broad and low chambers with semicircular out-
line, and peripheral keel. b, Umbilical views,
showing open umbilicus and narrow apertural
lip. ec, Edge view, showing compressed form,
acutely angled and keeled periphery and low but
extensive aperture.

291

193

Pirate 55.

VINCENTOWN GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures: a, spiral view; b, umbilical view; c, edge view; all < 110)

Page
Ficure 1. Globorotalia apanthesma Loeblich and 187
Tappan, new species
Paratype (USNM P5861), showing relatively
large size, gently convex spiral side, keeled
periphery, angular conical to angular truncate
chambers, open umbilicus and angled umbilical
shoulder.
Ficures 2,6, 7. Globorotalia angulata (White)
Hypotypes (USNM P5127a-c), showing me-
dium size, flattened spiral side, strongly lobulate
peripheral outline, subacute to rounded periphery
and spinose surface, especially in the umbilical
region, narrow umbilicus and rounded umbilical
shoulder.
Figure 3. Globorotalia occlusa Loeblich and Tappan,
new species
Paratype (USNM P5866), showing flat spiral
292

191

side, low convexity of umbilical side, few cham-
bers and small umbilicus.
Ficures 4,5. Globorotalia acuta Toulmin
Hypotypes (USNM P514la, b), showing flat
spiral side, with crescentic appearing chambers,
strongly inflated umbilical side, with limbate and
rugose umbilical shoulder, broad and opea um-
bilicus, and broad, low aperture with nearly tri-
angular apertural flaps. Chambers are strongly
angular truncate in edge view, and the limbate
umbilical shoulder gives the appearance of a
doubly keeled test.
Figure 8. Globorotalia aequa (?) Cushman and Renz
Atypical hypotype (USNM P5888), with more
rounded chambers than is usual in the species,
and with a bulla-like final chamber.

Page

185

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 55

VINCENTOWN GLOBOROTALIA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 56

AQUIA CHILOGUEMBELINA, HETEROHELIX, AND GLOBIGERINA

Pirate 56. AQUIA CHILOGUEMBELINA, HETEROHELIX, AND GLOBIGERINA

(All figures & 145)

Page
Figures la, b. Chiloguembelina crinita (Glaessner) 178
la, Side view of hypotype (USNM P5852),
showing flaring test and asymmetrical aperture.
1b, Edge view.
Ficures 2a, b.
and Ponton)
2a, Hypotype (USNM P5834) showing striate
surface, and globular chambers. 2b, Edge view,

Heterohelix wilcoxensis (Cushman 178

showing low, symmetrical arched aperture.
Figures 3a, c. Globorotalia tribulosa Loeblich and 195
Tappan, new species
3a, Spiral view of paratype (USNM P5851).
showing gradually enlarging chambers, with four
in final whorl, and spinose surface. 3b, Umbilical
view. 3c, Edge view.

Page
Ficures 4a-6c. Globigerina aquiensis Loeblich and 180
‘Tappan, new species
4, 5, Paratypes (USNM P5840a, b). 6, Holotype
(USNM P5839). a, Spiral views, which show
gradually enlarging globular chambers. b,
Umbilical views, showing spiny wall, open
umbilicus and large umbilical aperture. c, Edge
views, showing variation in height of spire.
Ficures 7a—c. Globigerina inaequispira Subbotina 181
7a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5731).
showing resemblance to G. triloculinoides, but
with spiny rather than pitted surface. 7b,
Umbilical view. 7c, Edge view.
Figures 8a-c. Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer 183
8a, Spiral view of hypotype (USNM P5700).
8b, Umbilical view. 8c, Edge view.
293

Pirate 57. AQUIA GLOBIGERINA AND GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures: a, spiral view; b, umbilical view; c, edge view; all < 145)

Page
Figures 1, 2. Globorotalia trichotrocha Loeblich and 195
Tappan, new species
1, Holotype (USNM P5355). 2, Paratype
(USNM P5705). Specimens show the small
size, relatively small, subangular-truncate cham-
bers, of nearly equal breadth and height, spinose
surface, subangular periphery, and small umbil-
icus.
Ficures 3, 4. Globorotalia perclara Loeblich and 191
Tappan, new species
Paratypes (USNM P5826a, b), showing robust
test, with chambers flattened on the spiral side,
but elevated near the periphery.
294

Ficures 5,6. Globorotalia convexa Subbotina
Hypotypes (USNM P5846a, b), showing
gently rounded spiral side and inflated umbilical
side, curved sutures, spinose surface, and low
aperture with narrow bordering lip.
Ficure 7. Globorotalia esnaensis (?) (Le Roy)
Hypotype (USNM P5878), which is relatively
high spired for this species, but otherwise similar.
Ficure 8. Globigerina mckannai White
Hypotype (USNM P5120), showing numerous
chambers and whorls, flattened spiral side and
inflated and broadly umbilicate umbilical side,
and, in this specimen a tiny and bulla-like final
chamber.

Page
188

189

181

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 57

AQUIA GLOBIGERINA AND GLOBOROTALIA

IONAL MUSE BULLETIN 215, PLATE 58

AQUIA GLOBOROTALIA

Pirate 58. AQUIA GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures: a, spiral view; b, umbilical view; c, edge view; figure 3 X 280; all others & 145)

Ficure 1. Globorotalia hispidicidaris Loeblich and
Tappan, new species

Holotype (USNM P5875), showing flattened
spiral side, angular truncate chambers with
sharply angled umbilical shoulder, and spinose
surface.

Ficure 2. Globorotalia angulata (White)

Hypotype (USNM P5859), showing angular
truncate chambers, few per whorl, large final
chamber, flat spiral side, and angular umbilical
shoulder.

Ficure 3. Globorotaha reissi Loeblich and Tappan,
new species

Holotype (USNM P5835), showing small size,

Page
190

187

194

Page
rounded chambers in spiral view, rounded um-
bilical shoulder, and subacute periphery.

Ficure 4. Globorotalia apanthesma Loeblich and 187
Tappan, new species
Paratype (USNM P5868), showing strongly
curved and beaded sutures on the flat spiral side,
and radial depressed sutures on the elevated
umbilical side, keeled periphery and open um-
bilicus.
Ficure 5. Globorotalia acuta Toulmin 185
Hypotype (USNM P5865), showing flat spiral
side, with depressed and gently curved sutures,
peripheral keel, angular truncate chambers,
acutely angular umbilical shoulder, and broad
open umbilicus.
295

Pirate 59. AQUIA GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures: a, spiral view; b, umbilical view; c, edge view; all 145)

Figure 1.
Tappan, new species
Holotype (USNM P5860), showing flat spiral
side with strongly curved sutures, somewhat
imbricated chambers, angled periphery, and
spinose and broadly umbilicate, umbilical side.
Ficure 2. Globorotalia pseudoscitula Glaessner
Hypotype (USNM P5130), showing lenticular
form, strongly curved sutures and broad and
low, crescentic chambers of the spiral side, and
the radial sutures, small umbilicus and low aper-
ture on the umbilical side.
Ficure 3. Globoroialia pseudomenardu Bolli
Hypotype (USNM P5703), showing periph-
eral keel, strongly curved and limbate sutures
on the flattened spiral side, and depressed, gently
curved sutures on the convex umbilical side, the
296

Page
Globorotalia apanthesma Loeblich and 187

193

193

rapid increase in chamber size, and smooth
surface.
Figure 4. Globorotalia elongata Glaessner
Hypotype (USNM P5695), showing rounded
chambers, gradually increasing in size, with
gently curved and depressed sutures on both
sides.
Figure 5. Globorotalia imitata Subbotina
Hypotype (USNM P5691), showing small size,
robust test, broadly rounded periphery, small
umbilicus, and few chambers per whorl.
Ficure 6. Globorotalia aequa Cushman and Renz
Hypotype (USNM P5125), showing angular
truncate chambers, few per whorl, flattened spiral
side, and elevated umbilical side with subacute
umbilical shoulder.

Page

189

190

186

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE

AQUIA GLOBOROTALIA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 60

Pirate 60. NANAFALIA CHILOGUEMBELINA AND GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures: a, spiral view; b, umbilical view; c, edge view; all * 145)

Page
Ficure 1. Globorotalia rex Martin 195
Hypotype (USNM P5867), showing flattened
spiral side with raised and curved sutures,
peripheral keel, inflated and spinose umbilical
side and subangular umbilical shoulder.
Figure 2. Globorotalia pseudotopilensis (Subbotina)
Hypotype (USNM_ P5869), showing few
chambers per whorl, and cuneate shape of final,
somewhat discrete, chamber, smooth spiral side
and spinose umbilical side and low arched aperture.
Figure 3. Globorotalia aequa Cushman and Renz
Hypotype (USNM P5863), showing less dis-
crete and cuneate final chamber and sharper
keeled periphery than in G. pseudotopilensis.
Figure 4. Globorotalia troelsent Loeblich and Tap-
pan, new species
Holotype (USNM P5687), showing nearly
evolute test, with tendency to uncoil, nearly
bilaterally symmetrical chambers and peripheral
keel.
Figure 5. Globorotalia perclara Loeblich and Tap- 191
pan, new species

194

186

196

Paratype (USNM P5827), showing small size,
globular chambers, depressed spire and spinose
surface.

Figure 6. Chiloguembelina crinita (Glaessner)

Side view of hypotype (USNM P5116), showing
flared test, asymmetrical aperture and spinose
upper surface.

Ficure 7. Globorotalia reisst Loeblich and Tappan,
new species
Paratype (USNM P5837), showing smooth sur-
face, numerous chambers and somewhat elevated
spire.
Figure 8. Globorotalia pseudomenardii Bolli

Hypotype (USNM P5706), showing peripheral
keel, curved and limbate sutures on the flattened
spiral side and depressed sutures on the convex
umbilical side.

Figure 9. Globorotalia elongata Glaessner

Hypotype (USNM P5694), showing depressed
sutures on both sides, and subacute, but not
keeled, periphery.

297

Page

178

194

193

189

Puate 61.

NANAFALIA GLOBIGERINA AND GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures: a, spiral view; b, umbilical view; c, edge view; all 145)

Figures 1, 2,9. Globorotalia esnaensis (Le Roy)

1, 2, Hypotypes (USNM P5876 a, b), showing
spinose surface, rapid increase in chamber size,
flattened spiral side and few chambers per whorl.
9, Small hypotype (USNM P5877), with rela-
tively high aperture which is largely extra-
umbilical in position.

Figure 3. Globigerina inaequispira Subbotina

Hypotype (USNM P5730), showing spinose
surface and inflated chambers.

Figure 4. Globorotalia convexa Subbotina

Hypotype (USNM P5848), showing low cres-
centic chambers and backward curving sutures
on the spiral side, subacute periphery and radial
sutures, small umbilicus, and low aperture on the
umbilical side.

Figure 5.
new species
298

Page

189

181

188

Globorotalia irrorata Loeblich and Tappan, 191

Holotype (USNM P5872), showing inflated
chambers, spinose wall, open umbilicus and
slightly flattened spiral side.

Figure 6. Globorotalia strabocella
Tappan, new species

Holotype (USNM P5879), showing numerous
chambers, open umbilicus and flattened spiral
side.

Figure 7. Globorotalia tribulosa Loeblich and ‘Tap-
pan, new species

Holotype (USNM P5850), showing rapidly en-
larging globular chambers, spinose surface and
extraumbilical-umbilical aperture.

Figure 8. Globorotalia chascanona Loeblich and
Tappan, new species

Paratype (USNM P5844), showing numerous
chambers, increasing gradually in size, spinose
surface and wide umbilicus.

Loeblich and

Page

195

195

180

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN

215, PLATE 61

NANAFALIA GLOBIGERINA AND GLOBOROTALIA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 21

VELASCO CHILOGUEMBELINA AND GLOBIGERINA

PEAmENO2s

VELASCO CHILOGUEMBELINA AND GLOBIGERINA

(All figures: a, spiral view; b, umbilical view; c, edge view; all < 110)

Figure 1. Chiloguembelina crinita (Glaessner)

Side view of hypotype (USNM P5890), show-
ing flaring test, spinose upper surface and asym-
metrical aperture.

Figure 2. Globigerina inaequispira Subbotina

Hypotype (USNM P5881), showing globular
chambers, tripartite test as seen in umbilical
view, and spinose surface.

Figures 3, 4. Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer

3, Lectotype, here designated, of Globigerina
velascoensis var. compressa White (not G. com-

pressa Plummer), Columbia Univ. No. 19882,

Page
178

181

183

showing this species to be identical with G. tri-
loculinoides Plummer of the Texas Midway
group. 4, Hypotype (USNM P5883), showing
characteristic pitted surface.
Figures 5-7. Globigerina mckannai White

5, 6, Hypotypes (USNM P5884a,b), showing
variation in size, inflated test with wide umbili-
cus, and relatively numerous chambers per whorl.
7, Lectotype, here designated, of G. mckannai
(Columbia Univ. No. 19878) in which the um-
bilical region is partially obscured by extraneous
material.

299

Page

181

Piate 63.

VELASCO GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures: a, spiral view; b, umbilical view; c, edge view; all < 145)

Ficure 1. Globorotalia pseudomenardi Bolli
Hypotype (USNM P5887), showing limbate
sutures on spiral side, and peripheral keel.
Ficure 2. Globorotalia elongata Glaessner
Hypotype (USNM P5882), showing depressed
sutures and subacute periphery, which is not
keeled.
Figure 3. Globorotaha imitata Subbotina
Hypotype (USNM P5886), showing globose
chambers and small robust test.
Figure 4. Globorotaha convexa Subbotina
Hypotype (USNM P5885), showing biconvex
test, spiny surface, low and curved chambers on
300

Page
193

189

190

188

Page
spiral side, and low arched aperture and closed
umbilicus on the umbilical side.

Globorotalia troelsent Loeblich and Tap- 196
pan, new species
Paratype (USNM P5896), showing nearly bi-

laterally symmetrical test, uncoiling and evolute

Ficure 5.

spiral and umbilical sides, and extraumbilical
aperture.
Ficuret 6. Globorotaha pseudoscitula Glaessner 193
Hypotype (USNM P5895), showing lenticular,

spinose, keeled test and limbate sutures on the
spiral side.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 63

VELASCO GLOBOROTALIA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 64

VELASCO GLOBOROTALIA

Piate 64.

VELASCO GLOBOROTALIA

(All figures: a, spiral side; b, umbilical side; c, edge; all > 110)

Page
Ficures 1, 2. Globorotalia velascoensis (Cushman) 196
Hypotypes (USNM P587la,b), showing the
extremely ornate test, with raised and beaded
sutures and keel on the spiral side, and angular
and everted, keeled and beaded umbilical shoulder
and wide open umbilicus on the umbilical side.
Figure 3.
new species
Holotype (USNM P5874), showing few cham-
bers per whorl, small umbilicus and angular
but not keeled or everted umbilical shoulder.

—

Globorotalia occlusa Loeblich and Tappan, 191

Page
Figure 4. Globorotalia aequa Cushman and Renz 186
Hypotype (USNM P5894), showing small test,
flat spiral side and elevated umbilical side, few
chambers per whorl and relatively large final
chamber.
Figure 5. Globorotalia angulata (White) 187
Hypotype (USNM P5891), showing angular
truncate chambers, depressed sutures, acutely
angled periphery and more sharply angled um-
bilical shoulder.

301

Pirate 65. BATHYSIPHON, HYPERAMMINOIDES, INVOLUTINA,
HAPLOPHRAGMOIDES
Page Page
Figures 1-5. Bathysiphon brosgei Tappan, new 201 Figures 13, 14. Involutina mangusi Tappan, new 202
species species

13, Holotype (USNM P4232) from the To-
pagoruk formation. 14, Paratype (USNM
P4240) from the Chandler formation. X 71.

Ficures 15-25. Haplophragmoides topagorukensis 203
Tappan, new species

15, Holotype (USNM P4242). 16, Paratype
(USNM P4246b). 17, Paratype (USNM P4252).

18, Paratype (USNM P4257). 19, Paratype

1,5, Side views of paratypes (USNM P4224a,b).
2, Holotype (USNMP 4216). 3,4, Paratypes
(USNM P4217a,b). These specimens show the
irregularity of growth and surface wrinkles.
All from the Topagoruk formation, < 31.

Ficures 6-12. Hyperamminoides barksdalei Tappan, 202

new species

6, Large paratype (USNM _ P4229)’ from the
Topagoruk formation, showing collapsed wall.
7, Paratype (USNM P4226) from the Grand-
stand formation. 8a, Side view of paratype
(USNM P4228) from the Topagoruk formation.
8b, Edge view. 9, Paratype (USNM P4227)
from the Topagoruk formation, showing wide
aperture. 10, Paratype (USNM P4390) from
the Topagoruk formation. 11, Holotype (USNM
P4386) from the Grandstand formation. 12,
Large paratype (USNM P4389) from the To-
pagoruk formation. Figs. 6-9, x 54; figs.
10-12, X 71.

302

(USNM P4270). 20, Paratype (USNM P4254).
21, Obliquely crushed paratype (USNM P4246a).
22, Edge view of crushed paratype (USNM
P4277). 23, Paratype (USNM P4275). 24,
Paratype (USNM P4288). 25, Paratype (USNM
P4279). Figs. 15, 17-20, 22, 23, 25, from the
Topagoruk formation; figs. 16, 21, 24, from the
Grandstand formation; these specimens show
the variable appearance of the species, due to
crushing in different planes with the resultant
distortion. Figs. 15, 16, 21, 23-25, * 71; figs.
IWAO, 22, Y€ Fil.

All figures are camera lucida drawings by Helen Tappan
Loeblich.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 215, PLATE 65

BATHYSIPHON, HYPERAMMINOIDES, INVOLUTINA, HAPLOPHRAGMOIDES

NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 66

SPIROPLECTAMMINA, SIPHOTEXTULARIA, TEXTULARIA, VERNEUILINOIDES, DOROTHIA

Pate 66.

SPIROPLECTAMMINA, SIPHOTEXTULARIA, TEXTULARIA,

VERNEUILINOIDES, DOROTHIA

Page
Ficures_ la-2.
new species
la, Side view of holotype (USNM P4290).
1b, Edge view. 2, Side view of small paratype
(USNM P4292). Both from the Topagoruk
formation. X 71
Figures 3-5. Spiroplectammina webberi Tappan, 205
new species
3, 4, Paratypes (USNM P4352 a, b), from the
Sentinel Hill member of the Schrader Bluff forma-
tion. 5a, Side view of holotype (USNM P4348).
5b, Edge view. From the Seabee formation.
x 86.
Ficures 6, 7.
species
6, Paratype (USNM P4306), an elongate speci-
men. 7a, Holotype (USNM P4304), showing
almost terminal aperture. 7b, Edge view.
Both from the Topagoruk formation. X 71.
Ficures 8a—-9. Textularia topagorukensis Tappan, 205
new species
8a, Side view of holotype (USNM P4296).
8b, Top view. 9, Paratype (USNM P4302).
Both from the Topagoruk formation. 71.
Figures 10-18. Verneuilinoides borealis Tappan, 206
new species
10, Paratype (USNM P4326). 11, Paratype
(USNM P4317). 12, 13, 15, 17, Paratypes
(USNM P4329 a-d) showing variation in size
and outline. 14, Holotype (USNM 106131).

Spiroplectammina kovert ‘Tappan, 205

Siphotextularia ? rayi Tappan, new 206

Page
16, Small flaring paratype (USNM P4319).
18, Paratype (USNM 106132). All from the
Grandstand formation. Figs. 10, 12, 17, * 71;
figs. 11, 14, 16, 18 & 118; figs. 13, 15, & 54.
Figures 19a-22.
new species
19a, Side view of holotype (USNM P4367).
19b, Top view. 20, Paratype (USNM P4365).
21, Paratype (USNM P4368). 22, Paratype
(USNM P4373). All from the Fortress Moun-
tain formation. 86.
Ficures 23-28. Verneuilinoides fischeri Tappan, 207
new species
23, Paratype (USNM P4359) from the Sentinel
Hill member of the Schrader Bluff formation.
24, 26, Paratypes (USNM P4357a,b). 25, Holo-
type (USNM P4356). 27, Paratype (USNM
P4342). Figs. 24-27 from the Ignek formation.
28, Paratype (USNM P4340) from the Seabee
23-26,0 OA tips. 2/28,

Verneutlinoides tailleuri Tappan, 208

formation. Figs.
x< Al
Ficgures 29-30b. Dorothia
new species
29, Elongate paratype (USNM P4404) from the
Oumalik formation. 30a, Side view of holotype
(USNM P4401) from the Torok formation. 30b,
Sevier
All figures are camera lucida drawings by Helen Tappan
Loeblich.

chandlerensis

Tappan, 209

Edge view.

303

Pirate 67. ARENOBULIMINA, PSAMMINOPELTA, MILIAMMINA,

TROCHAMMINA
Page Page
Ficures 1-4. Arenobulimina paynet Tappan, new 208 Figs. 11, 12, 14-17, 22-24, from the Grand-

species
1, Paratype, distorted by crushing (USNM
P4379), from the Grandstand formation. 2,
Holotype (USNM P4375) from the Topagoruk

formation. 3, 4, Pyritized paratypes (USNM
P4384a,b) from the Topagoruk formation. All
« 7.
Ficures 5-7. Arenobulimina torula Tappan, new 209
species

5, Holotype (USNM P4393), a pyritic speci-
men preserving the original form. 6, 7, Crushed
paratypes (USNM P4396a,b), one flattened
longitudinally, the other crushed from above.
All from the Ignek formation, > 71.

Ficures 8-10. Psamminopelta subcircularis Tappan, 213
new species

8, Paratype (USNM P4454). 9, Holotype
(USNM P4452). 10, Paratype (USNM P4453).
All specimens are pyritized, occurring in the
Grandstand formation, X 71.

Ficures 11-18, 22-24. Psamminopelta bowsheri Vap- 211
pan, new genus, new species

11, 16, 22, 24, Paratypes (USNM P4430a-d).
12, Paratype (USNM b4434). 13, Paratype
(USNM P4426), somewhat distorted in preserva-
tion. 14, Paratype (USNM P4429). 15, Holotype
(USNM P4424). 17, Paratype (USNM P4462),
a crushed specimen. 18, Paratype (USNM
P4436) from the Chandler formation. 23, Para-
type (USNM P4443) from the Torok formation.

304

stand formation, fig. 13 from the Topagoruk
formation; figs. 11, 12, 16, 22-24, 71; figs. 13—
15, 7, is, S< Fil.
Figures 19-21.
new species
19, Paratype (USNM P4415) from the Grand-
stand formation. 20, Paratype (USNM P4409).
21, Holotype, (USNM P4407). Both from the
Chandler formation. All < 71.

Figures 25, 26. Muilammina ischnia Tappan, new 211
species
25, Paratype (USNM P4421). 26, Holotype
(USNM P4419). Both from the Grandstand
formation, < 71.
Figures 27a—29.
new species
27a, Dorsal view of holotype (USNM P4495).
27b, Ventral view. 27c, Edge view. X 7].
28, 29, Paratypes (USNM P4502a,b). 54.
All from the Grandstand formation.
Figures 30a-33.
new species
30a, Dorsal view of holotype (USNM P4490).
30b, Edge view. 31-33, Paratypes (USNM
P4492a—c), showing crushing and distortion in
different planes. All from the Sentinel Hill
member of the Schrader Bluff formation, < 71.
All figures are camera lucida drawings by Helen Tappan
Loeblich.

Mihammina awunensis Tappan, 210

Trochammina umiatensis Tappan, 214

Trochammina stefanssoni Tappan, 214

PLATE 67

215,

BULLETIN

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

ARENOBULIMINA, PSAMMINOPELTA, MILIAMMINA, TROCHAMMINA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 68

TROCHAMMINA, MARGINULINA, DENTALINA, PYRULINOIDES, SARACENARIA, RECTOGLANDULINA,
EURYCHEILOSTOMA

PLate 68.

TROCHAMMINA, MARGINULINA, DENTALINA, PYRULINOIDES,

SARACENARIA, RECTOGLANDULINA, EURYCHEILOSTOMA

Ficures la-2.
species
la, Dorsal view of holotype (USNM P4483)
from the Torok formation. 1b, Ventral view.
Ic, Edge view. 2, Paratype (USNM P4487),
from the Mountain formation. All
34 fale
Ficures 3-6b.
new species
3, Ventral side of larger paratype (USNM
P4508) from the Seabee formation. 4, Paratype
(USNM P4506) from the Seabee formation. 5,
Dorsal view of small paratype (USNM P4514),
from the Sentinel Hill member of the Schrader
Bluff formation. 6a, Dorsal view of holotype
(USNM P4505) from the Seabee formation. 6b,
Edge view, showing the usual crushing of speci-
mens of this species. All 71.
Figures 7, 8. Marginulina gatesi Tappan, new
species
7, Holotype (USNM P4522). 8, Paratype
(USNM P4527). Both from the Grandstand
formation, * 71.

Trochammina eilete Tappan, new

Fortress

Trochammina whittingtont Tappan,

Figures 9-12. Dentalina? dettermani Tappan, new
species

9, Paratype (USNM P4561) from the Fortress

Mountain formation. 10, Small paratype

(USNM P4557), from the Grandstand formation.
11, Paratype (USNM P4559) from the Topagoruk
formation. 12, Holotype (USNM P4556), a
large isolated chamber showing terminal aperture
and broken connecting neck; from the Grand-
stand formation. All X 71.

Page
213

214

215

Page
Figure 13. thurrelli 217
species
13, Holotype (USNM P4553) from the Grand-
stand formation. > 71.
Figures 14-16. Saracenaria dutroi Tappan, new
species
14, Paratype (USNM P4540). 15a, Side view
of holotype (USNM P4533). 15b, Edge view.
16a, Side view of paratype (USNM P4537). 16b,

All from the Topagoruk formation,

Pyrulinoides Tappan, new

216

Edge view.
x 71.
Ficures 17, 18b. Rectoglandulina kirschneri ‘Tap-
pan, new species
17, Paratype (USNM P4548) from the Oumalik
formation, 48. 18a, Side view of holotype
(USNM P4546) from the Topagoruk formation.
18b, Top view, showing radiate aperture. 63.
Ficgures 19a-25. Eurycheilostoma grandstandensis
Tappan, new species
19a, 21a, Side view of paratypes (USNM
P46lla, b) showing the extremely high-spired

216

Qf

test. 19b, 21b, Top views showing the open
umbilicus and fimbriate apertural flap. 20a,
Side view of paratype (USNM P4605). 20b,

22a, Side view of paratype (USNM
P4603). 22b, Top view. 23a, Side view of
holotype (USNM P4595). 23b, Top
24, 25, Paratypes (USNM P4596a, b).
19-22 from the Topagoruk formation; Figs. 23-25
from the Grandstand formation; all >< 105.

All figures are camera lucida drawings; figs. 1-13 by
Helen Tappan Loeblich, figs. 14-25 by Patricia Isham.
305

Top view.

view.

Figs.

Prate 69. NANUSHUKELLA, GLOBOROTALITES, PRAEBULIMINA

Page Page
Figures 1-10. Nanushukella wmiatensis Tappan, 219 11, Holotype (USNM P4649) from the Grand-
new genus, new species stand formation. 12, Paratype (USNM P4652)

1, Holotype (USNM P4619). 2,10, Paratypes from the Topagoruk formation. 13, Paratype
(USNM P4570a—b). 3, Paratype (USNM (USNM P4653) from the Grandstand formation.
P4629) with ventral side (3b) showing broad All figures a, dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, edge
apertural flap of final chamber and earlier sutural view; < 118.
slits remaining open. 4, 7, 9, Paratypes (USNM Ficures 14-l6b. Praebulimina seabeensis Tappan, 217
P4623a-c). 5,6, Paratypes (USNM P4626a, b). new species
8, Paratype (USNM P4620). Figs. 2, 10 from an 14, Paratype (USNM P4566). 15, Paratype
unnamed Cretaceous unit equivalent to the lower (USNM P4568). 16a, Holotype (USNM P4564),
part of the Nanushuk group; figs. 1, 3-9 from the side view. 16b, Top view, showing aperture.
Grandstand formation; all « 112. All from the Seabee formation, 112.

Figures lla-13b. Globorotalites alaskensis Tappan, 220 All figures are camera lucida drawings; fig. 12a by
new species Helen Tappan Loeblich, all others by Patricia Isham.

306

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 69

NANUSHUKELLA, GLOBOROTALITES, PRAEBULIMINA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE

EPONIDES, EURYCHEILOSTOMA

Prate 70. EPONIDES, EURYCHEILOSTOMA

Page
Figures la-/c. Eponides morani Tappan, new 219 8, Small paratype (USNM P4586) from the
species Grandstand formation. 9a, Edge view of para-
1, Holotype (USNM P4638). 2, 4, 7, Para- type (USNM P4587) from the Topagoruk for-
types (USNM P4639a-c). 3, Paratype (USNM mation. 9b, Ventral view. 10a, Dorsal view of
P4643) with center of dorsal side obscured by holotype (USNM P4584), from the Topagoruk
pyrite. 5, Paratype (USNM P4647). 6, Para- formation. 10b, Ventral view, showing broad
type (USNM P4645). Figs. 14, 7 from the open umbilicus and ventral apertural flap. 10c,
Topagoruk formation; figs. 5, 6 from the Torok Edge view, showing high spire. 11, Paratype
formation (Topagoruk equivalent). All figures (USNM P4591) from an unnamed equivalent of
a, dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, edge view. the Corwin formation. Figs. 8a, lla, dorsal
ies —t a/c 2 ites. 5316) 75. views; 8b, 11b, edge views. All & 118.
Figures 8a-llb. Eurycheilostoma robinsonae Tappan, 218 All figures are camera lucida drawings by Patricia
new species Isham.

307

Pratre 71. PALLAIMORPHINA

Page ; ;
Ficures la-9c. Pallaimorphina ruckerae Vappan, 221 Paratypes (USNM P467la, b). 9, Paraty
new species (USNM 4673). All from the Grandstand f
1, Paratype (USNM P4669) showing gradual mation; a, dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, edge
chamber enlargement, low aperture and narrow view. Figs. 1,4-9, x 150; figs. 2, 3, X 200.
lip. 2, Holotype (USNM P4664). 3, Paratype 2
(USNM P4665). 4, Small paratype (USNM All figures are camera lucida drawings by
P4680) 5, 6, Paratypes (USNM P4666a, b). 7, 8 Isha,
308
‘

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 71

PALLAIMORPHINA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE 72

HEMISPHAERAMMINA, ZOTHECULIFIDA, BERTHELINELLA, CITHARINELLA, TENTIFRONS, WEBBINELLA,
AEOLOSTREPTIS

Pinarias 7/2

HEMISPHAERAMMINA, ZOTHECULIFIDA, BERTHELINELLA,

CITHARINELLA, TENTIFRONS, WEBBINELLA, AEOLOSTREPTIS

Ficure 1. Hemisphaerammina depressa
Allen and Earland)
1, Hypotype (USNM P3225), from the Re-
cent, to show the low form and irregular border.
x 25.
Figures 2a,b. Hemisphaerammina bradyi Loeblich
and Tappan, new species
2a, Holotype (BMNH ZF2626) from Recent
deposits off Durham, showing more elevated
test and completely circular outline. > 30.
2b, Same, at less magnification, to show attach-
ment. X 10.
Ficure 3. Hemisphaerammina batalleri Loeblich and
Tappan, new genus, new species
3, Holotype (USNM P3095) from the Santon-
ian of Spain, showing ovate, coarsely agglutinated

test. >< 10:
Ficures 4-8. Zotheculifida lirata (Cushman and
Jarvis)

4, Holotype (Cushman Coll. 10084), showing
test and chamber shape, and the surface reflec-
tion of the internal partitions. The base of this
specimen is broken. 5, 7, 8a, Side views of
hypotypes (USNM P3086a-c), showing varia-
tion in degree of recurving of chambers, the
completely biserial early stage, and the surface
reflection of the internal partitions. 8b, Top
view, showing aperture, and narrow compressed
form. 6, Sectioned hypotype (USNM P4884),
showing the complex internal partitions which
form an almost labyrinthic interior at the lateral
extremities of the chambers. All specimens are
from the Upper Oligocene, Brasso formation of
Trinidad, B.W.I. All x 40.

Figures 9-13. Berthelinella paradoxa (Berthelin)

9, Topotype (USNM P4473a) showing ovate
proloculus and two pair of alternating chambers.
10, Topotype (USNM P4473b), showing single
pair of biserial chambers following the proloculus
before the development of the equitant cham-
bers. lla, Topotype (USNM P4473c). 11b,
Top view, showing simple, slitlike terminal aper-
ture. 12, 13, Small topotypes (USNM P4473d,
e), showing a single pair of biserial chambers.
All from the Pliensbachian (Lias, Lower Juras-
sic) of France. > 175.

Ficures 14-16. Citharinella tarrantensis (Loeblich
and Tappan)

14, Typical hypotype (USNM P4880) showing

Page
(Heron- 224

tw
is
NSS

224

22

pi}

5

5

the usual 2-chambered neanic stage followed by
equitant chambers. Such forms could be mis-
taken for the genus Berthelinella, except for the
radial aperture. From the Gault (Albian, Lower
Cretaceous) of England. 15, Hypotype (USNM
P4881). showing very rare three-chambered Cith-
arina-like neanic stage, demonstrating the true
generic relationships. From the Albian Denton
formation of Texas. 16, Hypotype (USNM
P4882), showing typical 2-chambered neanic
stage and well developed adult equitant cham-
bers. From the Albian Denton formation of
Texas. All < 40.

Figures 17, 18. Tentifrons barnardi Loeblich and

Tappan, new genus, new species

17, Paratype (BMNH P40274), showing typi-
cal early free Citharinella stage, followed by
attached fistulose adult stage. & 25. 18,
Holotype (BMNH_ P40275), showing much
elongated attached stage, with the early chamb-
ers equitant, and sutures chevron-shaped, the later
development increasingly more irregular, with
numerous apertures at the ends of fistulose ex-
tensions. 9. Both from the Senonian (Upper
Cretaceous) of England.

Ficure 19. Webbinella hemisphaerica (Jones, Parker,
and Brady)

19, Holotype (BMNH P41659) from the Plio-
cene of England, showing the calcareous test,
and polymorphine neanic stage, quite unlike the
agglutinated species here placed in Hemisphaer-
ammina, new genus. 55.

Ficures 20a-c. Aeolostreptis vitrea (Cushman and
Parker)

20a, Side view of hypotype (Cushman Coll.
32549), showing spiral character and bluntly
rounded base. 20b, Apertural view, showing
the three chambers of the final whorl. 20c,
Basal view, showing the tightly coiled early
stage, with numerous chambers per whorl, de-
creasing in number per whorl in the later stage,
and chambers arranged in a single spiralling
series, not in the twisted biserial development of
Virgulina. From the Dermopolis chalk, Selma
Group (Campanian, Upper Cretaceous) of Mis-
sissippi. >< 235.

Page

2

2

iS)

26

26

All figures are camera lucida drawings; figs. 2b, 17-19,
by Helen Tappan Loeblich, others by Lawrence and

Patricia Isham.
309

Ficures 3a—4c.

I'tcures 5a-c.
‘Tappan, new genus, new species

Piate 73.

SIGMAVIRGULINA, EURYCHEILOSTOMA, SESTRONOPHORA,

SEJUNCTELLA, FAVOCASSIDULINA, PAROMALINA

Figures la—2. Sigmavrgulina tortuosa (Brady)

la, Side view of hypotype (USNM P4857a),
showing flaring test and inflated base, large pores,
and marginal keel. 1b, Edge view, showing
twisted test. lc, Top view, showing slitlike
aperture and compressed test. 2, Basal view of
hypotype (USNM P4857b), from which outer
wall has been etched to show early chamber
development. Two series of chambers can be
seen to diverge from the proloculus and spiral
upwards, so that the early plane of biseriality
assumes a sigmoid curve. From the Recent de-
posits of Fiji. All 125.
Eurychetlostoma altispira Loeblich
and Tappan, new genus, new species

3a, Spiral view of holotype (USNM P4882),
showing discorbine appearance. 3b, Umbilical
view, Showing depressed center, broad low aperture
and apertural flap of the much overlapping final
chamber. 3c, Side view, showing extremely high
spire, suggesting the family Buliminidae. 4a,
Spiral view of paratype (USNM P4883). 4b,
Umbilical view. 4c, Edge view, showing a some-
what lower spired form. From the Goodland
formation (Albian), Lower Cretaceous of Texas.
<< WD.

Sestronophora arnoldi Loeblich and

5a, Spiral side of holotype (USNM P3130),
showing faintly sculptured surface and limbate
sutures. 5b, Umbilical view, showing perforated
umbilical plate, interiomarginal aperture and
small accessory pores in the umbilical side of the
final chamber. 5c, Edge view. From the
Pleistocene of California. 25.

310

Page
227

229

Ficures 12a—13.
Tappan, new genus, new species

6, Side view of holotype (USNM P3294), show-
ing fimbriate peripheral keel, and intercalary
plate between the whorls, composed of the keels
of earlier whorls with the addition of secondary
granular calcite. Recent, Faroe Islands. >< 225.

Figures 7-11. Favocassidulina favus (Brady)

7, 10, 11, Edge views of topotypes (USNM
P3376a—c), showing honeycomblike surface, and
the smooth area surrounding the elongate, slit-
like aperture. 8, Sectioned hypotype (USNM
P4469), showing the alternating chambers typical
of the Cassidulinidae, beneath the secondary
covering of the wall. 9a, Side view of topotype
(USNM P3376d), showing exterior. 9b, Edge
view, showing aperture and slight lip. Figs. 7,
9-11, from the Recent Pacific, off the coast of
Chile, 50; fig. 8, from the Recent Pacific,
off the Caroline Islands, « 55.

Paromalina bilateralis Loeblich and

12a, b, Opposite sides of holotype (USNM
P4883) from Albatross station D2262, showing
coarsely perforate peripheral margin, and ap-
parently imperforate sides, apertural face and
Supplementary openings can be
12c, Edge
view, showing truncate periphery and interio-
marginal equatorial slitlike aperture. < 60.
13, Side view of paratype (USNM P3137) from
Goldseeker station 16. > 55.

umbilical flaps.
seen beneath the umbilical flaps.

Patricia Isham.

Page

Figure 6. Sejunctella earlandi Loeblich and Tappan, 228

new genus, new species

230

231

All figures are camera lucida drawings by Lawrence and

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 215, PLATE 73

SIGMAVIRGULINA, EURYCHEILOSTOMA, SESTRONOPHORA, SEJUNCTELLA, FAVOCASSIDULINA,
PAROMALINA

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215, PLATE

CRUCILOCULINA

Pirate 74. CRUCILOCULINA

Page Page
Ticures la—2c. Cruciloculina triangularis d’Orbigny 234 angles, and convex sides. 10a, 10b, Opposite
la, Top view of lectotype (Mus. Hist. Nat. views of juvenile paratype (USNM P4267c).
Paris) from Recent dredgings near the Falkland 10c, Top view, showing triradiate aperture in the
Islands, showing cruciform aperture, sharp angles, early stage. Ila, Side view of holotype (USNM
and flat to slightly convex sides. 1b, Side view, P4880) showing ovate outline and slight amount
toward angle opposite last chamber, showing of chamber overlap. 11b, Side view with final
slightly ovate outline. > 31. 2a, Side view chamber at right. Ile, Top view, showing
of topotype (USNM P4520) with last chamber cruciform aperture. > 31.
at right. 2b, Side view with last chamber at Figures 12a-c. Cruciloculina japonica Asano 234
left. 2c, Top view showing cruciform aperture. 12a, Side view of topotype (USNM P4339)
xX 24. from the Pliocene of Japan showing ovate out-
Ficures 3a-7. Cruciloculina ericsoni Loeblich and 234 line, rapid increase in chamber size and large
‘Tappan, new species degree of chamber overlap. 12b, Opposite view.
3a, Side view of holotype (USNM P3140) from 12c, Top view showing rounded angles and
Recent dredgings near Ireland, looking toward dendritic tendency of cruciform aperture.
earliest chamber of final whorl, showing nearly al
circular outline and relatively strong chamber Figures 13-16. Cruciloculina striata Loeblich and 234

overlap. 3b, Opposite side view. 3c, Top
view, showing broadly rounded chambers and
slightly dendritic cruciform aperture with slight
lip. 4-7, Top views of paratypes (USNM
P4338a—d) showing increased complexity of
aperture with increase in test size. > 40.

‘Tappan, new species

13, 14, 16, Top views of paratypes (USNM
P4265a—c) from Recent dredgings in the Carib-
bean, showing ovate section, strong amount of
chamber overlap, dendritic variation of cruciform
aperture, and striate wall surface. 15a, b, Op-

posite sides of holotype (USNM P4264) showing
ovate side view, striate surface, and rapid increase
in chamber size. 15c, Top view. 28.
All figures lucida drawings; fig. 1 by
Helen Tappan Loeblich, others by Patricia Isham.
311

Figures 8-lle. Cruciloculina asanoi Loeblich and 233
Tappan, new species
8, 9, Top views of paratypes (USNM P4267a,
b) from Recent dredgings in the Caribbean,
showing cruciform aperture, slightly rounded

are camera

Index

(Page numbers of principal entries in italics.

Abathomphalus, n. gen., 19, 43, 45, 46,
51, 54
intermedia, 54
mayaroensis, 43, 44, 45, 54, 248
Abathomphalus sp., 52
abundocamerata, Globorotalia angulata,
n. subsp., 74, 254
acarinata, Acarinina, 41
Acarinina, 41, 42
acarinata, 41
intermedia, 191
pseudotopilensis, 194
acervulinoides, Guembelina, 141
Planoglobulina, 142
Pseudotextularia elegans, 139
acuta, Globorotalia, 176, 185, 187, 197, 284
292, 295
Globorotalia wilcoxensis, 65, 68, 76
advena, Globoquadrina quadraria, 111
aegyptiaca, Zeauvigerina, 85 (fig.), 92, 258
Aeolostreptis, n. gen., 227
vitrea, 227, 309
aequa, Globorotalia, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 74,
75, 76, 77, 170, 176, 186, 254, 255,
283, 287, 296, 297, 301
Globorotalia crassata, 74, 186
aequilateralis, Globigerina, 29
Globigerinella, 7, 30, 108
Hastigerina, 10, 29, 102, 108, 240, 259
Agathistégues, 17
akersi, Clavigerinella, n. sp., 12, 30, 158,
161, 240, 272
alabamensis, Hantkenina, 26, 27, 239
Rectoguembelina, 180
Tubitextularia, 180, 278
alaskensis, Globorotalites, n. sp., 220, 306
albeari, Globorotalia, 78, 188
alexanderi, Bathysiphon, 202
Hastigerinella, 24, 25
Hastigerinoides, 238
algeriana, Globigerinelloides, 21, 22, 23, 25
238
“Allomorphina,” 127
allomorphinoides, Quadrimorphina, 221
altiapertura, Globigerinoides triloba, n.
subsp., 112 (fig.), 113, 262
altispira, Eurycheilostoma, n. sp. 217, 218,
228, 229, 310
Globigerina, 111
Globoquadrina, 32, 242
Globoquadrina altispira, 101, 102, 1/1,
112, 261

396818—57——27

Alveovalvulinella pozoensis, 106
americana, Eouvigerina, 148, 271
Heterohelix, 133, 134
Spiroplecta, 137
Ammodiscus, 210
gaultinus, 202
Amphimorphina, 135, 136, 144
hauerina, 144, 270
ampliapertura, Globigerina, n.
104, 108, 164, 259, 273
andori, Globotrunecana, 54, 59, 251
angulata, Globigerina, 74, 187
Globorotalia, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 74, 75,
176, 187, 194, 195, 254, 282, 285,
287, 292, 295, 301
angulisuturalis, Globigerina
n. subsp., 109, 259, 273
Angulogerina, 136, 151
angulosa, Flabellina, 226
Frondicularia, 226
Globigerina soldadoensis, n.
64, 67, 71, 162, 167, 253, 272
angusticarinata, Globotruncana, 54
angustiumbilicata, Globigerina ciperoensis,
n. subsp., 109, 164, 259
Anomalina, 23
breggiensis, 23
coronata, 230, 231
coronata crassa, 230
roberti, 41
Anomalinidae, 18, 230
apanthesma, Globorotalia, n. sp., 187, 190,
195, 197, 285, 292, 295, 296
apertura, Globigerina, 108
appenninica, Globotruncana, 39, 46
Rotalipora, 41, 54, 246
appenninica-linnei, Globotruncana, 58
Applinella, 26, 27
apsidostroba, Planomalina, 23, 24, 238
aquiensis, Globigerina, n. sp., 180, 181, 288,
293
Aragonella, 26, 27
aragonensis, Globorotalia, 64, 66, 67, 68,
75, 76, 158, 160, 167, 255, 275
Globorotalia (Truncorotalia), 167
Hantkenina, 15, 26, 30, 158, 161, 239
Hantkenina mexicana, 28
Hastigerinella eocanica, 30, 162
area, Globotruncana, 11, 15, 44, 248
Pulvinulina, 44, 45, 46
archeomenardii, Globorotalia
265

sp., 100,

ciperoensis,

subsp.,

n. sp., 119,

Arenobulimina, 208
chapmani, 208, 209
paynei, n. sp., 208, 304
torula, n. sp. 209, 304
arnoldi, Sestronophora, n. sp., 229, 230, 310
asanoi, Cruciloculina, n. sp., 233, 311
aspensis, Globorotalia, 156, 158, 162, 166,
274
asymetrica, Globorotalia, 57
awunensis, Miliammina, n. sp., 210, 211,
304
barisanensis, Globorotalia, 119
Globorotalia fohsi, 101, 103, 118, 119,
265
barksdalei, Hyperamminoides, n. sp., 202,
302
barnardi, Tentifrons, n. sp., 223, 225, 226,
309
barri, Biglobigerinella, n. sp., 24, 25, 238
barri, Globigerinatheka, 34, 35, 38, 158,
159, 160, 166, 244, 274
batalleri, Hemisphaerammina, n. sp., 223,
224, 309
Bathysiphon, 202
alexanderi, 202
brosgei, n. sp., 201, 302
Beckman, J. P.: Chiloguembelina Loeblich
and Tappan and related Forami-
nifera from the lower Tertiary of
Trinidad, B. W. I., 83
Benthonic Foraminifera, 199
bermudezi, Cribrohantkenina, 27, 28, 29,
160, 161, 239
Hantkenina (Cribrohantkenina), 28
Hastigerinella, n. sp., 101, 112, 262
Berthelinella, n. gen., 226
paradoxa, 225, 309
biformis, Spiroplectammina, v
Biglobigerinella, 15, 22, 23, 26, 29, 30
barri, n. sp., 24, 25, 238
multispina, 25, 238
bilateralis, Paromalina, n. sp., 230, 231, 310
bilobata, Globigerina, 35, 116
Orbulina, 116, 264
Biorbulina, 35, 36
bispherica, Globigerinoides, 101, 114, 264
Biticinella, 23 (footnote), 41
bohemica, Pseudotextularia, 143
Tubitextularia, 143, 270
bolivariana, Globigerina wilsoni, 169
Globorotalia, 169, 274

313

314

Bolivina, 86, 135, 145, 146, 227
draco, 145
tortuosa, 228
watersi, 146,150
Bolivinella, 134, 135, 136, 143, 144
folia, 143, 270
Bolivininae, 134, 136
Bolivinita, 133, 134, 185, 136, 143, 144, 146,
147, 148
costerifera, 147
costifera, 147
erawfordensis, 147
eleyi, 150
exigua, 147
quadrilatera, 146, 270
selmensis, 147
Bolivinitella, 134, 135, 136, 143, 144, 147,
148, 150
eleyi, 150, 271
Bolivinitinae, 136, 137, 143, 145
Bolivinoides, 133, 134, 135, 136, 1746
draco draco, 145, 270
trinitatensis, 62
Bolivinopsis, 133, 137
Bolli, Hans M.: Planktonic Foraminifera
from the Eocene Navet and San
Fernando formations of Trinidad,
B.W.1., 155
Planktonic Foraminifera from the
Oligocene-Miocene Cipero and Len-
gua formations of Trinidad, B.W.1.,
97
The genera Globigerina and Globo-
rotalia in the Paleocene — lower
Eocene Lizard Springs formation of
Trinidad, B.W.I., 61
The genera Praeglobotruncana, Ro-
talipora, Globotruncana, and Ab-
athomphalus in the Upper Creta-
ceous of Trinidad, B.W.I., 51
Bolli, Hans M., Loeblich, Alfred R., Jr.,
and Tappan, Helen: Planktonic
foraminiferal families Hantkenin-
idae, Orbulinidae, Globorotaliidae,
and Globotruncanidae, 3
borealis, Verneuilinoides, n. sp., 206, 208,
303
boudecensis, Cassigerinella, 30, 240
boweri, Globigerina, n. sp., 158, 163, 273
bowsheri, Psamminopelta, n. sp., 2/1, 304
bradyi, Globigerina, 110, 260
Hemisphaerammina, n. sp., 223, 224,
309
Bramlettia, 210
breggiensis, Anomalina, 23
brevispina, Cribrohantkenina, 28
Hantkenina, 26, 27, 28, 29
Hantkenina (Sporohantkenina), 28
broedermanni, Globorotalia, 67, 68, 80, 158,
160, 167, 188, 256, 274
Bronnibrownia, 138
Bronnimannella, 133, 138, 139
plummerae, 139
brosgei, Bathysiphon, n. sp., 201, 302

brotzeni, Rotalipora, 11, 41, 246
Thalmanninella, 41
Bucherina, 18, 44, 45
sandidgei, 44, 45
Bulimina, 17, 229
jacksonensis, 100, 105, 160
Buliminella, 227
vitrea, 227
Buliminidae, 26, 134, 136, 145, 151, 217,
227
Buliminidea, 134, 137, 143
bullbrooki, Globorotalia, n. sp., 158, 160,
167, 170, 275
bulloides, Globigerina, 7, 12, 31, 42, 102,
110, 114, 129, 182, 183, 241
Globotruncana lapparenti, 54, 59
Bullopora, 226
calearata, Globot uncana, 52, 59
Calearina, 26
calciformis, Globotrunecana, 54
californica, Plectofrondicularia, 144
Calpionella, 18
canaliculata, Rosalina, 44
canariensis, Globorotalia, 7, 120
Rotalia, 120
Candeina, 14, 15, 17, 35, 39
nitida, 15, 35, 38, 243
Candeininae, 17, 21
Candorbulina, 35, 36
universa, 35, 115
capdevilensis, Globorotalia, 78
carinata, Globotruncana ventricosa, 57
Guembelina, 137
Heterohelix, 137, 268
Spirillina vivipara, 228
carseyae, Planoglobulina, 147, 269
carseyi, Ventilabrella, 137
caseyi, Planomalina, n. sp., 24, 238
Cassidella squammosa, 228
Cassidulina, 17, 31, 230
favus, 230
Cassidulinidae, 11, 134, 230
Cassigerinella, 11, 17, 30, 108
boudecensis, 30, 240
chipolensis, 100, 105, 108, 160, 259
Cassigerinellinae, n. subfam., 21, 30, 108
Catapsydracinae, n. subfam., 6, 21, 36, 116
Catapsydrax, n. gen., 13, 14, 16, 36, 116,

117, 165, 186
dissimilis, $6, 37, 101, 116, 166, 244,
274

echinatus, n. sp., 165, 274
parvulus, n. sp., 36, 37, 116, 244
stainforthi, n. sp., 37, 101, 116, 244
unicavus, n. sp., 37, 116, 166, 244, 274
cenomana, Schackoina, 25, 239
Siderolina, 26
centralis, Globorotalia, 41, 42, 100, 104,
158, 160, 161, 164, 169, 247, 276
Globorotalia (Turborotalia), 169
Ceratobulimina perplexa, 127
cerro-azulensis, Globigerina, 169
Globorotalia (Turborotalia), 169

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

chandlerensis, Dorothia, n. sp., 209, 303
chapmani, Arenobulimina, 208, 209
chascanona, Globigerina, n. sp., 180, 286,
298
Chiloguembelina, 83, 86, 88, 89, 92, 155,
177, 178
crinita, 84 (fig.), 88, 89, 90, 92, 176,
178, 179, 258, 286, 288, 293, 297, 299
cubensis, 84, 87, 89, 91, 92, 258
garretti, 92
martini, 84 (fig.), 86, 87, 89, 90, 258
mauriciana, 84 (fig.), 89, 258
midwayensis, 86, 89, 176, 179, 180, 278,
280, 282
midwayensis midwayensis, 84 (fig.),
89, 91, 258
midwayensis strombiformis, n. subsp.,
84 (fig.), 88, 89, 90, 258
midwayensis subcylindrica, n. subsp.,
84 (fig.), 86, 88, 90, 258
morsei, 176, 179, 277, 278, 279, 280
multicellaris, 91
parallela, n. sp. 85 (fig.), 86, 88, 91,
258
subtriangularis, n. sp., 85 (fig.), 88,
91, 258
trinitatensis, 85 (fig.), 86, 88, 91, 92,
258
victoriana, n. sp., 85 (fig.), 87, 88, 91,
92, 258
wilcoxensis, 85 (fig.), 86, 88, 92, 258
Chiloguembelina sp., 92, 180, 258, 284
Chiloguembelinae, 155
Chilostomellidae, 220
Chilostomellina, 39
chipolensis, Cassigerinella, 100, 105, 108,
160, 259
Cibicidinae, 18
ciperoensis, Globigerina, 97, 105, 108, 109
Globigerina ciperoensis, 100, 107, 108,
109, 160, 259
circularis, Globigerinoides glomerosa, 115
Porticulasphaera glomerosa, 115, 264
citae, Globotruncana, 46, 51
Praeglobotruncana, 55
Citharina, 225
Citharinella, 225
tarrantensis, 225, 309
Clavigerinella, n. gen., 13, 30, 112, 156, 158,
161, 167
akersi, n. sp., 12, 30, 158, 161, 240, 272
jarvisi, 162, 272
Clavulina aspera whitei, 62
claytonensis, Woodringina, 178, 277
coarctata, Praeglobotruncana, n. sp., 52,
55, 249
cocoaensis, Globorotalia, 100, 105, 160, 161,
169, 276
collactea, Globigerina, 67, 72, 162, 252, 272
Globorotalia, 72, 162
collyra, Haplophragmoides, 204
colombiana, Hastigerinella, 112, 162
Guembelitria, 92, 258

INDEX 315

compressa, Globigerina, 77, 126, 127, 129, | curva, Porticulasphaera glomerosa, 116, | elegans, Cuneolina, 138, 139, 142

183, 184, 188, 267 264 Guembelina, 138
Globigerina velascoensis, 78, 183, 184 | cushmani, Rotalipora, 52, 54 Pseudotextularia, 139, 142, 270
Globorotalia, 42, 62, 67, 68, 77, 78, | cuvillieri, Gublerina, 140, 141, 269 Hyperamminoides, 202
176, 188, 189, 190, 257, 277, 278, 279, | Cycloloculina, 18 eleyi, Bolivinita, 150
281 Cymbalopora, 18 Bolivinitella, 150, 271
compressiuscula, Nodosaria, 145 Cymbaloporidae, 18 elongata, Glandulina, 216
concava, Plectofrondicularia, 133, 144 danica, Hercoglossa, 173 Globorotalia, 65, 67, 68, 77, 176, 188,
concavata, Globotruncana, 52, 54, 56, 57, | danvillensis, Hantkenina, 28 189, 193, 257, 282, 283, 285, 286,
250 daubjergensis, Globigerina, 62, 64, 67, 70, 291, 296, 297, 300
Rotalia, 57 127, 128, 129, 253, 267 Globorotalia pseudoscitula, 77, 189
concinna, Globigerina, 97, 109 Globigerinoides, 176, 184, 277, 278, Nodoplanulis, 151, 272
conglobata, Globigerina, 114 279, 280, 281 Elphidiella prima, 127
Globigerinoides, 7, 8 decoratissima, Gublerina, 141, 269 Elphidiidae, 26, 137
conglomerata, Globigerina, 110, 164 Ventilabrella, 140, 141 Enclimatoceras ulrichi, 173
conica, Conorbina, 219 deformis, Guembelina striata, 139 Entomostégues, 17
conicotruncata, Globorotalia, 190, 196 dehiscens, Globoquadrina, 31, 101, 102, | eocanica, Hastigerinella, 112, 161
Conorbina, 217 111, 242, 261 eocena, Hastigerinella, 112
conica, 219 Globorotalia, 31, 111 Eouvigerina, 93, 134, 135, 136, 148, 149,
contusa, Globotruncana, 11, 54 Sphaeroidina, 32, 33 150
convexa, Globorotalia, 176, 184, 188, 191, Sphaeroidinella, 6, 7, 15, 32, 115, 243 americana, 148, 271
194, 285, 287, 290, 294, 298, 300 delrioensis, Globorotalia, 39, 40, 51, 55 excavata, 147, 148
coronata, Anomalina, 230, 231 Praeglobotruncana, 39, 55, 246, 249 fragilis, 148
Globotruncana, 58 densa, Globorotalia crassata, 168 plummerae, 147, 148, 271
Globotruncana lapparenti, 52, 58 Dentalina, 215 serrata, 148
costerifera, Bolivinita, 147 dettermani, n. sp., 215, 305 Eouvigerininae, 136, 148, 150
costifera, Bolivinita, 147 depressa, Hemisphaerammina, 224, 307 epigona, Rzehakina, 62
Tappanina, 147, 148 dettermani, Dentalina, n. sp., 215, 305 Epistomina, 127
costulata, Pseudoguembelina, 139, 140, 268 | diagonis, Trochammina, 214 (Hoglundina) scalaris, 127
crassa, Anomalina coronata, 230 didyma, Flabellina, 225 Epistominidae, 18
Paromalina, 230 Frondicularia, 225 Epistominoides midwayensis, 127
crassata, Globorotalia, 64, 75, 168 Didymotis, 51 Eponides, 219, 229
crassiformis, Globigerina, 79 digitata, Globigerina, 32, 114 morani, n. sp., 219, 307
erassula, Globorotalia, 7, 168 Hastigerina, 32 repandus, 219, 230
crater, Globorotalia, 191 Hastigerinella, 32, 112, 242 ericsoni, Cruciloculina, n. sp., 234, 311
crawfordensis, Bolivinita, 147 digitifera, Hastigerina digitata, 32 esnaensis, Globigerina, 189
cretacea, ‘“‘Globigerina,” v, 73 diminuta, Globigerinoides, n. sp., 101, 114, Globorotalia, 189, 195, 294, 298
Globotruncana, 59 262 esnehensis, Globigerina cretacea, 181
Guembelitria, 136, 267 Discanomalina, 230, 231 Eurycheilostoma, n. gen., 217, 228
Tubitextularia, 143, 270 Discorbidae, 217, 228 altispira, n. sp., 217, 218, 228, 229, 310
Cribrogloborotalia, 18 Discorbis, v, 16, 44, 227, 228, 229 grandstandensis, n. sp., 217, 218, 305
Cribrohantkenina, 13, 15, 18, 26, 27, 28, scanica, 229 robinsonae, n. sp., 217, 218, 307
155, 161 Disphoeridium, 18 excavata, Eouvigerina, 147, 148
bermudezi, 27, 28, 29, 160, 161, 239 dissimilis, Catapsydrax, 36, 37, 101, 116, | excolata, Guembelina, 139
brevispina, 28 166, 244, 274 Pseudoguembelina, 140, 268
Cribrohantkeninae, 155 Globigerina, 16, 36, 116 exigua, Bolivinita, 147
crinita, Chiloguembelina, 83 (fig.), 88, 89, | Dorothia, 209 Favocassidulina, n. gen., 230
90, 92, 176, 178, 179, 258, 286, 288, chandlerensis, n. sp., 209, 303 favus, 223, 230, 310
293, 297, 299 filiformis, 209 favus, Cassidulina, 230
Guembelina, 89, 178 draco, Bolivina, 145 Favocassidulina, 223, 230, 310
cristata, Pseudouvigerina, 151, 272 Bolivinoides draco, 145, 270 Pulvinulina, 230
Uvigerina, 151 dubia, Globigerina, 7, 8 filiformis, Dorothia, 209
Cristellaria, 226 dumblei, Hantkenina, 26, 27, 28, 161, 239 | finlayi, Globigerina, 70, 183
gaudryana, 226 Hantkenina (Applinella), 27 fischeri, Verneuilinoides, n. sp., 207, 303
Cruciloculina, 233 dutertrei, Globigerina, 7,9 Flabellina, 225
asanoi, n. sp., 233, 311 dutroi, Saracenaria, n. sp., 216, 305 angulosa, 226
ericsoni, n. sp., 234, 311 earlandi, Sejunctella, n. sp., 228, 310 didyma, 225

japonica, 233, 234, 311
striata, n. sp., 234, 311

floridana, Plectofrondicularia, 144, 270

cobinnits .Cabapeyaree map iisier* |e ond. Globorotaliy 46 is); 07/402, 128,

eggeri, Globigerina, 7, 102

triangularis, 233, 234, 311 : 119
Griistacok Heat AY OLA Haplophragmoides, 204 Globorotalia fohsi, 101, 103, 104, 119,
cubensis, Chiloguembelina, 84 (fig.), 87, Ventilabrella, 141, 142 265
89, 91, 92, 258 ehrenbergi, Globorotalia, n. sp., 64, 67, 68, | folia, Bolivinella, 143, 270
Guembelina, 89, 137 77, 78, 188, 257 foliata, Globigerina, 111, 261
Cuneolina elegans, 138, 139, 142 eilete, Trochammina, n. sp., 213, 305 folium, Textularia agglutinans, 143

896818—57——_28

316 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

formosa, Globorotalia formosa, n. sp., nD | Globigerina—Continued

subsp., 64, 66, 67, 68, 76, 77, 255
fornicata, Globotruncana, 52, 54, 59
fragilis, Houvigerina, 148
Frondicularia, 225

angulosa, 226

didyma, 225

paradoxa, 225
fructicosa, Guembelina, 142

Racemiguembelina, 142, 269
fruticosa, Guembelina, 142
gagnebini, Globotruncana, 54, 59, 251
Gallitelli, see Montanaro Gallitelli, 133
gansseri, Globotruncana, 54, 56
garretti, Chiloguembelina, 92
garzaensis, Plectofrondicularia, 133, 144,

270
gatesi, Marginulina, n. sp., 215, 305
gaudryana, Cristellaria, 226
Gaudryina pyramidata, 62
gaultinus, Ammodiscus, 202
gautierensis, Globigerina, 51
gigas, Haplophragmoides, 204
glabrans, Guembelina, 135, 137
glabrata, Planoglobulina eggeri, 141, 269
glaessneri, Gublerina, 141, 269
Glandulina elongata, 216
gleddiei, Verneuilinoides perplexa, 206
Globanomalina, 41, 42

ovalis, 41, 42
Globigerapsis, n. gen., 33, 34, 38, 160, 165
index, 158, 159, 160, 165, 273
kugleri, n. sp., 33, 34, 156, 158, 159,
160, 165, 243, 273
semiinvoluta, 34, 159, 160, 161, 165,

243, 273
Globigerina, 13, 16, 17 (fig.), 20, 31, 32, 33,

35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 61,

62, 64, 68, 69, 70, 88, 108, 117, 126,

162, 174, 175, 176, 177, 180

aequilateralis, 29

altispira, 111

ampliapertura, n. sp., 100, 104, 108,
164, 259, 273

angulata, 74, 187

apertura, 108

aquiensis, n. sp., 180, 181, 288, 293

bilobata, 35, 116

boweri, n. sp., 158, 168, 273

bradyi, 710, 260

bulloides, 7, 12, $1, 42, 102, 110, 114,
129, 182, 183, 241

cerro-azulensis, 169

chascanona, n. sp., 180, 286, 298

ciperoensis, 97, 105, 108, 109

ciperoensis angulisuturalis, n. subsp.,

109, 259, 273

ciperoensis angustiumbilicata, n.

subsp., 109, 164, 259

ciperoensis ciperoensis, 100, 107, 108,
109, 160, 259

collactea, 67, 72, 162, 252, 272

compressa, 77, 126, 127, 129, 183, 184,
188, 267

concinna, 97, 109

conglobata, 114

conglomerata, 110, 164

crassiformis, 79

daubjergensis, 62, 64, 67, 70, 127, 128,
129, 253, 267

digitata, 32, 114

dissimilis, 16, 36, 116

dubia, 7, 8

dutertrei, 7, 9

eggeri, 7, 102

esnaensis, 189

eretacea esnehensis, 181

finlayi, 70, 183

foliata, n. sp., 111, 261

gautierensis, 51

gravelli, 67, 72, 181, 182, 253

grimsdalei, 114

hornibrooki, 70, 71, 126, 183, 184

inaequispira, 181, 285, 289, 293, 298,
299

inflata, 7

juvenilis, n. sp., 170, 111, 261

linaperta, 67, 70, 126, 163, 176, 181,
183, 252

mckannai, 79, 176, 181, 188, 190, 284,
290, 294, 299

mexicana, 34, 35, 165

nepenthes, 102, 111, 261

ouachitaensis, 164, 182

pachyderma, 5, 7, 9

parva, n. sp., 100, 104, 108, 164, 259,
273

primitiva, 67, 71, 72, 252

prolata, n. sp., 64, 67, 72, 73, 162, 252,
272

pseudobulloides, 72, 73, 126, 127, 128,
162, 183, 188, 191, 192, 267

pseudotriloba, 70, 183

quadrata, 73

reticulata, 15

rohri, n. sp., 109, 164, 260, 273

rubra, 32, 43

sacculifera, 113

seminolensis, 39, 40

senni, 159, 163, 272

soldadoensis, 67, 71, 72, 162, 167, 182,
191, 2538, 272, 290

soldadoensis angulosa, n. subsp., 64,
67, 71, 162, 167, 253, 272

spinuloinflata, 168

spiralis, n. sp., 64, 67, 70, 176, 180,
181, 182, 184, 253, 284, 286, 288, 290

stainforthi, 70, 126, 183

taroubaensis, 72, 163, 252

topilensis, 170

triangularis, 67, 70, 71, 183, 252

triloba, 112

trilocularis, 110, 128, 163, 259, 273

triloculinoides, 62, 67, 70, 71, 126, 127,
129, 175, 176, 181, 188, 252, 254,
267, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 283,
289, 293, 299

trinidadensis, 62

turgida, 67, 73, 162, 252, 272

Globigerina—Continued
varianta, 196
velascoensis, 64, 67, 71, 79, 252
velascoensis compressa, 78, 183, 184
venezuelana, 100, 108, 109, 110, 159,
163, 164, 260, 272
wilsoni, 169
wilsoni bolivariana, 169
yeguaensis, 163, 272
Globigerina sp., 12, 110, 181, 184, 287
“Globigerina”’ cretacea, v, 73
Globigerinae, 6, 17, 126, 127 (fig.), 162
Globigerinatella, 11, 13, 29, 38, 97, 116, 245
insueta, 38, 39, 101, 116
Globigerinatheka, 11, 13, 33, 34, 36, 38,
160, 166
barri, 34, 38, 158, 159, 160, 166, 244,
274
Globigerinella, 29, 126
aequilateralis, 7, 30, 108
micra, 161
Globigerinelloides, 21, 23, 25
algeriana, 21, 22, 23, 25, 238
Globigerinida, 17
Globigerinidae, 17, 18, 21, 26, 134
globigeriniformis, Trochammina, 214
Globigerininae, 18, 31, 70, 108, 180
Globigerinita, 13, 14, 15, 36, 37, 38, 97, 116
glutinata, 7
naparimaensis, 37, 110, 111, 116, 245
Globigerinoides, 5, 15, 16, 17 (fig.), 29, 32,
34, 35, 42, 101, 103, 112, 115, 175,
176, 177, 184
bispherica, 101, 114, 264
conglobata, 7, 8
daubjergensis, 176, 184, 277, 278, 279,
280, 281
diminuta, n. sp., 101, 114, 262
glomerosa circularis, 115
glomerosa glomerosa, 115
higginsi, n. sp., 158, 164, 273
index, 165
mexicana, 165, 166
minuta, 110, 111
mitra, 114, 263
obliqua, n. sp., 112 (fig.), 1173, 114, 262
rubra, 7, 8, 32, 102, 103, 112 (fig.), 113,
241, 262
sacculifera, 7, 8, 112, 113
sacculifera immatura, 112
semiinvoluta, 34
semiinvolutus, 165
subquadrata, 113
transitoria, 115
triloba, 103, 110, 112, 113
triloba altiapertura, n. subsp., 112
(fig.), 118, 262
triloba immatura, 110, 112 (fig.), 113,
262
triloba sacculifera, 112 (fig.), 113, 262
triloba triloba, 112 (fig.), 262
Globigerinoides sp., 114, 263
globigerinoides, Globotruncana, 46, 54
Globigerinoita, 20, 37, 38, 97, 116
morugaensis, 38, 102, 111, 116, 245

globocarinata, Guembelina, 135, 137, 138

Heterohelix, 137, 268

Globoquadrina, 18, 15, 16, 17 (fig.), $1, 111

altispira, 32, 242

altispira altispira, 101, 102, 111, 112,
261

altispira globosa, n. subsp., 111, 261

dehiscens, 31, 101, 102, 111, 242, 261

quadraria, 111

quadraria advena, 111

Globoquadrina sp., 32, 242
Globorotalia, 9, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 31, 39,

40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 54, 55, 61, 62, 64,
68, 69, 70, 73, 88, 117, 126, 127, 161,
166, 174, 175, 177, 185

acuta, 176, 185, 187, 197, 284, 292, 295

aequa, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 74, 75, 76,
77, 170, 176, 186, 254, 255, 283, 287,
296, 297, 301

albeari, 78, 188

angulata, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 74, 75,
176, 187, 194, 195, 254, 282, 285,
292, 295, 301

angulata abundocamerata, n. subsp.,
74, 254, 287

angulata hexacamerata, n. subsp., 64

apanthesma, n. sp., 187, 190, 195, 197,
285, 292, 295, 296

aragonensis, 64, 66, 67, 68, 75, 76, 158,
160, 167, 255, 275

(Truncorotalia), aragonensis, 167

archeomenardii, n. sp., 119, 265

aspensis, 156, 158, 162, 166, 274

asymetrica, 57

barisanensis, 119

bolivariana, 169, 274

broedermanni, 67, 68, 80, 158, 160,
167, 188, 256, 274

bullbrooki, n. sp., 158, 160, 167, 170,
275

canariensis, 7, 120

canariensis minima, 120

capdevilensis, 78

centralis, 41, 42, 100, 104, 158, 160,
161, 164, 169, 247, 276

(Turborotalia) centralis, 169

(Turborotalia) cerro-azulensis, 169

cocoaensis, 100, 105, 160, 161, 169, 276

collactea, 72, 162

compressa, 42, 62, 67, 68, 77, 78, 176,
188, 189, 190, 257, 277, 278, 279, 281

conicotruncata, 190, 196

convexa, 176, 184, 188, 191, 194, 285,
287, 290, 294, 298, 300

crassata, 64, 75, 168

crassata aequa, 74, 186

crassata densa, 168

crassula, 7, 168

crater, 191

dehiscens, 31, 111

delrioensis, 39, 40, 51, 55

ehrenbergi, n. sp., 64, 67, 68, 77, 78,
188, 257

INDEX

Globorotalia—Continued

elongata, 65, 67, 68, 77, 176, 188, 189,
193, 257, 282, 383, 285, 286, 291,
296, 297, 300

esnaensis, 189, 195, 294, 298

fohsi, 16 (fig.), 97, 102, 118, 119

fohsi barisanensis, 101, 103, 118, 119,
265

fohsi fohsi, 101, 103, 104, 119, 265

fohsi lobata, 101, 102, 119

fohsi robusta, 102, 105, 114, 119, 265

formosa formosa, n. sp, n. subsp., 64,
66, 67, 68, 76, 77, 255

formosa gracilis, n. sp., n. subsp., 66,
68, 75, 76, 170, 255

hirsuta, 7

hispidicidaris, n. sp., 190, 295

imitata, 188, 190, 194, 281, 282, 291,
296, 300

irrorata, n. sp., 176, 191, 283, 298

kugleri, n. sp., 118, 265

lacerti, 74, 75

(Truncorotalia) lacerti, 185

lehneri, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 168,
169, 275

lenguaensis, n. sp. 102, 120, 266

lobata, 119

mayeri, 32, 102, 118, 119, 167, 265

(Turborotalia) mayeri, 118

mckannai, 67, 79, 181, 190, 195, 256

membranacea, 77, 193

menardii, 7, 8, 16, 67, 77, 102, 120,
121, 266

minutissima, n. sp. 119, 266

obesa, n. sp., 119, 266

occlusa, n. sp., 176, 191, 197, 292, 301

opima, 169

opima nana, n. sp., n. subsp., 118, 167,
169, 265

opima opima, n. sp., n. subsp., 100,
102, 104, 117, 118, 265

palmerae, 64, 155, 158, 166, 275

perclara, n. sp., 176, 184, 191, 194,
196, 277, 278, 279, 282, 283, 284,
287, 291, 294, 297

praemenardii, 120, 266

pseudobulloides, 42, 62, 66, 68, 72, 73,
74, 175, 176, 191, 192, 195, 196,
254, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282,
283

pseudomayeri, n. sp., 158, 167, 274,
297

pseudomenardii, n. sp., 67, 68, 77, 78,
176, 189, 193, 196, 257, 282, 284, 286,
291, 296, 300

pseudoscitula 77, 176, 193, 197, 283,
285, 290, 296, 300

pseudoscitula elongata, 77, 189

pseudotopilensis, 176, 194, 297

pusilla, 197

pusilla laevigata, n. sp., n. subsp., 67,
78, 194, 257

pusilla pusilla, n. sp., n. subsp., 64, 65,
67, 78, 257

quadrata, 65, 66, 73, 254

317

Globorotalia—Continued
quetra, n. sp., 67, 68, 79, 170, 256
reissi, n. sp., 176, 192, 194, 196, 287, 295
renzi, n. sp., 160, 168, 275, 297
rex, 66, 68, 75, 176, 186, 187, 195, 255,
297
scitula, 7, 16, 101, 120, 266
simulatilis, 75
spinuloinflata, 158, 159, 161, 168, 275
spinulosa, 158, 159, 161, 168, 275
(Truncorotalia) spinulosa, 168
strabocella, n. sp., 195, 298
topilensis, 80
tortiva, n. name, 67, 78, 79, 183, 184,
256
tribulosa, n. sp., 195, 293, 298
trichotrocha, n. sp., 196, 287, 294
trinidadensis, n. sp., 66, 67, 68, 72, 73,
74, 253
troelseni, n. sp., 196, 297, 300
truncatulinoides, 7, 8, 11, 15, 16, 17
(fig.), 68, 102, 247
tumida, 7, 8, 11, 42, 102, 182, 247
uncinata, n. sp., 64, 66, 68, 74, 254
varianta, 176, 196, 281, 282
velascoensis, 64, 65, 67, 68, 76, 176,
185, 186, 191, 196, 257, 301
whitei, 65, 67, 68, 79, 256
wilcoxensis, 67, 68, 76, 79, 80, 170,
185, 187, 189, 256
wilcoxensis acuta, 65, 68, 76
Globorotalia sp., 197, 282
Globorotaliidae, 3, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23,
26, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 52, 55, 73,
117, 137, 155, 166, 176, 185
Globorotaliinae, 18
Globorotalites, 18, 126, 220
alaskensis, n. sp., 220, 306
lobata, 126
multisepta, 220
Globorotaloides, n. gen., 117, 166
suteri, n. sp., 117, 159, 166, 264, 274
variabilis, n. sp., 117, 264
globosa, Globoquadrina altispira, n. subsp.,
111, 261
Globotruncana, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 39,
40, 41, 42, 48, 44, 51, 54, 55, 56,
126, 174
andori, 54, 59, 251
angusticarinata, 54
appenninica, 39, 46
appenninica-linnei, 58
arca, 11, 15, 44, 248
calearata, 52, 59
calciformis, 54
canaliculata ventricosa, 57
citae, 46, 51
concavata, 52, 54, 56, 57, 250
contusa, 11, 54
coronata, 58
cretacea, 59
fornicata, 52, 54, 59
gagnebini, 54, 59, 251
gansseri, 54, 56
globigerinoides, 46, 54

318

Globotruncana—Continued
helvetica, 11, 52, 54, 55, 56, 250
inornata, n. sp., 52, 54, 57, 250
intermedia, 45, 46, 51
lapparenti, 54
lapparenti bulloides, 54, 59
lapparenti coronata, 52, 58
lapparenti lapparenti, 54
lapparenti tricarinata, 54
lugeoni, 54
marginata, 46
mayaroensis, 43, 45, 51
renzi, 52, 54, 57, 58, 251
repanda, n. sp., 54, 56, 250
schneegansi, 52, 54, 58, 251
stephani, 39, 40
stephani turbinata, 46
stuarti, 52
ticinensis, 46, 56
ventricosa, 46, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 250
ventricosa carinata, 57
ventricosa primitiva, 57
(Globotruncana) ventricosa ventricosa,
57
wilsoni, n. sp., 52, 54, 68, 251
Giobotruncana sp., 52
Globotruncanidae, 3, 13, 15, 21, 40, 42,
46, 56
Globotruncaninae, 18, 19
globulosa, Guembelina, 135, 137, 138
Heterohelix, 143, 267
Heterohelix (Guembelina), 140
glomerosa, Globigerinoides glomerosa, 115
Porticulasphaera, 114
Porticulasphaera glomerosa, 116, 264
glutinata, Globigerinita, 7
glutinosa, Massilina, 213
goodwini, Guembelina, 88, 89
gracilis, Globorotalia formosa, n. sp., n.
subsp., 66, 68, 75, 76, 170, 255
gramen, Miliolina, 211
grandstandensis, Eurycheilostoma, 2. sp.,
217, 218, 305
Gravellina narivaensis, 106
gravelli, Globigerina, 67, 72, 181, 182, 253
graysonensis, Guembelitriella, 137, 267
grimsdalei, Globigerina, 114
Sphaeroidinella, 102, 174, 115, 263
guaracaraensis, Truncorotaloides rohri, 170
Gublerina, 135, 138, 140
acuta robusta, 141, 269
cuvillieri, 140, 141, 269
decoratissima, 141, 269
glaessneri, 141, 269
hedbergi, 141
ornatissima, 140, 141, 269
Guembelina, 51, 83, 88, 92, 133, 134, 135,
137, 138, 141, 142, 143
acervulinoides, 141
carinata, 137
crinita, 89, 178
cubensis, 89, 137
cubensis heterostoma, 89
elegans, 138
excolata, 139

Guembelina—Continued
fructicosa, 142
fruticosa, 142
glabrans, 135, 137
globocarinata, 135, 137, 138
globulosa, 135, 137, 138
goodwini, 88, 89
martini, 89
mauriciana, 89
midwayensis, 90, 179
moremani, 137
morsei, 179
multicellaris, 91
planata, 135, 137, 138
plummerae, 138, 139
pseudotessera, 135, 137
pulchra, 135, 137
reussi, 137
striata, 135, 137, 139
striata deformis, 139
trinitatensis, 88, 91, 137
ultimatumida, 88, 137
venezuelana, 83, 89, 137
wilcoxensis, 92, 137, 178
Guembelinae, 126
Guembelinidae, 134, 137
Guembelininae, 134, 137
Guembelitria, 83, 88, 92, 134, 136, 137, 151
columbiana, 92, 258
cretacea, 136, 267
minuta, 137
“Guembelitria” vivans, 136, 267
Guembelitriella, 136, 137, 139
graysonensis, 137, 267
Guembelitriinae, n. subfam., 136, 178
halli, Quadrimorphina, 127
Hantkenina, 13, 18, 21, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30,
64, 100, 104, 155, 156, 158, 160, 161,
167
alabamensis, 26, 27, 239
alabamensis primitiva, 26, 27, 239
aragonensis, 15, 26, 30, 158, 161, 239
(Cribrohantkenina) bermudezi, 28
brevispina, 26, 27, 28, 29
(Sporohantkenina) brevispina, 28
danvillensis, 28
dumblei, 26, 27, 28, 161, 239
(Applinella) dumblei, 27
lehneri, 161
mexicana, 26, 161
mexicana aragonesis, 28
primitiva, 160, 161
Hantkeninella, 26, 27
Hantkeninidae, 3, 11, 17, 18, 21, 26, 40, 51,
108, 134, 161
Hantkenininae, 25, 26, 155
hantkeninoides, Plummerella hantkeni-
noides, 44
Rugoglobigerina, 12, 43, 248
Rugoglobigerina (Plummerella) hant-
keninoides, 43
hanzawai, Tosaia, 151, 271
Haplophragmoides, 203
collyra, 204
eggeri, 204

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

Haplophragmoides—Continued
gigas, 204
topagorukensis, n. sp., 203, 302
Hastigerina, 15, 16, 17, 21, 25, 29, 30, 32,
108, 161
aequilateralis, 10, 29, 102, 108, 240, 259
digitata, 32
digitata digitifera, 32
micra, 161, 164, 272
murrayi, 4, 10, 29, 240
pelagica, 29
Hastigerinella, 13, 15, 16, 20, 30, 32,
40, 112
alexanderi, 24, 25
bermudezi, n. sp., 101, 112, 262
colombiana, 112, 162
digitata, 32, 112, 242
eocanica, 112, 161
eocanica aragonensis, 30, 162
eocena, 112
jarvisi, 162
rhumbleri, 15, 32, 112, 242
subcretacea, 40
Hastigerininae, n. subfam., 21, 29, 108, 161
Hastigerinoides, 13, 20, 23, 24, 26, 30, 32,
112, 174
alexanderi, 238
watersi, 25, 238
hauerina, Amphimorphina, 144, 270
hauteriviana, Lagena, 215
hedbergi, Gublerina, 141
Hedbergina, 18, 39, 40
Hélicostégues, 17
helvetica, Globotruncana, 11, 52, 54, 55,
56, 250
Hemisphaerammina, n. gen., 223, 224
Hemisphaerammina batalleri, n. sp., 223,
224, 309
bradyi, n. sp., 223, 224, 309
depressa, 224, 309
hemispherica, Webbina, 223, 224, 226
Webbinella, 223, 226, 309
Hercoglossa danica, 173
Heterohelicidae, 26, 89, 133, 134, 135, 136.,
137, 140, 148, 144, 177, 178
Heterohelicinae, 134, 137, 178
Heterohelix, 83, 86, 92, 133, 134, 135, 136,
137, 138, 189, 140, 141, 143, 177, 178
americana, 133, 135
carinata, 137, 268
globocarinata, 137, 268
globulosa, 143, 267
(Guembelina) globulosa, 140
lata, 141, 268
navarroensis, 133, 135, 138, 267
planata, 140
pseudotessera, 140, 141
pulchra, 140, 141, 268
reussi, 137, 238
tessera, 141
wilcoxensis, 178, 180, 293
heterostoma, Guembelina cubensis, 89
hexacamerata, Globorotalia angulata, n.
subsp., 64

higginsi, Globigerinoides, n. sp., 158, 164,
273
hirsuta, Globorotalia, 7
hispidicidaris, Globorotalia, n. sp., 190, 295
Histopomphus, 226
hornibrooki, Globigerina, 70, 71, 126, 183,
184
Hyperamminidae, 202
Hyperamminoides, 202
barksdalei, n. sp., 202, 302
elegans, 202
imitata, Globorotalia, 188, 190, 194, 281,
282, 291, 296, 300
immatura, Globigerinoides sacculifera, 112
Globigerinoides triloba, 110, 112 (fig.),
113, 262
inaequispira, Globigerina, 181, 286, 289,
293, 298, 299
index, Globigerapsis, 158, 159, 160, 165, 273
Globigerinoides, 165
inflata, Globigerina, 7
Plummerella hantkeninoides, 43
inornata, Globotruncana, n. sp., 52, 54,
57, 250
insueta, Globigerinatella, 38, 39, 101, 116,
245
intermedia, Abathomphalus, 54
Acarinina, 191
Globotruncana, 45, 46, 51
Involutina, 203, 210
mangusi, n. sp., 202, 302
polymorpha, 210
Involutinidae, 210
Involutininae, 210
irrorata, Globorotalia, n. sp., 176, 191, 283,
298
ischnia, Miliammina, n. sp., 211, 304
TIsopoda, 151
jacksonensis, Bulimina, 100, 105, 160
japonica, Cruciloculina, 233, 234, 311
Jarvisella karamatensis, 106
jarvisi, Clavigerinella, 162, 272
Hastigerinella, 162
juvenilis, Globigerina, n. sp., 110, 111, 261
karamatensis, Jarvisella, 106
kirschneri, Rectoglandulina, n. sp., 216, 305
koveri, Spiroplectammina, n. sp., 205, 303
kugleri, Globigerapsis, n. sp., 33, 34, 156,
158, 159, 160, 165, 243, 273
Globorotalia, n. sp., 118, 265
Kuglerina, 18, 43, 44
lacerti, Globorotalia, 74, 75
Globorotalia (Truncorotalia), 185
Lacosteina, 227
laevigata, Globorotalia pusilla, n. sp., n.
subsp., 67, 78, 194, 257
Tubitextularia, n. sp., 180, 278
Lagena hauteriviana, 215
Lamarckina naheolensis, 127
lapparenti, Globotruncana, 54
Globotruncana lapparenti, 54
lata, Heterohelix, 141, 268
lateralis, Poroeponides, 230
lateseptata, Spirillina, 228

INDEX

lehneri, Globorotalia, 156, 158, 159, 160,
161, 168, 169, 275
Hantkenina, 161
lenguaensis, Globorotalia, n. sp., 102, 120,
266
linaperta, Globigerina, 67, 70, 126, 163, 176,
181, 183, 252
linneiana, Rosalina, 44, 45
lirata, Textularia, 224
Zotheculifida, 224, 309
Lituolidae, 203, 210
lobata, Globorotalia, 119
Globorotalia fohsi, 101, 102, 119
Globorotalites, 126
Loeblich, Alfred R,. Jr., and Tappan, Helen,:
Eleven new genera of Foraminifera,
223
Loeblich, Alfred R., Jr., and Tappan,
Helen: Planktonic Foraminifera of
Paleocene and early Eocene age
from the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal
Plains, 173
Loeblich, Alfred R., Jr., and Tappan,
Helen: The foraminiferal genus Cru-
ciloculina d’Orbigny, 1839, 233
longa, Spiroplectammina, 205
lugeoni, Globotruncana, 54
mangusi, Involutina, n. sp., 202, 302
manitobensis, Miliammina, 210, 211, 213
marginata, Globotruncana, 46
Marginotruncana, 46
Rosalina, 44, 45, 46
Marginolamellidae, 18
Marginotruncana, 19, 44, 45
marginata, 46
paraventricosa, 46
pauperata, 46
Marginulina, 215
gatesi, n. sp., 215, 305
radiata, 215
martini, Chiloguembelina, 84 (fig.), 86, 87,
89, 90, 258
martini, Guembelina, 89
Textularia, 88, 89
Massilina glutinosa, 213
texasensis, 212
mauriciana, Chiloguembelina, 84 (fig.), 89,
258
Guembelina, 89
mayaroensis, Abathomphalus, 43, 44, 45,
54, 248
Globotruncana, 43, 45, 51
mayeri, Globorotalia, 32, 102, 118, 119,
167, 265
Globorotalia (Turborotalia), 118
mayoensis, Truncorotaloides rohri, 80, 170
mckannai, Globigerina, 79, 176, 181, 188,
190, 284, 290, 294, 299
Globorotalia, 67, 79, 181, 190, 195, 256
membranacea, Globorotalia, 77, 193
Planulina, 77, 193
menardii, Globorotalia, 7, 8, 16, 67, 77, 102,
120, 121, 266
Rotalia, 120
mexicana, Globigerina, 34, 35, 165

319

mexicana—continued
Globigerinoides, 165, 166
Hantkenina, 26, 161
Porticulasphaera, 34, 159, 160, 161,
165, 243, 274
micra, Globigerinella, 161
Hastigerina, 161, 164, 272
micrus, Nonion, 161
midwayensis, Chiloguembelina, 86, 89, 176,
179, 180, 278, 280, 282
Chiloguembelina midwayensis,
(fig.), 89, 91, 258
Epistominoides, 127
Guembelina, 90, 179
Tubitextularia, 180
Miliammina, 210, 211, 213
awunensis, n. sp., 210, 211, 304
ischnia, n. sp., 211, 304
manitobensis, 210, 211, 213
valdensis, 210
Miliolidae, 210, 233
Miliolidea, 210
Miliolina gramen, 211
Mimosina, 18, 26
minima, Globorotalia canariensis, 120
minuta, Globigerinoides, 110, 111
Guembelitria, 137
minutissima, Globorotalia, n. sp., 119, 266
mitra, Globigerinoides, 114, 263
Monostégues, 17
Montanaro Gallitelli, Eugenia: A revision
of the foraminiferal family Hetero-
helicidae, 133
morani, Eponides, n. sp., 219, 307
mordenensis, Spiropletammina, 205
moremani, Guembelina, 137
morsei, Chiloguembelina, 176, 179, 277,
278, 279, 280
Guembelina, 179
morugaensis, Globigerinoita, 38, 102, 111,
116, 245
multicellaris, Chiloguembelina, 91
Guembelina, 91
multisepta, Globorotalites, 220
multispina, Biglobigerinella, 25, 238
murrayi, Hastigerina, 4, 10, 29, 240
naheolensis, Lamarckina, 127
nana, Globorotalia opima, n. sp., n. subsp.,
118, 167, 169, 265
Nanushukella, n. gen., 218
umiatensis, n. sp., 218, 219, 306
naparimaensis, Globigerinita, 37, 110, 111,
116, 245
narivaensis, Gravellina, 106
navarroensis, Heterohelix, 133, 134, 138, 267
Neoconorbina, 228
Neocribrella, 18
Neoflabellina, 225
nepenthes, Globigerina, 102, 711, 261
nitida, Candeina, 15, 35, 38, 243
Nodogenerina, 133
Nodomorphina, 133, 144, 145
Nodoplanulis, 137, 161
elongata, 151, 272
Nodosaria compressiuscula, 145

84

320

Nodosariidae, 215, 225
Nonion, 26
micrus, 161
Nonionina pelagica, 29
Nonionidae, 18, 26
obesa, Globorotalia, n. sp., 119, 266
Pyrulinoides, 217
obliqua, Globigerinoides, n. sp., 112 (fig.),
118, 114, 262
obliqueloculata, Pullenia, 33
Pulleniatina, 6, 7, 8, 33, 241
occlusa, Globorotalia, n. sp., 176, 191, 197,
292, 301
Oligostegina, 18
opima, Globorotalia, 169
Globorotalia opima, n. sp., n. subsp.,
100, 102, 104, 117, 118, 265
Orbulina, 5, 11, 15, 17, 31, 33, 34, 35, 38,
39, 97, 101, 115
bilobata, 116, 264
suturalis, 115, 264
universa, 5, 7, 8, 35, 36, 115, 244, 264
Orbulina sp., 104
Orbulinidae, 3, 5, 18, 21, 31, 39, 40, 70,
108, 155, 162, 177, 180
Orbulininae, 17, 33, 115, 165
ornatissima, Gublerina, 140, 141, 269
Ventilabrella, 140
ouachitaensis, Globigerina, 164, 182
ovalis, Globanomalina, 41, 42
pachyderma, Globigerina, 5, 7, 9
Pallaimorphina, n. gen., 220
ruckerae, n. sp., 220, 221, 308
palmerae, Globorotalia, 64, 156, 158, 166,
275
Palmula, 225
tarrantensis, 225
palpebra, Pseudoguembelina, 140
paradoxa, Berthelinella, 225, 309
Frondicularia, 225
Parafrondicularia, 225
parallela, Chiloguembelina, n. sp., 85 (fig.),
86, 88, 91, 258
Verneuilinoides, 207
“Paramiliola,” 210
Paramilioidae, 210
paraventricosa, Marginotruncana, 46
Paromalina, 230
bilateralis, n. sp., 230, 231, 310

crassa, 230
parva, Globigerina, n. sp., 100, 104, 108,
164, 259, 273
parvulus, Catapsydrax, n. sp., 36, 37, 116,
244

Patellina, 17
pauperata, Marginotruncana, 46
paynei, Arenobulimina, n. sp., 208, 304
pelagica, Hastigerina, 29
Nonionina, 29
perclara, Globorotalia, n. sp., 176, 184,
191, 194, 196, 277, 278, 279, 282,
283, 284, 287, 291, 294, 297
perplexa, Ceratobulimina, 127
piparoensis, Truncorotaloides rohri, 170

planata, Guembelina, 135, 137, 138
Heterohelix, 140
planispira, Praeglobotruncana, 39, 246
Planktonic Foraminifera, 1
Planoglobulina, 133, 135, 137, 138, 139, 141
acervulinoides, 142
carseyae, 141, 269
eggeri glabrata, 141, 269
Planomalina, 13, 21, 23, 29
apsidostroba, 23, 24, 238
caseyi, n. sp., 24, 238
Planomalininae, n. subfam., 27, 52
Planulina membranacea, 77, 193
Plectofrondicularia, 133, 135, 136, 144, 145
californica, 144
concava, 133, 144
floridana, 144, 270
garzaensis, 133, 144, 270
Plectofrondiculariidae, 136, 143
Plectofrondiculariinae, 134, 186,137, 143, 145
plummerae, Bronnimannella, 139
Eouvigerina, 147, 148, 271
Guembelina, 138, 139
Plummerella, 43
hantkeninoides hantkeninoides, 44
hantkeninoides inflata, 43
plummeri, Siphogenerina, 748, 271
Plummerita, 18, 43, 44
Pluriloculinidae, 210
polymorpha, Involutina, 210
Polymorphinidae, 217, 226
Poritextularia, 224
Poroeponides, 229
lateralis, 230
Porticulasphaera, n. gen., 34, 115, 160, 165
glomerosa, 114
glomerosa circularis, 115, 264
glomerosa curva, 115, 264
glomerosa glomerosa, 115, 264
mexicana, 34, 159, 160, 161, 165, 243,
274
transitoria, 115, 264
pozoensis, Alveovalvulinella, 106
Praebulimina, 217, 227, 229
seabeensis, n. sp., 217, 306
venusae, 217
Praeglobotruncana, 18, 19, 26, 31, 39, 46,
51, 54, 55, 112
citae, 55
coarctata, n. sp., 52, 66, 249
delrioensis, 39, 55, 246, 249
planispira, 39, 246
seminolensis, 246
stephani, 39, 52, 54, 246
subcretacea, 40
Praeglobotruncana sp., 52
praemenardii, Globorotalia, 120, 266
prima, Hlphidiella, 127
primitiva, Globigerina, 67, 71, 72, 252
Globotruncana ventricosa, 57
Hantkenina, 160, 161
Hantkenina alabamensis, 26, 27, 239
Problematina, 210
prolata, Globigerina, n. sp., 64, 67, 72, 73,
162, 252, 272

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

prolongata, Tritaxia spiritensis, 208
Psamminopelta, n. gen., 210, 211
bowsheri, n. sp., 271, 304
subcircularis, n. sp., 213, 304
pseudobulloides, Globigerina, 72, 73, 126,
127, 128, 162, 183, 188, 191, 192, 267
Globorotalia, 42, 62, 66, 68, 72, 73, 74,
175, 176, 191, 192, 195, 196, 254,
277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283
Pseudogloborotalia, 41, 42
ranikotensis, 41, 42
Pseudoguembelina, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139
costulata, 139, 140, 268
excolata, 140, 268
palpebra, 140
punctulata, 140
striata, 140
pseudomayeri, Globorotalia, n.
167, 274
pseudomenardii, Globorotalia, n. sp., 67,
68, 77, 78, 176, 189, 193, 196, 257,
282, 284, 286, 291, 296, 297, 300
pseudoscitula, Globorotalia, 77, 176, 198,
197, 283, 285, 290, 296, 300
pseudotessera, Guembelina, 135, 137
Heterohelix, 140, 141
Pseudotextularia, 51, 126, 133, 134, 135,
138, 141, 142
bohemica, 143
elegans, 139, 142, 270
elegans acervulinoides, 139
elegans varians, 139
varians, 138, 139, 142
pseudotopilensis, Acarinina, 194
Globorotalia, 176, 194, 297
pseudotriloba, Globigerina, 70, 183
Pseudouvigerina, 134, 135, 136, 751
cristata, 151, 271
pulchra, Guembelina, 135, 137
Heterohelix, 140, 141, 268
Pullenia, 17
obliqueloculata, 33
Pulleniatina, 11, 15, 33
obliqueloculata, 6, 7, 8, 33, 241
Pulleniatininae, 17, 21
Pullenoides, 39
Pulvinulina, 17, 44
arca, 44, 45, 46
favus, 230
menardii tumida, 41, 42
punctulata, 229, 230
scitula, 120
tricarinata, 44
velascoensis, 76, 196
punctulata, Pseudoguembelina, 140
Pulvinulina, 229, 230
Rotalia (Rotalie), 229, 230
pusilla, Globorotalia, 197
Globorotalia pusilla, n. sp., n. subsp.,
64, 65, 67, 78, 257
pyrimidata, Gaudryina, 62
Pyrulinoides, 217
obesa, 217
thurrelli, n. sp., 217, 305
quadraria, Globoquadrina, 111

sp., 158,

INDEX 321

quadrata, Globigerina, 73 Rotalipora—Continued semiinvolutus, Globigerinoides, 165
Globorotalia, 65, 66, 73, 254 cushmani, 52, 54 seminolensis, Globigerina, 39, 40
quadrilatera, Bolivinita, 146, 270 reicheli, 52, 54 Praeglobotruncana, 246
Textilaria, 146 roberti, 11, 41, 54, 247 seminulina, Sphaeroidinella, 115
Quadrimorphina, 39, 220, 221 ticinensis, 54 semipuncta, Rotalina, 231
allomorphinoides, 221 ticinensis ticinensis, 56, 249 senni, Globigerina, 159, 163, 272
halli, 127 turonica, 41, 52, 54, 246 Sphaeroidinella, 163
quetra, Globorotalia, n. sp., 67, 68, 79, | Rotalipora sp., 52 serrata, Eouvigerina, 148
170, 256 rotundata, Rugoglobigerina rugosa, 43 Sestronophora, n. gen., 229
Racemiguembelina, n. gen., 133, 135, 138, | Rotundina, 39, 40, 46 arnoldi, n. sp., 229, 2380, 310
139, 142 stephani, 39 Sherbornina, 18
fructicosa, 142, 269 rubra, Globigerina, 32, 43 Siderolina, 26
radiata, Marginulina, 215 Globigerinoides, 7, 8, 32, 102, 103, 112 cenomana, 26
ranikotensis, Pseudogloborotalia, 41, 42 (fig.), 113, 114, 241, 262 Siderolites, 26
rayi, Siphotextularia, n. sp., 206, 303 ruckerae, Pallaimorphina, n. sp., 220, 221, | Sigmavirgulina, n. gen., 227
Rectoglandulina, 216 308 tortuosa, 227, 310
kirschneri, n. sp., 216, 305 Rugoglobigerina, 13, 14, 16, 18, 21, 43, 51, | Silicina, 210
Rectoguembelina, 133, 135, 143 54, 55, 126, 174 Silicinidae, 210
alabamensis, 180 hantkeninoides, 12, 43, 248 Silicininae, 210
reicheli, Rotalipora, 52, 54 (Plummerella) hantkeninoides hant- | Silicosigmoilina, 210
Rugoglobigerina reicheli, 43 keninoides, 43 simulatilis, Globorotalia, 75
reissi, Globorotalia, n. sp., 176, 192, 194, reicheli reicheli, 43 Siphogaudryina, 150
196, 287, 295, 297 rugosa, 15, 44, 248 Siphogenerina, 134, 149
renzi, Globorotalia, n. sp., 160, 168, 275 rugosa rotundata, 43 plummeri, 148, 271
Globotruncana, 52, 54, 57, 68, 251 scotti, 15, 43, 248 Siphogenerinoides, 134, 135, 136, 148
Reophax, 210 rugosa, Rugoglobigerina, 15, 44, 248 Siphotextularia, 206, 303
repanda, Globotruncana, n. sp., 54, 56, 250 Webbinella, 224 rayi, n. sp. 206, 303
repandus, Eponides, 219, 230 Rugotruncana, 18, 44, 45 washitensis, 206
reticulata, Globigerina, 15 tilevi, 44 soldadoensis, Globigerina, 67, 71, 72, 162,
reussi, Guembelina, 137 ruthven-murrayi, Trochammina, 62 167, 182, 191, 253, 272, 290
Heterohelix, 137, 238 rutschi, Sphaeroidinella, 102, 115, 263 Sphaeroidina, 17
rex, Globorotalia, 66, 68, 75, 176, 186, 187, | Rzehakina, 210, 211 Sphaeroidina dehiscens, 32, 33
196, 255, 297 epigona, 62 Sphaeroidinella, 6, 13, 15, 17, 32, 114
Rhizamminidae, 202 Rzehakinidae, 210 dehiscens, 6, 7, 15, 32, 115, 243
rhumbleri, Hastigerinella, 15, 32, 112, 242 | Rzehakininae, 210 erimsdalei, 102, 114, 115, 263
roberti, Anomalina, 41 sablei, Trochammina, 213 rutschi, 102, 115, 263.
Rotalipora, 11, 41, 54, 246 Saccamminidae, 223 seminulina, 115
robinsonae, Eurycheilostoma, n. sp., 217, | sacculifera, Globigerina, 113 spinuloinflata, Globigerina, 168
218, 307 Globigerinoides, 7, 8, 112, 113 Globorotalia, 158, 159, 161, 168, 275
robusta, Globorotalia fohsi, 102, 105, 114, Globigerinoides triloba, 112 (fig.), 113, | spinulosa, Globorotalia, 158, 159, 161, 168,
119, 265 262 275
Gublerina acuta, 141, 269 Sagoplecta, 225 Globorotalia (Truncorotalia), 168
rohri, Globigerina, n. sp., 109, 164, 260, 273 | sandidgei, Bucherina, 44, 45 spiralis, Globigerina, n. sp., 64, 67, 70, 176,
Truncorotaloides, 42, 156, 159, 160, | Saracenaria, 216 180, 181, 182, 184, 253, 284, 286,
170, 247, 276 dutroi, n. sp., 216, 305 288, 290
rollaensis, Textularia, 205 saratogana, 216 ‘ Spirillina, 16, 228
Rosalina, 44 saratogana, Saracenaria, 216 : lateseptata, 228
canaliculata, 44 scalaris, Epistomina (Hoglundina), 127 ier inata, 228
linneiana, 44, 45 seanica, Discorbis, 229 peer a cee ae
marginata, 44, 45, 46 Schackoina, 12, 18, 26, 27, 40 Sp irillinidae, eas J
stuarti, 44, 46 cenomana, 26, 239 Sphaeroidinella senni, 163
Rosalinella, 44, 45 Schloenbachia varians, 26 Spirolocammina, 210, 211
Rotalia, v schneegansi, Globotruneana, 52, 54, 68, 251 | Spiroplecta americana, 137
canariensis, 120 scitula, Globorotalia, 7, 16, 101, 120, 266 Spiroplectammina, 205
concavata, 57 Pulvinulina, 120 biformis, v
menardii, 120 scotti, Rugoglobigerina, 15, 43, 248 koveri, n. sp., 206, 303
(Rotalie) punctulata, 229 Trinitella, 43, 44, 55 longa, 205
Rotaliidae, 17, 18, 26, 134, 137 seabeensis, Praebulimina, n. sp., 217, 306 mordenensis, 205
Rotalina semipuncta, 231 Sejunctella, n. gen., 228 <
truncatulinoides, 41, 42 earlandi, n. sp., 228, 310 ‘ Webber; a aay B08, B86
Rotalinae, 17 selmensis, Bolivinita, 147 Spiropleetoides, t
Rotalipora, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 23, 39, Tappanina, 147, 148, 270 Sporohantkenina, 26, 28, 29
40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 51, 54, 56 semiinvoluta, Globigerapsis, 34, 159, 160, | Spirolocammina, 210
appenniniea, 41, 54, 246 161, 165, 243, 273 squammosa, Cassidella, 228

brotzeni, 11, 41, 246 Globigerinoides, 34 Virgulina, 227, 228

322

stainforthi, Catapsydrax, n. sp., 37, 101,
116, 244.
Globigerina, 70, 126, 183
stefanssoni, Trochammina, n. sp., 214, 304
stephani, Globotruncana, 39, 40
stephani, Praeglobotruncana, 39, 52, 54,
246
Rotundina, 39
strabocella, Globorotalia, n. sp, 195, 298
striata, Cruciloculina, n. sp., 234, 311
Guembelina, 135, 137, 139
Pseudoguembelina, 140
Textularia, 140
strombiformis, Chiloguembelina midway-
ensis, n. subsp., 84 (fig.), 88, 89, 90,
258
stuarti, Globotruncana, 52
Rosalina, 44, 46
subcircularis, Psamminopelta, n. sp., 213,
304
subcretacea, Hastigerinella, 40
Praeglobotruncana, 40
subcylindrica, Chiloguembelina midwayen-
sis, n. subsp., 84 (fig.), 86, 88, 90,
258
subquadrata, Globigerinoides, 113
subtriangularis, Chiloguembelina, n. sp.,
85 (fig.), 88, 91, 258
suteri, Globorotaloides, n. sp., 117, 159,
166, 264, 274
suturalis, Orbulina, 115, 264
tailleuri, Verneuilinoides, n. sp., 208, 303
Tappan, Helen: New Cretaceous index
Foraminifera from Northern Alaska,
201
Tappanina, 133, 135, 136, 147
costifera, 147, 148
selmensis, 147, 148, 270
taroubaensis, Globigerina, 72, 163, 252
tarrantensis, Citharinella, 225, 309
Palmula, 225
Tentifrons, n. gen., 225
barnardi, n. sp., 223, 225, 226, 309
tessera, Heterohelix, 141
teuria, Zeauvigerina, 93
texana, Tubitextularia, 143, 270
texasensis, Massilina, 212
Textilaria quadrilatera, 146
Textularia, v, 138, 205, 224
agglutinans folium, 143
lirata, 224
martini, 88, 89
rollaensis, 205
striata, 140
topagorukensis, n. sp., 205, 303
Textulariidae, 205, 224
Textularinae, 17
Thalmanninella, 18, 19, 41 45, 46
brotzeni, 41
ticinensis ticinensis, 56
thurrelli, Pyrulinoides, n. sp., 217, 305
Ticinella, 18, 40, 41, 45
ticinensis, Globotruncana, 46, 56
Rotalipora, 54
Rotalipora ticinensis, 66, 249

ticinensis—Continued
Thalmanninella ticinensis, 56
tilevi, Rugotruncana, 44
Tolypamminidae, 203
topagorukensis, Haplophragmoides, n. sp.,
208, 302
Textularia, n. sp., 205, 303
topilensis, Globigerina, 170
Globorotalia, 80
Truncorotaloides, 159, 160, 170, 276
tortiva, Globorotalia, n. name, 67, 78, 79,
183, 184, 256
torula, Arenobulimina, n. sp., 209, 304
tortuosa, Bolivina, 228
Sigmavirgulina, 227, 310
Tosaia, 133, 136, 151
hanzawai, 151, 271
Trachelinella, 133, 135, 136, 146, 150
watersi, 150, 271
Trakelina, 150
transitoria, Globigerinoides, 115
Porticulasphaera, 115, 264
triangularis, Cruciloculina, 233, 234, 311
Globigerina, 67, 70, 71, 183, 252
tribulosa, Globorotalia, n. sp., 195, 293, 298
tricarinata, Globotruncana lapparenti, 54
Pulvinulina, 44
trichotrocha, Globorotalia, n. sp, 195, 287,
294
triloba, Globigerina, 112
Globigerinoides, 103, 110, 112, 113
Globigerinoides triloba, 112 (fig.), 262
Trilocularena, 210, 211
trilocularis, Globigerina,
259, 273
Triloculina, 233
triloculinoides, Globigerina, 62, 67, 70,
71, 126, 127, 129, 175, 176, 181,
183, 252, 254, 267, 277, 278, 279,
280, 282, 283, 289, 293, 299
Trimosina, 18, 26
trinidadensis, Globigerina, 62
Globorotalia, n. sp., 66, 67, 68, 72, 73,
74, 253
trinitatensis, Bolivinoides, 62
Chiloguembelina, 85 (fig.), 86, 88, 91,
92, 258
Guembelina, 88, 91, 137
Trinitella, 18, 43, 44
scotti, 43, 44, 55
Tritaxia spiritensis prolongata, 208
Trochammina, 213
diagonis, 214
eilete, n. sp., 213, 305
globigeriniformis, 214
ruthven-murrayi, 62
sablei, 213
stefanssoni, n. sp., 214, 304
umiatensis, n. sp., 214, 304
whittingtoni, n. sp., 214, 305
Trochamminidae, 213
Troelsen, J. C.: Some planktonic Forami-
nifera of the type Danian and their
stratigraphic importance, 125
troelseni, Globorotalia, n. sp., 196, 297, 300

110, 128, 163,

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 215

truncatulinoides, Globorotalia, 7, 8, 11, 15,
16, 17 (fig.), 68, 102, 247
Rotalina, 41, 42
Truncorotalia, 18, 41, 42
Truncorotaloides, 14, 15, 42, 80, 160, 168,
170, 176.
rohri, 42, 156, 159, 160, 170, 247, 276
rohri guaracaraensis, 170
rohri mayoensis, 80, 170
rohri piparoensis, 170
topilensis, 159, 160, 170, 276
Tubitextularia, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138,
148, 177, 180
alabamensis, 180, 278
bohemica, 143, 270
cretacea, 143, 270
laevigata, n. sp., 180, 278
midwayensis, 180
texana, 143, 270
tumida, Globorotalia, 7, 8, 11, 42, 102, 182,
247
Pulvinulina menardii, 41, 42
turbinata, Globotruncana stephani, 46
Turborotalia, 18, 41, 42
turgida, Globigerina, 67, 73, 162, 252, 272
turonica, Rotalipora, 41, 52, 54, 246
ulrichi, Enclimatoceras, 173
ultimatumida, Guembelina, 88, 137
umiatensis, Nanushukella, n. sp., 218, 219,
306
Trochammina, n. sp., 214, 304
uncinata, Globorotalia, n. sp., 64, 66, 68,
74, 254
unicavus, Catapsydrax, n. sp., 37, 116, 166,
244, 274
universa, Candorbulina, 35, 115
Orbulina, 5, 7, 8, 35, 36, 115, 244, 264
Uvigerina cristata, 151
Uvigerinidae, 151
Uvigerininae, 134, 149, 151
valdensis, Miliammina, 210
Valvulineriidae, 18
Valvulineriinae, 18
Valvulinidae, 208
variabilis, Globorotaloides, n. sp., 117, 264
varians, Pseudotextularia, 138, 139, 142
Pseudotextularia elegans, 139
Schloenbachia, 26
varianta, Globigerina, 196
Globorotalia, 176, 196, 281, 282
velascoensis, Globigerina, 64, 67, 71, 79, 252
Globorotalia, 64, 65, 67, 68, 76, 176,
185, 186, 191, 196, 257, 301
Pulvinulina, 76, 196
venezuelana, Globigerina, 100, 108, 109,
110, 159, 163, 164, 260, 272
Guembelina, 83, 89, 137
Ventilabrella, 51, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139,
141, 142
carseyi, 137
decoratissima, 140, 141
eggeri, 141, 142
ornatissima, 140

INDEX
ventricosa, Globotruncana, 46, 52, 54, 56, | Virgulinidae, 227
57, 59, 250 vitrea, Aeolostreptis, 227, 309
Globotruncana canaliculata, 57 Buliminella, 227
Globotruncana (Globotruncana) ven- vivans, “Guembelitria,” 136, 267
tricosa, 57 q washitensis, Siphotextularia, 206
ee. SSE 217 watersi, Bolivina, 146, 150
eee midee, 206 Hastigerinoides, 25, 238
Verneuilinoides, 206 Trachelinella, 150, 271

borealis, n. sp., 206, 208, 303

fischeri, n. sp., 207, 303 webberi, Spiroplectammina, n. sp., 205, 303

parallela, 207 ve hemispherica, 223, 224, 226
perplexa gleddiei, 206 Webbinella, 223, 226
tailleuri, n. sp., 208, 303 hemisphaerica, 223, 226, 309

victoriana, Chiloguembelina, n. sp., 85 Tugosa, 224

(fig.), 87, 88, 91, 92, 258 Webbinelloidea, 223, 224
Virgulina, 227 whitei, Clavulina aspera, 62
squammosa, 227, 228 Globorotalia, 65, 67, 68, 79, 256

O

323

whittingtoni, Trochammina, n. sp., 214, 305
wilcoxensis, Chiloguembelina, 85 (fig.), 86,
88, 92, 258
Globorotalia, 67, 68, 76, 79, 80, 170,
185, 187, 189, 256
Guembelina, 92, 137, 178
Heterohelix, 178, 180, 293
wilsoni, Globigerina, 169
Globotruneana, n. sp., 52, 54, 68, 251
Woodringina, 177, 178
claytonensis, 178, 277
yeguaensis, Globigerina, 163, 272
Zeauvigerina, 83, 86, 88, 92, 135, 186, 149
aegyptiaca, 85 (fig.), 92, 258
teuria, 93
zelandica, 149, 271
zelandica, Zeauvigerina, 149, 271
Zotheculifida, n. gen., 224
lirata, 224, 309

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