SMITHSONIAN iNSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 109 CONTRIBUTIONS TO A HISTORY OF AMERICAN STATE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS EDITED AND COMPILED BY GEORGE P. MERRILL Head Curator of Geology, United States National Museum WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 109 CONTRIBUTIONS TO A HISTORY OF AMERICAN STATE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS EDITED AND COMPILED BY GEORGE P. MERRILL Llead Curator of Geology, United States National Museum WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920 ADVERTISEMENT. The scientific publications of the United States National Museum consist of two series, the Proceedings and the Bulletins. The Proccedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original, and usually brief, papers based on the collections of the National Mu- seum, presenting newly acquired facts in zoology, geology, and anthropology, including descriptions of new forms of animals and revisions of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annually and distributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A limited number of copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, is distributed to specialists and others interested in the different subjects as soon as printed. The dates of publication are recorded in the tables of con- tents of the volumes. The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a series of separate publications comprising chiefly monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occa- sionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, and catalogues of type-specimens, special collections, etc. The ma- jority of the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indis- pensable. Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum, and known as the Con- tributions from the Nationai Herbarium, has been published as bul- letins. The present work forms No. 109 of the Bulletin series. WiLi1AM DEC. RavENrEL, Administrative Assistant to the Secretary, In charge of the United States National Museum. Wasuineton, D. C., March 15, 1920. II PREFACKH. A work along the lines of the one here presented was projected and begun by the Director of the United States Geological Survey in 1885. In connection therewith a circular, bearing date of April 10 of that year, was issued, from which is made the following abstract : Recent inquiries by the United States Government concerning foreign scien- tifie surveys have demonstrated the desirability of recording in permanent and accessible form all available data relating to the organization, administration, cost, and material results of geologic, geodetic, geographic, mineralogic, agricul- tural, natural history, and ether scientific surveys officially instituted at various times by the several States of the Union. The necessity for immediate action in the collection of such data is manifest, since much valuable information—particularly details of administration and cost—has never been published, but exists only in the memory of men, in pri- vate records, and in publie records liable to become destroyed or forgotten with the decadence of the present generation. It is accordingly proposed by the United States Geological Survey to collect material for a History of American State Surveys, with a view of publishing it, if possible, during the present year. It was the original intention, in order that the plan might be car- ried out most expeditiously and accurately, to invite geologists or others especially familiar with the scientific surveys of particular States, to prepare detailed histories in such form that after having served their purpose as material for the general history, they might be published individually under such conditions as the authors might elect. A considerable number of the histories were thus prepared, as is noted later, and a few published. What led to the abandon- ment of the plan is not known to the present writer. A study of the circular and the manuscripts submitted in response thereto, leads one to infer, however, that the outline was too detailed and compre- hensive, and in but few instances was it possible even for those who actually participated in the work to furnish the information desired. The result was that the histories were of unequal length and value. surveys of the least importance often being made to appear as of first magnitude. Concerning what was unquestionably the most im- portant of all the surveys undertaken, not a line was furnished. It was while engaged in the final revision of his Contributions to a History of American Geology, that the present writer became 1Annual Report U. S. National Museum, 1904 (1906). TIL TV PREFACE, first aware of the existence of these manuscripts. He thereupon applied to the Director of the Survey for permission to refer to them, and, if desirable, utilize any information contained therein. This permission was granted, as shown by the following letter: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, UNITED States GroLnogicaL SURVEY, Washington, D. C., October 28, 1902. Dr. Gro. P, MEeRRIr1, U. 8. National Museum, Washington, D. C. DEAR Str: In accordance with your request of recent date I send you here- with the manuscripts relating to the history of official scientific surveys col- lected by the survey some years since. These manuscripts contain a large amount of valuable historical data, much of which it would be difficult to re- place. a ae a a ed * * You are at liberty to use any material which they contain in any way that you see fit. I should be glad to have you consider the preparation of a history of official scientific surveys in the United States for publication by this Survey, using the material now in band and such other material as you may be able to obtain in cooperation with the Survey by correspondence and otherwise. Very respectfully, (Signed ) CHAS. D. WALCOTT, Director. The proposition made in the final clause of the above was agreed to with a verbal understanding that the work should receive atten- tion only when official and other more pressing duties permitted. Shortly after the withdrawal of Director Walcott from the Survey the matter was brought to the attention of Director George O. Smith, with the results given in the following letter: DEPARTMENT OF THH INTERIOR, UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY, Washington, D. C., February 6, Tyus. Dr. Grorce P. MERRILL, Head Curator of Geology, Smithsonian Institution. My Drar Doctor Merritt: In reply to your inquiry of November 16 on the subject of the manuscript history of the State surveys, further consideration has simply confirmed my first impression that this material should be turned over to you for publication. * * * TI note that Director Walcott in 1902 stated that you were at liberty to use the material in any way that you saw fit, and I can do no less than confirm his action in giving you a free hand in the matter. In fact, however much I might desire to see this work published under Survey auspices, the present superabundance of material awaiting publication makes it a PREFACE. v impossible for me to use any of the printing appropriation for 2a publication that is not directly connected with our current work. am * m * + x Cordially, yours, (Signed ) Gro. OTIS SMITH, Director. With this much by way of explanation the present writer feels that no apologies are necessary. The compilation has been carried on at odd times, the manuscript in some instances lying a full year with- out being touched. Naturally, much desired information is wholly out of reach. The leading participants in these surveys have for the most part gone over to the majority, and the written and published results are lacking in many interesting particulars. Undoubtedly a search through State records would have brought to light more data regarding expenditures, but no funds have been available for the purpose, and the utility of greater detail is perhaps questionable. Ti has been the writer’s custom, in all cases where it was necessary or seemned desirable, te send the manuscript to those now in charge of surveys in the individual States for such information as was avail- able. He takes this opportunity to acknowledge his indebtedness and express his thanks for the aid thus afforded. Aprit, 1907. SUPPLEMENTAL Notre.—It was the original intention to bring this history down to a date not later than 1885. In but few instances has this limit been passed. Any seeming desirability of so doing has been anticipated by the publication of Bulletin 465 of the United States Geological Survey in 1911. G. P. M. etehe: pet Nino etl rhe x v AEWA Ds itoder r SUH Tih: insig awed tear aRy: jie ee an nip fs Y of yf fay He ‘4 cog wad eh TABLE OF CONTENTS. {The omission of the name of a State or Territory indicates that no publie survey of the lecality was undertaken during the period covered by this history. The subject ar- rangement is alphabetical, by States. ] ALABAMA, M. Tucomey’s appointment in the University of Alabama; Act of 1848 appointing him State geologist; Act of 1854; Personnel of survey; x- penses of survey; Second survey under E. A. Smith 1878-1882; Organi- zation; Act of 1878; Supplemental act of 1S77: Personnel of survey of 1873-1882; Publications; Third survey under FE. A. Smith; Act of establishment; Personnel; Methods and results; Expenses; Present GAAP Et AGE dtc) 1 ne me eR eet ee ee ap ee Fn ete AS Ae Dt.) ARKANSAS. Organization; Act of 1857: Appointment of David D. Owen State geolo- gist; Act of 1859; Second appointment and death of David D. Owen; Salaries of director and assistants; Results; Act discontinuing the survey; Act for the benefit of St. John’s College; Disposition of mate- rlal; Second geological survey under W. I*. Roberts, 1871; Act of Mareh 28, 1871; Personnel and results; Third geological survey under George Tladdock and others, 1875-74; Act of April, 1873; Organization, personnel, and expenses of third survey; Fourth geological survey under J. C. Branner, 1887-1893; Act of March, 1887; Organization and personnel; Act of March 29, 1889; Reappointment of Branner State geologist; Laws relative to printing and distribution of reports; Eeco- nomie results of the survey; Hxpenses and publications ______________ CALIFORNIA. Iirst geological survey under J. B. Trask, 1850-1856; Joint resolution establishing; Supplemental act; Publication of report; Act of 1854; First, second, and third reports of Trask; Expenses of Trask’s survey ; Seeond geological survey under J. D. Whitney, 1860-1873 ; Act of estab- lishment; Organization; Act of 1864 continuing the work of the survey; Difficulties encountered; Act of 1870 providing for unpaid expenses ; Act of 1870 continuing the survey; Act of 1872; Failure of appropria- tions and discontinuance of survey; Personnel; Disposition of collec- tions; Act to provide for the preservation of material; Resolution with reference to collections; Hxpenses; Publications; Acts relative to dis- tribution of reports; Results; Cause of failure; Hstablishment of a State mining bureau in 1880; Act providing for; Personnel; Expenses and appropriations; Publications; Museum and Library__ ~~ ________ COLORADO. FNC SD SS ee Page. oO” -! VUIE TABLE OF CONTENTS. CONNECTICUT. Message of Governor Edwards relative to survey in 18385; Report of Com- mittee on Geological Survey, 1887; Appointment of Percival and Shep- ard; Shepard’s report on economic geology of Connecticut; Pereival’s methods and difficulties; Resolution of the assembly relative to Per- cival’s report; Expenses of survey DELAW ARE. First systematic attempt at a geolegical survey; Act of 18387; Administra- tion of; Expenses; Publication: Benefits. 222.242 2 a ee, FLORIDA, Appointment of State geologist in 1853; Appointment of J. Kost in 1886; Resolution relative to a survey, 1S89__________ GEORGIA. Survey of Burke and Richmond counties by John Ruggles Cotting ; Senate resolution of 18386; Act of 1840 abolishing the survey; Resolution of 1840 continuing the survey; Second geological survey under George Little, 1874-1879; Act of establishment; Personnel; Amendments to act of establishment of 1875; Organization; Resolution of 1881 abolishing the survey; Expenses of survey; Publications: Third survey of 1889- 1900, under J. W. Spencer and W. S. Yeates: Act of establishment: Administration; Museum; Publications; Expenses____ ILLINOIS. Act of 1851 establishing first survey; Amendatory aet of 1853; Act of 1872 providing for publication and distribution of reports; Amendatory act of April 29, 1873; Act of 1877 establishing a State historical and natural history museum; Administration and personnel: Salaries: Publications; Benefits of survey: Expenses ______ : INDIANA, ee Act of 1837 providing for a geological survey; Appointment of D. D. Owen State geologist; Joint resolution of 1850 relative to mineral ands; Joint resolution of 1852 relative to survey; Second geological survey under D. D. Owen and Richard Owen, 1859-1861; Act of estab- Jishment ; Death of D. D. Owen; Administration: Museum: Expenses ; Publications; Methods; Third geological survey under EF. T. Cox and others, 1869-1900; Act of 1869; Act of 1879 revising the previous one; Act of 1881; Administration and personnel; Salaries and expenses: Publications: 2 awe es IOWA, First geological survey under James Hall, 1845-1857; Acts of establish- ment and continuation; Administration; Publications; Resolutions pro- viding for printing of reports; Discontinuance of the survey ; Expenses; Second geological survey under C. A. White, 1866-1870; Acts of estab- lishment and completion; Act providing for publication of report; Per- Page. TABLE OF CONTENTS. ee Page. sonnel of survey; Museum and library; Kxpenses; Publications; ‘fhird geological survey under Samuel Calvin, 1892-1900; Act of establish- ment; Administration and personnel; Salaries snd expeuses; Pubii- Bee LGD Gooey eee eR eo eee ee en ee, Oe ae aes ee ee ee ee Fh KANSAS. First geological survey under B. I. Mudge, 1864; Act of establishicent ; Administration ; Personnel; Expenses; Second geological survey under G. C. Swallow, 1865; Act of establishment; Adtuinistration ; Persennel ; Results; Publications; Third geologicz} survey in connection with State University, 1SS89-1900; Expenses. Se eee met % KENTUCKY. Preliminary remarks; Joint resolution concerning geological survey; Re- port of W. W. Mather; Memorial from Kentucky Historical Society and Agricultural Association; Mather’s geological examination of proposed Lexington & Big Horn Railway; Act establishing geological survey nnder direction of David Dale Owen; Death of Owen; Resolution con- cerning geological survey; Expenses; Personnel: Establishment of mu- seum abd library; Benefits of survey; Survey of 1873-1893 under N. S. Shaler and J. R. Proctor; Acts of establishment and continuation; Ad- ministration and personnel; Withdrawal of Shaler and appointment of J. R. Proctor; Combination of Survey with Burenu of Tnmicration : Establishment of museum; Results of survey; Expenses: Acts of NS oO yieheee Aaj Sete oe Se ee To coe AM Be BOY eee 100 LOUISIANA. Preliminary explorations by J. G. Robertson, Richard Gwen, and Eugene W. Hilgard; Act providing for topographical and geological survey; Administration and personnel; Publications: Reconneissance by R. H. MOuCnHIGSe as. 2 eee Geena 2 De Gol. eae 124 MAINE. First survey under C. T. Jackson, 1836-1839; Act of establishment ; Resolution of 1837-38 with reference to same; Administration and per- sonnel; Reports; Collections and Library; Resolutions relative to dis- tribution of reports; Benefits and results: Second survey under direc- tion of board of agriculture, 1861-62; Act of establishment; Adminis- tration and personnel; Instructions with reference to field work; Publi- eations; Collections and library; Expenses__._~-_-__-_____________ 129 MARYLAND. First inception of survey, 1888; Resolution relative to State map; Reso- lution relative to geological survey; Act ef 1854; Administration and personnel; Outline of work; Abolition of office of engineer and geolo- gist, 1842; Publications; Expenses; Act of 1847 providing for appoint- ment of a State agricultural chemist; Reestablishment of survey in 1896; Administration; Acts extending the seope of survey ___-___ 137 x TABLE OF CONTENTS. MASSACHUSETTS. Page. Causes leading to establishment of first survey; Resolutions providing for survey; Resolutions relative to distribution of reports; Resolution providing for printing new edition of reports; Appointment of Edward Hitehcock, State geologist; Administration and personnel; Wx- penses; Publications; Resolution of 1837 providing for renewal of sur- vey and for publication and distribution of reports; Administration ; Expenses; Benefits; Resolution relative to survey of public lands of Maine and: Massachusetts ccc s 0 ees aS a eo ear as 149 MICHIGAN. First survey under Douglass Houghton; Act of establishment, 1837; Act with reference to improvement of salt springs, 1842; appointment of Douglass Houghton; First year of survey, 1837; Personnel; Second year of survey, 1538; Salaries and personnel; Financial statement rela- tive to salt wells; Proceedings relative to salt spring lands; Summary of report of 1838; Third year of survey, 1839; Summary of reports: Fourth year of survey, 1840; Abolishment of zoological and botanical departments ; Summary of report; Fifth year of survey, 1841; Resolu- tions relative to internal improvements and copper smelting; Summary of report; Sixth year of survey, 1842; Financial statement; Seventh year of survey, 1848; Message of Governor Barry with reference to; Summary of annual report; Eighth year of survey, 1844; Message of Goyernor Barry relative thereto; Failure of appropriations to support survey; Plans for lineal survey in cooperation with the National Goy- ernment; Ninth year of survey, 1845; Failure of appropriations; Sum- mary of reports; Financial statement; Survey after 1845; Governor's message relative thereto; Report of committee; Resclution of 1846 rela- tive to mining operations and to collections made by survey; Criticisms by Alexander Winchell; Importance of Houghton’s work: Survey of 1859-60 under Alexander Winchell; Act of establishment; Joint reso- lution of 1869; Amendment of act of 1869; Administration and person- nel; Appointment of Alexander Winchell as State geologist; Salaries; Summary of results; Survey in 1860; Personnel and salaries; Sum- mary of results; First biennial report of progress; Financial statement for 1859-60; Survey from 1861-1869; Recommendations of Governor Wisner; Financial statement of 1861; Itinerary of the State geologist ; Appropriations for 1863-64 with reference to salt borings; Reference in 1865 by Governor Crapo to survey; Address of Winchell before the State legislature; Before State Agricultural Society ; Work by Winchell in the Grand Traverse region; Bill for reestablishment of survey: Geological survey of 1869; Reference by Governor Baldwin to work of survey; Appointment under act of March 26, 1869; Appointment of Johu H. Forster to investigate the copper region; Appointment of T. B. Brooks to investigate the iron regions; Summary of report of progress for 1869 ; Personnel and expenses, 1869 ; Geological survey in 1870; Plan of operations; Forster replaced by R. Pumpelly ; Hostility to Pumpelly ; Geological survey in 1871; Recommendations by Governor Baldwin relative to survey; Bill relative to appropriation for publications; In- fluences unfavorable to work of survey; Reports of committees relative to survey; Directorship of survey placed in hands of geological board ; TABLE OF CONTENTS. xT Page. Fourth survey under board of directors, 1871-1900; Appointment of Carl Rominger, director; Personnel of survey; Methods and results obtained; Progress during seasons of 1880-1884; Salaries and ex- penses; Distribution of publications; Museum; Survey under adminis- tration of Charles Wright; of M. E. Wadsworth; Personnel of survey under Wadsworth; Wadsworth succeeded by L. L. Hubbard; Hubbard succeeded by A. C. Lane; Salaries and expenses; Connection of survey with other institutions; Museum __—~- ~~~ eg seme: Ae ee 158 MINNESOTA, First efforts toward establishinent of survey; Joint resolution of 1864; Appointment of A. H. Hanchett as State geologist; Hanchett replaced by H. H. Eames; Act of 1865 continuing the survey; Act to enable N. C. D. Taylor to continue geological explorations; Summary of reports of James and Taylor; Appointment of Alexander Winchell to examine re- port on salt springs; Geological and natural history survey of 1873 under N. H. Winchell; Act of establishment, 1872; Remarks on; Act of March 10, 18738, relative to state salt lands; Act of February 24, 1885, transferring custody of salt lands to University of Minnesota; Ad- ministration and personnel of survey under Winchell; Salaries; Mu- seum and library; Expenses; Publications; Act of 1885 relative to pub- lication of final report; Benefits from the survey__-___+- Pe ee ee 239 MISSISSIPPI. Origin and act of establishment, 1850; Amendment of act in 1852; of 1854; Act of 1857 repealing and amending act of 1550; Act of 1860 authorizing employment of assistant geologist; Appointment of John Millington; Appointment of B. L. C. Wailes; of Lewis Harper; of E. W. Hilgard: Administration and personnel; Methods of procedure; Con- nection with university found unsatisfactory; Remarks of the governor relative thereto; Work of survey during 1856; during 1857; Intrigues of Harper; Legislative investigation of survey in 1859; Work of Hilgard in 1859; Appointment of George Little as assistant geologist in 1866; Resignation of Hilgard and appointment of Little as State geologist. in 1868; Resignation of Little in 1870; Appointment of Wugene A. Smith as assistant geologist in 1868: Work of Smith during 1869, 1870. and 1871; Resignation of Smith in 1871; Appointment of R. H. Lough- ridge, assistant geologist; Survey appropriation withheld and work stopped in 1872; Expenses; Salaries; Publications; Benefits_.__-______ 955 MISSOURI. Survey of 1853-1862; Events leading to establishment: Act of establish- ment; Connection with other institutions; Appointment of G, CG. Swal- low; Administration; Personnel and salaries; Aims of survey: Ex- penses; Publications; Survey of 1870-71 under A. D. Hager; Dis- organization caused by Civil War; Recommendations of board of agri- culture; Authorization of publication of first survey; Memorial of St. Louis Academy; Recommendations of Gov. J. W. MeClure; Act of establishment of survey March 24, 1870; Personnel and salaries: OIxpenses ; Publications; Survey of 1872-1874 under Raphael Pumpelly ; Amendment to law of 1870; Administration and personnel; Plan of XII TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. survey: Survey of 1873-74 under G. C. Broadhead; Personnel; Dis- continuance; Expenses; Publications; Survey of 1889-1990 under Arthur Winslow; Organization; Act of establishment; Administration; oxpenses; Reports.and cost of publication; Museum_____.____ eed + NEBRASKA. Novsurveys: prior, to: L901. Attempt Onis iiek Se eee en eee ne 260 NEVADA. Act for establishment of survey, March 20, 1865; Effect of; Act estab- lishing State mining school, March 9, 1866; Act creating office of State . inineralogist, March 1, 1869; Act abolishing the office of State mineral- ogist, February 1, 1877; Administration of office of State mineralogist under act of 1866; Personnel; Methods of procedure; Expenses; Museum's: Publication sss ee ee ee ie iets a tie Eee Ae 291 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Survey of 1839-1840 under C. T. Jackson; Events leading to establish- ment; Act of June 24, 1839; Administration and personnel; Methods of procedure; Expenses; Publications; Survey of 1868-1878 under ©. H. Hitcheoek; Act of establishment; Administration and personnel ; Methods of procedure; Expenses; Publication and _ distribution; ME NVA GS eae AM Sg se Eee NNR Oh 291) NEW JERSEY. Survey of 1835-18837 under H. D. Rogers; Events ieading to establish- ment; Act of establishment; Administration; Methods of procedure; Expense; Publications; Survey of 1854-1856 under William Kitchell; Message of Governor Price relative to survey; Act of 1854 establishing survey; Administration and personnel; Methods of procedure and work aecomplisbed: Expenses; Death of Kitchell; Survey of 1864-1900 under George H. Cook and J. C. Smock; Events leading to establish- ment; Act of establishment; Amendment and supplemental act; Ad- ministration and personnel; Work accomplished; Collections; Publica- tions; Death of Cook; Act of 1890 supplementing act of 1864; Act establishing a museum; Second supplementary act with reference to survey; Third supplementary act; Appointment of J. C. Smock; Ad- ministration and personnel; Resulis; Economic work; Topographic werk; Scientifie and educational work; Salaries and expenses_____-_- 307 NEW YORK. Events leading to the establishment of survey: Act of 1827 for the en- couragement of mineralogical research; Memorial of Albany Institute; Report of Secretary of State relative to survey; Act of 1886; Appoint- ments of Conrad, Emmons, Hall, Mather, and Vanuxem; Salaries; Work during 1886; Report of investigating committee, 1840; Acts of 1840, 1842, 1848; Contracts with Emmons and Hall; Act of 1847; Report of investigating committee, 1849-50; Expenses to 1840; Ex- penses to 1849; Correspondence relative to survey; Acts relative to distribution of reporis; Removal of survey headquarters; Correspond- TABLE OF CONTENTS. xD Page. ence between Hall and Logan; Benefits of survey; Letter of S. B. Woolworth; Hall appointed curator of State cabinet; Acts of 1870-71 relative to State cabinet natural history; Letter of Hall to De Witt Littlejohn; Act of 1883; Letter of Hall to Governor Cleveland; State museum made part of State university ; Expense of surveys, 1839-1887 ; 154 Museum staff and salaries, 1888... ~~. NORTH CAROLINA. Iteferences to early surveys; Work of Olmsted and Mitchell, 1824-1828 ; Letter of Olmsted relative to establishment of survey; Renewal of Olmsted proposition in 1828; Act of establishment of survey; Person- nel of survey; Funetions and purposes of survey; Connection with other institutions; Museum and cabinet; Salaries; Expenses; Publi- cations; Benefits; Discontinuance of survey and death of Mitchell; Emmons’ survey of 1852-1864; Act of establishment; Personnel; Sal- aries; Administration; Methods of procedure; Museum or cabinet; Expenditures; Publications; List of unpublished manuscripts; Geo- logical map; Benefits: Survey of 1864-1882 under W. C. Kerr; Organi- zation and methods of precedure; Act of 1872; Repealing of sections 1 and 8 of Act of 1851; Reappointment of Kerr as Staie geologist in 1879; Laws governing the survey of 1883-1887; Survey, how sustained ; Administration: Personnel; Salaries; Methods of procedure; Library and eollections; Expense of survey; Benefits; Untinished work and death of Kerr __---_-- eyo? Se oe es er i BS ote OHIO. Events leading to the establishment of survey; Resolution of 1886; Aci establishing first survey under Mather, 1887; Resolutions relative to publications and property of the survey; Administration and personnel; Methods of procedure; Expenses; Failure of appropriation; Attempts to revive survey; Collections; Second survey under J. S. Newberry, 1869-1884: Events leading to establishment; Resolutions relative to reports; Act supplementing bill of 1869; Administration and person- nel; Expenses fer 1869; Publication of first annual report; Resolu- tions relative to publication; Museum; Expenses during 1870; Publica- tion of second annual report; Work of 1871; Expenses during 1871; Act of 1872 extending time limit; Salaries; Administration; Message of Governor Noyes relative to survey in 18738; Appropriation for 1872- 1874; Publication of volume 1 of final report; Publication of third annual report and volume 2 of final report; Appropriations and resolu- tions relative to publications; Expenses during 1874-75; Publication of volume 3 of final report; Expenses during 1875-76; Progress during 1877; Expenses during 1877; Appropriation for 1878; Proceedings dur- ing 1879; Expenditures in 1879; Publication of atlas: Expenditures during 1880; Message of governor relative to publication; Publication of voluine 4 of final report; Act of 1882 providing for completion of volume 5, State reports; Supplemental act of 18838; Second supple- mental act, 1884; Amendment to act of 1883; Survey of 1882-1899 under Edward Orton; Administration; Methods of procedure and ex- penses; Act of 1885 providing for the extension of the geological sur- XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS. vey; Supplemental act relating to the same; Second appointment of Orton as State geologist; Message of Governor Hoadley; Expense of surveys from 1886 to 1886, inclusive; Act of 1889 making appropriations for renewal of survey; Third appointment of Orton; Personnel; Death of Orton; Appointment of Edward Orton, jr., State geologist_________ PENNSYLVANIA. Organization of Geological Society of Pennsylvania; Survey of 1836-1842 under H. D. Rogers; Act of establishment; Supplemental act of 1836 and 1838; Resolution relative to coilections; Administration and per- sonnel; Methods of procedure; Museum; Expenses; Annual reports; Completion of final report; Act relative to publication of final report; . Second geological survey under J. P. Lesley, 1874-1888 ; Causes leading to the establishment; Act of establishment; Acts of 1874, 1876, 1877, 1879, 1881, 1883, and 1885; Joint resolution relative to publications, 1875 ; Acts of 1877 and 1878 relative to distribution of publications; Joint resolution of 1878 relative to publications; Joint resolution of 1879 relative to survey of coal regions; Act of 1879 relative to publications; Act of 1883 relative to disposition of collections; Act of 1885 relative to publications ; Administration; Appointment of board of ecommission- ers; Salaries; Appropriations; Personnel; Progress of survey; Publi- cations; Distribution; Benefits and results; Completion of work of SUPVey Mil! 169022 2 So Be ee ee 8 a ee ee RHODE ISLAND. Resolution of 1838 relative to geological survey; Resolution of 1839 by the general assembly; Act of 1839 establishing geological survey; Ap- pointment of C. FE. Jackson as State geologist; Resolution of 1840 rela- tive to distribution of reports; Resolution of 1875 relative to survey; Report of committee with reference to survey ; Resolution of 1895 _____ SOUTH CAROLINA. Act of 1824 relative to geological work; Report of committee on gover- nor’s message, 1825; Work of YVanuxem; Report of committee on agri- culture with reference to governor’s message, 1842; Resolutions of com- mittee relative to survey ; Adoption of resolutions by house and senate; Appointment of BE. Ruftin, agricultural surveyor; Geological and agri- cultural survey under M. Tuomey; Administration and personnel; Expenses; Publication ; Geological and agricultural survey under Osear M. Lieber; Report of committee on agriculture, 1855; Resolutions of general assembly ; Appointment of Lieber as State geologist ; Personnel ; Iixpenses; Resolutions relative to printing and distribution of reports__ TENNESSEE, First survey of 1881-1850 under Gerard Troost; Act of establishment; Resolutions of 1888 and 1886; Administration; Reports; Expenses; Surveys of 1848 to 1900; Appointment of James M. Safford in Gumber- land University; Act of establishment of geological survey, 1854; Act Page. ow Fs 428 459 TABLE OF CONTENTS. abolishing survey ; Resolution relative to publication and distribution ; Act of 1871 reestablishing the survey; Administration; Methods of MLOccaure Eu DIUGALLONS':, UXDeCNSCS == => ann eae eee TEXAS. Survey of 1858 under B. F, Shumard; Act of establishment; Administra- tion and personnel; Salaries; Methods; Museum; Change of director ; Suspension of survey; Resolution of 1861 relative to survey; Publica- tions of survey; Expenses; Survey under J. W. Glenn and 8. B. Buck- ley; Act of establishment; Administration and personnel; Results of; Expenses; Publications; Survey of 1888 to 1892 under FE. T. Dumble; Act of establishment; Administration and personnel; Preliminary work ; Results accomplished from year to year; Expenses______--_-_--_-___- VERMONT. Events leading to establishment of first survey; Act of establishment, 1844; Act for completion of survey, 1853; Appointment of Charles B. Adams: Administration and personnel; Salaries; Resolution relative to survey property; Death of Adams and appointment of Zadock Thompson; Death of Thompson and appointment of Augustus Young; Pxpenses; Survey under Edward Hitchcock, 1856-1860; Act of estab- lishment; Administration; Publications; Results; Expenses; Survey under Hager, Cutting, Perry, and Perkins, 1864—1900___________-_____- VIRGINTA. Events leading to establishment of survey; Act of establishment; Or- ganization; Appointment of W. B. Rogers; Administration ; Expenses ; TID CAUON Sats sank is a et es eee hee ee ee WISCONSIN. First survey under Daniels and Percival; Act of establishment; Adminis- tration; Personnel; Expenses; Survey of 1857-1860 under James Hall, Pzra Carr, and Edward Daniels; Act of establishment; Administration ; Unsatisfactory conditions; Supplemental act of 1860; Hall made chief of commission; Employment of Charles Whittlesey; Repeal of law establishing survey; Expenses; Publications; Hall correspondence ; Survey under Lapham, Wight, and Chamberlin, 1873-1879; Act of establishment; Administration and personnel; Methods of procedure; Amendment to act of 18738; Expenses; Collections and museum; Acts relative to publication and distribution of final report; Acts relating to reports APPENDIX 1. Summary of principal items relating to State surveys, including tabular statement giving dates, names of chief geolegists, and expenses of all State surveys existing prior to 1900 APPENDIX 2. The Northern Transcontinental Survey under Raphael Pumpelly CO Neste 3 Putt ee Sl XV Page. 464 471 5OT 512 539 545 omenelehtat yds whe: ey a: q 14 yd by Us seat . + PEC AD eS: Madisseited. ' davedeieeeecietace SCT: wae pe By rabies ae oe ee Ah: *,0 He HW 1D =| D 10. aft 15. 16. ie. Alabama: LIST CF PORTRAITS. PLATES. Facing page. Michael Tuomey=..2---- ses BD eA A Oe oe se e Sen ee Age Ot) en eee se OS a eee eee PMNS eG rannGG.. 2 cee. ee 22 ee Be J. G. Percival . California: J. D. Whitney and collaborators____________________=-_- . Connecticut: CORI SNC TSN See te eres es ee ee Yor Shey et Se a SE eee See ee Georgia: George Little W. S. Yeates J. W. W. Spe . Illinois: bem alawoane sedi ©. bOOUNR = 2. 6. Ta ca a ce ae ea ee ee ee Um Cam) Te V1) CC) mee eee ee ee, SO Pe te Se to ee PAINS VN Oe TRG eee ee a ee Se eM ete ee Ee Ce Meee oe es See Eee ee 2S eee — YY. B. Meek__ Leo Lesquere . Indiana: a ee Se nee ee ee aa ee = Richard Owen_____----___ ey OE Ne ok Se esos adn ean 2 EK. T. Cox__ John Collett_ . lowa: AE NCE aD TiS ye eee eee oa OE POOR na se tt PA So ae R. Emery __- O. St. John__ S. Calvin____ Kansas: HK, B. Mudge Gas SWallOW.22- eee OL te Me a Pee Kentucky : D. D. Owen_ 2. Kentucky: N. 8S. Shaler Jaa. Proctor J. V. Ducatel W. B. Clark_ mG seein JACKSON 88 i oe eee . Maryland: Massachusetts: Edward Hitchcock ~~ .____________ Michigan: Alexander W Michigan: PMC) len Ais ee Fee utes ee ee ee ee a MOTEUIR ECO INUTTN O> aes Se Y ee e e e T. B. Brooks C. EB. Wright 136075—-20-—_—2 | 100 110 110 129 137 137 149 oe _—w 231 231 XVIII LIST OF PORTRAITS. 18. Minnesota: Facing page. TEE sy A IM OS OO ee ee ea 239 US SIN IMOS ee eas oS Ee ee ee ee 239 IN EE Win Che) sh se he a ee a eee ee. 239 19. Mississippi: : John Millington 222 Ree BS a ee Oe ee 255 Be. He ard ae ee ee ee ee Q5A 20. Missouri: Ge GC. Broadhead Gan ss ae os eS 274 Raphael Pumpelly = —=="-2322222 eto 2 See 2 op ES ols ak Le 274 Arthur Winslow.2-222<2 224. 022 2. J ee ee eee 274 21. New Hampshire: CS ER EG Gia CR So Ee ee at cleo 299 Gis WW. ALA WieOS S25 Se Soc ee Se ee ee = 299 22 Newodensey. >. Georcevr. Cooks. ou ee tee Dee 314 23. New York: Timothy: A. (Conma dss x ee ee ee ee 327 Bhenezer HWMMONS 22S 2 he ee ee eee 327 W.-W, (Ma ther= 252) 2h ee ee eee ee ee oak hardner= Vian xem) 232s 2 See ee ee 327 24, New York: Feiriveg! UD es cs ee ee 345 25. North Carolina: BenisonOlimstediei 8 2 oe ee ee ee 363 26. North Carolina: Wlisha-Mitchell-). 2s eee eee 375 WVEMO@N Grr ers nt foe Ss ee ee 375 Jew dLOIMGES 22 222 ee eee eee 375 Pte Ohioss JS RNCWDEEEY ce Seek 220 ee ee eee 400 28. Ohio: Hdward Orton 222. ek 4s ee eee 419 29. Pennsylvania: ER. DRO SEIS oan a ee a 428 30. Pennsylvania: : J. Peter Wesley 222222. 2 ee ee ee ee ee 484 31. South Carolina: Michael Puomey o 2 eee 459 Oscar: Me Woiebper: 8 Soren ea A 459 32. Tennessee: Gerard "TProost#22) 22) ae ee ee ees pier ae SOA SUS TMM SPR eh ae a 464 oo. Texas: B. Fy Shumard 2222320) 202 2 a eae ee 471 BS: 2 Sar Ves a i ah ie 471 34. Vermont: GB: A@ams! = 8 Oe ee 496 Zadock. Thompson. .=_- 2-4 = 2 ee eee 496 35, Virginia: W. B. Rogers..=)__=- --. ee 507 36. Wisconsin : Edward Daniels __. 225) 2 a eee ee 512 TAG Waphame 20556 eee 512 37. Wisconsin: pm OC. Chamberlain: 2-2) a2) ee ee ee eee 527 Rew) Irving ee 527 BULLETIN 109 PL. | U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘VIANVAV IV AO €L8| FONIS ‘HLINS NA1T1IV S3N3S9NJ SLSIDOTO4S ALVLS 1G-8~8] ‘ASWONL TAVHOIW CONTRIBUTIONS TO A HISTORY OF AMERICAN STATE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS EDITED AND COMPILED BY Gerorce P. Merriti Head Curator of Geology, United States National Museunr ALABAMA. FIRST GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER MICHAEL TUOMEY, 1848-1856. Organization—Upon the appointment in 1847 of Michael Tuomey to the professorship of geology in the University of Alabama it was made a part of his duty to spend a portion of his time, not exceeding four months of each year, in making such explorations in connec- tion with his department as the trustees might consider to be for the advantage of the State. Such extracts from his reports to the trustees as were considered of general interest were published from time to time in the newspapers of the city of Tuscaloosa. In January, 1848, the State legislature made recognition of these efforts by appointing Professor Tuomey state geologist. The follow- ing is the text of the act: Whereas Michael Tuomey, professor of mineralogy, geology, and agricultural chemistry, in the University of Alabama, is required by an ordinance of the board of trustees of the university to devote a portion of his time and labor in making geological explorations and examining into the natural resources of the State; And whereas it would be both interesting and useful to the general assembly and to the people to examine the reports which he may make from time to time: Therefore, : Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of Alabama, in General Assembly convened, That Michael Tuomey, professor of geology, etc., in the University of Alabama, be, and he is hereby, appointed State geologist. Be it further resolved, That said State geologist be, and he is hereby, required to lay before the general assembly of the State, at its biennial sessions, and as often as from time to time may be thought expedient, a full report of his geo- logical surveys and explorations, and his examinations into the mineral and other natural resources of this State. 1See also Geological Surveys in Alabama, by Prof. E. A. Smith, Journal of Geology, yol. 2, No. 3, 1894, pp. 275-287. bo BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Thus was begun the first geological survey of Alabama. Profes- sor Toumey’s first report, a biennial, was presented to the legislature in 1849, and printed in 1850. The geological map prepared was not, however, ready for distribution with the report and was issued separately. Professor Tuomey continued his explorations, at the ex- pense of the University, until 1850, the State having made no appro- priations for the work. In 1854 this defect was remedied through the passage of the following: An act to provide for a geological and agricultural survey of the State. é Secrion 1. Be it enacied by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Alabama, in General Assembly convened, That the governor is hereby authorized to appoint, as soon as possible, a State geologist, who shall perform the duties herein prescribed, and during the pericd of his service shal]] hoid no other office in this State. Src. 2. Be it further enacted, That said State geologist shall as speedily as possible make a complete and thorough geological survey of the State, so as to determine accurately the quality and characteristics of its soil and their adapta- tion to agricultural purposes, its mineral resources, their location and the best means for their development; its water powers and capacities; and generally everything relating to the geological and agricultural character of the State. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That said State geologist shall make a full re- port of his surveys and explorations into the mineral and other natural resources of the State, accompanied by illustrative maps, charts, and drawings, to the next session of the general assembly, and the said report shall be the entire and exclusive property of the State. Src. 4. Be it further enacted, That said State geologist, for the performance of said services, shall receive an annual salary of $2,500, to be paid to him quar- terly after his appointment, and the further sum of $10,000 is set apart and appropriated to aid the said State geologist in the performance of his duties by employing assistants and defraying the incidental expenses of his office, to be drawn for by him as needed, and his vouchers for all expenditures made from this fund shall be filed with the comptroller, to be laid before the general assembly. Src. 5. And be it further enacted, That in the event of a vacancy of the office of State geologist occurring from any cause before the completion of the survey the governor is authorized and required to appoint some suitable person to fill the place. Approved, February 3, 1854. Personnel.—Under this law Professor Tuomey was again ap- pointed State geologist (by Governor Winston), and resigned from the university in order to devote his whole time to the survey. Dur- ing the following two years he, however, according to Prof. E. A. Smith, retained his office rooms at the university and delivered lec- tures to some of the classes. He was assisted by Prof. E. Q. Thorn- ton, O. M. Lieber, and others, and in 1855, Prof. J. W. Mallet was appointed chemist to the survey. The results of the labors of Pro- fessor Tuomey and his assistants were brought together by him in a GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. »S report submitted to the legislature in November, 1855. This, owing largely to the negligence of the State printer, was not published until more than two years later. The appropriations being exhausted, Professor Tuomey resumed his work at the university in 1856, though with the intention of de- voting his leisure time to the survey as before. His work was un- fortunately cut short by his death, which took place on March 30, 1857. After his death Dr. J. W. Mallet undertook the task of edit- ing and bringing out the long-delayed report. It was found that part of the manuscript was missing, some of it was incomplete, and thus a large amount of valuable material was lost to the State and to science. In September, 1858, the report, the second biennial, ap- peared, accompanied by another map of the State more detailed than the first. Phe survey was discontinued after Professor Tuomey’s death. Hepenses.—By law the salary of the State geologist was fixed at $2,500 a year, and an appropriation of $10,000 was made for assist- ance and incidental expenses, thus bringing the total cost of the survey, during the two years of continuation after the passage of the act, up to $15,000. SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER EUGENE A. SMITH, 1875-1882. Organization—Upon the reorganization of the University of Alabama in 1871 the board of regents again took the initiative in re- establishing the survey by requiring the professor of geology to de- vote as much time in traveling over the State, and making exami- nations and collections in geology, as would be consistent with his other duties. In pursuance of this ordinance, Prof. Eugene A. Smith, then professor of geology in the university, at his own ex- pense, passed a part of his vacation in 1871 in the examination of certain Tertiary deposits in Clarke, Washington, and Choctaw counties. The subject of a State geclogical survey was brought before the legislature of 1872-73, and the following act passed: An act to revive and complete the geological and agricultural survey of the State of Alabama. Whereas by an act of the general assembly approved January 4, 1848, and an act approved February 3, 1854, a geological and agricultural survey was instituted and prosecuted for some years, with great advantage to the people of the State; and Whereas the said survey was left incomplete by the death of Prof. Michael Tuomey, State geologist; and Whereas Dr. Eugene A. Smith, professor of mineralogy and geology in the University of Alabama, is required by ordinance of the board of regents of said university to devote a portion of his time and labor to a geological ex- 4 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ploration of the State, and to an examination of its mineral and agricultural resources; therefore-— i SectTion 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Alabama, That Eugene A. Smith, professor of mineralogy and geology in the University of Alabama, be and he is hereby appointed State geologist. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That the said State geologist shall make to the vovernor an annual report of the progress of his surveys and explorations of the mineral, agricultural, and other natural resources of the State, and upon the completion of the survey he shail make a full report of his labors, inciud- ing surveys and explorations of mineral deposits, their location, and the best and most economical methods of development; of the qualities of soils, and their adaptation to agricultural purposes, together with analyses of soils, ores, minerals and mineral water, with maps, charts and drawings; which said re- port shall be printed, and shall be the exclusive property of the State. Sec. 8. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the said State geologist to make collections of specimens, illustrative of the geological, agri- cultural, and mineral features of the State, one suite of which shall be de- posited in the cabinet of the University of Alabama, a second suite in the cabinet of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, and a third in the office of the commissioner of industrial resources, in the State capitol at Montgomery. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That for the outfit of the said survey there shall be appropriated out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appro- priated—first, the sum of eight hundred dollars ($800) for the purchase of chemicals and the necessary apparatus of a laboratory for the analyses of soils, ores, minerals, and mineral waters; second, the sum of two thousand two hundred dollars ($2,200) for the purchase of an ambulance and team, and other equipments; third, an annual sum of five hundred dollars ($500) to pay the traveling and incidental expenses of the said State geologist during such time as he is engaged in the field work of the survey. The auditor shall, on the requisition of the said State geologist, when approved by the governor, draw his warrant on the treasury for the said sums as they skall be needed for the purpose of said survey as herein set forth; and the vouchers of said State geologist, for all expenditures made from this fund, shall be filed with the auditor, to be laid before the general assembly. Approved April 18, 1873. In 1877 a supplemental bill was passed making biennial appro- priations of $200 for the purpose of preparing maps and other illus- trations, and in 1879 still another, of which the following is a transcript: An act to provide for printing and distributing the report of the State geologist, and for color plates, and printing the maps of the counties of Fayette, Marion, Walker, and Winston, which accompany said report. Seorron 1. Be it enacied by tie General Assembly of Alabama, That the State printer be, and he is hereby, required to print 1,000 copies of the report of the State geologist, made to the general assembly at the present session, one- half of which shall be sent to the State geologist for distribution. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the secretary of state to procure, from the lowest responsible bidder, color plates, and have printed 1,000 copies each of the maps of the counties of Fayette, Marion, Walker, and Winston, which accompany said State geologist’s reports, which maps shall be turned over to the State printer and bound with said report. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 3D Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That in order to pay the expense of providing color plates and printing said maps the auditor be, and he is hereby, authorized and required to draw his warrant on the treasurer in favor of the State printer for the amount of the actual expense of such color plates and printing, in no event to exceed the sum of $250. Approved February 12, 1879. Personnel——During the 10 years from 1873 to 1882, inclusive, Dr. EK. A. Smith devoted the greater part of the three months of each summer vacation to geological excursions, receiving, however, no compensation in the way of salary, the cost of traveling and sub- sistence being paid, together with other contingent expenses, out of the appropriation of $500. During the summers of 1878 to 1882, Henry McCalley, assistant in the chemical department of the uni- versity, served as a volunteer assistant in the field, his actual ex- penses only being paid. Prof. W. C. Stubbs also voluntarily as- sisted in making chemical analyses, and T. H. Aldrich in prepar- ing a sketch of the early coal-mining industry in the State. This was published in the report for 1875. Publications —During this period of 10 years there were pub- lished four annual reports, namely, for 1873, 1874, 1875, and 1876, and three biennial reports, namely, for 1877-78, 1879-80, and 1881-82. With the exception of that upon agriculture (1881-82) these were of the nature of preliminary or reconnoissance reports, and dealt chiefly with the economic features of the State. The report for 1875 was simply a statement of the plan of the work proposed. That of 1874 was concerned with the crystalline region, and particularly with the copper-bearing strata. At the time when the examinations were made there, the whole section was greatly interested in the subject of copper, just as it has since become in gold. The next report (1875) treated of the same subject, but the greater part of it was devoted to the examination and classification of the formations of Jones Valley and the great Coosa Valley region. Professor Tuomey had recognized the occurrence in these valleys of the Silurian, Devonian, and Subcarboniferous formations, without undertaking the subdi- vision of the same, except in the case of the Clinton and Trenton. During the summer of 1875 Doctor Smith established the practica] identity of these formations with what had already been so clearly described in Tennessee by Professor Safford, and also the fact of the existence in Alabama of the Ocoee, Chilhowee, Knox Sandstone, Shale, and Dolomite, the Lower and Upper Subcarboniferous with their respective minor divisions. The report for 1875 contained also My. Aldrich’s sketch of the early history of coal mining in Alabama, to which reference has been made above; and there were also pre- sented the records of the borings by diamond drill in the different 6 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. parts of the Warrior Field together with an attempt at correlating the same. The report contained also many detaiis of the occur- rence and composition of iron ores and limestones of this district. The report for 1876 continued the examination of the valley re- gions, and contained a paper on the Alabama fresh water shells by Dr. James Lewis, contributed by Mr. Aldrich. In 1877-78 attention was turned to the Warrior coal field, till then comparatively unknown, and maps were published of Walker, Fayette, Marion, and Winston counties, which were practically un- derlaid with coal measures. Notwithstanding the fact that no coal was mined at that time in all this region, and it was not possible with the means at the disposal of the survey to open the seains so as to show their true value, the publication, especially of the maps, turned the attention of investors to these counties, and the next few years witnessed great developments. In 1878-79 a movement was set on foot to secure an appropri- ation from Congress for the purpose of making navigable the Up- per Warrior River to develop the coal seams along its course, and Doctor Smith, with Henry McCalley and Joseph Squire, ran a line of levels from the forks of the Warrior down to Tuscaloosa, and made special reexamination of the coal seams within available distances from the river. The expense of this survey was borne chiefly by the War Department, but the map and report were published by the sur- vey. In this document the details of the coal seams were given with aimuch greater degree of fullness than heretofore, together with many facts bearing upon their stratigraphical relations. There was also given by Mr. McCalley a continuation of the description of the Ten- nessee Valley, begun the year before, together with the analyses of some 50 coals from the Warrior field. Hupenses.—The cost of printing the reports of the survey was paid out of the general printing fund of the State. This amounted to $6,750, which, added to the $8,000 appropriated, gives a total of $14,750 for the 10 years’ work, or an average of $1,475 a year. As will be noted, the survey had no official connection with any other organization, though in 1880 Doctor Smith prepared for the Tenth Census a report on cotton culture in Alabama and Florida. the results of which, so far as Alabama was concerned, were published in the survey report for 1881-82. Jn addition to the special descrip- tive matter, this report contained a general discussion of the com- position, mode of formation, and properties of the soil, and the changes produced by cultivation. The maps were prepared for the census work, but the survey was given the privilege of using the plates. The other illustrations were prepared by the survey. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. + Benefits —The results accomplished by the stavey during this period, as given by Doctor Smith, are as follows: 1. Every county in the State was visited, and the main features of the geology and resources of each were ascertained; deseriptions vere published of each of these counties, in soiie cases giving mucl detail; the main subdivisions of the geological formations in the State were established; the mode of oeceurrence and general dis- tribution of the most important mineral resources were deseribed and illustrated by many analyses; and the agricultural features of the entire State were given with an approach to completeness, thanks to the cooperation of the Tenth Census. 2. The experience and the knowledge of the territory acquired by the State geologist during this long period have unquestionably since been of benefit to the State, for without such experience on his part the disbursing of large sums and the directing of the work of the enlarged survey, so as to secure the best results and to avoid inju- dicious expenditures, would have been attended with many perhaps insurmountable difficulties. It might be added further that the cost to the State of this preliminary work, as shown above, was small. 3. On the other hand, while at the beginning of the work these preliminary reports supplied in a measure the information then de- manded, it can not be denied that the progress of the State in the development of its great resources, especially in the latter part of this period, created a demand for much more detailed and special! information in certain directions than the survey could supply without some greater expenditure of money. THIRD SURVEY UNDER EUGENE A. SMITH, 1882-1900. Tn accordance with the idea expressed in the last paragraph above, the following biJ] was introduced and passed by the general assem- bly during the winter of 1882-83: An act to amend an act to revive and complete the geological and agricultural survey of the State of Alabama. Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Alabama, That the act entitled “An act to revive and complete the Geological and Agricultural Survey of the State of Alabama,” approved April 18, 1873, be amended so as to read as follows: Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Alabaina, That Eugene A. Smith, professor of chemistry and geology in the University of Alabama, be, and he is hereby, appointed State geologist. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That the said State geologist shall make to the governor a biennial report of the progress of his surveys and explorations of the mineral, agricultural, and other natural resourees of the State; and upon the completion of the survey he shall make a full report of his labors, including surveys and explorations of mineral deposits, their location, and the 8 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. best and most economical methods of development; of the qualities of the soils, and their adaptation to agricultural purposes, together with analyses of soil. ores, marls, minerals, and mineral waters, with maps, charts, and draw- ings, which said report shall be printed and shall be the exclusive property of the State. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the said State geolo- gist to make collections of specimens illustrative of the geological, agricultural, and mineral features of the State; one suite of which shall be deposited in the cabinet of the University of Alabama, a second suite in the cabinet of the State Agricultural and Mechanical College at Auburn, and a third suite in the office of the commissioner of agriculture at Montgomery, should such an officer be hereafter appointed and in case such an officer is not appointed then in the office of the secretary of state. Sec. 4. Be it further enacied, That for the purpose of prosecuting expedi- tiously and thoroughly the work of the geological survey, the said State geolo- gist shall have power to appoint, with the approval of the governor, such local and other assistants, including a competent chemist, and for such periods and with such compensation as he may deem necessary to the best interest of the survey. And te carry out the provisions of this act there shall be appropriated, out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of $5,000 per annum for the next 10 years. Upon the requisition of the said State geologist, when approved by the governor, the auditor shall draw his warrant on the treasurer for the amount appropriated in such sums as may be needed from time to time for the purposes of said survey as herein set forth; and for all expenditures made under the provisions of this act, except for the payment of the salary of the State geologist, as herein specifically set forth, the consent or approval of the governor shall be ebtained, and the youchers of the said State geologist for ‘all expenditures made from this fund shall be filed with the auditor; and a statement of his receipts and expenditures shall be printed in each, biennial report of the State geologist. Of the amount annually appropriated there shall be expended— First. For the salary of the State geologist, $200 per month during such time as he may devote to the work of the survey, not to exceed the sum of $1,000 per annum. Second. For the contingent expenses of the survey, including compensation of all temporary and permanent assistants; traveling expenses of the geological corps; purchase of materials for making the chemical analyses; other necessary expenditures for outfit; expenses incurred in providing for the transportation, arrangement, and proper exhibition of the geological and other collections made under the provisions of this act, and the engraving of maps, and sections to illustrate the biennial reports, $4,000: Provided, That nothing herein contained shail be construed as abridging the right of any subsequent general assembly to discontinue, diminish, or enlarge the amount of the appropriations herein made. Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That in the event of a vacancy in the office of the State geologist, by reason of death, resignation, or other cause, the governor is hereby authorized and required to fill such vacancy by appointment, and to fix the compensation of said appointee, to be paid out of the unexpended balance of the appropriation; and the tenure of oflice of said appointee shall continue till the next subsequent meeting of the general assembly. Sec. 6. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with the provisions of this act be, and the same are hereby, repealed. Approved February 19, 1883. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 9 In 1891, or before the expiration of the 10-year limit mentioned in Section 4 above, the amount of the annual appropriation was in- ereased to $7,500, this emount to continue until otherwise ordered by the general assembly, the purport of the bill being to avoid the neces- sity of renewed legislation at every session. Under these laws assist- ants were appointed and assignments made as follows: Personnel.—Henry McCalley to work in the Warrior coal field and the valley regions; Joseph Squire, in the Cahaba coal field; A. M. Gibson, in Murphree’s Valley and the coal measures adjacent thereto, and afterward in the Coosa coal field. Doctor Smith, with D. W. Langdon, T. H. Aldrich, and L. C. Johnson, undertook the examina- tion of the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of the Coastal Plain, although a large part of the time of the director was occupied in ad- ministrative and editorial work. Later Dr. George Little made an examination of the clays of the Lower Cretacesus; Dr. W. B. Phillips began an investigation of the gold region, which was con- tinued by W. M. Brewer; and K. M. Cunningham demonstrated the existence of true chalk deposits in the Alabama Cretaceous. Methods and results —The results accomphshed up to 1900, given in Doctor Smith’s summary, are as follows: McCalley’s report on the Warrior coal field, published in 1886, con- tained detail sections of all the exposures of coal seams in the basin division of this field, together with Mr. Gibson’s account of part of the plateau division. This report also contained the first approxt- mately full columnar section of the measures of this field. MeCal- ley’s report on the plateau region of the Warrior field, with map and colored section, appeared in 1891. Squire’s report and map of the Cahaba coal field appeared in 1890. The document purports to be the outcome of some 30 years’ work, during which time Mr. Squire had been continuously engaged in this field, either in active mining or in making instrumental surveys for individuals or corporations, all the results of which were incorporated in his report. The map, it is claimed, showed accurately the surface outcrops of all the important seams of coal and a number of carefully constructed vertical and horizontal sections of the field. Tt exhibited also the geology of the adjacent vallevs. The existence of phosphatie nodules and marls in the State was discovered in 1884. The distribution, quality, and quantity of these were investigated by Mr. Langdon and the director, the report of progress being incorporated in Bulletin No. 2, 1892. Mr. Gibson’s report on the geology and resources of Murphree’s Valley did not ap- pear until 1893. His report on the coal measures of Blount Mountsin was issued in 1894, and his preliminary report on the Coosa coal field in 1895. 10 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The preliminary report of Dr. William B. Phillips. who undertook the examination of the gold region, was issued in 1892 as Bulletin No. 3 and was concerned with the lower part of the gold belt. The upper part was undertaken by Mr. William M. Brewer, and his re- port thereon was published as Bulletin No. 5 in 1896. This report includes also notes on the microscopical characters of the crystalline recks of this section by Dr. J. Morgan Clements and Alfred H. Brooks. The State survey entered upon a plan of cooperation with the United States Geological Survey shortly after the consolidation of the various United States surveys into one organization under the ‘divec- tion of Clarence King. The results of this cooperation were mani- fested in Bulletin No. 4 of the State survey, published in 1892, and entitled A Report on the Geology of Northeastern Alabama and Ad- jacent Parts of Georgia, by C. W. Hayes; and Bulletin No. 48 of the United States Survey, published in 1887. This last-named bulletin treats of the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of Alabama along the Tuscaloosa, Tombigbee, and Alabama Rivers, under the joint author- ship of Director Smith and L. C. Johnson. The investigation of the Alabama Coastal Plain was continued by the Alabama survey and extended so as to embrace all the territory out to the Chatta- hoochee River, and the results were published in 1894 by the Alabama survey under the title, The Geology of the Coastal Plain of Ala- bema. In this investigation Dr. Daniel W. Langdon was associated with Director Smith, having immediate charge of the territory east of the Alabama River. It was while engaged in this work that Mr. Langdon made the discovery of the series of Post-Vicksburg Marine Tertiary formations, to which he gave the name “ Chattahoochee.” The credit of this discovery has been greatly diminished by the intro- duction of a number of new formation names and the restriction of the name Chattahoochee to the lowermost only of the formations which Mr. Langdon first brought to the attention of the geologists. In the same year (1894) was published a geological map of the State on the scale of 1 inch to 10 miles. This map was accompanied by an explanatory chart of the same size as the map, on which were given, in columns, details concerning the several formations, as fol- lows: 1, Names, Synonyms, Classifications, and Common Fossils; 2, Thickness, Lithological and Topographical Characters, Area and Dis- tribution; 3, Useful Products; 4, Soils, Characteristic Timber Growth, and Agricultural Features; 5, Geological Reports containing most important details. About this time Dr. Wilham B. Phillips undertook the study of the conditions surrounding the manufacture of iron in the State, GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 11 and the first edition of his report on iron making in Alabama was issued in 1896. This book was so much in demand that an enlarged edition was brought out in 1898, and a third was in manuscript : year or two later, though not yet published. For many years Henry McCalley, chiet assistant, devoted his whole time to the investigation of the Paleozoic formations of the State, and the results of his work were published under two heads, (1) The Geology and Resources of the Appalachian Valleys, and (2) A second report on the Warrior Basin. The first of the two reports above indicated appeared in two parts, namely, the Valley pee of Alabama, part 1, Tennessee Valley issued in 1896; part 2, Coosa Valley Regions, issued in 1898, and in- cluding ane plate with numerous cross sections illustrating the geological structure. The report on the Warrior Basin appeared in 1900, This report is illustrated by a large folding map, and by many vertical sections of the measures embracing the coal groups from the Brookwood down to and including the Black Creek. These reports include a mass of detailed information and will be an sane monument to the untiring industry of Mr. McCalley. His later years were de- voted to the study of the crystalline area, but he did not live to bring this report to completion. A Preliminary Report on the Clays of Alabama with Chemical Analyses and Physical Tests of the More Important Varieties, by Dr. Heinrich Ries, was published in 1990. This report contains also a chapter on the Geological Relations of the Alabama Clays, by Dr, E. A. Smith. The work of the survey was not limited exclusively to geology but included general natural history as well. The published reports along this line are, however, as yet confined to botany. In 1879 the botanical collections made by Doctor Smith were submitted to Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, for classification, with the request that he would take charge of the future investigation of the flora of Alabama in connection with the Geological Survey. In 1880 a lst of the combined collections of Doctors Mohr and Smith was published under the title A Preliminary List of the Plants Growing Without Cultivation in Alabama. In this lst were enumerated about 1.500 species and varieties of native flowering plants and ferns. From this time on until his death, in 1901, Doctor Mohr was engaged in the study of Alabama flora under the auspices of the State survey and of the National Department of Agriculture, and a report on the Plant Life of Alabama, was in manuscript by the year 1900, and was 5 published jointly as a report of the Alabama Geological 1This was finally issued in 1912. 12 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Survey, and as volume 6, Contribution from United States National Herbarium, by the United States Department of Agriculture. The proposed companion volume to this flora which was to have been de- voted to the Economic Relations of the Alabama Flora, because of the untimely death of Doctor Mohr, was never completed. The activities of the Alabama geological survey in the examination of water powers, underground water resources, cement materials. ete., extending over many years, did not find expression in the pub- lished reports until after the year 1900. Expenses—The appropriations for the survey expenses” under Doctor Smith’s administration have been as follows: TSISATS8S . So0Omae Vearetor Om vearSuies es =e wee Se ee $5, 000 US7T3;— LOL ME CULL Le ra ee eee ee Snel 3, 000 1883-1891 -$5,000 ia; yearsfor 8) yearsuse ss. ee ee 40, 000 TSOU=LOOOT IST. HOO4 al year tion O Myeal ses Sie aie eS. 67, 500 $115, 500 Not including cost of publication and incidental expenses, which, up to 1900, amounted to about $28,000. Present condition of the survey—The annual appropriation of $7,500 for the general expenses of the survey continues. The print- ing and illustrations of the geological reports are paid for out of the general fund of the State on the order of the governor and upon the recommendation of a committee consisting of the governor, the secre- tary of state, and State geologist. This committee decides as to the number of copies, the style of printing and binding, and the illustra- tions of the geological reports as they are announced to be ready for publication by the State geologist. By the Code of 1907 the com- pensation of the State geologist also is paid out of the general fund of the State, and not out of the survey appropriation as heretofore. ADDENDA, 1910. Very recently a handsome building (Smith Hall) has been erected at the university for purposes of the geological museum, offices of the geological survey, and the departments of geology and biology of the university. The main exhibition hall, about 100 feet by 60 feet, with gallery 13 feet wide and with skylight about 30 feet by 70 feet, pro- vides for the exhibition and storage of the geological and natural his- tory collections of the survey. The existing laws relating to the geological survey are given in Bulletin No. 465, United States Geological Survey. a cee Pa hy U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 109" (PL.-2 JOHN CASPER BRANNER STATE GEOLOGIST OF ARKANSAS, 1[887-92. ll GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 13 ARKANSAS’ 2 FIRST GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ~ UNDER DAVID D. OWEN, 1856-1859. Organization—The subject of a State geological survey of Ar- kansas was, according to Professor Branner, first brought to public attention by Governor Elias N. Conway in his message to the legis- lature of 1856. Upon his recommendation the matter was taken into consideration and an act passed on January 4, 1857, of which the fol- lowing is a transcript: An act to provide for a geological survey of the State of Arkansas. Secrron 1. Be it enacted bu the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas, That the governor be authorized and empowered to appoint a State geologist, to continue in office until the close of the next general assembly. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the State geologist to make reconnoissance of the State, noting the mining and mineral lands, their geographical position, extent, character, and geographical distribution; to ex- amine and collect specimens of the ores of lead, iron, and other metals, of the marbles, granite, limestones, slates, and all other rocks of economic value, as well as the saline and mineral waters of the State; and to make a report of the result of his investigations, suitably illustrated, to the next regular session of the legislature. Sree. 3. Be iit further enacied, That a suitable room in the statehouse shall be set apart by the secretary of state, for the use of the State geologist, and the necessary cases and other furniture be furnished, sufficient to deposit speci- mens of ail his collections on minerals and fossils, illustrating the different geological formations of this State. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That the State geologist shall receive a salary at the rate of $1,800 per annum, payable quarterly by the State treasurer, and he shall be authorized, under the direction of the governor, to employ the neces- sary assistance and provide the necessary outfit, and the expenditures of such assistance and outfit, as well as traveling expenses and transportation, shall likewise be paid to him by the State treasurer, from time to time, as such expenses are incurred, upon a certified account of such disbursement, to be filed by said geologist, which shall be done under cath, accompanied by a statement of his accounts, with the original vouchers as near as can be obtained, and an account of items, to be filed with the auditor of the State. Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That the sum of $4,800 per annum be appro- priated, out of any money in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the payment of the salary of the geologist and all other expenses incurred. Sree. 6. Be it further enacted, This law shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved, January 15, 1857. Under the provisions of this act Dr. David Dale Owen, then State geologist of Kentucky, was appointed State geologist, entering upon his duties October 1, 1857. 1See also Geological Survey of Arkansas, by J. C. Branner, Journal of Geology, vol. 2, 1894, p. 826. ? Compiled in part from manuscripts by Richard Owen. 14 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The results of the work accomplished during this and the fol- lowing year are given in Owen’s First Report of a Geological Recon- naissance of the Northern Counties of Arkansas, an octavo volume of 256 pages, bearing the date of 1858. In his message to the legislature of 1858-59 Governor Conway rec- ommended a more generous support of the survey—a recommendation which, in spite of some vigorous opposition, found expression in the following act, approved February 21, 1859: An act to provide for the further prosecution of the geological, mineralogical, and chemi- eal survey of the State of Arkansas, in connection with an agricultural and botanical survey of said State. Srerton 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas, That the State geologist shall, in the further prosecution of the geological survey of the State, connect therewith an agricultural and botanical survey of said State, according to the plan hereinafter provided for by this act. Src. 2. Be it further enacted, That so soon as the geological reconnoissance of the State, now commenced, shall be sufficiently advanced to enable the eeologist to decide upon which tracts of land demand a thorough detailed survey, there shall be instituted a minute and detailed survey of said tracts, commencing with those which hold out the best prospect of valuable dis- coveries, and said geologist shall employ, for the prosecution of the same, such force as the appropriation hereinafter provided for shall justify. Sec. 3. It sball further be the duty of said geologist and bis assistants to make collections of all ores, coais, building materials, hydraulic and other limestones, marls, clays, salts, soils, fossils, and other materials of economical value and scientific interest, to form a State collection. Sree. 4. It shall further be the duty of said geologist and his assistants to make full and complete examinations, assays, and chemical analyses of all ores, minerals, and other useful materials, in order to determine their eco- nomiecal value, their durability, and their chemical constitution; and to test the mineral and natural waters of the State, and make analyses of those deemed of sufficient interest, especially those thought to be possessed of medical properties. or supposed to contain deleterious principles. Sro. 5. That it shall further be the duty of said geologist and his assistants to make a collection of the various soils of the State, especially those char- acteristic of the different geological formations of the State; and shall con- stitute a minute analyses of such soils, so as to exhibit the composition and properties of the various soils, and ascertain their applicability to particular erops and their comparative fertility. Sec. 6. That it shall be the duty of said geologist and his assistants to give information to the citizens in the country through which they may pass in regard to the existence of minerals, especially to the owners of land on which valuable minerals may be found. Sec. 7. Be it further enacted, That the botanical survey shall have special reference to growths peculiar to the various geological formations and the congeniality of these (particularly the useful plants) to the soils derived from the different geological formations. Sec. 8. That it shall be the duty of the said State geologist to prepare a re- port on the progress of said survey, on or before October 10, 1860, to be ad- dressed to the governor of the State, and accompany said report with sections, GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 15 maps (and) drawings, to illustrate the text: also with specimens, to be de- posited in the State cabinet. Src. 9. Be it further enacted, That the State geologist, or such of his assis- tants as shal! be authorized by said State geologist, shall have access to records, of all documents, notes, profiles, plats, maps, and field books of all surveys of roads, rivers, railroads, or any other public surveys, with full authority to make such copies or extracts of the same as shall be deemed necessary or useful for facilitating and expediting the geological survey of the State. Sec. 10. Be it further enacted, That for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this act the governor be, and he is hereby, authorized, from time to time, to appoint a State geologist, who shall receive a salary at the rate of $2,500 per annum, payable quarterly out of the State treasury, and a sufficient sum to pay the same is hereby appropriated out of any money in, or which shall be in the State treasury, not otherwise appropriated. Sec. 11. Be it further enacted, That the State geologist shall be authorized, under the direction of the governor, to employ the necessary assistance and outfit, as well as traveling expenses and transportation, which shall be paid to him out of the geological appropriations, from time to time, as such expenses shall be incurred, as weil as the expenses of the chemical department and other expenses which shall be deemed necessary to accomplish the objects of this act; and all such expenditures shall be stated in the accounts of the State geologist, which he shall file with the auditor under oath; and that $6,000 per annum for two years be appropriated, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, for carrying on the geological survey of the State of Arkansas; and all other acts of appropriation fcr said purpose are hereby repealed. Sec. 12. Be it further enacted, That this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved February 21, 1859. Personnel—-Under this act Dr. David Dale Owen was again appointed State geologist, but, dying before the convening of the Legislature, his Second Report of a Geological Reconnaissance was edited by his brother, Richard Owen, and J. P. Lesley. This report was printed in Philadelphia under date of 1860, and forms an octavo volume of 433 pages.’ Doctor Owen was assisted by FE. T. Cox, afterwards State geolo- gist of Indiana, Joseph Lesley, Drs. Robert Peter and Elderhorst, chemists, and Leo Lesquereux, paleobotanist. The appointments, according to the manuscript notes of Richard Owen, were all dic- tated by Dr. D. D. Owen. Salaries —According to the terms of the bill establishing the sur- vey, Dector Owen’s salary was at the rate of $2,500 a year. Prof. Richard Owen, in the manuscript note referred to, writes that the salary of Mr. Cox and that of the other assistants was $1,200 a year; 1 Concerning this Prof. Richard Owen writes (MS.): “Mr. Cox says the first volume vas so badly printed by the State printer that Governor Conway had a second edition printed (I think in Philadelphia) at his own expense. All arrangements had been made by my brother for printing and engraving the second volume. Professor Lesley had also undertaken to read the proof.” 136075—20-——-3 16 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and that of the subassistants was at the rate of $40 per month. None of the officers received salaries from other institutions. Results—According to Professor Branner, Doctor Owen’s efforts were devoted entirely to the work of reconnaissance, the first report treating the region north of the Arkansas River, and the second that south of the river. In the main his ideas of the geological structure of the State were correct, and his facts have been of great service in working out the details of the structure and the areal geology. Errors were made, but they were few and unimportant, especially when we take into consideration the limited time and small means at the disposal of the survey. It may be well (quoting Doctor Bran- ner) to mention the more fundamental of these errors, because they have so long been current: 1, It was thought that the Arkansas coals belonged to the Lower Coal Measures. Coal does occur in the Lewer Coal Measures north of the Boston Mountains, and the generalization was made from these beds. The coal of the Arkansas Valley is in an altogether dif- ferent position—near the top of the Coal Measures. 2. It was thought that the novaculites, now known to be Silurian, were Carboniferous. No fossils had then been found in or near the - novaculites. 3. The theory of northeast-southwest metalliferous veins across the State, although advanced only as “ probable,” led to much searching for silver and lead, much loss of time and money, and to much dis- appointment. The Civil War broke out shortly after the publication of Owen’s second report, and the survey was discontinued through the follow- ing act: An act to repeal the one hundred and sixty-eighth chapter of Gould's Digest. SxctTion 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas, That the law providing for the appointment of a gelegist of this State, and for a geological survey of this State, as provided for by chapter 168 in Gould’s Digest, be, and the same is hereby repealed: and that this act take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved, January 21, 1861. The books and specimens collected during the period of these sur- veys were disposed of according to the following: An act for the benefit of St. John’s College. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas, That the geclogical and mineralogical specimens on deposit in the office of the secretary of state be turned over to St. John’s College and placed in its cabinet, for the use of the faculty, students, and others, and that the miscellaneous books on deposit in the office of the secretary of state be turried over to the said college, to be placed in their library for the use of the faculty, students, and others: GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 17 Previded, That said college shall return the whole of said books and specimens hereby deposited with them when called for by the State officers. Approved, January 21, 1861. The material thus disposed of would appear from the notes of Richard Owen to have been largely duplicates. He writes: I believe duplicate specimens were forwarded to Little Rock for a State museum. * * * On arriving at New Harmony [Owen’s headquarters] all {that is, the specimens] were placed in one room of the laboratory, designated as the Arkansas room. * * * Some of the duplicates went to the Indiana State University. No special zoological collections were made and no library was formed. SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER W. F. ROBERTS, 1871. In 1866 a bill providing for a second geological survey was passed by the senate of the general assembly, but was rejected by the house. In his message to the assembly of 1868 Gov. Clayton Powell recom- mended the continuation of the survey, but the committee to whom the matter was referred, reported that, “owing to the unsettled con- dition of the country and the lack of funds to prosecute the above work,” the bill should be indefinitely postponed. In the assembly of three years later the subject received more favorable considera- tion, and the following bill was passed: An act entitled An act to authorize the Governor to appoint a State geologist to develop the mineral resources of the State of Arkansas, and for other purposes. Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas, That the Governor be and he is hereby authorized to appoint a State geologist, who shall hold his office for the term of two years. - Sec. 2. Any person who shall have been appointed under the provisions of this act shall, on receiving his commission, proceed to make a geological examination of the State, and report to the Governor the result of his explorations and dis- coveries once in three months. _ Sec. 3. The State geologist appointed under this act shall be authorized to employ one or more assistants, who shall be under his supervision, and he shall be entitled to receive a salary of $2,500 per annum, all traveling and other neces- sary expenses. Sec. 4. There shall be set apart in the office of the secretary of state a proper place for a mineral cabinet, and it shall be the duty of the State geologist to select choice specimens of all minerals that he may discover and deposit the same, properly labeled, in the mineral cabinet. Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That the sum of $15,000 is hereby appropriated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated to carry this act into effect. Sec. 6. This act shall take effect and be iu force from and after its passage. Approved March 28, 1871. Personnel and results—Under the act Gov. P. A. Hoadley ap- pointed W. F. Roberts, sr., State geologist on June 5, 1871. The records in the office of the secretary of state do not show how long Mr. Roberts held office, but in his message to the assembly in 1873 18 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the governor mentions the fact that Mr. Roberts returned to Penn- sylvania the preceding July, and had not since been heard from. Dr. George Haddock, of Arkadelphia, had been appointed Roberts’ assistant, and accompanied him through the westerly part of the State. With what results is not definitely known, since Roberts’ report was never published, the manuscript, according to the author’s statements, being deposited in a bank because the State was unable to print it. A series of articles, however, was subsequently pub- lished in the Age of Steel of St. Louis in 1887-88, and it is regarded by Professor Branner as probable that these represented his views of the geology of the State, though they are largely a repetition of results given by Owen. In 1873 Dr. George Haddock published a pamphlet of 66 pages, entitled: Reports of a Geological Reconnais- sance of a Part of the State Arkansas Made During the Years 1871-72. This was likewise of little importance and added nothing to the work of Owen. THIRD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER GEORGE HADDOCK AND OTHERS, 1S T3I—UST 4. In the general assembly of 1873 the matter of a renewal of the survey was taken up and a bill passed as follows: An act entitled An act to authorize the governor to appoint a State geologist to develop the mineral resources of the State of Arkansas, and for other purposes. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Gencral Assembly of the State of Arkansas, That the governor be and he is hereby authorized to appoint a State geologist, who shall hold his office for the term of two years, except he be removed as hereinafter provided. Sec. 2. Any person who shall have been appointed under the provisions of this act shall, on receiving his commission, proceed to make a geological ex- amination of the State, and report to the governor the results of the explora- tions and discoveries once every 12 months. Src. 3. The State geologist appointed under this act shall be authorized to employ one or two bands, who sball be under his supervision; and he shall be entitled to receive a salary of $2,500 per annum, all traveling and other neces- sary expenses. Src. 4. There shall be set apart, in the office of the secretary of state, a proper place for a mineral cabinet, and it shall be the duty of the State geolo- gist to select choice specimens of all minerals that he may discover and deposit the same, properly labeled, in the mineral cabinet. Src. 5. The governor shall be authorized and shall have full power to remove the said State geologist whenever in his opinion the interests of the State may require it, and in that event the salary of the State geologist shall cease from the date of his removal. Sec, 6. The sum of $15,000 is hereby appropriated to carry this act into effect. Src. 7. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved April 25, 1873. Under this act the following geologists were appointed: George Taddock, appointed May 15, 1873, and removed from office January GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 19 14, 1874. Mr. Haddock, who is said to have been a Scotchman, had been assistant geologist under Mr. Roberts the year before; he made no report except the one published under a former appropriation and mentioned above. William C. Hazeldine, appointed January 14, 1874, and removed June 29, 1874. Mr. Hazeldine was an English- man by birth, and had been a member of the State legislature from Richmond, Little River County, in 1871. Later he was circuit judge of the second district of Arkansas, and hved at Augusta, Woodruif County. As State geologist he made no report, and, so far as can be ascertained, did no field work. Arnold Syberg was appointed June 29, 1874, and remained in office to the end of the term. Mr. Syberg ras a native of Prussia; was at one time a captain in the Regular Army of the United States; afterwards State engineer of the State of Arkansas, and still later engineer in the Confederate Army. He made no report, and the only work done was to receive and examine specimens sent or brought in from various parts of the State. The total amount appropriated for the 1873-74 survey ($15,000) was spent, and, in addition thereto, the legislature voted $2,386 in a deficiency bill. The failure of the surveys for the years 1868 to 1875 to vield any geological results must be attributed to the general demoralization of the State government during the reconstruction period. No further efforts were made to carry on a geological survey until the year 1881, when bills for such work were defeated in both branches of the general assembly. In the assembly of 1883 the only legislation passed relating to geological work was a senate concurrent resolution “ authorizing and directing the governor to make application to the Secretary of the Interior of the United States for a geological survey of the State of Arkansas.”* Nothing seems to have come of this effort to obtain help from the National Government. FOURTH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER JOHN C. PRANNER, 1887-1895. The fourth geological survey of the State was undertaken under the suggestion of Gov. Simon P. Hughes, in his message to the gen- eral assembly in January, 1887. The following is the text of the act of authorization: A bill providing for a geological survey of Arkansas. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas: Srcrion 1. That the governor is hereby required to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, a State geologist, who shall be a person of known integrity and competency, having 2 practical and scientific knowledge of the sciences of geology and mineralogy, who shall hold his office for the term 1 Journal of Geology, vol. 2. 1894, pp. 829-830. 20 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of two years from the time he enters upon the duties of his office: Provided, That he shall be at all times subject to removal by the governor for incompe- tency er gross neglect of duty. That said geologist shall, upon consultation with and approval of the governor, appoint one or more suitable assistants, not ex-— ceeding three in number, one of whom shall be a skillful, analytical and agri- cultural chemist; the said geologist and assistants to constitute a geological corps, whese duty it shall be to make a complete and thorough geological, agri- cultural, and mineralogical survey of each and every county in the State. Sec. 2. The said survey shall have for its objects: First, an examination of the geological siructure of the State, including the dip, magnitude, order, and relative positions of the several strata, their richness in coal, clays, ores, min- eral waters, building stone, and other useful material for economic purposes, and their accessibility for mining, or manufacture: second, an accurate chemi- cal analysis and classification of the various soils of the State, with the view of discovering the best means of preserving and improving their fertility, and of pointing out the most beneficial and profitable modes of cultivation; also, # careful analysis of the different ores, rocks, peats, marls, clays, saline, and all mineral waters within the State; third, to ascertain by meteorological cbser- yetions the local causes which produce variations of climate in the different. sections of the State; also, to determine by strict barometrical observations the relutive elevation and depression of the different parts of the State. sec. 3. It shall be the duty of said geologist, in the progress of the examina- tion thereby directed, te collect such specimens of rocks, ores, soils, fossils, organic remains, and mineral compounds as will exemplify the geology, min- eralogy, uid agronomy of the State; and he shall deposit said specimens, accu- rately labeled and classified, in a room to be provided by the State land com- missioner, who shall carefully preserve and keep the seme under his super- vision, See. 4. It shall be the duty of said geologist on or before the first Monday in December of each year during the time occupied in said survey, to make a. printed report to the governor of the results and progress of the survey, accom- panied by such maps, profiles, and drawings as may be necessary to exemplify the same, which reports the governor shall lay before the general assembly. Sec. 5. When the survey shall be fully completed the said geologist shall make to the governor a final report, including the results of the entire survey, accompanied by such drawings and topographical maps as may be necessary to illustrate the same, und by a single geological map, showing by colors and other appropriate means, the stratification of the rocks, the character of the soil, the localities of the beds of the mineral deposits. and the character and the extent of the different geological formations. Sze. 6.. That the salary of said geologist shall be $3,500 per annum, and the salaries of his assistants not more than $1,800 per annum each, which salaries shall be paid at the time and in the manner now prescribed by law for the pay-. inent of the other State officers. ne Sec. 7. That for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act there is hereby apprepriated out of any money now in the treasury of the State not otherwise appropriated, for chemicals and for contingent expenses of the survey, including the actual and necessary traveling expenses of the geological corps and hire of local assistants, $10,000, which sum so appropriated shall be expended under the direction of the governor upon the certificate of said geologist, and approved by the governor, which certificate and approval shalh: alone authorize the auditor of the State to draw his warrant upon the treasurer for the amount so certified and approved. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 21 Sec. 8. No money shall be paid for the purposes of said survey until said geologist shall have entered upon the discharge of his duties as prescribed by this act. Sec. 9. The survey shall be commenced as soon after the appointment of said geologist and his assistants as practicable, and shall be completed within two years from and after the time of its commencement. ‘To facilitate said survey the geologist and his assistants shall have access to the field notes and maps of the public surveys in the office of the commissioner of Stute lands free of charge. When, at any time during the progress of such survey, said geologist shall discover any considerable deposits of mineral, metals, ores, clays, coals, or anything else of value, situated upon the land or lands of any citizen or citi- zens of this State, he shall forthwith notify the owner or owners of such dis- covery or discoveries; and should any such discovery or discoveries be upon any land or lands belonging to the State, he shall at once and without delay notify the governor thereof; and the governor, upon the receipt of such notice, shall forthwith cause all such Jands to be withdrawn from sale or donation until otherwise provided by the general assembly. Sec. 10. That all laws in conflict herewith are hereby repealed, and this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved March 5, 1887. Personnel—Under this act, Dr. J. C. Branner, then professor of geology in the University of Indiana, was appointed State geologist, entering upon his duties June 24, 1887. Assistants in special lines of investigation were from time to time appointed as follows: T. B. Comstock, to report on mines of gold and silver; R. A. F. Penrose, on those of manganese; L. S. Griswold, on novaculite; T. C. Hopkins, on marbles; and J. I’. Williams, on the igneous recks. R.N. Brockett served as chemist. Mr. Comstock resigning at the end of the first season, that of 1887, Mr. Arthur Winslow was appointed in his place. Volunteer assistance along various lines was furnished by O, P. Hay, of Butler University, Indiana; C. H. Bollman, of the University of Indiana; F. V. Coville, of Cornell University; F. W. Simonds, of the Arkansas Industrial University; R. T. Hill, of the United States Geological Survey; J. H. Shinn, of Little Rock, Arkansas; and G. D. Harris, of Jamestown, New York. Charles E. Taft served as topo- grapher. At the meeting of the general assembly in 1889 there was violent opposition to the continuation of the survey, due chiefly to the ex- position of certain fraudulent claims regarding gold mines in the western part of the State. This opposition, was, however, unsuccess- ful, and the following bill passed. As will be noted, it was so worded that it was unnecessary for the subsequent assemblies to do more than vote the necessary appropriations, An act providing for a geological survey of Arkansas, approved Mareh 5, 1887, and ap- propriating ten thousand dollars to defray the expenses of said survey. Be it enacied by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas: Secrion 1. That section 1 of an act providing for a geological survey of Arkansas, approved March 5, 1887, be amended so as to rend as follows, to wit: 22 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. That the governor is hereby required to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, a State geologist, who shail be a person of known integ- rity and competency, having a practical and scientific knowledge of the science of geology and mineralogy, who shall hold his office for the term of two years from the time he enters upen the duties of his oftice: Provided, Yhat be shall be at all times subject to removal by the governor for incompetency or gross neglect of duty. That said geclogist shall, upon consultation with and approval of the governor, sppoint one or more suitable assistants, net exceeding four in number, one of whom shall be a skillful, analytical, and agricultural chemist; the said geologist and assistants to constitute a geological corps, whose duty it shall be to make a complete and thorough geolegical, agricultural, and miner- alogical survey of cach and every county in the State. Src. 2. That section 6 of said act be amended so as to read as follows, to wit: That the salary of said geologist shall be $3,500 per annum: the salaries of three of his assistants shail be $2,000 per annum; and the salary of one of. his assistants not more than $1,800 per annum, which salaries shall be paid at the time and in the manner now prescribed by law for the payment of the other State officers. Sec. 3. That for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act there is hereby appropriated ovt of any money now in the treasury of the State not otherwise appropriated, fer chemical and contingent expenses of the survey, including the actual and necessary. traveling expenses of the geological corps and hire of local assistants, $10,000, which sum so appropriated shall be ex- pended, under the direction of the governor, upon the certificate of said geolo- gist, and approved by the governor, which certificate and approval shall alone authorize the auditor of State to draw his warrant upon the treasurer for the amount so certified and approved. Sec. 4. That all laws in conflict herewith are hereby repealed, and this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved March 29, 1889. Under this bill Doctor Branner was again appointed State geolo- gist. The assembly of 1891 made the same appropriation as for each of the two previous years, but with the stipulation that the survey should be brought to a close by the end of March, 1903. This, so far as the field work was concerned, was practically accomplished and further appropriations asked only suflicient to complete the preparation of the reports. The sum of $4,000 was appropriated for this with the understanding that Doctor Branner should prepare the reports without expense to the State beyond the assistance he might need in office and clerical work, and that the printing, binding, and engraving of the reports should be paid for, as before, out of the gen- eral appropriations for the State. The reports, as issued, are mainly in the form of monographs, and, in the case of that of Penrose on manganese, by no means limited to deposits within the State limits. Annual reports alone were pro- vided for, and for this reason the volumes, instead of being numbered consecutively, are given in this form and divided into volumes, of which each one is as a rule given up to a single subject. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 23 The following laws were passed from time to time relative to the distribution of these reports: [Act of 1889.] Sec. 3. That there shall be printed by the proper contractor, annually, 2,000 copies of the report of the State geologist to the governor: Provided, That, with the approval of the board of publie contracts, a larger number of said reports, or of any special reports of said State geologist, which may be of special value to the people of this State, may be printed: and, provided further, That the governor, with the approval of the board, may cause to be published any reports of the State bourd of health, or other important reports of State officers or agents, not provided for in chapter 125 of Mansfield’s Digest. An act to regulate the printing and distribution of the reports of the geclogieal survey. Be it enacted by the General Assenibly of the State of Arkunsas: SecTioON 1. The edition of the reports of the geological survey hereafter pub- lished shall be 4,060 copies. Lhe distribution of these reports shall be made by the secretary of state, as follows; 50 copies to the governor; 10 copies to each of the members of the senate; 10 copies to each of the members of the house of representatives; 10 copies to each of the following State officers: The secretary of state, the treasurer, the auditor, the superintendent of public instruction and the land commissioner; 300 copies to the State geologist, who shall distribute them to professional geologists in this country and abroad, and to persons ren- dering material aid to the geological survey; 200 copies to the State librarian for exchange with other States and Verritories. Of this number he shall also send a copy to each of the colleges of this State, and one copy to the Ubrary of the State university of each State in the Union. He shall distribute one copy to each of the following scientific societies of the United States maintaining libraries: California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal.; Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, Conn.; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.; Indiana Academy of Sciences, Indianapolis, Ind.; Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, Davenport, Iowa; Iowa Academy of Sciences, fowa City, Iowa; Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass.; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; Peabody Academy of Sciences, Salem, Mass.; Worcester Natural Histery Society, Worcester, Mass.; Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, Minneapolis, Minn.; Academy of Science, Wash- ington University, St. Louis, Mo.; American Geological Society ; American Geo- graphical Society, New York, N. Y.; American Institute of Mining Engineers, New York, N. Y.; American Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New York, N. Y.; New York Academy of Sciences, New York, N. Y.; Vassar Brothers’ Institute, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.; Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Chapel Hill, N. C.; Cincinnati Seciety of Natural History, 108 Broadway, Cincinnati, Ohio; Acadeiny of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.; American Philosophical So- ciety, Philadelphia, Pa.; Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pa.; Lackawana In- stitute, Scranton, Pa.; Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, Wilkes- Barre, Pa. The remaining volumes, with the exception of 10 copies, which shall be re- tained in the State library, shall be sold by the secretary of state and the receipts covered into the State treasury. The price of the separate volumes shall be fixed by the printing board in such a manner as to have them cover as nearly as possible the average cost of printing, engraving, paper, binding, and necessary clerical work. Fach volume mny be sold separately, but a map shall 24 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. not be sold separately from the volume of the report which it is intended to accompany, or the volume separately from its map or maps. See. 2. That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed, and this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved April 1, 1889. An act to regulate the distribution of the geological reports of the State. Whereas there remins in the State library a large number of the geological reports of 1888; and Whereas a much greater number is now in the hands of the public printer and will soon be issued; and Whereas the principal object in making a geological survey of the State, and having the same published at a heavy cost, was to make known to scientists and capitalists the vast mineral resources of the State and induce an early develop- ment of the same; and Whereas many applications for the geological reports of State are made by the citizens of other States and countries desiring to invest labor and capital in developing the mineral rescurces of this State; Therefore, Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas: Section 1. That the secretary of state is hereby authorized and directed to distribute the geological reports of 1888, 1889, and 1890, as follows: Report of 1888: To each member of the general assembly of 1891, 2 copies; to each State officer, 2 copies; to the State geologist (J. C. Branner), 100 copies ;, to the secretary of state for distribution in scientific institutions, scientists and capitalists in this and other States seeking information as to our mineral re- sources, 250 copies. Report of 1889 and 1890: To each member of the general assembly of 1891, 5 copies; to exch State officer, 5 copies; to the State geologist (J. C. Branner), 250 copies; to the States and Territories, 50 copies: to colleges and high schools of this State and universities and scientific institutions in other States and Ter- rifories, 100 copies; to the secretary of state for distribution to scientific insti- tutions, scientists, ina capitalists in this and other States seeking information as to our mineral resources, 350 copies. Src. 2. That the residue of said reports be retained in the State library for sale, at such price as the printing board may fix. a Sec. 6. That this act take effect and be in force from and after its passage, Approved April 8, 1891. I An act to regulate the distribution of the geological reports of the State of Arkansas, - Be it enected by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas: Section 1. That the secretary of state is hereby authorized and directed to distribute the geological reports cf this State for the years 1888, 1889, 1890, 1892, and all subsequent reports as follows: To the State geologist (Prof. J. ©: 3ranner), 150 copies each of all volumes hereafter published; to the States and Territories, one copy each of volume 1, 1891, and volume 2, 1892, and one copy: each of all volumes hereafter published; to colleges and high schools of this State and universities and scientific institutions in other States, one copy each of all volumes published subsequent to volume 8, 1890; to the secretary of state, for distribution to scientists and capitalists, 150 volumes each of volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4 of 1888; 150 copies each of volume 2 of 1889; 150 copies each of volumes 1, 2, and 3 of 1890; 250 copies each of volume 1, 1891; 250 copies of volume 1, 1882; 250 copies each of all volumes hereafter published. To the members of the general assembly as follows: reports of 1888, one copy each; reports of GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 25 i883, one copy each; reports of 1890, volumes 1 and 2, one copy each; reports of 1890, volume 8, three copies each; reports of 1891, three copies each; reports of 1892, three copies each: of all volumes hereafter published, five copies each. Src. 2. That before the secretary of state shall be authorized to distribute any of the reports to scientists or capitalists ss provided for in section 1, he shall require the applicant to state in writing “ that he is a scientist or a capitalist,” and that he wishes the reports to aid him in investigating the mineral resources of the State. See. 8. That the secreiary of state shall not be authorized to distribute any of the reports to scientists or capitalists until the postage or express charges on same have been paid. Sic. 4. That the residue of sald reports be retained in the State library for sale at such price as the printing board may fix. Sec. 5. That ail acts in conflict herewith be, and they are hereby, repealed, and that this act take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved April 6, 1898. Resulis—The following are some of the general economic results of the survey’s work as given by Professor Branner: _ 1. The areal and structural geology of the State in so far as the subdivisions are known. (The exact parting between the Carbon- iferous and Lower Carboniferous along the southern margin of the Carboniferous is not known: indeed it is not known whether the Lower Carboniferous comes to the surface south of the Arkansas River.) 2. Reporting upon the reputed gold mines of the State. 3. Outlining the coal area. 4, Determining and pointing out the adaptabilities of the various coals, and the best methods of mining and marketing them. 5, Showing the extent, value, and method of locating manganese deposits. 6. Mapping and calling attention to the character, extent, and dis- tribution of the marbles and other limestones. 7. Discovery of chalk, giving its distribution, and suggesting uses to which it may be-put. 8. Chemical analyses of the mineral waters. 9. Showing the character of the iron ores. 10. Discovery of bauxite and giving its distribution. _ 11. Pointing out the character, distribution, and availability of the clays of the State. 12, Determining by tests the character of the granites and giving their distribution. 18. Analyses and distribution of the zinc ores. Some of the more comprehensive geologic problems that yet re- main to be solved relate to— 1. The paleontology of the State. 2, The physical geography. 3. Quaternary history. 26 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 4. Relation of the paleozoic beds to those of the other parts of the continent and to those of the world. 5. The divisions of the Silurian beds. Kepenses of publications —Summary of appropriations and pub- heations., | | | pee Term. Geologist . | Peet Reports published. | er | Pages, Tapa. bbe Pee Cee s a! sky He Ae Ri ro era ee Eh A ne 1857-1858 | D. D. Owen............... | $4,800 | Firstsurvey.........2. pe 1} BOO ie saree 1858-1860 |..... dome Rare a | 12,000 | Second survey............. | 1 | 431 ! 1871-1873 | W. F. Roberts, Sr......... | ! 15,000 | Haddock’s pamphlet. ...... | 1 | 63 ( Geo. Haddock............ | 1873-1874 | W.C. Hazeldine.......... leu) Lit GSO), | INIOM Osea nUn mene Bee Testa Heid eee [eters eine Net eee ASSIS VID ONES sae sicteise coe: | : { ene \cptapeaaeemestatine Motel aah a iesatise Sc uraee eaeermry we | 3 | 750 ‘ RUE Cera, ORO AD, ee rs BEE. eee TOTALS OF BRANNER SURVEYS. x iS byes hate : : LE 1887-1889 | J. C. Branner.............- $27,300 | Reportsfor 1887-1888. ...... 5 | 1,105 5 1889-1897 do 32,600 | Reports for 1889-1890... .... 5 ' 2,373 21 1891-1893 | 32,600 | Reports for 1891-1892... ..... 4 887 5 1893-1895 | 4,000 | In preparation ?............ 4 | 3 2,000 38 | 397, 000 | EOE bss 1S (aie | 6, 365 69 ‘ Doctor Branner writes that but $10,700 of this amount was expended, the remaining $4,300 being carried over to the next survey. For the latter $17,386 was appropriated, but $19,628 expended. The extra $2,242 was presumably paid from the sum carried over as above. 7As given in Professor Branner’s history of the Arkansas Survey, in the second volume of the Journal of Geology for 1894. % About that amount. Engraving, printing, and binding are not included in the total for the period 1887-1895. These items and the cost of fuel, lights, sta- tionery, and postage would probably bring the total expenditures of the Branner survey up to about $120,000, and the total cost of all the State geological surveys up to $171,428. Concerning the volumes mentioned as in preparation, Professor Branner furnishes the following information : 1. The Zine and Lead Regions of North Arkansas, by J. C. Branner. Pp. xiv+395 and atlas. Little Rock, 1900. (This was finally called a part of the report for 1892, because the active work was supposed to have ended in 1892.) 2. Report on the Coal Deposits of Arkansas, by Arthur Winslow, J. C. Branner, and others. This report was prepared, but no appropriation was ever made for publishing it. After much delay I finally asked the United States Geological Survey to publish it. The subsequent history appeared in Science, October 26, 1906, volume 24, pages 532-537, and December 7, 1906, volume 24, pages 722-728, * * * The results of subsequent work by members of the United States Geological Survey staff appeared as Bulletin 326. My own more Getailed report with large scale maps remsins unpublished. 3. Report on the Clays, Kaolins, and Bauxiies, by J. C. Branner. The pubii- eation of this report was never provided for by the State. Part of it was pub- lished by the United States Geological Survey as Bulletin 351. 4. The Geology of the Lower or Barren Coal Measures cf Arkansas, by J. C. Branner, J. H. Means, and G. H. Ashley. This report was likewise never pro- vided for. Dr. Ashley’s part on the region south of the novaculite area I had BULLETIN 109 PL. 3 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “NVWASOH ‘p2-0981 ‘SLNVLSISSV GNV VINHOSITVO AO LSIDO1035 ALVLS YSaM3Yuq AYNSH WVITIIM ‘ONIM SONSEV1D 4 SATYVHO ‘ASNLIHM LHDIMG SAWVE ‘dSNYUNdHsy WVITTIM ‘8dv5 SYyOI WVITIIM ‘ TIYAAY YALSAHO GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 27 published by the American Philosophical Society in its Proceedings, volume 36, pages 217-318. The parts by Means and myself were never published. Other reports were also in preparation, one of which, on the Phosphate Rocks of Arkansas, by J. C. Branner and J. I’. Newsom, the director of the Arkansas Experiment Station was induced to publish in 1902 as Bulletin 74. There is also a lot of unpublished maiter on the general geology and paleon- tology of the State and on the mineral resources. CALIFORNIA. FIRST GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER DR. J. B. TRASK, 1850-1856. Organization.—Leaving out of consideration the purely geographi- cal explorations of Capt. J. C. Fremont in 1844, and Maj. W. H. Emory in 1846, and also the private work of Philip T. Tyson in 1850, the history of scientific surveys in California under public—that is State—auspices may be said to have begun with the appointment of Dr. John B. Trask as State geologist in 1853." Doctor Trask, it would appear, had, of his own volition acquired a certain amount of information regarding the geology of the State, which, through a joint resolution of the legislature, was published as a State document in the form of a pamphlet of 31 pages entitled: A Report on the Geology of the Sierra Nevada, or the California Range. On the 6th of May of this same year a joint resolution passed the assembly authorizing further geological examinations of some parts of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Mountains. The following is a tran- script of this resolution; Resolved, That the senate and assembly of the State of California do bereby authorize Dr. Join B. Trask to report more fully and especially on the unoceu- pied mineral lands lying upon the eastern borders of the valleys a the Sacra- mento and San Joaquin, and alluded to in his report of April 6, 1853, on the Geology of the Mineral District of Sierra Nevada, and ai nel in section 2 of said report, under head of “ Mineral Resources”; said report to comprise, us near as possible, the area of such lands in each county in said valleys, and the facilities they offer, and requisitions necessary to insure their occupancy and improvement. Resolved, That au examination of the coast range. as far as practicable, and as far aS the means within his power will admit of, be made, and that a full report be prepared and furnished the next legislature. Resolved, That the amount of money which the legislature may appropriate shall be a compensation for the information already obtained, and that which shall be embedied in the report to be made the next legislature. The day following a supplemental act was passed, the purport of which was to Panes Doctor ups for previous outlay, and to “adn 1852, at what was the third session of the legis iaeats of the new State of Cali- fornia, a resolution was reported calling for iuoinedinge attention and action on the part of Congress, ‘not only for the purpose of more speedily developing the mineral resources of this State, but to enable the agriculturalist to predicate the success of his labors upon a sure data, and not be entirely dependent upon rains to sustain and mature his crops.” Nothing seems, however, to have come of this. 28 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. enable him to continue the work. The wording of this act was as follows: An act to compensate Dr. John EB. Trask for his report on the Geology of the Minera! Districts and to enable him to make further examinations. The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: SEecrion 1. The comptroller is hereby required to draw his warrant, in favor of Dr. John B. Trask, on the treasurer of State, for the sum of $2,000, to be paid for the geological report furnished by said Trask, and to enable him to prosecute further investigations relative to the same subject, under authority of certain resolutions passed by the senate and assembly. Approved, May 7, 1853. Under this act Doctor Trask again took the field and presented to the assembly of 1854 his second report, entitled: A Report on the Geology of the Coast Mountains and part of the Sierra Nevada, Kmbracing their Industrial Resources in Agriculture and Mining. This was printed in the form of a pamphlet of 95 pages. The re- sults would appear to have been satisfactory to the legislature, for on May 15 of that year (1854) the following act was passed: An act to authorize and enable Dr. John B. Trask to complete his geological examinations of parts of the State of California. The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: Secrion 1. The sum of $5,000 is hereby appropriated, out of any moneys belonging to the general fund, to enable Dr. John B. Trask to complete his geo- logical survey of the unexamined portions of the Coast Mountains, south of the thirty-fifth degree of north latitude, and certain parts of the Sierra Nevada, and report the same to the next legislature. Publications—The first report of Doctor Trask, a ee of 31h pages, contains a sketch of the geology and cen resources of the eastern valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin and to the coast line within the forty-first and forty-second degrees of north latitude: It is founded, as already noted, on personal observations made dur- ing the years 1850-1852. Doctor Trask’s first report, in his capacity of State geologist, appeared in 1854 in the form of Senate Document No. 9, a pamphlet of 95 pages. This contained a description of the geology of the Monte Diablo range, Salinas Valley, from Point Pinos to the Nacimiento River, Santa Cruz Mountains; structure of the valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin; review of the geo- logical changes in the coast mountains and Monte Diablo range; classification of the rocks of the coast mountains and Monte Diablo range; position and relation of the volcanic rocks to the Tertiaries; voleanic rocks preceding the Tenetany era; most recent volcanic rocks of the coast mountains; changes of level and river terraces; soils of the valley Santa Clara and shores of the Bay of San Fran- cisco; valley of the Salinas: soils of the Salinas; Pajaro Valley; GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 29 Livermore Valley; mineral resources of the coast mountains; mineral districts, embracing parts of the counties of Nevada, Placer, El Dorado, and Calaveras; quartz veins, and their relative age in Cali- fornia; character and position of the older veins below the surface; present government of metallic veins; descriptions of mines, with list of gold mines, His second report appeared in 1855, forming Senate Document No. 14, a pamphlet of 94 pages, entitled: Report on the Geology of the Coast Mountains, Embracing their Agricultural Resources and Mineral Productions, also Portions of the Middle and Northern Mining Districts. It contained a description of the physical geog- raphy of the coast mountains; geology of the coast mountains; Tertiary rocks of the coast mountains; primitive rocks of the coast mountains; volcanic rocks of the coast mountains; geology of the San Bernardino Mountains; stratified rocks of the San Bernardino chain and plains of Los Angeles; extent of the infusorial group; plains of Los Angeles; artesian borings; soils and productions of Los Angeles; mineral productions of Los Angeles; country north of the American River; mineral district of the upper Sacramento Val- ley; geology of the northern coast mountains; Carboniferous lime- stone of the eastern part of Shasta County; Trinity County; struc- ture of the Sacramento Valley; Tertiary rocks and other deposits of the Sierra Nevada; placer mining; quartz veins; quartz mines, with descriptions of mines, and statistics. - The third report, forming Assembly Document No. 14, of the ses- sion of 1856, comprised 66 pages. This contained a description of the physical geography of the region lying in the coast mountains north of the Bay of San Francisco; geological structure of the coast mountains; mineral character of the primitive rocks of the coast mountains; soils of Petaluma County; plains west of the Sacramento River; San Bernardino; geology of Table Mountain, Tuolumne County; Carboniferous rocks of the northern district; salines of the upper Sacramento Valley; Mammoth Mines, Seventy-six, Jamison Creek; descriptions of mines, etc.; analyses of saline waters from Lick Springs, Shasta County; gold mines in operation in 1855, and table of altitudes. EHepense.—The total expense of the Trask survey would appear to have been the $7,000 appropriated by the legislature of 1858-54, SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER JOSIAH D. WHITNEY, 1860—1873. Following the work of Trask, the next official survey of Califor- nia was undertaken by Prof. J. D. Whitney, in virtue of the follow- ing act: 30 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. An act to create the office of State geologist and define the duties thereof. The people of ithe State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: Srecrion 1. J. D. Whitney is hereby appointed State geologist, whose duty it shall be, with the aid of such assistants as he may appoint, to make an accurate and complete geological survey of this State, and to furnish in his report of the same proper maps and diagrams thereof, with a full and scientific description of its rocks, fossils, soils, and minerals, and of its botanical and zoological produc- tions, together with specimens of the same, which specimens shall be properly labeled and arranged, and deposited in such place as shall be hereafter provided for that purpose by the legislature. Sec. 2. Said State geologist shall, as near as may be, at the beginning of each session of the legislature, present to the governor, who shall lay the same before the legislature, a report of progress, in which the operations of the geological survey during the preceding year shall be set forth and its more important practical resuits made public. He shall also furnish such estimates as he shall deem proper of the amount of the appropriation which shal! be required for the continuation of the survey. His report shall also embrace the amount of ex- pense incurred up to that period. Sec. 3. On the completion of the survey the State geologist shall prepare and present to the governor a fui! and comprehensive report, embodying the results of the entire survey, with proper maps, diagrams, and drawings of the same; and the seeretary of state is hereby directed to obtain the copyright for the same, as also of the annual reports of said geologist for the benefit of this State. Sec. 4. Whenever one or more volumes of the geological survey herein pro- vided for shall be published, the governor and secretary of state may cause such books to be sold upon the most advantageous terms to the State; and any moneys derived from such sales shali be placed to the common school fund of the State. Sec. 5. The said geologist shall prepare for and superintend the publication of his reports of the final results of the survey provided for in this act, and he shall present to the legislature an estimate of the cost of such publication. Sec. 6. The State geologist shall receive for his compensation the sum of *6,000 per annum, payable monthly, and his assistants shall receive such com- pensation as shall be determined upon by the governor and said geologist, which, together with the salary of the State geologist, shall be audited by the State controller, and paid out of the amount herein appropriated, or out of such appropriation as shall hereafter be made for that purpose: Provided, That the compensation herein allowed shall be paid oniy from the time they shall enter upon the performance of their duties. Sec. 7. Whenever the said J. D. Whitney shall notify the governor of his acceptance of the appointment herein made, the governor shail cause to be issued to said Whitney his commission under the seal of State; and if the said Whitney shall decline to serve as said geologist, or die, or become unable to prosecute said survey, the governor of this State is hereby authorized to appoint some suitable person to prosecute said survey. Sec. 8 The sum of $20,000 is hereby set apart out of any moneys in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated, as a special fund for the payment of the expenses incurred by said surveyor. Sec. 9. This act shall take effect from and after its passage. Approved April 21, 1860. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 31 Under these apparently favorable auspices* a party, consisting of Prof. J. D. Whitney, W. H. Brewer, and William Ashburner, sailed from New York on October 22, 1860, arriving in San Francisco the i4th of November following. In order that field work might be car- ried on during the winter, the party repaired almost at once to the southern part of the State, where, during the time intervening from December 12 to February 7, a reconnoissance was made of a portion of Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties. Brief reports were rendered from time to time, from which the following facts are largely gleaned. As announced in a notice of progress up to May, 1863/7 the survey was governed by two principal ideas: First, to make as rapidly as possible a reconnoissance of the State with the view of acquiring a knowledge of its general geologi- cal structure, the age of the various formations which occur in it, and as complete a general idea as possible of their range and ex- tent, so that a foundation might be laid for the detailed work which would follow the preliminary examination; second, at the same time that the general examination was going on, to work up in detail certain more important districts, so that the public might have light on questions of economical interest, and at the same time be able to form an idea of what the work might be, if ever carried to comple- tion. Besides this, a natural history survey was to be carried on and material collected to form a State museum. The survey authorized under the act of April 21, 1860, expired by constitutional limit on the same day of the same month of 1864. To enable the continuance of the work the following act was passed: An act to create the office of State geologist and to define the duties thereof. The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. J. D. Whitney is hereby appointed State geologist. He shall be commissioned. by the governor, and it shall be his duty, with the aid of such assistants as he may appoint, to complete the geological survey of the State, and prepare a report of said survey for publication, and superintend the publication of the same. Such report shall be in the form of a geological, botanical, and zoological history of the State, and the number of volumes and the number of copies of each volume to be printed, and the style, form, maps, diagrams, or illustrations to be contained therein or to be published separately, shall be determined by the State geologist: and said report, when published, shall be 2“ No State geological survey was ever more auspiciously inaugurated, wisely provided for, or fraught with more interesting scientific and practical problems.” American Jour- nal of Science, vol. 30, 1860, p. 157. And again, on p. 424: “ No similar enterprise in the United States has ever been set on foot on a more liberal and enlightened basis or epened under more favorable auspices as respects either the importance of the work to be done or the ability of those charged with the duty.” *Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 3, 1863. 136075—20——4 32 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. sold upon such terms as the governor and secretary of state may decide upon, and the proceeds of such sales shall be paid into the common school fund of the State. Src. 2. It is hereby made the duty of the State geologist and his assistants to devote the time not necessarily required in the preparation and superin- tendence for publicatien of the reports provided for in section 1 of this act, toa thorough and scientific examination of the gold, silver, and copper producing districts of this State, and to make such scientific and practical experiments as will be of value in the discovery of mines and the working and reduction of ores. Src. 8. The following sums of money are hereby appropriated, out of any money in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the prosecution of the geological survey of the State, and for the sixteenth and seventeenth fiscal years: For salary of the State geologist, $9,000, to be drawn monthly on the last day of each month; for salary of two assistants, $6,600, to be drawn in the same manner as the salary of the State geologist; for publication of two volumes of report, $6,000; for office rent and expenses of survey in mining districts, and experiments in ores and all incidental expenses of work, $10,000, to be drawn one-half each fiseal year. Sec. 4. This act shall take effect immediately. R. BuRNELL, President of the Senate pro tem. Wm. H. SEArs, Speaker of the Assembly. Approved April 4, 1864. Frep. F’. Low, Governor. Notwithstanding the favorable conditions under which the Whit- ney survey was organized, it early became evident that there was a de- cided lack of sympathy between the legislature and the director of the survey. This is shown in the annual reports of Mr. Whitney and the numerous lectures which he delivered before the assembly. It is also evident from the fact that, as noted in his annual report dated 1869, while a committee of the assembly visited the survey and made a critical examination of the collections and publications, reporting unanimously in favor of the continuation of the work, nevertheless no definite action was taken by the legislature and a bill authoriz- ing its continuation failed to pass the senate; still another, making appropriations to pay the outstanding debts of the survey and au- thorizing the executive to take possession of the property in the hands of the State geologist, met a similar fate. Whitney was, nevertheless, unwilling to discontinue the work, even under these conditions, and, trusting in a more favorable ac- tion by future legislatures, continued it on a small scale. In this way a deficit, which at the close of 1867 had amounted to some $8,500, was increased to about $11,500 at the termination of the session of the legislature of 1867-68, at which time the field work was entirely suspended, leaving the work of publication still progressing, though the valuable collections were still unprovided for. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 33 Up to December, 1867, there had been appropriated for the support of the survey the sum of $124,600, Two reports had been published and one large map, while five volumes of reports were in process of publication. The adjournment of the legislature without taking any definite action in regard to the continuation of the survey left the whole of this work in the hands of the State geologist, who had entered into various contracts for printing, engraving, and for preparation of ma- terials for the press. It therefore became a serious question with him whether the work should be stopped altogether, or he should endeavor to carry on the work at his own risk and expense and trust to another legislature to pass favorably upon the question of resum- ing the field work and completing the survey according to the original plan, the latter course being finally decided upon. That in so doing Whitney had not overestimated the possibilities of the case is shown by the following act passed by the legislature of 1869-70: An act to settle and pay the nupaid expenses of the State geological survey. The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: Srecrion 1. The board of examiners are authorized and directed to examine, and, if found correct, to allow all unpaid accounts of the State geologist for the expense of said survey up to April 30, 1868, and all expenses that have been incurred by or under the direction of the governor since that time for the pres- ervation and protection of the property of said survey; but nothing herein con- tained shall authorize the payment of any salaries or expenses of said survey since April 30, 1868, except those anthorized by (the) governor as aforesaid. Sec. 2. All the proceeds from sales of the publications of said survey shall be applied, under the direction of the governor, to the completion of the unfinished publications of said survey. Sec. 5. A sum not exceeding $25,000 is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, to the payment of said accounts, when allowed by said board of examiners; but no money shall be paid under this act until all the property of every kind and description properly belonging to the State or to the survey, including instruments, specimens, preparations, and all other effects, shall have been first surrendered to the governor or such person as he shall authorize to receive the same. Sec. 4. This act shall take effect immediately. Approved March 16, 1870. A few days later the following bill was passed to enable the con- tinuation of the work for two years longer: An act to continne the geological survey of the State of California. The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. It shall be the duty of the State geologist to proceed, and with all reasonable diligence, complete geological survey of this State and the publication of the results thereof. 34 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Suc. 2. The sum of $2,000 per month, payable monthly, for the period of two years, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated to pay the expenses of said survey and publication. Sec. 3. This act shall take effect immediately. Approved Mareh 25, 1870. Under the conditions of this act steps were taken toward the com- pletion of the map of central California, which was intended to em- brace the region from Owens Lake on the southern limit to Lassens Peak cn the north, thus including about one-third of the area of the State. The sheet was not completed owing to the failure of ap- propriations. - In his report covering the operations for the years 1870-71 Whit- ney announced that of the 11 or 12 volumes contemplated in the regular series of volumes of the report, four had already been pub- lished, four more were under way, two only awaited the favorable action of the legislature to be at once put in hand, while two that had been begun had been suspended for want of means. March 13, 1872, the following act was passed: An act to continue the geological survey of the State of California. The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: Secrron 1. It shall be the duty of the State geologist to proceed and with all reasonable diligence complete the geological survey of this State and the pub- lication of the results thereof. Sec, 2. The sum of $2,000 per month, payable monthly for the period of two vears from and after the 25th day of March, A. D. 1872, is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, to pay the ex- penses of said survey and publication, and the controlier is hereby directed to draw his warrants upon the treasurer and in favor of the State geclogist therefor. Src. 8. This act shall take effect immediately. Approved March 13, 1872. Whitney, apparently becoming fully convinced by this time that no further moneys than those appropriated by the act of March 13 would be forthcoming, announced in his reports of the operations of the survey for 1872-73 that he had determined to close his office in connection with the State as soon as the maps and volumes had been completed, and that he would by no means retain the office of State geologist beyond the end of the fiscal year, June 30, 1875. He estimated that an amount of money not less than $100,000 would be required to complete the work already begun and in process of pub- lication. This sum included the cost of completion of the map of central California and those in the vicinity of the Bay of San Fran- cisco, and the most important mining districts, as well as the cost of publication of seven additional volumes on geology, ornithology, GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 35 botany, and fossil plants, together with a folio atlas. This sum the legislature did not see fit to grant, and the survey passed out of existence simply through lack of funds. Personnel.—The original party that sailed from New York com- prised only Prof. J. D. Whitney, director, and W. H. Brewer and William Ashburner, assistant geologists. In 1861 C. H. Hoffmann be- came attached as topographer; Dr. J. G. Cooper, zoologist; and Wil- liam Gabb as paleontologist. In 1862 the force was increased through the volunteer services of A. Remond and the employment of W. V. Wackenreuden as topographer. In 1863 it was still further in- creased by the volunteer services of Clarence King and James T. Gardiner. In 1866 there were added F. E. Brown, H. N. Bolander, C. R. Brinley, A. Hartwig, A. W. Keddied, A. D. Wilson, and R. d’Heureuse. In 1870 Amos Bowman, W. A. Goodyear, and Alfred Craven were added to the force. Beginning with 1862, F. B. Meek, of Washington, undertook the examination of the invertebrate fossils older than the Triassic and J.S. Newberry that of the fossil plants. The vertebrate fossils were referred to Joseph Leidy, of Philadelphia; the diatoms to A. M. Edwards; the mollusks to P. P. Carpenter; and the fishes to Theo- dore Gill. Prof. S. F. Baird ultimately edited Doctor Cooper’s ornithological notes, While F. H. Storer and S. F. Peckham, of Boston, received small allotments for chemical work on the hydrocarbons. Chester Averill acted as barometric observer throughout the existence of the survey. Disposition of collections.—Section 1 of the act of 1860 provided for the collection of specimens which should be deposited “in such place as shall be hereafter provided for that purpose by the legisla- ture.” No such provision was, however, made during the life of the survey, although in 1863 it was— Resolved, by the assembly, the senate concurring, That Prof. J. D. Whitney, State geologist; John Swett, State superintendent of public instruction; and J. I’. Houghton, surveyor general, be, and they are hereby, constituted a board of commissioners to report to the legislature, on or before the second Monday of December, 1863, upon the feasibility of establishing a State university, embrac- ing an agricultural college, a school of mines, and a museum (including the geological collections of this State), and that said board report such facts and considerations as they may deem important in connection therewith. Tn obedience to this resolution an elaborate report was submitted recommending the establishment of a State polytechnic school and the placing of the collections of the survey in a suitable fireproof building, in which should be ample accommodations for displaying and showing them, as well as room for a library, laboratory, and an office for the survey. 36 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. So far as can be learned from the annual reports no action was taken by the legislature on this recommendation, and it was not until 1874, on the discontinuance of the survey, that final steps were taken by the passage of an act, a transcript of which is given below: An act to provide for the preservation of the material of the geological survey of Cali- fornia. The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. It shall be the duty of the State geologist to deliver to the presi- dent of the University of California, Berkeley, in this State, all instruments, accoutrements, furniture, property, maps, books, drawings, manuscripts, notes, engravings, lithographic stones, wood cuts, field notes, and other material of every description and nature belonging or appertaining to the geological survey of California; such surrender and delivery to be made without delay. Sec. 2. The regents of the University of California shall safely keep and pre- serve, at the said university, all the preperty and material referred to in section 1 of this act, until such time as the legislature may direct otherwise. Sec. 38. The sum of $5,600 is hereby appropriated out of any money in the general fund not otherwise appropriated, to pay the necessary cost of arrang- ing, packing, transporting, and deiivering the said property and material; and the controller shall draw his warrant or warrants for such purpose, not to exceed said sum of $5,000, when directed to do sc by the State board of ex- aminers, and the treasurer shall pay the same. Sec. 4. The regents of said university shall keep on hand and offer for sale ail volumes of reports and maps published by said geological survey; they may also, as soon as the present supply of reports and maps is exhausted, cause any portion of the same to be republished and sold at the prices now provided or that may be hereafter provided by law; Provided, That said republication shall be done without cost to the State; Provided further, That the proceeds of the sale of ail such maps and reports, over and above the cost of publication, shail be paid in to the State treasurer and by him credited to the school fund of the State. Sec. 5. This act shall take effect immediately. Approved March 27, 1874. This act was preceded by the following: Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 60, requesting Professor Whitney to return to Cali- fornia all specimens collected by him. Adopted March 25, 1874. Resolved by the assembly, the senate concurring, That Professor Whitney, late State geologist, be and he is hereby requested to return to the State of California all specimens collected by him during his official term as such State geologist, and that they be placed in possession of the faculty of the State University, for the use and benefit of State University. Hepenses.—The appropriations for the survey, as made by the various legislatures, were as follows. 1860, $20,000; 1860-61, $15,000; . 1861-62, $15,000; 1862-63, $20,000; 1863-64, $24,600; 1865-66, $30,000; 1867-68, nothing; 1869-70, $73,000; 1871-72, $48,000; total, $245,600. To which must be added the $13,000 mentioned by Whitney in his report for 1871 as having been received from the sale of publications, GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 37 bringing the total cost for the 13 years up to $258,600, an average of $19,892.30 per year. Publications.—At the time of the discontinuing of the survey— that is up to 1874—there had been published, in addition to the brief annual reports, two volumes on paleontology, one on geology, and one on ornithology. The remaining volumes constituting the re- ports of the survey were published under Whitney’s direction, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, permission to this effect having been granted by the board of regents of the State University, in whose hands the matter had been left. As originally planned by Whitney, the entire report was to com- prise from 18 to 15 volumes, with an atlas and folio. The act of April 4, 1864, provided that these reports should be sold upon such terms as the governor and secretary of the state might decide, the proceeds of such sales to be paid into the common-school fund of the State. By the act of March 16, 1870, this ruling was changed, so that the proceeds of all such sales might be applied to the completion of unfinished publications. The amount thus rendered available up to November, 1871, as stated by Whitney in his report for that year, amounted to about $13,000. Subsequent acts relative to the distribution of publications were as follows: An act to authorize the distribution of the reporis of the State geological survey. The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. On the application of any consul residing in the city of San Francisco and representing a European government, to the governor of the State of California, requesting a set of the reports of the State geological sur- vey, to be deposited in some well known and established scientific or literary institution under the control of the government of which he is the accredited representative, an order may be issued from the governor to the secretary of state or the State geologist, as the case may be, directing them to furnish one such set of reports only to each nation having a consul residing in San Fran- cisco ; provided further, that the State superintendent of public instruction shall be furnished, on demand on the secretary of state and the State geologist, with one set for the State Normal School, two sets for the State University, and two sets for the State Library. Sec. 2. The secretary of state or the State geologist on the presentation of such order, shall deliver to the party therein named such set or parts of set of the reports of the State geological survey as may be designated, taking his receipt therefor. They shall annually, on the first day of September of each year, report to the governor the number of volumes so issued, at whose request, and to what institution presented. Sec. 3. This act shall take effect immediately. Approved February 2, 1872. 38 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. An act supplementary to an act entitled An act to authorize the distribution of the reporta ot the State geological survey, approved February 2, 1872. The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: SEcTION 1. Of each of the volumes and maps of the State geological survey already published, or which may be hereafter published, 100 copies shall he deposited at the office of the secretary of state by the State geologist, subject to the order of the governor, for gratuitous distribution to the various State and Territorial libraries, to public libraries, and to the libraries of universities, colleges, and learned societies in the United States. Sec. 2. One hundred copies of the same may be distributed by the State geologist to public libraries and learned institutions in foreign ccuntries, to the officers of other geological surveys, and to persons who may have rendered special services to the geological survey of California. Sec. 3. On application by the county clerks of the respective counties to the State geologist, one copy of each of same shall be given to each county in the State of California, to be deposited and kept with the county records, and to be aecessible at all reasonable hours for inspection by the general public, the county clerk being held responsible for the safe keeping of the same. Sec. 4. The secretary of state and the State geologist shall each keep a record of the volumes and maps thus distributed, specifying the names of the insti- tutions or individuals to whom the same are given, and the State geologist shall biennially communicate such record as kept by him to the office of the secretary of state, where a complete record of the distribution herein provided for shall be preserved. Approved April 1, 1872. Results—As before noted, the reports of this survey are embodied in three volumes on geology and paleontology, published by the State, and two volumes on the auriferous gravels, published by the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard after Whitney’s re- tirement. It was announced by the statement of progress for 1872-73 that a geological map of the whole State had been colored, but it seems not to have been issued. The first volume, or Report of Prog- ress and Synopsis of Field Work for 1860-1864, appeared in 1865. This was a quarto of 498 pages. It contained a great amount of descriptive matter relating to the areal geology of various parts of the State, particularly of the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, with a chapter on the mining regions. It was announced on the discovery of a single shell in the rocks of Alcatraz Island that the socalled San Francisco was of undoubted Cretaceous age. The serpentines of Mount Diablo and the San Francisco Peninsula were considered to be metamorphic sediments—a mistake repeated by later observers. Whitney was decidedly pessimistic regarding the probability of the occurrence of petroleum on the Pacific coast, and unhesitatingly dis- couraged the promoting of enterprises of this nature. It was due to his stand regarding this particular project that arose, according to his own account, much of the antagonism to the survey from speculators GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 39 and promoters, whose efforts at selling stock were thereby checked. ‘Petroleum is what killed us. By the word ‘ petroleum’ understand the desire to sell worthless property for large sums and the impolicy of having anybody around to interefere with the little game,” he wrote. All those chains or ranges of mountains in California which had been uplifted since the deposition of the Cretaceous were considered to belong to the Coast Ranges; those which were elevated before the Cretaceous, to the Sierra Nevada. The slates of the western slope in Mariposa County were identified as of Jurassic age, and the calcare- ous slates of Plumas County as Triassic. The limestones in the Gray Mountains had been previously referred by Trask to the Carbonifer- ous, and to this Whitney agreed. The peculiar dome-shaped con- centric structure of the granite in the Sierras was dwelt upon with considerable detail, and the curved structure of the sheets thought to have been produced by the contraction of the material while cooling or solidifying. The Yosemite Valley itself Whitney thought to be due to a differential movement, the half dome seeming beyond a doubt to have been split asunder in the middle, and one-half to have gone down in what he called “the wreck of matter and the crush of worlds.” In other words, he considered the valley as due to the downward drop of an enormous fault block. The first volume of the palentological reports appeared in 1864. This comprised 243 pages, with 32 full-page plates of fossils. Con- cerning the work thus far done, Whitney wrote, in the American Journal of Science for November, 1864: Perhaps the most striking result of the survey is the proof we have obtained of the immense development of rocks, equivalent in age to the upper Trias of the Alps, and paleontologically closely allied to the limestones of Halistadt and Aussee, and the St. Cassian beds, that extremely important and highly fossi!- iferous division of the Alpine Trias, * * * Enough fossils have been found to justify the assertion that the sedimentary portion of the great metalliferous belt of the Pacific coast of North America is chiefly mace up of rocks of Jurassic and Triassic age. While we are fully justified in saying that a large portion of the auriferous rocks of California consist of metamorphic Triassic and Jurassic strata, we have not a particle of evidence to uphold the theory * * * that all or even a portion are older than the Carboniferous. * * * We are able to state * * * that this metal (gold) occurs in no inconsiderable quantity in metamorphie rocks belonging as high up in series as the Cretaceous. The second volume of the paleontological reports, published in 1869, comprised 299 pages with 86 full-page plates, and was given up wholly to descriptions of Tertiary and Cretaceous fossils. In the introductory note the statement is reiterated concerning the age of the gold-bearing rocks, and the absence of rocks older than Carbonif- 40 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. erous not merely in California but in the whole region west of the one hundred and sixteenth meridian. The topographic work of this survey, under the direction of Hoff- mann, has been claimed verbally by Prof. W. H. Brewer to have been considerably in advance of any heretofore undertaken. He introduced a system of rough triangulation well adapted to the needs of the survey, but his contours were indicated by hachures. As to the exact cause of the failure of the survey under Whitney opinions may differ. It was a by no means unusual fate in the his- tory of State surveys, and reasons of one kind and another are easy to find. Taken all in all that given by Dr. Rossiter W. Raymond’ seems in the light of present knowledge to best fit the case: Tt happened that, when a question of a further appropriation was pending, the only report which had been issued by the survey (Whitney’s) was a volume on paleontology; and an opponent of the appropriation carried the house with him by simply reading random extracts from that dry and technical treatise, as samples of the character of the work which had been done at the public expense up to that time. The appropriation was refused, and the valuable work of Bowman and others, on the old river channels of California and their gold- bearing gravels and cements, was thereby barred from publication for several vears. For this result Prof. J. D. Whitney, the distinguished head of the sur- vey, has often been blamed, on the ground that he expended money and time in a preliminary topographical and geclogical survey without attacking problems of immediate industrial interest. Personally I think there is some foundation for this criticism. Professor Whitney, with a lofty and serene regard for the logical sequence of science, and an equal disregard for the clamor of industrial interests, had begun his work with the topographical reconnoissance necessary as a basis for ueccurate geological deductions and correlations; and, in the course of this preliminary labor, his field parties had made incidentally many interesting paleontological observations, undoubtedly significant in their bear- ing upon the geology of the State. Professor Whitney had also started inves- tigations of more immediate and evident practical importance, but unfortun- ately, in his plan of a permanent and monumental scientific achievement, these were not of prime importance and were advancing slowly. Probably the thought never occurred to him that it would make any difference what he published first as the fruit of his work for the State, and thus he made the profound mistake in policy of issuing, merely because it was ready, a learned book on palaeontology for the benefit of a limited outside public of specialists, and to the profound dissatisfaction of the people who had paid him and were, reasonably or unreasonably, expecting something else for their money, ESTABLISHMENT OF A STATE MINING BUREAU, 1880-1900. By an act of the legislature, approved April 16, 1880, there was created a State mining bureau and in conjunction therewith the office of State mineralogist. The wording of the act was as follows: 1In a footnote to a Biographical Sketch of J. D. Hague, Bull. No. 26, Amer. Inst. Min. Engs., 1909, p. 113. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 41 ' Assembly bill No. 415, approved April 16, 1880.—An act to provide for the establishment and maintenance of a mining bureau. The people of the State of California, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: . Secrton 1. There shall be and is hereby established in this State a mining bureau, the principal office of which shall be maintained in the city of San Francisco, at which place there shall be collected by the State mineralogist and preserved for study and reference, specimens of all the geological and mineralogical substances, including mineral waters, found in this State, espe- cially those possessing economic or commercial value, which specimens shall be marked, arranged, classified, and described, and a record thereof preserved, showing the character thereof and the place from whence obtained. The State mineralogist shall also, as he has opportunity and means, collect, and in like manner preserve at said office, minerals, rocks, and fossils of other States, Territories, and countries, and the collections so made shall at all reasonable hours be open to public inspection, examination, and study. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the governor to appoint a citizen of this State having a practical and scientific knowledge of mining and mineralogy to the office of State mineralogist, to hold his said office for the term of four years, or until the appointment and qualification of his successor, who shall take and subscribe the oath of office prescribed by the constitution, and who shall re- ceive for his services a salary of $3,000 per annum, to be paid as other officers of the State are paid, and shall also receive his necessary traveling expenses when traveling on the business of his office, to be allowed and audited by the State board of examiners, the whole to be paid out of the mining bureau fund hereinafter provided for, and not otherwise. ; Sec. 8. In addition to the collection, classification, arranging, and preserva- tion of specimens, as provided in the first section of this act, it shall be the duty of the State mineralogist to make analytical assays as required; and, when the funds in the mining bureau fund are sufficient therefor, to provide and maintain a library of works on mineralogy, geology, and mining; to arrange in cases such specimens as he may coliect; to procure and preserve models and drawings of mining machinery, and of milling machinery used in the reduction of ores; to correspond with established schools of mining and metallurgy, and obtain and preserve for public inspection and use such information respecting improvements in mining and mining machinery as will be of practical value to the people of this State; to visit the several mining districts of each county of the State from time to time, ascertain and record their history, deseribe their geological formation and altitudes, the character of the mines and ores, and the general development of the district. At the close of each year he shall make a report in detail to the governor, showing the amount of disbursements of the bureau under his charge, the number of specimens collected, and giving such statistical information in reference to mines and mining as shall be deemed important. Sec. 4. The State mineralogist may, from time to time and as the funds in the mining bureau fund will permit, appoint such assistants as he may deem necessary and proper for the carrying out of the objects of this act, and the efti- cient provision and maintenance of a bureau of mining information and statis- tics, and may procure and maintain the necessary rooms and furniture for the office and uses of the bureau in San Francisco; but the entire expenses of the bureau for salaries, assistance, rents, furniture, fuel, and all other thiugs per- 42 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. taining to the bureau must not, in any one year, be greater than can be paid out of the mining bureau fund herein provided for. , sec. 5. For the purpose of establishing a fund for the maintenance of said mining bureau it shall be the duty of the tax collectors in the several counties in this State, and of the license collector of the city and county of San Francisco, on- the secoud Monday in January, April, July, and October, in each year, to transmit by express to the State treasurer all moneys collected by them from mining corporations, or from corporations formed for milling ores, or for sup- plying water for mining purposes, under or by virtue of the act entitled “An act imposing a tax on the issue of cetificates of stock eccerporations,’ approved Aprii 1, 1878, and to forward to the State controller by mail a certificate showing the amount of money so forwarded to the State treasurer and the date when the same was transmitted, and also showing the names of the several corporations from which the same was received and the amount received from each. The State treasurer shall receive the amounts so transmitted and give duplicate re- ceipts therefor, ove of which shall be filed with the State controNer and the other shall be returned by mail, or return express, to the collector from whom the money was received; and after paying out of the money so received the charges for the transmission thereof, the amount of which shail be noted on the receipt filed with the State controller, he shall retain the remainder in his hands as a separate fund, to be knewn as the mining bureau fund, to be used only fn payment of drafts made for the expenses of the mining bureau established under this act, and out of which all the expenses of said bureau shall be paid. Src. 6, Such tax collectors and license collector shall hereafter be required to pay into the county treasuries of their respective counties only that portion of the moneys collected by them under the act of the legislature mentioned in the last preceding section which is coilected from corporations other than those mentioned in section 5 of this act. Sec. 7. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passsge. Under this act Mr. Henry G. Hanks was appointed State mineral- ogist and served until May 18, 1886, when he was succeeded by William Irelan, Jr. Soon after the institution of the bureau it had become evident to the State mineralogist that the fundamental act was radically defective, and in 1885 a supplemental act was passed, as follows: An act supplementary to an act entitled “An act to provide for the establishment and maintenance of a mining bureau,” approved April 16, 1880. The People of the State of California, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: Srorron 1. All property of this State pertaining to said mining bureau and the money and financial affairs thereof shall he vested in and be under the direction and control of a board of trustees of said bureau. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the governor of the State to appoint five citizens and residents of this State to be such trustees. . Sec. 3. The appointees herein mentioned, when assembled, shall constitute the board of trustees of the State mining bureau, three of whom shall] constitute a quorum. The board shall have power, by said name, to sue and deiend. ‘They shall keep a record of all their proceedings, and they shall elect one of those so appointed to be president of the board, and shall have the right to appoint a custodian of the museum and other employees. The State mineralogist shall be “es GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 43 the director of the museum, and shall have the right to appoint a custodian of the museum and other employees, subject to the approval of the board of trus- tees, and it shall be his duty to consult the board in all matters of importance. Sec. 4. Said board shall make rules for its own government, for regulating the custody and disbursement of funds, and the mode of drawing the same from the State treasury. Sec. 5. The board of trustees shall, annually, report to the governor of the State the condition of the bureau, with a statement of the receipts and expendi- tures in detail, which report sbali be published in the annual report of the State mineralogist provided for in the act to which this is supplementary. Sec, 6. The trustees are hereby empowered to pay out of any moneys coming into their hands the amount advenced by Wells, Fargo & Company, shown in the financial statement of the State mineralogist and published in his report. Sec. 7. The board of trustees shall be empowered to receive, on behalf of the State, bequests or gifts, legacies and devises, real estate and other property, and to use the same in accordance with the wishes of the donors; and if no instruc- tions are given, to use their discretion for the best interests of the State museum. Sec. 8 The board of trustees may, with the assistance of the Stute mineral- ogist, prepare a special collection of ores and minerals of California, to be sent to any World’s Fair or exposition at which they may deem it desirabie to dis- play the mineral wealth of the State. Sec, 9. All acts or laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed. Src. 10. This act shall take effect immediately. Under this act William Irelan, jr., S. Heydenfeldt, jr., J. I. Davis, W. E. Dean, and George Hearst were appointed trustees. The bureau, as organized under this law, had for its immediate motive the collection and preservation, for study and reference, of materials pertaining to economic geology, and to make assays and furnish information relative to the resources of the State and their utilization. It was to be sustained in part by a tax on the issue of certificates of stock corporations. In addition, appropriations for geological work were from time to time made by the State legislature. Under these conditions the bureau fund was a somewhat variable quantity, rarely amounting to more than $2,000 or $3,000 annually, while the legislative appropriations were some $10,000, $15,000 or $25,000, for the running expenses of the bureau and for field work. Personnel_—The term of office of the State mineralogists was by the original act limited to four years, or until the appointment and qualification of his successor. The various incumbents and their periods of service were as follows: Henry G. Hanks, 1880 to May 10, 1886; William Irelan, Jr., from 1886 to September 15, 18923; J. J. Crawford, 1892 to 1896; and A. S. Cooper, 1896 to 1900, the latter being in turn superseded by L. FE. Aubrey. The following list com- prises the names of those who have from time to time served as field assistants, and who, according to the terms of the law (sec. 4), were appointed by the State mineralogist. The salaries of the assistants 44 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. was left discretionary, that of the State mineralogist alone being fixed by law at $3,000 a year. Assistants on California State mining bureau: C. H. Aaron, Mel- ville Atwood, Myron Angell, C. C. Van Blarcom, A. Blanc, Stephen Bowers, J. A. Brown, R. E. Browne, J. H. Crossman, H. De Groot, W. H. Fairbanks, L. P. Goldstone, J. F. O. Gorman, W. A. Good- year, J. B. Hobson, W. D. Johnson (Chemist), Samuel Locke, A. McGregor, J. A. Miner, W. P. Miller, F. C. Mathyas, J. H. Means; C. A. Ogden, E. B. Preston, L. C. von Pelersdorf, T. J. Quimby, L. Silver, W. H. Storm, J. H. Tibbett, F. F. Thomas, W. L. Watts, H. A. Whiting, F. H. Wheeler, E. A. Wiltsee, Charles G. Yale. Repenses and appropriations. October 1, 1880, to September 1, 1882____ RSAC LoS $20, 858. 65 September as T882*to June dl a SS ark ee we ee aes EL ee ee 3, O87. 25 May 15. ASSO sto Maye dy RSS te la ote See ae eae een ae gs See 41, 941.17 Mayo 15. 18843 tol May 1a 1S85 i Oe ee ees ey Sa 7, 818. 82 April G6: 1885 to sulys 13; S862 Be a ee 25, G64, 44 Tully? 1339S86; to: July 4A V1Ssiese. Ss pL ECS SEIS dS Da . 986, 893.90 July, 4;.188%,.to.duly tl, 1888... ae Te Ee 35, 044. 60 October, 1889 to" Octobers 1890 ee es Be a Ae ee 54, 653. 05 October 4. 1890;-to July; TSO Oe ee ee eae 5, 228. 80 uly ASO Oks lyse SO 2s oes ee ee a ee 30, 128. 05 UIA SOD tos IUbye tel aaa kee nae a a ee ee 28, 102. 00 Sarl SOS Oval Uy oe SOA eae tec ees Stn a Se ee _ 27, 480. 00 ULV LS O+ MbOL a ULV ai ri SO jean te nosey ene eller a ares wae Coke me Sia ae 27, 361. 80 sulivalh 1895). tovsully) Wi SOG Lek Ae Rig ES ee 26, 908. TO Sulyeale st SOG, to svi MSOs veer ed yey eae ae ai 25, 000. 00 Sul Vel ASO Ge stor Mal yr VCO Swe oer 2 kee ae Gi ige i oa eee 25, 000. 00 SUL LS TSOS COM ibaa, il SOO =secnie fen hake Le a en ie ee 25, 000. 00 VL SOO. A LOm ee Veal all OOO eee ee aces os a aA ie ike ecole 25, 000. 00 EDO GE as URe es CALE CLEAR TA RES SAT ROL AS RR GRE RE SHER Sen oe eae $471, 171. 23 Publications—Annual and biennial reports were issued, and, in addition, up to 1900, 20 bulletins, including the last issued under the Cooper administration and bearing the date 1901. The subject matter of all these is largely of an economic nature and much of necessity of only transient value. The tenth annual report, it should be noted, issued during the administration of William Irelan, Jr., contained a colored geological map of the State. . The bureau is still in active existence at the time this publica- tion goes to press. Museum and library. An extensive museum and valuable library have been built up under the organization, the same being at present housed on the second floor of the Ferry Building, at the foot of Market Street. The library, in the report for 1907, was said to con- tain upwards of 4,000 to 5,000 volumes and many pamphlets, S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 109 PL. 4 CHARLES UPHAM SHEPARD STATE GEOLOGIST AND MINERALOGIST OF CONNECTICUT, 1835-41. JAMES GATES PERCIVAL GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 45 COLORADO. Within the limits of this history no successful attempt at the es- tablishment of a geological survey seems to have been made. It is true that in 1872 the territorial legislature showed a slight realiza- tion of the possible value of such a survey, and a willingness to profit by it provided it cost them nothing. The following is the text of an act passed with this in view: Be it enacted by the council and house of representatives of Colorado Ter- ritory: SECTION 1. That the governor of the Territory is hereby authorized and en- powered to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the legislative coun- cil, a territorial geologist, who shali be commissioned by the governor, reside in the Territory, and hold his office for the term of two years from the date of his appointment. Src. 2. No compensation for services, nor for any expenses whatever, shall be paid by the Territory to or for the said territorial geologist. Sec. 3. The territorial geologist shall report the result of his surveys and ob- servations, made under and by virtue of the commission provided for in section 1 of this act, to the governor of the Territory, to be submitted to the next legislative assembly, on or before the first day of January, A. D. 1874. Sec. 4. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved February 9, 1872. It is said‘ that under this law J. Alden Smith was appointed State geologist In 1874 and 1881; Ernest LeNeve Foster in 1883; J. Alden Smith again in 1885; Fred G. Buckley in 1887; George E. Kedzie in 1889 and 1893; Thomas A. Ricard in 1897 and 1899; John W. Finch in 1901 and 1903; and B. A. Langridge in 1906. Naturally, in view of section 2, however able may have been the various officials, little was accomplished. Three or four brief reports are said to have been published, but these have long since passed out of print, and are unavailable for reference. CONNECTICUT. SURVEY UNDER J. G. PERCIVAL AND C. U. SHEPARD, 1835-1842, In the annual message of Governor Edwards of Connecticut to the State legislature of 1835 there occurs the following relative to the establishment of a geological survey: The mineralogical treasures which have been developed within a few years and which are constantly coming to light in different parts of our country give us reason to believe that we have not as yet availed ourselves to the extent that we might of this source of wealth, and suggests the expediency of a more syste- matic examination than has hitherto taken place. In some instances this has been done under the public patronage and by public authority. An examination of the kind in our State might lead to some important discoveries. An accurate 1 Bulletin 465, U. S. Geological Survey, 1911, p. 24. 46 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and thorough geological and mineralogical survey by scientific men, if it should not result in any immediate discoveries of moment, would at least have the effect of aiding individuals in their future researches on their own lands. Much labor has been expended and money wasted in the search after metals and minerals, which a knowledge of those substances and the relative position they uniformly occupy would have shewn to be useless. The geological character of a country indicates its topographical features, and a geological map would serve as a guide in the examination and selection of routes for railroads and canals and internal improvements of every kind, the location of which depends on the topical features of the country through which they pass. A survey of the kind referred to would furnish every individual with such information respecting his possessions as would guard him against the wiles of prowling speculators. Much labor has been bestowed on this subject, and much information collected by individuals in different sections of the State, and it is important that this information should be embodied and preserved. The expense would be trifling, and bear but a very small propor- tion to the benefits which may be derived from it. This is a subject in which the whole community has a deep interest, and it is recommended that imme- diate measures be taken for its accomplishment. Similar surveys have been already had in some of the States, and the attention of others is turned to the subject. Let us not be deficient on our part. We have heretofore furnished, and we ean still furnish, our full queta to those economical and scientific researches which seem to be the order of the day. In accordance with this recommendation, the following resolutions were introduced and passed: Resolved, That the governor be and is hereby authorized to appoint a commit- tee of suitable persons to make a geological survey of the State of Connecticut and to report the same to the general assembly at their May session of 1836. Resolved, That the property of such survey shall be in and beleng to the State and shall be disposed of as the general assembly may direct. Pursuant to these resolutions, the Governor made the necessary ap- pointments, as below > Henry W. Edwards, governor of the State of Connecticut, to James Gates Percival and Charles Upham Shepard, greeting: Pursuant to resolves passed by the general assembly of Connecticent, at Hartford, in May, 1835, I do appoint you, said Percival and Shepard, a committee to make and complete the survey and report in said resolves, to perform the duties thereof, and obey the instruc- tions from time to time received from the proper authority. Given under my hand and official seal at New Haven, this 15th day of June, A. D. 1835. Henry W. Epwarps. Field work under these authorizations appears to have been be- gun at once, and a preliminary report rendered to the legislature of 1836. This was accepted and the necessary authority granted for continuing the survey another year, publication to be delayed until the necessary researches were completed. 1It is said (Bull No. 7, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv., 1907) that the charge of the survey was first offered to Professor Silliman, who declined. Percival and Shepard alsc at first declined, but finally accepted at the urgent request of Governor Edwards. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. AT Professor Shepard, to whom was assigned the economical and mineralogical part of the work, submitted his report to the legis- lature of 1837. This gave rise to the following: Report of the committee on the geological survey. The joint committee on the geological and mineralogical survey of the State, to whom was referred the special message of the governor and the accompany- ing papers relating to the mineralogical department of said survey, having had the same under their consideraticn, report: ‘That Professor Shepard has brought his examination into the mineralogy of the State to a close and the results of his labors have been before us in a highly interesting and valuable report. ‘This report, embracing the statistics of all our present mineral resources, the condition of our mines, quarries, and diggings of every description, and suggestions as to the most profitable manner of working them both to the proprietors and the public, all of which are capable of imme- diate application, your committee recommend should be immediately published. This report will attract public attention to the mineral wealth of the State, which is shown to be most abundant, and only stands in need of capital and enterprise to be profitably developed. It will apprise landed proprietors of re- sources of which in many instances they are now ignorant, and in others will afford them information how to turn to increased account such as they already know to exist. It teaches what things may be expected in certain districts of the State, points out the mode of searching for them, and the way to identify them when found. Another consideration which should determine its immediate publication is, that it may receive the supervision of Professor Shepard while passing through the press-—a supervision altogether necessary from the nature of the subjects treated of, and which it may not be in his power to extend after this summer. Por this reason, too, yeur committee recommend its being published at New Haven, where Professor Shepard resides, and where publishers are more accus- tomed to this kind of work than elsewhere in the State. The document will constitute an octavo volume, or pamphlet, of 150 pages, and if published in the style in which these surveys are done in other States will cost about 25 cents a copy. Your committee, therefore, recommend an appropriation of a sum of money not exceeding $500, or such less sum as his excellency the governor may contract for, for the publication of 2,000 copies. That of this number the governor be authorized to distribute copies in the following manner: Two copies to the Library of Congress; two copies to the governor of every State in the Union; two copies to the library of Yale College of Washington College, and of the Wesleyan University of this State, and to each of the State officers ; one copy to each of the judges of the supreme court; one copy to each of the judges of the county court and to each probate judge of this State, who are not members of this legislature; one copy to each member of the two houses of the present legislature; one copy to the town clerk of very town in the State ; 50 copies to remain at the disposal of Professor Shepard, and the same number at the disposal of his excellency the governor. And the governor is further authorized to furnish any bookseller such number of copies, to be disposed of on such terms as his excellency may deem proper, for the benefit of the State. 136075—20——5 48 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. This disposition of this report which your committee have recommended, in ease it should be published, will only reach about one-half the number proposed to be printed, and will leave 1,000 copies to be taken up by private sale, or disposed of by the next general assembly. With these considerations your committee would respectfully recommend the adoption of the accompanying resolution. All of which is respectfully sub- mitted. JAMES BEEBE, Chairman. The above report was accepted and the following resolution passed relative to the publication of the same: Resolved by this assembly, That 2,000 copies of Professor Shepard’s report on the mineralogy of the State be published under the superintendence of the author, and that a sum of money not exceeding $500 be appropriated to defray the expenses; and that the comptroller of public accounts is hereby authorized to draw an order on the treasurer for such sum, not exceeding $500, to be paid out of any money not otherwise appropriated; and his excellency the governor is hereby appointed commissioner to see the object of this resolution effected. This report, as issued in 1837, comprised 188 octavo pages. {t was divided into three parts: 1 Economical, 2 Scientific, and 3 A descriptive catalogue of the rock and mineral collection made dur- ing the work, comprising 595 names. Percival’s report, owing to the author’s disposition to go into minute details, was delayed from year to year, finally appearing in 1842 in the form of an octavo volume of 495 pages, with a geological map of the State in black and white. According to Shepard, Percival was a martyr to literary and scientific conscientiousness. Not being fully satisfied in his own mind, he refused to make his report to the legislature when such was demanded, but asked for an extension of time. He thus continued his Jabors from year to year upon a sti- pend scarcely adequate to cover expenses. Instead, however, of nearing the goal, he only receded from it. New difficulties met him in the work; fresh questions arose in the progress of geology itself that called for re-examinations. His notes swelled to volumes and his specimens increased to thousands. He was in danger of being crushed under the weight of his doubts and materials. At last the people clamored for the end of the work. The legislature became peremptory and forced Percival to acquiesce. In 1842 (seven years from the commencement of the survey) he rendered an octavo report of 495 pages, in the introduction to which he observes: I regret to say I have not had the means allowed me for additional investiga- tions, nor even for a proper use of my materials, either notes or specimens. The number of localities from which I have collected specimens I have esti- mated at nearly 8,000; the records of dips and bearings are still more numerous. he report which follows is but a hasty outline, written mainly from recollection, with only occasional reference to my materials and under circumstances little ealewlated for cool consideration. JEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 49 Percival’s account of his methods of procedure are not without in- terest. He says:' I had twice surveyed the whole State on a regular plan of sections from east to west, reducing the intervals in the last survey to an average distance of 2 miles, thus passing along one side of each of the nearly 5,000 square miles of the State. * * * JT had examined all objects of geological interest, particu- larly the rocks and those including minerals, with minute attention. I scarcely passed a ledge or point of rock without particular examination. I had com- pleted 11 manuscript volumes, amounting to nearly 1,500 pages, very finely writ- ten in abbreviation. I had collected specimens from at least 8,000 lociulities, according to a very reduced calculation from actual enumeration of one town, and several specimens from each locality, each specimen intended to illustrate something peculiar and noticed in my notes; all my specimens marked on the papers enclosing them and checked in my notebooks, so that I know their precise locality and could again trace them to the spot where I found them. Im all these researches, from the commencement, I had had in view the determination of the geological system of the rocks of the State. All these researches had been a continued process, not only of particular examination, but of comparison and reflection, all tending to the determination of the great system. I say with the confidence of conviction—of that conviction which arises from long-con- tinued devotion to the subject—that I have determined in my mind the system of arrangement; that it is a new system with me, the result of my own un- assisted observation, one which I have not traced in my reading, and one which I believe to be of the highest importance, not only to science, but for economical purposes. * * * Besides this more general plan of the survey, I had espe- cially explored and traced out the trap, both connected with the primary and secondary, and determined a new and important system of arrangement, ap- parently applicable to both, and one, too, of which I have found no traces in my reading. * * * Up to the session of 1840, I had employed five years on the survey and had received $3,000, averaging $600 per annum, out of which I had defrayed all expenses, traveling expenses included. * ™ * Twas then required to prepare a report, cut off from all resources, deprived of that pittance of $500, which I might have secured two years before almost without additional labor, if I had regarded my own interests only. According to Professor Dana, Percival, on entering upon his duties, saw before him two great problems: Virst, the character and origin of the trap ridges of the State, such as East and West Rocks near New Haven, the Hanging Hills of Meriden, and other similar heights to the north and south, * * * and, secondly, the characters and origin of the granitic series of rocks which prevail through all the rest of the State. Percival’s observations proved: that there had been not one long-continuous fracture through the State from New Haven to the regions of Mt. Tom and beyond, for the injection of liquid trap rock, but instead, a series of openings along a common line, and that there were several such lines running a nearly parallel course over a broad region ef country. He also found that the ridges which compose a range do not always lie directly in the same line, but that often the parts which follow one 1 Life and Letters of J. G. Percival, by J. H. Wood. 50 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. another are successively to the east of one another, or to the west, en echelon (as the French style it) ; and, further, that the parts of the component ridges of 2 range were often curved, or a succession of curving lines. He discovered, too, that in the region cf the Meriden Hanging Hills the trap ridges take a singular east and west bend across the great central valley of the State—a course wholly at variance with the old notions. The werk which he accomplished was, in the first place, an extended topo- graphical survey of this portion of the State, and, secondly, a thorough exami- nation of the structure and relations of the trap ridges, with also those of the associated sandstone. And it brought out, as its grand result, a system of general truths with regard to the fractures of the earth’s crust, which, as geologists are beginning to see, are the very same that are fundamental in the constitution of mountain chains. For this combination of many approximately parallel lines of ranges in one system, the composite structure of the several ranges and the en echelon, cr advancing and retreating arrangement of the suecessive ridges of a range, are common features of mountain chains. The earth’s great mountains and the trap ranges of central New England are results of subterranean forces acting upon the earth’s crust according to common laws. The State of Connecticut, through the mind and labors of Percival, has con- tributed the best and fullest exemplification of the laws yet obtained, and thus prepared the way for a correct understanding of the great features of the gicbe. * Percival pursued his second subject, that of the granitic rocks, with similar fidelity, and mapped out with care the several formations. * * * His iabors were not without practical results, for he was the first to explain correctly the origin of the iron-ore beds of Kent and similar beds in the Green Mountain range.’ The receipt of this report gave rise to the following resolution: At the general assembly of the State of Connecticut, holden at New Haven in said State, on the first Wednesday of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-two. Resolved by this assembly, That not less than 1,000 copies of Dr. James G. Percival’s report on the geology of Connecticut be published under the superin- tendence of the author, and that a sum not exceeding $1,500 be appropriated to defray the expenses of printing and superintending, and that the controller of the public accounts be hereby authorized to draw an order on the treasurer for such sum, not exceeding $1,500, to be paid out of money not otherwise appro- priated; and his excellency the governor and Hon. Henry W. Edwards are hereby appointed commissioners to see the object of this resolution effected. And be it further resolved, That the commissioners before named be author- ized to cause the copyright of the said report to be secured to the State and to permit any additional number of copies to be published and disposed of in such 1 Messrs. Gregory and Robinson, of the present survey (1907), in like manner render appreciative testimony : ‘ Percival’s Report on the Geology of Connecticut is not a read- ble book; it does not contain theories and inferences and bits of lively Gescription, but merely dry facts grouped geographically. It is about the last book which a poet, one of the most celebrated of his time, would be expected to write. Accuracy and keenness of observation and distinctness of representation are, however, prime requisites for lasting scientific work, and in these qualities Percival excelled, The more the modern geologist becomes familiar with the involved structures and exasperating variations found within the metamorphic rocks of the State, the more respect and admiration he has for Percival’s Ciserimination and skill of delineation. It is doubtful if ever a more accurate discrimina- tion of the various members of a complicated series of crystalline rocks on field evidence alone was ever accomplished.” | | | | U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN [09 JAMES CURTIS BOOTH STATE GEOLOGIST OF DELAWARE, 1839-41. PL. 5 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 51 manner abd on such terms as they may deem proper, for the benefit of the author: Provided, That no additional expense be thereby incurred by the State over and above the sum of $1,500 aforesaid. Hapense.—The resolution establishing the survey makes no refer- ences to expenses or appropriations. Nothing is stated as to amount paid Professor Shepard for services, but in the bill of 1837, $500 was appropriated for the publication of his report. Percival, in his lamentations, writes of having received $3,000 in salary, and, as above noted, $1,500 was appropriated for publication. The expense of the survey can then be placed at $5,000, exclusive of Professor Shepard’s salary, which it is safe to say was small, if indeed he received any- thing. By an act approved June 3, 1903, a second survey, geological and natural history, was established under control of a board of commis- sloners, with Prof. William North Rice, superintendent. This sur- vey is still in progress.? DELAW ARE.? The first and only systematic attempt at a geological survey of Delaware was made in 1837, in virtue of an act of the legislature, of which the following is a transcript: An act to provide for a geological and mineralogical survey of this State. Section 1. Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the State of Delaware in general assembly met, That Thomas Stockton, of New Castle County; Jonathan Jenkins, of Kent County; and Dr. Henry IF’. Hall, of Sussex County, be and they are hereby appointed commissioners to procure to be made a geological and mineralogical survey of this State. And it shall be the duty of the said commissioners, as soon as practicable after the passage of this act, to appoint a State geologist of talents, integrity, and suitable scientific and practical knowledge of his profession, who shall also be a scientific and practical mineralogist. Sec. 2. And it shall be the duty of the said State geologist immediately to commence and carry on with as much expedition and despatch as may be con- sistent with minuteness and accuracy, a geological and mineralogical survey of the State, with a view to determine the order, succession, arrangement, relative position, and the dip or inclination, and also the comparative magnitude of the several strata, or geological formations, within the State, and to discover and examine all beds and deposits of ores, coals, clays, marls, and such other mineral substances as may be deemed useful or valuable, together with such other duties as may be necessary to make a full and complete geological and mineralogical survey of this State. Sec. 3. And it shall be further the duty of the said State geologist, on or before the first day of January in cach and every year during the time neces- sarily occupied by the survey, to make a report of the progress of the survey, accompanied with such maps, drawings, and specimens as may be necessary tSee Bulletin 465, U. S. Geological Survey, 1911. ? Compiled in part from manuseript, by... C. Booth. 52 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and proper to exemplify and elucidate the same, to the secretary of the State of Delaware, who shall lay them before the legislature, at their next meeting thereafter. Sec. 4. It shall further be the duty of the said commissioners to employ such suitable assistants as may be necessary and proper for the full performance of the duties imposed upon the said State geologist, and also to procure to be made a correct map of this State, and cause to be marked thereon, by colors and other appropriate means, the various areas occupied by the different geological forma- tions in the State, together with the beds or deposits of the various mineral substances discovered; and on the completion of the said survey to compile, or cause to be compiled, a memoir of the geology and mineralogy of the State, comprising a complete account of the leading subjects and discoveries which have been embraced in the survey, which memoir they shall transmit to the secretary of the State of Delaware, to be by him laid before the legislature at their next meeting thereafter. Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That the said commissioners be and they are hereby authorized to contract and agree with the said State geologist and assistants for their services upon such terms and for such reasonable compen- sation as shall seem to them just and proper; and for the payment of such com- pensation they, by their chairman, are hereby authorized to draw upon the State treasurer, who is hereby required to pay the same out of the moneys appropriated for that purpose. Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That the said commissioners shall receive for their services the sum of $3 a day each for each and every day that they shall be engaged in the prosecution of the duties hereinafter imposed upon them, to be paid as is hereinbefore directed for the payment of the State geol- ogist and assistants; and it shall be the further duty of the said commissioners to keep a just and true account of their own services as to days on which they are engaged in the performance of their duties herein, as well as by the services verformed by the said State geologist and assistants, together with the moneys paid and ordered drawn by them, in furtherance of the objects of this act, which account shall be presented by them to the legislature, for settlement, at the next biennial session after the completion of the said survey. Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That for the purpose of carrying on and completing the said geological and mineralogical survey, the sum of $3,000 is hereby appropriated, to be subject to the orders of, and expended by, the said commissioners, as hereinbefore directed: Provided, That not more than the sum of $1,000 of such appropriation shall be expended in any one county of this State for the purpose of carrying into effect the objects of this act. Sec. 8. In ease of the death or resignation of any one or more of the commis- sioners herein appointed it shall be lawful for the governor of this State to fill the yacancy thus occasioned by the appointment of such person or persons from the county in which such vacancy may occur as shall in his judgment be suit- able and qualified for the appointment. ~ Dover, Feb’y 13, 1837. No change or modification in this law was found necessary, the single appropriation of $3,000 being sufficient to cover all expenses, including that of publication. The survey had no connection with any other institution, being established, conducted, and completed under the act above quoted. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. ae Administration —Under the authority granted the commissioners named in the act of establishment, Dr. J. C. Booth was appointed State geologist in the spring of 1837. No assistants or subordinates were employed. Doctor Booth’s salary was at the rate of $1,000 a year, and continued for but two years. From a somewhat superficial survey of the State he decided that, since of the 2,200 square miles included in the State area, 2,000 square miles were devoted chiefly to agriculture, his principal efforts should be directed to this feature of the work. To quote his own words he devoted his time “ chiefly to the assumed duties of a traveling instructor in agriculture, with- out exhibiting the formality of teacher among the people to be taught.” The fertilizing resources of the green sand and shell marls were, as a result, given a major share of his attention. No museum nor library was provided for. Such fossils as were collected were placed in the hands of Timothy Conrad and others for identification. EKapenses.—The total cost of the survey, as already noted, was $3.000, of which $2,000 was for salary of Doctor Booth and $1,000 to pay the cost of publication of the report. Publication—The report comprised but a single volume of 188 pages, a few hundred copies only being issued, the same being dis- tributed gratis by the commissioners. Benefits —The chief benefits of the survey, as stated by Doctor Booth, were: After having surveyed the State with sufficient minuteness to describe its geological features, and to point out the then and probable future value of the different geological formations, I devoted the larger portion of the time remain- ing for the completion of the survey (more than one-half of the whole survey period of two years) to traversing the State in every direction, and personally communicating information on agriculture, and especially on the development of agriculture in each district, by means of the geological advantages offered by such district. I regarded such a result as more important and of greater value to the State than any additions to natural science; and after the experience and reflection of 50 years in the same line of thought, I perceive no good ground or reason to change my views. FLORIDA. Until the establishment, in 1907, of a State survey, under the di- rection of E. H. Sellards, Florida can scarcely be said to have under- taken any systematic geological work at State expense. In the re- ports of the assembly for 1852-53 is found an act, approved by the governor on January 8, 1853, establishing the office of State engineer and geologist. The act need not be quoted entire. It is sufficient to note that it authorized the general assembly, by joint vote, to elect a State engineer and geologist, who should hold office for the term of two years. The duties, as outlined in the act. were the making of 54 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. surveys of the swamp lands for the purpose of reclamation. Salary, not to exceed $2,000 a year, and other necessary expenses, were to be paid out of the receipts from the sale of these same swamp lands, or, should these amounts prove insufficient, out of the internal-im- provement fund. Under this act Mr. F. L. Dancy was appointed State engineer and geologist in 1853. It is not apparent that he was a geologist in any sense of the word or that he attempted to do any geological work. His report as State engineer occupies pages 19 to 36 of documents accompanying the message of the governor of Florida, submitted No- vember 28, 1854. All that occurs relative to geology is given on page 20 of the appendix, and reads as follows: On the subjeet of the geclogy of the State I have made no report, from the facet that the general assembly failed to specify any duties or make any appro- priations to defray any expenses incurred in reference to the matter. Conse- quently, nothing has been done by me except to obtain specimens of soils and minerals from the various localities (where marked changes were perceptible) visited by me in the performance of the duties of engineer. The office was abolished by an act of the assembly in 1855. Noth- ing further appears to have been done until 1886, when, on his own responsibility, and evidently without the passage of any enactment by the legislature, Governor Perry appointed Dr. J. Kost, State geolo- gist. Below is a transcript of the letter making this appointment, together with that of a letter given to Doctor Kost, the purpose of which is self-apparent: EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. Tn the name and under the authority of the State of Florida. Whereas Dr. J. Kost has been duly appointed by the governor to make a geological survey of the State of Florida: Now, therefore, reposing especial trust and confidence in the ability, fidelity, and prudence of the said Dr. J. Kost, I, Edward A. Perry, governor of the State of Florids, under and by the virtue of the authority vested in me, do hereby appoint and commission said Dr. J. Kost to make such survey of the State of Morida, and to have, hold, and exercise all the powers appertaining thereto, and to perform the duties thereof, and to enjoy all the privileges and benefits of the same. In testimony whereof, I do hereunto set my hand and cause to be affixed the great seal of the State of Florida, at Tallahassee, the capital, this, the’ first day of January, A. D. 1886, and of the independence of the United States the one hundred and tenth year. E. A. Perry, Governor of Florida. By the Governor: Attest. JANUARY 1, 1886. To all whom it may concern: Realizing how important to our State and to all interested in ascertaining and developing its resources that there should be a thorough geological survey of Florida, and recognizing that in the absence of a legislative appropriation ! | BULLETIN 109 PL. 6 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM €6-0681 ‘YSONSdS dOYHLNIMA WVITIIMA HdAsof ‘VIDHYOAD 4JO SLSISOTOASD ALVLS 806I-E681 ‘SALVAA HLINS WVITIIM 18-vl81] ‘AILLIT 3a9YO0ay5 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 5d therefor I should be powerless to institute such an undertaking but for the liberal offer of Dr. J. Kost to make sueh survey free of all cost to the State, provided that he be furnished with transportation for himself and one assistant for the purpose, I have cheerfully secepted Doctor Kost’s generous proposition, and respectfully bespeak for him such facilities and cooperation from the trans- portation lines of the State and from the people as it may be in their power to extend to him. All such courtesies will be highly appreciated. Respectfully, WH. A. Perry, Governor. Tt is evident that Kost’s services were wholly gratuitous, although the writer is informed that certain sums were paid for freight and labor on collections intended for museum materials. The records however, show no payment for geological work.’ Kost made one report, entitled First Report of the Geological Survey of Florida. This was issued in 1887, and was in form of a pamphlet of 31 pages, but contained little of value. In May, 1889, the following resolution was passed by the State assembly, but with no appreciable effect: Joint resolution memorializing Congress for a continuation of the geological survey of the State of Florida. Whereas the work done by the United States geologist in the State of Florida has shown surprising promise in value, in the truthful, instructive, and necessary information concerning the geology of our State; and Whereas the work has been discontinued ; therefore— Be it resolved by the legislature of the State of Florida, That we deem it of the greatest importance to our State that such surveys should be continued to completion; to that end our Senators and Representatives in Congress be and they are hereby requested to use all effort to procure the immediate resuming and continuance of said work, and for that purpose Congress is hereby me- morialized. Approved May 7, 1889. TEORGIA. FIRST GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER JOHN R. COTTING, 1836-1840, With a view to attracting the attention of the legislature to the importance of a geological and agricultural survey of the State “ the patriotic citizens of Burke and Richniond Counties, at their own in- dividual expense,” in 1835 directed John Ruggles Cotting to make a geological and agricultural survey of their respective counties; to examine all localities of limestone, marls, and other minerals useful in agricul- ture and the arts; also rocks that may be proper for the purposes of architec- ture, the construction of roads, railways, etc.; to examine the water of springs and wells with regard to the salubrity or nonsalubrity of the same; to analyze the soil on different plantations in the two counties with a view to their im- provement; to illustrate the whole by drawings, diagrams, and a chart of the two counties, and to present a report of the same to his excellency the governor. 1] am indebted to State Geologist EF. IT. Sellards for the above information. 56 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. This to be done in order that the matter might come properly before the two branches of the legislature. In conformity with these instructions Mr. Cotting began his sur- vey March 21, 1836, at a place called Shell Bluff, on the Savannah River, in Burke County, and continued his investigations until both counties were completed. His results were published in the form of a small octavo volume of 128 pages, bearing the date 1836. This laudable attempt on the part of Mr. Cotting and the citizens of Burke and Richmond Counties was only partially successful. The immediate result was the passage by the senate of the following reso- lution, which was approved on the 7th of December, 1836: The committee appointed on that portion of the governor’s message which relates to a geological survey of the State of Georgia say they have given the same due consideration and ask leave to make the following report: That they feel sensible that this is a subject entitled to the most favorable consideration of the legislature at this time, not only from the importance of developing the resources of Georgia as they are connected with the arts, the agricultural, the mining, and the manufacturing interests of this State, but from the further consideration that she is bound to contribute her share with those States who have engaged in a similar enterprise to the cause of science and the diffusion of that information that can not but be useful to our sister States and that of the whole country. Your committee believe that perhaps no State of the Union is more interested in such an examination than Georgia; with a most extensive territory, reaching from the marshes of the seacoast and pine forests to the Appalachian Mountains, traversing a large extent of country of every variety of location and soil, containing localities doubtless affording the most important means of enriching and restoring her impoverished and barren lands; a subject most intimately connected with the interests of agriculture, whilst the arts and manufactures will find ample materials for their enterprise and profit. Your committee believe that new articles of commerce will be de- veloped for the employment and enriching our citizens. The extensive mining region of the western portion of our State, known, as they are, to contain extensive and rich deposits of gold and other important metals, furnish strong incentives to this undertaking. That our citizens may not waste their resources in irregular and unscientific experiment much may be done by the employment of one suitable and scientific individual, or more, who shall furnish such facts and lay down such principles as will enable them to direct their capital and enterprise with greater security against losses and disap- pointments so well calculated to check the spirit of enterprise. Intimately connected with this subject is the great interests of internal im- provement, whether by means of our navigable rivers or inlets or by means of railroads. The streams of the State, with their extent and capabilities of navi- gation, the ridges, mountains, and general (fertility) of the country, with its eapacity for agriculture and commerce, it is high time that Georgia, with all her treasures, in money and resources, should, forgetting party bickering and strife, make an effort to raise herself to that exalted station among her sister States to which she is entitled by the extent and fertility of her territory, the ample resources of commercial and agricultural enterprise, her favorable loca- tion in reference to the other States, and the energy and intelligence of her citi- zens. Your committee, therefore, beg leave to report the following resotutions. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 57 Resolved, That his excellency the governor, or his successor in office, be, and he is hereby, authorized to employ, as soon as convenient, one or more suitable and well-qualified persons to undertake the work of a careful and scientific geological survey of all the counties in Georgia, under his direction and advice. And be it further resolved, That the sum of $10,600 ought to be appropriated for that purpose, subject to the warrant of the executive, out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, and said sum be inserted in the appro- priation act of this year. Resolved further, That the geologist so appointed shall keep an office at the seat of government, where he shall preserve, for the use of the State, the vari- ous specimens connected with the survey, and shall remain at the seat of government during the greatest part of the session of the legislature. He shall make an annual report of the progress of the work to the governor, and at the termination of his survey he shall prepare from his journals and reports, a consolidated report for publication, to be handed over to the governor, and the copyright secured to the State, and make returns semiannually to the governor. In senate, agreed to, December 7, 1836. Rosert M. EcuHots, President of the Senate. Although so favorably inaugurated, however, nothing seems to have been accomplished,’ and on December 11, 1840, the survey was suspended and finally abolished through the following enactment: In House of Representatives. Whereas the creation of the office of a geological surveyor of this State in- volves the State in an annual expenditure of several thousand dollars, without producing any adequate advantage to the people thereof: Be it therefore resolwed by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Georgia, in general assembly met, That the said office of geological surveyor of this State be, and the same is, hereby abolished. Agreed to, November 27, 1840. The matter seems, however, to have come up later for reconsidera- tion, in the senate, with the following result : In Senate. ‘Whereas John R. Cotting has in contemplation (and has partly prepared) to publish a complete report of the agricultural and geological survey of all the counties in this State; and Whereas nearly half the State has been surveyed, and an immense amount of matter collected and contained in the journals of said John R. Cotting, to- gether with a variety of drawings; and Whereas the most interesting portion of Georgia remains yet to be examined, and the results of his future investigation is necessary to prevent the total loss of all his past labors and expenditures. 78. W. McCallie writes: (Bull. 465, U. S. G. S., pp. 37-38) that a report was rendered in 1837 covering the counties of Chatham, Columbia, Effingham, Screven, Burke, Richmond, Lincoln, Elbert, Franklin, Habersham, and part of Wilkes and Oglethorpe. This, however, was never published. 58 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Therefore, be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Staie of Georgia in general assembly met, That his excelleney the governor be, and he is hereby, authorized to allow John R. Cotting the full and entire use of the geological department of this State, together with all the instruments, apparatus, and privileges appertaining to the same, so far as may be necessary for completing the geological survey of this State at his expense. And be it further resolved, That John R. Cotting be allowed to continue the geological and agricultural survey of this State, and retain the title of State geologist, without any compensation from the State. And be it also resolved, That the copyright reserved to the State be, and the same is hereby, vested in John R. Cotting. Agreed to, December 18, 1840. The printed records do not show that the passage of these resolu- tions was productive of any results. It is not known to the writer what became of Cotting’s notes, nor is it apparent why the survey was abandoned. SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER GEORGE LITTLE, 1874-1879. The second attempt at a systematic survey of the State, under State auspices was undertaken in 1874, under the conditions enumerated below : An act to create the office of State geologist, and to provide for a geological, mineralogical, and physical survey of the State of Georgia, and for other purposes. Whereas the State of Georgia contains valuable deposits of iron, coal, copper, gold, and other minerals, numerous water powers, and other undeveloped sources of wealth; and Whereas the true value of these resources, representing the natural wealth of Georgia, has not been determined by scientific examination and made known to the publie; and Whereas an accurate and mineralogical and physical survey of the State, made by competent, scientific authority, and published under the sanction of the State, would, by its general distribution, make known the superior advan- tages of Georgia, and hence by attracting immigration and capital, add greatly to the development and wealth of the State; therefore— Section I. Be it enacted, etc., That the oflice of State geologist of the State of Georgia is hereby created; that the governor, as soon as practicable after the passage of this act, shall nominate a competent person to this office, to be con- firmed by the senate, who shall hold his office until removed by the appointing power for inefticiency, incompetency, or misconduct, or until abolishment of the office by the general assembly. The office of the State geologist shall be at the seat of government. Sec. IT. Be it enacted, That, in connection with the office named in the first section of this act, there shall be a board of advisement, with the governor as its president, to consist of the governor, secretary of state, comptroller general, treasurer, attorney general, and State school commissioner. Sec. III. Be it enacted, That the State geologist shall have two competent assistants, to be chosen by the board, who shall be at any time removed by the appointing power for the like causes for which the State geologist may be re- moved. It shall be the duty of the State geologist and his assistants forthwith GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 59 to map out the State into three geological sections, as nearly equal in area as possible, to be known as north Georgia, middle Georgia, and south Georgia geo- logical sections. So soon as a general outline of geological survey of the entire State shall have been made the State geologist shall enter upon one of these sections, and assign one to each of his assistants; and, under the control of the first named, the corps shall proceed to make a careful and complete geological, mineralogical, and physical survey of the State; to enter upon records, to be kept for that purpose in his office, an accurate statement of the locality and extent of all water powers, woods, roads, springs, and watercourses, and the climate and general physical condition of the country; to collect, analyze, and classify specimens of minerals, plants, and soils, and enter the same on record; to cause to be preserved in a museum specimens illustrating the geclogy, min- eralogy, soils, plants, valuable woods, and whatever else may be discovered in Georgia of scientific or economic value. For the purpose of making the analysis here contemplated the State geologist shall have access to the chemical labora- tory of the State University. The State geologist shall have the supervision of the entire work and shall be responsible for the accuracy and thoroughness of the same. Sec. TV. Be it enacted, That the board of advisement shall have the super- vision of the money expenditures in the prosecution of the work contemplated by this act. The State geologist shall make to the governor monthly statements, under oath, of all incidental expenses necessarily expended by himself and his assistants in and about the discharge of their labors. The governor shall lay this statement before the board, who shall allow or reject the account, as in their judgment may be right. When an account is allowed the governor shall draw his warrant for the amount thereof upon the fund appropriated by the pro- visions of this act. The governor, with the advice and consent of the board, may at any time suspend the field operations of the geological corps until the nexi meeting of the general assembly. Sec. V. Be it enacted, That the State geologist shall make the governor an annual report of all information developed in the pregress of his work, and the governor shall lay the same before the general assembly. Sec. VI. Be it enacted, That tire salary of the State geologist shall be $2,000 per anvum, and that of his assistants $1,200 per annum each. Sec. VII. Be it enacted, Vhat the sum of $10,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated, annually, for five years, to carry the pro- visions of this act into effect. Sec. VIII. Repeals conflicting laws. Approved February 27, 1874. This act was subsequently amended, as noted later. Under the act of 1874, Dr. George Little was appointed State geolo- gist at a salary of $2,000 a year and A. R. McCutcheon and W. S. Schley assistants at salaries of $1,200 a year each. These assistants were chosen by the board of advisement. In addition, D. C. Barrow was put in charge of the survey office at Atlanta, while the services of W. J. Land as chemist and C. A. Locke as civil engineer were also secured. The field work was begun September 16, 1874, in accordance with the plan of the original enactment. The first brief report of 30 60 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. pages, giving the results of the work up to December 31, 1874, shows that the chief efforts were directed toward economic results. In this report Doctor Little called attention to the fact that, in order to satisfactorily meet the demands of the citizens of the State, the corps of the survey should be increased. The following amend- ment to the law was therefore passed and approved on February 27, 1875: An act to amend An act to create the office of State geologist, and to provide for a geo- logical, mineralogical, and physical survey for the State of Georgia, approved Febru- ary 27, 1874, and further to define the duties of the State geologist and his assistants, and for other purposes therein mentioned. Section J. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, That from and after the passage of this act, and as soon as the State geologist shall have performed the duties required in the third section of the act entitled “An act to create the office of State geologist, and to provide for a geological, mineralogical, and physical survey of the State of Georgia, and for other pur- poses,” approved February 27, 1874, and that it shail be the duty of the State geologist and of his assistants therein named to commence the prosecution of their duties on the eastern or western boundary of the State, taking in each of the sections to be known as north, middle, and south Georgia, the most easterly or westerly tier of the counties in these respective sections, and to examine, survey, and report upon the same, in accordance with the requirements of the provisions of said act; and afterwards to take the next most easterly or westerly tier of counties running from north to south, and so on, until all the counties in each one of the three sections in this State shall have been fully surveyed, examined, and reported upon, as is provided for in said act creating the office of State geologist. Sec. II. The general assembly do enact, That section 3 of said original act be, and the same is hereby, amended by striking out first clause of said section and inserting in lieu thereof, ‘that the State geologist shall have three assist- ants, to be appointed or removed by the board of advisement on his recommenda- tion”; and that said section be further amended by striking from the tenth line the words, “enter upon one of these sections,’ and so that said section, When amended, shall permit said State geologist to assign one assistant to each geological section of the State, he having general supervision of the whole work. Src. III. The general assembly do enact, That section 6 of the original act, approved February 27, 1874, be, and the same is hereby, repealed.’ Sec. IV. Repeals conflicting laws. Approved February 27, 1875. Under this amendment the following organization was effected: Northern division: A. R. McCutcheon, LaFayette, Walker County, geologist; M. 'T. Singleton, Kingston, Bartow County, engineer. Middle division: D. C. Barrow, jr., Woodville, Oglethorpe County, geologist; C. A. Locke, Decatur, DeKalb County, engineer. Southern division: R. H. Loughridge, Atlanta, Fulton County, geologist; C. C. Terry, Columbus, Muscogee County, engineer; W. S. Schley, of Savannah, Chatham County, in charge of ae Wid. Land, of Atlanta, Fulton County, chemist; and Prof. F. H. Bradley, The section (VI) of the original act retina the pay Mar ine! erecta and assistants. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 61 Nacoochee, White County, geologist and special surveyor of the gold region and the Blue Ridge. During 1875, 105 of the 137 counties of the State were visited, and data collected sufficient, as announced in the second annual report, to permit the working out during the winter months of “ the general geology of the whole State, and to construct a map approximately correct, on which most of the useful minerals can be noted and many of the roads and water powers. We are now prepared,” Doctor Little announced, “to enter upon the detailed, systematic and accu- rate survey of each county in the several divisions of the State; and it is proposed, during the next season, to begin this work at three points on the western border of the State.” The plan was not, how- ever, carried out, owing presumably to insufficient time, the survey being abolished by the following resolution, in 1881: Whereas the general assembly of Georgia, by act approved February 27, 1874, did provide for a geological survey of the State and did create the office of State geologist, making an appropriation of $10,000 per annum for five years, and no longer, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of said act; and Whereas said term of five years did expire in the year 1879, and said appro- priation was not extended or continued, the act of 1874 being thus ailowed to expire by its own limitations, the general assembly of 1879 directing, by joint resolution, approved October 17, 1879, the governor to turn over to the com- missicner of agriculture all the material of said geological department, and further requiring the governor to sell all the chemicals, live stock, and camp equipage of said department, thereby -giving notice to the world that said geo- logical survey was ended and said office of geologist abolished; therefore, Be it resolved by the General Assembly of Georgia, That said office of State geologist was discontinued and abolished in the year 1879 by the facts above recited, and that the said geologist has no claim on the State for any salary as such geologist since that date. Approved September 28, 1881. Hapenses——The salary of the State geologist was fixed by law at $2,000 a year and those of his assistants at $1,200 a year. The ex- pense of publication of the second report was provided for by a special appropriation of $500. The total expense of the survey, as shown by the appropriations, would appear to have been: As provided by act of 1874, $10,000 a year for five years______________ $50, 000 Ieee DIL GLI) case eee ee So eee Se ne A eh 500 PaCHCMICAS saree a See be ee a: peste eek oe 500 $51, OOO Publications.—Two brief annual reports in the form of pamphlets of 36 and 16 pages, respectively, constitute the entire official re- sults of the survey, though in Jones’s Handbook of the State of Geor- gia, 1876, pages 17 to 143 are occupied with an account of the geology of the State, which is accredited to Little, as is also a catalogue of 62 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ores, rocks, and woods selected for the Paris Exposition. By a reso- lution dated February 26, 1877, the edition of the report of the geol- ogists was fixed at 5,000 copies. Museum.—Although the wording of the original act would seem to have contemplated the formation of a museum, no definite steps in that direction appear to have been taken. In the final resolution for the abolition of the survey it was provided that all the ma- terial of the survey,aside from live stock and camp equipage, should be turned over to the commissioner of agriculture. THIRD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER J. W. SPENCER AND W. S. YEATES, 1889-1900. From the time of cessation of work by Doctor Little until Novem- ber, 1889, the State survey seems to have been dormant. On the 12th of that month the following act was passed and approved: An act to revive the office of State geologist, and to provide for a geological, mineralogical, and physical survey of the State of Georgia, and for other purposes. Srcrion I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, That the office of State geologist is hereby revived, and the governor, as soon as practicable after the passage of this act, shall appoint, with the consent of the advisory board, a competent person to this office, who shall have a thorough, scientific, and practical knowledge of the science of geology and mineralogy, and who is not connected with any school or college as an instructor. The State geologist shall enter upon the duties of his office on the 1st day of July, 1890, and shall hold until removed by the appointing power for inefficiency, incompetency, or mis- conduct, or until the office is abolished by the general assembly. The office of the State geologist shall be at the seat of government. Sec. Il. Be it further enacted, That there shall be an advisory board, con- sisting of the governor of the State (who shall be president of the board), the commissioner of agriculture, the State school commissioner, the State treasurer, the comptroller general, and the attorney general. Four members present at any meeting shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of any business. Seo. III. Be it further enacted, That two competent assistant State geologists shall be chosen by the advisory board, who may be removed at any time, by the appointing power, for incompetency, inefficiency, or misconduct. It shall be the duty of the State geologist and his assistants to divide the State into three geological sections, as nearly equal in area as may be expedient, to be known as North Georgia, Middle Georgia, and South Georgia geological sections; the northern section shall extend from the State line southward to the thirty-fourth degree of latitude; the middle section shall extend from that degree southward to the thirty-third degree of latitude; the southern section shall extend from the last-mentioned degree to the southern boundary of the State line; the survey and exploration of each of said sections shall commence simultaneously by said State geologist and his assistants; and $1,000 of the foregoing appropriation, or so much thereof as may be necessary, shall be applied to each of said sections for an outfit and necessary expenses incident to the prosecution of the work in each section. So soon as a general outline of geological survey of the entire State shall have been made, the State geologist shall enter upon one of these GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 63 sections, and assign one to each of his assistants; and, under the control of the first named, the corps shall proceed to make a careful and complete geological, mineralogical, and physical suryey of the State; to enter upon record, to be kept for that purpose in his office, an accurate statement of the extent of all water powers, woods, roads, springs, and watercourses, and the climate, topo- graphy, and general physical character of the country, and locate the belts of ores and useful minerals, building material; report characteristics and compo- sition of soils, and the deposits of marls and phosphates; to collect, analyze, and classify specimens of minerals, plants, and soils, and enter the same upon record; to cause to be preserved in a museum specimens illustrating the geol- ogy, mineralogy, soils, plants, valuable woods, and whatever else may be discov- ered in Georgia of scientific or economic value, and shall make a report of the survey of every county of this State, accompanied with all necessary maps and illustrations. For the purpose of making the analysis contemplated in this act, the State geologist shall have aecess to the chemical laboratory of the State. The State geologist shall have supervision of the entire work, and shall be responsible for the accuracy of the same. It shall be the duty of the State geologist to make reports to the advisory board as often as required by them, and they shall report to each general assembly the progress and condition of the survey; an accurate account of money spent; and such reports of the State geologist and his assistants as have been completed, together with all such in- formation as may be deemed necessary and useful. Sec. IV. Be it further enacted, That the advisory board shall have the super- vision of the money expenditures in the prosecution of the work contemplated by this act. The State geologist shall make to the advisory board monthly statements under oath of all incidental expenses necessarily incurred by him- self and his assistants, accompanied by proper vouchers, in the discharge of their labors. The board shall audit such accounts, item by item, and approve or reject the same, as in their judgment may be right. When an account is allowed, the governor shall draw his warrant for the amount thereof upon the funds appropriated by the provisions of this act. The governor, with the ad- vice and consent of the board, may, at any time, suspend the field operations of the geological corps until the next meeting of the general assembly. Sec. V. Be it further enacted, That the State geologist shall keep his office in a room to be set aside for that purpose by the governor, and the commissioner of agriculture shall furnish the clerical work required by the State geologist. Sec. VI. Be it further enacted, That the salary of the State geologist shall be $2,500 per annum, and the two assistants shall each receive a salary of $1.250 per annum, to be paid as now provided by Jaw for the payment of other state house officers. Src. VII. Be it further enacted, That the State geologist, with the consent of the board of advisement, may employ a specialist, or specialists, at any time. Sec. VIII. Be it further enacted, That neither the State geologist nor his assistants shall disclose to any person, except to the owner of the land, the result of a survey, until the same is made public by publication of the report by the advisory board, which shall be monthly or quarterly. Src. IX. Be it further enacted, That the State geologist and his assistants shall deposit, in the office of the governor, all maps, surveys, notes, or memo- randum of surveys, when the surveys are completed, which are hereby declared to be the property of the State. Src. X. Be it further enacted, That the sum of $8,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, be, and the same is, hereby appropriated, annually, for the 136075—20-—6 64 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. period of five years, to carry out the purposes of this act, and this appropria- 1 tion shall take effect annually, commencing on July 1, 1890. Sec. XI. Be it further enacted, That all laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed. Approved, November 12, 1889. Administration—Under this law J. W. Spencer was appointed State geologist, entering upon his duties July 1, 1890. C. C. Ander- son, a civil engineer, was put in charge of the hydrographic work of the survey and E. T. Whatley appointed assistant geologist, the as- sistants being appointed, according to the text of the law, by the governing board. The salary of the State geologist was fixed at $2,500 a year and that of his assistants at $1950 a year. Doctor Spencer remained in office until 1893, when he was succeeded by W. S. Yeates, under whom the following have from time to time served as assistants: F. P. King, S. W. McCallie, George E. Ladd, Thos. L. Watson, as geologists; R. L. Packard and Walter L. Mitchell, chemists, the salary remaining as under Doctor Spencer. Publications—During Doctor Spencer’s administration two re- ports were published, one termed Administrative, but devoted quite largely to the geology of the Cretaceous and Tertiary forma- tions of the southwestern part of the State; and the other issued under date of July 1, 1891, entitled The Paleozoic Group, compris- ing some 400 pages and including the geology of 10 counties of the northwestern portion of the State and their economical resources. Museum.—A very satisfactory exhibit of the mineral and economic products of the State has been built up and is now on display at the statehouse. Ewpenses.—The expense of the survey, aside from cost of publica- tion, would appear to have been fully met by the appropriation authorized in the bill of November 12, 1889—$8,000 a year for the ensuing seven years (1889-1896), and $10,000 a year since that date. The average cost of publication of the bulletins is given as $3 a page with 224 cents additional a volume for cloth bindings. At present the cost of publication is met by an annual appropriation of $2,500. ILLINOIS. FIRST GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER J. G. NORWOOD, 1851-1858, AND A. H. WORTHEN, 1858-1880. The first geological survey of Illinois was organized under an act of the general assembly approved February 17, 1851. The following is the text of the act: 1Mr. Yeates died on February 19, 1908, and was succeeded by S. W. McCallie, who still holds the office. (See Bull. 465, U. S. Geol. Sury., 1911.) aS eT ek 7 109 PL. BULLETIN U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ISINVLOG O31Vd ‘xNaYyaNoSAa OAT LISIDOIOLNOA1Vd NNVWIS9N3 AYNSH Re ce ores tsa! ee ee ‘SIONIT1NI SAO SLSIDONOAD ALVLS 8G-I1G8] ‘GOOMYON ATIIANVYS HdsasoPr LSIDOIOLNOA1Vd ‘WSSW Gyosavug ONIGIIA 71-8481 ‘181901035 ‘NSHLYOM AYNSH SOWY GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 65 An act for a geological and mineralogical survey of the State of Illinols. SxcTion 1. Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly, That the governor, auditor, and treasurer of the State b are hereby authorized and required, as early as may be, to employ a geologist — of known integrity and practical skill for the purpose of making a geological and minerological survey of the entire territory of this State. 2. It shall be the duty of said geologist to proceed, as soon as the neces- sary arrangements can be made, and with as much despatch as may be consist- ent with minuteness and accuracy, to ascertain the order, succession, arrange- ment, relative position, dip, and comparative magnitude of the several strata or geological formation within the State; to search for and examine all the beds and deposits of ores, coals, clays, marls, rocks, and such other mineral sub- stances 28 may present themselves, and to obtain chemical analysis of these substances, the elements of which are undetermined; and, by strict barometrical observations, to determine the relative elevations and depressions of the differ- ent parts of the State. 3. It shall also be the duty of said geologist, during the time employed in the above work, to make annual reports of the progress and results of his labor, accompanied by such maps and drawings as may be deemed necessary to illus- trate the said reports; all of which shall be transmitted to the governor, in such condition as he may, without delay, cause them to be printed and circu- lated throughout the State or wherever else he may desire to send them. 4, It shall be the duty of said geologist to procure and preserve a full and entire suite of the different specimens found in the State, and cause them to be delivered to the secretary of state, who shall cause them to be properly ar- ranged in a cabinet, and deposited in some apartment in or convenient to the eapitol. Said suite shall be sufficienly large to furnish specimens to all institu- tions of learning within the State, empowered to confer degrees in the arts and sciences. 5. The final reports of said geologist shall embody the results of the entire survey, and shall be accompanied by a geological map of the State, showing, by different colors and other marks and characters, the precise localities and extent of the different geological formations. 6. For the purpose of carrying out and completing the said survey the sum of not exceeding $3,000 is hereby placed at the disposal of the governor, to be ap- plied to the payment of the said geologist, and such assistants as he may employ, by and with the consent of the governor, auditor, and treasurer, and to defray the incidental expenses of the survey; which annual appropriation shall con- tinue until the completion of said survey, or until its discontinuance be ordered by the legislature of this State. 7. No money shall be paid to said geologist or for the purpose of said survey until the work shall be commenced. 8. The said survey shall, if practicable, be commenced at the southern part of the State and be proceeded with northerly. This act to take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved, February 17, 1851. In 1853, and again in 1872, this law was supplemented and amended by the passage of the following: That the sum of $5,000 be, and the same is, hereby annually appropriated for the purpose of carrying out and completing the geological and mineralogical survey of the State of Illinois; and also the further sum of $500 per annum, 66 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. for the purpose of furnishing accurate topographical maps of the several coun- ties in the State, to be made out under the direction and superintendence of the State geologist. The said sums of money are hereby placed at the disposal of the governor, to be applied by him to the uses and purposes specified in this act and the act to which this is an amendment. An act providing for the publication and distribution of the fifth volume of the report of the State geologist and to fix the amount of his salary until the publication of the sixth and final volume of said report. Section 1. Be it enacted by the people of the State of Ilinois, represented in the general assembly. That the publication of 3,000 copies of the fifth volume of the report of the State geologist is hereby authorized, and the sum.of $6,500 is hereby appropriated to defray the cost of engraving the necessary plates, maps, and diagrams required for said volume; said engraving to be done under the direction of the State geologist, who first obtain bids for doing the work from several different engravers, and submit such bids to the governor, who shall first approve the bid most favorable to the State, and order the geologist to make a contract on the terms of said bid. 2. The secretary of state is hereby required to procure the paper necessary for the said fifth volume, of a quality not inferior to that used in the volumes of this report already published, and have said volume printed under the State eontract for public printing, end bound by the public binder in same style and quality as former volumes, at a rate to be fixed, before delivered to him, by the secretary, auditor, and treasurer, with the aid of experts, as now provided by law; and the amount necessary to defray the expense of the same is hereby appropriated. 3. The secretary of state is hereby authorized to distribute the said fifth vol- ume, when published, as follows: One copy to each college, educational, his- torical, and literary institution in the State, as now provided by law; 200 copies to the State geologist, to be used in exchanges, a list of which shall be sub- mitted to the governor for his approval, and on all such copies for exchange shall be written or printed “ With the compliments of the people of the State of Illinois,” and the person’s name to whom sent; and the balance of said volumes to the members of the twenty-seventh general assembly, to be by them dis- tributed in their respective counties and districts, as far as practicable, to per- sens who have sets of the former volumes. 4. There shall be paid to the State geologist the sum of $2,000, as in full for his services and all expenses in superintending the publication of the said fifth volume, and finishing the sixth volume for publication; to be paid quarterly out of any money in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated. Approved, April 3, 1872. That portion of the act of 1851 relating to the preservation of suites of specimens not proving sufficiently explicit, was later amended so as to read as below: An act to amend an act entitled ‘‘An act for a geological and mineralogical survey of the State of Illinois,” approved February 17, 1851. Srecrion 1. Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in the general assembly, That section 4 of “An act for a geological and miner- alogical survey of the State of Illinois,” approved February 17, 1851, be, and the same is hereby, amended, so as to read as follows: . GROLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 67 4, It shall be the duty of said geologist to procure and preserve a full and entire suite of the different specimens found in the State, and cause them to be delivered to the secretary of state, who shall cause them to be properly arranged in a cabinet, and deposited in some apartment in or convenient to the eapitol. Said suite shall be sufficiently large to furnish specimens to all insti- tutions of learning within the State which are empowered to confer degrees in the arts or sciences, to the State normal schools, to the industrial university at Champaign, and to all chartered institutions of science located in this State which publish their proceedings and which keep up a regular system of ex- changes with other like institutions. Approved, April 29, 1878. Tt is evident from the wording of the original act of establishment that the formation of a library was not contemplated, though in the third clause of the act of April 3, 1872, reference is made to copies of the reports “ to be used as exchanges.” Presumably a considerable amount of material must have accumulated, the growing importance of which, together with the importance of the geological collections, caused the passage of the following full and explicit act, which re- sulted in the establishment of the existing State historical and natu- ral history museum: An act to establish a State historical and natural history museum; to provide for its care and maintenance, and to appropriate money therefor. Approved May 25, 1877. In force July 1, 1877. Whereas it is important and desirable that all books, manuscripts, and other matters illustrative of the early history of this State shall be preserved in some permanent form; and Whereas the collection of geological specimeus accumulated in the progress of the geological survey of this State are lying in a disorganized mass in the basement of the capitol; and Whereas the large and valuable collection of specimens of zoology and botany in the museum of natural history at Normal are now in a building not fire- proof, and therefore in danger of destruction by fire: therefore— 10. Established.—1. Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, rep- resented in the general assembly, That there is hereby established at the capi- tol of the State a State historical library and cabinet of natural history, to be known as “ The Illinois State Historical Library and Natural History Museum.” 11. Rooms in statehouse.—2. The rooms in the west wing of the statehouse, known as the miscellaneous library rooms, are hereby set apart for the said library and museum established by this act. 12. Management—Trustees.—3. The Illinois State Historical Library and Natural History Museum shall be under the management of three trustees, con- sisting of the governor, secretary of state, and superintendent of public instruc- tion, who shall have power to make all such rules and regulations, not incon- sistent with law, as may be necessary for its management. 13. Curator.—4. It shall be the duty of said trustees to appoint a curator, who shall be a person of competent scientific attainments, and who shall pos- sess a practical knowledge of the science of geology. 14. Curator to be the librarian—5. The curator shall act as librarian and shall have the custody, superintendence, and charge of all articles directed to 68 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. be deposited in said library and museum, and shall also perform the acts which are or may be required by law of the State geologist. 15. Curator to select certain books.—6. It shall be the duty of the said cura- tor, aS soon as the statehouse commissioners furnish the bookcases and furniture designed for the galleries of said rooms, to select from the State library all bocks and decuments relating to the history of this State and place them in the new rooms as a nucleus for a State historical library. 16. Geological specimens to be removed and classified.—T. It shall be the duty of the curator as soon after this act takes effect as is practicable, to have the collection of geological specimens accumulated in the progress of the geo- logical survey of this State, and other specimens hereinafter named, removed to said rooms and classified, labeled, and arranged in such a manner as to be effectually preserved and at the same time open to the inspection of the public. 17. Duplicate specimens.—8. One each of all the duplicate zoological and botanical specimens now on hand in the Illinois museum of natural history at Normal, which are not needed to illustrate the natural history work of the State Normal University, are hereby directed to be deposited as soon as practicable in the museum established by this act by the curator of said Illinois Museum of Natural History. 18. Mfuseum at Normal.—9. It is hereby directed that the Illinois Museum of Natural History at Normal be converted into a State laboratory of natural his- tory, at which, under the direction of the curator thereof, the collection, preser- vation, and determination of all zoological and botanical material for said State museum shall be done. Jt is made a part of the duty of said curator to provide, as soon as possible, a series of specimens illustrating the zoology and botany of the State, to deposit them from time to time in the museum established by this act, and to furnish as far as practicable, all zoological and botanical ma- terial needed by the State educational institutions for the proper performance of their work. 19. Appropriation.—10. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act, the following named sums are hereby appropriated out of the State treasury for the purposes herein specified : For the salary of the curator provided for in this act, the sum of $2,500 per annum for two years, payable quarterly. For the purpose of moving the geological specimens from the basement, and of moving the natural history specimens at Normal to the rooms designated, and for arranging, classifying, labeling, and putting all the said specimens in such condition that they will be effectually preserved and at the same time open to the convenient inspection of the public, the sum of $500. I’or the purpose of increasing the collections in natural history, the sum of $1,000 per annum, to be expended under the direction of the curator of the State laboratory at Normal. 20. When and how drawn.—11. The auditor of public accounts is hereby authorized and required to draw his warrant on the treasurer for the moneys herein appropriated, upon the order of the board of trustees: Provided, That no portion of said moneys, other than the annual salaries, shall be due and payable until satisfactory vouchers in detail shall have been filed with the auditor for the expenditures incurred. The survey, as will be noted by reference to these various enact- ments, had no connection with any other institution and was sus- tained wholly by legislative appropriations, at first annual and later biennial. ° | GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 69 Administration—Under the act of 1851 Dr. J. G. Norwood was appointed State geologist and J..H. McChesney, Henry Pratten, Anthony Varner, and A. H. Worthen, assistants. In March, 1858, A. H. Worthen became State geologist, and H. M. Bannister, F. H. Bradley, E. T. Cox, Henry Engelmann, H. C. Freedman, H. A. Green, J. H. McChesney, and Frank Snow, assistants in geology, with W. Billington, topographer. Leo Lesquereux, F. B. Meek, J. S. Newberry, and Orestes St. John were assistants in paleontology.’ According to the terms of the law, assistants were appointed only with the consent of the governor, auditor, and treasurer. The sal- aries paid the directors varied at different periods from $2,000 to $3,000 a year; those of the assistants in geology, from $800 to $1,000; and those of the paleontologists from $1,200 to $1,800, 'Topograph- ers received but $500 a year. Museum.—Section IV of the act.of 1851 called for the making of collections to be delivered to the secretary of state, who should “ causo them to be properly arranged in a cabinet and deposited in some apartment in or convenient to the capitol.” It was stipulated also that the collection should be sufficiently large to furnish specimens to all institutions of learning within the State empowered to confer degrees in the arts and sciences. In 1873 this clause, as noted, was so amended as to include the State Normal Schools, the Industrial University at Champaign, and all chartered institutions of science located in the State and which published their proceedings and kept up a regular system of exchanges with other like institutions. Publications —Doctor Norwood remained in charge of the survey until the spring of 1858, during which time he published two bro- chures, the first in connection with Henry Pratten in 1855, which consisted of 77 pages of text and three plates. This appeared in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The second, entitled Abstract of a Report on Illinois Coals, with de- scription and analyses, and a general notice of the coal fields, con- tained 93 pages of text and was published in Springfield in 1857, Under Worthen’s administration the first and second volumes of the final report were published in 1866, the third in 1868, the fourth in 1870, the fifth in 1873, the sixth in 1875, the seventh in 1883, and the eighth in 1890. These volumes contained detailed reports of all the counties of the State and as much of the paleontology as the time and means at the disposal of the director enabled him to complete. iThe statements made on p. 43 of Survey Bulletin No. 465, relative to E. O. Ulrich, is somewhat misleading, since the survey came to an end in 1872, as noted. It was not until 1885 that Mr. Ulrich was employed by Mr. Worthen, then curator of the State Museum, to complete volume 8 of the reports of the defunct organization, an appropriation for which had been made by the legislature of that year. 79 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The Paleozoic rocks of the State, especially the upper and lower Carboniferous formations, proved to be exceedingly rich in fossil remains, and the whole of the second and a portion of each suc- ceeding volume of the reports was devoted to the description and illustration of the new forms discovered in the prosecution of the work of the survey. One hundred and ninety-five octavo plates and numerous woodcuts were required to properly illustrate the species described in the first six volumes. The editions of the various reports were exhausted in a few months after publication, and as there was a continued demand for them at the office of the secretary of state, the thirty-first general assembly passed an act in 1881 authorizing a reprint in three volumes of the economical portion of the six volumes previously published, and also requiring the curator of the museum to prepare and publish another volume of geology and paleontology to correspond in form and style with the six originals, to be entitled: Volume 7 of the Geological Survey of Illinois. Five thousand copies of this volume were au- thorized and 3,000 copies each of the three volumes of economic geol- ogy. These three volumes were issued in 1882, and volume 7, con- taining 31 plates, the following year. The publications of the survey were distributed partly by the gen- eral assembly, each member receiving five copies, and the remainder by the secretary of state, except 300 copies, which were given to the authors of the work for foreign distribution. Benefits—The material results of the survey of Illinois have been the correct determination of the coal resources of the State, by de- fining the extent, number, and thickness of the different coal seams; a full report on the lead regions of both the northern and southern part of the State; also pointing out the location and extent of other mineral products, such as building stone, hydraulic, and common limestones, clays for pottery, firebrick, paint, ete. Its contributions to science have been the discovery, description, and illustration of nearly 1,200 new or little known species of fossils and the publica- tion of a geological map of the State on a scale of 6 miles to the inch. The development of the coal resources undoubtedly gave a decided impetus to nearly all industrial interests, and in consequence of the cheap and abundant fuel resources, steel and iron mills and extensive zinc works have been established. The same cause has stimulated railroad enterprise and added vastly to the value of the prairie lands which, before the coal resources were known, were considered as of little value, in consequence of the scarcity of fuel. As noted in the laws, the survey was abolished in 1872, though ap- propriations for completing the publications were continued until a : J ’ GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 71 1875, when all active work ceased for a period of 30 years, to be revived once more in 1905." Expenses —The following summary of appropriations for the geo- logical survey, 1851-1875; the Historical Library and State Museum of Natural History, 1877-1889; and for the State Museum of Natural History, 1889 to 1900, is furnished by Mr. C. H. Crantz, curator: 1851. 1853. 1855. 1857. 1859. 1861. 1863. 1865. 1867. 1869. 1871. 1878. 1875. 1879. 1881, Seventeenth General Assembly: Survey instituted and a sum not to exceed $3,000 a year appropriated______________-_. Eighteenth General Assembly: General appropriation, a year, $5,000; for topographical maps, a year, $500___.______-___- Nineteenth General Assembly appropriation: Same amounts__ Twentieth General Assembly appropriation: Same amounts__ Twenty-first General Assembly appropriation: Same amounts Twenty-second General Assembly appropriation: Same LEAN CDUR ON Gs eee tee eee ORS eet Be ee Twenty-third General Assembly appropriation: Same amounts, and $500 a year, rent of storeroom for collections___._______ Twenty-fourth General Assembly appropriation: Same amounts, and $20,000 for publishing reports, vols. 1 and 2_. Twenty-fifth General Assembly appropriation: For salary, ge- ogist, a year, $3,000; survey, a year, $10,000; publishing S.000#cOpIeS) Volvo $D000s 2248. 22 Se ee ee Twenty-sixth General Assembly appropriation: Salary, geolo- gist, a year, $3,000; illustrating and publishing vol. 4, $7,500; completing drawings, vol. 5, $1,500________--______ Twenty-seventh General Assembly appropriation: Salary, ge- ologist, a year, $2,000; publishing and illustrating vol. 5, Bye) (emer nO ree TANS SP lar rs ea ee Twenty-eighth General Assembly appropriation: Salary, ge- ologist, a year, $2,500; salary, assistant, a year, $500; salary, assistant, a year, $600; moving collections, $125; drawings for vol. 6, $1,500; illustrating and publishing vol. 6, $7,500; special appropriation for payment of claim for binding of vols..1 and 2, $7,686.18___..-......- 0... Twenty-ninth General Assembly made no appropriations for the maintenance of the survey. . Thirtieth General Assembly passed act to establish a State historical library and State museum of natural history. Appropriated—salary, curator, a year, $2,500; increasing collections, a year, $1,000; moving collections, $500_______ Thirty-first General Assembly appropriation: Salary, curator, a year, $1,800; contingent fund, a year, $3800_______.______ Thirty-second General Assembly appropriation: Salary, cura- tor, a year, $2,000; salary, assistant, a year, $600; contin- gent fund, a year, $300; preparing vol. 7, general reports, and vols. 1, 8 of economic geology, $5,000; printing and binding of 5,000 copies of vol. 7 and 3,000 copies of vols. 1, =, CCONOMICE LEO] OD Ya oy, OOO ea a 1 Bull. 465, U. 8S. Geol. Surv., pp. 42-51. $6, 000. 00 11, 000. 00 11, 000. 00 11, 000. 00 11, 000. 00 11, 000. 00 12, 000. 00 32, 000. 00 31, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 10, 500. 00 961,18 be Note 7, 500, OO 4, 200. 00 15, 800. GO 72 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1883. Thirty-third General Assembly appropriation: Salary, cura- tor, a year, $2,000; salary, assistant, a year, $600; salary, janitor, a year, $600; contingent fund, a year, $300; mu- SCUM GASES; PILOOO Leer A oes AE ARS eh ds eaten ap S00 $8, 000, 00 1885. Thirty-fourth General Assembly appropriation: Preparing vol. 8 for publication, $5,000; salary, curator, a year, $2,000; salary, assistant, a year, $600; salary, janitor, a year, $900; contingent fund, a year, $800; for increasing zoological and archaeological collections, $3,000 a year__-.______________ 18, 600. 00 1887. Thirty-fifth General Assembly appropriation: Salary, curator, a year, $2,000; salary, assistant, a year, $800; salary, jani- tor, a year, $900; contingent fund, a year, $300____________ 8, 000. 60 1889. Thirty-sixth General Assembly appropriation: Salary, curator, i a year, $2,000; salary, assistant, a year, $1,000; salary, jani- tor, a year, $900; contingent fund, a year, $300__--_______ 8, 400. 60 The Thirty-sixth General Assembly passed act separating the his- torical library and State museum. 1891. Thirty-seventh General Assembly appropriation: Salary, cura- tor, a year, $2,500; salary, assistant, a year, $1,000; salary, janitor, a year, $9C0; contingent fund, a year, $500________ 9, SOO. 00 1893. Thirty-eighth General Assembly appropriation: Salary, cura- tor, a year, $2,500; salary, assistant, a year, $1,000; salary, janitor, a year, $720; contingent fund, a year, $500________ 9, 440. 00 1895. Thirty-ninth General Assembly appropriation: Same amounts. 9, 440. 00 1897. Fortieth General Assembly appropriation: Same amounts_____ 9, 440. 00 1899. Forty-first General Assembly appropriation: Same amounts___ 9, 440. 00 Total 32 i er, oes) PE Ap ag eT OE Ee Eg Oa $303, 521.18 In this total are not included the cost of office supplies, such as ink, pens, papers, envelopes, etc., furnished direct by the secretary of state. INDIANA.’ FIRST SURVEY UNDER DAVID DALE OWEN, 1837-1838. The first geological survey of Indiana, under State auspices, was made under the authorization of the following: Act to provide for a geological survey of the State of Indiana. Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, That the governor be, and he is hereby. authorized and required annually here- after to appoint and commission a person of talents, integrity, and suitable scientific acquirements, as geologist for the State of Indiana, who shall receive in consideration of the faithful performance of his duties an annual salary not exceeding $1,500, and necessary expenses not exceeding $250, to be paid as the salaries of other civil officers of State are or may be directed to be paid. Sec. 2. That it shall be the duty of the geologist to be appointed as aforesaid to make a complete and minute geological survey of the whole State, commenc- ing with those portions in the vicinity of the contemplated public works (always having reference to the directions hereinafter provided), and thence through the other portions of the State, with as much expedition and accuracy as may be ‘Compiled In part from manuscripts by Dr. Ryland T. Brown and Prof. Richard Owen. PL. 8 109 BULLETIN U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM v8 Oss] ‘44571090 NHOP ‘VNVIGNI 4SO SLSIDOTOSDS ALVLS 08-898I ‘XOO SYSAVYHL GYVMd4 29-0981 ‘NSMO GYVHOIY GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 73 consistent with minuteness and dispatch, and he shall prepare and lay before the legislature, at the commencement of every session, a detailed account of all remarkable discoveries made and the progress of the work, accompanied with proper maps and diagrams, including a geological chart of the State. Sec. 8. It shall further be the duty of the geologist of the State, at those sea- sons not suited to active prosecution of the geological survey, to analyze and ascertain the qualities and properties of mineral substances or soils left at his office or residence for that purpose by any citizen of the State and taken from any proportion of the territory of the State. Src. 4. That the said geologist, appointed by virtue of this act, shall be subject to the orders of the executive of the State, and shall hold himself ready on rea- sonable notice to make geological examinations in the vicinity of internal im- provement which the legislature has or may hereafter direct to be made: Pro- vided, That this act shall expire at the termination of the year 1888, unless the same be reenacted by the next legislature of this State. Sec. 5. This act to be in force from and after its passage. Approved February 6, 1837. Dr. David Dale Owen, by this act, was appointed State geologist and made a reconnoissance of the State, taknge a general view of the several formations and designating, with a fair amount of ac- curacy, the boundary of the coal fields. According to manuscript notes by Dr. Richard Owen he had no assistants. He made his own field observations (traveling on horseback), and his chemical analyses in his laboratory at New Harmony. No topographical work was attempted. He made but one report, which was issued in two parts in 1838, when he resigned to accept an appointment under the Gen- eral Government. Owing to the financial depression, 1838-1840, no successor was appointed, and the survey came to an end, In 1850 the subject of a survey was once more brought up, and the following resolutions passed, though without apparent effect: A joint resolution upon the subject of a grant cf land for a geological survey of the State of Indiana. Whereas, a large part of the mineral lands in the State of Indiana belong to the United States, and their value consists chiefly in the minerals under the surface that are not so easily to be ascertained without a geological survey of the district in which they lie; and whereas, the people of this State desire the direct and indirect advantages that would grow out of the development and use of these minerals and deem it justice that the General Government should con- tribute its fair proportion to the cost of bringing its own lands into market: wherefore— Section 1. Be it resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, That our Senators in Congress are hereby instructed and our Representatives requested to use their exertions to procure a grant of a township of land, or its equivalent, of the unsold lands of the United States in Indiana for the purpose of aiding the State in making a full geological survey thereof. Sec. 2. Be it further resolved, That his excellency the governor be requested to transmit a copy of this joint resolution to each of our Senators and Repre- sentatives in Congress, Approved January 21, 1850. 74 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. In 1852 the matter came up once more in a similar form, and the following joint resolution passed, though again with no apparent result: A joint resolution in relation to a donation of public lands for a geological, agricultural, and topographical survey. Be it resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, That our Sen- ators in Congress be instructed and Representatives requested to use their votes and influence to effect the passage of a law giving to the States, respectively, in which there is so much unsold public land, one township in each Jandofiice dis- trict, to be applied by the proper authorities of the State for the purpose of making a geological, agricultural, and topographical survey of such State; and Be it further resolved, That his excellency the governor be and is hereby au- thorized to furnish each of our Senators and Representatives a copy of this joint resolution: also one copy to each of the governors of the several States, and re- guest them to lay the same before the legislatures. Approved January 12, 1852. In 1853 Gov. Joseph A. Wright, in his message to the legislature, urged the resumption of the geological survey in order to develop the mineral resources of the State. In response to this there was made, according to the manuscript notes of Dr. Ryland T. Brown, a small appropriation which became available in January, 1854. To expend this the governor appointed Doctor Brown State geologist. One report was made on the work of the season of 1854. This the legislature refused to publish on the ground that it conveyed an erroneous and exaggerated idea as to the value of the coals of the State. Appropriation for the continuation of the work was also refused. Doctor Brown’s suppressed report, it should be stated, was subsequently published in the reports of the Department of Agricul- ture. SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER D. D. OWEN AND RICHARD OWEN, 1859—-1861.! The subject of a survey coming again before the legislature, in 1859, the following enactment was passed: An act authorizing the State board of agriculture to cause a geological reconnotssance of the State to be made, to make collections and analyses of specimens, and making ap- propriations therefor. Whereas the State board of agriculture has memorialized the general assembly for such aid a full geological survey of the State would give in furtherance of the object for which said board was organized; and Whereas the finances of the State are not now in a condition which would justify such an appropriation as would carry out the plan contemplated by the memorialists; and 2 Prepared in part from manuscripts by Dr. Ryland T. Brown and Prof. Richard Owen. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 75 Whereas it is now believed that the sum of $5,000, granted by the State to said board, together with such voluntary contributions as might be made to it, would be sufficient to make a geological reconnoissance of the State and the de- termination of the general boundaries of its geological formation and also to ‘make collections and analyses of specimens of minerals, ores, earths, and stone from every portion of the State, and thus prepare the way for a more full and systematic survey to be made hereafter under the direction of the State execu- tive; therefore— SEcTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, That the sum of $5,000 is hereby appropriated out of the State treasury, and to be paid on the warrant of the auditor to the said State board, for the purpose of making the geological reconnoisance, collections, and analyses of specimens of minerals, ores, earths, and stones: Provided, That one-half of said sum shall not be paid prior to April 15, 1860, and the other half not before the 15th of October, 1860. Suc. 2. The governor is hereby directed to select a convenient room in the eapitol, or in any building that may be erected by the State, if a suitable one can be found, and, if not, hire one for the deposit and safe-keeping of such minerals, soils, ores, fossils, maps, sketches, etc., as may be collected and made by direction of said board, which room shall be placed under the control of said board. Sec. 8. The State board of agriculture shall, on or before the 15th of De- cember, 1860, make a full report to the governor of the expenditures of said appropriation, with full vouchers thereof and of the results accomplished there- by. The governor shall have 2,000 copies of said report printed for the use of the next general assembly. Organization.—Under this law Dr. D. D. Owen, then State geolo- gist of Arkansas, was for the second time appointed State geologist of Indiana, and his brother, Richard Owen, assistant. Doctor Owen dying shortly after the work was begun, Richard Owen became State geologist, holding the position until 1861, when he resigned to take command of a regiment of volunteers in the Federal Army. The vacancy then created was not filled, and thus the third attempt at a geological] survey of the State came to an end. This survey had no connection with any institution other than the board of agriculture, and was sustained during its brief existence by the single appropriation of $5,000. Section 3 of an act approved May 11, 1861, however, made the State geologist a member of the faculty of the State University, and directed that in the progress of the work he collect specimens of geology and mineralogy in duplicate and deposit one set of the same in the university cabinet. Administration —The Owens were assisted on this survey by Dr. Robert Peter, chemist; Leo Lesquereux, botanist; and J. P. Lesley, topographical engineer, the State geologist, himself, being ap- pointed by the State board of agriculture, and the assistants by Doctor Owen. No promotions were made during the existence of the survey. The salaries were at the rate of $8 a day for State 76 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. geologist; $4 a day for assistants; and from $1.50 to $2 for labor. No salaries were received from other institutions, Museum.—A considerable amount of material was collected which was deposited in the State collection at Indianapolis, forming thus, the beginnings of the present State museum. No library was at- tempted. Expenses.—The total cost of the survey, as already noted, was $5,000, which included salaries, traveling expenses, transportation of specimens, analyses, and a large part if not all of the soaiee: of printing and engraving. Publications—The single report published was printed in 1862 at Indianapolis, in the form of an octavo volume of 368 pages. The edition is stated to have been but 300 copies, 25 of which were placed at the disposal of the State geologist to be distributed as he desired. The entire cost of publication is given in Prof. Richard Owen’s notes as about $600, or $2 a copy. The following notes, in the handwriting of Professor Owen are not without interest as showing his method: The object of the reconnoissance by railroad in the autumn of 1859 was to give such a general idea of the general geology and of the important localities to be visited as would render our survey of 1860 more efficient and economicai of time and money. Printed circulars were sent in advance to the different mem- bers of the board for distribution, informing farmers, who had specimens to exhibit or soil for analysis exactly how to proceed and where to deposit them. At my request Doctor Clapp made tridaily observations at North Albany with his standard cistern barometer, so as to enable me to correct for meteoro- logical changes in making hypsometrical observations. The analytical and office work performed at New Harmony was ali under the direction of Dr. D. D. Owen while he lived; the methods were the result of his long experience. As mentioned in the prefatory letter, page 7 of my report, he designed to give some general observations on agricultural chemistry and milk sickness, particularly the connection of the latter with peculiar geo- logical formations. In addition to the objects above enumerated which were kept in view during the survey I may mention that in connection with general observations regard- ing the soil of any region, its fertility, etc., I noted the predominance of any given forest tree, such as oak growth, prevalence of beech, etc. (e. g., see report, p. 208, also p. 86). These notes I could take as we passed along, without even stopping the carriage. In arranging them in the report, each subject being under a separate heading, any information wanted could be readily reached by turn- ing to the county and consulting under its appropriate heading the subject re- quired. The lists of fossils in a given locality or formation were always arranged according to their zoological sequence or classification (e. g., report, p. 39). Perhaps the typical section on page 47, as a means of understanding other sections, may be mentioned here. Some of the above methods I give under this head, as they may perhaps claim to be improvements on the earlier systems. Under this head may perhaps also be mentioned some Synopses of classification translated from the French: 1, | | . GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 717 Brongniart’s Ferns; 2, Milne Edward’s Corals and Classification of Animal King- dom; 3, (English) Woodward's Classification of the Mollusca; 4, A suggestive table of my own of Divisions and Subdivisions of Time and Vertical Space; 5, a map of Wyandotte Cave, after carrying my barometer through and obtaining a topographical survey record from the proprietor. I sent every specimen collected, unless a duplicate was needed, for further examination and deseription to Indianapolis, where I suppose they can still be found in the State collection. One remarkable specimen I may mention was found, on being weighed at the nearest Adams Express office, to be 153 pounds and about 3 feet across its base.’ It was the framework or skeleton of a single community of polyp first described by Hall as Favistella stella [sic], but consid- ered by Edwards and Haine as Columnaria alveolata. It is just at the junction between lower and upper Silurian, and fine specimens can be found at the deep cut near Madison, Ind. But this large specimen had become detached and rolled to the foot of a considerable hill. It being in the form of a cone we turned it with its face or base upon two rails, and aided by my assistant, Mr. James Patterson, of Jeffersonville, Ind., we carried it to the top of the hill, where we found a wagon going to the railroad station, on which we leaded it. Later State geologists added to the State collection or museum at Indianapolis, which was in the geological rooms of Prof. Collett in the old statehouse, now, however, I believe pulled down. The $5,000 appropriation for the survey was expended for per diem of the several officers and employees for traveling expenses, transportation of min- erals and fossils, analysis, printing and engraving report, ete. An accurate and separate account was kept and rendered at brief intervals to the State board of agriculture. I remember the secretary expressing his astonishment that I should have gone so much into detail as to mention each 5 cents’ worth of milk obtained at the farm houses, if we happened to camp near one. The entire sum was, I think, the result of a single appropriation, and as far as I remember included the printing and engraving. Of this, however, I am not quite certain, for I remember when I was in Camp Morton (see p. 302 of the report) as colonel of the 60th Indiana Volunteers, guarding the 4,000 prisoners taken at Fort Donelson, I called on Governor Morton with reference to the illus- trations (wood cuts from my sketches), and I think obtained some addition from a contingent fund for the engraver. Benefits——1. The analyses of the soils; the disenchantment of individuals who had “ married a gold mine,” by proving to them that it was a bed of sul- phur and iron; the calculations made for some who desired to sink shafts, and actually found coal within a few feet of the depth indicated (this occurred at West Franklin and elsewhere) ; the dissuasion from expending money for an artesian well near an anticlinal axis; and much information of a similar char- acter imparted to the citizens of Indiana during the survey and by the pub- licution of the report, may perhaps entitle this survey to the claim of having benefited the citizens of Indiana. 2. As regards the benefit to science, although perhaps not much that was new may have been presented, yet this survey paved the way for others, in which fine block coal, porcelain clay, and clay for terra cotta were pointed out, etc. Had more time and means been at our disposal I think we could have accomplished work that would have been creditable, but the war inter- fered for a time with ail such pursuits, and I was invited by our war governor (the late Senator Morton) to take a military commission and aid in endeavoring + For a fuller description see p. 49 of the Report on Franklin County. 78 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. to convince the South that State rights too strictly interpreted meant dis- integration of the Union. Acceding te his wishes I closed my connection with the State board of agriculture and with the second Indiana geological survey. THIRD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER E. T. COX, JOHN COLLETT, AND OTHERS, 1869-1900. In 1869 the subject of a renewal of the survey came before the legislature and the act passed of which the following is a transcript: An act providing tor a geological survey and for the collection and preservation of a geological and mineralogical cabinet of the natural history of the State ‘of Indiana, creating the office of State geologist, defining his duties, and fixing his salary. Secrion 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, That a department of geology and natural science is hereby established in connection with, and under the control and direction of, the Indiana State board of agriculture, for the collection and dissemination of information in relation to geological and other scientitic investigations to be made, as hereinafter pro- vided for, for the promotion of agriculture, mining, the arts, and manufactures. Sec. If. And be it further enacted, That the governor is hereby authorized to appoint a suitable person as State geologist to take charge of said department; and said geologist shall hold his office for a term of two years and till his successor shall be appointed as aforesaid, with an annual compensation of $1,800, to be paid in quarterly payments; and, in addition to his salary, said geologist shall be paid also for the necessary traveling expenses incurred while engaged in prosecuting the field surveys, and for chemical reagents used in the analytical work. Src. IIT. And be it further enacted, That said State geologist shall have a thorough practical knowledge of geology and analytical chemistry, and shall establish his office at Indianapolis, in the State of Indiana, in a room or rooms furnished to him, free of charge, by the Indiana State board of agriculture; and he shall be required atso to supply himself, free of cost to the State, with all the apparatus necessary to fit up an analytical laboratory adapted to making chemical analyses of soils, ores, metals, mineral waters, and other substances that may be thought of value or general interest to the citizens of the State. Sec. TV. And be it furtner enacted, That said State geologist shall, from time to time make a survey of a portion of the State, in order to be able to com- plete a thorough geological survey of the whole State as soon as consistent with his other duties as herein defined; and it shall be his duty also to collect, properly label, and arrange in the agricultural rooms specimens of the ores, coals, building stones, clays, soils, and organic remains, quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, crustacea, mollusca, insects, and all other objects of natural history peculiar to the State, and, as far as practicable, of other States and countries also. Sec. V. And be it further enacted, That the State geologist shall aiso be required to make annual reports to the Indiana State board of agriculture embracing the full results of his labors for each year, which reports shall be published along with the proceedings of the said State board of agriculture. Src. VI. And be it further enacted, That, in order to carry the provisions of this act into effect, the sum of $5,000 be, and the same is hereby, annually appropriated out of any funds in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, and placed in charge of the Indiana State board of agriculture for their dis- GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 79 bursement in accordance with the provisions herein made and provided for; and it shall be the duty of the State geologist to file with the State board of agriculture, a statement accompanied with the proper vouchers for all moneys expended by him in carrying out the provisions of this act. Sec. VII. And be it further enacted, That there shall be printed and bound annually in a separate volume 2,500 copies of the report of the State geologist, to be printed and provided by law for printing, binding, and distributing the laws and journals. This act shall be in force from and after its passage. Approved March 5, 1869. At the session of 1879 the legislature revised this law and created a bureau of statistics and geology. The following is the text of this act: An act providing for the establishment of a State bureau of statistics and geology, creat- ing the office of the chief of such department, defining his duties, providing for the collection of statistics on agriculture, manufactures, commerce, education, labor, social, and sanitary subjects, making said chief, curator of the geological cabinet. and ap- propriating money to carry out the provisions of the act. Section 1. Be it enacied by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, That a department of statistics and geology is hereby established for the col- jection and dissemination of information, hereinafter provided, by annual printed reports made to the governor and legislature of the State. Sec. 2. The governor is hereby authorized to appoint, as soon after the passage of this act as convenient, and thereafter biennially, some suitable person to act as chief, who shall have power toe employ such assistants as he may deem neces. sary, and said officer and assistants shall constitute the Indiana bureau of sta- tistics and geology, with headquarters to be furnished by the State: Provided, That such chief of the bureuu of statistics shall be an expert in the sciences of geology and chemistry. Src. 3. The duties of said bureau shall be to collect, systematize, tabulate, and present in annual reports, as hereinafter provided, statistical information and details relating to agriculture, manufacturing, mining, commerce, labor, education, social and sanitary conditions, vital statistics, marriages, and deaths, and to the permanent prosperity of the productive industry of the people of the State. Src. 4. It shall be the duty of the several city, incorporated town, county and township assessors, trustees, officers of school boards, and boards of health in their respective cities, towns, counties, and townships; the agents or superin- tendents of all manufacturing, mining, and mechanical establishments; the managers and superintendents of all corporations, manufacturing, mechanical, and transportation companies and associations; and county superintendents of schools, to make reports and answer questions relating to the duties of said bureau, upon such blanks as may be furnished to them for such purposes by said bureau. And the chief of said department shall have power to administer oaths, to examine witnesses under oath on questions relating to production, manufac- turing, mining, transportation, labor, wages, savings, and respecting such other matters as relates to the duties of said bureau. Sec. 5. The chief of said bureau shall be the curator of the geological cabinet, museum, chemical laboratory, apparatus, and library, and shall from time to = 136075—20——7 80 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. time, as may be practicable, add specimens to the cabinet of minerals, organic remains, and other objects of natural history peculiar to the State and other States and countries. Sec. 6. The annual compensation of the chief of said bureau shall be $1,200, to be paid out of the treasury of the State as provided by law for similar ex- penditures ; and in addition thereto the sum of $2,500 be, and the same is hereby, annually appropriated, out of any funds in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated, for two years, to be expended, or so much of it as may become necessary, in the discretion of the chief of said bureau, in carrying out the pur- poses of said department, as herein provided. It shall be the duty of the chief of said department to render annually to the governor a detail statement, accompanied with the proper vouchers, for all moneys expended by him in ¢arry- ing out the provisions of this act: And provided further, That no greater ex- penditure of money, or liability therefor, shall be made or incurred by the chief of said bureau, or his assistants, than the sum herein appropriated for carrying into effect the provisions of this act. Sec. 7. Any person or persons authorized by the bureau to collect statistics or answer questions relating thereto, who shall neglect or refuse to make true returns, as provided for in this act, shall forfeit and pay a fine not exceeding $200. , Src. 8. The fines arising under this act may be recovered in any court of competent jurisdiction, by information or complaint of the attorney general, and the same shal! accrue to the State and be paid into the treasury thereof. Sec. 9. The act approved March 5, 1869, establishing a separate department of geology, and the acts amendatory thereof and in conflict herewith are hereby repealed. Sec. 10. Whereas an emergency exists for the immediate taking effect of this act it shall therefore take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Again, in 1881, the law relating to surveys was revised and a de- partment of geology and natural history created. The following is the text of this law: An act to provide for the establishing of a department of geology snd natural history in this State, Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, That a department of geology and natural history is hereby established for the purpose of continuing the geological and scientific survey of this State, of discovering and developing its natural resources, disseminating information in regard to its agricultural, mining, and manufacturing advantages. Sec. 2. That the governor shall appoint a competent and suitable person, who shall be skillful in geology and natural science, as State geolegist, and who shall be the chief of said department; and said chief shall have power and be authorized to call to his assistance such help as he may deem necessary, but in no case to exceed the amount of expenditure authorized by the general assembly. Said State geologist, when commissioned by the governor, shall take an oath of office as other officers, and shall serve for a term of four years; but said State geologist may be removed by the governor for cause and a successor appointed in his stead, and the governor shall fill any vacaney which may occur from any cause. The compensation of said State geologist. shall be $1,800 per year, which shall be paid as other salaries are required by law to be paid. | a GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 81 Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of said State geologist to continue the geological survey of the State, by counties or districts, and to complete and revise the same as may be practicable. He shall give special attention to the discovery of minerals, stones, or other natural substances useful in agriculture, manufacture, or the mechanieal arts; he shall be curator of the geological cabinet, museum, apparatus, and library, and shail from time to time, as may be practicable, add specimens to the cabinet of minerals, organic remains, and other objects of natural history peculiar to this State and other States and countries. Sec. 4. The offices of the geological department shall be in such rooms aS may be assigned for this purpose, and he shall keep such office and the State museum open during the usual business hours of other offices of State when not en- gaged in field or other work requiring his absence therefrom. Src. 5. The State geologist shall make to the governor an annual report of his labors and discoveries, and of all useful information he may have obtained in such service, including such Cescriptions and figures in geology, paleontology, and archeology as may promote science and aid in the diffusion of knowledge; and 5,000 copies of such report shall be printed and published in like manner as other official reports. Sec. 6. An appropriation of $5,000 annually shall be, and is hereby, made for the next succeeding two years, which shali inclide the salaries of the State geologist and his paid assistant; and if any part thereof shall remain un- expended it shall remain a part of the general fund of the State, to be used as other general funds of the State are used. Sec. 7. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed. Sec. 8. Whereas an emergency is hereby declared to exist for the immediate taking effect in this act, it shall, therefore, take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Administration —Under the enactment of 1869 Prof. EK. T. Cox was appointed State geologist, with F. H. Bradley and Dr. Rufus Haymond as assistants, Dr. G. M. Levette acting chemist. In 1870 Dr. John Collett was added to the corps of assistant geologists and made a survey of Sullivan County, and Professor Cox examined Mar- tin County. In 1871 Messrs. Cox and Collett surveyed Daviess County. In 1872 additional assistants were appointed, and B. C. Hobbs made a survey of Parke County; R. B. Warder, of Ohio, Switzerland and Dearborn counties, and John Collett of Pike County. In 1873 W. W. Borden spent the season in the examina- tion of Clark and Floyd counties. In the same year John Collett made a survey of Warren, Lawrence, Knox, and Gibson counties, and Doctor Levette made a cursory examination of Dekalb, Stenben, Noble, Elkhart, St. Joseph, and Laporte counties. In 1874 Jack- son County was surveyed by Professor Cox; Brown County by Pro- fessor Collett; Scott and Jefferson by W. W. Borden. An elaborate report on the fishes of Indiana was presented by Prof. D. 8S. Jordan, and a full report of the flora of Jefferson County was made by Prof. J. M. Coulter. In~-1875-76 Vigo and Huntington counties were examined by E. T. Cox; Jennings and Ripley counties by W. W. 82 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM: Borden; Orange County by Dr. M. N. Elrod and S. McIntire; — Vandenburg, Owen, Montgomery, and Clay counties by John Col- — lett; and a hydrographic survey of certain small lakes in the north- ern Bae of the State was made and reported upon by Doctor Levette. In 1877 Professor Cox made a survey of Wayne County, and in 1878 Harrison and Crawford counties were surveyed and reported upon by John Collett. Under the act of 1879 John Collett was appointed statistician and geologist, but with an appropriation of only $4,000 a year for the work of both departments and only $505 of which was expended on geology during the year 1879-80. G. K. Greene was appointed as © assistant geologist and made a survey of Monroe County. In 1880 Professor Collett made a survey of Putnam County. Under the act of 1881 Mr. Collett was appointed by the governor as chief geologist for a period of four years. As assistants in the field he appointed Drs. A. J. Phinney, M. N. Elrod, and R. T. Brown. To Doctor Phinney was assigned the survey of Delaware County; to Doctor Elrod, Bartholomew County; and to Doctor Brown, Fountain County; the geologist in chief devoting himself to the survey of Shelby County. In 1882 the force of field geologists was increased by the addition of D. S. McCaslin, the assignments being as follows: To Doctor Elrod, Decatur County; to Doctor Phinney, Randolph County; to Mr. McCaslin, Jay County; and to the geologist in chief, Jasper County. In 1888 Professor Collett spent a part of the summer in Posey County, Doctor Brown being assigned to work in Morgan County, Doctor Elrod in Rush County, Doctor Phinney in Grant County, and Mr. McCaslin in Johnson County. Special assistants in 1883 were John M. Coulter, botanist; John N. Hurty, chemist; Fred. M. Stein, conchologist; Ralph S. Perry, entomologist; Fletcher M. Noe, ornithologist and taxidermist; Oliver P. Hay, herpetologist; and James Hall, C. A. White, and Leo Lesquereux, paleontologists. Lesquereux, as paleobotanist, presented in that year an elaborate de- scription of the fossil botany of the Indiana coal fields. During 1884 the department was left without funds through the failure of the legislature to pass the necessary appropriation bill. Doctor Collett, however, unwilling that the work should be sus- pended, proposed to pay the current expenses of the assistants from his private funds; $1,494.76 was thus advanced by Doctor Collett, who was subsequently reimbursed, however. Under these conditions Doctor Brown surveyed the counties of Hamilton and Madison, and Doctor Elrod, those of Fayette and Union. Professors Cope and a FEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 83 Wortman, of Philadelphia, furnished an elaborate paper on the Post-Pliocene vertebrates of Indiana, and Dr. J. S. Newberry one on the Drift deposits of Indiana. The office of Professor Collett as geologist in chief expired in April, 1885, and Governor Gray appointed J. Maurice Thompson his suc- cessor, under whom Doctor Phinney was assigned to work in Henry County; Doctor Brown in Hancock; Prof. S. S. Gorby in Benton and Tippecanoe; and W. H. Thompson in Starke and Clinton counties. Professor Thompson resigned in December, 1888, and was suc- eeeded by 8. S. Gorby, who, with W. H. Thompson and Charles R. Dryer, had been one of his assistants. §8. A. Miller, it should be noted, served as paleontologist. In the sixteenth annual report it is said by Professor Gorby that no assistance had been allowed either in the museum or the field since his appointment. In the seventeenth annual report, bearing date of 1891, the following is given, showing the personnel of the survey: S. S. Gorby, State geologist; Maurice Thompson, assistant geologist; Moses N. Elrod, assistant geologist; Charles R. Dryer, chemist and geologist; S. A. Miller, paleontologist; O. P. Hay, herpetologist; W. S. Blatchley, entomologist; E. Brad- ner, botanist; J. E. Beasley, taxidermist; Thomas McQuade, in- spector of mines; N. J. Hyde, supervisor of oils; E. T. J. Jordan, supervisor of natural gas. In the eighteenth annual report (for 1893) the personnel is given as: S. S. Gorby, State geologist; Charles R. Dryer, assistant geolo- gist; E. P. Cubberly, assistant geologist; S. A. Miller, paleontologist ; J. N. Hurty, chemist; J. D. Kramer, chemist; W. B. Van Gorden, botanist; J. E. Beasley, taxidermist; Thomas McQuade, superintend- ent of mines; N. J. Hyde, supervisor of oils; BE. T. J. Jordan, super- visor of gas. In 1894 is was as follows: S. S. Gorby, State geologist; Thomas Elrod, assistant geologist; A. C. Benedict, assistant geologist; O. P. Hay, icthyologist. In 1895 W. S. Blatchley was made State geologist. With him were associated T. C. Hopkins and E. M. Kindle, assistant geolo- gists; W. A. Noyes and Robert Lyons, chemists; O. P. Hay, zoolo- gist; Robert Fisher, inspector of mines; J. C. Leach, supervisor of natural gas; and C. F. Hall, supervisor of oi] inspection. In 1896 the personnel was still further increased. T. C. Hopkins and C. E. Siebenthal were employed in researches on building stone ; George H. Ashley on coal; J. T. Scovell and A. F. Foerste on local geology; W. A. Noyes as chemist; M. A. Howe, physicist; J. C. Leach, supervisor of gas inspection; C. F. Hall, of oil; Robert Fisher, inspector of mines; and James Epperson, assistant in- spector. 84 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. In 1897 the assistants were J. H. Ashley, in charge of coal survey, with C. E. Siebenthal, J. T. Scovell, and E. M. Kindle, paleonto- logical assistants. A. F, Foerste served as assistant in local geology; A. W. Butler, as ornithologist; W. A. Noyes, chemist; J. C. Leach, supervisor of natural gas; C. F. Hall, supervisor of oil inspection; — Robert Fisher, inspector of mines; and James Epperson, assistant inspector, i In 1898 J. A. Price was added to the force of assistants on the coal _ survey. . In 1899 R. E. Call served as conchologist and Stanley Coulter as — botanist; E. B. Williamson, entomologist; W. C. Zaring, supervisor of oil inspection; and Charles Long, assistant inspector of mines; with these substitutions the personnel of the survey remaining as _ before. In 1900 E. M. Kindle served as paleontologist. | Salaries—The salary of the State geologist was at first placed at — $2,000 a year, but the amount was afterwards changed to $1,800 a year. ‘The compensation for field and laboratory work was by the piece, the remuneration being determined by the chief geologist. The amount, however, is stated to have been always low. Museum.—The number of specimens belonging to the State at the time of the transfer of the State museum by the department of — agriculture to the bureau of statistics and geology (1879) was 8,912. 3 The cost. ($500) of arranging and cataloguing was borne by the State board of agriculture. To this number were then added by — : the bureau 11,649 pieces, of which 10,268 were acquired by purchase. At the present time fossil flora of the early Carboniferous forma- tions in the State are especially well represented. There is also a large and varied collection of stone implements and pottery of pre- historic age. - = Usa eee ee $6.18 He asks $300 for the next year. SEVENTH YEAR OF THE SURVEY, 1843. Gov. John S. Barry in his message of January 1, 1844, repeats the statement that the survey has been steadily progressing toward completion. He says the engraving of four of the county maps has been completed and the maps received. He suggests that in cases where the engraving of a county map has not been commenced the work be suspended, and adds: It is desirable, if it can be accomplished, to take advantage of the surveys about to be carried forward by the United States in the mineral district of the Upper Peninsula, for the purpose of perfecting the geological surveys in that district, If this can be effected it is believed that a more perfect geological map may be made than jis to be found in any other State, and that without any addi- tional expense? A part of the final report of the State geologist will be ready for publication during the present year, and an appropriation will be required for that purpose. i SS ee ee ee 1This is probably Doctor Houghton’s account with the fund for incidental expenses, The summary financial statement hereafter introduced seems to be in conflict with this. 2 Joint Documents, 1844, p. 14. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. i938 The annual report of the State geologist is dated February 15, 1844, and consists of three pages. It shows that besides the four county maps which have been struck off and placed on the market, 10 others are in the engraver’s hands. An appropriation is asked for $1,000 or $1,500 to continue the map publishing until the sales meet expenses. He justly expresses the conviction that these maps “ will be more full and perfect than any that have heretofore been pub- lished of any equal portion of the United States. The final report on the Lower Peninsula, with all the maps and sections, will, I trust, be ready for the press during the coming summer. The engraving of the geological sections, fossils, ete., has been conditionally con- tracted for; but the continuance of the work requires financial pro- vision.” He speaks of the opportunity afforded by the United States linear surveys for perfecting the geology of the Upper Peninsula. All that would be required would be simply a permission from the Commis- sioner of the General Land Ofiice of the United States to the geologist of Michi- gan to require the deputy surveyors to make certain observations during the progress of their survey, of a character which would connect the geological survey of our State with the linear survey of the United States. I hope to per- fect such an arrangement in this particular as will enable me to produce more perfect geological and topographical maps of the Upper Peninsula than have ever been constructed of the same extent of territory in the United States. He asks for $400 for current expenses, in addition to what may be appropriated for county maps, wood engravings, and final publi- cation. EIGHTH YEAR OF THE SURVEY, 1844. The State no longer maintained a geological survey. The pub- lished documents do not reveal the existence of any report from the State geologist on the operations of 1844. The message of Gov. John S. Barry, however, explains the lacuna, and from this I make the following extracts: The field work of the geological and topographical survey of the Lower Penin- sula of the State has been brought to a close, and much has been done toward preparing the final report upon this portion of the work. The engraving of the illustrations necessary to accompany the volumes when published has been in progress durivg most of the year; but some further time will be required for its completion. In consequence of the deficiency of the means required to finish the surveys of the Upper Peninsula with the same minuteness that they had been done in the lower, the State geologist had determined at one time to make the final report upon that part of the work, in a more general manner; but during the past year, such a connection of those surveys has been made with the United States lineal surveys as will insure, without expense to the State, their completion in the most perfect manner. By this arrangement the General Government lends its aid in perfecting our geological surveys. The practicability of the plan was . 194 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. fully tested the last season, and its utility satisfactorily established. The whole work is performed at the expense of the General Government, under the direc- tion of the State geologist, pursuant to a contract by that officer with the sur- vyeyor general. Thus the first geological survey of Michigan appears to have ex- pired for lack of sustenance, like several others inaugurated nearly at the same time, conducted with distinguished ability while funds lasted, and finally crushed beneath the widespread financial dis- asters of the times. Doctor Houghton had long feared this and long struggled in hope of carrying through his cherished enterprises. But, finding the dis- aster inevitable, he had for two years meditated the project to which Governor Barry refers in the passage above quoted. This plan was fully set forth in a paper prepared and read by him before the Association of American Geologists at Washington in 1844. The advantages of such a combination were at once compre- hended, and the project was warmly endorsed. The land commis- sioner, however, fearing the ordinary surveyors would not possess sufficient geological information, hesitated until Doctor Houghton himself offered to take the contract. This contract was signed June 25, 1844, and the remainder of that season and the season of 1845 were occupied in completing preparations and carrying on the work. NINTH YEAR OF THE SURVEY, 18465. Doctor Houghton, though for two years receiving no aid from the State, was still recognized as State geologist. His contract with the surveyor general was nearly completed when the lamentable event occurred which put an end to his zealous and useful activity in the development of the natural resources of his adopted State. The notes and maps of three townships were in Doctor Houghton’s pos- session at the time of his death, and were never recovered.’ These are T. 58 N. 29 and 32 W; and T. 59 N. 29 W., near the extremity of the Keweenaw Point, on the north shore. The administrators of Doctor Houghton’s estate (Henry N. Walker and Samuel T. Douglass) provided for a careful inspection of the field notes and the preparation of reports to be transmitted to the surveyor general, Lucius Lyon. Their communication covering these reports bears date February 16, 1846. One of the reports was prepared by William A. Burt, the inventor of the solar compass, who had been Dr. Houghton’s principal assistant in the field during i1See Reports on the Linear Surveys with reference to Mines and Minerals in the Northern Peninsula of Michigan in the years 1845-46. Octavo. Washington (printed 1849): Annual Message and Accompanying Documents, Part 3, pp. 802-842, also pp. 833-935. , GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 195 1845. The other was prepared by Bela Hubbard, late assistant State geologist. These reports do not embody any considerable amount of new mat- ter. They treat the subject under the subdivisions made by Doctor Houghton in his Fourth State Report and reproduce Doctor Hough- ton’s views. As the reports were drawn up for general readers, to whom Doctor Houghton’s reports would be probably unknown, they embrace many repetitions of matters contained in the State reports. Some of the more important additions will be here mentioned.’ Judge Burt’s report covers Keweenaw Point and the country from Chocolate River to Carp River, along the south shore of Lake Su- perior. He treats of the topography and other matters under the fol- lowing heads: Soil and timber; Streams and harbors; Trap range of Keweenaw Point, etc.; Lake coast harbors; Rivers; Porcupine Mountains; Geology, Primary rocks; Argillaceous slates; Red and variegated sandstone; Conglomerate rock; Veins and limestone, Then, proceeding westward from Keweenaw Point, he discusses Ar- gillaceous slates; Red sandstones; Trap and conglomerate rocks of the Porcupine Mountains, and drift. Speaking of the metamorphic rocks stretching southwest from the lower falls of the Riviére du Mort, he says: A few veins of quartz were seen traversing these rocks, but no one was ob- served to be metalliferous. I have, however, seen specimens of specular iron ere said to have been obtained in township 48 north, range 26 west. In respect to the primary rocks he says: No vein indicating a workable quantity of metal of any kind was observed; but it should not be inferred from this that they do not exist here. As to the veins, in addition to treating them nearly in the same manner as Doctor Houghton had done, he writes that “their metal- hiferous character is developed along the junction of the trap and sedimentary rocks on both sides of the trap range.” Doctor Hough- ton had only spoken of it on the north side. The argillaceous slates previously reported by Doctor Houghton on the southeast side of Keweenaw Bay are reported by Mr. Burt 8 or 4 miles east of the Porcupine Mountains, where they dip 15 to 45° in a direction between northeast and southeast. From these facts Mr. Burt infers that they pass under the sandstone to the east of them. The red sandstone west of Keweenaw Point is supposed to belong to the same formation as that to the east. “Its general character is 1Senate Documents, Ist sess., 29th Cong., 1845-46, vol. 7, Doe. 357. 29 pp. These reports are reprinted in Mineral Region of Lake Superior. By Jacch Houghton, jr. pp. 82-128, 1846. 196 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the same, except that in some places it contains more mica.” Its dip is north northwest. The report compiled by Mr. Hubbard treats the general subject under the following subdivisions: Granite rocks; Metamorphié Group; Clay slate; Red sandrock; Keweenaw Point; Trap rocks; Conglomerate rock; Mixed conglomerate and sandstone; Trap dikes; Red sandrock; and Mineral veins. In the primary region west of Presque Isle the granite “ is traversed by large and irregular dikes of greenstone trap, and the granite itself puts on a trappose character, the two rocks being sometimes with difficulty distinguishable from each other.” The metamorphic group is divided into two belts—a quartzose portion on the south, and a trappose portion on the north. The quartzose rocks are pervaded by argillaceous red and micaceous oxides of iron. These are frequently of so great extent as almost to entitle them to be con- sidered as rocks. The largest extent of iron noticed is in township 47 north range 26 west, near the corner of sections 29, 30, 31, 32. There are here two large beds or hills of ore, made up almost entirely of granulated magnetic and specular iron, with small quantities of spathose and micaceous iron. The more north- erly of these hills extends in a direction nearly east and west for at least one- fourth of a mile, and has a breadth little less than 1,000 feet, the whole of which forms a single mass of ore. This was the first discovery of the vast deposits of iron in the Marquette region at Negaunee and Ishpeming. It was in June, 1845, during a survey under the direction of Doctor Houghton, with Wil- liam A. Burt as chief assistant. “The rocks of the metamorphic group frequently graduate into clay slate.” This is found in township 48, north 26 west. Mount Houghton is the name bestowed on a knob of trap 878 feet above Lake Superior, in the southerly range of Keweenaw Point in township 58, north 29 west. The red sandrock is in this report pronounced “the equivalent of the Potsdam red sandstone of the New York reports.” The study of the mineral veins confirms the views previously ex- pressed by Doctor Houghton. Their courses are nearly at right angles to the line of bearing of the trap range. In closing, Mr. Hubbard regrets the meagerness of his sketch “when compared with whatever proceeded from that master mind whose genius first developed, and whose indomitable energy tracked through all its difficulties, a system not only intricate in itself, but novel to science; and in a region at that time destitute of all the ordi- nary facilities for scientific investigation. To the same active and philosophic mind we owe the system of the union of geological with GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 197 the lineal surveys of lands of the United States, the first experi- mental results of which are now returned to this department.” It may be proper to add parenthetically that the system of geolog- ico-linear surveys was continued during the season of 1846. We find a report by William A. Burt, announcing the discovery of masses of iron ore in the Menominee district; a report by Bela Hubbard as deputy surveyor and geologist with S. W. Higgins as chief assistant; also a report by Bela Hubbard as deputy surveyor, with William Irons as assistant. These reports, 1844, 1845, and 1846, are accom- panied by well engraved maps of the territory covered and work done, together with interesting views and sections illustrative of geology and scenery. The records of these surveys are contained in Annual Message and Documents 1849-50, part 3, pages 802-935; but were not published before 1850. On March 1, 1847, an act of Congress was approved, establishing “a land office in the northern part of Michigan,” and Dr, Charles T. Jackson was appointed by Secretary of the Treasury Robert J. Walker to make a geological report. His report is dated Boston, November 10, 1849, and is con- tained in the same published volume as those of Burt and Hubbard, above cited. Heaepenses.—The following is a financial statement respecting the survey from the beginning, compiled from the books of the auditor general: Geological Survey in account with the State of Michigan. Dr. Pest ooo General DUPpOSeS=22..4: 22-22. Ot ee _. $16, 026. 00 Soo mGenerd) PUuTPOSCS 2.82 =. fo be Se ee eee ones 8, 329. 95 1840. General purposes... 2-2 ft 2 enn esse 4,161. 37 S41, “General purposes 222228 aa 2a ae eee 6, 219. 55 $37, 736. 87 1842; -General purposeS_-=..- 2... <2 esa an $1, 263.138 Salary of State geologist.__...._-___.-_----_ (82. 87 Salary ‘of ‘topographer_ =.=. 2. 2--=2-.-2s- 624. 53 Incidental expenses______----..-------- Boe 1; 032:'$2 —————— 8, 703.35 1843. Salary of State geologist____.._--______-.___- 1, 006. 06 SMATy? Of tOpOsTrapnen 2 2 Fes 800 00 Incidental expenses -= 2220 2s 220. 47 ————_——-_.__ 2, 020. 47 1844, Salary of State geologist-__._..._-.-_._---- 1, 060. 00 salary of topographer.—-= o_o 800. 00 Bneraving expenses’... 25-2 Jo. oe 338. 16 Incidental expeuses-..2..---.—_..c.--2<-- 397. 30 2, 535. 46 198 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Geological Survey in account with the State of Alichigan—Continued. Dr. 1845. Salary of State geologist to July__.__.__..______ $500. 00 Salary,.of topocrapher: 2522 eae es bo. 42 DDSI SS =: Ree Se CP pee es ee 658. 92 Incidental expenses 222-2222 34. 54 $1, 832. 88 Total paymlentsed eek ode ipa oy PT = eee edie $47, 829. 03 Approprintions “unexpended= 220229 2 2 ee ae 4, 170. 97 $52, 000. CO CR, LSS Approprintion: Lee. ee ee elie a Nn ie ee gee 53, 000. 00 1838. Appropriation (Overdrawn March 1.________ $1, 026. 00) 12, 000. 60 18389. Appropriation (Balance March 1______-_____ 2, 644.00) 12, 000. 06 1840. Appropriation (Balance Mareh 1--.- ~_______ 7, 482. 6S) 12, 000. 00 1841. Appropriation (Balance March 1_-__________ 13, 263. 23) 12, 600. 00 1842, No appropriation, balance being____--_______ 9,559.78 0, 600. 00 1843. No appropriation, balance being__-__________ 7,539.31 0,000. 09 1844. For engraving, making balance______________ 5. 503. 85 500. 00 1845. For engraving, balance now ______-----___--_ 4,170. 97 500. 00 $52, 000. 06 THE SURVEY AFTER 1845. Gov. Alpheus Felch, in his annual message, dated January 6, 1846, introduces some appreciative passages respecting the geological survey, from which I present these quotations: The geological survey of the Lower Peninsula having been completed some time since, the final report of the State geologist upen this portion of the work, it is understood, was nearly ready at the last session of the legislature. Then, referring to connection with the linear surveys, he continues : The recent melancholy dispensation of Providence in the sudden death in the midst of his labors and his usefulness of the faithful and efficient officer wha has held his appointment from the first organization of the department will, ft ts feared, throw many difficulties in the way of making available all the valuable information acquired in the various surveys and examinations, No report of the labors of the geologist for the past season will be made to you, nor is any person authorized to complete or finish the final report on the Lower Peninsula, which is understood to be nearly prepared for the press. Many valuable engravings have been prepared for this work and much expense has already been incurred. * * * The expenses of the geological department since its organization, including the salaries of officers, amount to $50,779.02. The expenditures on the State Salt GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 199 Springs made under the direction of the department in connection with the sur- veys amount to the additional sum of $33,996.93." The geological surveys have abundantly developed the resources of the State and exhibited the fact that in agricultural and mineral wealth and in all the elements of true prosperity, Michigan possesses advantages excelled by no other State in the Union. The embarrassed condition of the treasury admonishes us, however, to avoid every expenditure not absolutely indispensable, and I submit to your consideration whether the duties of this department are not now so far eompleted as to render it expedient to bring them to a close after making the necessary provision to preserve the information already obtained.’ Some statements embraced in a communication from the late State topographer S. W. Higgins, dated January 7, 1846, and addressed to the legislature, ought here to be cited: As, in conseauence of the lamented death of Doctor Houghton, late State geologist, some legislative action will be called for in relation to the future dis- position of the State survey, and in the absence of the annual report from the head of that department, I have deemed it proper to accompany this report [ou the sixth section lands] with some observations which may be important under present circumstances. Mr. Higgins then proceeds to state that Mr. Bela Hubbard “ had undertaken in part the preparation of the final report, for which purpose all the field notes and other information coilected during the progress of the State survey were placed in his hands.” Mr. Higgins refers to the fact that the period originally contem- plated for the completion of the survey expired in 1843,° since which time, the State geologist, under a greatly reduced appropriation, has continued actively at work, chiefly in the Upper Peninsula. He repeats the statement respecting the completion of the field work in the Lower Peninsula. He says: A large amount of engravings and lithographs for the final report are com- pleted and the whole, it is thought, ean be finished within another year. Most of these are in a style of art superior to anything of the kind ever executed in this country.‘ 2 This statement may unintentionally convey a false impression. ‘While the Jocation of the wells was directed by geological considerations, the sinking of them was a purely mechanical labor, which might as well have been imposed on the attorney general or the superintendent of public instruction. Nor did the money expended on the wells tdvance materially a knowledge of Michigan geology. This expense, instead of being coupled with geological expenditures, ought, so far as the State geologist’s time devoted to well boring is concerned, to be. deducted from the aggregate expenses of the survey. The same is true of expenses incurred in making collections for the university In locating sixtcenth section lands and in running the boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin. 21t would appear that the governor had power, if he would, to appoint a successor to Doctor Houghion. Had he done this the machinery would not have fallen to pieces. ®Tt appears to have expired Mar. 1, 1842, the last appropriation being available Mar. 1, 1841. The most obvious interpretation of the Jaw would make the last appropriation available Mar. 1, 1840. *It is greatly te be regretted that these illustrations could not have been permitted to #ee the light. I came into the State but eight years after the date of this communica- tion, but have never been able to discover the place of deposit of these drawings and. en- gravings. I found the tradition in existence as above stated; and I think the impression prevails that this class of property was placed in the custody of the university, But 200 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The whole subject as set forth in the governor’s message and the communication of the State topographer was referred to a select joint committee and their report constitutes document No. 15 of the ses- sion of 1846. They present a concise and admirable sketch of the his- tory of the survey and of its progress and results. Their statements are appreciative and cordial and show that the labors and difficulties of the work have been duly considered. Since 1842, they say, no officers in the geological department have been continued in active employment except the geologist and topographer, and they at greatly reduced salaries. They state that the total amount expended is $32,829.03, which falls short of the amount appropriated $7,170.97.4 Placing a value of $8,000 on the material which has gone into the university, there is left $24,829.03 “as the entire cost of the survey to the State. This is enough to have constructed 2 miles of rail- road.” ? The committee describe the collections made; the work done to- ward the completion of maps, the very superior character of the data and the workmanship, and give a statement of the unfinished work. They embody a strong indorsement of the plan of com- bining linear and geological surveys. Speaking of the character of the materials belonging to the department, they enumerate “ very voluminous collections of notes, maps, diagrams, engravings, ete. A wall map of the State and maps of 15 counties are in the hands of an engraver, and, in addition to the four already published others are nearly if not quite completed, and their reception has been de- layed only by the failure of the engraver to fulfill his contract. To execute the engravings for the final report, the services of a wood engraver of great reputation and skill have been secured. ‘These have been cut by him from drawings by the State topographer. In addition to these are many lithographs executed on stone by the latter officer; and it may be said, without exaggeration, that all these are in a style of art far superior to any that have ever been produced to illustrate a work of the kind in this country. More than two-thirds of all these are now finished.” such appears nut to have been the fact. In January, 1871, in searching the archives of the State eanitol I discovered, in some drawer, buried in dust and miscellaneous papers, two or three blocks with well-executed drawings, apparently intended for the engraver. These ave now in the university museum. Possibly the remaining drawings and engrav- ings are preserved in the capitol. It is also not Improbable that drawings not completely engraved, or engravings not paid for, remained with the engravers; but I find it nowhere stated who were the engravers, though a tradition exists that they resided in Buffalo {Winchell}. 1] deduce different resulis as shown in the exhibit already introduced. This committee makes an error in footing up the debits of the survey, and in the credits they do not in- elude any appropriation for 1841. Compare also Governor Felch's statements [Winchell]. *The force of this is denied from the fact that the State was impoverishing itself in spending hundreds of thousands of borrowed money in building railroads. ; GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 201 The committee close by earnestly recommending the continuance of the present orgénization of the survey, and the appropriation of $1,000 for the salary of the State geologist, $800 for the State topog- rapher, and $500 for the completion of the engravings for the final report and incidental expenses. The report is signed by J. N. Chipman, chairman senate committee, and G. W. Peck, chairman house committee. A general impression had begun to prevail that the Northern Pen- insula of Michigan was the repository of valuable amounts of copper and iron. Adventurers and capitalists were turning their attention to the region and some leases had been made under authority of the United States. Accordingly, on the 25th of April, 1846, a resolution passed by the legislature of Michigan was approved declaring that the title to all mines of gold, silver, and other metals is vested in the State except on lands owned by individuals and such lands as the General Government had reserved from sale; and providing also for the taxa- tion of ores. On the 15th of May, 1846, the legislature adopted a joint resolution authorizing the governor to “appoint some competent and suitable person to collect, collate, and arrange all the geological notes, memo- randa, specimens, maps, topographical delineations, engravings, barometrical and other observations, including geological surveys, kept, taken, made, collected, and preserved for and in behalf of the State of Michigan by the late Dr. Douglass Houghton, State ge- ologist, and designed and intended by him to be used in making a final geological report for the benefit of the people of said State; aud from the material thus collected and to be collected, and the requisite addi- tional information derived from other sources, the person thus to be appointed may be required by the governor to prepare a final report upon the geology of Michigan.” * I have not learned that any action was ever taken under this law. One can not help feeling that the government of Michigan committed a crime against the people and against posterity, to allow the vast store of records, results, traditions, and personal recollections then extant, to lie unappreciated and pass to decay and oblivion. Bela Hubbard was entirely competent to do justice to the demand, and Mr. Higgins was master of the topographical problems. Mr. C. C. Douglass was even now at work as a mining expert in the Upper Peninsula, and many others were in possession of personal knowl- edge which might have been made available. It must have been a painful experience of those geologists to see the products of years of toil and aspiration perishing before their eyes, while they sent up tLaws of Michigan, 1846, p. 314. 202 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. unavailing cries to a narrow and parsimonious legislature to rescue them for the credit and benefit of the State. By a joint resolution adopted April 7, 1846, all the collections by the late geological survey were transferred to the university. This provision was also embodied in an act approved May 11, 1846. The university is also in possession of standard works on geology and paleontology, which appear to have been once the property of the survey or of Doctor Houghton. What amount was expended by the survey in the purchase of books does not appear from accessible records, but I find a joint resolution, adopted February 12, 1841, authorizing the State geologist to pay Collins, Keese, and Company, of New York, a balance of $664.50 due for books ordered by Governor Mason in 1837 and 1838. The geological researches instigated and conducted by Doctor Houghton have proved of great importance both directly and indi- rectly in the growth of the State. The geologists were, in both peninsulas, explorers of a wilderness, and first promulgators of reliable information concerning everything which makes a State desirable or undesirable for settlement and enterprise. In the Lower Peninsula they established the existence of extensive deposits of coal, gypsum, and building stones, and awakened an interest and con- fidence in the existence of copious supphes of brine, which were not dispelled by the qualified failures at the two State wells and Lyon’s well at Grand Rapids, but survived until, under more favorable financial auspices, investigations were reinaugurated and crowned with marvelous success. Extensive deposits of kidney iron ore were disclosed, and for their working, the Union City Iron Company was incorporated March 17, 1847. The Saginaw Gypsum Company was incorporated March 28, 1849. In the northern peninsula, enterprise was awakened which con- tinued to enlarge with the progress of development, until Michigan has assumed a leading position in the production of copper and iron. The Pioneer Smelting Company of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was incorporated by the legislature March 16, 1847. The Copper Falls Mining Company was incorporated March 16, 1848, and on the same date acts of incorporation were approved for the North- western Mining Company and several others. During the session of 1848, 23 mining companies were incorporated. Jacob Houghton, jr., gives a dist of 102 mining companies in the Lake Superior region to July 17,1846. To the same date he enumerates about 900 locations. leases, and permits dating from May 13, 1844, and subsequently.’ The tide of mining enterprise was now setting strongly. With what failures and successes this industry had been prosecuted is known to 1 Mineral Region of Lake Superior, pp. 147-191. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 109 PL. I6 ALEXANDER WINCHELL STATE GEOLOGIST OF MICHIGAN, 1859-61 AND 1869-71. r ; GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 203 the world. Whatever wealth has accrued to individuals or to the State, whatever renown has come to the State as one of the world’s chief centers in metallic production, whatever impulse has been felt in the progress of settlement and improvement of a remote northern section, all springs originally from the genius which planned the first geological survey, and the energy which conducted it in the face of formidable obstacles and under depressing financial circumstances during nine Jaborious years. SECOND SURVEY UNDER THE DIRECTION OF ALEXANDER WINCHELL, 1859~ 1860 AND 1869-1871. The first geological survey of Michigan expired by limitation in 1842; but Dr. Houghton was officially recognized as State geologist during 1843, and some moderate expenditures were incurred under official sanction. But in 1844 the State geologist had entered into a eontract with the General Government for prosecuting geological explorations in the Upper Peninsula, in connection with the linear surveys. The work was continued for one year after Doctor Hough- ton’s death in October, 1845, when a separate geological survey was instituted by authority of Congress; and this was continued ander the directorship of Dr. C. T. Jackson during 1847 and 1848 and of Messrs. Foster and Whitney during 1849 and 1850. THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1859. On the establishment of a separate chair of geology, zoology, and botany in the university, in 1855, and the appointment thereto of Alexander Winchell, attention was again turned to the subject of a State geological survey. No definite action, however, was under- taken until 1857, when a few petitions for the reinauguration of the survey were presented to the legislature, and a bill was introduced, which failed to pass. When the legislature of 1859 convened, 16 years had passed since the State had suffered its survey to fail; and it was eight years since official work had ceased in the rapidly developing regions of Lake Superior. Both the recent progress of industrial development and the improved financial condition of the State prompted to the reorganization of the geological survey. Ac- cordingly, during the legislative session of 1859, petitions were numerously addressed to the legislature, calling for a renewal of geological work. These were referred, in the House of Representa- tives, to a committee who called on Prof, Alexander Winchell for a presentation of the public benefits anticipated from a survey. These were communicated with some fullness." A bill was passed which re- ceived the signature of Gov. Moses Wisner, February 15, 1859. 1 House Document No. 29, Legislature of 1859, p. 10. 204 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The following is the text of this bill, and those passed subsequently with reference to this survey: An act to finish the geological survey of the State. Srecrion 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That the governor is hereby authorized and directed to appoint a competent person, whose duty it shill be to finish the geological survey of this State, which shall be ae- companied with proper maps and diagrams, and shall furnish a full and scientific description of its rocks, soils, and minerals, and of its botanical and natural productions, together with specimens of the same; which maps, diagrams, and specimens shall be deposited in the library of the State University and the library of the Agricultural College, and similar speci- . mens shall be deposited in such other library (literary) and_ scientific institutions of the State as the governor shall direct. And the governor is further authorized to appoint, from time to time, as the exigencies of the “ase may require, competent persons to act as assistants, under the direction of the geologist. Sec. 2. A sum not exceeding $2,000 for the year A. D. 1859, and a sum not exceeding $3,000 for the year 1860, is hereby appropriated to defray the expenses that may be incurred under the act, which sums shall be paid out of the treasury, from any money not otherwise appropriated, at such times and in such sums as the governor may direct; and an aceount of ali the expenditures of each year shall be reported to the legislature in the same manner as is now required by law of the State officers. Src. 3. The geologist appointed by the governor shall make a report to the legislature, whenever the same is in session, setting forth generally the progress made in the survey hereby authorized. Approved February 15, 1859. An act to provide for the further geological survey of the State. Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That the governor, the superintendent of public instruction, and the president of the State board of education shall constitute a board of geological survey; they shall control and supervise the continuance and completion of a geological survey of the State; they shall appoint and commission a suitable person, possessed of the requisite knowledge of the science of geology, who shall be the director of the geological survey hereby instituted. Sec. 2. Such director shall have the power to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the board, such assistants as may be necessary to per- form the labor herein directed. Sec. 3. The salary of the director, and of all other persons employed in the survey, shall be fixed by the board, and shall be payable only for services actually rendered; such board shall regulate all expenses incident to the survey and may require from the director such frequent reports as they may think useful, Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the director to make, or cause to be made, a thorough geological and mineralogical survey of the State, embracing a determination of the succession, arrangement, thickness, and position of all strata and rocks; their mineral character and contents and their economical uses; an investigation and determination of the organic remains of the State; a general examination of the topography, hydrography, and physical geog- raphy of the State; an investigation of the soils and subsoils, and the deter- GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 205 mination of their character and agricultural adaptation; the investigation of all deposits of brines, coal, mari, clay, gypsum, lime, petroleum, metals, and metallic ores, building stone, marble, gritstone, materials for mortar and cement, mineral paint, and all other productions of the geological world within the limits of this State capable of being converted to the uses of man. Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the director to collect ample materials for the illustration of every department of geology and mineralogy of the State and to determine, catalogue and label the same, and prepare them for exhibition to the citizens of the State in suitable cases in the museums of the State University and State Agricultural College, and the State Normal School, and such otber colleges of the State as may make application to the board prior to the taking of the geological survey, and obligate such college to pay the extra expense neces- sarily incurred in furnishing such specimens, Sec. 6. It sball be the duty of the director to furnish annually to the board a report of the progress of the survey, and as often as possible a condensed state- ment of important and interesting facts for gene1al circulation, and, as soon as the progress of the work will permit, to begin, and on the completion of the sur- vey to finish a complete memoir upon the geology of the State, under the direc- tion of the board, embracing such an account of all its mineral and agricultural resources as is usual in works of that character, and a delineation of its geology upon the map of the State and such other diagrams and illustrations as may be needed to set forth in a creditable, intelligible, and as far as possible popular manner the nature, location, and extent of the geological and agricultural re- sources of the State. Sec. 7. The one-half part of all appropriations made shall be expended in the Upper Peninsula, and such one-half shall be devoted, among other things, to the collection of statistics and history of the mineral, manufacturing, and transpor- tation interests; to the compilation and preparation of full and accurate maps showing the topography, geology, and timber, as also the position of mines, fur- naces, roads, and improvements; to the determination of the position and struc- ture of the minerals and mineral rocks; to compiling and collecting ull useful knowledge that would be of practical value in finding and extracting ores. and in mining and smelting in those districts of the Upper Peninsula known as the fron and copper regions, Sec. 8. All notes, memoranda, compilations, collections, specimens, diagrams, and illustrations that may be made in the progress of such survey by the persons engaged therein shall be the property of the State; shall be under the contro! of the board and, in case of the death or terp:ination of connection with such sur- vey of any such person, shall be deposited in the State University, subject to the order of the board. Sec. 9. To carry into effect the provisions of this act the sum of $8,000 for each year is hereby appropriated, to be drawn from the treasury as needed, on the warrants of the governor, which appropriation shall be in full for all ex- penditures under this act, exclusive of the printing of the reports hereby pro- vided for. Sec. 10. This act shall take immediate effect. Approved March 26, 1869. Joint resolution asking an appropriation to aid the geological survey of this State. Whereas the State of Michigan has, by a recent act of her legislature, ap- propriated the sum of $8,000 for a geological survey of the State; And whereas the United States are largely interested in the rapid develop- ment of the well-known mineral resuurces of the Upper Peninsula, having yet 206 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. unsold, in that portion of the State, a large area of mineral land: There upon, be it Resolved by the Senate and the House of Represensatives of the State of Michigan, That our Senators are hereby instructed and our Representatives ‘ requested to ask of the Congress of the United States such annual appro- t priations, not less than $8,000, for a period of three years, to aid in such i survey, as the interest and propriety of the United States, within the limits of the State of Michigan, would seem to justify and require. Resolved, That the governor be requested to transmit copies of the fore- going preamble and resolutions to each of our Senators and Representatives in Congress. Approved March 30, 1869. An act to amend sections 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9, and repeal sections 2 and 7 of an act . entitled “An act to provide for the further geological survey of the State,” approved , March 26, 1869. Section 1. The People of the Staite of Michigan enact, That sections 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9 of an act entitled “An act to provide for the further geolog- ieal survey of the State,” approved March 26, 1869, be amended as to read as follows: Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That the governor, superintendent of public instruction, and the president of the State board of education shall constitute a board of geological survey. They shall control and supervise the continuance and compietion of the geological survey of the State; and for that purpose they may from time to time appoint such person or persons to assist in making said survey as may be deemed necessary; the length of time and the location and locations where said persons shall be employed shall be determined by said board. Sec. 8. The salary of the persons employed in the survey shall be fixed by the board, and shall be payable only for services actually rendered. Such board shall regulate all expenses incident to the survey. and may require such frequent reports as they may think useful. Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of said board to make, or cause to be made, a thorough geological and mineralogical survey of the State, embracing a de- termination of the succession and arrangement, thickness, and position of all strata and rocks, their mineral character and contents and their econom- ical uses; an investigation of soils and subsoils, and the determination of their character and agricultural adaptation; the investigation of all de- posits of brines, coal, marl, clay, gypsum, lime, petroleum, and metals and metallic ores, building stone, marble, gritstone, materials for mortar and cemenf, mineral paint, and all other productions of the geological world within the limits of this State capable of being converted to the uses of man. Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of said board to cause ample materials to be collected for the illustration of every department of the geology and mineralogy of the State, and to label, arrange, and prepare the same for exhibition in suitable cases in the museums of the State University, Agricultural College, and State Normal School, and in each of the incorporated colleges of the State, and in a room in connection with the State library. Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of said board to furnish an annual report of the progress of the survey and, as often as possible, a condensed statement of the important and interesting facts for general circulation, and as soon as the progress of the work will permit to begin, and on the completion of the survey GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 207 to finish a complete memoir upon the geology of the State, embiacing such an account of all its mineial and agricultural resources as is usual in works of that character, and a delineation of its geology upon the map of the State, and such other diagrams and illustrations as may be needed to set forth in a creditable, ° intelligent, and, as far as possible, popular manner the nature, location, and ex- tent of the geological and agricultural resources of the State: Provided, Such report when complete and printed shall consist of net exceeding three octavo volumes: And provided further, That said volumes shall not contain in any con- siderable extent compilations and extracts of or from books heretofore published. Sec. 8. All notes, memoranda, compilations, collections, specimens, diagrams, and illustrations that may be made in the progress of such survey by the person or persons engaged therein shall be the property of the State, shall be under the control of the board, and in case of the death or termination of connection with such survey of any person or persons, shall be deposited in the office of the superintendent of public instruction, subject to the order of the board. Sec. 9. To carry into effect the provisions of this act the sum of $8,000 is hereby appropriated for each year until the completion of said survey, to be drawn from the treasury as needed on the warrants of the governor, which ap- propriation shall be in full for all expenditures under this act, exclusive of the printing of the reports. Sec. 2. Sections 2 and 7 of an act entitled “An act to provide for the further geologica) suivey of the State,” approved March 26, 1869, are hereby repealed. Sec. 8. This act shall take effect immediately. Approved April 17, 1871. Administrution—Under the taw of 1859 Alexander Winchell, pro- fessor of geology, zoology, and botany in the University of Michigan, was duly commissioned by Governor Wisner to perform the duties of “State geologist.” iis commission bore date of March 9, 1859. On consultation with the governor respecting a plan of operation it was agreed that the intent of the joint resolution appropriating a sum of money for the publication of unpublished results of the former sur- vey would be legally fulfilled by consolidating those results, if any, with the results of the new survey, giving due credit for all the old matter, and employing the appropriation in the prosecution of the general work. Under this arrangement the new survey was provided with $3,000 for 1859, as well as $3,000 for 1860. This, however, was sadly incommensurate with the breadth of the law’s requirements and permitted only a very meager organization. Under the plan agreed upon the State geologist was to spend six months of the year in the field at a salary of $1,000. He was to have one chief assistant, who should spend the same amount of time in field work, and receive a salary of $750. Ostensibly no salaries were to be paid for office work. The State geologist was to direct his efforts specially to geological investigations, but was to make zoological collections incidentally. The assistant was to direct his efforts specially to zoological investigations, but was to make geo- logical collections incidentally. Each was authorized to employ a 136075—20-——15 208 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. subassistant. In working up the various departments it was an- ticipated that the volunteer services of scientific experts could be secured, to a reasonable extent, for the privilege of retaining ex- amples of new and rare species. The personnel of the corps was thus constituted as follows: Alexander Winchell, State geologist, $1,000; Manly Miles, assistant, in charge of zoology, $750; Albert D. White, subassistant to the State geologist, expenses; E. Doge, taxidermist and laborer, expenses and $1 a day. Collaborators engaged: Prof. Abram Sager, Ann Arbor, arach- nida, myriapoda, and crustacea; J. L. LeConte, Philadelphia, cole- optera. Volunteer collectors: J. H. Goodsell, Pontiac; N. H. Winchell, Ann Arbor, botany; E. FE. Baldwin, Ann Arbor, botany; E. P. Austin, of Lake Suney, entomology. The State geologist began field work by spending a week at the fishing station of George Clark on the Maumee River, where two barrels of fishes were preserved in alcohol, embracing all the forms captured in the fishing nets, as also several skins of the larger species, and about a bushel of Unionidae, most of which were preserved with the animals in alcohol. In entering upon the geological work it was deemed advisable to make a fresh reconnoissance of all parts of the State. Since the close of the field work in the Lower Peninsula, in 1840, the opportunities for observation had been much increased, and the methods of geo- logical investigation had become more exact and in other respects improved. It was necessary, furthermore, that a geologist new to the field should make a personal acquaintance with it preliminarily. Accordingly, the requisites were procured for travel by private con- veyance and for camping. On May 18, the State geologist set out with his assistant to begin work in Monroe County. Doctor Miles, meantime, was occupied in studying the ornithology of the Saginaw River and Bay, with the aid of an india-rubber boat, a camp outfit, and an assistant. The geological reconnoissance extended during the season over the larger part of the four southern tiers of counties of the State and detailed studies were made at all the principal rock exposures, particularly in Monroe, Hillsdale, Eaton, Jackson, and Kent coun- ties. At times, for the purpose of expediting the work, Mr. White traveled alone by private conveyance over a region with few out- crops, and the State geologist visited important points accessible by the public conveyances, the various railroad companies pursuing at that time. though heavily taxed by the State. a very liberal policy toward the State survey. Doctor Miles, after spending some time on the Flint and Saginaw Rivers, traversed Oakland, Washtenaw, and GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 209 Livingston counties, and late in the season visited the western part of the State. _ A printed circular, addressed to the county surveyors of the State and dated September 1, 1859, called upon them for the contribution of topographical facts. Several valuable responses were received, and others were put in course of preparation by the end of the year. One of the most important and fruitful determinations made dur- ing the season of 1859 was the. identification of the fossiliferous sandstone of Ottawa County with the sandstone of Hillsdale County. This determination was made August 24, and was the occasion of « radical change in the conceptions entertained of this stratigraphical structure underlying the southern peninsula. It revealed a reap- pearance along the southern border of the Peninsula of strata which on the southeast had been seen to dip toward the interior and disap- pear. It was the first inductive demonstration of that dishlike con- formation which is now so well understoed. But the evidence of this, of course, was not yet complete. This identification placed the limestones and gypseous deposits of Kent County in a new light, and changed fundamentally the theoretical position of the brine-bearing strata. The first application of these views was made October 29, 1859, in an official communication addressed by James Scribner, of Grand Rapids, who placed it at the disposal of the city newspapers. The following are some passages from this communication: The salt-and-gypsum-bearing formation seems to be a deposit intercalated between the limestone of Grand Rapids and the Napoleon series of sandstones. The salt springs of IXent county occur at the outerop of the saliferous rocks. ¢ * * These pass under the city of Grand Rapids, and it is quite possible they form a continuous deposit, underlying the central part of the State, and reappearing on the east shore of Saginnw County. * * * The strongest brine would naturally be found at the lowest point of a salt basin, and the weakest near the outcrop. ‘The well which you have bored (at Coldbrook, a suburb of Grand Rapids on the northeast) is consequently more favorably situated than if farther toward the southwest; and there is a probability of procuring still stronger brine by boring still farther towaid the north or north- east, although, from the dip of the rocks, the sali-bearing deposit would be found more deeply seated at Coldbrook. In reference te your question as to boring deeper in your present well {258 feet deep), I would say, decidedly, no. The geological structure of the region shows that you have gone to the bottom of the salt-bearing rock. The underlying standstone outcrops in the bed of the river half a mile above Grandville; and there is danger that in penetrating this, you will strike a vein of fresk water and lose all you have gained, ete. Since the failure of the salt enterprise in 1838-1842, the belief had never been wholly dispelled that somewhere in the rocks of the State valuable supplies of brine were held. There were many intelligent people who felt that further experiments ought to be made, though 210 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. it was reasonable that the expense should fall upon the public treasury. This surviving confidence in the salt resources of the State found expression in 1857 in the petitions for a renewal of the geological survey, and clearly entered into the motives which led to the reorganization of 1859. More direct aid was also sought. Grand Rapids and the Saginaw Valley, as being the sites of the early ex- periments, were naturally centers of active interest in salt enter- prise. At the former place, James Scribner, in 1858, had induced the board of supervisors of Kent County to adopt a petition to the legislature for the enactment of a law granting a bounty on ail salt manufactured in the State. Petitions were circulated and a bill was introduced and passed by the legislature in 1859. In the Saginaw Valley the influence of Dr. George A. Lathrop was strongly exerted in favor of the bill; and the power of the press was conspicuously illustrated by the advocacy of Henry Barns, Editor of the Detroit Tribune. Mr. Barns was a man of broad intelligence and deeply concerned in the development of the material interests of the State. The geological survey felt the benefit of his influence, and his name deserves to be commemorated. The bounty law was enacted almost simultaneously with that reviving the geological survey. It granted 10 cents a bushel for all salt manufactured in the State after the production of 5,000 bushels, and exempted from taxation all prop- erty employed in the business. Under the stimulus of the bounty, the East Saginaw Salt Manufac- turing Company was organized in April, 1859, and began boring in June. The Grand Rapids Salt Manufacturing Company, with James Scribner as president, also began boring August 12,1859. The enter- prise at Grand Rapids was prompted by the proximity of the par- tially successful well bored by Lucius Lyon in 1840, while one of the Houghton State wells, also, was distant only 4 miles. The progress of observations under the geological survey soon en- abled the director to offer valuable suggestions in connection with these explorations for salt. It was in compliance with one of the re- quests for advice that the opinions were drawn up which have al- ready been cited in reference to the salt formation at Grand Rapids. A geological visit was paid November 10, to East Saginaw. The well was then down 445 feet, and Doctor Lathrop submitted for exami- nation a complete series of rock samples brought up. Comparing these with the rocks already studied at their outcrops on three sides of the Peninsula, the State geologist was able to detect a satisfactory correspondence, and announced that the bottom of the Marshall sandstone, at present known as the reservoir of the brine, would be reached at about 800 feet, and that there would be no need of con- GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. Sit tinuing to a greater depth unless it were decided to penetrate to the Onondaga salt formation. On the 11th of February, 1860, a similar series of well borings at Grand Rapids, reaching to the depth of 490 feet, was submitted to the State geologist for examination. These had been preserved by A. O. Currier, R. E. Butterworth, and Martin Metcalf. On this occasion the State geologist delivered a public address in Lyceum Hall, in which he set forth, with greater fullness than before, his conception of the geological relations of Michigan brines. On February 7 the East Saginaw Salt Manufacturing Company presented a formal report, in which their enterprise was pronounced a complete success. ‘The hole was 38 inches in diameter, and had been sunken to a depth of 640 feet, at which point the brine obtained lacked over 10 salometer degrees of saturation. This well was subse- quently extended to 669 feet, reaching brine within 6° of saturation 5 and a subsequent larger well was carried to a depth of 806 feet, pass- ing quite through the Marshall sandstone. This was the point which the State geologist had previously fixed at about 800 feet. On February 16, 1860, the Saginaw Enterprise published a report from the State geologist which had been addressed to Dr. H. C. Potter, one of the directors of the East Saginaw Salt Manufacturing Company. In this, an attempt was made to correlate the geology of the well borings at Grand Rapids and Saginaw with the observed geology of the State as studied at the outcrops. It supplied the first published statement of the stratigraphy of the lower peninsula under the conceptions which had been based on the observations of 1859, As a historical memorandum it seems to be worthy of reproduction in this sketch. Rock FORMATIONS AS OBSERVED IN 1859. I. CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 1, Coal measures, consisting of— (a) Woodville sandstone (the “overlying ” sandstone). (b) Shale, coal. fire clays, sandstones, ironstone, ete. (ec) Parma sandstone, (d) Cherty sandstone (probaby the coal “ Conglomerate”). 2. Carboniferous limestone: (a) Upper (not seen south of Grand Rapids). (b) Red, arenaceous limestone, 5 feet. (ec) Lower (Grand Rapids, Bellevue, Parma, Spring Arbor, ete.). 3. Gypseous series (shales, clay, cherty limestone, gypsum, salt). 4, Napoleon series, consisting of — (a) Napoleon sandstone. (b) Striped sandstone. (ec) Ironstone (not universal), 4 inches. 1This was also included in the report of the directors to the stockholders, 212 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Il DEVONIAN SYSTER. 5, Marshall series (Hillsdale, Jonesville, Marshall, Battle Creek, Holland, Point aux Barques, etc.). (a) Marshall sandstone. (b) Shaly micaceous sandstone. 6. Shale, abounding in kidney iron ore. 7. Monroe limestone. An interpretation was now for the first time placed on the facts obtained in the State salt well and Lyon’s well at Grand a As this report announced: The State well commenced in the lower part of the Gypseous series. It struck the Napoleon series at 61 feet, the Marshall series at 184 feet, and the shale series at 343 feet, which it penetrated 130 feet. The boring at Lyon’s well commenced in the Carboniferous limestone, which was here 19 feet thick. It struck the Gypseous series at 20 feet. the Napoleon series at 191 feet, the Mar- shall series at 309 feet, the shale series at 446 feet, and continued in this 214 feet. The boring at Saginaw, after passing through a great thickness of ulluvial and diluvial materials, struck upon the Woodville sandstone at 92 feet, the shales, ete., of the coal measures, at 171 feet, the Parma sandstone at 294 feet, the Car- boniferous limestone at 399 feet, the gypseous series at 464 feet, and the Na- poleon series at 633 feet. Judging from the experience at Grand Rapids and from my observations on the outcrops of the lower rocks, you will next find 250 to 3800 feet of arenaceous rocks and then over 200 feet of shales. You will not discover as strong brine at any point lower than this which will overflow at the top. We must, prob- ably, content ourselves in this State with raising the salt water by pumps, * * * JI believe * * * the superior strength of your brine, the eompara- tive cheapness of fuel, and your location upon navigable waters which stretch many hundred miles in every quarter to the west of your meridian, as well as te the east of it, will enable you to compete with any other source of supply to the Northwestern States, In a report to the governor on the operations and results of the year 1859 the State geologist, under date of April 9, 1860, embodied an ex- hibit of the stratigraphical structure of the Lower Peninsula substan- tially identical with that already cited. For that reason it is not necessary to reproduce it here. The same interpretation was put upon the geology of the salt wells. It will be understood, therefore, that the order of stratigraphical successions first focally: del in February, 1860, and standing materially unchanged to the present time, was the result of studies made in 1859. It was not yet, however, fully under- stood that the salt group, on account of its shaly constitution, could not hold supplies of brine within itself, but the underlying Napoleon and Marshall sandstones must serve as reservoirs of the brine. That conception, however, was foreshadowed, since in his report to the East Saginaw Salt Manufacturing Company, the State geologist, speak- ing of the arenaceous rocks and shales beneath the bottom of the well, ee GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 213 x ~ as it was on February 7, said: “I have some reason for believing that this entire series is somewhat saliferous.” Also, in his report to the governor in April, 1860, he said the sandstones below the salt group yielded the principal volume of brine at East Saginaw. The follow- ing passage from the same report is an interesting illustration of the value of scientific judgments in relation to industrial enterprises: Near the close of the season (November, 1859), I visited Saginaw County with special reference to the prospect of obtaining salt in that vicinity. After having become acquainted with the geological succession in other parts of the State I was enabled to predict with great confidence the depth at which the saliferous stratum would be pierced, and I have the satisfaction of knowing that salt was found within two feet of the depth which I bad foretold. THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1860. In extending a general reconnoissance over the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula the increased expense of outfit and transporta- tion led to a consolidation of the workers in one traveling party. After an examination of the valley of the Cass River all expenses of the survey were disbursed directly by the State geologist. The con- solidated party now proceeded by Mackinac coast to an exploration of the lake shores. From the mouth of the Saginaw River they coasted eastward to the vicinity of Forestville. Then, returning to the mouth of the river, the survey was extended to all the coasts of the mainland and islands as far as Cockburn’s Island on the east, Lake Superior on the north, and Northport, in Grand Traverse Bay on the west. Administration.—The following was the field staff for 1860: Alex- ander Winchell, State geologist, $1,000; Manly Miles, assistant, $750; Albert D. White, subassistant, $80 a month; Newton H. Winchell, subassistant, $80 a month; two voyageurs, each, $30 a month. The geological survey made an exhibit of economic minerals at the State agricultural fair at Detroit, in September. Geologists who have taken a hand in such exhibitions will understand hew large a waste of time they involve. After the close of the field work for the season attention was directed to the elaboration of reports. The disturbed condition of the country created a presentiment that years would elapse before another report would appear, and the State geologist determined therefore to draw up a concise general summary of results attained. With his characteristic enterprise, Mr. Henry Barns of the Detroit Tribune sought and obtained, in advance of publication, a digest of the contents of this report, so far as they related to the industrial interests of the State. As the public printers did not present the complete report for general use, until November 1, 1861, the advance 214 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. publications of the Detroit 7ribune* secured a priority of over 10 months. The synoptical table of the rocks of the Lower Peninsula published at this date, was almost identical with that reproduced from the report on a subsequent page of this sketch. The following views were embodied in the same digest: From the Potsdam sandstone to the close of the upper Helderberg period, the geology of our State corresponds well with that of New York and other States. From the close of the Helderberg period, Michigan seems to have had a history somewhat special to itself. We have here a basin which at very remote periods was isolated from the seas which transported the sediments of surrounding States, In this connection facts were cited pointing to the northern origin cf the sedimentary materials, Benefits—Economically the most important discovery made dur- ing the season of 1860 was the existence of a great gypsum formation within an elevated ridge nearly parallel with the shore of Lake Huron, and approaching nearest at a point about four miles south of Tawas. This was identified with the gypsum formation west of Grand Rapids. The inference was thus drawn that a continuous bed of gypseous ma- terials underlaid all the central part of the Peninsula; and this opened the way to new views respecting the origin of gypsum. This bed was not actually exposed in this vicinity till some years afterward; and in the meantime, it was maintained by men priding themselves as “practical,” in opposition to theorizing geologists, that the ridge con- tained no gypsum, and that the only gypsum on the eastern slope of the State was at Whitestone Point, six miles further south, at the water level and beneath it. Here, in 1841, several tracts had been en- tered by McDonald, an Indian trader. “ He and hundreds of others,” as tradition holds, “searched vigorously, but found nothing above water.” The deposit now brought to light has become one of the State’s great resources. Publications —The First Biennial Report of the Progress of the Geological Survey was presented to the governor, and by him to the legislature, on the 31st of December, 1860. Of this the legislature or- dered printed 5,000 copies. To the State geologist for distribution were allotted 500 copies, and to the assistant in zoology, 200 copies; to each member of the legislature one copy, and for distribution by the legislature, 2,000 additional copies stitched in paper. The printing and binding of the report were not completed until November 16, 1861. It forms an octavo volume of 339 pages, and embraces observations on the geology, zoology, and botany of the Lower Peninsula. An “introduction ” of 18 pages on the History of Geology in Michigan ‘It should be said that the Detroit Pree Press and the Detroit Advertiser published quite extensive extracts and abstracts from the forthcoming report. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. O15 is occupied chiefly with an account of work under the direction of Doctor Houghton, and brings together a connected statement of the “ Succession of Strata in Michigan as published in 1838-1841.” The definite exhibit of the geological succession in the Lower Penin- sula of Michigan had never been enunciated before the results of 1859-1861 were attained. The Carboniferous limestone had never before been identified in the State, but had generally been confounded with the Monroe and Mackinac limestones. The Michigan salt group was a totally new and previously unsuspected forma- tion. * * * The fact that the formation underties all the central part of the State was not only unsuspected, but was a fact out of harmony with the theory then prevailing respecting the origin of gypseous deposits. Geologists generally had held gypsum to be a secondary product, resulting from chemical reactions in the rocks, and especially from the action of sulphuric acid on limestones and dolomites. The conception of a continuous gypsum formation having a sedimentary origin, had probably seldom if ever been entertained.’ That view resulted from researches made in Michigan in 1859-60, and at this day scarcely any other finds defenders. Salt basins. there- fore, are the sites of ancient areas of salt water which have gradually dried up. Before these investigations the gypsum of Mackinac and Grand Rapids had been regarded as of one geological age. It was now shown that the Mackinac gypsum is of the age of that in central New York and on Sandusky Bay. It followed that the whole peninsula is underlaid by a second and deeper salt basin—the Salina formation— and that quite probably this basin would also be found a source of brine supplies. The report showed that the salt springs of the Peninsula follow especially the lines of the outcrop of the principal salt basin, and mark the geological boundary of the formation. It showed that the area of the Peninsula had never been subjected to disturbing agen- cies; hence the strata were but little fissured, and few opportunities existed for the ascent of the brine from deep underlying formations. It raised the query how brine, which is heavier than water, should be made to ascend, as had heretofore been assumed possible, several hundred feet through fissures accessibie to shallower fresh waters, even if such fissures existed, and showed that, of necessity, the undi- luted brine from any deep-seated formation must be pumped up; and that if salt water overflows at an artesian boring, it results simply from a head of fresh water mingled with some accidental supply of brine. It showed that the marginal salt springs of the State are simply drippings from the salt-bearing formations, prompt- ed by the descent of fresh waters into them, and greatly diluted by rains falling near the locations of the springs. It showed that the 2 Winchell, Sparks from a Geologist’s Hammer, pp. 268, 269. 216 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. salt springs of Michigan which had been the object of so much ex- ploration, legislation and expenditure, possess no importance, ex- cept as “licks” for wild animals, and that the 72 sections of “salt spring lands” patented to the State never possessed any value above that of ordinary agricultural lands.’ Financial statement for 1859-1860. Resources, 1859. Approprintion for survey, foreiSno saa = ee Ee eeepc et $2, 000. 00 Appropriation to publish former unpublished reports, if any_.-_____ 1, 000. 00 Total-available: fOr a SO wee es ee ee Se eee eee $3, 000. 06 ELzependitures, 1839. SilarycorestitergeoloriSt=aa8 a ese eee $1, 000. 00 Salary, of assistant: in’ zoology = =2 2 ee ae 750. 00 ; $1, 750. 00 {Incidental expenditures for geology_______.______-_-_____ 709, 22 Incidental expenditures for zoology— Claims) presentedsduring 1S59 225-22 a ee $540. 78 Claims filed and paid May 18, 1860, for expenses in USO = So Fat ERIE Nee AGN Be ee ee eee 94. 58 — 635. 36 $3, O94. 58 Geological property on hand__.__----___________________ $208. 00 Zoological property. on hand) 2222 2 er ee 6S. 00 276. 00 {Incidental expenditures 1859, less property on hand— : Grealooi case ak rose, cee AO aah ee ne Mn Ane oe Se eee $501. 22 ZOOOR IER were ee a ee Ne, SEEN ep De abe ne, ALS te cea 567. 36 Resources, 1860. Appropriation for: Survey. in WeG0.= = oS ee ee $3, 000. 00 Expenditures, 1860. Salary of State eeolocist 2s saree ain ins eee eee $1, 000. 00 Salary of assistant: ini zoology 22. Nia" fis ae eek he 750. 00 $1, 750. 00 Paid for subassistants, voyageurs, and all incidentals_.__...________ 1, 250. 00 $3, 000. 06 A claim, not itemized, for part of alleged expenses in zoological department in 1860, amounting to $164.55, was not presented till eT ee ON ere OG TEL * Winchell, Sparks from a Geologist's Hammer, v. 270. Compare Geological Report of 1861, especially pp. 165, 166. a; oe Fy GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. O17 April 17, 1861, after exhaustion of the appropriation for 1859-60, and was subsequently paid, without indorsement by the State geol- ogist, by order of the board of State auditors. THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FROM 1861 TO 1869. The report of the work accomplished under the appropriation of 1859 was submitted to the legislature of 1861 and published by its authority, as already stated. That appropriation being exhausted, it remained with the legislature of 1861 to determine the question of the continuance of the survey. The country was in a state of ex- traordinary political excitement, and business was everywhere in a condition of partial paralysis. Nevertheless, the outgoing governor, Moses Wisner, recommended in his message the continuance and com- pletion of the work. Through inadvertence, the State geologist neg- lected to furnish the incoming governor, Austin Blair, with any digest of his forthcoming reports or recommendations respecting the future disposition of the enterprise; nor did Governor Blair seek any information from the director. Accordingly he made no rec- ommendation concerning it in his message. The legislature, how- ever, determined to keep the survey alive and appropriated $2,000 for the year 1861 and $2,000 for 1862. They also discontinued ex- penditures for zoological work. Unavoidably the State geologist was compelled to devote much time and attention to the legislature, to the general interests and reputation of the survey, and to the passage of his report through the press. The disturbance of the country grew more and more threaten- ing after the adjournment of the legislature, and the auditor general, Emil Anneke. deemed it inexpedient to indorse the State geologist’s draft for expenditures to be incurred on account of field work. Fur- ther exploration was therefore suspended. The State geologist, how- ever, found abundant occupation in working up paleontological ma- terials accumulated during the two preceding years, and he made several geological trips at private expense. Finaneial statement for 1861. Meeisiitive approprintion=. 22 4... 20S se ee le ee eek $2, 000 Salanvor Staite ceolosist 22 28 Le Se ee a ee 1, 000 Mies WONG. ec or A Be A $1, 000 An indebtedness of $51.87 was incurred to A. D. White for services to April 17, 1861, which was subsequently paid by order of the board of State auditors. Subsequent to 1861 all State expenditures on account of the survey were discontinued by order of Gov. Austin Blair. The late State 218 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. geologist, however, continued to serve the people of the State as before, and they seemed generally to regard him as still in the employ of the State. As the Civil War, which had broken out, was generally supposed destined to short duration, he exerted himself to preserve for the survey a quasi existence, believing the next legislature would be able to make fresh provision for its support. He therefore at- tended personally to a very large correspondence, and freely advised citizens, touching the numberless geological questions which they presented. In July, 1862, he revisited the Saginaw Valley and made detailed investigations of the borings of numerous salt wells between Sagi- naw and Bay City. The result of this study was the conclusion that the shallower Bay City wells were supplied from the Parma sand- stone, though the deeper ones, like those located farther up the river, were supplied from the Napoleon sandstone. This conclusion, to- gether with the reasoning employed to reach it, was first announced in the Saginaw Courier. It followed that the coal measures in Michi- gan are a third and uppermost salt basin; and this led the way to the subsequent generalization that the basin-shaped conformation of the Michigan strata has caused all of them to retain a large por- tion of their original saline constituents. Public interest in the discovery of petroleum was now rapidly rising, and the late State geolcgist made a professional and scien- tific study of all the oil regions east of the Mississippi River. Special studies were made of certain districts in Michigan, and his views were embodied in sundry reports and communications to newspapers and scientific journals. He recorded the opinion that the bituminous shales of Wayne, St. Clair, and Sanilac counties were of the same geological age as those within the limits of the oil region of Ontario. He taught that the oil-yielding Genesee shale underlaid some of those parts of Michigan, and the equivalent of the Marcellus shale was also present. But the conditions of oil accumulation and retention did not appear to be favorable. Still, he maintained that some pos- sibility existed of such a rock condition somewhere in the region as would permit the accumulation of the oil and gas which he re- garded as undergoing constant production, and some distinct evi- dence of which could be detected at the surface. The subject of official resumption of the survey was canvassed among members of the legislature of 1863, and Professor Winchell, by invitation, delivered an address before the body in February; but apprehensions respecting the future of the country still re- strained all expenditures not immediately essential. A special ap- propriation, however, of $1,500 for 1863, and a like sum for 1864, 1 Laws of Michigan, 1863, No. 212. a GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 219 ‘was made to provide that a suitable person should visit the “ salt localities” of the State and “ make a special survey thereof,” with direct reference to the feasibility of salt boring; also to “ collect and arrange suitable specimens of the different strata obtained from salt borings, and the same to arrange in a suitable cabinet in some room of the capitol.” No public report exists showing the expendi- ture of this appropriation; and hence the way in which the proposed work was expected to serve the interests of the State remains obscure. Tn 1865 Governor Crapo brought the subject of the survey formally before the legislature in his inaugural address. He said: A full and complete geological survey of the State has never yet been effected, and when it is remembered that for every dollar heretofore expended in this work we lave received hundreds and even thousands in return, I submit to your judgment and discretion the propriety of making such appropriations for the speedy prosecution of the work to its final completion xs its present condi- tion and the importance of the subject demand. In my opinion the required outlay would be fully justified, even in times like these, in view of the value of information which would thus be acquired. Professor Winchell, by invitation of the State Agricultural So- ciety, delivered an address on The Soils and Subsoils of Michigan in Representatives Hall, January 19, 1865, in the presence of the legislature. A bill for the completion of the survey was introduced in the house January 23, 1865, by the committee on geological sur- vey, to whom had been referred that part of the governor’s message relating to the subject. Mr. J. Denison Lewis was chairman of the committee and embodied in the report accompanying the bill a communication from Professor Winchell in response to inquiries from the committee, in which were statements touching the condition of geological work in the State, and the desirability of its completion. This communication was ordered printed in the journal.’ The bill, nevertheless, did not become a Jaw. In the autumn of 1865 Professor Winchell was invited by the citi- zens of the Grand Traverse region to make a special survey and report on the resources of the region. This work was accomplished, and the facts brought to light proved in many respects very extraor- dinary and surprising. It was found that the agricultural capabili- ties of the district in spite of the northern latitude equaled in most respects, and surpassed in others the central portions of Ohio. A study of meteorological records showed that the anomaly was due to an equable state of climate caused by the comparatively constant temperature of Lake Michigan, which had to be crossed by nearly all the cold winds of winter before reaching the State. These dis- closures led to a very rapid development of settlement and improve- 1 House Journal, 1865, vol. 1, pp. 248-252. 220 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ment. The business of fruit raising, which had already gained some foothold in St. Joseph County, was at once extended north- ward to Grand Haven, Muskegon, Manistee, and Traverse City. The outcome has secured for Michigan a reputation for fruit pro- duction which is known throughout the country and extends even to the Old World. TIIE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1869. In his inaugural address to the legislature of 1869 Gov. Henry P. Baldwin took up the subject of the geological survey, and, after ad- verting to the efficiency of science in the development of public re- scurces, recommended the adoption of a law reviving it. Peti- tions were received by the legislature from the Upper Peninsula, indorsed by leading citizens of Detroit, also from Grand Rapids, asking a liberal appropriation for completing the survey; and a bill appropriating $8,000 for such survey was introduced in the house by Mr. Yawkey. The petitions and the bill were referred to a joint committee, of which Lyman D. Norris was chairman of the senate committee, and John Q. McKernan chairman of the house commit- tee. The joint committee canvassed the subject with much thorough- ness and ability. Mr. Norris, especially, did the interests of the sur- vey most important service. After a condensed historical summary. of what had been done for the development of the resources of the territory embraced within the boundaries of the State, both while in a territorial condition, and when but just emerged from such con- dition, the committee recapitulated the results of the survey of 1859-. 1861 as follows: During the first year (they say) fully one-half of the appropriations was absorbed in zoological work. The geological results then are properly charge able with only $4,000. The whole two years’ work was, at the request of Governor Wisner, kept in the Lower Peninsula, principally because the means provided was not sufficient to inaugurate effective work in the upper. * * * The practical results of Doctor Houghton’s survey are too far from our day to estimate, but those of Professor Winchell are nearer our time, and can be found, more or less, in the current and contemporary news of the day. A few of the results, addressed to those members of both houses who will hinge their vote upon the question “ Will it pay?” your committee beg leave to refer to. Operations for coal in Hinsdale were arrested. The citizens of Grand Rapids were informed that if they would find brine they must go lower—to the Salina formation. The deepest and most productive salt basin was located beneath the Saginaw Valley [the committee here refer not to the “deepest ” but to the middle one] and as the result of pure geologie indue- tion, in remote portions of the State, before the first brine was seen; 850 feet was fixed as the depth at which good brine could be found [more accurately the bottom of the brine formation]-—a prophecy verified almost to a foot by Doctor Lathrop in the Saginaw Valley. A complete table of geological forma- iii. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 221 tions of the Lower Peninsula and their equivalences with recognized groups in the States, was, for the first time, constructed. The existence of gypsum be- neath a ridge of clay on the shore of Tawas Bay was insisted on, and the discoy- ery of that deposit, the commercial value of which is now a matter of notoriety, was made under the direction of Professor Winchell. Projected borings for artesian water, searches for coal, gypsum, and petroleum huve been favored or discouraged, and large outlays of money saved. The existence of three salt basins was established, the upper of which supplies Bay City and vicinity (except the deep wells) ; the middle, the Saginaw ; and the lower, the wells at St. Clair, Mount Clemens, and Port Austin. The wells at the three last-named places were undertaken under the advice of the State geologist purely upon geological calculations according to the methods of vigorous science. In the case of the St. Clair well the communications of the geologist with Colonel Whiting as to depth, supply, and strength of brine are instructive indi- cations of the value of science in business enterprises, The special survey and report upon the geology and climatology of the Grand Traverse region in 1SGG-G7 has been the means (though wholly a private work) of turning the attention of the people to that country and has largely increased its population, particularly of those interested in fruit culture under the tem- pering influence of the waters of Lake Michigan. _ More might be added, but this ought, in the vpinion of your committee, to se- cure a liberal appropriation, - The bill introduced by the joint committee, after sundry amend- ments, was passed by both houses and approved by the governor, March 26, 1869 (see p. 204). It was entitled “ A bill to provide for the further geological survey of the State.” It enacted that “a board of geological survey” should be constituted by the governor, the superintendent of public instruction, and the president of the State board of education; and that “they shall control and supervise the continuance and completion of the geological survey of the State; that they shall appoint and commission a suitable person, possessed of the requisite knowledge of the science of geology, who shall be the director of the geological survey herein instituted.” The board were to approve the appointment of assistants, to fix all salaries, to regulate all expenses, and to require such frequent reports as they might think useful. The law required “a thorough geological and mineralogical survey of the State, embracing a determination of the succession, arrange- ment, thickness, and position of all strata and rocks; their mineral character and contents and their economical uses; an investigation and determination of the organie remains of the State; a general examination of the topography, hydrography, and physical geog- raphy of the State; an investigation of the soils and subsoils, and the determination of their character and agricultural adaptations; the investigation of all * * * productions of the geological world within the limits of the State capable of being converted to the uses of man.” 222 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Another section provided for the collection and exhibition of numerous sets of specimens. The sixth section required the prep- aration of a fina] report or “complete memoir under the direction of the board.” Section 7 required that “ one-half part of all appro- priations made shall be expended in the Upper Peninsula.” The ap- propriation made was $8,000 annually. While the bill was pending the subject was brought up in the Board of Trade of Detroit, by whom, after a preamble reciting the benefits of geological surveys, a resolution was adopted earnestly recommending in passage of the bill. Under the above law oe Winchell was, by Gov. H. P. Baldwin, commissioned as “ director of the State geological survey ” on April 24, 1869. Widely diverse State interests seemed to necessitate three geo- graphical divisions in the operations of the survey: 1, the Lower Peninsula; 2, the iron region; 3, the copper region. The chief min- ing industries were included in the Upper Peninsula, and the law had required one-half the appropriation to be expended there. The geological board decided that all expenditures for the general ad- ministration of the survey should be paid out of the half set apart for the Lower Peninsula. The work in the mining regions was sup- posed to be more difficult and expensive. Besides, the expenditures under the Jast survey had been confined to the Lower Peninsula— only, however, because the survey was terminated just at the time when the work had reached the northern part of the State. Property holders in the iron and copper regions were equally anxious for the commencement of the survey, and there were indi- cations that impatience would be the consequence of restricting the work for a season to either region alone. The board, therefore, de- cided at first that $2,000 should be spent in the copper region and $2,000 in the iron region. Under this arrangement the director pro- ceeded to Lake Superior for the purpose of making himself ac- quainted by personal observation and intercourse “ with the views, wants, and wishes of the people in that part of the State. I found the people of each of the metalliferous regions,” he says in his report to the board dated December 20, 1869, “somewhat discontented at not receiving the entire appropriation asui@nad by the legislature to the Upper Peninsulale It was also apparent that $2,000 a year was insufficient to main- tain a system of field work or for entering upon any original in- vestigations, either in the copper or the iron region. Much, how- ever, could be done in the collection of data already on record in the offices of the mining companies and in the possession of private individuals. Much could be done in the discussion of such data, and GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 2G the exhibition of the vast resources of the upper peninsula to the commercial and manufacturing world. In accordance, therefore, with authority which I had received, I made a con- ditional agreement with Hon. John H. Forster, of Houghton, to conduct the in- vestigation of the copper region in such manner as his experieuce might sug- gest as most conducive to the interests of the region, within the limits of ex- penditure fixed by the means at disposal. At my request he subsequently sub- mitted a plan of operations. * ® * * * me % In the iron region the director found equal regret at the necessity of accepting a moiety so small; but the people were in a cheerful mood, and much cordiality was manifested. The same considerations which had prompted to select a man from the copper region for the inauguration of the survey prompted now to select a man from the iron region for the work of the survey. With almost complete unanimity, Maj. T. B. Brooks was recommended for the position, and a contract was signed June 5, under which the work was to be performed, according to instructions by the director in consultation with Major Brooks and approved by him. The outline of detail in these instructions had been embraced in section 7 of the law, which was framed by Professor Winchell on request of the joint committee. They embraced not alone investigations of a strictly geological char- acter, but also historical statements, statistics. and a full compilation of facts bearing on the finding, marketing, or reducing of the ores, including charcoal production, transportation facilities, and the like. On reporting the results of the trip to the geological board they “modified their previous action,” as the director’s report states, “ in such a way as to appropriate $4,000 to the iron region of the Upper Peninsula for 1869, and $4,000 to the copper region for 1870. This change rendered nugatory my arrangement with Mr. Forster; but by resolution, the board ratified my contract with Major Brooks, with the understanding that it was to be so modified that Major Brooks might prosecute his work as rapidly as convenience and economy might dictate—he to receive $4,000 in full for the completion of the work and the presentation of a report accompanied by maps, charts, and diagrams, according to instructions before referred to.” Major Brooks accepted the modification and devoted the season to a study of the Marquette district. Unhappily, however, the representatives of the copper interest felt themselves greatly aggrieved, and they held the director of the survey responsible; but, for the present, their complaints were not loud. In his report of progress for 1869, Major Brooks enumerated the following portions of work as accomplished: 136075—20-——-16 224 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1. A survey of the old and new Washington and Edwards mines, extending east and west nearly 2 miles and embracing about 400 acres. The proprietors aided to the extent of $200. 2. A survey of South Mountain in sections 4, 7, and 18, in T. 46, R. 29. Area, about 600 acres. Owners contributed $200. A com- plete section was obtained from the Laurentian granite on the north- east to the same rocks on the southwest. Two complete “ magnetic sections ” were also obtained. 3. A survey of the Lake Superior and Barnum mines. The owners provided for the topographical and working map. 4, The Cannon Iron Company’s lot, sec. 28, T. 47, R. 30, was sim1- larly surveyed. The company contributed $50. Area, 300 acres. 5. Iron Cascade property, 3,120 acres, in T. 47, R. 26 and 27, had been surveyed before the origination of the State survey. 6. Michigamme Lake and vicinity, including the Champion mine on the east and the Spur Mountain on the west. The survey was interrupted by close of season. 7. The Cleveland mine. This remained to be surveyed and mapped by the company’s engineer during winter of 1869-10. 8. The New England and Parsons mine and the opening made in sec. 16, T. 47, R. 27, by the Lake Superior Iron Company were to be grouped in one map. This would receive the geology, which had . completely worked out. . The Foster and Tilden mines, surveyed by Major Brooks threo ot previously, required limited resurveys. 10. The Collins Iron Company’s lot, SW. 4, sec. 2, T. 47, R. 27, had been carefully examined eeolbaiealle - but no ‘Spesepen map was as yet available. 11. The old Michigan mine, sec. 18, T. 47, R. 28, was in niecicale the same condition. The above mines and properties were intended to be delineated each on a separate map, and the whole work was now something over half done. Major Brooks enumerated among those who had rendered efficient aid Edward Breitung, D. G. Johnson, E. R. Liver- more, and A. W. Maitland. In organizing for work in the Lower Peninsula [says the director’s report for 1869] I appointed as assistants, Profs. A. E. Dolbear and E. A. Strong. Pro- fessor Strong devoted only scme portion of the summer months to his work. He made examinations and collected specimens in various parts of Kent and Ottawa Counties. He submitted a report accompanied by a map, diagrams, and a box of fossils. Professor Dolbear was to take charge of the field work in the northern part of the Lower Peninsula and contiguous shores of the Upper Peninsula. Prof. N. H. Winchell and Prof. E. Haanel were added as amateur assistants. With this party I proceeded to Traverse City on the 1st of July, GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. ae where we secured the principal articles of an outfit for field work. On our way there we had the opportunity to spend some time in Muskegon and Manistee and its vicinity. Having fully organized, we effected first, a very thorough investi- gation of Little Traverse Bay and its vicinity, collecting over a ton of speci- mens, which reached the headquarters of the survey in safety. The hardships and perils of the work proving more serious than some of the party had anticipated, Professors Dolbear and Haanel withdrew and returned home. To meet the exigency thus enacted, I appointed Prof. N. H. Winchell to act as assistant during the remainder of the year. Having refitted at Charlevcix and employed the requisite laborers, he pro- eeeded under written instructions to make a geological and general survey of the shores of the inland waters accessible by the mouth of the Cheboygan River, This hydrographic system reaches within a quarter of a mile of the head of Little Traverse Bay. While in the Grand Traverse Region I had made arrangements for an over- land survey of the interior of some of the northern counties, which with some modifications, were put in execution on the 1st of September. Prof. N. H. Winchell and A. S. Wadsworth, having secured the requisite outfit, proceeded frcm Elk Rapids on foot, through the wilderness, to Otsego Lake, in Otsego County. This region embraces the headwaters of the Sable emptying into Lake Huron and of the Manistee emptying into Lake Michigan. On the head- yaters of these streams they constructed a couple of canoes, in one of which Prof. N. H. Winchell, with an assistant, descended the Au Sable, while with the other Mr. Wadsworth, with his assistant, descended the Manistee. Each inves- tigated the geology of the river bank and the contiguous country, and made note of all facts bearing upon the value of the region traversed, for lumber or culti- vation, or for the purposes of a railroad thoroughfare. Mr. N. H. Winchell having completed the survey of the Sable and some tribu- tary streams, proceeded to Alpena and thence overland with his canoe, to Hub- bard’s Lake, whence he descended through Hubbard's River to Thunder Bay River. The latter river and its vicinity were also surveyed to the distance of some 20 m‘les from the mouth, and some extensive inland trips were performed. On the last of October the advent of snow and frost terminated field labors for the season. Mr. Wadsworth having completed the survey of the Manistee, devoted the remainder of the season to the Little Manistee and Pére Marquette Rivers. Re- turning to Traverse City, he drew up a map of the Grand Traverse region which exhibits in detail the distribution of the pine timber within the limits of the region, and submitted it in connection with his field notes. In August I made an excursion with Mr. N. H. Winchell and Mr. M. W. Harrington to Widder and Bousanquet in Ontario, for the purpose of compara- tive observations on some remarkable outcrops of the Hamilton Group, and for collecting a store of fossils. In both respects the excursion was very successful, I subsequently visited the islands on the western part of Lake Erie, where I was joined by J. S. Newborry, director of the geological survey of Ohio. The geology of these islands throws much light on that of southern Michigan; and this trip enabled me to add a new formation—the Lower Helderberg group—to the geology of the Lower Peninsula. I accompanied Doctor Newberry to San- dusky and Cleveland. At the latter place I had the opportunity of examining the collections of the Ohio survey—especinlly from the Waverly sandstone—which I am pleased to state, fully sustain positions which T have long held respecting 226 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the geology of the west, in opposition to the views of some high geological authorities. I have also embraced opportunities to extend my personal observations inte Jackson, Eaton, Ingham, Shiawassee, Saginaw, Ottawa, Allegan, Lapeer, and Hillsdale Counties, in all of which I have aimed to supplement observations heretofore made by me, either in a public or private capacity. * * * Opportunities for the collection of archaeological information were not neglected. Some mounds in Montcalm County were opened under the direction of J. B. Steere, and descriptions of the contents drawn up. Mr. Steere also supplied a collection of shells from Tonia County. Assistants Wadsworth and Winchell wrote for various newspapers popular accounts of the regions explored by them. Thus descriptions appeared of the Manistee River and Valley; one on the Pare Marquette; one on the Sable; one on the Cheboygan region; and others on other portions of the State. Mr. B. F. Childs, of Hough- ton, was engaged to supply photographic views for the final report. Mr. J. H. Emerton had executed 289 drawings of organic remains. The director had carried forward and completed a paleontological investigation which had been several years in progress. For the pur- pose of securing unity and method in the prosecution of the various departments of the work, the director drew up and published a full plan of the operations of the survey. Geological corps for 1869-—Alexander Winchell, director in charge of the general geology, the paleontology, and the physiog- raphy of the State; T. B. Brooks, assistant; Newton H. Winchell, assistant field explorer and laboratory adjunct. Mark W. Harring- ton, assistant laboratory adjunct and collaborator in phaenoganic botany, entomology, and ornithology. E. A. Strong, assistant field explorer and collaborator; A. S. Wadsworth, assistant field explorer. J. H. Emerton, draftsman. J. N. Armstrong, topographer and adjunct to Major Brooks; Oliver Newton, assistant to Major Brooks, surveyor ; Heberlein, assistant to Major Brooks, topographer Lake Superior Mine. Collaborators: J. B. Steere, archaeology and conchology; W. J. Beal, cryptogamic botany; S. S. Garriques, salt statistics; C. B. Headley, statistics of lumber and fisheries, eastern slope; D. D. Hughes, ornithology; B. F. Childs, photography; Wil- liam H. Briickner, chemist; J. G. Ramsdel, fruit statistics, north- western slope. Financial statement for 1869. Appropriation for Upper Peninsula_----------~----~~--~-----~----- $4, 000. 06 otal Grawn LO! Wee 20, 1 SOO ae en ene eee $1, S60. 00 Balance-of appropriation2_—-- 2-3 == + SSS 2, 200. 00 $4, 000. 08 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 227. Finencial statement for 1869—Continued. Appropriation for Lower Peninsula___——_ ee ee ee ES es $4,000. 00 Salary of director, eight months, to Dee. 31._------------ $1, 000. 00 Salary of N. H. Winchell, six months, to Dec. 31__--_--- 500. 00 Salary of M. W. Harrington, five and one-third months__ 222. 22 Dalary On HewA. Strong —-->. oe Se Se ne 100. 00 Salary of A. S. Wadsworth, 62 days_____-________-___-__-- 245. 00 Salary of J. H. Emerton, two and two-third months, to EC ceenp aee eeeeenereeeten ee ere ee Ve ee be 408. 00 MADOUCES 22 tes eee ta et Os oe Set 260. 25 SUNGMESICO WGCh2O0L2 22s oe ee ee See 775. 00 Permanent outlay (still on hand) —~......-._-.._....___. 135. 00 Further expenses belonging to this year (approximately) __ 49. 00 Total approximate expenditures_____..~_-_-_-__-____- $3, 688. 47 Balance to next year (approximately) --_---___.______ 811. 53 — — $4, 900. 00 THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1870. On March 31, 1870, a meeting of the geological board was held in Detroit, at which the director explained his proposed plan of operations for the season. It consisted of the following features: 1. A survey of the Peninsula west of St. Mary River in the Upper Peninsula, by A. S. Wadsworth. 2. A survey of the coast of the Upper Peninsula from Point Seul Choix westward to Escanaba, by N. H. Winchell. A rendezvous to be made at Charlevoix about May 15. 3. Completion of the survey of the Thunder Bay region, by N. H. Winchell. Survey to begin September 1. 4, Collection of statistics of the fisheries, the forest and its prod- ucts, from Cheboygan along the coast to St. Clair, by Charles B. Headley, at a cost of $125. 5. Collection of statistics of salt, with investigations and discus- sions, by S. S. Garrigues. Expense not to exceed $100. ' 6. Survey of Hise and Houghton Lakes and the valley of the Muskegon River, A. O. Currier. Expense not to exceed $150. 7. Collection of statistics of fruit production in Berrien, Van Buren, Allegan, Ottawa, Muskegon, Oceana, and Mason counties, by H. S. Clubb. Traveling expenses only to be paid. (A later agreement embraced the whole western shore of the State and in- volved an expenditure of $100.) 8. Collection of statistics of fruit in Manistee County, by Judge J. G. Ramsdell. 9. Collection of statistics of fruit, lumber, the forest, and fisheries from Manistee County to Duncan, by A. S. Wadsworth. Expense, $3 a day. 228 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 10. Completion of the survey of the Marquette iron region, by T. B. Brooks, under contract of 1869. 11. Survey of the developed portions of the copper region, by R. Pumpelly. The foregoing plan, in all its features, was fully approved by vote of the geological board. It had been the wish of the director to intrust the survey of the copper region to John H. Forster, a local geologist of good repute, with whom an agreement was reached in 1869, as already stated, before the board had determined to postpone the copper survey to 1870. But Governor Baldwin had promptly negatived his employ- ment and expressed a wish that Professor Pumpelly be nomi- nated. The director had already discovered indications of serious disaffection in the copper region, and felt that conciliation would be wise; but, acquiescing in the governor’s judgment, he nominated Professor Pumpelly and the board made the appointment. Un- doubtedly, the best interests of the survey would have been sub- served by this selection if the offended temper of the copper region had not withheld cordial cooperation. Before this hostility became fully known, however, a contract was signed with Professor Pumpelly. This was dated May 28, 1870, and $4,000 was the sum stipulated for compensation and expenses. It required, in addition to the specific work of geological investiga- tion, that the report should treat of “all those matters which con- cern the well-being and prosperity of the copper regions as such.” Professor Pumpelly left Ann Arbor for his field of work on the same date. In the iron region the work of Major Brooks was continued at his private expense, since the whole appropriation available had been absorbed in 1869. The work in the Lower Peninsula, and in some of the nonmetallif- erous regions of the Upper Peninsula, was carried on in accordance with the plan already stated. Under this plan the entire expense of the general direction of the work, and of the general investiga- tions in the climate, the physiography, and fruit, lumber, and farm- ing statistics was developed on the moiety of the appropriation as- signed to the Lower Peninsula. THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1871. Tn his message presented to the legislature, January 4, 1871, Gov. H. P. Baldwin, referring to the geological survey, said: The director immediately (after his appointment) entered upon the discharge of his duties. Detailed plans for a systematic and most thorough exploration of the whole State were made, and two corps of assistants—one for each Penin- snla—were organized. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 229 This important work has been carried forward as extensively and rapidly as the limited appropriation would allow. The results of the researches already made, and the work accomplished, will far more than repay the expenditures. * * * The yalue of these investigations and researches is of a permanent eharacter, and not confined to any one section or interest of the State. The report of Professor Winchell will be laid before you and will be found full of interest. It also contains a carefully prepared estimate of the cost of properly completing this important work, undertaken by the State. I respect- fully submit to your consideration whether it may not be advisable somewhat to increase the annual appropriation for this purpose, rather than prolong the survey for a series of years. No provision was made in the act of 1869 for printing or publishing the docu- ments or reports which might be made from time to time. For information on this subject, I refer you to the report of the director. These reports, to be of service, should be published. I recommend that the State geological board be authorized to publish these reports when prepared by the director, and that proper appropriations be made therefor. In pursuance of these recommendations the senate committee on geological survey, of which J. L. Morton was chairman, introduced, as early as January 16, bills making appropriations for publication and for the continuance of the work. These were accompanied by a highly appreciative and complimentary report, but far too rhetorical for usefulness. These bills passed through the committee of the whole, and were adopted January 19. The bill appropriating funds for publication received but one negative vote, and that for con- tinuance of the survey but five negative votes. The house on Jan- uary 17 appointed a committee to invite the director to deliver an evening address. On January 25 measures similar to those adopted by the senate were introduced in the house, accompanied by a highly appreciative report from the committee, of which Tra R. Grosvenor was chairman. These were referred to committee of the whole and placed on the general order. In view of the favorable prospects, the director improved the op- portunity offered by a trip to New York to institute some precise inquiries in reference to publication. On February 25 he entered into some definite but conditional negotiations with Julius Bien for printing and illustrations. The general form and style were to be those of the report of the fortieth parallel which was then in progress through Mr. Bien’s establishment. Some cf the maps to accompany the reports on the iron and copper regions were placed in Mr. Bien’s hands. Meanwhile, influences unfavorable to the continuance of the sur- vey were at work, and learning that these were due to his attaching so much importance to the climatic elements of the State’s natural resources, the director prepared hastily a pamphlet of eight pages, embracing two isothermal charts, for January and July, with a 230 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. small amount of explanatory text. The charts were announced as — illustrations of the paper on “ Isothermals” appended to the “ Re- port of Progress.” This pamphlet brought to view as sharply as possible such facts as the following: Extreme cold at Milwaukee is 14° below extreme cold at Grand Haven. This difference is all that distinguishes between fruit-bearing region and one in whick fruits fail. The growing season begins at Grand Haven 6 to 13 days earlier in the spring than it does at Milwaukee, and continues 5 to 8 days later in the autumn. The great climatic facts touched upon in this paper and more fully set forth in my Report of Progress possesses the utmost practical im- portance. * * * These facts are not known to the world. * * * ‘The climate of our State is one of its greatest natural resources. To make this resource known to the world is an eminently practical work, etc. A copy of the pamphlet was laid on the table of each member. On March 14, on motion of Mr. Grosvenor, the house voted the use of the hall to the director for the purpose of an interview with the members, but without favorable result. On March 16 there was introduced a report from which the fol- lowing passages are extracted: Tt seems desirable that the act passed at the session in 1869 should be amended as provided by this bill; for the reason that an investigation is pro- vided for in said act, in regard to a large number of subjects not belonging strictly to a geological survey, such as hydrography, climatology, meteorology, topography, magnetography, and physical geography of the State. There is also a provision in the act of 1869, above referred to, authorizing the “compiling and collecting of all useful knowledge” in relation to certain matters therein contained. This, in the minds of your committee, is a serious objection to the act, and an amendment is incorporated in the bill herewith reported, to obviate the same. A large amount of useful knowledge is contained in books heretofore published by various authors, and not only in a convenient form, but the books are easily to be obtained by the people who desire the in- formation. * * * From the best information that your committee has been able to obtain in relation to the matter intended for publication, now in the hands of the geo- logical board, they are of the opinion that the great bulk of the same is objec- tionable, for the reasons above stated; that it will be necessary to rearrange and condense it before the same is fit for publication; that, in facet, there is now nothing in readiness to be incorporated in the final report of the geologicat survey. Your committee would, therefore, report said joint resolution back to the House without amendment, and recommend that it do not pass. Your committee would also report said bill back to the House without amendment, and recommend that it do pass. * * * The joint resolution, which provided for publication, was laid on the table; and the bill for continuing the survey was ordered printed, referred to committee of the whole and placed on the general order. On March 18, on motion of Mr. Grosvenor, the joint resolution was taken from the table and referred to the committee on education, 17 BULLETIN 109 PL. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 88-7881 ‘LHDIYM ‘3 SATYVHO ‘NVSIHOIW 30 SLSIDSO1OSD 3LVLS €L-6981 SOONG NOLN3G SVWOHL €8-O28] ‘YSONINOY DSIMGN] 1uvO GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 231 s | of which C. B. Grant was chairman. Mr. Grant reported April 12 | with an amendment. The latter was concurred in, and, after a fur- ther amendment, the resolution was lost by a vote of 34 to 46, The house having by formal vote on March 18 refused to provide for the publication of the results of the survey, the director, on March 21, filed his resignation with the board, and on April 20 turned over, at a meeting in Detroit, all property of the survey re- maining in his hands, and made a final settlement.’ Tt may be added that the house bill amending the law of 1869, in- troduced after various references and amendments, was passed April 11, concurred in by the senate Apri! 12, and approved by the gov- ernor April 17. The effect of the changes introduced was to lodge the entire directorship in the hands of the geologica! board; to eliminate all investigations in paleontclogy, topography, physical geography, and climate; and it provided that the final report should not exceed three octavo volumes, and that they “shall not contain, in any considerable extent, compilations and extracts of or from books heretofore published.”? The appropriation of $8,000 annually was continued and made payable until the completion of said survey.® THIRD SURVEY UNDER BOARD OF DIRECTORS, 1871-1900. Organization—Under the board of directors authorized by the law of 1869, Dr. Carl Rominger, of Ann Arbor, was appointed di- rector of the survey in 1871 and served until 1885. During the first year of his incumbency Major Brooks and Professor Pumpelly were continuing their researches in the western part of the Upper Penin- sula, and for a time he was assisted by “several young men of the university who were recommended, * * * but none of them 1 This resignation, as the writer [Doctor Winchell] views the history of the time in the perspective of 16 years, appears to have been ill advised. The director, sure that he was right, and about to suffer wrong at the hands of others, should have held his post; and the geological board, under whose sanction every step had been taken, and who were uitimately responsible for everything, should not have accepted the resignation, but should have stood in a manly way to the defence of the director and the plan of the sur- vey. The house might not, perhaps, have been induced to take different action, though that is by no means probable; but in the conflict, some discussion would have ensued, and some facts cunningly hidden would have been brought to light. Personal injustice would have thus been averted or duly exposed, and the true interests of the State would not probably have been compromised as they were. The resignation was prompted by disgust at the tricks of demagoguery, and a desire to avoid the distractions of a conflict. The act involved the practical loss of the results of several years labor, and left a moral Impression which time was not destined to efface. £It is not entirely clear what features in the proposed pian this prohibition was aimed at. The clause quoted in the report would make it appear that the requirement to ecom- pile and tabulate all information useful to the iron and copper industries was the of- fensive provision; but the discussion led to the belief that it aimed also at compilations ef meterological and topographical data. 8 The director’s estimate of $61,300 for the completion of the field work was thought an astounding extravagance; nevertheless, the State in 16 years has already exvended $128,000 besides appropriations for publieations, 232 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. stayed with me over two or three weeks before they left, finding the occupation not so pleasant to them as they expected; and for my part, seeing not much benefit from their help in consideration of the considerable increase of the expenses, I concluded to go on with the work alone, simply assisted by ordinary laborers as packers, boat- men, and cooks.” The following summary of the methods pursued and results ob- tained is taken from Doctor Rominger’s manuscript notes: As a continuation of the survey in the Lower Peninsula did not, under the then existing circumstances, seem to promise very im- portant additional results, active operations were discontinued in the area, and his efforts confined chiefly to examining the azoic areas of the Upper Peninsula, a work which had been left in- complete by Brooks and Pumpelly. He here soon became convinced that this greatly disturbed and complicated complex of rocks could not be satisfactorily studied without first making a detailed study of a small area which should serve as a type and guide for subse- quent work in the larger ones. He therefore selected an area near Marquette, where nearly all the members of the azoic series were displayed for the detailed study. As no good topographic map of the region existed he undertook to construct one for himself, using the Government Land Office maps as a base. In determining the position of hills, watercourses, and the larger rock exposures, he measured the distances by pacing, and the directions by the ordinary hand compass, taking section corners and quarter posts as initial points for the measurements, and at the same time making his geo- logical obervations. In this way he surveyed over 200 square miles from the shores of Marquette westward. Commenting on this work later, Rominger remarked: I candidly confess that had I to do this over again I would no more attempt perform all the work myself, but would employ someone else to do the counting of steps and observing the compass while I was engaged with the examination of the geological features. Both occupations combined are too severe a strain on body and mind. On the other hand, I am satisfied that this modus operandi brought many things under my observation which otherwise would have es- caped it. The map prepared in this way, it should be stated, is the one issued in connection with the fourth volume (1880) of the survey reports. During the seasons of 1880-1882 Rominger continued his examina- tion of the azoic rocks near Lake Gogebic in the western part of the State, though a portion of the time was spent in a reexamination of the Fetch Mountain, Menominee, and Marquette districts. During the summers of 1883 and 1884 he devoted himself exclusively to the examination of the:copper-bearing rocks on Keweenaw Point and in GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. Yas the Ontonagon and Porcupine Mountain districts. Rominger’s final report, comprising the result of his last four years of work, was transmitted to the board of directors early in February, 1885. In April following he was superseded as State geologist by Mr. Charles FE. Wright, of Marquette. Salary and expenses.—The salary of the State geologist through- out Rominger’s incumbency was $2,000 a year. The sum of $8,000 for each year of the survey was appropriated with the expectation that special appropriations would be made to pay the cost of pub- lication. The two volumes published in 18738, at an expense of some $20,000, were thus paid for, but the volume of fossil corals, costing some $17,000, was paid for out of the unexpended balance of the appropriations, the expenses of the survey during 1874, 1875, and 1876 being not over $3,000 a year. The report issued in 1880 at a cost of upwards $4,000, was likewise paid for out of the survey ap- propriations. The total expenses of this survey are given on p, 288. Distribution of publications—According to the law every school and scientific institution in the State which was already in possession of a library of 1,000 volumes should receive the reports free of charge. Scientific men and institutions outside of the State were likewise favored at the discretion of the board. The remainder of the edition was to be sold at cost price. The edition of the report of 1873 (two volumes) was 2,000 as was also that of 1876 and 1880." *It would appear from the following that these seemingly generous intentions were not carried out: DRESDEN, Saxony, July 2, 1875. Hon. JNo. J. BaGLey, Governor. Dear Sir: Yours of 10th inst. regarding distribution of the geological reports relating to the Upper Peninsula, is at hand, and I am delighted to learn that you have not entirely abandoned the idea of sending some of them abroad. The work was placed in your hands for distribution a year ago, and yet, judging by the letters enclosed, not one has yet been received on this side, Michigan enjoy- ing the unenviable position of being the only civilized State in the world which has neglected to send her reports to the great libraries of Europe. The Missouri and Ohio reports which appeared, the one nearly simultaneous with ours and the other some time after, have not only been sent to the libraries, but to the periodicals and were reviewed in England and on the Continent months ago; the attention of the people of Europe being thus called in the most effective manner possible to the resources of those States, and the advantages they offer for settlement and investment. Geological boards outside of Michigan do not seem to regard their reports as intended exclusively for “ home consumption.’ This policy seems to be in especially bad taste in Michigan, where a very large part of the brains, muscle, and money expended in the development of her resources came from outside the State, Another use to which I believe a few copies of all geological reports here- tofore published in the werld, except those of Michigan, have been put, is in 234 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Musewm.—The law provided for the collection of geological and mineralogical specimens to be deposited in the museums of the State university, the agricultural college, and the normal school. Under Professor Wright’s administration field work during the season of 1885 “ was confined chiefly to the north of township 48, and paying those debts of honor and courtesy which every survey has, in the natuxe of things, to contract in procuring needful information of various parties pos- sessing it, but which can not be paid for in money. This was especially the case in the Marquette iron region, where there is no public record of mining and prospecting operations, ne former surveys of which much use could be made, and where the small sum available for the work made it impossible for the survey tc do all that was required. ‘The result was, { was obliged to draw on the people and corporations interested and possessing the knowledge for a large part of my material. One furnished analyses, an- other private maps, others specimens, another history and statistics, others had special surveys made at my instigation, and gave the entire results to the State work. The result was the accumulation of 20 times more materiai (much of it yet unpublished) than all that had been accumulated before on the subjects embraced within the scope of the survey. There was manifestly but one way to repay these parties: First, to give them full credit for the assistance in the report, which I have endeavored to do in the introduction; second, to present them with 2 copy of the work which, as practically none were placed at my dis- posal, was the business of the board, and to facilitate the work I gave them a manuscript list of the parties named in the report, with their addresses (not the larger list prepared at the request of the board), and have since, both in letters and conversation, pointedly called their attention to the subject. At the end of a year many of these parties have not received the report or any communication from the board on the subject, others have received the first volume and atlas, the second volume, which relates exclusively to the iron region, being withheld; others have only received the reports as the result of special effort on their part and mine to procure copies for them. Others, in answer to their communications, have been told they could have the work for $15, which they have bought. Others have had no notice whatever taken of their communications on the subject, being placed in this regard in the same eategory with the State geologists. I speak by the card on all these points. In short you seem to have paid no attention whatever to the obligations of the State to these parties. I trust she does not mean to repudiate any part of this debt. For the time being I am placed in a very awkward position toward these people, having acted as agent in securing the loans, Those parties who have received the reports have net done so in virtue of having been mentioned by me, but because they accidentally came within the scope of your plan of distribution—whatever that may be. I know that immediately on its publication complete copies were sent te every hewspaper in Michigan. With but half a dozen exceptions, those papers are not read by people who have the slightest interest in the mines of the Upper Peninsula, while the newspapers and periodicals, east and west, which are read by those who own and administer the mines, and consume the ore, have never seen or heard of the work. One of these editors sold his copy to a Michigan furnace superintendent, who could not get one for $5. Another prominent Lake Superior mining man was presented with a copy by a “ crossroad ” politician, or GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 235 from ranges 25 to 33, inclusive; that is, to the country to the north of the M. H. & O. Railway to the lake between Marquette and L’Anse, covering over 700 square miles of unexplored land.” Un- fortunately Wright died of pneumonia in March, 1888. According to “Professor Wadsworth, who succeeded him, while he had planned and laid out the work on a broad scale, he had delayed putting his whom it had been thrust, who had not taken interest enough in the work to open the package in which it came. Men who have tens of thousands invested in Michigan mines, and who have devoted their lives to their development, thereby bringing the State to the front rank in its mineral productions, must buy the report, or procure it at a late date by political influences or special effort; while petty editors and officeholders and political wirepullers, who can control a few votes, have it thrust on them at the earlist possible moment. Some copies of a State publication must, I suppose, be wasted on such people, but I believe they should be served after, and certainly not to the exclusion of people who really want to know something of the mineral wealth of Michigan and how to develop it; and also after those libraries and periodicals, whose business it is to teach the world scientific truth. If you wish to know why I take the liberty of criticising you severely in this matter I will tell you: To say nothing of the personal slight—I1 enn’t look on it as less—of being entirely ignored in this matter of the distribution of my report by one who came into the administration of the survey when it was nearly completed, I ask your attention to the fact that I have nearly $3,000 in ‘money, in addition to services which would have commanded $10,000 in the open market, invested in this work, besides to a great extent my reputation, which money can not measure. I have tried very hard to do my whole duty in this business and have spared neither my time, money, or personal sacrifice. You can therefore judge of my feelings when some of the most estimable men I know in and out of Michigan write me that my work has been used as a2 “campaign document.” I am tired of writing letters explaining that you are a very busy man and that if they will wait patiently justice will in the end be done. Unless you furnish me something else to say, and that promptly, I shall in future answer these people with a copy of this letter, which meantime I send to Mr. Baxter, who may be as much to blame as you, for aught I know. Very truly, yours, (Signed) Toss P. S.—To answer your question—I can add nothing to what I said last sum- mer. The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., is the usual channel through which such documents are distributed to foreign societies and libraries. T bought a copy and sent it to Sweden, I do not believe my friend, Sir W. Williams, who is already interested in Lake Superior, and is very desirous of knowing more of it, will feel complit- mented by having a copy sent him on which he will have to pay not less than, say, $10 expenses. He will soon be able to buy the books in London, second- hand, cheaper. I will undertake to distribute any copies sent me, provided IT have full anthor- ity to draw on you for the actual cost, which I conceive would be small on 4 number of copies which could be sent as common freight through Baldwin Bros., 72 Broadway, New York. This is a central point for the whole of Europe. 236 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. results in writing except in a very minor degree. Being by nature cautious, he had endeavored to look over every part of the field be- fore committing himself. After he had grasped the work in all its details, it was usual for him to put it into manuscript form with great rapidity, but in this instance “he gave himself no rest, but worked on and on until his vital foree was exhausted, when he was taken away almost as suddenly as though struck down on the field of battle.” As a result all his maps, field notes, specimens, and sec- tions, indeed practically all the work accomplished except that of organization, were almost valueless. With the death of Wright, as already intimated, Dr. M. E. Wads- worth, president of the School of Mines, at Houghton, became State geologist. Work was resumed during the season of 1888 in T. 43 N.,, R. 35 W., this point being selected on account of the field work hav- ing in iAnee measure been completed westerly from Marquette to a five drawn from Iron River village northwardly to the south end of Keweenaw Bay, near L’Anse. During this season he covered the ground lying between Iron River and Lake Gogebic on the west and from the State boundary to township 46 on the north. Considerable attention was devoted to settling problems in connection with Mr. Wright’s work. In his annual report for this year (1888-89) Doctor Wadsworth writes that thus far some 70 townships have been ex- plored and their geology mapped with sufficient accuracy so that preliminary maps might be published such as would serve as great aid to the explorers. During the season of 1889-90 the work of mapping the area west of Gogebic Lake and south of the copper- bearing rocks and sandstones was completed, and township No. 45 surveyed. The published boundary of the copper-bearing rocks with the eastern sandstone, between Bete Gris Bay and southwest- erly to Gogebic Lake, was also rectified, and careful excavations and surveys undertaken to ascertain the exact relations of the two for- mations. In 1890 the gold district was studied and special work was. done in the Marquette iron region. In 1891 and 1892 field work began at Champion and the adjacent district and extended south of Clarksburg to Palmer and the vicinity of Negaunee. Later it was extended into the Huron Mountain district and into the limestone region in the vicinity of L’Anse, and the South Trap Range from Silver Mountain through to Lake Gogebic. Parties were also en- gaged in the Crystal Falls, Iron Mountains Quinnesec, Norway, and Felch Mountain areas. rh 1892 the work on the gas and salt wells begun under Wright’s administration was coytinued. Personnel.—Doctor Wadsworth’s term of service as State geologist came to an end in 1898. Up to 1888 no geological assistant had been ee GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 237 employed. In that year A. E. Seaman, who had previously served as topographer and woodsman, became assistant geologist, and in 1888 A. C. Lane was added to the force as petrographer. In 1890 the force was further increased by the addition of H. B. Patton, and in 1891 by L. L. Hubbard, all of the last three being petrographers with European training. The expenses under Wadsworth’s administration are given with others on page 238. Doctor Wadsworth was succeeded in the office of State geologist by Lucius L. Hubbard, who held the position until 1899, when he re- signed, to be succeeded in his turn by A. C. Lane. Both of the last named, it will be noted, had served as petrographers and assistant geologists under Doctor Wadsworth. Salaries and expenses.—The salaries of the State geologist and others of the survey were by law left discretionary with the board of directors, the State geologist himself, up to 1885, receiving $2,000 a year, the annual appropriation being $8,000 a year, with the ex- pectation that the expense of publication would be provided for by special appropriation. As has been noted, this was not, however, in all cases called for. The following table* shows the total appro- priations and expenditures up to November, 1892. Geological survey in account with the State of Michigan, 1887-1845. Dr. Years. For what drawn. | Amount. | Amount. eth \ General PUES GT SUNN OY oe ccc cach gen 22 cans oe gcay ng Sencha dae eesahczaseseshs| sf vomstatddAsianis | $16,026.00 1839 | General purposes of survey 8, 329. 95 1840 | General purposes of survey 7, 161.37 1841 | General purposes of survey 6, 219. 55 18412 | General Par poses of survey | 1, 263. 13 ASA ate MOBIAEVO Ol SUALO 2 GOLOTISles cseccevecs cncccescesesiessecuSsasecousesssuccssssecsecssceaceecuvetece | $782. 87 1842 | Salary of State topographe..........csccccccosscssssseccseseesererssecsscesssecsersesceses | 624.53 | BAe ENICICOMEALEXCNSOS. A. ccasscces cfaveoscbecscscocevivessacudeceveesscassiaaccvacteccesessestisie. | 1,032. 82 eae 2, 440. 22 Beas OAIALY Of STALO i LCOlOLISE. csccveecdsscasdctves.codssedeesessssccccosnvvosacaceavanvetecccocee | 1, 000.00 1843 | Salary of State topographer 5 800. 00 PB45.7 | ADCIGCNUAlOKPCNSES: +. .é.s.ccecdsts, Uacecsesoncs cassssscccsscseaeseserassisesescsensesaeearssas’| 220. 47 . i |._ 22,020. 47 BSAt |e SAlaryeOl State SEolOPiSts ss ocseiske dec secs se eascs caossecceseccasssscecesecosk codsdccecssees | 1,000.00 | 1844 | Salary of Stale topographel........c.cssccssssscssssesssscscssssecsesssssseessneessceesees 800.00 | BGA AE TSTAVINGIOXDONSES....c..\.cvssesocssecscacecccessterssvesdvasccze svcninevsdascéeacsesssccaseies | 338. 16 | 1844, *} Incidental OxPeNsesi.s.cesescsseasecsscsssesevesecsivectvensseceostion’ cacnavececacessSaacess: 337. 30 ; =| 2) oa5y40 B845 |;Salary of State geologist CO JULy)...ccccccccccsscesesccssccveccsecvovcaccctseedsecsedecees | 500. 00 | iS4555) Salary ol State! DHOtOsTap NEL. 20.2, scvsccevecentecdessced vas vorescesesenaccecvaccucsalsescs | 639. 42 | SADR TISTAVAINZS scsssvesonscs obs5005 a caaeeencseseeocsue'sne ca ctvedeWets veubeseeasscssccesa csedecslesaxstoes | 658, 92 DSS a PATOL OOO C AN 3.55005. sceo0s canner seecoessaatiae sanevWens aocevs de desuaeb'ceseeeGocaeoscce} ot fave scenes | 34. 54 | ss e a 1, 832. 88 | Me tae | ERO AM oaresct cuz dactcempe ch taper Btentevonhdeinncds scniee otbdt vb setnnsbanatesabie daiaasdutns hada Shands se | 2$47, 829. 03 FRODUINOG: £0) SCARE ra2e 63 axosccoccsccvseesscdhacaxvescecceccasectucansavevesceceseceeses (eueee east ates | 24,170.97 HL QUAL ec avcsetosescces decsneretcaavsisiayous - ‘ hereby authorized to make the necessary arrangements, if the same has not already been made, for suitable accommodations for his collections and labora- tory in that place; and that all laws in conflict with the provisions of this act be, and the same are hereby, repealed. Approved February 10, 1860. Administration —Under the somewhat loose provisions and phrase- ology of the act of 1850 Dr. John Millington, at the time professor of chemistry at the University of Mississippi, was in June of that year appointed to the position of State geologist and additional duties pro- vided for by it. No assistant was obtained until July 15, 1851, when Oscar M. Lieber, of South Carolina, was appointed to the position. No record or report of Lieber’s work was made. During a portion of his incumbency (presumably in the autumn of 1852) he made, on horseback, a reconnoissance of the Yazoo Bottom, but nothing beyond that fact appears from the letters written by him under the regulation defining his duties, which provides that: When not actually engaged in making explorations and surveys, he shall aid the principal professor of geology, agriculture, and chemistry, in the discharge of his duties; and while engaged in making such surveys, he shall make reports at least monthly to the principal professor; and the salary of said assistant professor shall be $1,000 per annum. Lieber resigned on January 14, 1852. In January, 1852, the position of geologist was accepted by Prof. B. L. C. Wailes, then of the faculty of Jefferson College, near Natchez. This gentleman had already made a collection of rocks and fossils of the southwestern part of the State and had an extended knowledge of the general features of that region. It will be noted that, by the verbal correction made in the first sec- tion of the act of 1852, the survey was practically made a complete natural history survey, since the only branch not specifically provided for (botany) might be understood to be necessarily included in the provision for an agricultural survey. The State society mentioned had but a very ephemeral existence during the two succeeding years, namely, 1852 and 1853. Mr. Wailes traveled chiefly in the southern and eastern part of the State, with his own team and outfit, examining the territory of the Cretaceous in northeast Mississippi and the Ter- tiary and Quaternary areas in the southern part of the State. Collections of Tertiary fossils, especially from the shell bed at Jackson, were sent by Wailes to Conrad, and mammalian and other bones from the loess to Leidy, for determination and description ; and eollections of these and other fossils as well as of rocks were by him deposited both at Oxford and at Jackson. In January, 1854, Wailes presented to the board of trustees of the University of Mississippi the manuscript of his report on the 260 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. work of the two preceding years, which was transmitted through the governor to the legislature, with the recommendation that it be printed. The legislative committee to whom it was referred reported back the act of March 1, 1854, already referred to, under which the survey was thereafter carried on for a number of years. It will be noted, further, as stated by Professor Hilgard, that, although the act of 1854 designated Wailes as State geologist, it did not create that office, which still remained an appendage of the chair of geology in the University of Mississippi. It was expected that Wailes would be elected to that chair, which in the autumn ‘of 1853 had been vacated by Doctor Millington. At an election held in June, 1854, however, the choice fell on Lewis Harper, then a teacher of natural science at an academy near Greenville, Alabama. Wailes thereupon immediately resigned his position, which remained vacant until September, 1855. Up to the summer of 1855, Harper, bearing the titles of professor of geology and agriculture and State geologist, had not taken the field himself. He was now, by action of the board of trustees, relieved of a portion of his duties as instructor, and di- rected to take the field personally, for the purposes provided for in the act, while Dr. F. A. P. Barnard, then professor of physics at the university, was requested to secure a competent assistant geologist at a salary of $1,000 a year during a contemplated visit to the North. Dr. Barnard fulfilled his mission by tendering the appointment to Dr. E. W. Hilgard, then lately returned from Europe, who promptly accepted it. Reaching Oxford about the middle of September, 1855, Hilgard found that Harper had then just returned from a rapid reconnois- sance of the Cretaceous and Tertiary prairie regions in eastern Mississippi, and it was agreed that they should as soon as possible set out on a joint exploration over the same route, to be continued to the Gulf shore, thence across the southern counties of the State to the Mississippi River. The start was made early in October, the outfit consisting of an ambulance carrying a camping outfit, and a negro driver, who at the same time performed the office of cook. The Cretaceous prairie country on the Tombigbee River was reached near Okolona, whence the route lay through Aberdeen to Columbus; thence, leaving the Cretaceous territory, through Neshoba and Kem- per counties to Enterprise on the Chickasawhay River, and along that stream, crossing all the marine Tertiary stages, as far south as Leaks- ville, Greda County, whence, owing to the lateness of the season, they were obliged to return to Oxford by way of Fort Adams, Mississippi, and Memphis, Tennessee. 1 Properly, Ludwig Hafner, of Hamburg. Germany, a law student, who, for political reasons, left his country before graduation and subsequently became interested in natural history. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 261 This expedition was too hurried and with too few facilities for making collections to afford anything more than a very general in- sight into the character and relations of the several Cretaceous and Tertiary stages. It had shown conclusively that the dip of all the marine Tertiary beds is southward, except only as regards the Grand Gulf rocks, whose relations to the rest they had no opportunity of observing, since they are unrepresented in the Chickasawhay section, save by clays of which the equivalence was not then apparent. Meanwhile, it had become apparent to the university trustees that in its present form the survey was in more than one respect a burden to the university, and, accordingly, at the legislative session of 1855— 56, Governor McRae, in transmitting to the legislature the regular report of the trustees of the University of Mississippi, accompanied it by a special message, in which occur the following passages: The first portion of the trustees’ report relates to the geological survey of the State geologist, and proposes the separation of this survey from the uni- yersity, and asks that it may be taken charge of by the State as an independent work under the direction of the governor. The reasons for this are fully set forth in the report and may be recapitulated in brief as follows: 1. The geological survey does not form a part of the course of instruction in the university and is not properly connected with the business of the institution. 2. The duties of the State geologist, under the present arrangement, being partly as professor in the university, partly in the field survey, neither position can be fully or satisfactorily filled by him. Hither the classes in his department must suffer in his absence or the survey in the field be neglected to give them proper attention. 3. The funds of the university are not sufficient to justify in bestowing a por- tion of them on a work, however important and valuable to the State, that is not legitimately a portion of its business. The appropriation by the State of $3,000 annually for the geological survey pays no more than the salary of the principal and assistant geologists, and the outfit and traveling expenses, apparatus, etc., amounting to as much more, have to be provided for out of the college funds. This is unjust to the uni- versity and the divided time of the State geologist between the university and the field operates injuriously both to the interests of the university and the State. I would not be understood by this, nor would the board of trustees, as casting any reflections upon the learned gentleman who now filis the place of State geologist, and whom they and myself believe to be well and highly qualified for the duties of that station, nor would we have it understood, and the board of trustees would not, that we detract in the slightest measure from the great interest and importance to the State of having a geological survey thoroughly and efficiently prosecuted. The object is to place it in the hands of the State and under the direction of her authority, where it properly belongs, and to have it vigorously prosecuted to completion at the earliest day. I there fore recommended to the legislature to place it in this position, and to provide the means necessary to accomplish this object. It is believed that an appropriation annually for three years of $6,000 will be sufficient to complete the entire work within that period. 262 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The report of Professor Harper, herewith submitted, contains much valuable information, shows a high degree of sciencific attainment on his part, and gives evidence that when the work is completed it will be one of great value to the public. The present report is only preliminary and partial and is not de- signed for publication at this time, but is to be embodied and published in the general report, when completed. The suggestion of the governor was not, however, favorably acted upon by the legislature. ‘The matter was left without change, but with the understanding that a vigorous prosecution of the work should pave the way to more satisfactory legislation at a succeeding session. After passing the winter at Oxford in the arrangement of the col- lections and preparations for analytical work Hilgard proceeded in April, 1856, to make a detailed exploration of the northeastern por- tion of the State, where the geological structure seemed most complex and varied. In the course of this expedition, made with the same out- fit that had served the years before, he determined the character, stratigraphical relations, and limits of the Carboniferous, Cretaceous, and Tertiary beds of that part of the State, making extended collec- tions especially of what was afterwards designated as the Ripley group of the Cretaceous by Conrad. He also investigated closely the features and geological relations of the “ Orange sand,” now better known as the stratified drift, of the southwest, showing its derivation partly from northern sources, partly from the underlying formations, of which it contains the fossils, dis- tinctly characterizing it as a Quaternary deposit of the drift age. it having been clearly apparent to Professor Hilgard by this time that the survey would never maintain itself in public esteem on the basis of mineral discoveries, and that it must seek its main support in what services it might render to agriculture, he made a point of pay- ing close attention to and recording the surface features,’ vegetation, soils, the quality and supply of water, and especially the marls, which were found to occur in large supply and great variety. He also made a collection of plants which, although omitted from the subjects men- tioned in the act creating the survey, he thought was essential toward the characterization of soils. In the prosecution of these studies the close connection between the surface vegetation and the underlying formations became so striking that he soon largely availed himself of the former in tracing out the limits of adjacent formations in search- ing for outcrops, ete. sippi survey, partly because it was not provided for by law, partly because the continu- ally recurring violent barometric changes during the working season rendered the use of the aneroid, so uscful elsewhere, very unsatisfactory. The railroad levelings then avail- able were, however, fully and extensively used and were excluded from the report of 1860 simply by the absolute need of brevity for the sake of reducing the expense of pub- Ncation. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 263 During the latter part of the season of 1856 Hilgard extended the detailed survey of the Cretaceous area as far south as Columbus; and thence, as the beginning of the rainy season rendered further field work unprofitable, drove across the country to Tuscaloosa, Ala- bama, in order to compare notes and consult with Tuomey, then State geologist of Alabama, and to gain an insight into the works of refer- ence for Cretaceous and Tertiary paleontology. He was thus enabled to ascertain the relations of the “ Tombigby (sic) sands” fossils to the “Rotten limestone,” which he had thus far designated as Upper, but agreed henceforth to consider as Middle Cretaceous. Hilgard there also learned for the first time that Tuomey had found fossils—well preserved ammonites and several gasteropods—silicified in the “Tower Cretaceous” clays near Eutaw (or, rather, Finchs Ferry), Alabama, and it was agreed to designate this lower clayey stage, which in Mississippi had been found entirely barren of fossils, as the “Eutaw” group. Subsequently, prior publication gave prece- dence to Safford’s name of “ Coffee group ” for the lower clays, and similarly Hilgard’s “Tippah group” received from Conrad the prior name of “ Ripley ” for the uppermost Cretaceous. Tuomey had at that time a portion of his second report in manu- script, and as, unfortunately, he died six months after the conference above noted, that report, which was posthumously edited by J. W. Mallet, does not show the latest phase of Tuomey’s knowledge of the Cretaceous stages. As his collections were mostly destroyed during the war it is of interest to record here that almost all the Cretaceous fossils marked “ Miss.” in list “A,” page 257 of that report, were from the “ Tombigby sand” and the immediately overlying portion of the “Rotten limestone,” in Lowndes County, Mississippi; the “Ammonites Bi-Nodosus” recorded in the same list, from Eutaw, Alabama, was considered by him as a “ leading fossil ” of the Lower Cretaceous clays. The specimens were all silicified and in excellent preservation. Hilgard returned to Oxford in November across a country ren- dered almost impassable by copious rains, and found matters rapidly eoming to a crisis at the university. Harper had been provided with a separate ambulance outfit, and had taken the field for a few weeks during the season of 1856 in the northwestern counties, but he seemed to be unable to keep away from Oxford for any length of time. Finally, the dissatisfaction of the board of trustees with his personal acts, in relation both to the survey and to the university, came to a head in November, 1856, when he was forced to resign. Hilgard was continued as assistant, with compensation increased to 61,500 a year, and was for the time being placed in charge of the survey, the office work of which he continued during the winter. 264 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. At the legislative session of 1856-57, however, Harper procured the passage of an act entitled “An act to provide for the printing of the Second Annual Report of the Agricultural and Geological Survey of the State, and for other purposes,” approved January 31, 1857. The substantial provisions of this act were: First, the complete separation of the survey from all connection with the State University; second, that the survey should be prosecuted to completion according to the provisions of the previous act by a State geologist to be appointed by the governor and to receive a salary of $2,000 a year, to be furnished with such an outfit as may be necessary to be provided under the di- rection of the governor. ‘“ He shall also keep an exact account of his expenses in making said survey and submit the same to. the examina- tion of the governor, who shall issue his requisition upon the treasury for the amount, provided the sum shall not exceed $1,000 per annum.” An appropriation of $1,200 was also made for the purchase of chem- ical apparatus for making analyses, and the State geologist was au- thorized to “ occupy as a laboratory the two front rooms in the second story of the penitentiary building, and he shall be allowed the assist- ance of one convict, to be named by the inspectors, to aid him in keep- ing his apparatus in good order.” It was also ordered “ that 5,000 copies of Professor Harper’s report be printed,” and thereafter dis- tributed in accordance with the provisions of the former act. The sum of $3,500 was appropriated for this publication, and Harper entered upon the office on March 1, 1857, but was voted compensation from the date of his resignation, in November preceding. The only work per- formed by him during his tenure of office under this act was the writ- ing and publication of his report, which was done under his personal supervision at New York, although, like the former report, it bears the imprint of the State printer at Jackson. The circulation of the report through the State soon produced the inevitable result of dis- crediting its author to such an extent that toward the end of the year 1857 he was obliged to resign his office. Shortly afterwards the appointment was tendered to Doctor Hil- gard, who entered upon its duties early in 1858. At Jackson he found in the “two front rooms in the second story of the peniten- tiary,” under the charge of the convict assistant, the outcome of the purchases made by Harper under the provision for the outfitting of an analytical laboratory. It consisted essentially of apparatus for elementary lectures in chemistry and an expensive microscope. The analytical balance was represented by a pair of apothecary’s scales, etc. Under authority of the governor a portion of these articles were sold and the proceeds applied to the purchase of necessaries for analytical work, and under the same authority and by permission GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 265 of the board of trustees of the State university, the whole was trans- ferred to a front room in the university building at Oxford, which Hilgard fitted up as a laboratory, at a personal expense of $600, for the time being. By this evasion of the law framed under Harper’s auspices (which was mandatory only in respect to the location of the “ office,” but not of the laboratory), the survey was again practically restored to its original connection with the university, without which the work could not be successfully carried on under so small an appropriation. Hilgard took the field again in April with the same outfit—an ambulance with two mules and a negro driver—and, starting at the Ripley Cretaceous, devoted the season to the verification of a full section across the Tertiary areas, from north to south, including also the detailed examination of the fossiliferous localities near “ Jackson” and “ Vicksburg” stages in their most characteristic development. In passing through the State Hilgard became painfully conscious of the fact that the survey had become extremely unpopular, as a consequence of Harper’s incumbency and report, so much so that it was often very difficult to obtain information or even civil answers to inquiries. He felt that it would be necessary to throw off and purge the survey completely of the obnoxious antecedents if the appropria- tion was to be sustained at the coming session of the legislature. He therefore, after consulting with Governor McWillie, wrote a short Report upon the Condition of the Geological and Agricultural Survey of the State of Mississippi, of 22 octavo pages, which was printed by executive order and circulated prior to the session of the legislature in the winter of 1858-59. In this report he discussed— first, the need and advantages of a thorough geological and agri- cultural survey of the State; recited the causes of the slow progress and failure to satisfy the public, chief among which were inadequate appropriations and the incompetency of the late incumbent; also gave examples of what had been done in the matter in other States; and closed with a recommendation for the repeal of the law locating the headquarters of the survey in the State penitentiary and for the restoration of the geological assistantship, in connection with a more reasonably adequate appropriation. The storm, however, broke loose when the legislature assembled. Those who had been instrumental in passing Harper’s bill in 1857 were now most eager to have the survey “ wiped out” to allay their soreness. A special committee was appointed to investigate the subject, and, without giving Hilgard a hearing, that committee promptly reported “A bill to abolish the geological and agricultural , ae 266 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. survey of the State.” In presenting this report the chairman in- veighed fiercely against the insolence exhibited in the report, above alluded to, and the attempt to “ coerce the legislature by forestalling public opinion.” The report to abolish would undoubtedly have been promptly adopted but for Hilgard’s forcing a personal confer- ence with the chairman, in which he presented to him the documents in the case and exhorted him to abolish the geologist, if he thought there was cause, but not the survey, the revival of which would be only a question of time. After this the “bill to abolish ” was not called up, and the survey remained in without change during 18598. The previous season’s work having settled conclusively the suc- cession of the several stages of the Tertiary and their prominent stratigraphical, lithological, and paleontological features, he de- voted the season of 1859 to the filling in of details. He went more leisurely over the ground intended to have been covered by the pre- vious joint expedition with Harper in 1855—namely, from the southern border of the Cretaceous area, near Columbus, down the Chickasawhay and Pascagoula valleys to the seacoast; along the coast to Pearl River, up that river to Columbia, Marion County. and thence across to the Mississippi; thence northward along the eastern border of the loess region to the belt marine Tertiaries, which he also examined more in detail between Jackson and Vicksburg. All these observations only served to largely confirm and complete his previous conclusions. Returning from the field somewhat earlier than usual, Hilgard began the arrangement of materials for a report, to be presented at the legislative session of 1859-60, with a view to ‘its publication and the procurement of a better endowment for the survey. As an example of the work done by the survey he put up a col- lection of soils and marls, gathered during the three years’ work, and had it on exhibition at the State fair held at Jackson in November. It excited a good deal of attention and newspaper comment, and gave a favorable turn to public opinion previously aroused by fre- quent communications of results made to agricultural and other papers of the State. Outside of the fair work he carried on the work of analysis and writing, simultaneously and unremittingly, assisted by Prof. W. D. More, then holding the chair of English literature at the University of Mississippi. The manuscript was not nearly completed when the legislature convened in December, 1859, but there was enough to satisfy a special committee that it should be printed and that the working facilities should be enlarged. The bill reported by that committee and afterwards passed with little difficulty by the legislature made no radical changes in the 4 previous act defining the objects of the survey, but provided for the appointment of an assistant geologist at a salary of $1,500, enlarging the limits of the annual “ expenses necessarily incurred in fitting up a chemical laboratory,” and repealed the provision for keeping an office at Jackson, permitting the alternative of having it at Oxford. Soon after the beginning of the Civil War the university faculty was dissolved and the survey discontinued, Professor Hilgard being first detailed by the governor to take charge of the State property at the university and afterwards appointed an agent of the niter bureau. In these and kindred capacities he served until the renewal of the work in 1866. The mule team of the survey was sold under authority from the governor soon after the suspension of the survey. There being no legal mode of turning the proceeds into the State treasury, they remained in the custody of Doctor Hilgard in the form of notes, issued during the work by the State upon cotton pledged for their redemption and hence known as “cotton money.” At the close of the war these notes were worthless and the survey left without means for repurchase. Subsequently, however, a suitable team was procured out of the appropriation for current expenditures. Dr. George Little, formerly professor of natural sciences at Oak- land College, near Rodney, Mississippi, was appointed assistant geologist in July, 1866, and shortly thereafter took the field for de- tailed exploration of the loess region from Rodney to its farthest point in Louisiana, the especial object being to ascertain its relation to the “ coast Pliocene” or Port Hudson beds on the one hand, and to the southern equivalent of the “ yellow loam ” of Mississippi and Tennessee on the other. The general results of this exploration are briefly stated in Memoir No. 248 of the Smithsonian Contributions, page 4, namely, that the loess material gradually changes toward that of a noncalcareous and nonfossilferous hardpan or indurated silt, from a point about 8 miles below the Louisiana line, and seems also to thin out. No detailed report or field notes of this trip are on record. , Tn view of the difficulties and insecurity besetting the office of State geologist under the régime then existing in the State of Missis- sipp!, in October, 1866, Doctor Hilgard accepted permanently the chair of chemistry at the university, and Doctor Little was then appointed State geologist. He took the field in the autumn of 1867, in order to reexplore the section of the Tertiary strata afforded by the Chickasawhay River, between Enterprise and Winchester. He descended the stream in a canoe, making numerous portages over shal- low stretches. The result of this reexamination was simply a con- GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 267 268 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. firmation of the observations previously made by Hilgard, going by land, in 1859; of this exploration, also, no detailed record or report is on file. No field work was done by Doctor Little in 1868, partly because by consent of the governor he was then acting as professor of geology and mineralogy at the university, in addition to the survey work in the laboratory and collection rooms. In October, 1870, however, he definitely resigned the State geolo- gistship for the professorship of geology and natural history in the university, and in order to prevent the survey from being either abolished or falling into the wrong hands, Hilgard again assumed its direction without additional compensation, it being understood that he should be under no obligation to take the field personally. In November, 1868, the assistantship had been filled by the appoint- ment of Dr. Eugene A. Smith, of Alabama, then just returned from his studies in Europe. Doctor Smith took hold of the work with energy, although the first duties were not of the most interesting character—namely, the farthest prosecution of the analyses of soils and marls selected so as to cover, as nearly as possible, all parts of the State. This work was carried on by him through the year 1869 and a portion of 1870. In September of the latter year he took the field with the usual out- fit of a two-mule ambulance and driver. There were then two regions in the State that had not been at all satisfactorily explored—one the belt northward of the Jackson area, of which only the portions lying in Neshoba and Lauderdale counties on the eastern border of the State, and a small area in Attala County, near the Central Railroad, had been somewhat minutely examined. This being the connecting link between the “ northern lignitic” and calcareous marine stages, its examination was of especial interest, but at the same time a difficult task on account of the extreme variability of its materials and fossils and the scarcity of outcrops. The other comparatively unknown region was the great “ Yazoo bottom,” the geological ex- ploration of which had become of especial interest in connection with the question of the age of the formations of the Gulf coast and Delta. While the latter region was to be the chief objective point of the first expedition, Doctor Smith availed himself of the opportunity of observing a section across the older Tertiary in passing from Oxford to Yazoo City by way of the Pontotoc “ flatwoods,” Kosciusko, and Jackson. He then descencied into the Yazoo bottoms and traversed them, zig- gagging from the river to the bluff from near Vicksburg to its head -near Memphis. Qn this laborious and insalubrious trip he studied both the surface features of the great alluvial plain and the geological | j " GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 269 features of the deposits that form its substrata. A summary report of this important exploration was given by him at the Indianapolis meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and was published in the volume of prcceedings for 1871 (p. 252). The outcome of these observations is there summarily stated to have been that “the true river deposits” of any considerable thickness are mostly confined to narrow strips of land lying on both sides of the Mississippi and of the bayous and creeks and to ancient channels since filled up; while a large proportion of the superficial area of the bottom, including some of the most fertile lands, is derived from the clays of older formations into which these beds have been ex- cavated. The equivalence of this older clay formation with that of the Port Hudson profile, already suggested, was thus verified. Returning to Oxford early in December, Doctor Smith carried on the chemical work until the end of May, 1871, when he took the field again in order to trace across the State the “siliceous Claiborne ” belt above referred to. His route lay from Leake County southeast- ward to the Alabama line, along the northern contact of the prob- lematic “ Red Hills” and yellow sandstones with the lignitic forma- tion; then westward again in the more southerly portion of the belt, to the border of the Yazoo bottom (the “ Mississippi bluff”). In this trip he traced the connection and established the equivalence of the ferruginous formation as a local feature, with the sandstones of Neshoba and Newton Counties, which again connect unequivocally with the characteristic “ buhrstones ” of Lauderdale. In September, 1871, Doctor Smith resigned the assistantship to take the chair of geology and mineralogy in the University of Ala- bama, with which, through his efforts, the office of State geologist of the latter State was afterwards connected. His successor in the assistantship of the Mississippi survey was Mr. R. H. Loughridge, of Texas, who had for some time previously acted as Hilgard’s assistant in the chemical laboratory and subse- quently as instructor in general chemistry. Mr. Loughridge prose- cuted the chemical work of the survey during a part of the year 1872, while Doctor Hilgard was preparing for the elaboration of another report covering the work done since the publication of the report of 1860, when, by arbitrary ruling of the State auditor of public accounts, the survey appropriation was withheld, and thus in the autumn of 1872 the work was preemptorily stopped and has not been revived since, although the act of 1860 has never been legally rescinded. No provision for the publication of the results has ever been made by the State. The records and collections of the survey remained in custody of the University of Mississippi, and were left by Doctor Hilgard fully labeled as to locality and time of 270 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. collection, with reference to the field notes, and to the name or designation under which the specimens of fossils appeared in the report of 1860. Hepenses.—Satisfactory statistics bearing upon the expenses of the survey are not available. So far as can be determined by the reading of the various acts establishing the survey and making the appropriations, they were approximately as follows: By act of March 5, 1850, $3,000 a year for seven years_____-_--_---_ $21, 000 By act (OL) 18525 LOT MUSOU ra ee a ri ee a ee 200 By act of 1854," for ‘publication= 2222 eke tetas Men Oe ee ee 2, 500 By’ ‘act “of 1857, “for ‘laboratory 22k Os seer se ees a oe By sactiiof #1860, 4 for: laboratoryse se see Ol see as oe eee 545 By act “Ol; 1S60,;.for, publication: Soule se 3a eee 3, 500 Total ApPYLOPryaclon see se ea Se as Seen Oc ee eee $28, 945 Salaries—Under Professor Millington, the assistant geologists were paid $1,000 each, annually. Professor Hilgard, under Harper, received at first $1,000, which was later increased to $1,500 annuaily. Professor Harper’s salary is given as having been $2,000 annually. Publications.—The official reports of the several surveys were com- prised under five reports and a circular announcing the resumption of work in 1866. Wailes’s report (the first of the Mississippi geological reports), of which the publication was provided for by the law of 1854, bears the imprint of E. Barksdale, State printer, 1854, but was actually printed at Philadelphia, where Wailes remained during the greater part of 1854 to superintend its passage through the press. The volume is an octavo of 371 pages, with 17 illustrations, partly of a historical character, partly referring to the cotton industry. Eight of these illustrate geological subjects, the most important being four plates of shells from the Jackson shell bed, named and de- scribed by Conrad. The report begins with a “ historical outline,” covering 125 pages; a treatise on the agriculture of the State, partly historical and dealing largely with cotton culture, followed by some analyses of marls, cotton, ashes, and mineral waters, and covering 81 pages; meteorological data, 12 pages; lists of fauna and flora, 46 pages: appendices, with documents, 25 pages. This summary ig sufficiently indicative of the fact that Wailes was not and did not write as a specialist in any department. He made no attempt to classify the rocks he described otherwise than as Cretaceous, Terti- ary, and Quaternary, and inferentially classed among the latter the sandstone of the Grand Gulf group, which is mentioned as over- lying “diluvial gravel.” We traced correctly the northern limit of the Grand Gulf rocks from the Mississippi. across Pearl River GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 271 to Brandon, and described their occurrence in southwestern Missis- sippi. The printing of Professor Harper’s report was provided for by the act of 1857, which effected the separation of the survey from the university. The sum of $3,500 was voted for its publication. Con- cerning this Hilgard writes: Of this report it need only be said that it is a literary, linguistic, and scientific curiosity, and probably unique in official publications of its kind. It is the labored attempt of a socialist to show erudition and to compass the impossible feat of interpreting and discussing intelligently a considerable mass of observations mostly recorded by another, working on a totally different plane from himself. In making use of my field notes, which of course passed into his hands, the facts as well as the conclusions suffered such distortion that, but for the introduction of all the figures and diagrams given in my manuscript, I should have been unable in many cases to recognize iny own work. It is thus that the “Orange sand” becomes in his hands “the Miocene formation,” while what he saw of the Port Huron beds, as well as the Quarternary gravels, is referred to the Eocene. Shortly after the publication of the book I publicly disclaimed all responsibility for either facts or conclusions pretended to be based upon my work, since, although my name is nowhere mentioned in the volume, the innumerable errors would in the course of time be likely to be laid at my door. The legislature of 1859 made an appropriation of $3,500 for print- ing Hilgard’s report, “ with such diagrams and maps as the governor shall deem necessary for its illustration;” and “it is hereby espe- cially enjoined upon his excellency, in the publication of said book, to have the same performed at the South, if the same can be done at an advance of 10 per cent upon the cost of its publication at the North.” The latter clause was a characteristic sign of the times. The act was approved by the governor February 10, 1860. It was soon and easily ascertained that the 5,000 copies of the volume could not be printed anywhere at the South at an advance of 10 per cent on New York prices, but Governor Pettus declared that he would not allow it to go North under any circumstances, even if it had to remain unprinted. The estimates prepared by Mr. E. Barksdale, the State printer, showed that to do the work in his office would cost over $4,000 at the lowest estimate placed upon the un- completed manuscript. Finally, Mr. Barksdale proposed that if Hilgard would be responsible for $250 of the excess of cost over the amount allowed by the State, he would cover the rest. This proposi- tion was accepted, and the governor relented so far as to allow the map, which could not be furnished by any southern establishment, to be prepared by the Coltons of New York; the other plates were pre- pared at New Orleans. The printing was begun at Jackson in May, 1860. The latter parts of the report were largely written while the first portion was passing 136075—20-——_19 272 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. through the press, but several forms were not yet in print when, in August, imperative business called Doctor Hilgard to Europe, and the work of seeing the report through the press fell upon Dr, W. D. Moore. On Hilgard’s return from Europe in November, 1860, he found the report in print, and shortly afterwards it was shipped to St. Louis for binding. The political events which soon afterward con- vulsed the country prevented the return of the bound edition to Mississippi. It remained warehoused in the binder’s hands during the entire war between the States, and it was not until 1865 that measures were taken for its recovery. The war and the “ 12 months thereafter” having expired, the survey was revived ipso facto on the basis of the act of 1860, and Hilgard found the State printer, Mr. E. Barksdale, determined to carry out to the letter his agree- ment in respect to the publication of the report, thus likewise reviv- ing his obligation to contribute $250 toward the payment of its cost, which, under the conditions then existing, was a heavy tax. The edition was received at Jackson early in 1866 and thence distributed according to the following law: An act to regulate the distribution of the reports on the geology and agriculture of the Staie of Mississippi. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Iegislature of the State of Mississippi, That 2,500 of Doctor Hilgard’s reports on the geology and agriculture of the State shall be distributed by the secretary of state to the counties and publie insti- tutions in accordance with the provisions of the act regulating the distribution of the preceding report, except so far as relate te the State University. Sec. 2. Be it further enacied, That it shall be the duty of the secretary of state to deposit at the State University 250 copies of said report for the use of the institution and for distribution to and exchange with scientific and literary men and institutions by the librarian of the university, under the direction of the faculty. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That the copies not distributed in accordance with the provisions of the preceding section shall remain deposited in the capital, subject to the control of the secretary of state, who shall have authority to issue one copy gratuitously to any citizen of the State making application for the same, and to citizens of other States upon the payment of $1 per copy, or in exchange for works of similar character, to be deposited in the State library. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved, February 18, 1867. Benefits —The benefits of the surveys under direction of Doctor Hilgard are summarized by him: In this report I undertook to separate, as far as possible, the purely scientifie part from that bearing directly upon practical points, in order to render the letter as accessible to unscientific readers as the nature of the ease permit- ted, while at the same time giving scientific discussion full swing in its proper GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. od place. This was the more necessary as my predecessor’s reports had beet sharply criticized in this respect; and I think the result has justified my judg- . ment in the premises. The volume is thus divided nearly evenly between a } “ geological ” and “agricultural” portion; the former giving, under the special heading of “ useful materials,” the technically important features of each for- pation, after its geological characters have been discussed. In the agricultural portion it seemed needful at the time to give by way of introduction, a brief discussion of the principles of agricultural chemistry, then but little understood by the general public; and accordingly, 50 pages are given to this subject and discussed with reference to the agricultuarl practice of the State. In the special or descriptive portion of the agricultural report the State is divided into “regions” characterized by more or less uniformity of soil and surface features; and each is considered in detail with respect to all natural features bearing on agricultural pursuits, special attention being given to the nature of the soils as shown by their vegetation and analysis. In the latter respect I departed pointedly from the then prevailing opinions, by which soil analysis was held to be practically useless. My exploration of the State had shown me such intimate connection between the natural vegetation and the varying chemical nature of the underlying strata that bave contributed to soil formation, as to greatly encourage the belief that definite results could be eliminated from the discussion of a considerable number of analyses, of soils earefully observed and classified with respect both to their origin and the natural vegetation, and a comparison of these data with the results of culti- vation; and that thus it would become possible, after all, to do what Liebig originally expected could be done, viz, to predict measurably the behavior of soils in cultivation from their chemical composition. To what extent this expectation has been fufilled, is hardly apparent from the very limited num- ber of analyses which my unaided work was able to furnish for the report of 1860. But lights then obtained encovraged me to persevere in the same line of investigation, in the face of much adverse criticism, when wider opportunities presented themselves afterwards. By the aid of these I think I may fairly claim that the right of soil analysis to be considered as an essential and often decisive factor in the a priori estimation of the cultural value of virgin soils, has been well established alongside of the limitations imposed by physical and climatie conditions and by previous invention of culture.? With the recognition of these facts the importance of agricultural surveys to the population especially of the newer states and territories becomes suffi-~ ciently obvious to command at least the same attention as those investigations directed specially to the recognition of the geological and mineral resources of the same regions; and the “classification of lands,’ provided for under the law creating the United States Geological Survey, assumes a new and more pressing significance. Even apart from any special investigations of soil com- position, the right of the agricultural interests to at least a good intelligent and intelligible description of the surface features of a region, given with resvect to its agricultural capabilities and its attractions for settlers, can hardly be denied. With the additional possibilities opened by the intelligent application of s0il investigation, there is no excuse for the neglect, sometimes almost absolute, with which this branch of the public surveys has thus far been treated by those charged with their execution. 1¥For a more extended exemplification and discussion of the nature and utility ef such work, see the Report on Cotton Production in the United States, vols. 5 and 6 of the Reports of the Tenth Census; also Amer. Journ. Scei., December, 1872, p. 434; also issue for September, p. 188. 274 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dr. David D. Owen was, among the older American geologists, the one whe most steadily kept the agricultural interests in view and gave them prominence in his researches and reports; and while my personal intercourse with him predisposed me to follow his example in this respect, my further experience has only served to strengthen my conviction that a reasonable proportion of atten- tion given to agricultural work would effectually smooth the path of our public surveys, whose fate is forever trembling in the balance at each reassembling of the legislative bodies upon which their continued endowment depends and by whose country members their utility is constantly called in question. No such question was raised in Mississippi after the publication of my report for 1860, and legislative appropriations for substantially similar work done by me on behalf of agriculture have since been liberally maintained in California, despite the conspicious disfavor with which the geological survey of that State has for 12 years past been regarded by the public. Had that survey been adapted to the legitimate needs of the State, by proper diligence in the pursuit of its agricultural side, the discontinuance of the work would never have been carried through the legislature. As a striking exemplification of the change wrought in public sentiment by the energetic prosecution of agricultural survey work, I may quote the action taken at the called session of the Legislature of Mississippi in August, 1861. Under the terrible stress brought to bear on the State even then by the impend- ing confiict, it would have been natural to expect the complete extinction of the appropriation for the survey work. Instead of this, an act was passed sus- pending the appropriation for the geological survey “ until the close of the war and for 12 months thereafter; except the sum of $1,250 per annum, which shal be applied to the payment of the salary of the State geologist, and the purchase of such chemicals as may be necessary to carry on the analysis of soils, minerals, and mineral waters and to enable him to preserve the apparatus, analyses, and other property of the State connected with said survey.” This appropriation was actually maintained during the entire struggle of the Confederacy, and, so far as the vicissitudes of war permitted, the chemical work (and even some field work) was continued by me during the same time. The searcity of salt suggested the utilzation of some of the saline waters and efflorescences So common in the southern part of the State, and some 40 (un- published) analyses of such saline mixtures are on record. I made an official report on the subject to Governor Pettus, dated June 9, 1862. I also made a special exploration on the several limestone caves of the State with a view to the discovery of nitrous earths; but from the fact that these caves are all traversed by lively streams. I found nowhere a sufficient accumulation of ni- trates to render exploitation useful. MISSOURI. FIRST SURVEY UNDER GEORGE C. SWALLOW, 1853-1862. Organization.—About the earliest record available of official ac- tion on the part of the State of Missouri in the direction of a geo- logical survey is given in the message of Gov. Lilburn W. Boggs to the tenth general assembly, in 1833. In this he recommended an 3 See also Geological Survey of Missouri, Journal of Geology, vol. 2, 1894, pp. 207-221, and Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 4, 1878-86, pp. 611-624. BULLETIN 109 PL. 20 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM "E2-S181 ‘ATISdWNd TIAVHdVY ‘LHUNOSSIW AO SLSIDO104S5D ALVLS Gl-€18| ‘GVWSHGVOYNG HYVO GNVTEVD ~6-6881 ‘MOISNIM YNHLEY GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. A 5) appropriation for a geological survey as a part of a general sys- tem of internal improvement. Apparently as a result of the spirit prompting this recommenda- tion, surveys of the Meramec, the Salt, the North, Grand, and Osage rivers were started, under a board of internal improvements, and the geological examination of the Osage River was made under Dr. Henry King, president of the Western Academy of Natural Sciences. After this the matter of investigation by the State seems to have fallen into neglect for several years. In October, 1846, at a convention held in Springfield in the interest of internal improvement a memorial was framed to the general as- sembly, in which special stress was laid upon the value of the de- velopment of the mineral resources of the State. In the message of Gov. John C. Edwards to the assembly in the same year the subject of a geological survey was again recommended for consideration. The matter was referred to the committee on in- ternal improvement, of which Dewitt C. Ballou was chairman. In a report of eight pages this committee strongly advised the inaugura- tion of such an undertaking. No immediate action, however, fol- lowed, and at the session of the general assembly of 1848 a memorial of 13 pages was presented from the Historical and Philosophical So- ciety of Missouri, again inviting the attention of the legislature to the matter. The immediate effect of this was another memorial from the legislature to Congress urging that the National Government have made a geological survey of the State. Nothing seems to have resulted from this memorial, and in the following year (1850) Gov. Austin A. King, in his message to the sixteenth general assembly, again urged the importance of attending to these matters. Again nothing immediate seems to have been done, but the matter con- tinued to be agitated, and during the session of the legislature of 1853 an act creating the first geological survey of the State was passed and approved. The following is the text of this act: An act to provide for a geological and mineralogical survey of the State. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Alissouri, as follows: 1. The governor of this State is hereby authorized and required, as soon as may be after the passage of this act, to appoint a State geologist, who shall be a person of competent scientific and practical knowledge of the sciences of geology and mineralogy; and the said State geologist shall, by and with the eonsent of the governor, appoint any number of suitable persons, not exceeding four, to assist him in the discharge of his duties, who shall be skillful, analyti- éal, and experimental chemists; and may appoint such other subordinate assist- ants, as he may deem necessary. 2. It shall be the duty of the said State geologist, and his said principal as- gistants, as soon as may be practicable after their appointment, to commence 276 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and carry on with as much expedition and dispatch, as may be consistent with minuteness and accuracy, with a view to determine the order, succession, ar- rangement, relative position, dip, or inclination, and comparative magnitude of the several strata, or geological formations, within this State; and to dis- eover and examine all beds or deposits or ore, coal, marls, and such other mineral substances, and mineral waters, as may be useful or valuable, and to perform such other duties as may be necessary to make a full and complete geological and mineralogical survey of the State. 3. It shall be the duty of the said assistants to make fuli and complete exami- nations, assays, and analyses of all rocks, ores, soils, or other substances, as may be submitted to them by the State geologist for the purpose, and to furnish him with a detailed and complete account of the results so obtained. 4, It shall be the duty of the said geologist on or before the 1st day of December in each and every year during the time necessarily occupied by said survey, to make an annual report of the progress of said survey, accompanied with such maps, drawings, and specimens as may be necessary and proper to exemplify and elucidate the same, to the secretary of state, who shall lay such report before the legislature. 5. It shall be the duty of said State geclogist to cause to be represented on the map of the State, by color and other appropriate means, the various areas occupied by the different geological formations in the State, and to mark thereon the localities of the respective beds or deposits of the various mineral substances discovered; and on the completion of the survey to complete a memoir of the geology and mineralogy of the State, comprising a complete account of the leading subjects and discoveries which have been embraced in the survey. 6. It shall be the duty of the State geologist to forward to the secretary of state from time to time, during the progress of the survey, such specimens in triplicate of the rocks, ores, coals, soils, fossils, and other minerai sub- stances discovered and examined, and may be proper and necessary to form a complete cabinet collection ef specimens of the géology and mineralogy of the State; and the said secretary shall cause one set thereof to be deposited, in proper order, in some convenient room in the State capitol, there to be preserved for publie inspection, and another set with the State university, and another set with the city of St. Louis, to be deposited by said city in some convenient place or with some public institution in that city for publie inspection. 7. For the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this act the sum of $10,000 is hereby annually appropriated, for the term of two years, to be expended under the direction of the governor: Provided, however, That the salaries of the said State geologist and his assistants shall not commence until they have been entered upon the execution of their duties; and upon presenta- tion by the said State geologist of the proper vouchers, the auditor of public uccounts is hereby required to draw his warrant on the treasurer for the amount of the cost of any chemical apparatus or other outfit, deemed necessary by said State geologist, and also for the amount of the quarterly pay of the said State geologist and his assistants, on presentation of the proper vouchers, by said State geologist, and upon the order of the governor, who shall be satisfied that the services for which such pay shall be demanded have been performed; Provided, That the amount of such cost and pay shall not, in any one year, ex- ceed the amount herein appropriated. §. The said State geologist and his principal assistants, before entering upon the discharge of their duties, shall each take an oath before some judge or justice of the peace faithfully to perform all the services required of them under GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 277 this act, and to abstain from all pecuniary speculations for themselves or others in the objects of their survey during its progress. 9. The annual salary of said State geologist shall not exceed $3,000; the an- nual salary of the principal assistants shall not exceed $1,500; and the pay of subordinate assistants or servants shall nut exceed $1 per day for every day of actual service. 10. Before appointing said State geologist, as provided for in the first section of this act, the governor is requested to correspond with men of science on the subject, with the view of procuring the services of a person entirely suitable and competent. 11. This act to take effect from its passage. Approved, February 24, 1853. This survey, it will be noted, had no connection with other insti- tutions, although the State geologist was, during a part of his term of service, professor of geology in the State University. It was sus- tained by the regular annual appropriations made by order of the legislature. Administration—Under the act of 1853 Prof. G. C. Swallow, who had been engaged in teaching in Maine, was made State geologist: Prof. A. Little, of St. Louis, chemist; and R. B. Price, of Brunswick, Missouri, draftsman. Subsequently, B. F. Shumard, of Louisville, Kentucky, was appointed paleontologist and assistant geologist. In 1854 F. B. Meek was commissioned assistant geologist; in 1857 G. C. Broadhead and Henry Engelmann received like commissions; and mm 1858 Dr. J. G. Norwood was appointed assistant geologist. Mr. R. B. Price, resigning in 1858, his position was filled by the ap- pointment of H. A. Ulffers, who served also as assistant geologist. Mr. C. Gilbert Wheeler was assistant geologist from 1860 to 1861. In addition to these, R. B. Price, Fred. Bass, F. Hawn, Warren Hough, Edward Harrison, and Daniel Crosby are mentioned in the annual report as having rendered assistance. All the assistants were, as noted in the law, appointed by the State geologist, by and with the consent of the governor. The salary received by the State geologist was at the rate of $3,000 a year and the assistants $1,000 and $1,500 a year. The aim of the survey, as stated in the first report, was to make (1) an outline of the general geology of the whole State; (2) a general view of the mincral wealth of the mining district; (3) an exposition of the agricultural and manufacturing resources of the State; and (4) reports in detail of as many counties as possible. The character of the work was mainly preliminary. It aimed to mark down on accurate maps the boundaries of the geological forma- tions, the limits of the prairie and timber, mineral localities, and all matters necessary to form a geographical as well as geological map. Sections were corrected and grouped, and minerals, fossils, rocks, ores, and mineral waters collected, and also soils. 278 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Besides noting the geology, the members of the survey were ex- pected, when convenient, to make botanical and zoological collections. There were, as a rule, two parties in the field, with camp equipage, horses, etc., the property of the State. The office and headquarters of the survey were in rooms of the State University at Columbia. Concerning the work of this survey Winslow remarks: Reviewing briefly this work of the geological survey, we must recognize as remarkable and excellent the classification of the rocks which are involved, as well as the general accuracy with which the distribution of the formations was defined, especially when the short time is considered. Under the control of Hail’s new classification and nomenclature published in 1848, though un- doubtedly assisted, yet not mislead by Owen’s results, Swallow and his assist- ant established a table of formations and outlined a geographical map of the State, which remains to this date unchanged in its main features. The law required that the collections should be made in triplicate, one set of which should go to the State University, one to the city of St. Louis, and one to be deposited in some convenient room in the capitol. The Civil War interfered and the collections, though made, were not distributed, the specimens for the most part remaining in boxes until 1884, w hoe they were unpacked and panely arranged in the museum of ibe State University. Hxpenses—The total cost of the survey during the nine years of its existence was $105,000. Pudlications.—F ive reports of progress were issued, dated 1853, 1854, 1856, 1859, and 1860, respectively. Of these only the second, comprising 447 pages, contained anything of geological importance, and is the one commonly known as Swallow’s report on the geology of Missouri. The others are all brief and partly administrative. The annual reports were distributed through the members of the legislature and by the geologist. SECOND SURVEY UNDER ALBERT D. HAGER, 1870-1871. Organization—The survey under Professor Swallow came to an end, as noted, in 1862, owing to the disorganized condition of the country caused by the Civil War. The matter was not, how- ever, long allowed to remain dormant, and even before the close of the war a James McKenzie presented a petition to the legislature, the object of which was to secure the publication of information concerning the resources of the State for foreign distribution. In the report of the corresponding secretary of the board of agriculture for 1865, the importance of a scientific survey was dwelt on, but no definite recommendations made. In the report of the secre- tary of the same organization, for 1866, the need of geological work again found expression, and at the meeting of the board of agri- 7 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 279 culture in December, 1867, a resolution was passed to memorialize the general assembly to appoint a State geologist. The first movement on the part of the legislature, in response to these solicitations, was the bill passed in 1866 authorizing Professor Swallow and L, D. Morse (or Moore) to publish the manuscripts of the first geological survey. This idea was, however, abandoned on account of the expense. In 1867 a memorial was presented to the legislature from the St. Louis Academy of Sciences advocating the reestablishment of the geological survey and calling attention to the loss which would re- sult if no provisions were made for the publication of results of the work done by the previous organization. Nothing seems to have been done until Gov. J. W. McClurg, in his message of January, 1868, devoted considerable space to a considera- tion of the resources of the State, and paid tribute to the value of the Swallow report, and recommended the publication of further de- tailed information. The effect of this message was immediate, and on March 24 an act was passed creating the second geological survey. The provisions of this act were in the main the same as those of the act creating the first survey, differing, however, in some particu- lars, and mainly in that the bureau was placed under the control of a board of managers of nine members, whereas, by the provisions of the first act the State geologist was subject to the direction of the governor alone. The following is the text of this act: An act to establish a mining, metallurgical, and geological bureau for the State of Missouri, and to provide for its support and management, and to authorize a geologi- cal survey. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, as follows: ” Section 1. There is hereby created and established a bureau of the mines, metallurgy, and geology for the State of Missouri, and the same shall be in the eharge and under the control of a board of managers, consisting of the goy- ernor, who shall be the president of the board, and one member from each con- gressional district, who shall be appointed by the governor, and hold their offices for the term of four years, and until their successors are appointed and con- firmed. Src. 2. The governor shall, as soon as the board of managers is constituted as provided in the preceding section of this act, and with the advice and consent of said board, appoint a fit and competent person as State geologist, and said State geologist may appoint, subject to the approval of the board of managers one assistant State geologist, who shall be a skillful, analytical, and practical ebemist, to assist him in the discharge of his duties, and the said State geolo- gist may employ such other subordinate assistants as may be found necessary. Sec. 3. It shail be the duty of the said State geologist and his assistant, as soon as may be practicable after their appointment, to commence and carry on, with as much expedition as may be consistent with minuteness and accuracy, a thorough mineralogical and geological survey of this State, and determine the 280 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. extent, value, order, succession, arrangement, relative position, dip or inclina- tion, and comparative magnitude of the mineral deposits and the several strata or geological formations within this State, and also determine the extent of the agricultural, horticultural, and vine lands, and their adaptability to the varied products of the soil, and also to determine the extent and capacity of the water powers of tie various streams, and shall also make full and complete assays and analyses as they may deem necessary, of all minerals, soils, and other sub- stances necessary for a complete and satisfactory report of the material dis- covered and so treated. Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the said State geologist to make a monthly summary of his work, and forward the same to the president of the board of managers for publication, and shall also, on or before the Ist day of December in each and every year during the time necessarily occupied by said survey, to make a full report of the progress of said survey during the preceding year, which shall be accompanied by such maps, drawings, and specimens as may be hecessary and proper to exemplify and elucidate the same, and deliver the same to the aforesaid president. Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of said State geologist, upon the completion of the survey, to represent, or cause to be represented, upon proper maps of the State, by distinctive lines, marks, and appropriate colors, the area and mag- nitude of the various beds of different minerals, valuable rocks, marls, agricul- tural. vine, and horticultural Jands, and the various interesting or anomalous stratified rocks discovered, and the water powers aforesaid, and shall accom- pany the same with a complete memoir of all the minerals, rocks, agricultural, vine, and farming lands thus delineated, as well as the watercourses required by this act to (be) examined; and he shall embrace within such memoir a full, entire, and accurate account of the leading discoveries made in the State, and also a glossary of the scientific terms used in the report; and the said report, 50 made, when being completed, shall be deposited with the president of the board of managers. ; Src. 6. It shall be the duty of the State geologist to forward to the president of the board of managers, from time to time during the progress of the survey, such specimens, in triplicate, of the rocks, ores, coals, fossils, and other mineral substances examined, properly labeled, giving the names of such specimens and localities from which they were taken, for the purpose of forming a complete cabinet of specimens of the mineralogy and geology of the State. One set of said specimens shall be placed in the school of mines and metallurgy whenever the same shall be established; one set shall be placed in the State University; and the other shall be preserved in such manner as the board of managers may direct; and the said specimens shall be open to public inspection at all reason- able hours, under such regulations as are necessary for their proper care and preservation. Sec. 7. The State geologist and his assistant, before entering upon the dis charge of their duties, shall each take an oath before some officer of this State qualified to administer oaths, that they will honestly, faithfully, and fairly per- form all the duties required of them by this act, to the best of their abilities, and that they will not permit any person to have access to any of their books or papers, or communicate their contents to any person or persons; and that they will not disclose or make public any mine or valuable deposit, otherwise than in their official reports to the board of managers, and that they will abstain from all speculations in their own behalf, or in behalf of others, during the progress of such survey and in relation thereto, i. Ne GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 281 Sec. 8. The annual salary of the State geologist shall not exceed $38,000; the annual salary of the assistant shall not exceed $2,000, and the pay of the sub- ordinate assistants shall not exeeed, for each of them, the sum of $1.50 per day for each day employed. Sec. 9. The board of managers of the bureau herein provided for shall have a superintending control over the surveys and reports contemplated by this act; shall have power to make yearly agreements with the State geologist and his assistants as to the amount of their salaries; to appeint a committee of their body to examine, audit, and allow all necessary expenses of such survey as they occur, and to certify the same to the governor; to remove from office, for cause, the said State geologist or any of his assistants; and so soon as possible after their organization under this act, should they deem the best interests of the State to require it, they shall provide for the establishment, at the most acces- sible point in the State, of an office for assayer of ores. And when so estab- lished, the governor of the State, by, and with the consent of said board, shall appoint an assayer for such office, whose duties shall be prescribed by the board of managers, who shall by contract determine the amount of salary, which in no ease shall exceed the sum of $2,000 per year. Src. 10. The said board of managers shall demand and take possession of all the geological reports of this State, published and unpublished, instruments, implements, and all other paraphernalia which were used in connection with the geological surveys of this State by the former geologist employed by the State. And all persons now in possession of the same are hereby authorized and required to turn the same over to the president of the board of managers of the bureau herein established, and when received, the said board shall have power to turn the same over to the State geologist, or make such other disposi- tion of them as they may deem the best interest of the State demand. Src. 11. The president of the said board of managers of the said bureau shall receive all the reports of the State geologist contemplated by this act; shall lay the same before the board of managers for their consideration and approval, ut their annual meeting, to be held at any time, at the discretion of the presi- dent, before the meeting of the general assembly; and after the day fixed by this act when the State geologist is required to make his annual report, and at such meeting the president shall lay before the said board an accurate account of all expenditures incurred in prosecuting the objects for which this bureau has been created, all of which, after the action of the board thereon, shall be laid before the general assembly at the first following session by the president. Sec. 12. The board of managers herein provided for shall be allowed, as a full compensation, their necessary expenses whilst attending to any of the duties required of them by this act, the accounts therefor to be made out under cath and filed with the State auditor, and the pay of the State geologist and his as- sistant shall be out of the appropriations applicable to the payment of other elvil officers of the State. Src. 13. The sum of $7,500 is hereby appropriated out of any money in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated to defray the general expenses of the bureau created by this act, and no larger amount shall be expended for such purposes in any one year. The president of the board of managers is hereby authorized to certify to the State auditor, from time to time, the sums of money required to pay the salaries of the State geologist and his assistant and for the general expenses of the bureau, and on receiving such certificates the auditor shall draw his warrant on the treasurer of the State for the requisite amounts 282 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. in favor of the parties and persons entitled to receive the same, and shall charge the several sums so paid to the account of the proper appropriation. Sec. 14. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved, March 24, 1870. Administration —Under the act of 1870 Albert D. Hager, of Ver- mont, and at one time connected with the survey of that State under Dr. Edward Hitchcock, was appointed by the board State geologist, and headquarters were established at St. Louis. He held this posi- tion only until August, 1871, when Dr. Joseph G. Norwood was placed temporarily in charge and held office until November 25 of the same year. With Doctor Norwood were appointed G. C. Broad- head and C. M. Litton, assistants. The board of managers for this survey were elected for two years and the State geologist for an indefinite period. The latter was au- thorized to appoint one assistant and one chemist and such other assistants as the board might deem necessary. The members of the board themselves received no salary, but were allowed necessary ex- penses for traveling, etc., and a secretary, who was paid $50 per month. By law the salary of the State geologist was not to exceed $3,000 a year and that of the assistants not to exceed $2,000; the subordi- nates to be paid at the rate of $1.50 per day so long as employed. Eapenses.—The total appropriations for this survey were $12,500. Publication—Mr. Hager published but one report of progress—a pamphlet of 21 pages, in which were briefly noted the chief minerals and building stones of the State. THIRD SURVEY UNDER R. PUMPELLY AND GEORGE C. BROADHEAD, 1872-1874. The law of 1870 being found unsatisfactory it was amended in 1871 by the passage of the following act. It will be noted that among other changes, the board of managers was reduced from 10 (the governor and one for each congressional district) to 5. An act to provide fer a bureau of geology and mines to complete ihe geological survey of the State of Missouri. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, as follows: Section 1. There is hereby created and established a bureau of geology and mines for the State of Missouri, which shall be under the direction and in charge of a board of managers, which shall consist of the governor, who shall be president of the board, and four citizens from the State at large, who shall be appointed by the governor, shall hold their office for the term of two years and until their successors are appointed and qualified. Src. 2. As soon as the board of managers is organized, as provided in the preceding section, the present State geologist may appoint, subject to the ap- proval of the board of managers, one assistant paleontologist and geologist and one assistant chemist to assist him in the discharge of his duties; and said State geologist may employ such subordinates and laborers as may be : GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 233 deemed necessary by the board: Provided, The whole expenditure of the board shal] not exceed the sum hereinafter appropriated. Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the State geologist and his assistants, under the instructions and directions of the board of managers, to carry on and complete the geological survey of the State already begun, with a view to determine the order, succession, arrangement, relation, position, dip, or inclination and com- parative magnitude of the several strata or geological formations within this State, and to discover and examine all beds or deposits of ore, coal, marls, and such other mineral substances and mineral waters as may be useful or valu- able; make full and complete examinations, assays, and analyses of such rocks, clays, marls, ores, and other substances as may indicate useful results, and to perform such other duties as may be necessary to make a full and complete geological and mineralogical survey of the State. Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the State geologist to make, or cause to be made, a detailed report of each county as soon as the survey thereof shall be eompleted. Each county report shall be accompanied by an accurate map and section of the county, on which shall be represented by colors and other appro- priate means, the various areas occupied by the prairie, timber and bottom lands, and by the different geological formations in the State, and to mark thereon the localities of the respective beds or deposits of the various mineral sub- stances discovered; and on the completion of the survey of the State he shall make complete report of the geology and mineralogy of each county, comprising a full account of the discoveries made, and each of such reports shall be deliv- ered to the board of managers as soon as completed. Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the State geologist to collect, in triplicate, all rocks, ores, coals, fossils, and such other mineral substances discovered as may be necessary to form a complete cabinet collection of the geology and mineralogy of the State. Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the board of managers to report to the general assembly, on the first week of each session, the progress and condition of the survey, 2 detailed account of all moneys spent, and all such reports of the State geologist and his assistants as have been completed, together with all such information as may be deemed necessary and useful. Sec. 7. It shall be the daty of said board to collect and take possession of all materials accumulated by the previous surveys, whether reports, maps, sec- tions, collections, instruments, or other property belonging to the State; and all persons now in possession of the same shall deliver them up to the order of the president of the board of managers. Sec. 8. It shall be the duty of the board to determine, as far as may be, what work has been done by each one employed in previous surveys, the character of the work done by each, the condition of such work, how much of the State has been actually surveyed, and how much of said work may be made available in completing the survey of the State, and embody the same in their first report to the general assembly. Sec. 9. The board may make such by-laws and regulations for the government and control of its own meetings and the labors of the State geologfst and his assistants as may be deemed necessary. It may appoint officers and commit- tees to audit and allow accounts and look after particular departments of the work, and discharge such other duties as mfy be necessary to carry on the objects of this bureau, Src. 10. As a full compensation for the members of the board of managers they shall be allowed their necessary expenses while attending to the duties 284 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. assigned them by this act. The board shall fix the salaries of the State geolo- gist, not to exceed $3,000 per annum of actual service, and of all others em- ployed in the work of the survey. Sec. 11. All accounts for salaries and expenses shall be made under oath, and certified by the board and filed with the auditor of the State; and the pay of the State geologist and his assistants shall be made out of the appropriation mede for civil officers of the State. Sec. 12. The sum of $5,000 is hereby annually appropriated, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, to defray the incidental expenses of the bureau created by this act and the geological survey, and no more than this amount shall be thus expended in any one year. Sec. 13. The board of managers shall have the general management of the survey, and have full power to remove the State geologist or any of his assist- ants, and appoint their successors when deemed necessary for the good of the work entrusted to them. Sec. 14. It shall be the duty of the board to cause the geological collections made previous to the year 1870 to be distributed in accordance with the laws under which those collections were made, except the one collected for the State eapitol, which shall be given to the School of Mines and Metallurgy, and all subsequent collections made in triplicate shall be given, one suite to the State University, one to the State School of Mines and Metallurgy, and one to the eity of St. Louis, which shall be deposited by the authorities of that city in some institution for the advancement of science or general education. Sec. 15. The president of the board shall, from time to time, certify to the State auditor the sums of money required to pay the salaries of the State geolo- gist and his assistants, and for the incidental expenses of the bureau; and on receiving such certificates the auditor of State shall draw his warrant on the treasurer of the State for the requisite amounts in favor of the parties and persons entitled to receive the same, and shall charge the several sums so paid to the accounts of the proper appropriation. Sec. 16. The entire expenses of carrying out the provisions of this act shall not exceed in any one year the sum of $10,000. Sec. 17. The State geologist and his assistant, before entering upon the dis- charge of their duties, shall each take an oath before some officer of this State qualified to administer oaths, that they will honestly, faithfully, and fairly perform the duties required of them by this act to the best of their ability, and that they will not permit any person to have access to any of their books or papers, or communicate their contents to any person er persons, and that they will not disclose or make public any mine or valuable deposit, other than in their official reports (except to the owner or owners of the land surveyed), and that they will abstain from all speculations in their own behalf, or in the behalf of others, during the progress of such survey and in relation thereto. Sec. 18. An act entitled “An act to establish a mining, metallurgical, and geological bureau for the State of Missouri, and to provide for its support and management, and to authorize a geological survey,” approved March 24, 1870, and all other acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the act are hereby re- pealed. Sec. 19. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved March 18, 1871. Administration-—Under this act Raphael Pumpelly, of New York, was appointed State geologist, with G. C. Broadhead, W. B. Potter, GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 285 J. R. Gage, Adolph Schmidt, W. E. Guy, C. J. Norwood, and Alex- ander Leonard, assistant geologists, and Regis Chauvenet, chemist. During Pumpelly’s management of the survey the board of man- agers consisted of Gov. B. Gratz Brown, ex officio president; Mr. Edwin Harrison, Prof. Sylvester Waterhouse, Mr. Forrest Shep- herd, and Gen. J. H. Hammond. Governor Brown was succeeded in 1873 by Gov. Silas Woodson. Professor Waterhouse and Genera Hammond resigned in the summer of 1872, and their places were filled by A. W. Morris and M. L. Brown. The plan of the work adopted by Pumpelly recognized two classes of investigation: One was the study of-the general stratigraphic geology of the State; the other the study of the distribution and manner of occurrence of the various important mineral deposits, which latter investigation he put in charge of specialists or men whose previous experience had proven them especially adapted to the work. In harmony with this plan the work on the general stratigraphy was divided into five departments; that is, a survey of the northwest, a survey of the southwest, a survey of the northeast, a survey of the southeast, and a survey of the porphyry regions of the southeast, The work relating to economic geology was divided into three de- partments—namely, a department of iron ores and metallurgy, a de- partment of ores other than iron, a department of fuels and con- struction materials other than iron and wood. With the retirement of Mr. Pumpelly, Mr. G. C. Broadhead was elected State geologist, assuming charge in July, 1878. Dr. A. Schmidt and C. J. Norwood remained as assistant geologists; Regis Chauvenet, chemist; Messrs. Alexander Leonard, P. N. Moore, H. H. West, T. J. Caldwell, and C. Heinrichs, assistants. The policy of the Pumpelly survey was continued under Broad- head’s administration, though a larger proportion of time was de- voted to the preparation of county reports. The examination of the iron ores was continued, and in addition there was begun an ex- amination of the lead deposits of the southwest. Surveys for county reports were made in Jasper, Cedar, Barton, Vernon, Bates, How- ard, Linn, Adair, and Sullivan counties. In 1874, the lead deposits of Cole, Miller, and other central counties were studied, and ex- aminations for county reports were made in Putnam, Schuyler, Chariton, Cole, and Madison counties. The survey was discontinued after the year 1874, and most of its working material transferred to the State School of Mines at Rolla, the president of which, Dr. Charles P. Williams, was made acting State geologist, with a nominal salary. Little field work was carried 286 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. on under Doctor Williams, and after the year 1876 no further sup- port appears to have been extended to the work by the State. Hepenses.—The total appropriations for the surveys of 1872-1874 amounted to $60,000 and an additional $19,320 for printing. Publications—Up to the time of Mr. Pumpelly’s appointment very little had been made public of the results of the surveys, and the changes of management had necessarily retarded and weakened the work. Under Pumpelly’s management two reports were issued, both in 1878, one of 323 pages, consisting entirely of county reports, and the other of 655 pages, devoted largely to economic subjects. But one report was issued by the Broadhead survey—this a large octavo of over 700 pages, transmitted in August, 1874. Under Doctor Williams one report—a small octavo of about 200 pages—was issued. The cost of printing these reports is given in the final summation of expenses at the end of this article. FOURTH SURVEY UNDER ARTHUR WINSLOW, C. R. KEYES, AND OTHERS, 1889-1900. Organization.—After the suspension of the survey under Professor Williams no public geological work was conducted until the year 1884, when topographic work was begun in the State by the United States Geological Survey. This was continued until July, 1889, up to which time about one-third of the State was mapped on sheets of a scale of 2 miles to the inch and with contour intervals of 50 feet. In addition, W. J. McGee was detailed in 1887 by the national survey to make a brief study of the geology of a portion of Macon County. The law of May 13, 1889, was evidently framed upon the laws of the preceding survey, though it differed somewhat in detail. The most noticeable differences are the absence of a requirement to col- lect specimens in triplicate and of a clause requiring county maps and reports to be prepared. The State geologist was, however, di- rected to complete any detail maps and reports of counties or dis- tricts already prepared. The following is a transcript of this law: An act to provide for a bureau of geclogy and mines fo complete geological and miner- alogical survey of the State of Missouri. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Afissouri, as follows: Section 1. There is hereby created and established a bureau of ‘“ geology and mines” for the State of Missouri, which shall be under the direction and in charge of a board of managers, which shall consist of the governor (who shall be ex oficio president of the board) and four citizens from the State at large, who shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the consent of the senate, and shall hold their office for a term of four years. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 287 Sec. 2. The board of managers are authorized, as soon as they are organized, to appoint one State geologist, who shall be a person of competent, scientific, and practical knowledge of the sciences of geology and mineralogy, and who is not connected with any school or college as an instructor, and who shall be the director of the survey; and said State geologist may appoint such assistants and subordinate assistants and laborers as may be deemed necessary in order to make a thorough and scientific, geological, and mineralogical survey of the State. Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the State geologist and his assistants, under the instructions and directions of the board of managers, to carry on, with as much expedition and dispatch as may be cons:stent with minuteness and accu- racy, a thorough geological and mineralogical survey of the State already begun, with a view to determine the order, succession, arrangement, relative position, dip, or inclination, and comparative magnitude of the several strata or geo- logical formations within this State, and to discover and examine all beds or deposits of mineral contents and fossils, and to determine the various position, formation, and arrangement of the m:uny different ores, clays, rocks, coals, min- eral oils, natural gas, mineral and artesian waters, and other mineral substances as may be useful or valuable; also to note carefully the character of the soils end their capacities for agricultural purposes, the growth of timber, and other scientific matters that may be of practical importance and interest; and said geologist shall cause to be represented on the map of the State, by colors and other appropriate means, the various areas occupied by the different geological formations of the State and to mark thereon the localities of the respective beds or deposits of the various mineral substances; and, on the completion of the survey, complete a memoir of the geology and mineralogy of the State, com- prising a complete account of the leading subjects and discoveries which have been embraced in the survey. Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the State geologist to make, or cause to be made, detailed maps and reports of counties or districts as fast as completed, which maps shall embrace all such geological, mineralogical, and scientific de- tails necessary to make complete reports of said districts and counties. The State geologist may also, from time to time, publish or cause to be published any reports of work completed in the form of pamphlets or bulletins for general distribution. Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the State geologist to collect full suites of all minerals, ores, fossils, or other mineral substances of scientific or practical in- terest or utility as may be discovered, and that may be necessary to form a complete cabinet collection, to illustrate the various resources of the State, as may be necessary to assist in preparing the various reports of the survey. Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the said assistants to make full and complete examinations, assays, and analyses of all such rocks, ores, soils, or other sub- stances as may be submitted to them by the State geologist for the purpose, and to furnish him with a detailed and complete account of the results so obtained. Src. 7. The State geologist, from time to time, may furnish items of general information or new discoveries for publication in newspapers: Provided, The preparation of the manuscript and publication thereof does not interfere with the progress or add to the expense of the survey. He may also have authority to furnish cabinets for colleges or public museums, located within the State of Missouri, of minerals, rocks, or fossils: Provided, Said institutions shall pay the 136075—20——20 ee Ae 288 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. expense of preparing, labeling, transporting, and putting up said collection; and also, further, that in the selection of said specimens the general State collection is not deprived of duplicates of the same, and that the State eallection is not seriously injured. Sec. 8. The board, with the State geologist, may determine the place for the State cabinet and headquarters of the survey. Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of the board of managers to report to each gen- eral assembly the progress and condition ef the survey, an accurate account of money spent, such reports of the State geologist and his assistants as have been completed, together with all such information as may be deemed necessary and useful. Sec. 10. The board shall have power to take possession of all property of former surveys, whether reports, maps, collections, instructions, or other prop- erty belonging to the State, and all persons now in possession of the same shall deliver them up to the order of the president of the board of managers: Pro- vided, That no cabinet or library already arranged shall be removed, but the State geologist and his assistants shall have the power at any time to examine or study such collections in preparing their reports. Sec. 11. The board may make such by-laws and regulations for the govern- ment and contro] of its meetings and labors of the State geologist and his as- sistants as may be deemed necessary. Sec. 12. As full compensation for the members of the board of managers they shall be allowed their necessary expenses while attending to the duties assigned them by this act. The board shall fix the salary of the State geologist, not to exceed $3,000 per annum, and his chief assistant, which shall not exceed $1,800; for the principal assistant or paleontologist, if one is employed, not over $1,S00. Sec. 13. The State geologist may, with the approval of the board. appoint other necessary assistants, whose pay shall not exceed $5 per day; such other necessary laborers or assistants as may be necessary, who shall receive a fair compensation for their work. He shall also have power to negotiate for such ehemical work, chemical apparatus, and chemicals as may be necessary, and may, from time to time, with the approval of the board, have such work done. He may also, with approval of the board, employ special assistants in paleon- tology, provided it be deemed necessary. Sec. 14. All accounts of salaries and expenses shall be made under oath, cer- tified by the board, and filed with the auditor of State. Sec. 15. The board of managers shall have the general management of the survey, and have full power to remove the State geologist and appoint his sue- cessor, when deemed necessary for the good of the work entrusted to him; and the State geologist shall have full control over his assistants and hare power to remove them when deemed necessary. Src. 16. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act the sum of $20,000 is hereby appropriated, or so much as may be needed thereof. Sec. 17. The board of managers, the State geologist, and each of his principal assistants shall, before entering upon the discharge of their duties, take the usual oath of office to faithfully perform all the services required of them under this act. and to abstain from all pecuniary speculations for themselves or others in the objects of their survey during its progress. Sec. 18. The president of the board shall, from time to time, certify to the State auditor the sums of money required to pay the salaries of the State geologist and his assistants and the incidental expenses of the bureau; and on GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 289 receiving said certificates the auditor of State shall draw his warrant on the treasurer of State for the requisite amount in favor of the parties and persons entitled to receive the same, and shall charge the several sums so paid to the account of the proper appropriation. Sec. 19. All previous acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act are _ hereby repealed. Sec. 20. The importance of the completion of the geological and mineralogical _ survey of Missouri at an early day creates an emergency within the intent and - meaning of the constitution which requires this act to take effect at once; | therefore, this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved May 13, 1889. _ Administration—Under this law Arthur Winslow was appointed State geologist. He was assisted by Prof. H. A. Wheeler, Frank L. Nason, Paul Schweitzer, G. E. Ladd, Hiram Philips, Erasmus Ha- worth, J. E. Todd, and Charles R. Keyes. These assistants were _ appointed by the State geologist with the approval of the board. The salary of the State geologist was fixed as before at $3,000 a year and that of his chief assistants not to exceed $1,800 a year, other | necessary assistants receiving amounts not excecding $5 a day. _ Under Winslow’s administration the plan of work adopted was (1) to prepare a series of monographic reports upon separate sub- jects, those of economic importance received first consideration; (2) to prepare successively a series of detailed maps of different portions of the State to be accompanied with special reports con- taining descriptive details. The subjects undertaken in pursuance of this course were: 1. Lead and zinc deposits; 2, the coal and coal regions; 3, the clays; 4, the iron ores; 5, the mineral waters; 6, the building stones and crystalline rocks; 7, the Quaternary, or, more exactly, the glacial geology ; 8, the paleontology; 9, hypsometry; 10, general geological mapping. _ The study of lead and zine deposits was begun in cooperation with [ the national survey. The work on coals was placed in the hands of _ Prof. H. A. Wheeler; that of iron ores in those of Frank L. Nason. - Paul Schweitzer studied the mineral waters; G. E. Ladd and Hiram Philips, the building stones. Crystalline rocks were studied by Erasmus Haworth, and field work for the preliminary report on the _giacial geology was carried on by J. E. Todd. An exhaustive review of the paleontology of the State, by Charles R. Keyes, was also pre- pared, and many data relating to hypsometry were collected and tabulated. ; _ Winslow continued in the office as State geologist until 1894, when he was succeeded by C. R. Keyes. In 1897 the management (7?) of the survey passed into the hands of J. A. Gallaher. E. R. Buckley was appointed State geologist in 1901. 290 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Hepenses—The appropriations for this survey for the two years 1889-90, were $20.000; for 1891-92, $40,000. Out of this sum were paid all salaries and expenses, including cost of publication. The following table shows the total appropriations and expenditures from 1853 down to 1903-1904: Table showing appropriations for the various geological surveys, with corre- sponding expenditures; also the size of the cditions of the reports issued and cost of the same. Appropriated. | Expended. Appropriated. | Expended. TS53—TS62) Sees $105, 000 $95, 200.00 |} 1893-91............. $20,000.00 | $19,998.90 VLOG hearer cmcee 12,500 2, 500. 00 | E895-9R 2. ec ccerees 20, 00C. 00 19,999. 89 NOU2 FA Sioned sie sisiere ts 60, 000+-12, 000 ODOT 00TH TS9¢-O8encceessce cee 20, 000. 00 17,846. 43 TSGGSee cs ohee ae Sac 6, 500 6,500.00 || 1899-1900........... 30, 000. 00 129,181. €@ ASS9=90! ose oc ee cte eile 20.000 19, 999. 0 | 19OT=O2 oo cc iceccsicne« 20,052. $1 | 17,039. 54 1142) EY pA ea Bae 40, 000 39, 999. 00 1903-03 3 .c38... ees 20,101.16 | 20,101.10 I 1 This includes 2 special appropriation of $10,000 for core drilling, of which sum $9,181.€0 was expended. Edition | Cost of Reports during above period. (copies). [publication | } ProfsSwallow:s report, 18ddisc. eee hatte a te cate oh ecisceice ew coacsotacise eee cemase (?) $5,000.06 RCPOrtslSao-N SMe to cine ee peecieeisaiateee © ceeweije setae esis siclesieiaiseeicetnmsissisi== 2,000 3, 000. 00 Pumpelly’s report on iron ores and coal fields, 1873......-------------0----2---- eee 4,000 9,000. 00 ReportioiG. C.Broadheads Sse sees ccs seis cccnes aatelemiemls ieeineinetaa= 4,000 7,320.00 Reportol@s Wes Williams g1S77. sed. So sisewer slactee slcysrelele = aiela)=lcletsjn =tenise's 5,000 1, 500. 00 ee port on Coal Deposits of Missouri, 1891.........---.-..- (?) 6, 520. 00 Volume 2, Report on Iron Ores of Missouri. 1892.......... (2) ear (2?) Volume 3, Report on Mineral Waters of Missouri, 1892............----------------- (?) (?) Volumes 4 and 5, Report on the Paleontology of Missouri, 1894, two volumes.......- 2,000 1,597.13 Volumes 6 and 7, Report on | ead and Zinc Ores oi Missouri, 1891, two volumes...- 5, 000 2,305. 96 Volume's8; Annual Report. 18940 0s oc nose ce ccccne 2,000 1, 039. 94 Volume 9, Report on Areal Geology, 1896.......----.- 1, 500 670. 71 Volume i0, £urface Features of Missouri, 1896 1,194 997. 48 Volume ii, Clay Deposits, 1896: 52s oes eee se te 1,653 1.510. 45 Molumie/12, ArealiGeology; 1898.25. 23020. 000 ee. Sse So sn fos Sr wlatelel= vinininn lose stats 2,000 1,152. 91 Preliminary Report on Structural and Economic Geology of Missouri, 1900.....-. 7,000 2, 098. 33 Museum.—in accordance with the various enactments collections were made by each and all the surveys. Those made by organizations prior to that of 1889 are referred to on page 278. By section 6 of the law of 1889 it became the duty of the survey to collect full suites of all minerals, ores, fossils, or other mineral substances that might be neces- sary to form a complete cabinet to illustrate the mineral resources of the State. The cabinet thus formed was at first installed in the State capitol building, but later moved to the armory building. NEBRASKA. Prior to 1901 no geological surveys of Nebraska had been under- taken under direct appropriations from the legislature, although an attempt was made in 1877 to get a bill through the State legislature to complete the workas left by the United States geologist, F. V. Hay- den. It is impossible at this date to learn all the details, but corre- : 7 | | a a GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 291 spondence in the hands of the writer would indicate that jealousy on the part of the Wheeler organization and local personal prejudices had much to do with it. Samuel Aughey, of the State University, would appear to have been actively interested and at one time aspired to the directorship. The bill, however, failed of passage. The re- gents of the State University, in recognition of the importance of a survey, provided in 1899 the sum of $500 to be expended in the work and $250 for each of the years 1900, 1901, and 1902. In 1901, how- ever, the matter was taken up by the legislature, and Prof. E. H. Bar- bour, of the State University, appointed State geologist. The work of the survey thus organized passes beyond the time limit of this paper. NEVADA. Organization.—No systematic and independent geological survey of the State was ever carried through, although an abortive attempt was made in 1865, the year following the admission of the State to the Union. The following is the text of the act under which the attempt was to be made: Tiie people of the State of Nevada, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: SeEcTIon 1. The office of State geologist is hereby created and the board of regents is hereby authorized to appoint a competent person who shall act and be known a (as) “State geologist of Nevada.” Sec. 2. The person appointed as State geologist under the provisions of this act shall, immediately upon his appointment, proceed to make a preliminary and superficial geological survey of the mineral regions of this State, and to eollect suitable specimens, and arrange and classify them in a cabinet, to be formed and kept at the capitol of the State, and to prepare a map, marked, and colored in such manner as to indicate the general geological divisions as de- veloped of the country examined. The making of this preliminary or super- ficial survey shall not occupy more than eight months. At the conclusion of the making of this survey and the report thereon the geologist’s cabinet, report, profiles, and map shall be turned over to the State librarian. Sec. 3. The sum of $6,000 is hereby appropriated, out of any moneys not otherwise appropriated, to be expended toward defraying the expenses which may be incurred under the provisions of this act. The controller of State is hereby authorized and required to draw his warrant on the treasurer in favor of the person whom the board of regents may appoint State geologist, in such sums 2s the board of regents may truly certify their approval of, the aggregate of the sums drawn for being within the amount hereinbefore specified and appropriated. Approved March 20, 1865. se _ So far as can be learned this law was never carried into effect. The year following the matter of a survey came once more before the legislature in a somewhat different form and in connection with the establishment of a State mining school. The following is the text 292 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of the act passed at this time, together with its subsequent modifica- tions: The people of the State of Nevada, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: SEcTION 1. There shall be established a mining school, which shall be a nucleus of the State University and a part thereof, as provided in the constitution of this State, and shall be under the control of the board of regents of the same, consisting of the governor, secretary of state, and superintendent of public instruction, and their successors. Sec. 2. The board of regents shall, within 20 days after the passage of this act, appoint a State mineralogist, who shall be superintendent of said school, and he shall appoint such assistants as may be allowed by the board of regents. He shall hold his office during the term of office of the board by whom he is appointed, and his assistants shall hold their respective offices during the pleas- ure of the State mineralogist. Sec. 3. The beard of regents shall fix the compensation of the State mineralo- gist and his assistants, and, subject to the provisions of this act, shall prescribe his duties; but they shall not change his compensation during the term for which he is appointed, unless the office becomes vacant, when said board shall appoint his successor for the unexpired term. The compensation of the State mineralogist shall not exceed $4.000 per annum, and that of his assistants shall not exceed $3.000 per annum each. Sec. 4. Before entering upon the discharge of their respective offices the State mineralogist and his assistant shall take and subscribe to the constitutional oath of office, and they shall hold their respective offices until their suecessors are elected or appointed and qualified. Src. 5. The board of regents shall provide suitable buildings for said school and for a geological and mineraiogical collection, or State museum, in connec: tion therewith, and such furniture, fixtures, and. apparatus as may be necessary. They shall, subject to the provisions of this act, make such rules and regula- tions for the government of said school as may be required, and shall, annually, on or before the Ist day of November of each year, make a report to the governor of the State, who shall cause the same to be published annually, and shall communicate a copy thereof to the legislature at the next ensuing session. Said report shall embrace the report er reports of the State mineralogists, or so much thereof as said board may deem necessary to publish. Said report shall contain a full statement of the condition of said school, financially and other- wise, and such recommendations and other matter as the board may deem proper, and they shall cause the same to be distributed. Src. 6. The State mineralogist, subject to the provisions of the act and the rules and regulations adopted by the board, shall have the control and manage- ment of said school. He shall at such times and in such manner as he shall determine, visit and examine, with reference to their mineral and other re sources, the different portions of the State, and collect such geological, miner- zdogieal, and other specimens, and such information as are of scientifie in- terest or have a practical bearing on the subject of mines or mining or the other natural resources and industrial pursuits of the State. Sec. 7. All specimens collected by him shall be carefully marked and cata- logued ut the time he cbtains them, and he shall, in connection therewith, as — soon as may be, prepare a description of every such specimen and of the locality from which the same was obtained. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 293 Sec. 8. Specimens of all ores, assayed or analyzed at said school, and of all ores presented, shall be kept in said museum, and shall be properly marked and catalogued, in connection with the names of the depositors, and a deserip- tion of such ores, and such description of the locality from which the same were obtained, as may be procured from reliable sources. With a view of securing uniformity in the classification of rocks, the State mineralogist shall procure and place in said museum characteristic specimens of all the principal rocks, to each of which he shall attach the name and a description thereof, and of the locality frem which the same was procured, written, or printed in a legible manner. Sec. 9. Said specimens, property catalogued, shall be deposited in the State museum, where they, together with the catalogues, shall be safely kept; and at all reasonable hours they shall be subject to examination by any person who shall conform to the rules and regulations prescribed by the State min- eralogist for the government of said school, the museum being regarded as a part of the same. Sec. 10. In preparing such deseriptions and arranging said specimens in the museum careful reference shall be had to the correct illustration of the min- eral and other natural resources of this State, and the analogies existing be- tween those of this State and those of other mining sections; and when, at a reasonable cost, it is possible to do so, a statement as to the assay or analyses of said specimens shall be embraced in said description. In addition to the scientific terms used in such descriptions, the terms in common use shall be applied, and in all descriptions and reports the quantities and values, shall be given in the English language and in accordance with the standards adopted by this State. Sec. 11. He shall, subject to the approval of the board of regents, preseribe the course of studies to be pursued in said school; said course and manage ment of the schoo! shall have special reference to the imparting of the com- bined scientific and practical knowledge concerning the subject of mines and mining and matters relating thereto. Sec. 12. He shall annually deliver at least one course of lectures on said subject, at said school, or at such places within the State as the board of regents may direct; and he shall, on or before the Ist day of.October of each year, make a report to the board of regents, in which he shall present such facts and recommendations, in regard to mines and mining, and matters relating thereto, and in regard to the character and extent of the natural resources of this State, as in his opinion are ezlculated to promote the full development of the same, Sec. 13. In the course of his examinations he may, in his discretion, dis- Seminate information on such subjects, by means of free lectures or otherwise. Sec. 14. He shall take such compass bearings and barometrical and other observations, and make such notes in regard to the same, and in regard to approximate distances, as will furnish materials for the outlines of a map of the localities over which he shall have traveled in the course of his examina- tions. He may procure, for the use of said school, maps and diagrams of mines, representing the different classes of mines, and illustrative of their geological, mineralogical, and other leading characteristics, and having par- ticular reference to the position in which the metalliferous deposits have been found; and he shall procure, or cause to be procured, drawings of mining machinery, and of machinery, furnaces, and other works, for the separation of metals from the various ores, and the parting of different metals. He may 294 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. also procure and arrange in some convenient form, for the use of said school, all information concerning the different modes of working mines and reducing ores, that may be obtained at reasonable cost. Sec. 15. At the earliest practicable period measures shall be taken to procure, for the use of said school, a library, embracing standard and reliable works on mines and mining, and subjects relating thereto; and all of said maps, dia- grams, plans, and information, and said library, shall, at all reasonable hours, and without charge, be subject to the examination of any person who conforms to the rules and regulations concerning the same that may be established by the State mineralogist in accordance with this act. Sec. 16. Connected with said school there shall be an assaying and analytical department, in which the assaying and analyzing of ores shall be taught; and ali ores delivered therein for assay or analysis, shall be assayed or analyzed at a cost to the parties delivering the same, which shall only cover the actual expenses cf such work, the charges for the same to be determined by the State mineralogist. At said school a careful and uninterrupted record of meteor- ological observations shall be kept and forwarded, as nearly as may be, in accordance with the “ directions” of the Smithsonian Institution. Src. 17. Said school shall be established at such place as the board of regents shall decide upon; provided, that at the place so selected the people, or authori- ties thereof, shall, free of cost to the State, place at the disposal of said board, for the use of said school, such buildings and grounds as may be required for said school; and said authorities are hereby authorized to procure and so fur- nish such buildings and grounds. Sec. 18. If the people or authorities of such place, in consideration of the permanent establishment of said school therein, shall convey to said board, for the use of such school, suitable buildings and grounds, and the same shall have been duly accepted as such by said board, said sehool shall be permanently established at such place; and it shall not be removed therefrom until after said board shall have paid or tendered to the authorities of such place at which said school is located the value of said buildings and grounds, the sum to be determined by a majority of three commissioners, one of whom shall, within a reasonable time, be appointed by said authorities—one by said board, and one by. the two thus chosen. Src. 19. The State mineralogist shall be allowed, for actual expenses incurred by him while traveling in the service of the State, a sum not exceeding $10 per day while so engaged, and not exceeding in the aggregate $1,000 per annum; such demands, together with the demands for salaries and other expenses of said school, shall, by said board, monthly, be audited, and ordered paid out of the mining school fund or any money in the university fund, subject to such order of the board of regents; and all demands (except salaries fixed by law) shall be subject to the action of the State board of examiners; and, upon the presentation of any such order, duly approved by said examiners, the controller shall draw his warrant on the State treasurer in favor of the party to whom such order was thus given for the amount so allowed, and the State treasurer shall pay the same out of any moneys in said funds subject to such order. Approved March 9, 1868. An act to create the office of State mineralogist and define the duties of such officer. The people of the State of Nevada, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. The office of State mineralogist is hereby created. ; , GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 295 Sec. 2. A. FF. White is hereby appointed State mineralogist. He shall hold said office until his successor shall have been elected and qualified as herein- after provided. Sec. 3. At the eliection in the year 1870, and every four years thereafter, there shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State of Nevada a State min- eralogist, who shall qualify and enter upon the discharge of his official duties on the first Monday of January next succeeding his election, and who shall hold said office for four years thereafter, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified. Src. 4. He shall reside and keep his office at the seat of government of this State, except when absent on official duty within the State. He shall be com- missioned by the governor, and shall take and subscribe thereon the oath of office prescribed by the law. Sec. 5. He shall receive as salary the sum of $3,600 per annum, payable quarterly. AJl the necessary contingent expenses of his office, the expense of an appropriate outfit, and his necessary traveling expenses, sball be allowed by the board of examiners, and audited and paid as are other claims against the State. Sec. 6. It shall be his duty to visit and examine, with reference to their min- eral, agricultural, and other resources, the different portions of the State, and collect such mineralogical, geological, and other valuable specimens, and also such information as is of scientific interest, or which may have a practical bearing upon the subject of mines and mining, agriculture and other resources, and industrial pursuits of the State. He shall visit the several mining dis- tricts in each county, ascertaining a record of their history, describe their pre- vailing geclogical formation and altitude, the characteristics of the mines, and peculiarities of the ores, products, richness, and development; also he shall ascer- tain the locality, proper quantity, and character of all the arable grazing and timbered lands belonging to the United States within the bounds of Nevada, and from time tc time report the same to the authorities having charge of the public lands belonging to the State, for their information, particularly recommending to them for selection such portions as are valuable, and desirable to be selected dy this State in satisfaction of lands granted by the United States to the State of Nevada. Sec. 7. He shail collect, mark, and catalogue mineralogical and geological specimens, and carefully prepare a description of every such specimen and of locality where each specimen was obtained. * Sec. 8. He shall assay or cause to be assayed, analyzed, and described, so far as practicable and deemed expedient, all specimens of ores, which, together with the statement of the locality from which the same was obtained, shall be printed and attached, or referred to specimen, Sec. 9. The specimens properly catalogued shall be deposited in a museum, 80 soon as one shall have been prepared by the State, where they, together with the catalogue, shall be carefully kept, and shall at all reasonable times be subject to examination by any person, subject to the rules prescribed by the State mineralogist. Sec. 10. He shall have power, and he is hereby authorized to engage the services of one employee, at such times us he may think necessary, fix the wages and time of service of said employee, certify the amount to the board of examiners, who shall audit the same. Sec. 11. He shall, on or before the second Monday in January, 1871, report to the leg'slature in detail all acts performed and information obtained under the provisions of this act. 296 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, Src. 12. An act entitled “An act to provide for establishing and maintaining a mining school, and create the office of said mineralogist,” approved March 9, 1866, and all acts and parts of acts in conflict herewith are hereby repealed. Src. 13. This bill shall take effect from and after its passage. Approved March 1, 1869. Amn act to abolish the office of State mineralogist and provide for the care and preserva- tion of the State museum. The people of the Staie of Nevada, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. The office of State mineralogist of the State of Nevada is hereby abolished. Sec. 2. On and after the 1st day of January, A. D. 1879, the superintendent of publie instruction shall be ex officio curator of the State museum of min- eralogical, geological, and other specimens. Sec. 3. The curator, when visiting the several school districts in this State, in his capacity as superintendent of public instruction, as is required by law, shall make inquiry so far as is practicable into the resources of the mines situated in the respective districts, and inspect the same; collect specimens of ores, ascertain their value, catalogue, and place them in the State museum, and prepare for publication in the appendix cf his biennial report as superintendent of public instruction a report as curator of the State museum in detail of his acts performed and information obtained under the provisions of this act. Sec. 4. The services rendered and expenses incurred by the State superin- tendent of public instruction as curator of the State museum as aforesaid, he shall be allowed a sum not exceeding $500 per annum, and he shall huve further power to engage the services of one or more employees, at such times as he may deem necessary, to clean, rearrange, and catalogue all specimens that are now or that may hereafter be placed in said State museum, who shall be paid a compensation, subject to the approval of the board of State examiners, and on the certificate of the said curator, of a sum not exceeding $500 per annum. Sec. 5. All claims for services rendered, as is provided in section 4 of this act, shall be allowed by the board of State examiners,.and paid by the State treasurer out of any moneys not otherwise appropriated on the warrant of the State controller. Sec. 6. An aet entitled “An act to provide for the establishing and maintain- ing a mining school, and to create the office of State mineralogist,” approved March 9, 1866, is hereby repealed. Sec. 7. An act entitled “An act to create the office of State mineralogist and define the duties of such officer,” approved March 1, 1869, is hereby repealed. Sec. 8. This act shall not take effect and be in force until on and after the first Monday in January, A. D. 1879. Approved February 1, 1877. According to the law of March 9, 1866, an office of State miner- alogist was created, which was connected: with a proposed State mining school, although it was to be sustained by independent appropriations. Administration—Under this act R. H. Stretch was appointed State mineralogist, serving only during the year 1866 and being | ee ee ee ee eS ee ee ee ee a F | . ee — Ve eS eK GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 297 succeeded the year following by A. F. White, he, in his turn, being succeeded in 1871 by H. R. Whitehill, the latter continuing to serve until the abolition of the office in February, i879. The State mineralogist was appointed by the board of regents, who also fixed the rate of compensation; and, although a limit of $4,000 a year was made by the law of 1866 and $3,600 by the act of 1869, the actual amount of salary, as indicated in the reports, appears to have been $2,400. So far as can be learned, no assistants were regularly employed, although section 38 of the original bill made provision for the same, number not stated, who were to receive salaries not exceeding $3,000 a year each. It would appear from the report of State Mineralogist Stretch for 1866 that the act creating the office provided for the payment of his salary out of the mining fund, which was expected to accrue from an act passed at a previous session of the legislature, entitled “ The loca- tion and possession of mining claims,” or from the university fund. It appears further that the former act produced no available pro- ceeds and that the university fund was not segregated from the school fund. For these reasons the State mineralogist was compelled to work without any funds whatever to meet current expenses. Never- theless, on receiving the appointment in the spring of 1866, he pro- ceeded to lay out plans comprising a visit in succession to every mining district in the State, collecting from each a complete series of its minerals and geological formations, and such other informa- tion as should be available. During the year he was enabled to se- cure a collection of some 600 specimens, which it was expected would form a nucleus for further operations. Steps were also taken toward securing a collection to represent the mineral resources of the State at the coming Paris exposition. Mr. Stretch was apparently succeeded in 1867 by Mr. A. F. White, who seemed to labor under the same financial disadvantages as did his predecessor, and who, in order to accomplish a maximum amount of work with a minimum amount of expense, associated himself with one of the parties under the Clarence King survey then operating in Nevada along the line of the Central Pacific Railroad. Although an act had been passed providing for the establishment of the mining school, White found no funds at hand from which the board of regents could draw to defray the expenses of the necessary buildings or for organizing and maintaining the contemplated school. The collections made by Professor Stretch and designed for the international exposition at Paris were taken as far as San Francisco, but not forwarded, as originally intended. They were, therefore, 298 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. returned to Carson, where it was expected they would form a part | of the permanent State museum. During the seasons of 1869 and 1870 work was continued under the same unsatisfactory conditions as had previously existed, Mr. Calvin Swift serving as an assistant for a period of three months. Some 3,500 miles were traversed during the two years. In 1871 Mr. White was succeeded by Henry R. Whitehill, whose first season’s work was largely in the southern portion of the State. During the seasons of 1873 and 1874 Whitehill spent about seven months in the field, traveling over 4,000 miles and visiting nearly every town and mining district within the State. Necessarily the work was of an exceedingly superficial nature and had to do mainly with the noting of the condition of the mining industry. During 1875 considerable time was devoted by the State mineral- ogist to collecting and arranging an exhibit of the mineral resources of the State for the centennial exhibition in Philadelphia. Some six months of the year were consumed in this work, and in April of the year following Mr. Whitehill proceeded to Philadelphia and remained there three months, classifying and installing the exhibit. The remainder of 1876 was devoted to visiting the mining districts in close proximity to the Central Pacific Railroad, there not being sufficient funds at his disposal to defray the expenses of a more extended trip. Haepenses.—The total expenses of the office of the State mineralogist during the period of its existence, so far as can be gleaned from the annual reports, were as follows: NSGOs Salary, Ol; State. MINeraAlocist=. 2-2 it eee $2, 400. 00 TSOGIKOSs SALARY TOW CWO year sue we = ween am ato sure Ry a erehe ete ee Se esheree 4, S00. 00 1867-68, expenditures, including outfit, traveling expenses, and Aree Sedat jt a ee et eee ae ee 1, 545. 24 TSGO=STO;, SALABY 1 LOE WO PV CAr Se st ke aR ee ee 7, 200. 00 1869-70, expenditures, including outfit, traveling expenses, LCR Fe SRR Bi Te A Aon ad ate es te $2, 734. 54 1869-70, credit by sum realized from sale of outfit________ 480. 00 2, 254, 54 iSm=T2esalary for tworyears see: 2. wae eee A pope oa ei nee 7, 200. 00 1Siil—72; expenditures, vas. abovess2a0 fe es a 3, 991. 19 Siok Salar yitO but WOEVCaTSs a8 os et ly ie ieee ee 7, 200. 00 1873-74, expenditures, including outfit, traveling expenses, ete._____ 4, 322. 46 TSO LO SALE YoLOL CWO VES eter eee ee eee ae oe ne 7, 200. 00 iSfa—16)-expenditures; as’ abovess. 220 es) Tee ees See 1, 868. 25 SGi—1(8; SaAlarveforstworyeursem ts set oer Dicey sea Ne A ee 7, 200. 00 1877-78, expenditures, as above_-__------- ee $1, 260. 50 1877-78, credit by sum realized from sale of outfit.______ 500. 00 760. 59 ———_ $57, 942. 68 BULLETIN 103 PL. 21 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM *81-8981 ‘SYIHSdINVH MAN 4O LSIDOTOSD HMIODHOLIH AYNAH SATYVHO LNVLSISSV GNV LSIDOTIOSD 3LVLS SAMVH NOSSSM 39YOSR5 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 299 Museum.—tin the early reports of the survey reference is made to the preparation of a State museum, and in the report for 1871-72 it is stated that one of the largest and best furnished rooms in the capitol had been allotted for the purpose and five cases suitable for the display of specimens had been prepared. The exhibit at that time contained from 800 to 1,200 specimens. The report for 1873-74 notes the addition of three cases and the preparation of a catalogue of the collections. Beyond this, no printed information is available. Publications.—The publications under the office of the State miner- alogist are limited to seven brief reports, which contain little of other than mining interest. No systematic geological work whatever was accomplished. With the discontinuance of the survey in 1879, under the act of February, 1877, all effort on the part of a survey under State auspices ceased and has never been renewed. NEW HAMPSHIRE. FIRST SURVEY UNDER CHARLES T. JACKSON, 1839-1844. Organization.—In 1839, in response to a popular demand and through the personal efforts of Dr, C. T. Jackson, there was estab- lished by the State Legislature of New Hampshire a mineralogical and geological survey of the State. The following is the text of the act: An act to provide for the geological and mineralogical survey of the State. eral court convened, That the governor of this State is hereby authorized and required as soon as may be after the passage of this act to appoint a State geologist, who shall be a person of competent scientific and practical knowledge of the sciences, geology and mineralogy; and the said State geologist shall, | by and with the consent of the governor and council, appoint oue suitable per- on to assist him in the discharge of his duties, who shall be a skillful, analyti- cal, and experimental chemist. | Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the State geolo- gist and his said assistant, as soon as may be practicable after their appoint- ment, to commence and carry on, with as much expedition and dispatch as may be consistent with minuteness and accuracy, a thorough geological and mineral- | ogical survey of this State, with a view to determine the order, succession, ar- : . : | SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives in gen- ; , rangement, relative position, dip, or inclination, and comparative magnitude of the several strata or geological formations within this State, and to discover and examine all beds or deposits of ore, coal, clay, marls, and such other mineral substances as may be useful or valuable, and to perform such other duties as may be necessary to make a full and complete geological and mineralogical survey of the State. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the said assistant to make full and complete examinations, assays, analyses of all such rocks, ores, soils, or other substances as may be submitted to him by the State geologist for that purpose; and to furnish him with a detailed and complete account of the results so obtained. 300 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the said geolo- gist, on or before the Ist day of June in each and every year during the time necessarily occupied by said survey, to make an annual report of the prog- ress of said survey, accompanied with such maps, drawings, and specimeus as may be necessary and proper to exemplify and elucidate the same to the secre- tary of the state, who shall lay such report before the legislature. Sec. 5. And be it further enacied, That it shall be the duty of the said State geologist to cause to be represented on the map of the State, by colors and other appropriate means, the various areas occupied by the different geological fermations in the State, and to mark thereon the localities of the respective beds or deposits of the various mineral substances discovered, and ‘on the completion of the survey to compile a memoir of the geology and mineralogy of the State, comprising a complete account of the leading subjects and dis- coveries which have been embraced in the survey. Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That it shall also be the duty of the said State geologist to forward to the secretary of the state from time to time during the progress of Said survey such specimens of the rocks, ores, coals, soils, fossils, and other mineral substances, discovered and examined, as may be proper and necessary to form a complete cabinet collection of specimens of geol- ogy and mineralogy of the State; and the said secretary shall cause the same to be deposited in proper order in some convenient room in the State capitol, there to be preserved for public inspection. Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this act. the sum of $2,000 is hereby annually ap- propriated for the term of three years to be expended under the direction of the governor: Provided, however, That the salaries of the said State geolo- gist and his assistant shall not commence until they shall have entered upon the execution of their duties; and upon the completion of said survey and of the duties connected therewith they shall wholly cease and determine. Approved June 24, 1839. This law remained in force throughout the existence of the survey, further enactments being made only for the purpose of making addi- tional appropriations and to provide for publication. The survey was not connected with any other institution and was sustained wholly by annual appropriations. Administration Under the act above given Dr. Charles T. Jack- son, of Boston, was appointed State geologist, and J. D. Whitney, Moses B. Williams, E. Baker, W. F. Channing, and John Chandler served as volunteer assistants, even to the extent of paying their own expenses. In December of 1840 J. D. Whitney was appointed chemical assistant. These appointments were made by the prin- cipal with the consent of the governor and counsel. Neither the salary of the State geologist nor that of the chemist can now be ascertained. The assistants, as noted above, served as volunteers. The officers were not salaried by any other institution.’ 11t is stnted (Life and Letters of J. D. Whitney, p. 40) that this system of volun- teers was adopted to avoid politieal pressure in favor of the appointments of local and none-too-well equipped assistants. A verbal understanding was, however, entered into to the effect that on completion of the term of service the State legislature should be ap- pealed to to make good the deficiency. The plan is said to have worked successfully. a en ee b | } : ] e GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 301 Three suites of specimens are mentioned by Jackson in his first annual report as having been collected and put up in cabinet form, and the suggestion is made that one set should be sent to the Ports- mouth Athenaeum and one to Dartmouth College, the remaining por- tion being sufficient for the use of the legislature. Among these materials was a specimen of the first bar of tin smelted in America, the same having been prepared from tin ores found at Jackson, New Hampshire. This bar was subsequently destroyed by fire, but a second portion is still preserved among the collections of the United States National Museum at Washington. In the first annual report the method of procedure is outlined somewhat as follows: Knowing the strata to pursue a general north- east course, Jackson proposed to cross them several times at right angles and also to follow along their lines of strike. “These lines of exploration will divide the territory into triangular areas, the boundaries of which will be known, and various excursions across them will make the knowledge of each strike more or less accurate.” Cross sections were described from Portsmouth to Claremont through Concord, from Concord to Wakefield, from Wakefield to Haverhill—all measured by Messrs. Whitney and Williams. Doctor Jackson personally measured another from Concord to Winchester. Messrs. Whitney and Williams also traveled to the northern corner of the State as far as Mount Carmel. The field work closed after a tour to the White Mountains. The second year’s explorations began at Nashua, a party of assist- ants exploring the southern range of towns between Nashua and the Connecticut River. Doctor Jackson himself explored between Nashua and Portsmouth in the opposite direction. Thence he traveled to Madison, Mount Chocorua, Jackson, Randolph, Lancaster, | Shelbourne, back to Lancaster and Dixville Notch. Next he meas- ured a section through Vermont from Lancaster to Lake Champlain. _ Meanwhile Messrs. Channing and FE. E. Hale examined the northern frontier. The remainder of the year’s work consisted of explora- _tions in Littleton, Franconia, Landaff, Orford, Lyme, Canaan, Graf- Bars ton, Amherst, and Keene. The third report states that towns not previously surveyed were examined as far as possible. No library was formed. Eepenses.—The total cost of the survey was $9,051.15, the amount being appropriated at the rate of $2,000 annually for the first three years and $3,051.15 for the fourth. This was exclusive of the cost of publication, the figures for which can not be ascertained. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 361 law of 1896 the functions of the organization are defined as already given. In 1885 Dr. John C. Smock was appointed assistant in charge of the State museum under the directorship of Prof. James Hall. Professor Hall resigned his position as director of the State museum in 1894 and was succeeded by Dr. F. J. H. Merrill, who had pre- viously held the position of assistant director from 1890. Upon the death of Professor Hall in 1898 Doctor Merrill was also appointed State geologist.’ Expenses.—The following statement includes the annual and total expenses of the museum and survey from the beginning in 1836 to 1887: Paice tO sanuany,, 1So0s2.- oo. ae ee Be et Se oe Paid wp to January, 1850, for printing annual reports__._-__---_--~- $425, 375. 76 19, 530. 30 Appropriated July 15, 1853, for arrearages, publication__-..-__-_-- 20, 000. 00 Anpropriated July 15, 1853;-for, printing-<—. +2... --—=~2ss- 10, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 14, 1855, expenses___________---------.------ 5, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 15, 1857, James Hall, salary__.__.___._--------- 2, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 15, 1857, for collecting__.._________-_-________. 1, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 19, 1859, J. Hall, salary_.__._.-___---_______-_- 2, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 19, 1859, expenses________-...-_-__--__---..-- 9, 642. 75 Appropriated Apr. 16, 1860, J. Hall, salary____.-.....-.-__._._.- 2, 000. 00 Anpropriated Apr. 16, 1860, collecting2-=-. 2.2.2 el 1, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 18, 1861, collecting._________-________________- 1, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 13; 1861,-salary, J..-Hall_......_..-__-_....~.. 2, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 16, 1861, drawings ____--____-________________. 1, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr, 23, 1862, salary, J. Halli -~-_...--.--_-L__. 2, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 23, 1862, collecting__..-__.___-.._-_--._..-___ 1, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 23, 1862, drawings___-----____-_-_ 1, 090. 00 Appropriated Apr. 15, 1863, three items as above____._-_____-____. 4, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 22, 1864, three items as above__-_____---_-____ 4, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 28, 1865, J. Hall, rent of room, fuel, ete., for Pew CU VCul see a ee ee ee eee eee eS 3, 500. 00 Appropriated Apr. 28, 1865, J. HalJ, for collecting:__._._.-______ 1, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 21, 1866, J. Hall, for services__.._______________ 3, 000. 00 appropriated Apr. 10, 1866, drawings_...~.-s_- Lone ben- anus 2, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 22, 1867, Hall, services_.___._-___.---_________- 2, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 22, 1867, drawings_.....-_-_~_.......=-...--.. 1, 500. 00 appropriated May 8, 1868) deficiencies=_o— ots 5, 600. 00 Appropriated May 10, 1869, J. Hall__-_.-__-_-__-_--______ 3, 000. 00 Appropriated May 6, 1869, drawings__-_______-_____-___________ 2, 500. 00 Appropriated May 10, 1869, Hail, compensation as curator, ete__... 10,000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 19, 1870, Hall, compensation as curator________ 3. 500. 00 Appropriated Apr. 19, 1870, Hall, assistants____.._._.-.--________ 2, 500. 00 Appropriated Apr. 19, 1870, drawings..____-___.__..--._______.._ 2, 500. 00 Appropriated- Apr. 19, 41870, collections__-_..22-_._.-.2_-=.4_.22 1, 500. 00 Appropriated Apr. 26, 1871, Hall, for rooms. fuel, ete__--.--_____. 1, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 26, 1871, Hall, for distributing duplicates______ 2, 500. 00 26, 1871, Hall, for drawings_____________---___ 2, 500. 00 Appropriated Apr. 1 Twenty-fourth Rep. State Geol. of N. Y., 1904. eed hag COU ge Fy WR ae . . a Ne 362 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Appropriated Apr. 26, 1871, Halli, for salary of director, three assistants, pMerease OL COMECE OMS ees aes ee Caretta ea $10, 000. 00 Appropriated Apr. 14, 1877, Hall, as in 1872-187T5_________-_____-____ 2, 500, 00 Appropriated May 29, 1873, Hall, for authorship und superintend- (CT COs PSE NS 2 LN hE PRN EA ENR Leh eek aS WL gs eae es 2, 500. 00 Appropriated May 9, 1874, Hall, for authorship and superintendence_ 2, 500. 00 Appropriated May 17, 1875, Hall, for authorship and superintend- TN CG sre cr Sate Ba Ee ae hi Ny NR I ee 2, 500. 00 Appropriated Apr: 29,1 S76sct0r dia Wines! st ss aie ee i eee 2, 500. 00 Appropriated Apr. 14, 1877, Hall, as in 1872-1875_________ = 2, 500. 00 Appropriated Feb. 25, 1878, Hall, as in 1872-1875__-_______.___- 2, 500. 00 Appropriated!Feb.;25;: 1878, drawings: £22 ada on vee ed Nhe ae 1, 800. 00 Appropriated Apr. 5; 1879,) same as in 180 Sa sen seeks) Sees 4, 300. 00 Appropriated Apr. 22, 1880, same as in 1878_-_._- 4, 300. 00 Appropriated Apr:;21, 1881, same.as.in 1878.0 i. 2 ee wae 4, 300. 00 Appropriated June's; 1882,-samecsasvin ACT Boa 4, 300. 00 Appropriated June 16, 1883, same as in 1878_2-~.-225 ~~ 4, 300. 00 Appropriated June 14, 1884, same as in 1878________-____________ 4, 300. 00 Appropriated June 14, 1884, fer publication and reports__________ 15, 000. 00 AWppropriated: May. (8.1885, forge Halli se 22 ie oA kee ikeee 2, 500. 00 Apprepriated May: 8,. 1885; for drawings 22-2 te 2 ek eS 1, 408. 00 Appropriated May 8, 1885, for publication___.__-_______.__._____ 15, 000. 60 Appropriated May: 18; \1886;-Jqall 2 ae ge Ne es ae D 1, 200. 00 Appropriated May 18, 1886, Hall, for rent of room ___.___________ 1, 300. 00 Appropriated May 18, 1886, Hall, drawings__-_____. ___-__________ 1, 408. 00 AppropriatedApr:.23; 1887, for printing 222 eee a aD 15, 000. 00 Pe teal ee eS ee ee ot ck oie a eae $670, 964. 81 The personnel and salaries for 1888 were as follows: Musewn staf. James diall, ..director0 2 Uae ee aE ees TE ae ee eee * $3, 500 sosephsA. Lintner,..entomologistxi mit snot eal” eae ee eee + 2, 000 Charles, -H. Peck, Mbotamist cee ie Pe ORE ee ee ae * 1, 500 Rohm. Smock, .assistant. in .charees ks cee le ee 2, 000 William’ B, Marshall,.assistant in’ zoology U2 2) ae ee ere 1, 000 Charles E. Beecher, consulting paleontologist * _...2)__. 222 600 Jacob) Van Deloo, clerk. and .messengers. Slee nee Oe? a ee ae 480 Martin Sheehy, rock cutting and general help___-_-____---_-_-=____- 780 These salaries were originally fixed by act of legislature. ?Mr. Smock was appointed assistant in charge by the following resolution of Jan uary 7, 1885: Resolved, That in order to relieve Director Hal) from the details of labor in connection with the State museum and enable him to devote his time to the preparation of the volumes of paleontology vet to be published, the position of assistant in charge be hereby instituted, and that the person appointed thereto be charged with the duty, under the eontrol and supervision of the director, of managing the affairs of the museum and of preparing for and conducting the removal of the museum to the old State hall. Resolved, That Prof. John C. Smock be appointcd assistant in charge of the State museum at a salary of $2,000 per annum, to commence from the first day of April, 1885, and that he be requested to perform such portion of his duties in advance of that date as his present engagement will permit, at such compensation as the museum commiftee may fix. ® The duties of this office are not defined and results not recorded. | f | . ; | 109: (PLS 25 BULLETIN NATIONAL MUSEUM U. S. DENISON OLMSTED 1824-25. GEOLOGIST OF NORTH CAROLINA, ease es) ee GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 868 NORTH CAROLINA.’ As early as 1819 a board of internal improvements was organized by an act of the general assembly for the purpose of taking charge of recently inaugurated public works, relating mainly to the im- provement of internal navigation. During the period from 1821- 1843 surveys were made of all rivers east of the Blue Ridge, and during that time and subsequently numerous surveys at public ex- pense were made for railroads, turnpikes, and canals. The field notes, drawings, and plans of these surveys have not been preserved, and as they were necessarily crude they are referred to here as of only historical interest. Incidentally, however, the board was directed to make surveys of the numerous swamp areas of the eastern portion, owned by the State, for the purpose of determining their area, prac- ticability, and cost of drainage, as well as their possible value for agricultural purposes. Some 800,000 acres are said’® to have been surveyed, but the results have proved to be of slight practical value. The first attempt at a survey coming properly within the scope of the present history was that inavgurated by Prof. Denison Olmsted in 1824, and continued by him and Prof. Elisha Mitchell until 1828. This was followed in 1852-1864 by a survey by Ebenezer Emmons, and this again by one by W. C. Kerr, the latter, however, being in fact a renewal of the Emmons survey after the death of Emmons . and the close of the Civil War. THE OLMSTED-MITCHELL GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1824-1828. In a letter laid before the board of public improvements in North Carolina, August 1, 1821, Denison Olmsted, of Connecticut, at that time professor of chemistry, geology, and mineralogy in the Univer- sity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, proposed to devote his vaca- tions to the making of a geological and mineralogical survey of the State, and asked for merely such an appropriation as might be neces- sary to defray the expenses of the undertaking, naming the sum of $100 a year as sufficient for the purpose. The following is the full text of his letter as given in the minutes of the Board of Internal Improvements of North Carolina, August 1, 1821: To the Hon. Board of Internal Improvements: Among the objects which solicit the attention of the board for developing and extending the internal resources of the State, I beg leave to present to their notice the advantages that would result from investigating its geology, By this, as connected with the subject of internal improvements, I mean such an investgation as would furnish to the board and the public an account of the -yarious useful productions of the mineral kingdom, which either have been 1 Compiled in part from manuscript by J. A. Holmes. * Report on Swamp Lands of North Carolina, by W. C. Kerr. 364 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. discovered already, or which may, from certain well-known indications, be reasonably expected to be found hereafter. Such are the following: 1. Different kinds of stone made use of in buildings, as freestone, slate, lime- stone, aud soapstone; marble, serpentine, ete. 2. Beds of gypsum, salt, coal, marl, potters clay, and other fossils used in agri- culture or domestic economy. 8. Beds of ocher, bole, reddle, plumbago, and similar substances used in painting. 4. Metallie ores, as iron, lead, antimony, zinc, ete. 5. Mineral springs. It is superfluous for me to say, that these substances are of great importance to the public both for domestic uses, and, under favorable circumstances, as articles of commerce. That they are also very intimately connected with the improvement of in- ternal navigation will be obvious, if we reflect, that, by a free navigation, their value as articles of exports is, like that of the productions of agriculture. greatly enhanced; that were we in possession of marbles equal to those of Greece and Italy, their commercial value would be lost by the difficuity of transporta- tion: while with a free navigation, many things of which we are now in the actual possession, might be turned to much more profitable account. As, there- fore, the treasures of the mineral kingdom (in which there is reason to think this State is as opulent as any in the Union) are exhibited to the view of the public, the necessity and advantages of internal navigation will be most strik- ingly manifest. But all these things are so obvious that it is only necessary for me to show, that an actual examination of the country, conducted with the requisite knowl- edge of the geological principles, will have a tendency to multiply the dis- ecoveries, anc extend the uses of these valuable substances. 1. Many valuable minerals now lie neglected, because their nature and uses are not generally known. 2. Geology furnishes rules for discovering useful minerals by certain known indications, derived from other minerals in the neighborhood, from the general structure of the country, and so on. It materially aids the progress of discovery by showing whether a given mineral, as gypsum, for instance, is to be looked for in 2 particular section of country, or not. It thus limits the field of exami- nation and prevents fruitless researches. 8. So fully have the advantages resulting from such investigations been ex- perienced in Great Britain that landed proprietors frequently cause them to be made on their own estates. 4. In the State of New York where public enterprise is directed to the objects as those which this honorable board have in view, the geological examination of the country, through which their operations are carried on, has been at- tended with highly important and beneficial results, as will be seen by refer- ence to the late speeches of his excellency the governor of New York, to the legislature of that State. Should the honorable board be of opinion that the objects specified in this ecemmunieation are worthy of their attention and patronage, I hereby offer them my services during such seasons of leisure as can be spared from the exercise of my official duties at the university, and ask merely such an ap- propriation as shall defray the expenses of the undertaking. These would be chiefly such as would accrue from the hire of a horse and servant and the charge of traveling, consequently they could not be great. f oo So O71 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. ould beg leave respectfully to name $100, to be afterwards renewed or not the pleasure of the board. The time occupied in these researches, would generally coincide with the college vacations. F The acquisition of knowledge, by which I might be better able to fulfill the duties of my profession and the opportunity of furnishing a geological descrip- tion of this hitherto undescribed country to the American Geological Society, of which I have the honor to be a member, would afford all the recompense 1 “require; and the collection of specimens to illustrate my lectures, as well as an increased ability to impart information to my pupils respecting their native ‘State, would be the means of securing some advantages to the university. My objects, then, are twofold; so far as respects the board, they would be wholly practical; as it respects myself personally, the promotion of science, by pebich the natural history of the State may be better known and appreciated, both at home and abroad, is a great object though not at all at variance with ‘the other. In accordance with these views in reporting to the board the results of my dabors I should expect to notice such topics as the following, together with such other topics as they should particularly prescribe: Stones for building.—Example, freestone ; qualities by which it may be known; what kinds are suitable for building; what kinds unsuitable; other uses to which | the stone is or may be applied. Wherever the best mode of quarrying or work- }ing did not appear to be understood, that mode might be particularly described. |A similar plan might be pursued with respect to ornamental stones, as marbles, jasper, porphyry, or as to metallic ores, Other things of practieal importance that had fallen under observation might be particularly specified; the limit of |rock formations pointed out; the places designated which lie in the range of known quarries, where it is probable they may be found to appear again. The relative value of such substances as might become articles of commerce might be ascertained; the nature of mineral springs already celebrated might be investigated and others which appear to be valuable made known, and all ‘Similar information might be communicated which could be collected on such excursions, _ The board did not consider itself authorized to make the contract with Mr. Olmsted, but referred the matter to the general assembly, recommending that his proposition be accepted. _ The legislature took no action in the matter at that time. The proposition was, however, renewed by Professor Olmsted in 1823, ‘the result of which was the passage of an act authorizing the board of agriculture to have such a survey made, and appropriating for the purpose the sum of $250 a year for four successive years. At the jend of that time (session of 1827-28) the legislature passed an act jeontinuing the appropriation for another year. _ The following is a transcript of this act: An act directing a geological and mineralogical survey to be made of the State of North Carolina, | 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina, 366 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the duty of the board of agriculture of North Carolina to employ some person of competent skill and science, to commence and carry on a geological and mineralogical survey of the various regions of this State; and that the person or persons so employed shall, at stated periods, furnish to the board true and- correct accounts of the results of said surveys and investigations, which shall annually be published by the board aforesaid, for the benefit of the public, as provided by the sixth section of the act of the last general assembly, entitled “An aet to promote agriculture and family domestic manufactures within this. State.” Il. And be it further enacted, That for the purpose of carrying the intention of the foregoing section into effect, a sum not exceeding $250 be, and the same is hereby, annually appropriated for four successive years, out of the unex-— pended balance of the agricultural fund, as created and set apart by the above recited act; and that the treasurer of the State is hereby directed to pay the — same to the order of the board of agriculture of Norh Carolina. The above law stood without change throughout the whole period of the existence of the survey. Connection with other institutions—The survey, if such it can be called, had no immediate connection with any other institution than the board of agriculture, though both Olmsted and Mitchell held professorships in the State university, and the collections made he- came the property of the university. Administration.—Professor Olmsted was appointed by the board to conduct the survey and prosecuted the work during portions of the years 1824 and 1825. At the end of that time he resigned, both his position on the survey and his professorship in the university, and Prof. Elisha Mitchell, then professor of mathematics in the university, was appointed to fill the positions thus left vacant. Pro-— fessor Mitchell appears to have continued the work during his college | vacations of the years 1826, 1827, and 1828, at the end of which time | the work was permanently discontinued. The personnel of the survey was as follows: 1824 and 1825, Denison Olmsted, geologist; Charles E. Rothe, assistant geologist; 1825-1828, Klisha Mitchell,’ geologist. During a part of the year 1825 Professor Olmsted employed, with the approbation of the president of the board of agriculture, Charles KE. Rothe (a miner and mineralogist recently from Saxony) to visit | the counties of Person, Mecklenburg, and Anson in this State and examine the slate formations on the lines of Virginia and South | Carolina.? : i aa i icine iat i Se eae «i ace pret an Seeing rie een dt tlhe ate ee 17In a communication published in the American Journal of Science (vol. 16, No. 1, © 1829) Professor Mitchell writes that for three years, beginning with the latter part of — 1825, Prof. FE. A. Andrews (at that time professor of languages in the University of North Carolina, and afterwards well known as a grammarian and lexicographer) was associated along with himself in an examination into the geology of the State; but no mention has been found of Professor Andrews having been directly connected with the work of the survey. He may, however, have assisted Professor Mitchell in that work, 2 Olmsted, Report on the Geology of North Carolina, part 2, 1825, pp. 105 and 106. a a ee ‘. "4 — =. 7 ‘ ; ‘ GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 367 As to the methods adopted in the prosecution of the survey little mformation has been left on record. They were unquestionably of the simplest character. Olmsted, during 1824, seems to have devoted himself mainly to the middle section of the State, searching particu- larly for minerals of economic value, but with little regard for the geological structure as a whole. The same may be said of Mitchell. Though working for a longer period, he succeeded in gathering up a larger and more systematic series of data, from which he was later enabled to compile a geological map of the State. . Museum or cabinet.—There was nothing in connection with the survey which could be called a museum. Professor Mitchell men- tions in his report’* “the cabinet” of the university, where a rather complete series of specimens illustrative of the geology of the counties visited had been assembled. At the present day, however, no rem- nant of this collection is to be found. There was no library belonging to the survey and no “ exchanges ” to be disposed of. Salaries and expenses——Obviously, neither Olmsted nor Mitchell could have received any salary for their work, the amount appro- priated being only for expenses, nor has there been found any record of any payment to Mr. Rothe. No record of the detailed expendi- tures of the survey has been found. The report of the State auditor and treasurer (1824-1828) reads as follows: “ Paid D. Olmsted by State treasurer for geological survey * * ,etc.”; and in case of Professor Mitchell. “To Professor Mitchell for his services and ex- penses in making a geological survey of the State, agreeable to the direction of the general assembly, on warrant from the president of the board of agriculture, * * * $250.” The total expenditures for the five years (excluding cost of pub- lications) amounted to $1,250. The expenditures for printing were paid out of the general fund of the State treasury. Publications —The publications of the survey consisted of small annual reports: these, four in number, were each printed as a part of a volume of reports and essays published annually under the direction of the board of agriculture. They are as follows: Report on the Geology of North Carolina, part 1. By Denison Olmsted. (Raleigh) 1824. 12mo. 44 pp. Report on the Geology of North Carolina, part 2. By Denison Olmsted. (Raleigh) 1825. 12mo. 60 pp. Report on the Geology of North Carolina, part 3. By Elisha Mitchell. (To which is added a paper on the Gold Mines of North Carolina, by C. E. Rothe, reprinted from Silliman’s Jowrnal of 1828.) (Raleigh) 1827. 12mo. 42 pp. 1Geology of North Carolina, part 3, pp. 5-17. 136075—20——25 368 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Geological Report of Professor Mitchell. (Raleigh) 1829, 12mo. | 8 pp. Of the reports for 1824, 1825, and 1827, 1,500 copies each were printed. As to the report for 1829, the record fails to indicate the number of copies. The reports were distributed free, “by means of agricultural societies, to the people of the State,” and there is no record of any publications having been sold. Benefits —As to the material benefits resulting to the people of the State, it is probable that mining enterprises and investments were in a small measure stimulated and directed, and an interest in better methods of agriculture awakened and strengthened. The attention of the people of the eastern section of the State was called to the occurrence and use of marls in their section, but there is no available evidence of any benefits resulting therefrom. From an educational standpoint the survey was a benefit, in that the people were informed through the reports of the survey as to the general geology and mineral resources of the State. After the discontinuance of the survey (1828), Professor Mitchell for several years made geological explorations to different portions of the State at his own expense. The general results of these he published in a smal] textbook, Elements of Geology, with an outline of the geology of North Carolina, 1842 (12mo. 141 pp.), with a geological map of the State. This was the first map of the State published, though the area was included in Maclure’s maps of 1809 and 1817. It was probably an outgrowth of one begun by Pro- fessor Olmsted in 1824, which received corrections and additions by Professor Mitchell during the succeeding years to the time of its publication. No official geological map of the State was published from that date (1842) until the appearance of the one accompanying Kerr’s Report in 1875 (Geology of North Carolina, vol. 1). SECOND SURVEY UNDER EBENEZER EMMONS, 1852-1864. No work in the direction of a scientific survey of the State was undertaken from the discontinuance of the Olmsted-Mitchell survey in 1828 until 1852, when the Emmons survey was begun. The need of a survey in connection with the mining and mineral interests of the middle and western section of the State, and the agriculture and geology of the entire area had, however, been felt for many years prior to this date, and its institution advocated by leading public men. The advantages of the work had been pointed out in the executive messages of Governor Dudley in 1838, Governor Morehead in 1844, Governor Graham in 1846 and 1848, and Governor Manly in 1850-51. j : j 1 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 359 At its session of 1848-49 the general assembly had authorized a corporation under the name of the “ Cape Fear & Deep River Navi- gation Co.” to make said river navigable above Fayetteville, to and above the coal fields in Chatham County, it being believed at that time that there were extensive deposits of coal and iron in that region, and there was naturally a strong desire on the part of the corporation and the people owning lands in the region for a system- atic survey of the area. For several years, too, considerable excite- ment had prevailed in the western section of the State in connection with mining interests, especially those relating to copper. At its session of 1850-51 the general assembly of the State, acting presumably under the recommendation of Governor Manly, passed an act authorizing a geological, mineralogical, botanical, and agri- cultural survey to be made. The following is a transcript of this act: An act to provide for a geological and agricultural survey of the State. SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of North Caro- lina, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That the governor shall, as soon as practical, select and appoint some suitable person to conduct, under the general supervision of himself and the literary board, a geological, mineralogical, botanical, and agricultural survey of the State. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the person so selected and appointed to examine and survey each and every county of the State; to ascertain the different geological formations of each county and section of the State; the nature, character, and value of its minerals; the nature and character of its soils and the best method of improving the same; the nature and kind of its productions and their position and relative value; its facilities for manufac- tories; the extent and value of its water power; the character and value of its - botanical productions: the character and value of its timber; and all other facts eonnected with the subjects of geology, mineralogy, botany, and agriculture which may tend to a full development of the resources of our State; and that the said person so selected and appointed to conduct said survey shall be authorized to employ such agents and assistants, to be approved of by the governor, as may be necessary to enable him speedily and successfuly to accomplish the objects eommitted to his charge; and he shall, from time to time, communicate to the governor, to be by him communicated to the legislature, a report or reports, in writing, setting forth fully the results of his survey, which reports shall be pub- lished under the supervision of the governor and literary board. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That the expenditures incurred by said survey _ shall not exceed $5,000 per annum, to be paid by the public treasurer upon the warrant of the governor, out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise _ appropriated. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, 'That it shall be the duty of the person making such survey to deliver lectures upon the subjects committed to his charge in ee ee the villages through which he shall pass: Provided, That he shall not thereby delay his other duties. Ratified January 24, 1851. 370 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. No modifications of this law or other legal measures affecting the — survey are found on record between 1851 and its discontinuance in 1864. Connection with other institutions—The Kmmons survey was not ofiicially nor directly connected with any other institution from the time of its organization in 1852 to its suspension (1864). Personnel.—Ebenezer Emmons was State geologist from 1852- 1863, with the following assistants: E, Emmons, jr., assistant geolo- gist, 1852-1864; Spence McClenahan, assistant geologist, 1852-1854; J. F. Tompkins,’ assistant geologist, 1853-1854; M. B. Conklin, as- sistant geologist, 1857-1860; C. D. Smith, assistant geologist, 1858~ 1860; M. A. Curtis, naturalist, 1859-1863; and R. H. Northrup, as- sistant geologist, 1863-1864. Manner of appointment.—In accordance with section 1 of the act of 1851 authorizing the survey, the chief geologist was appointed by the governor of the State. In accordance with section 2 of the same act the assistants were appointed by the geologist, subject to the approval of the governor. So far as the record shows no system of promotion was adopted in connection with the appointment of as- sistants to positions on the survey. Salaries —The salary of the geologist, as fixed by agreement be- tween himself and the governor, was $2,500 a year. The salaries of the assistants were as follows: E. Emmons, jr. (1852-1864), $1,500 a year; Spence McClenahan (1852-1854), $1 200 a year; J. F. Tomp- kins (1858 or 1854), $100 a month; M. B. Conklin (1857-1860), $600 a year; C. D. Smith (1858-60), $50 a month; M. A. Curtis ie 1863), $500 a year. Administration.—Under the law of 1851 Prof, Ebenezer mien professor of geology in Williams College, Massachusetts, was ap- pointed State geologist. He entered upon his duties in January, 1852, and gave the work his chief attention, though nominally re- taining his position at Williams College, and for several years delivering a course of lectures at that institution. As to the methods of operation adopted by the survey under Emmons, the available information is not sufficient to warrant the attempt at writing even a brief sketch. Under the circumstances only a few general statements can be made. The greater part of the work of the survey in the field, office, and laboratory was done by Professor Emmons and his son, E. Emmons, jr., who was the only permanent assistant, other assistants having been usually employed to do field work in regions of the State with which they were familiar or for some specific work. The general plan of operations was an outgrowth of this fact, together with the nature of the work to be 1Bxact date of his connection with the survey uncertain. , . GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 371 done. Doctor Emmons was a man of wide training, and brought all his varied knowledge into use. He was geologist, mineralogist. chemist, agriculturist, and, to a certain extent, paleontologist. His assistants, with the exception of the botanist, were not specialists along any lines, but simply worked under his immediate direction. Naturally, with such varied duties. the general work of the survey suffered. No topographical work was attempted except that in making one or more geological sections of proportional heights, a series of baro- metric observations were made along the line of the proposed sec- tions, as was done along a line across the mountain region of the State, from the valley of the Yadkin to the Tennessee line on the route of the French Broad River. No work in botany or zoology was carried on by the survey except that done by Doctor Curtis. This con- sisted mainly in writing up the results of observations previously made, The work done by the survey in both the field and office was chiefly in connection with the general geology, and the mining and agricultural interests of the State. In the field work each of these three departments was kept in view according to its importance in the region visited. In the eastern region of the State, where there are no mines, the observations related mainly to the agriculture and paleontology; in the middle region, to the agriculture, mines, paleontology (of the coal fields) and general geology; and in the extreme western region, the same excepting the paleontology. The work in agriculture included the making of observations as to the nature and fertility of the soil and the crops produced, collect- ing specimens of soils for analysis, ete. These specimens were sent to the laboratory of the survey at Raleigh. In some cases, in addition to the sample of soil, specimens of the plants growing thereon were collected and both subjected to chemical analyses. _ The examination of fossils, identification of known species and de- scription of new species was all done by Professor Emmons. Draw- ings of fossils, maps, and geological sections were made by EK, Em- mons, jr. The chemical work was done mainly by Professor Emmons in person, as already noted, in a private laboratory connected with his residence in Raleigh. During the latter years of the survey (1861-1864) the attention of the geologist and his assistants was turned to the manufacture of ‘munitions of war, especially fulminate of mercury, for the use of the State military forces. This fact and the ill health of Doctor Emmons caused the proper work of the survey to be practically given up during this time. .' 1 372 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Museum or cabinet.—The collections made during the prosecution — of the field work of the survey were carried to Raleigh, the head- quarters of the survey, and deposited in a room set apart for that purpose in the capitol building. In addition to these, many other specimens were sent by persons living in different parts of the State, — so that toward the close of the survey a large amount of material had been collected. The cabinet thus formed was considered at © the time (1858-1860) one of considerable value. It remained in — the capitol building until the close of the Civil War, when the remnant was by act of the general assembly transferred to the State university at Chapel Hill. During his connection with the survey Doctor Emmons also made a large private collection of min- erals and fossils, which was sold to Williams College, Massachusetts. There was no hbrary belonging to the survey. Ewpenses.—The funds at the disposal of the survey were expended mainly in the payment of the salaries of the geologist and his assistants and the publication of reports. It included also the preparation and repairs ef the room to contain the cabinet of min- erals, and a few other items of less importance. The salaries of the geologist and his assistants were fixed by agree- ment between the governor and Professor Emmons. (See p. 370.) Out of these they were required to bear the expenses of the field work, the analyses of soils, and the outlay for chemicals.’ The expenditures during the existence of the survey were as fol- lows: For fiscal years ending October 31, from 1852 to 1856, and September 30, 1857 to 1864, inclusive: 1852, $2,875; 1852-53, $5,125; 1853-54, $4,763.57: 1854-55, $4,208.97; 1855-56, $5,749.42: 1856-57, $4,000; 1857-58, $6,361.40; 1858-59, $5,458.30; 1859-60, $5,838.59; 1860-61, $4,546.67; 1861-62, $4,500; 1862-63, $4,138.88; 1863-64, $1,051.50. The total expenditures of the survey durimg its existence (1852— 1864) amounted to $58,611.60. This includes the cost of engraving and printing. As noted, the survey was sustained by an annual appropriation of $5,000 from the general treasury of the State, which was continued until otherwise ordered. Publications —The following list shows the size of the editions and cost of publication of the various reports, so far as obtainable. As has been frequently found to be the case, the cost is charged up with the State printing fund and no separate account rendered: 1852. Report of the Survey; 181 pp.; edition, 5,000 copies; cost, $990. 1Report of Geological Survey of North Carolina, Leg. Doc., Sess. 1854-55, p. 3. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. oto 1856. Report on Geology of Midland Counties; edition of 1,000 copies; cost, $1,801.82. 1858. Report on Geology of Eastern Counties; 314 pp.; edition of 2,000 copies; cost, $1,322.12. 1867. Report of Geological and Natural History Survey; part 3; 158 pp.; edition of 1,000 copies; cost, $402.90. At the beginning of the Civil War and during several years previ- ous to that date (1861) Professor Emmons and his assistants appear to have been engaged mainly in the prosecution of the chemical and other office work and preparation for publication of a series of final reports, with accompanying maps, embodying the results of the sur- vey. Doctor Curtis, the assistant in natural history, had in prepara- tion from 1860 to 1863 a series of reports on the botany and zoology of the State. Of the reports in preparation, three were published in 1860, The publication of the others was interrupted by the excitement attend- ing the breaking out of war. As to the nature and extent of these unpublished reports prepared by himself, Doctor Emmons says: It was estimated that sufficient matter had accumulated to make about 1,200 er 1,300 octavo pages, embracing subjects relating to the agriculture of the mid- land, western,.and mountain counties; the mining resources of the mountain eounties and additional facts relative to the mineral resources of Deep River and the midland counties, together with a report on the grape, which is peculiar to a section which we may properly call the wine district of North Carolina. The manuscript for the reports mentioned in the above extract appears to have been lost or destroyed at about the beginning of or during the war. It is stated that Professor Emmons presented a manuscript report for publication to Governor Ellis in 1861, and that soon after the report had been deposited in the executive office for publication it was in some unexplained way lost or destroyed. To accompany the above-mentioned reports of Professor Emmons, there was in preparation by Mr. EK. Emmons, jr., a geological map of the State, and also one of the coal fields. The latter was colored, and ready for publication in 1861, but the geological portion was in preparation but far from complete. The map used as a base for the geological inap was one by W. D. Cooke, published in 1857 (by Colton & Co.) ; scale, 8 miles to the inch. These maps were all left in Raleigh and are supposed to have been lost or destroyed during the Civil War. In addition to the above, the following unpublished reports were prepared under the auspices of the survey: 1Report to Governor Elis, Leg. Doe. 1860-61, p. 5. 374 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ; Report of a geological reconnoissance of that portion of North Carolina west of the Blue Ridge, south of and including Buncombe County. By C. D. Smith. 1860. Reports of Dr. M. A. Curtis, including a Catalogue of Plants of North Carolina;' a Description of the Quadrupeds; a Description of the Reptiles; and (in preparation) a Description of the Birds of North Carolina. Mr. Smith’s report was made and presented to Professor Emmons in 1860 and incorporated with the report of the latter presented to Governor Ellis in 1861, and was lost or destroyed along with that report. Benefits —It is impossible to estimate the material benefits that have resulted to the people of the State from the prosecution of this survey. At the time the results should have fairly begun to be realized the war came on, and public enterprises looking to the de- velopment of the natural resources ef the State were stopped, the influx of people or capital for several years thereafter was out of the question, and the geological survey as such was suspended. Professor Emmons himself claimed ? that the beneficial results were considerable in that (1) it “discouraged undertakings which would have resulted in failure,” and thus saved large swns of money which would have been lost, and it stopped those works where money was being wasted upon hopeless prospects; and (2) by making careful examinations of mineral properties as to the value of which there were favorable indications, and publishing the results of such exami- nations, enterprises likely to prove successful were encouraged. Proper direction was given to the investment of capital at home, and capital from abroad was brought into the State. Concerning the additions to science made by this survey, it may be said that the character and the outlines of the geological formations of the State were described more fully than had been done before. The investigations of the fossil flora of the Mesozoic coal deposits resulted in the discovery, according to recent determination, of 39 species, nine of which appear to be peculiar to North Carolina.* The investigations in connection with the animal remains of the Tertiary and Mesozoic deposits resulted in adding to science, directly or in- directly, according to the list given by Cope,‘ four species of fossil fish, one batrachian, eight reptiles, and four mammals. 2 Published in 1867. 2 Report of Progress, 1855, pp. 7-13. Geology of Midland Counties of North Caro- Hina, 1856, p. xix, and Report of Progress, 1860, p. 2. 8 Fontaine, Older Mesozoic of Virginia, pp. 122 and 123. See also Emmons’s Geology of Midland Counties of North Carolina, 1826; and American Geology, pt. 4. 4 Kerr’s Geology of North Carolina, 1875. Appendix B. ee a BULLETIN 109 PL. 26 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM SAW10OH NILSNYW Hdasop ‘VNITOYVO HLYON 40 SLSIDO1035 68-9981 ‘YYSHM SHAHLNYVD NOLONIHSV AA SLEVAES 82-2081 ‘WISHOLIA VHSING GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 375 Among the discoveries in paleontology the most interesting was the insectivorous mammal, Dromatherium sylvestre, found in the Trias- sic (older Mesozoic) coal measures of Chatham County. THIRD SURVEY UNDER W. C. KERR, 1564—-iS882. The survey under W. C. Kerr was in reality a continuation of that begun under Emmons in 1852. Doctor Emmons died in October, 1863. The assistant geologist, E. Emmons, jr., resigned April 1, 1864, at which date the appropriations for the expenses of the survey were discontinued. Organization —Kerr was appointed State geologist in 1864 (exact date not known), but no appropriation was made for the expenses and no geological work was undertaken. His time was fully oceu- pied in advising and directing in connection with the manufacture of salt, saltpeter, copperas, sulphur, sulphuric acid, medicinal ex- tracts from plants, and various other substances needed for purposes of home consumption or for purposes of war. After the close of the war (April, 1865) even this nominal connection appears to have been given up, and the survey discontinued for a year. On April 1, 1866, Kerr was reappointed State geologist by Gov-: ernor Worth, and the survey was reorganized under the same law as formerly. From this date the work continued without any serious interruption until August, 1882, when Kerr resigned the dtrector- ship to accept a position as geologist on the United States Geological Survey. From the latter date to September, 1883, the active work of the survey was suspended, though Mr. William B, Phillips acted as State geologist in the performance of office duties. In September, 1883, Kerr, owing to ill health, resigned his connection with the national survey, and from this date to the time of his death in August, 1885, he held a semiofficial position under the direction of the board of agriculture of North Carolina, and devoted such time as his declining health would permit to collecting the materials for the completion of his final report (vol. 2, Geology of North Caro- lina). From the date of Kerr’s death until 1891 the geological sur- vey had not even a nominal existence.’ Organized under the same law, the Kerr survey had in view the same general functions and purposes as that of Emmons, which had preceded it, namely, investigations into the general geology and natural history and the natural resources of the State. 1See American Geology, pt. 6, p. 93. 2The law permitting the appointment of a geologist and the prosecution of geological work under the direction of and at the expense of the board of agriculture was not abolished until 1887, but nothing was undertaken by the board exeept in connection witb the preparation of the geological report (vol. 2). 376 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. It was the first endeavor of Professor Kerr to determine what of the objects of the survey had been most fully accomplished during the administration of Doctor Emmons. It was found that his un- published notes had been lost or destroyed, and hence that it would be necessary to reexamine in large part the field covered by him, as well as to survey the large western area, thus far almost unexplored. However, before the work in connection with the general geology could be completed, or indeed prosecuted to any great advantage, a topographic map was necessary. Concerning the middle and eastern divisions of the State it was found that data for this could be col- lected from previous geographical surveys of one kind or another, but in the western division much original topographical work would have to be done. In the department of paleontology much more work remained to be done. Concerning this, in his report of progress for 1866, page 20, Kerr says: Neither the Tertiary fossils of the eastern counties nor the Mesozoic of the Deep River and Dan River coal beds, nor yet the supposed Azoic (so-called Taconic) organisms of the middle section have been fully and satisfactorily studied and illustrated. It was a part of the plan of organization to form a museum of specimens illustrative of the fossils, rocks, minerals and mining products, soils and marls, animals, and plants of the State; also, in connection with the agriculture, to make additional analyses of soils and marls and undertake any other investigation which the interest of the people might demand in this direction. It was also a part of the plan to organize meteorological stations in many counties for the purpose of determining as far as possible the general climatology of the State, and to investigate the water power and manufacturing advantages. No modifications of the law of 1851 were enacted from the date of its passage in 1851 to the year 1877. There was, however, an act passed by the general assembly of 1871-72, ratified February 12, 1872, which in slight measure affected the duties of the State geolo- gist as follows: An act to prevent fraud in the sale of commercial manures. Src. 4. That any person or persons instituting suit against any such manu- facturer for such damages may on the payment of $15 to the State geologist cause a full and accurate analysis to be made by him, a certificate of which shall be presumptive evidence of the chemical elements and ingredients con- tained in the sample of fertilizer so analyzed and of the package or parcel from which the sample was taken, The above was amended by an act of the general assembly of 1873- 74, ratified January 29, 1874, as follows: 1 Laws of North Carolina, 1878-74, ch. Ixix, sec. 6, p. 96. ; 7 : GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. att Sec. 6. That the State geologist, at the request of any person who shall pay him the sum of $15, shall sample any lot of fertilizer held or offered for sale in this State, and analyze or cause the same to be analyzed; and if he shall find therein evidence of a failure to comply with the provisions of this act he shau cause the same to be published in some agricultural or other public papers in the cities of Raleigh and Baltimore. In the year 1877 an act was passed by the general assembly where- by the geological survey was made a cooperative department with the department of agriculture, organized at that time. So much of that act as relates to the geological survey is as follows: : > 5 ; > h An act to establish a department of agriculture, immigration, and statistics. and for the encouragement of sheep husbandry. Sec. 18. The geological survey is hereby made and constituted a cooperative department with the department of agriculture, and the geological museum and the collections therein shall, at all times, be accessible to the said department. The geologist shall, as far as practicable, prepare illustrations of the ugricul- tural industries, products, and resources of the State and arrange and care for such collections as the said department may make for this purpose. He shall alse prepare abstracts of the survey from time to time as may be required for the use of the department in their handbook, and circulars for publication, in illustrations of the advantages of this State and in promotion of the genera} purposes of immigration. In return for such service the State geologist may have all his samples of marls, soils, minerals, and other products analyzed by the chemist at the lab- oratory of the experiment station, free of charge. Sec. 14. It is hereby made the duty of the State geologist, upon the recom- mendation of the board of trustees of the university to devote two months in each year at the seat of the university in the performance of such duties in instruction as the faculty may direct, and while employed in this capacity he shall constitute a member of the faculty. ~~ SS Se a 2 At this time an act was passed by the general assembly repealing section 1 of the act of 1851 for the appointment of the geologist, and section 8 providing for the expenditures of and authorizing the re- organization of the survey. This act was ratified February 20, 1879, went into effect immediately and continued in force until 1887. Pro- fessor Kerr was reappointed State geologist under the new law, and was continued in office until his resignation in 1882. In 1883 all then existing laws relating to the survey were codified. The following is a copy of the same taken from volume 2 of the code: Law governing the operation of the survey, 1883-1887. Sec. 2198. The geological survey is hereby made and constituted a coopera- tive department with the department of agriculture, and the geological museum and the collections therein shall at all times be accessible to the said depart- ment. The geologist shall, as far as practicable, prepare illustrations of the agricultural industries, products, and resources of the State, and arrange and eare for such collections as the said department may make for this purpose. 378 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. He shall alsu prepare abstracts of the survey from time to time as may be re- quired for the use of the department in their handbook, and circulars for pub- lication in illustration of the advantages of this State, and in promotion of the general purposes of immigration. In return for such service the State geologist may have all his marls, soils, minerals, and other products analyzed by the chem- ist at the laboratory of the departemnt station, free ef charge, and the board of agriculture is hereby authorized to pay the necessary expenses of the geological museum; and they may authorize and supervise the publication by the public printer of the second volume of the geology of North Carolina, as soon as ready. and may furnish the necessary maps and other engravings for its proper illus- tration; and in like manner they may authorize the printing by the public printer, in pamphlet form, for free distribution, such parts of volumes 1 and 2 as they may deem advisable; and they may furnish copies of volume 2 to State. college, and other public libraries, to geologists and other scientific men, and to every newspaper in the State; and shall furnish the secretary of the state a copy for each county, to be forwarded with other public documents to the clerk of the superior court and to other persons at the cost of paper and printing. The State geologist, at the request of the trustees of the university, shall, when- ever the board of agriculture shall deem it not interfering with the regular duties of his office, deliver at the university a course of free lectures on the geology and mineralogy of this State. Sec. 2209. The governor shall appoint, by and with the consent of the senate, a suitable perscn to conduct, under the supervision of the department of agricul- ture, immigration, and statistics, a geological, mineralogical, botanical, and agri- cultural survey of the State; such officer shall hoid office for two years: Pro- vided, That the person so appointed shall be liable to removal at any time by the governor, by and with the consent of the board of agriculture, immigration. and statistics. Sec. 2210. The compensation of the person so appointed shall be fixed by the said department of agriculture, immigration, and statistics, but shall never exceed a greater rate than $2,009 per annum, Sec. 2211. The expenditures incurred in making said surveys and reports shall be defrayed from the funds provided for the support and maintenance of the said department of agriculture, immigration, and statistics: Provided, That the sum hereby authorized to be used, including the salary or compensa- tion of the person appointed to make sald surveys, shall net exceed the sum of $5,000 per annum. Sec. 2212. The person appointed shall examine and survey each and every eounty of the State and ascertain the different geological formations of each county and section of the State; the nature, character, and value of its min- erais; the nature and character of its soils, and the best mode of improving the same; the nature and kind of its productions, and their position and relative value; its facilities for manufactories; the extent and value of iis water power; the character and value of its botanical productions; the character and value of its timber; and all other facts connected with the subjects of geology, mineralogy, botany, and agriculture which may tend to a full develop- ment of the resources of the State; and such person is authorized to employ as many proper agents and assistants, to be approved by the governor, as may be necessary to enable him speedily and successfully to accomplish the objects committed to his charge; and he shall, from time to time, communicate to the governor, to be by him communicated to the general assembly, a report, in writing, setting forth fully the results of his survey; which reports shall be published under the supervision of the governor and board of education. i , ‘ ‘ : | eee GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. STO Sec. 2213. The person making such survey shall deliver lectures upon the sub- jects committed to his charge in the villages through which he shall pass: Pro- vided, That he shall not thereby delay his other duties. The act of the General Assembiy of North Carolina abolishing the survey in 1887 is as follows: Src. 10. That so much of sections 2198, 2209, 2210, 2211, 2212, and 2218 per- taining to the State geologist as requires the department of agriculture to fix the compensation, regulate the expenditures, or pay out of their funds the salary and expenses of the State geologist shall be, and the same is hereby, repealed. From its reorganization under Kerr in 1866 to the year 1877 the survey was in no sense connected with other institutions, and the State geologist held no other official or professional position, At the latter date a department of agriculture was established, the geological survey made a cooperative department thereof, and the State geologist was made a member of, and an officer under the board of agriculture. And by section 14 of the same act it was made the duty of the State geologist, upon the recommendation of the board of trustees, to devote two months of each year to giving instructions to classes at the State university, and while employed in this capacity he was considered a member of the faculty of the university. The above-mentioned act of 1877 continued in force for two years. In 1879 it was so amended that the State geologist was no longer a member of the board of agriculture, and though he was still required under certain conditions to deliver a course of lectures at the State university, he was not at such times to be considered a member of the faculty. By that act, however, the geological survey was con- tinued a cooperative department of the department of agriculture. The survey was sustained by an annual appropriation. From the time of organization (1866) to 1877 this appropriation was paid out of the general funds of the treasury as authorized by act of the gen- eral assembly of 1850-51. From 1877 to 1887 the funds for the ex- penses of the survey were appropriated out of money raised for the support of the department of agriculture by special tax on the manu- facture and sale of commercial fertilizers within the State. Administration—Upon the reorganization of the survey in 1866 so great was the variety of the work to be undertaken that, with a small appropriation at its disposal, it was necessary that the geolo- gist should undertake in person investigations of a widely different character. This was especially notable in connection with the topo- graphical] work. There was no accurate geographical nor topograph- ical map of the State, as already noted, upon which to lay down the geological data. 380 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The appropriation for the maintenance of the survey was tov small to admit of a separate survey being made. During almost the entire period of the existence of the survey, Professor Kerr, in mak- ing his excursions over the State, was, therefore, obliged to combine topographical and geological work, and this greatly retarded the geological work. Again, the correspondence of the survey made a continuous de- mand upon the time of the geologist—a demand of more importance than can be realized by those unfamiliar with the facts in the case. This correspondence was undertaken by the geologist in person and often retarded in no small degree the progress of his work in other directions, During the years 1873, 1876, and 1881, a considerable portion of the work of the survey was given to the making of collective ex- hibits, illustrative of the State’s resources, at the Vienna, Centennial, and Atlanta expositions, respectively. Indeed, so great was the variety of work expected and demanded of the survey in connection with the economic resources of the State, that the amount of purely scientific work accomplished was thereby greatly limited. Personnel.—The personnel of the survey for each fiscal year ending September 80 is given below. This list is believed to include the name of every individual who has been engaged upon the work. There were no regular or permanent assistants connected with the survey. Assistants were engaged from time to time by the geologist for spe- cial professional work or general office work as they were needed or could be secured. Some of these had only a nominal connection, others were connected with it at intervals during several years. 1866, W. C. Kerr, geologist; C. J. Curtis, assistant in topography ; N. A. Pratt, assistant in chemistry. 1866-67, W. ©. Kerr, geologist ; William Cain, assistant in topography; N. A. Pratt, assistant in chemistry. 1867-68, W. C. Kerr, geologist; C. J. Curtis, assistant in topography. 1868-69, W. C. Kerr, geologist; EK. D. Cope, assist- ant in invertebrate paleontology; G. B. Hanna, assistant in chem- istry. 1869-70, W. C. Kerr, geologist; G. B. Hanna, assistant in chemistry; T. A. Conrad, assistant in invertebrate paleontology; G. C. Jordan, assistant in labeling cabinets. 1870-71, W. C. Kerr, geologist; William Cain, assistant In topography; T. A. Conrad, as- sistant in invertebrate paleontology; E. H. Bogardus, assistant in chemistry; G. B. Hanna, assistant in chemistry; C. F. Chandler, special assistant in chemistry; F. A. Genth, assistant in mineralogy. 1871-72, W. C. Kerr, geologist; William Cain, assistant in topog- raphy; G. B. Hanna, assistant in chemistry; E. H. Bogardus, assist- ant in chemistry; F. A. Genth, assistant in mineralogy; Mrs. C. P. ae GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 381 Spencer, assistant in office work: William D. Cooke, assistant in 3 3 3 office work. 1872-73, W. C. Kerr, geologist; G. B. Hanna, assistant in chemistry; C. D. Smith, assistant in geology; William D. Cooke, assistant in office work. 1873-74, W. C. Kerr, geologist; C. D. Smith, assistant in geology; G. B. Hanna, assistant in chemistry: E. H. Bogardus, assistant in chemistry; William Cain, assistant in topog- raphy; William D, Cooke, assistant in office work. 1874-75, W. C. Kerr, geologist; A. A. Julien, assistant in lithology; G. B. Hanna, assistant in chemistry; William D. Cooke, assistant in office work. 1875-76, W. C. Kerr, geologist; A. A. Julien, assistant in lithology ; J. B. Hanna, assistant in chemistry. 1876-77, W. C. Kerr, geologist; A. A. Julien, assistant in lithology; G. B. Hanna, assistant in chem- istry and mining; A. R. Ledoux, chemist ex officio. 1877-78, W. C. Kerr, geologist; A. A. Julien, assistant in geology; A. R. Ledoux, chemist ex officio; William Cain, assistant in topography; T. C. Harris, curator of museum and assistant in engraving and general office work. 1878-79, W. C. Kerr, geologist; A. A. Julien, assistant in lithology; A. R. Ledoux, chemist ea officio; A. G. Williamson, assistant in topography; T. C. Harris, curator of museum and as- sistant in engraving and general office work. 1879-80, W. C. Kerr, geologist; A. A. Julien, assistant in lithology; F. A. Genth, assist- ant in mineralogy; A. R. Ledoux, chemist ex officio; William Cain, assistant in topography; A. G. Williamson, assistant in topography; T. C. Harris, curator of museum and assistant in engraving and gen- eral office work; R. G. Thomas, assistant in office work. 1880-81. W. C. Kerr, geologist; A. A. Julien, assistant in lithology; C. W. Dabney, chemist ex officio; T. C. Harris, curator of museum and as- sistant in engraving and general office work. 1881-82, W.-C. Kerr, geologist; A. A. Julien, assistant in lithology; W. B. Phillips, assist- ant in geology; C. W. Dabney, jr., chemist ea officio; T. C. Harris, curator, etc.; W. H. Kerr, special assistant in geology. 1882-83, W. B. Phillips, acting geologist; A. A. Julien, assistant in lithology; C. W. Dabney, chemist ex officio; T. C. Harris, curator, ete. The geologist of the survey was appointed by the governor, in accordance with the act of January, 1851, and subsequently in ac- cordance with the act of 1879. The assistants employed by the sur- vey were appointed by the geologist, subject to the approval of the governor, and no principles of promotion were laid down so far as the record shows. Salaries—The salary of the geologist was fixed at the time of his appointment in 1866 by agreement between the governor of the State and himself at $2,500 a year. By act of the general assembly, ratified February 20, 1879, it was enacted that after that date the compensa- tion of the geologist should be fixed by the department of agricul- 382 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ture, and that it should not exceed $2,000 a year. As a rule the assistants on the survey were not paid regular salaries, but received such compensation for their work as was agreed upon between them- selves and the geologist. No official record of the sum thus ex- pended has been preserved. In a few instances assistance was given without remuneration, as in the cases of Professors Conrad and Cope in working up the re- mains of fossil invertebrates and vertebrates collected by the survey. So far as can be learned, the geologist in charge of the survey was not paid a salary by any other institution during his connection with the survey. With a few unimportant exceptions the assistants employed by the survey were connected with other institutions and gave only a portion of their time to the work. In such cases, so far as can be learned, they were paid salaries by the other institutions with which they were connected. Methods in geological work.—In general geology, including here lithology and stratigraphy, concerning the methods adopted for the western region of the State the following extract is given from Pro- fessor Kerr’s Report of Progress, 1866, pages 19 and 20: Since the general geological survey must necessarily serve as the basis and groundwork of the whole this comes first in order. It was necessary, therefore, in the beginning to take a bird’s-eye view of the whole field of operations, to make a geological reconnoissance, in order to catch the outlines and leading features of the geological structure of the region to be studied, and thus to construct a skeleton or framework in which all the future details of the work would easily and intelligibly arrange themselves as they should be developed. This was necessary also in order to ascertain the character and amount of the work to be done, and to what points special effort and attention should be directed. This could be accomplished most speedily and satisfactorily by making a series of transverse sections across the upturned edges of the strata. In this State the direction of these edges, the strike, is almost universally from Northeast to Southwest, and this direction, being also that of the dominant mountain chain, the rivers in seeking the line of quickest descent, necessarily take a direction at right angles to the strike; and having worn for themselves deep channels through the strata, furnish extensive exposures of the rocks and so give the readiest means of obtaining the desired sections, although one is often obliged to use for this purpose the artificial and accidental exposures along the tracks of railroads, turnpikes, and even common roads. The Ocvee, Hiwassee, Cheowah, Nantehaleh, ennessee, Tuckasege, Pigeon, and French Broad, with the Oconaluftee and Toxaway Rivers, furnished me as many sections, some of them partial, some of them completely across the breadth of the State. These sections enabled me to locate beyond the possi- bility of a doubt all the prominent geological features of the region and furnish data also for the construction of a geological map of that hitherto unknown country. In all parts of the State where such advantages existed the geolo- gist availed himself of the exposures along watercourses and rail- GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 383 roads, and where these did not exist he traveled along country roads, usually in such directions as (in the middle and western regions of the State) to cross the upturned edges of the strata. The mode of travel varied with circumstances. Along the line of railroads the geologist frequently made use of a handcar. In other cases he traveled by private conveyance along or near the line of railroad, making frequent excursions on foot for the purpose of examining the exposures of rock in the cuts. In hilly and mountain- ous regions, he traveled on horseback; along river courses, especially in the eastern section, he made use of boats when practicable, and was thus enabled the better to examine the exposures along the banks of the streams. Of the lithological collections made, one set of specimens was deposited in the State museum, and a duplicate set (in part) was placed in the hands of the lithologist to the survey, Dr. A. A. Julien, of New York City, for further examination, with instructions that the specimens be carefully examined microscopically and chemically, if this latter also should prove to be necessary in determining their mineral composition and character. In addition, Doctor Julien himself, under the direction of the survey, examined in the field the crystalline rocks of the middle and western portions of the State, in order that he might the more intelligently prosecute his investiga- tions in the laboratory. With his own extensive examinations in the field of the character and stratigraphic relations of the crystalline rocks, and with the aid of Doctor Julien’s investigations in the microscopic and chem- ical characters of these rocks, Professor Kerr hoped to solve, or at least to throw light upon, the problem as to the age of the crystalline rocks. In connection with the topographic work, Professor Kerr brought together the records of the original surveys and triangulations of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, of Prof. Arnold Guyot, of the State geologist (himself), and of the United States Engi- neers; the surveys made by the State from 1820 to 1882 of swamp lands, railroads, rivers, canals, and turnpikes; the surveys of rail- road, plank road, and other corporations to date; and numerous county and land surveys. The larger part of these were reduced to a common scale, the results redrawn and incorporated in the “ Map of North Carolina.” _ Museum.—The collections of the survey deposited in the State _mIauseum consisted in 1887 of the following: A collection of minerals and ores of between 6,000 and 7,000 speci- mens, in general so arranged as to illustrate the mineral wealth of the several counties of the State. 136075—20-——26 384 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. A collection of something more than 3,000 lithological specimens. A collection of building stones, consisting of 100 specimens, vary- ing in size from cubes 1 foot in diameter to smaller, taken from the quarries and other exposures of granite, gneiss, sandstone, marble, etc., in different parts of the State. Soils and marls, upward of 200 specimens, from different portions of the State, collected primarily for analysis. Woods, upward of 200 specimens, consisting of boards 2 feet long, 1 to 2 inches thick, and of varying widths, polished, illustrative of the native woods of the State. Fossil shells, a collection of several thousand specimens, including a large number of species, mainly from the Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits of the eastern portion of the State. Shells of forms now living—of marine, a small collection; of fresh-water and land shells, a small collection of each. A few zoological specimens, including the skeleton of a whale (Balaena mysticetus), 65 feet long, porpoise, and a few smaller animals. A small collection of agricultural products and of Indian antiquities, Library.—The library of the survey contained in 1887 about 300 volumes, which include general and special treatises on general and applied geology, mineralogy, metallurgy, chemistry, agriculture, and general natural history, and the reports of the geological and natural history surveys of other States. Hapenses.—No records of the specific expenditures of the survey have been published or preserved in any way, so far as discovered. It may be stated, however, that the expenditure of the funds at the disposal of the survey ($5,000 a year) included the payment of salaries of officers and assistants, all the running expenses, and, at least, in part, the cost of engraving of maps accompanying the geological reports. The annual expenditures of the survey from its organization in 1866 to October, 1882, the fiscal years ending September 30, is as follows: AG a > eeu Gad ee a $3,000.00) 1875-2610 at er ee el $6, 000. 00 REG Gigante i i Ga 4,000.00), ASIOLTiit a Bae Pepe sane 5, 000. 00 TSG GSB ee ca oe (0:00, (AS TCS ee ee eee 4, 000. 00 TORO RO Rote sca nates ae nae D4: GO| TRIG 70 aa ee wre ig ee 13 946, 62 USES TON en Pee (RIO: O0.| ASTOR ee ee eee 4, 786. 00 PSTONT fe ee ee 3.750. 00'| 1880-81. Meee Ee 3, 671. 27 1SC4 70088 oh Fatty, 5,750: 00: | TSSi Saat ies er ae 4, 314. 84 OER peo ue ek eta 6, 750.00 | 1882-83__--- 22-4. ----_ 546. 61 UTA lice tk eee 4, 000. 00 | Sees Pa en tee oars 5, 000. 09 | $80,820.02 1Taken from report of department of agriculture, the auditor’s report shows an ex- penditure of $1,870. GECLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 385 stitutions than the survey. The chemist after 1877 was the chemist and director of the North Carolina experiment station and ex officio chemist to the geological survey. He was paid no salary by the survey, but as chemist and director of the station received an annual salary of $2,000 until 1885, when it was increased to $2,500. The cost of engraving and printing connected with the reports of the survey was paid in part out of the funds of the survey, in part (prior to 1877) out of the public fund of the State, and in part (subsequent to 1877, when the department of agriculture, etc., was established) out of the funds of the department of agriculture. Benefits—As covering that period of the survey’s existence from 1866 to 1875, the following is quoted from Professor Kerr :* The benefits of a geological survey have come to be recognized in all civilized communities. They are twofold, positive and negative. In this State they are seen in the discovery and development of mineral wealth—coal, iron, copper, ete.; in preventing or diminishing wasteful and ill-advised and ruinous enter- prises. Several single mines of copper, of iron, and of coal, whose development is due to the operations of the survey, have brought into the State an amount of capital many times greater than the whole cost of the work. More than a million dollars, for example, has been invested in four or five such mines within the last three or four years, and only a beginning has been made. And I make no doubt that in the repression and prevention of mistaken adventures the pecuniary value of the work has been still more important. And many who live in the eastern section of the State will readily understand that the most important function of the survey is found in the direction of agriculture. Tbe saving to the farmers of that section in one year in the matter of commercial fertilizers alone is counted by hundreds of thousands, without mentioning the direct benefits from the analysis of marls, peats, etc., and the extension and direction of their use. ; _ The geologist, as stated above, received no salary from other in- Examined in the light of subsequent years the above statement concerning the benefits of the survey may be considered a fair one; and this notwithstanding the fact that a few of the mining invest- ments in the State alluded to were unsuccessful. And in many ways the survey continued for nearly another decade to exert its beneficial effects. In connection with the mining interests it has encouraged the in- troduction of capital into the State, and a more judicious investment of home capital. Ina negative but important way it has been instru- mental in preventing numerous investments where the undertaking would have proved a failure and the money invested lost. - In connection with the agricultural interests the beneficial results of the survey can not easily be estimated, but doubtless these have been considerable to the people in all sections of the State, and espe- cially to those of the eastern and middle sections. Agriculture, dur- ing the entire existence of the survey, was regarded as an important } 1 Geology of North Carolina, 1875, p. xv. ‘ f E ae Ve he a 086 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. field of work. Numerous analyses of marls, peats, and commercial fertilizers were made, and directions looking to the extension and use of these were widely disseminated. Many analyses of soils were made, and the people of the State were informed as to the methods of soil improvement. From 1872 to 1877 the survey doubtless saved to the people of the eastern and middle regions of the State many thousands of dollars through its inspection of the commercial fertilizers sold and used in these regions; and in 1877 the State geologist was largely instru- mental in the establishment and organization of the “ department of agriculture, immigration, etc.,” and the agricultural experiment sta- tion, which since that time has been of great value to the people of the State in regulating the manufacture and sale of commercial fer- tilizers, and in other ways. Again, the survey has been of benefit to the people by advertising the natural resources of the State in this and in other countries. This has been done by making exhibits of specimens of minerals, ores, woods, etc., illustrative of the resources of the State, and through the published reports of the survey and official correspond- ence of the geologist with persons in our own and other countries. Such exhibits as referred to were made by the survey at the Vienna exhibition (1874), Philadelphia (1876), and Atlanta (1881). The survey inaugurated the movement of a few years later looking to the increase in supply of food fishes in the streams of the State; and (as mentioned already) established and kept in existence for a time a series of meteorological stations in different portions of the State. It revived the silk-raising movement in North Carolina—a result of the visit of the geologist to the Vienna exposition. It measured the water power of all the important rivers of the State. Tt has left the public a fairly good knowledge of the physical fea- tures and climatology of North Carolina. The educational feature should be kept in mind even when con- sidering the material benefits resulting from the work of the survey. Through occasional public lectures by the State geologist at places in different portions of the State, through published reports, arti- cles in newspapers, and private correspondence, the people of the different sections were informed, as far as was practicable under the circumstances, concerning the natural resources of their respective regions. Such information is of material benefit in that, on the one hand, it encourages investments in cases where there is reasonable — ground for expecting success; and, on the other hand, where there | is no such ground, the attention of persons interested is turned to some other undertaking, and loss of both time and capital is pre- vented. . i 7 h ; , GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 387 Unfinished work of the survey.—Excepting the report on the min- erals and mineral localities (ch. 1 of vol. 2 of Geology of North Caro- lina) brought out in 1881, the State map in 1882, and the report on the Ores of North Carolina (ch. 2 of vol. 2), published in 1887, none of the results of the work of this survey have been published since 1875. After the death, in 1885, of Kerr, nothing more was done until 1891, when J. A. Holmes, of the State university, was appointed State geologist and continued to hold the office until 1904. No systematic work was carried on by this organization, which was oc- cupied, as opportunity offered, in other consideration of special prob- lems relating not only to geology, but timber resources and road construction as well. In 1905 a new act was passed establishing the present surveys.’ OHIO.’ The geological explorations of Ohio were begun in the interest of salt manufacture. The difficulty of securing this article, and the high price which it bore in the Ohio Valley all through the early years of the present century, seemed to the pioneers of this region the most serious obstacle to their success. All the salt that they used was brought across the Alleghanies on the backs of pack horses or up the Mississippi in flatboats. The price ranged from 8 to 16 cents a pound. The early scttlers, noting that certain springs of water slightly charged with salt were much frequented by animals, made in 1798 their first attempt at the home manufacture of salt at the “ Old Scioto salt works.” To prevent monopoly Congress, in 1808, re- served 6 miles square at this place for the use of the State and 1 square mile at each of the other two localities where salt springs were known to exist. These were the only places in the State at which this substance was found. The first attempt at drilling for salt was made a few miles below Zanesville in 1817. Such was its success that many borings were made with varied results until, in 1826, the salt reservations were no longer considered necessary and the Jand was sold. Through ignorance of the formations much money was wasted by boring for salt where none could exist. The invariable presence of gas in salt wells was taken as a guide in new drillings. Boring was often be- gun where the presence of gas was noted, but all other indications of salt were absent. 1See Bull. 465, U. S. Geol. Survey. *Mainly from manuscript notes compiled by Miss D. M. Scott under the direction of Prof. Edward Orton. 588 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. It happened in the year 1819 that a certain physician interested in geology stopped at the house of a Mr. Chandler, the owner of a salt well in the Muskingum Valley. During the course of the evening the doctor asked about the character of the rock bored through. Mr. Chandler enumerated the rock formations, mentioning in par- ticular one that was very hard, from which the pump brought up nodules of a very malleable metallic substance. The two searched about the well the next morning and found several pieces the size of wheat grains. Before the blowpipe they yielded silver of the purity of a Mexican dollar. A company was at once formed and incorporated by the Ohio legislature under the name of “The Mus- kingum Mining Co.” For the privilege of working in a reserved section belonging to the State the company agreed to pay to the State treasury 15 per cent of all profits. Drilling was begun near the well where the metal had been found and was prosecuted with great difficulty owing to a constant influx of water. Silver, there was none, but the workmen drilled through a 7-foot seam of coal. As coal was not the object of search, its presence did not excite much notice at the time. At a depth of 140 feet they began to work later- ally, extending the work to the salt well, which they carefully plugged. Their next attempt was to work up 15 feet to the horizon of the silver in the salt well. By some blow or concussion the plug was knocked out and the miners barely escaped. The company lost $11,000, expenses and damages for the ruin of the salt well. The work was abandoned and the shaft filled with rubbish. Salt and iron industries were not all that attracted the attention of the people. In 1818 Caleb Atwater, of Circleville, provoked a discussion by an article on the Origin of the Prairies and Barrens of the West. From the depth of soil he inferred that the whole region was once under water, and that the outlet of the Great Lakes was through the Ohio. This brought forth various opinions as to the probable origin of prairies and barrens. The American Journal of Science and Arts was the chosen medium for communication of facts and opinions of those interested in the resources of the State. Articles concerning the formations in dif- ferent parts of the State, the useful products, and the industries aré numerous. The finding of fossil bones, even those of human beings, is recorded; also that of vegetable impressions connected with the coal formations, and of fossil trees in the sandstone formations. The presence of the drift is noted and its southern boundary ap- proximated. All the contributors of that day agree in ascribing its presence to water as the transporting agent. In 1830 Judge Tappan contributed the discovery of cannel coal 14 miles west of Cambridge, Guernsey County, near Grummon’s } | | ; 5 , GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 389 Tavern. It is described as a coal of very fine quality, especially noticeable for its high specific gravity (1.6), that being higher than the specific gravity of the English cannels or the American anthra- cites; exhibiting a conchoidal fracture and resinous luster, and burn- ing with bright flame and less residuum than our common coals. During the year 1831 the legislature chartered the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. In an address delivered before this body by the Hon. Benjamin Tappan on December 22, 1882, he says: Iam aware that a society like this, without funds and without many scientific associations of wealth and leisure, can not promise itself to obtain a geological survey of a whole or even of any very considerable part of the State in many years; but this society may commence the work, and when we shall have proved that we have at hand the necessary science to complete it we need not doubt but that Ohio will follow the example of Massachusetts and Tennessee and take under her munificent patronage the completion of the work. By far the most valuable contributions to the American Journal of Science and Arts were from the pen of Dr. S. P. Hildreth, of Marietta. He was specially interested in geology, and was one of the best paleontologists in the State. From time to time he sent in communications with regard to the topography and geology of his own county and that of the valley of the Muskingum, giving de- tailed descriptions of the rock formations with sections. His con- tribution of 1836 excited widespread interest. An abstract of it is to be found in the London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine. The paper is the result of his observations on the bituminous coal deposits of the Ohio Valley and the accompanying strata. These observations extended over the southeastern part of the State of Ohio, southwestern Pennsylvania, and all of the valley of the Kanawha, covering a territory measured approximately by 5° longi- tude and 5° Jatitude. The topography of the county is minutely de- tailed; the geology given at length with illustrating sections; also the character, quality, and value of the limestones, sandstones, and clays; the location of coal beds and the quality of coal with the thick- ness of the seams; the character, quality, and mode of occurrence of iron ore; the depth of the rock salt, the general location of the wells, the density of the salt water, its analysis, and yield of salt; descrip- tions of the various fossils found, with accompanying plates; and notices of relics of ancient life, animal and vegetable. Private interest was thus generally excited before the State, as such, evinced any concern. After the expenditure of a considerable sum of money, without return, in digging for coal at Cincinnati, silver in the Muskingum Valley and salt where none could be found, public interest was first manifested in the annual message of Gov. Robert Lucas, on December 8, 1885. The following is an extract: ©) 390 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. i am impressed with the importance ef calling the attention of the general assembly to the subject of the geological survey of the State. For want of a correct knowledge of the geology of the State large sums have been at various periods expended in useless searches after coal, iron, salt, gypsum, marble, and various other minerals. It is known that our country abounds in all the minerals above mentioned, with many others of great value. I would therefore respectfully submit to your consideration and solicit your inquiry into the importance of authorizing a general scientific geological survey of the State. Such a survey could not fail to furnish the State with a mass of information of the highest importance. Surveys of this character have been made under the State authorities in some of the Eastern States. Massachusetts has caused such a survey to be made, and obtained and published under her authority a scientific report of the geology, mineralogy, botany, and zoology of that entire Statens fiat oc I therefore respectfully solicit your inquiry into the expediency and utility of authorizing a general geological survey of the State, by a scientific, practical geologist to be employed by the State for that purpose, whose duty it should be to make an accurate and detailed report to the general assembly of his geological and mineralogical observations. The house committee to which this portion of the governor’s mes- sage was referred made through its chairman Mr. Creed the fol- lowing report concurring in the opinion of the governor: The subject is deserving of legislative action in that the survey will show the extent of deposits of useful products, it will reveal new localities and per- haps new minerals, thus causing great advancement in the industries of the State; it will reveal the probability of the existence of other valuable deposits beneath the surface of the earth in certain places; it will prevent useless waste of capital; it is of great importance to the agricultural industries of the State in revealing the nature and durability of the soils and their best fertilizers; it will diffuse correct information among all citizens, preventing the errors pre- vailing where no such examination has been made; it will acquaint every man not only with the agricultural value of his own soil but also with its hidden ‘mineral wealth. This survey will be greatly facilitated by the original survey of the territory by the General Government into small rectangular tracts which will enable the geologist without further horizontal admeesurements to make a map accu- rately designating the extent and limit of the various rock formations and the precise locality of every valuable mineral deposit. The extensive vertical ad- measurements made by the canal engineers have shown the general elevation of the State above the sea and lake and the relative height of different parts. The committee append as evidence of the confidence which may be placed in the order of strata a report from England by Featherstonhaugh; also an essay on geology by Lapham, noting in particular the stratified appearance and regular order to be observed in rocks, and an extract from the address of the Hon. Judge Tappan before the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio relative to the importance of a correct knowledge of the composition of soils, durability of building stone, and to the importance of geological maps of every county correctly delineating the extent and quality of every rock formation, the loca- tion of mineral deposits and coal beds, and the number and thickness of such beds. The committee advise the appointment of one or two practical geologists by the general assembly to make a preliminary report to the next legislature. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 391 A small appropriation will be necessary to meet their contingent expenses, or they may be paid from the governor’s contingent fund. A senate committe also considered this portion of the governor’s message and reported a resolution through their chairman, Mr. Price, early in the following year (Mar. 14, 1836), appointing Sam- uel P. Hildreth, of Marietta; John Locke and John S. Riddell, of Cincinnati; and T. A. Lapham, of Columbus, to report to the next legislature the best method of obtaining a complete geological sur- vey of the State, and an estimate of the probable cost of the same,” which was agreed to, ordered to the house for concurrence, and passed by beth branches the same day. The following is the text of this resolution : Appointing a committce to make certain geological! observations and estimates of this Staite. Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That Samuel P, Hil- dreth, of Marietta; John Locke and John L. Riddell, of Cincinnati; and I. A. Lapham, of Columbus, be, and they are hereby, appointed a committee to report to the next legislature the best method of obtajning a complete geological survey of the State, and an estimate of the probable cost of the same. March 14, 18386, The committee as above constituted made a lengthy report to Gov- ernor Lucas, who transmitted it to the house with his annual mes- sage. In communicating the report he expressed his entire concur- rence in the views of the committee, earnestly recommended the adoption of the measures proposed, and gave it as his conviction that by constituting a geological board fox the general survey of the State greater benefit would be conferred upon the State and the people than could be derived from an equal expenditure of money in any other enterprise. “As to the best method of conducting the survey the committee advise that a geological board of three members be appointed, whose duty it shall be to direct the manner of procedure, employ suitable geologists, ete., with power to draw upon the treasurer for the an- nual appropriations for the purpose. Otherwise the board of public works may have charge of the survey. “As to cost, $12,000 for four years would secure a regular scientific survey, requiring the service of one principal geologist, five assist- ants, one draftsman, and one naturalist. Their salaries, traveling and incidental expenses would amount to that sum. The survey, to be complete, ought to include not oniy geology but topography, botany, and zoology, and a regular survey and description of all ancient works by drawings and descriptions of all such as can be distinctly traced. The surveyors ought to make collections of all ancient relics to be placed in a cabinet in State library hall with 392 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. specimens of all rocks, minerals, fossils, etc., in regular geological series not only for the State but a suite for each of the colleges. These will be of immense value to students of geology and mineral- ogy, to the miner and to the future historian of the State. “Much more might be said, but this is sufficient to make the survey an object of deep importance to the welfare of the citizens. The increased value of real estate or the additional revenues from canals and railroads would in one year more than pay the cost of the sur- vey. Several of the Eastern States are making such surveys with creat profit to themselves. Let Ohio also engage in the work.” The expenses of the committee ($400) were met from the gover- nor’s contingent fund. Accompanying the message there was also a joint resolution on the subject of a geological survey of the State of Indiana, authorizing the governor of that State to correspond with the governors of Ohio and Kentucky relative to the survey of the territory of the three States, and to ascertain whether and upon what terms Ohio and Kentucky would join Indiana in that object. So far as could be learned no action was ever taken upon this communication. The general assembly ordered that 5,000 copies of the governor’s message and accompanying documents be printed, also 5,000 extra copies of the report of the geological board. Three thousand copies of the message and accompanying documents were ordered printed in German. Within a few days it was ordered that 3,000 additional copies of that portion of the documents accompanying the governor’s message that constitutes the report of the geological board be printed, 300 of which should be placed at the disposal of said board; 50 to be deposited in the State library; and the remainder to be distributed among the seminaries of the States with the accompanying maps and plates. That portion of the report contributed by J. S. Riddell was not sent to the governor until March 9, 1837. This paper is relative to the limestone region of the State. The different limestones are de- scribed, the blue limestone and cliff limestone being especially em- phasized. The report was read before the general assembly and 1,000 copies were ordered printed for their use. Meanwhile the general assembly had entered earnestly upon the work, and after bills from both houses, resolutions, amendments, and counter amendments, finally passed on March 27, 1837, an act of which the following is a transcript: An act providing for a geological survey of the State of Ohlo, and other purposes. Srection 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That the governor of this State is hereby requested, as speedily as may be, to cause GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 393 a complete and detailed geological survey of the entire territory of this State to be made and executed, and a careful and accurate chemical examination and analysis of the various soils which may be found in different parts thereof, as also of the principal ores, marls, salines, and other mineral waters within the said State. Suc. 2. That for the purpose of making such survey and analysis it shall be lawful for the said governor to employ a competent and skillful geologist, with two or more assistant geologists, if need be, provided said assistants do not exceed four in number; and may, if requisite, also engage the services of or employ a topographical surveyor, whose duty it shall be to make such observa- tions and admeasurements as may be found necessary in the preparation and construction of the geological map of the State, hereinafter provided for, and to perform such other labors connected with the general purposes hereby in- tended as the geolegist may from time (to time) prescribe and direct. In addition to the duties before mentioned to be performed the geologist who may be employed by virtue of this act shall also ascertain by accurate barometrical observations the height of the principal mountains in this State, and in the progress and examinations hereby directed shall collect and preserve all such specimens of rock, fossils, ores, mineral compounds, and organic remains as shall tend to exemplify the general geological structure of the State or be in anywise useful or interesting; the specimens, so far as practicable, may be eollected in sufficient number to authorize the distribution of a suite thereof to the principal institutions of learning of this State, if it shall hereafter be tound expedient to make such a distribution. . Src. 5. That the said geologist shall annually and on or before the 1st day of February in each year (during the survey) make a full report to the governor of this State of his progress in the work hereby authorized and required, accompanying said reports with such profiles and maps, tegether with such a giossary of scientific or technical terms, as may be useful in illustrating the same, which reports, profiles, and maps it shall be the duty of the governor to lay before the general assembly. Src. 4. That for the purpose of defraying the expenses which may be incurred under this act a sum not exceeding $12,000 be, and is hereby, appropriated, to be employed in such manner as the governor shall deem advisable, to be paid on his certificate, out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appro- priated, upon the warrant of the auditor of State. Sec. 5. That when the entire work hereby contemplated and provided for shall have been fully completed it shall be the duty of the geologist in charge thereof to make a general and final report thereon, embracing in the said required report the result of all the surveys, examinations, and discoveries which shall have been made, whether geological, chemical, topographical, or otherwise, together with all other matters connected therewith which may be eonsidered by him as likely to be in any manner useful to the publie or interesting to science. He shall also construct and prepare for engraving a complete geological map of this State, showing not only the general geological structure thereof, but plainly and accurately delineating the stratification of its principal rocks and position and boundary of all the mineral deposits which may be now known or be hereafter ascertained by the investigations which shall have been made, accompanying the said map with such a series of sections or profiles as may be necessary to a proper exhibition of the geology of the region to which they may relate. The final report, together with the map and the accompanying sections and profiles, shall be communicated by the governor a si tt tea al 394 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. to the general assembly as soon as may be, to be printed, engraved, published, and disposed of in such manner as to the said general assembly shall seem proper. Src. 6. That the mineral materials and other specimens which may be col- lected during the operations of the geologist and others who may be engaged with him shall be carefully preserved in some convenient apartment under the care of the librarian until otherwise provided for. A complete catalogue of such specimens and materials shall be made out by said geologist and pre- served in the same apartment, showing the name, locality, general properties, and value of each as ascertained by the analysis to which it may have been subjected, and referring to the corresponding number which shall be affixed to the specimen itself. March 27, 1837. Subsequently the following resolutions were passed bearing upon publications and the disposition of survey property: Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That Samuel Medary be authorized to procure the engraving and printing of such diagrams, maps, and profiles aS may be necessary to illustrate the reports on the geological survey of the State, and the copperplate shall, after use, be deposited in the geological survey office. January 10, 1888. Resolwed by the general assembly, That all books, papers, instruments, appa- ratus, and collections of any kind and description whatever now in the pos- session of the members of the late geological corps of the State and belonging to the State be deposited for safe-keeping with the Ohio Historical Society, and that the same shall remain in the possession of said society until called for by the State. March 18, 1839. FIRST SURVEY UNDER WILLIAM W. MATHER, 1837-1839. Administration.—In his annual message on December 5, 1837, Gov- ernor Vance reported that, in compliance with the foregoing act, he had appointed W. W. Mather, of New York, as principal geologist, and Doctors Hildreth, Kirtland, and Locke, of Ohio, and Professor Briggs, of New York, as assistants, and Charles Whittlesey, of Ohio, topographical surveyor and draftsman. In the absence of Doctor Locke his place had been supplied by Mr. Foster, who had been in ac- tive duty with Professor Briggs in making examinations of the south- ern portions of the State. Owing to previous engagements the chief had been unable to give his entire attention to the survey, but had directed the assistants and purchased such apparatus, ete., as would enable the corps to prosecute the work during the next season with vigor and effect. The governor wished Doctors Hildreth and Kirt- land to take charge of the survey, but they declined the honor, and it was upon their advice that he had appointed Doctor Mather. Both gentlemen, however, continued in the service of the State until December 30, when Doctor Hildreth retired because of il] health. #4 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 395 The delay in organizing the first geological corps was great, and its members did not begin field work until the summer of 1837 was half over. What was accomplished during the year was mainly in the way of reconnoissance and in preparation for more efficient work during the coming season. January 17, 1838, Governor Vance received the first annual report of the geological corps and transmitted the same to the general as- sembly. By resolution it was agreed that 5,000 copies should be printed for the use of the general assembly, and that 1,000 be put into the hands of the geologists for distribution to scientific societies and gentlemen in various parts of the country; and that 1,000 copies extra of the geological queries, which have for their object to elicit the local knowledge of individuals, be published for distribution to the people by the geologists when engaged in field duty. The report is a small octavo volume of 134 pages, with map and sections. Jt embraces reports of Doctors Mather, Hildreth, and Kirtland, Professor Briggs, and Colonel Whittlesey; geological queries addressed to those interested; a glossary of terms used; and a table of contents. The report reflects great credit upon the corps, shadowing forth as a beginning the greater results to come. The work of the year was limited to the eastern and southeastern parts of the State, and extended but little beyond the coal measures at any point. To accomplish the work rapidly and efficiently, dis- tinct departments were created. Doctor Hildreth had charge of the paleontological department; Doctor Kirtiand, of the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati, of botany and zoology; Professor Briggs and Mr. Foster of the field work between the Scioto and Hockhocking Rivers; Colone] Whittlesey of the topographical department. To facilitate the progress of the survey certain querries were pro- pounded to the people of the State, with the hope that every one interested would contribute such aid as lay within his power, inas- much as the local knowledge of individuals may expedite the work of the board. In the early part of the year 1838 a resolution was passed requir- ing the geological board to report to the house whether any member of the corps had purchased land in consequence of information de- rived from examinations made under State authority; also whether others had located such lands upon their advice, with the amount and location of these lands in each case. Doctor Mather replied that 700 acres in the aggregate had been purchased. He himself had be- come owner of 500 acres in Jackson County, as a residence, but its mineral resources had not been developed by the survey so far as known. Furthermore, when anything of value was found upon land, 396 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. it had been the policy of the board to communicate the fact to ae owners. Hepenses—The expenses of the survey during the year 1837 amounted to $2,089.57. The financial panic of that year induced the State legislators to advocate retrenchment. Such an enterprise as the survey was certain to be one of the first objects to which an appro- priation would be denied, and the appropriation for the work of the year 1838 failed. In consequence there existed a rumor that the sur- vey would not be continued. Work was resumed, however, on the unexpended balance of the first appropriation, although it was in- sufficient to keep the entire working force in the field. The expenses for the year 1838 aggregated $9,648.80. The corps worked well, but was much restricted in efficiency for want of means. On December 4, 1838, Governor Vance reported that the appro- priation for the support of the geological corps before the last as- sembly had failed; that a portion of the force had been kept at work by the apesrenaes balance of the former appropriation; and urged the importance of continuing the work in accordance with the or- iginal design. The chairman of the committee to whom this portion of the gover- nor’s message was referred strongly advised that the work be con- tinued, inasmuch as the action of the legislature in authorizing the survey had met with the approbation of the citizens generally and results had been obtained which would justify its completion. The expenses were necessarily greater for the first years of the survey than they would be when the work was well underway. The work scarcely begun would, if carried on develop additional treasures and greatly improve the agricultural interests of the State. All would tend to expedite the sale of the public domain and extend the list of taxable lands. The report closed with a resolution to the effect that the survey be continued and that an appropriation of $12,000 be made for that purpose. The matter was tabled. Shortly after, Governor Shannon transmitted to the general as- sembly the Second Annual Report of the Geological Survey. This was uniform with the first report and contains274 pages. The board consisted of W. W. Mather, principal geologist, and Charles Whit- tlesey, Col. J. W. Foster, C. Briggs, jr., J. P. Kirtland, and John Locke, his assistants. As complaints had been preferred that the fermer year’s work of the survey benefited only the coal and iron region, the work was extended beyond that portion of the State, revealing useful materials for the arts and for building, but from leek of easy and inexpensive transportation it was doubtful whether these would ever become of more than local value. ~~ i GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 39 The average expense of the survey of each county had thus far been about $1,000, while the benefit resulting to a single one of these, arising from the increased valuation of real estate incident to the developments of mineral wealth, was estimated to be at least $100,000, and by some as $500,000. So it was with other counties as their resources were made known and were appreciated. Although the matter of continuing the survey was of such grave importance to the best interests of the State, a change of political control was allowed to interrupt the work, and as time passed the chance of resuming it seemed to grow more and more distant. The legislature ordered that 5,000 copies of the report of the geological board be printed. For payment of arrearages for services of the corps and for procuring engravings a sum not exceeding $4,000 was appropriated by law March 18, 1839. The legislature directed that all books, papers, instruments, ap- paratus, and collections of any kind in possession of the members of the late corps be deposited with the Ohio Historical Society for safe- keeping, there to remain until called for by the State. By act of the legislature in March, 1841, there was appropriated for paying the expenses of labeling and arranging specimens col- lected by the geological board, and distributing such portions as were intended by law for the literary institutions of this State, a sum not exceeding $300, to be expended under the direction of the governor. Governor Corwin, in his message of December 7, 1841, reported that the collections resulting from the survey had remained until a late day without classication ; that in view of the small appropriation made during the last session for labeling and arranging specimens for preservation here, and for distribution to the literary institutions of the State, he had procured the services of W. W. Mather, whose work would be completed by January 1, 1842; and he earnestly recom- mends a continuance of the survey on a limited and economical scale especially in reference to the agricultural interest. If by the labors of a geologist so appointed 1 bushel of wheat to the acre extra should be raised it would pay the salary of such an officer twice told for many years to come. Collections —Early in 1842 Doctor Mather reported to Governor Corwin that the specimens, nine suites in all, were labeled. Two suites were reserved for the State; the rest were boxed and ready for distribution. One suite belonging to the State was arranged by coun- ties, and, being duly catalogued, was on exhibition in glazed cases. _ The other suite was still in boxes from lack of cases. A different ar- rangement was contemplated. To arrange them in a manner uniform Bot a3, Se SE 398 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. with the other specimens would require an expenditure of from $120 | to $150 for cases, and three or four weeks’ labor. After reporting — that many specimens had been brought in for analysis, he added that a geological office might be kept open, analyses made, and the survey be continued on a moderate scale at a cost of $3,000 a year, including all expenses. In 1844 an attempt was made by Governor Bartley to revive the interest of the legislature in the survey, recommending that the work be allowed to progress on a limited scale. Nothing was done in the premises. For a decade all that was accomplished was in the nature of private enterprise. A resolution of 1845 authorized Colonel Mather to take charge of the chemical apparatus belonging to the State until the next meeting of the general assembly, on condition that he give assurances to the governor for the safe return of the same at the time specified. The resolution (March 18, 1839) giving the historical society con- trol of the effects of the former geological corps was rescinded in 1852. All was then placed under control of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture subject to the order of the legislature. After this several attempts were made by the legislature to have the survey resume work. Some little attention was given to the subject in 1851, and in 1854 a great effort was made by the house to pass a bill for its continuance. The committee to which the house bill was referred made a lengthy report through Chairman J. H. L. Scott, urging the importance of a thorough and efficient geological sur- vey as a means of insuring the advancement of the pecuniary inter- ests of the State, the advancement and perfecting of science, agri- culture, and the full and proper development of its rich mineral re- sources. The example of other States was cited, and the advantages reaped from the former survey, incomplete as it was, were demon- strated. The relation of the sciences to agriculture was pointed out, and the agricultural importance of the survey particularly dwelt upon. ‘The bill, besides providing liberally for the geological survey, provided for the establishment of an agricultural college. The house thought best to postpone the matter until 1856. At that time the sub- ject was revived in another bill from Dr. M. Jewett, which had the raisfortune to be postponed until the following year. Meantime a committee was appointed to report as to the condi- tion of the papers, documents, etc., belonging to the first survey, and the probable cost of compiling and procuring the publication of facts then ascertained, together with an estimate of the expense of complet- ing the work. The committee reported the progress made during the survey, that valuable articles of Dr. S. P. Hildreth were to be ln i a GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 399 er . “41° « . . 2 . — found in Silliman’s Journal, and that in the possession of private Hl : individuals and corporations were many valuable articles, the prod- uct of private explorations and observations, which would be of great value if properly brought before the public, but would not do justice to many portions of the State. Taking into consideration the desirability of continuing the survey and the probability that such a publication would only postpone it, the committee reported against it and recommended the early continuation of the survey. In the same year the senate committee to which the matter had been referred, reported the bill of Mr. Canfield, which, after a great deal of discussion, was ordered to lie on the table. Gov. S. P. Chase, in his annual message of 1857, in view of the valuable results of the former survey, respectfully submitted to the consideration of the general assembly the questions, “ whether the time has not arrived for the resumption of that work, and whether there should not be combined with it such an agricultural examina- tion as will fully ascertain and disclose the productive capacity of the different soils which compose the surface of the State, and the physical laws and influences by which that productive capacity is determined.” In accordance with this recommendation a bill was introduced in the house by Mr. M. Jewett and reported upon by committee. The bill was lost upon its final passage. In 1860 Governor Chase asked in connection with furthering the agricultural interest, “May I not add that the resumption and com- pletion of the geological survey of the State, with special reference to agriculture and mining, could not fail to benefit all interests con- nected with the soil?” Governor Dennison, in his inaugural of the same year, said: Every other State in the Union except Florida has completed or has in progress a geological survey of her territory, and I would recommend to your early consideration the completion of the geological survey of this State, which has been too long suspended. I doubt not its importance to the agricultural and mining interests of the State and to the advancement of science will fully _ justify an appropriation for its vigorous prosecution. eee Although the survey was so persistently advocated by the governors, notwithstanding the fact that the legislature had been for years re- ceiving petitions from citizens in various parts of the State praying that the survey be continued, and although the receipt of 15 such peti- tions is recorded in the journals of 1860 alone, yet the legislature did nothing conclusive during that year. een Sen ; fie ( cto yey 7 s \ © . : ns re ey : + A 1 ‘ av . A 1s = es 7 1 ed i! diye 1 7 14 - ' ee She PE aly | (iM Yhi? si beat Tr eam CARTS OOS I 0 a Al pe eee. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 491 the county treasury. As an alternative, several counties might join hands in the work, all to make annual reports to the State geologist. The bill as amended passed the senate, but the attempt to make the geological survey of the State of Ohio other than a State matter was deservedly frustrated by the refusal of the house to accede to this bill “to provide for the appointment of a State and county geolo- gist.” From financial considerations no attempt was made to renew the effort to have the survey recommenced until 1868. Then Gov. J. D. _ Cox, in his annual message, advised the completion of the survey of the State in detail, “showing not simply the large general features | which are already pretty well known, but the minutest facts of its - geological and natural history,” feeling sure that the citizens would be amply repaid by resources developed and by the attraction of de- sirable newcomers. Added to that, a horticultural society had called attention to the necessity of a full investigation into the nature and habits of certain injurious insects, representing reasonably enough that such investigation could not be undertaken by individuals, but that public advantages required that it be done at public cost. As part of the complete survey of the geology and natural history of the State the topic is worthy of your attention, and I am persuaded that such a - work carefully performed would be a most profitable investment of the cost by encouragement and assistance which would be thereby rendered to the great producing interests of the State. This portion of the governor’s message was by resolution referred _ to a select committee of the house. The committee reported by bill which, after its second readings, was referred to the committee on finance. That committee reported by a joint resolution authorizing the governor to inquire into the practicability of securing the serv- | ices of 2 competent and skillful geologist for the purpose of making a geological survey of Ohio. The bill, report of committee, and reso- lution were referred to the committee on judiciary and there engulfed, During the 80 years that had now elapsed since the suspension of the first survey the resources of the State had been slowly developing. Investigations into the geology and economic value of certain districts of the State were entirely the work of private parties, and as such lacked the unity essential to rapid progress. Without doubt more “money was expended during this interval upon surveys of mining properties, analyses of coal, iron, etc., made at private cost, than would have sufficed to complete the first survey. Information gained from private experience was monopolized by those who paid for it. Instead of being used to inform the landowner as to the mineral wealth underlying his possessions, such knowledge was made sub- servient to the speculator and enabled him to buy up such land at a ee = = © 402 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. nominal price based upon its agricultural value. Experience proved © that no farmer would have the mineral wealth of his property imves- tigated at his own cost. Capitalists invested their wealth in other States whose resources were better known. For 20 years the legislature had thoroughly appreciated and con- stantly kept in view the advantages which would certainly accrue from the work, and had had many admonitions of the necessity of completing it from the different governors; but every bill had been defeated for one reason or another, usually a financial one. The poorest economy that could be practiced was that which strangled the best. interests of the State while trying with rare shortsighted- ness to further them. It was thought that no better method could be found to fill the State treasury depleted by the war expenses than by developing the long-neglected resources of the State. Accordingly Gov. R. B. Hayes in his annual message of November 23, 1868, wrote: I submit to your consideration the importance of providing for a thorough and comprehensive geological survey of the State. Many years ago a partial survey was prosecuted under many difficulties and embarrassments, which was fruitful of valuable results. It is beyond doubt such that a work as it is now practicable to carry out will by making known the mining, manufacturing, and agricultural resources of the State lead to their development to an extent which will within a few years amply reimburse the State for its cost. A resolution was offered by Capt. Alfred BE. Lee, member from Delaware County, to refer this portion of the message to a committee of five. A short glance at the political situation will reveal what chance there was for enacting any measure to promote the survey. The governor was Republican, the legislature Democratic. The eom- mittee had to face these considerations, and to work against 20 years of constant failure, although the cause had been championed by such men as Doctor Jewett and General Garfield. Chairman Lee corresponded with many influential people throughout the State, but received no encouragement. Col. Charles Whittlesey, KE. B. Andrews, J. H. Klippart, and others all agreed as to the importance of the survey and to the impossibility of successfully introducing any measure to complete it. Nevertheless, Captain Lee drafted a bill which he presented with the report of the committee. The report set forth the advantages reaped from the former sur- vey, meager as it was, the benefits derived by other States from their surveys in attracting capital and a good class of immigrants, and the fact that in addition to losing a share of such benefits, the best citi- zens were constantly emigrating to the fertile lands of the West. As the various geological reports have been extensively used by our Govern- ment agents and railroad men in negotiating foreign loans, and are earefully | | | | | GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 403 consulted abroad by those who wish to invest their capital or fix their homes in America; and, furthermore, as these reports are considered the only authentic and thoroughly reliable exposition of the agricultural and mineral resources of a particular section, it is easy to see how important it is that Ohio, one of the first States of the Union, should no longer delay in giving to the world adequate scientific information of the vast elements of wealth that lie treasured in her bosom. There is, furthermore, a scientific necessity for this in the fact that the elaborate surveys of New York and Pennsylvania in the Hast and Kentucky, Michigan, Illinois, and other Western States make Ohio a needed keystone in the geological arch, an invaluable member, without which the symmetry and connection of the whole can never be obtained. The practical advantages to agriculture and mining, the interests which “ underlie all others and constitute the groundwork of our pros- perity,” were thoroughly emphasized. Ohio’s rapid growth in population and its sequence—the increasing reduction in her agricultural export—create an additional necessity from year to year for the development of her mining and manufacturing interests. By this means a better home market will be provided for the products of her soil, while at the same time there will come with new sources of wealth new demands for labor which would give employment for any surplus population. The agri- eultural resources of Ohio, great as they are, scarcely equal those which lie beneath her surface and which promise an exbaustive field to her genius, labor, and capital. To a new and complete survey of Ohio the old partial one would serve a valuable purpose es a preliminary reconnoissance, while at the same time the labors of the geological corps would be greatly facilitated by the elaborate surveys of adjacent States. These considerations should be taken into account in estimating the cost of a new survey. The cost of one or two other State surveys was given, together with some estimates of the survey of Ohio. In conclusion: From the best information they can gather your committee believe that a good survey of Ohio can be completed on the plan presented within three years at an expense, including that of publishing reports, of not exceeding $50,000, The importance of the report procured the printing of 500 addi- tional copies for the use of the members. . Accompanying the report was a bill providing for the survey. {n- asmuch as it supplied the missing keystone, it is given in full: An act providing for a geological survey of Ohio. Secrion 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That the governor is hereby required to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, a chief geologist, who shall be a person of known integrity and competent, practical, and scientific knowledge of the sciences of geology and Inineralogy; and upon consultation with said chief geologist, and the like concurrence of the senate, the governor shall appoint one or more suitable assistants, not exceeding three in number, one of whom shall be a skillful ana- lytical and agricultural chemist; the said chief geologist and assistants to constitute a geological corps, whose duty it shall be to make a complete and 404 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. thorough geological, agricultural, and mineralogical survey of each and every cecunty in the State. Src. 2. The said survey shall have for its objects: 1. An examination of the geological structure of the State, including the dip, magnitude, number, order, and relative position of the several strata, their richness in coals, Clays, ores, mineral waters and manures, building stone, and ether useful materials, the value of such materials for economical purposes, and their accessibility for mining or manufacture. 2. An accurate chemical analysis and classification of the various soils of the State, with the view of discovering the best means of preserving and improving their fertility, and of pointing out the most beneficial and profitable modes of cultivation. Also a careful analysis of the different ores, rocks, peats, marls, clays, salines, and all mineral waters within the State. 8. To ascertain by metecrological observations the local causes which produce variations of climate in the different sections of the State. Also to determine by strict barometrical observations the relative elevation and depression of the different parts of the State. Src. 3. It shall be the duty of the said chief geologist, in the progress of the examination hereby directed, to collect such specimens of rocks, ores, soily fossils, organic remains, and mineral compounds as will exemplify the geclogy, mineralogy, and agronomy of the State, and shall deposit said specimens, accu- rately labeled and classified, in a room provided by the State board of agricul ture, to be carefully preserved under the supervision of said beard. Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the chief geologist on or before the first Mon- day in January of each year during the time occupied in said survey to make a report to the governor of the results and progress of the survey, accompanied by such maps, profiles, and drawings as may be necessary to exemplify the same, which reports the governor shall lay before the general assembly. Src. 5. When the said survey shall be fully completed the chief geologist shall make to the governor a final report, including the results of the entire survey, accompanied by such drawings and topographical maps as may be necessary to illustrate the same, and by a single geological map showing by colors and other appropriate means the stratification of the rocks, the character of the soil, the localities of the beds of mineral deposits, and the character and extent of the different geological formations. Sec. 6. The annual appropriations which may be made by the general assem- bly for carrying out the provisions of this act shall be expended, under the direction of the governor, upon the certificate of the chief geologist, approved by the governor, and the warrant of the auditor of State, as follows: For salary of chief geologist, $3,000; for salaries of assistants, not more than $1,800 each; for chemicals, $500; for contingent expenses of the survey, in- eluding actual traveling expenses of geological corps and hire of local assistants, $500. Sec. 7. No money shall be paid for the purposes of said survey until the chief geologist and his assistants shall have entered upon the discharge of their duties as prescribed by this act. Sec. 8. The survey shall be commenced by the ist of June aes or as soon thereafter as practicable, and shall be completed within three years from and after the time of its commencement. Src. 9. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. The bill as read was ably supported by Messrs. Lee and Lewton of the committee and by Mr. Leete, the Democratic member from GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SUBVEYS. 405 Ironton. So forcibly was its passage urged, so great was the in- terest created in its favor, that party lines were ignored. The bill passed the house by a handsome majority, was referred to the senate, was passed by that body without amendment, and became a law on April 3, 1869. The matter of publication and distribution of the reports was provided for by the following: Joint resolution relative to printing the Annual Report of the Geolegical Corps of Ohio for the year 1869. Whereas the engraving of the plates, which accompany the geological report, will delay the publication of that report for several months, and there are some portions of the report that should be given to the public at as early a date as possible: Therefore Resolved by the General Assembly of the State ef Ohio, That so much of Professor Newberry’s report as will serve to form a report of progress of the geological survey of Ohio for 1869; Professor Andrews’s report on the geology of southeastern Ohio; Professor Orton’s report on the geology of Montgomery County, with such maps and sections as are prepared to illustrate each of these reports, be printed at once in pamphlet form as the annual report of the geological corps of Ohio for the year 1869, to the number of 2,500 copies; 500 copies for the geological corps and 2,000 copies for the general assembly, to be divided equally among the members, and sent by the secretary of state as provided for the distribution of the agricultural report to the auditor of each eounty of each member as soon as printed; and that the publication of the remainder of the manuscripts submitted by the geological corps be deferred until the plates shall be engraved. Adopted April 14, 1870. Three years later the bill of 1869 was supplemented by the fol- lowing: An aet to complete the geological survey of the State of Ohio. SrecTIoN 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohic, That the governor, State school commissioner, and the treasurer of State are hereby eonstituted a geological board, whose duty it shall be to exercise supervision and control of the geological survey of the State. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the said geological board to ascertain the nature and extent of the work already performed under the present law pro- viding for a geological survey of the State, which expires May 31, 1872, and to determine the best methods of securing a thorough and scientific completion of the survey. Sec. 3. The geological board shall bave power to assign all unfinished work of the survey to a geological corps consisting of a chief geologist and two assistant geologists, men of capacity and geological knowledge, to which num- ber shall be added a chemist of approved skill, which persons shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, their ap- pointments to take effect on the Ist day of June, 1872. Src. 4. The geological board shall have power to make such a division of the territory of the State between the several geologists as shall secure the most thorough and harmonious investigation of the geology of the whole State, in- eluding its minerals, soils, and fossils. 406 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the geological board to direct, in regard to all expenditures of money which may be appropriated by the legislature for carry- ing on said survey, and to secure an equitable apportionment of such money to the several districts of the State; also to determine the number of assistants to be employed by the geologist and the chemist and the amount of their compensation. Sec. 6. The geological board, after an immediate investigation of the work of the present geological corps, already reported on and published by the State, shall direct in regard to the preparation of all other and future reports, and recommend to the legislature for publication the reports thus prepared. Sec. 7. The geological board shall see that the minerals, soils, and fossils of the State collected during the survey be properly classified and labeled by the geologist or such paleontologists as may be employed, and give to the Agricul- tural and Mechanical College of Ohio, and duplicates, as far as practicable, to each other college in the State authorized by its charter to confer degrees and possessing a geological department and employing a professor of geology. Sec. 8. The geological board shall require that all maps, drawings, sections, notebooks, reports or partial reports, records and data, and materials of what- ever kind not yet incorporated in reports already published which have ac- enumulated in the bands of the present geological corps and their local as- sistants; also all minerals and fossils of every kind which have been gathered by the corps and assistants, be delivered to the said geological board by the members of said corps on or before the 31st day of May, 1872. Sec. 9. The annual appropriations which may be made by the legislature for earrying out the provisions of this act shall be drawn from the treasury upon the certificates of the several geologists and chemists, approved by the governor and the warrant of the auditor, as follows: For the salary of the chief geolo- gist, $2,500; of the assistant geologist, $2,000; for the salary of the chemist, $1,500; and for the contingent, including the traveling expenses of the geological corps and assistants, the pay of the assistants; and the cost of the needed chemicals and apparatus, $5,000. Src. 10. This act shall take effect from and after its passage and continue in force until the 1st day of June, 1878. Passed April 29, 1872. Administration —In accordance with the act of 1869 the governor appointed John S. Newberry chief geologist and E. B. Andrews, Ed- ward Orton, and John H. Klippart assistant geologists. These nomi- nations were afterward confirmed by the senate. In addition the following-named persons were employed as local assistants: Rev. H. Hertzer, M. C. Read, Frederick Prime, jr., W. P. Ballantine, G. K. Gilbert, Andrew Sherwood, R. D. Irving, W. A. Hooker, W. B. Pot- ter, Henry Newton, and H. A. Whiting. Rev. H. Hertzer was paid from the chief’s salary as compensation for the reason that his time was but partially devoted to the work. Messrs. Read, Prime, and Bal- lantine received small salaries during the working season, while the rest of the gentlemen served for their expenses. The corps organized and was ready for work by June 1. Mr. Klippart, for many years secretary of the State board of agriculture, had charge of the agricul- tural department, and Prof. T. G. Wormley, one of the ablest analyti- cal chemists in the country, of the purely chemical work. i ale al GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 407 To gain a general knowledge of the geological system of the State the field was divided into four districts, cornering at Columbus. Pro- fessor Newberry had immediate supervision of the work in the north- eastern quarter, Professor Andrews the southeastern, Professor Orton the southwestern, and Messrs. Hertzer and Gilbert the northwestern. Tt was the aim of the corps to perform the work so thoroughly that it would never be necessary to go over the ground a second time. To this end explicit directions were given each member for making observations and collections. Hepenses for 1869.—The disbursements to the account of the geo- logical survey for the year 1869 amounted to $8,066.01. Publication of First Annual Report.—Early in the year 1870 the senate received a message from Governor Hays transmitting the first annual report (second series) on the geology of Ohio, with accom- panying letter of J. S. Newberry; also a message transmitting a letter from Prof. E. B. Andrews in relation to the coal fields extending from the vicinity of Nelsonville, Athens County, to the northeast through the southern part of Perry County. The committee on public printing, to whom was referred the Re- port of the Geological Corps for 1869, recommended the adoption of the following joint resolution: , | 7. if ss eee Whereas the engraving of plates which accompany the geological report will! delay the publication of that report several months, and there are some por- tions of the report that should be given to the public at as early a day as possibie, be it Resolved by the general assembly, That so much of Professor Newberry’s - report as will serve to form a report of progress of the geological survey of Ohio for 1869; Professor Andrews’s report of the geology of southeastern Ohio; Professor Orton’s report of the geology of Montgomery County, with such maps and sections as are prepared to illustrate each of these reports, be printed at once, in pamphlet form as the annual report of the geological corps of Ohio for the year 1869 to the number of 2,500 copies; 500 copies for the geological corps and 2,000 copies for the general assembly, to be divided equally among the members and sent to the auditor for the county of each member as soon as printed; and that the publication of the remainder of the manuscripts be deferred until the plates be engraved. This was adopted and became a law April 14, 1870. In compliance _ with the resolution the portions of the report mentioned were em- bodied for immediate publication. A resolution was shortly proposed by a member of the house di- recting the supervisor of public printing to procure the printing of _ the report of 1869, in the best style, in pica type, in large octavo _ form, on heavy white or tinted paper, and bound in muslin. This resolution did not come up for final passage. The supervisor, acting upon the supposition that it had, proceeded with the work as it 408 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. directed. It was therefore found necessary to push the resolution through early in the next session, with the saving clause, however, that nothing in the resolution should be construed to direct “any other or further printing than the edition of said report hitherto caused by said supervisor to be printed and bound in muslin under the supposition that this resolution had been passed at the first session of the general assembly.” Within three weeks from the settlement of this question by law another joint resolution was adopted to procure the printing, bind- ing, and distribution of 10,000 copies additional of the report of 1869, and 2,000 copies in German, with the same illustrations as the English edition; 50 copies for the governor, 50 for the Ohio State library, and the remainder for the use of the general assembly. It was afterwards voted that 300 copies be placed at the disposal of the corps—100 to the chief and 50 each to the four next in rank. In 1870 the house adopted a resolution instructing the committee on retrenchment to inquire into the expenditures of the survey and to investigate everything connected with it, empowering that com- mittee to send for persons and papers, and requiring a report at as early a day as possible. The committee was not heard from until the following year, when both majority and minority reports were sent in. The majority report criticized the appointment of T. G. Wormley as chemist, when the law specified that one of the assistants should be a “skillful agricultural and analytical. chemist.” After giving the sum total of all expenses of the corps, the com- mittee recommended that the State be divided into three districts, each one to be in charge of those best fitted for the work, implying undivided personal attention, and that a competent chemist be centrally located; each of the four appointees to receive $2,000 a year. Then followed the replies of Colonel Whittlesey, E. B. An- drews, and Leo Lesquereux, as to the purpose of the survey, the best method of conducting it, whether the existing appropriations were adequate, etc., from which it is possible to gather much interest- ing information. The minority report recommended that the work be continued under the corps as organized in accordance with the plan pursued to date. Museum.—A law of 1870 imposed upon the chief geologist the duty of collecting a full set of specimens for the benefit of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, then in its infancy. Eepense during 1870.—During the same year an appropriation of $17,250 was made for continuing the survey, itemized as follows: Salaries of chief and three assistants, not exceeding $5,950; con- tingent expenses, $11,800, of which $1,500 was specially appropriated for chemicals and apparatus. For the year 1870 the disbursements ‘, ‘ h , t GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 409 amounted to $19,815.80 for salaries, chemicals, traveling, and other expenses. Governor Hayes, in his annual message of 1871, called attention to the fact that the future wealth and population of the State would depend largely upon the mining and manufacturing interests. While not questioning the benefits to accrue to agriculture from the survey, he emphasized the truth that the tendency was to encourage the employment of labor and capital in mining and manufacturing enterprises, and recommended that the work be continued and sus- tained by ample appropriations. In response an appropriation of $20,900 was made later In the session. Publication of Second Annual Report.—The annual report of 1870 was transmitted to the general assembly March, 187i. The governor reported that he had been advised that the first volume of the final . report was nearly ready for publication and would be sent to the legislature during that session. He suggested that measures be immediately taken for printing it. By joint resolution it was decided that the report for 1870, by J.S. Newberry, chief, including reports of E. B. Andrews, Edward Orton, and J. H. Klippart, assistants; T. G. Wormley, chemist; and G. K. Gilbert, M. C. Read, Henry Newton, and W. B. Potter, local assist- ants, be printed at once as the annual report for 1870, in the same form and style as the annual report of 1869, to the number of 2,500 copies; and provision was made for their distribution. The character of the work, replete with statistics as it was, did not gain for it the wide popularity the report of 1869 had enjoyed. For the same reason its greater intrinsic worth can not be questioned. Two thousand copies of this report were ordered printed in German. No pains was spared to secure the proper distribution of the re- port. The supervisor of public printing was directed to deliver to the governor 150 copies for distribution to the American, English, French, and German magazines and papers devoted to mining and science; to the principal libraries of the United States, England, France, and Germany; and to the libraries of each State and Terri- tory. Further, the librarian of the Ohio State library was required to accommodate inquiries for the work from literary institutions, historical societies, colleges, and similar organizations from 200 copies granted for the purpose. One thousand copies of the report were lost in some manner, and measures were taken to prevent the recurrence of such loss. Work of 1871.—Throughout the year 1871 the work of the corps progressed rapidly and satisfactorily. Quite a number of additions was made to the local working force, several of these being unpaid volunteers. Four parties were constantly in the field engaged mainly 410 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. on county surveys. By the close of the season about three-fourths of the area of the State had been examined in detail. A sketch of the progress of the survey during the year was made te the legislature of 1872. This is a pamphlet of eight pages consist- ing of a business report of progress and prospects of the survey. It was made brief that its publication might be immediate and that it might become the basis for legislative action. The preceding an- nual reports had failed to meet the demand of the legislature for fresh information through the necessary delay caused by printing, ete. The publication of such voluminous annual reports greatly de- layed the final report and it was decided not to continue the practice. Hepenses during 1871.—The disbursements for salaries and con- tingent expenses for the year amounted to $21,843.19. Renewal act of 1572—The time originally specified for the com- pletion of the survey having expired, leaving the work far from com- plete, there was passed, April 29, 1872, the act to complete the survey, a transcript of which is given on pages 405-6. By this act the gover- nor, school commissioner, and treasurer were constituted a geological board to exercise supervision and control. Their duties were to as- certain the nature and extent of the work already performed under the present law ; to determine the best method for securing a thorough and scientific completion of the survey; to make a division of terri- tory and assign work to be done by the corps; to direct the expendi- ture of money for geological purposes; to determine the number of assistants to each geologist and the chemist, and the compensation of the same; to investigate the work of the present corps already re- ported and published; to give directions for the preparation of fu- ture reports for publication; and to provide for the preservation and distribution of all specimens collected; all maps and drawings to be delivered to the board before the first of June following; corps to consist of a chief, two assistants, and a chemist; the governor to appoint members of the corps, with advice and consent of the senate; appointment to take effect June 1, 1872. Salaries: Chief, $2,500; assistants, $2,000; chemist, $1,500; other expenses, $5,000. The man- ner of drawing appropriations was also specified by law. The act was to continue in force for one year. The same day pro- vision was made for publishing 20,000 copies of the first volume of the final report, with illustrating maps, plates, and sections, for print- ing it in best style, on good paper, royal octavo, for binding in muslin, and for distributing the work when finished. Two thousand copies were ordered printed in German. The chief geologist believed that an edition of 5,000 copies would be adequate to meet all demands, but inasmuch as the reports of 1869 and 1870 had been so eagerly taken up the legislature made provision for a larger edition. Ee ee ee ee ee se GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 411 _ This work had previously been transmitted to the senate by Gov- ernor Noyes, together with letters from Professor Henry, of the Smithsonian Institution, and F. B. Meek, paleontologist with the United States Survey of the Western Territories; also a communica- tion from Hon. James A. Garfield, recommending the necessary meas- ures to be adopted for the printing of volume 1. Administration.—in cbedience to the provisions of the act of April 29 the governor, recognizing the expediency of continuing the survey under the existing corps so far as practicable, appointed J. S. New- berry, chief; EK. B. Andrews and Edward Orton, assistants, and T. G. Wormley, chemist. In the annual message of January 2, 1873, Gov. Edward F. Noyes made the following report and recommendations regarding the survey : The geological survey of the State has progressed satisfactorily during the past year. The first volume of the final report is now in the hands of the printer and will be ready for distribution at the present session of the general assembly. Material for another volume is now nearly ready, and it is hoped provision will be made for its early publication. To perfect the work of the survey according to the original design and in harmony with what has already been completed will require one year more, and it is recommended that the time of the geological corps be extended accerdingly, and that such appro- priation be made therefor as may be necessary. Five maps upon a somewhat extended scale have been prepared by Professor Andrews, representing the coal region in the district assigned to him. The funds heretcfore appropriated for engraving and printing were not sufficient to warrant the board of control in ordering as many copies of these maps as there will be volumes in the edition to be published. [f it should be considered desirable that an equal number should be printed an additional appropriation will be required. The geological survey iS @ very important work in an economic point of view, to say nothing of its scientific interest. It has already added largely to the value of real property in the State, while its developments and disclosures are inviting labor and capital from abroad. To make a satisfactory and creditable survey necessarily consumes considerable time and costs large sums of money. It is, however, believed that our work is being well and faithfully done, and at the same time more expeditiously and cheaper than similar work has ever been performed in other States. You are requested to provide for the necessities of the survey by such appro- priations as careful estimates shall call for and your judgment shall approve. Provision was made for paying for the flyleaves of volume 1 and the paper used in printing the second part of the volume from the appropriation for stationery and blank books. It had been the in- tention to print the final report upon finer and larger paper than was used for other State printing. Such provision was indeed made, but it was found that no one had been authorized to make the pur- chase. Before the legislature convened again part 1 had been com- pleted. As soon as that body met it thus authorized the purchase of 412 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the finer paper in time for the printing of part 2. It has always been a matter of regret to all that the books are not uniform in size and quality of workmanship. Appropriations for 1872-1874—In accordance with the recom- mendation of the governor the time when the act of 1872 should con- tinue in force was extended until February 15, 1874, by which time the survey was to be completed. An appropriation of $20,214.17 was made for continuing the work. Publication of volume 1 of final report—During the year the long- expected volume 1 of the final report made its appearance. This is in two parts, known as parts 1 and 2, or as volume 1, Geology, and volume 2, Paleontology. Volume 1, Geology, consists of 680 pages. Section 1 treats of the general geological relations and structure of Ohio. Section 2 deals with local geology. Section 1 embraces a brief history of the sur- vey up to the date of the final report, the physical geography of the State, the geological relations of the Ohio series, the structure in detail, including mention of the more important fossils of each great formation. The section on local geology includes reports of the geology of 23 counties described by townships, with geological maps of 13 of the number, besides a paper on the surface geology of the Maumee Valley with map, a report of the geology of the West Sister Island, and an important report of the geology of the Cincinnati group, by Edward Orton, with map and tables of fossils of the group. Appendix A contains 10 tables of temperature and rainfall at various points. Appendix B gives the profiles of all of the most important railroad and canal lines. There is only a partial list of the railroad profiles given. Volume 1, Paleontology, or part 2 of the final report, is the first illustrated memoir ever published on the fossils of the State. It is printed on larger and heavier paper than part 1 and contains 399 pages and 48 fine lithographic plates as illustrations. The Ohio series is of such great range that there are few finer fields for paleontolog- ical work in the world. To produce such a creditable work as part 2 it was necessary to employ specialists. By the work of the paleon- tologist many of the vexed questions in regard to the Ohio series were settled. The knowledge gathered from the fossils was of in- estimable service in the acquisition of the information conveyed in the geological reports. Section 1 of the volume, the work of F. B. Meek, is a description of the invertebrate fossils of the Silurian and Devonian systems. The descriptions of fossil fishes and of the fossil plants of the coal measures contained in sections 2 and 3 are the work of J. S. Newberry. F ib a GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 413 The field work of the corps continued throughout the season of 1873. Publication of Third Annual Report and volume 2 of the final report.—The annual message of 1874 announced that the field work of the survey had been completed, and a large amount of material collected for future volumes. With the utmost industry it was found impossible to finish the text for publication. Material for two vol- umes would be ready by the expiration of the time for which the geological corps was appointed. Inasmuch as the original plan con- templated two additional volumes—one on economic geology and the other devoted to zoology, botany, and agriculture, and as a general geological map should accompany the printed volumes, two years more time at an expense of $10,000 a year would be required to com- plete the whole in a commendable manner. The governor therefore recommended that an appropriation be made for the immediate pub- lication of two volumes, and that $10,000 be added for the continu- ation of the work another year, and urged that in view of its im- portance and the widespread commendation it had elicited, it would be an unwarrantable waste of time and money if the material already prepared should not be utilized. The general assembly responded by appropriating $60,000 for the publication of volume 2 of the Final Report and $1,000 for deficiencies in the salaries. That body further gave control of all maps, plates, and charts used in any report of the survey to the secretary of state. At the same time the fossils and minerals in charge of the State libra- rian were handed over to the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. Provision was made for the publication of 20,000 copies of volume 2, with all accompanying maps, plates, and sections, and for the dis- tribution of the work. The number of copies to be printed in German was left to be decided by those concerned in the distribution of the volumes. Care was taken that the mistakes of the first volume should not be repeated. The secretary of state was empowered to purchase good paper, but when it was delivered it was found to be far inferior to the samples and was rejected. The authorities had to choose be- tween a delay of several months and the use of the inferior paper for part 1 on geology. They chose the latter course. The result is that part 1 of volume 2 is uniform in size and style with part 1 of volume 1, while part 2 of both volumes correspond in style and in size. Hxpenses.—The expenses of the survey during 1874 were $16,976.14. Publication of volume 3 of final report—tn the year 1875 an ap- propriation of $7,000 was made for preparing volume 3, Geology, for publication under the direction of the former chief geologist, J. S. Newberry; and for printing, binding, and publishing 20,000 copies 414 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of the same, an additional appropriation of $15,000 was made. Provision was also made for distribution, but as some time elapsed before the volume was given to the printer, the law was rescinded. The disbursements for 1875 were $37,276.75, the whole amount being paid for preparating and printing volume 2, In 1876 an additional appropriation of $2,784.49 was found necessary for paying the ex- penses of volume 2. The entire cost of the survey during the year was $23,201.29. Progress during 1877,—in January, 1877, Governor Hayes reported that the first part of volume 8 was going through the press, the second part nearly complete, and the material for the other two volumes contemplated in the original plan were almost ready. It had been thought advisable to add to the general geological map of the State, detailed maps of the most important mining districts on so large a scale as to admit of the clear representation of all mines, mining properties, furnaces, and rolling mills. As no provision had been made for the work beyond volume 3, Geology, be recommended another appropriation. The great delay in publishing this volume was due to work of re- vision, the preparation of a review of the geological structure of the State, and the work on the geological map and six maps of the mining districts, Hependitures during 1877,—The appropriation of the year was $2,500. The expenditures, mainly for volume 3, were $8,199.52. The general assembly finally provided for “the printing, bind- ing, and distribution of 20,000 copies of the book in 1878, in order that the present assembly might enjoy that honor.” Volume 3 is uniform in size with both the other volumes on geology, and contains 958 pages. This volume completed the series on geology. No provision was made for the publication of part 2 of the volume, and the paleontological series was thus left incomplete. Appropriations for 1878—For the year 1878 the sum of $22,400 was appropriated for the survey; $11,750 for the publication of map to accompany volume 8 of the survey; $2,000 to complete volume 3, part 2, Paleontology; $650 to prepare reports for publication; and $8,000 for publishing 20,000 copies of volume 4, Zoology and Botany. Proccedings during 1879-—The beginning of the year 1879 is marked by a call from Governor Bishop for legislative investigation into the cause for the delay in finishing the work originally con- templated by the survey, alleging that additional appropriations were continually called for while the expense already far exceeded the origi- nal estimate. The matter was referred to the committee on the geo- logical survey. Both majority and minority reports were forth- coming on the last day of the session. The majority regarded the GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 415 course pursued with high disfavor, and complained that too great prominence had been given to paleontology. The minority held a | contrary opinion. Governor Bishop’s next annual message condemned the practice | of the legislature in voting large editions, maintaining that the money could have been much better expended on field work, and urged the resumption of field work with a view to the development of the economic features of the State. Expenditures in 1879.—The appropriation for 1879 was but $2,800, while the expenses were $12,463.34. Publication of atlas—ITn 1880 provision was made for the distri- | buticn of the edition of 5,000 copies of the geological atlas printed. | For work on the survey no appropriation was made that year, though a bill was introduced providing for a more complete survey. Eependitures during 1880.—The expenses amounted to $7,448.39. The next year Governor Foster invited the attention of the legisla- tors to the unfinished publications of the survey. The copy for the second part of volume 3 was by that time ready for the printer. The time and mode of publication were in the hands of the legislature. The plates for illustration, necessarily expensive, and the large edi- tion needed to match the part already published, would require a large appropriation. ‘The volume on natural history, volume 4, of the series required by law was reported in the hands of the printer, while volume 5, economic geology, justly viewed as the most important member of the series, was still forthcoming. As the bill for a more complete sur- vey of the State, with special reference to economic features, which was before the legislature the last session, did not reach a vote, the sentiment regarding it was not yet formally expressed: | in view of the probability that this measure will be further urged during the present session, I bespeak your careful consideration of the subject in- volved. It is beyond dispute that the last survey has done a great deal for the development of the mineral wealth of the State. Its publications have been eagerly sought for at home and abroad, and its official and uncolored testimony has encouraged the investment of large amounts of capital from within and from without the State in our coals and ores. But, on the other hand, it is equally beyond dispute that the reports as they now stand are incomplete and inadequate for almost every district of the State. They have been rendered so in part by the very development which they have fostered. The 10 years that have passed since many of these mineral belts were explored have been marked by much activity and enterprise. The knowledge of the field has been greatly increased, so much so that the statements of the reports are no longer valuable as guides to exploration in many cases. There is also a widespread conviction that a greater degree of certainty in regard to the continuity and character of our mineral deposits is attainable than we now possess. 136075—20-———28 71 ee 4 416 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. if, in view of such considerations, you shall decide to continue in some form the work of the survey, it will be possible for you to avail yourselves of a large amount of experience, both in this and neighboring States, as to dangers to be avoided and advantages to be gained. Publication of volume 4 of final report.—The delay in the publi- cation of volume 4 became a subject for legislative investigation.- From the report made by its editor, Dr. J. M. Wheaton, it was found that the delay resulted from press of other State printing, lack of paper, etc., and that if the work was uninterrupted, it might be fin- ished in six months. An appropriation (lapsed) amounting to $2,894.96 was consequently restored; $1,148.53 was expended upon the volume during the year. The following year provision was made for the speedy binding and distribution of the long-delayed addition to the series. The work as it stands is uniform with the volumes on geology and numbers 1,020 pages. It is wholly devoted to zoology, and includes a report on the Mammals of Ohio, by Prof. A. M. Brayton; Birds, by Dr. J. M. Wheaton; Reptiles and Amphibians, by Dr. W. H. Smith; and Fishes, by Dr. David S, Jordan. The report is full and complete and abundantly compensates for its delay. The report on Mol- lusks by Dr. R. M. Byrnes, and the catalogue of the plants of the State would have increased the volume to undesirable dimensions, so they were left to form, with such additions as might be made to the material already prepared, a second part to the volume. It was hoped that by the preparations on economic botany and economic entomology which ought to be included, a second part of great prac- tical value might be added in a short time. Professor Newberry in his preface writes: Some impatience has been expressed at the slow progress of the preparation of the volume on zoology and botany, and the late appearance of the part now issued. But it should be remembered that all time and thought which have been expended on these thorough and voluminous reports destined to be so creditable and useful to the State have been gratuitously bestowed. Not a dollar has been paid to the authors for the years they have spent in this work, and jus- tice as well as courtesy demands that the invaluable gifts now made to the people of Ohio by the eminent naturalists who have prepared these reports should be gratefully acknowledged. Probably nowhere in the history of scientific publication can be found more honorable examples of the gratuitous eonsecration of time and learning by men of science to the higher interests of the public. The value and importance of the volume are rendered greater since, with the exception of isolated newspaper and magazine articles, nothing had been published in regard to the zoology of the State since the catalogue prepared by Dr. J. P. Kirtland and issued with the second annual report (first series) in 1838. No compensation 4 { = GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 417 was ever voted to the authors of volume 4; that still remains one of the great unrecorded State debts. In view of the delay of the volume on economic geology, which ought to have been expected as no appropriation had ever been made for its publication, although it had been repeatedly requested, a bill was introduced early in the session of 1882 to provide for the -ecompletion of volume 5, Geology of Ohio. The act became a law April 17, 1882. The following is the wording of this act and a sup- plementary act of April 19, 1883: To provide for the completion of volume 5, Geology of Ohio. Secrion 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That the governor is hereby required to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, 2 competent geologist, whose duty it shall be to revise and prepare for publication the materials already accumulated for a volume on the economic geology of Ohio by the chief of the recent State geological survey and designated in the schedule of reports of said survey as “* Geology of Ohio,” volume 5. Jt shali further be the duty of said geologist to supplement and extend the investigations already made as to the order of arrangement, extent, composition, and useful applications of the lending mineral products of the State, and especially of the economic products of the coal measures, so that said volume shall contain at the date of its issue an accurate statement of the gen- eral facts as to those subjects so far as known. Sec. 2. The said geologist shall have power to employ assistants, who shall work under his direction in the investigation of the several subjects to be reported upon. Sec. 3. The said geologist shall receive while in the actual discharge of his duties a monthly salary of $200, to be paid upon vouchers signed by the governor, and the assistants shall receive monthly salaries, in no ease to exceed $120, to be paid npon vouchers signed by the governor and the geologist in charge. Sec. 4. All necessary traveling and incidental expenses incurred by the geolo- gist and his assistants in the prosecution of their work shall be paid from the treasury of the State upon vouchers signed by the governor and the geologist in charge. ; Sec. 5. The said geologist shall enter upon his work as soon after his appoint- ment as practicable, and shall complete the revision and preparation of the volume by or before the first Monday of March, 1883. Sec. 6. There is hereby appropriated from the general revenue fund a sum of $5,000 that may be used for the purpose named above, but no money shall be drawn from the treasury until the work shall Lave been entered upon. This act shall be in force from and after its passage. Passed April 17, 1882. An act supplementary to “An act to provide for the completion of volume 5, Geology of Ohio,” passed April 17, 1882. Srerion 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That the time for the completion, revision, and preparation of volume 5, Geology of Ohio, provided for in the act to which this is supplementary, be extended to September 16, 1883, and it shall be the duty of the chief geologist, after the 418 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. completion of said volume, te superintend the printing and proof reading of the . same, ; Src. 2. There shall be printed of said volume 5, under the contract for said printing, 10,000 copies, including maps and illustrations, as shall be directed by — the chief geologist, and these copies shall be bound in the same style as the volumes of the series already published. : Src. 3. Of the copies of volume 5 that are published the following distribution — shall be made, viz: To the State library, 500 copies; to the chief geologist and — his assistants, 200 copies; to each State officer and to each State institution, 1 copy; to be deposited with the secretary of state, to be sold at the cost of publication, under such regulations as he may establish, 1,000 copies; the © remainder to be equally divided among the members of the sixty-fifth general — assembly. Sec. 4. For the completion of the field and chemical work of the survey, for the revision and preparation of the manuscript for said volume 5, for the engraving and printing of suitable maps and illustrations, and for superintend- ing the publication and proof reading of said volume there is hereby appro-- priated from the general revenue fund the sum of $9,500; for paper, the sum of $2,600; for printing, the sum of $1,200; and for binding, the sum of $2,000. Sec. 5. Upon the publication of said volume 5 the geological survey of Ohio is hereby declared to be completed. Sec. 6. This act shall take effect on its passage. Passed April 19, 1883. This act was supplemented in 1884 by the following: Supplementary to an act passed April 19, 1883, entitled “An act supplementary to ‘An | act to provide for the completion of volume 5, Geology of Ohio,’ passed April 17, 1882" — (Q. L., vol. 80, pp. 199 and 200). Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That — the appropriation made “for the completion of the field and chemical work of | the survey, for the revision and preparation of the manuscript of said volume 5, — for the engraving and printing of suitable maps and illustrations, and for superintending the publication and proof reading of said volume,” shall also be available for the purchase of paper and in payment for printing, in addition to what has already been appropriated for these several purposes, specifying as the needs of said volume may require. : Src. 2. The State geologist is hereby instructed to use, as far as practicable, | any and all balances remaining from the several appropriations above named in the publication of such descriptions and figures of fossils as have been — already prepared for publication at the expense of the State, and to include said descriptions and figures in said volume 5. Sec. 3. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Passed March 18, 1884. This act was in turn amended, as follows: To amend an act entitled “An act supplementary to ‘An act to provide for the comple- tion of volume 5, Geology of Ohio,’ passed April 17, 1882,” passed April 19, 1883 (0, L., | vol. 80, pp. 199 and 200). Srecrion 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Chio, That section 3 of the above-recited act be amended so as to read as follows: Srorion 8. Of the copies of volume 5 that are published the following dis-— tribution shall be made, viz: To the State library, 500 copies, to be used in — U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 109 PL. 28 EDWARD ORTON STATE GEOLOGIST OF OHIO 1882-99. Pa as A eee nee ge, we ‘GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 419 exchange with public libraries of other States, and to be furnished to public libraries of this State; a sufficient number to be retained for the use of the _ State library, and the remainder, if any, to be sold at the cost of publication, under the direction of the commissioners of the library; to the chief geologist - and his assistants, 200 copies; to each State officer and to each State institution, i copy; to be deposited with the secretary of state, to be sold at cost of publica- tion, under such regulations as he may establish, 1,000 copies; the remainder to be equally divided among the members of the sixty-sixth general assembly. Sec. 2. That said original section 3 of the act supplementary be, and the same is hereby, repealed. Sec. 3. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Passed March 15, 1884. Administration—In compliance with the provisions of the act of 1882 Gov. Charles Foster appointed Edward Orton State geolo- gist. The work was at once entered upon and vigorously pushed, but it proved to be’a task of such magnitude that it was found necessary to ask for an extension of time. The $5,000 appropriation was thought suflicient for the year’s work. The expenses on the two volumes, 4 and 5, aggregated $5,171.92. The act of April 19, 1883, extended the time for completing volume 5 to the Ist of September and required the State geologist to superin- tend its printing and proof reading. The number of copies was fixed at 10,000 and uniform with the rest of the series, and provision was made for their distribution. A new feature in the proviso was the item, “ 1,000 copies to be deposited with the secretary of state and sold at cost of publication.” An appropriation of $15,300 was made for completing the field and chemical work, revising and preparing the manuscript, engraving and printing suitable maps and illustrations, superintending the publication, and proof reading, and for paper, printing, and binding volume 5. On publication of this volume the survey was declared complete. The legislature provided for the smaller edition and for the sale of a small portion of it upon the advice of the State geologist. The work was completed and prepared for the printer with all possible speed, so that the volume was issued during the year 1884. The expenses for 1883 were $8,377.95. Provision had been made for distribution to the members of the sixty-fifth general assembly. The sixty-sixth assembly proved itself unwilling to see the experiment of selling a portion of the books at cost ($1.02 a volume) thoroughly tried. Early in the year 1885 a joint resolution was passed giving the 800 copies remaining unsold to the members, thus disappointing those who would have been glad to avail themselves of the opportunity to make their series complete. From lack of time to prepare, much valuable matter was omitted in regard to the coals, only those of the lower measures having been noted, 420 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and in regard to lime production, cement manufacture, the production of gypsum, salt, bromine, petroleum, and inflammable gas. No appropriation was made for the work during the year 1884. The expenses were $8,/54.16. By a law previously enacted the sum of $10,000 was placed to the credit of the survey. On the issue of this volume it was at once seen that the continu- ance of the work in this field was an object to be desired. Accord- ingly, Governor Hoadley reported that much material still remained in possession of the State geologist, consisting in the discussion of the upper coal measures, cements, limestones, salt, petroleum, and gas wells of the State. It was thought that with six months’ further field work sufficient material for another volume would be at hand, since the accidental discovery of gas wells in Wood County and elsewhere indicated that “the knowledge of our resources was still far from complete.” As a result there was enacted a law which required the governor to appoint a geologist whose duty it should be to extend and complete the account of economic geology begun in volume 5, treating in par- ticular those portions of the Ohio coal fields not yet reported upon, also salt and bromine, the composition, structure, strength, and durability of the building stones of the State, the production of lime, natural cements, marls, and land plaster, and all other sub- stances produced in the State that come under the head of economic geology; empowered the geologist to employ assistants; fixed the salaries and provided for contingents; required the geologist to enter upon his duties as soon as practicable and fixed one year as the limit for the whole work; appropriated $4,500 for all purposes; and pro- vided that the chapter on inflammable gas should be prepared for publication in advance of the rest of the volume, and that the copy be delivered to the supervisor of public printing by October 1, 1885. The following is the full text of this act, and its supplement, passed a month later: An act to provide for the extension of the geological survey of Ohio. Secrion 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State ef Ohio, That the governor is hereby required to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, a competent geologist, whose duty it shall be to extend and complete the account of the economic geology of the State that is begun in volume 5, Geology of Ohio. He shall treat, in particular, of those portions of the Ohio coal fields that have not yet been reported upon; of the production of petroleum and inflammable gas in the State, and also of salt and bromine; the composition, structure, strength, and durability of the various building stones of the State; of the production of lime, natural cements, marls, and land plaster; and of all other substances produced in the State that come under the head of economie geology. ; < ; e GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 421 Src. 2. The said geologist shall have power to employ assistants, who shall work under his direction in the investigation of the several subjects to be reported upon. ; Sec. 3. The said geologist shall receive, while in the actual discharge of his duties, a monthy salary of $200, to be paid upon vouchers signed by the governor, and the assistants shall receive monthly salaries, in no case to exceed $125, to be paid upon vouchers signed by the governor and the chief geologist. Sec. 4. All necessary traveling and incidental expenses incurred by the geolo- gist and his assistants in the prosecution of this work shall be paid from the State treasury upon vouchers signed by the governor and the chief geologist. Sec. 5. The said geologist shall enter upon his work as soon after his appoint- ment as practicable. Sec. 6. The chapter on petroleum and inflammable gas shall be prepared for publication in advance of the volume to which it belongs, and copy for the same shall be delivered by the State geologist to the supervisor of public print- ing on or before the ist day of October, 1885; then shall be printed 2,500 copies of this chapter under the contract for State printing, but the paper, maps, and illustrations shall be provided by the State geologist from the ap- propriation hereinafter named; the distribution of the copies published shall be made upon the same basis as that by which volume 5, Geology of Ohio, was distributed, except that 500 copies shall be left with the secretary of state to be sold at cost of publication. Sec. 7. The said geologist shall enter upon his work as soon after his appoint- ment as practicable, but said work shall be completed within a year. Sec. 8. There is hereby appropriated from the general revenue fund the sum of $4,500, that may be used for the several purposes named above, but no money shall be drawn from the treasury until the work of the survey shall have been entered upon. Sec. 9. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Passed May 1, 1885. An act supplementary to an act entitled “An act to provide for the extension of the geo- logical survey of Ohio,’’ passed May 1, 1885. Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That the time for the preparation and completion of the second volume of the economic geology of Ohio is hereby extended to February 1, 1887, at which date the State geologist shall furnish to the governor for the lgislature, the manuscript, maps, and illustrations for said volume in proper form for publi- cation, and sufficient to make a volume of the same size and general character as the other volumes of the geological survey report, and when published shall be termed ‘‘ Economic Geology No. 6.” The volume shall treat in particular of those portions of the Ohio coal field that were net reported on in volume 5; of the production of petroleum and inflammable gas in the State; of salt and bromine; of the composition, structure, strength. and durability of the various building stones of the State; of the production of lime, natural cements, and land plaster; and of other substances produced in the State that come under the head of economic geology. Sec, 2. In place of the chapter on petroleum and natural gas, which was to be presented for publication October 1, 1885, the State geologist shall furnish to the supervisor of public printing, on or before June 15, 1886, an abstract of the results of his investigations on these subjects during the last year, of which abstract there shall be printed under the contract for State printing 2,500 copies, but the paper, maps, and illustrations for said abstract shall be 422 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. provided by the State geologist from the appropriation made on May 1, 1885. A statement of the results of the chemical work of the survey for the last year may also be appended to this abstract. Of the 2,500 copies of said abstract printed there shall be made the following distribution: ‘To the State library, 50 copies; to the State geologist, 150 copies; the remainder to be equally divided among the members of the sixty-seventh general assembly. Sec. 3. The further work of the survey shall be prosecuted under the system and by the regulations established in the act to which this is supplementary. Sec. 4. There is hereby appropriated from the general revenue fund $3,000 for the purposes named above. Sec. 5. This act shall take effect and be in force on and after its passage. Passed May 17, 1886. , Under these acts Professor Orton was again appointed State geolo- gist, and work promptly begun on volume 6 of the reports. Governor Hoadley in the message of 1886, advised the continuance of the survey as part of the duties of the professor of geology in the State university in order that great profit might accrue from small expenditure. He reported the material for volume 6 as nearly ready but that the geologist advised that it be issued in parts, and that the publication of the volume complete be deferred until the year fol- lowing. The time was therefore extended until February 1, 1887, by act of - the general assembly; already given (p. 421). In place of the chap- ter on petroleum and natural gas, which was to have been furnished October 1, 1885, the geologist was required to furnish by June 15, 1886, an abstract of the results of his investigations on these subjects during the year; provision was made for the printing and distribu- tion of 2,500 copies of the abstract; the law established that the sur- vey be prosecuted under the provisions of the law of May 1, 1885; and appropriated $3,000 for all expenses. “ Since the passage of this law (May 17, 1886) the work has been progressing steadily and satisfactorily. Professor Orton has been successfully prosecuting his investigations on the subject of natural gas for the past year. In view of the great number of wells in con- struction throughout this section of the State, it is believed that the results of these investigations will have more than a passing interest and value.” The expenses of the survey up to July 13 amounted to $2,599.98. “ Looking at the great development of the mining and manufactur- ing interests since 1869, all of which is distinctly traceable to the work of the geological survey, it becomes evident that the worl is not done yet; that there still remains a practically limitless field of work. Volume 6, it is hoped, will not terminate the series of valu- able books which embody the researches of the faithful and efficient corps. At presentfevents seem to be shaping themselves for a small annual addition to this great treasure house. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 423 Such has been the successful policy of some of the States whose experience has been longer than ours; such will probably be our policy in the future. “Tt is a matter of great regret that the work of the legislature upon the survey has to be reported as incomplete. in still in possession of the secretary of It ought not to be The reports on paleontology are in- Ohio should volume 3, paleontology, state, awaiting the decree for printing. to remain there much longer. dispensable to a trustworthy knowledge of geology. and give reports on paleontology follow the example of New York The manuscript of allowed to the world embodying the results of the explorations in this great ying p 2 field. the uninitiated with its Wlusory back. volume is to be earnestly desired, for the plants of deserve some recognition.” Volume 4 also stands on the shelf companionless, deceiving The early completion of this hio certainly The whole series, incomplete though it be, stands a living monument to the of the geological scientific acquirements, the fidelity and Ohio, whose work will hold them in lasting remembrance. efficiency eorps of The State has reason for pride and self-gratulation upon the possession of such a valuable set of books. Hxpenses.—The following tables, compiled under Professor Orton’s direction, show the expenses of the various surveys from 1836 to 1886, inclusive: Hzpenses of Ohio State Survey, 7 > Lae Appropria- Year Purposes tions. 1836 | Expenses of committee (governor pe oaleet Jiesssacrsersechens. 1837 | Exvenscs ol seoldgical SuEeey. Boh nie ease | Seveseeenceansaess 1.31 eee Bel Oe ets ee a, Sees Mee ae te ee LSS9Fi><.: 2 do.. ats sfscccenc: 1841 Arranging minerals collected. : a Total expense of first survey ............ aoe i869 | Salary of chief...... eee eee cert eee ei ciate = $3,090. 00 Salaries of three assistants ($1,800).............. | 5, 400. 00 penal 2h, F< n= cocecdaiesrissaseaciwecese | "500.00 | Contingent expenses. ........csc-ccecesececese | 5,090. 00 | 1870 | Salaries, chief and three assistants .. act 5, 950. 00 CHOUHCAISY oc atas cote cermin cee caseonsetetneeee i 1,500.00 Contingent expenses and local assistants. ....- | 9, 800. 00 STUMPS BIATIOG. ono. ons a5 cae ncneneesceaasecacnascess | 8, 406. 00 | Chemicals............ | 500. 00 Contingent @xpPeOnses..,ssc.secs ce sccncsecscces 12, 000. 00 1872. | Contingent expenses..........-.-.-..00- secees | 2, 950. 00 ST Re oe ra cd wncdeumenceivester 2 450. 00 Chemicals: i. 62.2 js ss ba Be oie tiate wicnvabieinleta Geo ale 100. 00 Pidves NOL. VOlMING Ls. s 1. wajedesceoceesictcvacss 34, 000. 00 Continuing the SuLveyccnccwcwccesescuiseseec 15, 660. 00 | —— BIPM LOAIATIOS. «2° 2:13 os o'ewnccwecels oecsdlecesieaeess 9, 604.17 CONLIN ENE EXPENSES: 25 o- ccescso.wesvcwecees 1, 810. 00 Zoological and botanical catalogues ...........| 1, 000. 00 Paleontolozical work.........-ccssecccssesees | 4,500.00 Gone MISUS ses ca ceiaeecnsacces cs cites es | 6, 000. 00 OULICAISE SNe aac acisehetlsccs coats ts sescecees AAbOSMOL VOIIING Les. scosceces ve cecisicccuvwiceine|svodesssusinscesss | 300. 00 1886-1886. Total. | $12, 000. 00 “300. 00 $16, 300. 00 | $13, 960. 00 | 20, 900. 00 54, 500.00 | | | 20, 214.17 | Disburse- ment. see ereceneeeces cee 4,000.00 |... $8, 675. 00 1, 586. 33 9,574.47 | 8, 175.00 500.00 | 13, 168.19 2,919. 88 | 4,775.00 100. 00 8, 560. 00 10, 948. 64 12, 437. 00 1, 635. 70 500. 00 384. 05 6, 000. 00 3). 00 25,919. 47 | Total. $400. OU 2,089. 57 9, 648. 80 4,261.63 300. CO $16, 700.00 $3, 066. C1 19, 815. 80 24, 843.19 27, 303. 52 46, 276. 22 424 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Hepenses of Ohio State Survey, 1836—1886—Continued. f 5 Appropria Disburse- Yoar Purposes, tones Potai. niduit 4 BS74 ok Salaries ay Sshese een aes Soe eee es asses se $1, 000. 00 $2, 218. 23 Publishing v piamigees Aa ae ml 60, 000. 00 12, 616.71 Contingent expenses........- Be eee cc ttsle'siodaedasecoenseeetecs 204. 72 Zoolozical and botanical catalogues. cc ecec cee eeleeeseeeeeees 400.00 Plates for volume cet acas te eee haa bo tawtelvcwecatasessevnes 420. 53 Paleontological Werks. austin sles. CDUEe See aul 1,115.95 | |__| $61, 000.00 |__| $16, 976. 14 1875 _| Preparing and printing WOMMMRO 2 snc oo sia oc.s cisi|nsatocneanatinesese 37, 276. 75 Preparing and printing volume 3......-.-...-. “15, OOOSO0 4} aes Ge oilzesheccseacesee Preparing for publication under J. S. New- BUG Yaeceen ect sndesietenutncesosse steccoees veeenoccuicesceaeaees We OOONCO Hy a mee acdsee secaae ceases ——————| 22,000.00 37, 276. 73 1876 | Preparing and printing volume 2.............. 2,784. 49 12, 885. 29 Preparing and ‘printing volume)ae es occ s acca scseuveesseees 4, 987. 24 Publication under J. S. Newberry.......-.-.-- 5, 328. 69 —————_|_ 2,784.49 |——_|__ 23, 201.23 1877 | Preparing and printing volume 3.......0..-..2|e.csseescesceeeee 4,028. 21 Preparing report under J. S. Newberry......--. 2,500 00 4,171.31 Preparing sedlogical/atlas: sos sake. sscce oscie 750! OO) cocoate At ee | Aeee.- teccaceeee —————| 14,250.00 8, 199. 62 1878 Preparing TOPOLVS 33 ck Sais asics sejeeeesewecees 650. 00 650. 00 Completing volume 3 Paleontolozy Yeas coseeu os 2,000.00 1, 537.79 Publishing volume 4, Zoology and Botanys 2] 1 8,000/003 (psi iedeeussbae. Jeenees Preparing and printing Volume se ss) tesco eee el 5, 984. 55 ————| 10,650.00 |-_—————_ 8,172. 34 LSi9ix]) Geolocicakatlasiy mor. te csmwciotiswiowinises aiete e aleyal|vocccousventuer sas 7, 914. 23 Preparing and printing volume 3........-.-..-- 2, 800. 00 3, 094. 69 Publishing Volume4 stot Pers. eh. See oR a itbees eseseeeee 1, 454. 42 2,800.00 |—————_|_ 12, 463. 44 1880 roolocical atlas.2 SS ceoloseal altasun 228 set eee ee ee 58. 00 lsso-completine volume $25.=2 20-2 ee se eee 167. 52 Hes, Zoolosy and botany =. 2. a 2, 874. 96 soos completing .VOlUIMe O22 Ss 2s Se ee ee 135. 92 $3, 842. 14 Salaries and contingent expenses: SRS po) eee aera Thee ee heh at Se ee Be 8, 066. OL Bh reat peers alee ce aR et ee eee ee ee 19, 815. 80 sii Sitlmmemue emer eee wits 8 Seth es ue ee SA ees eel aS 21, 843. 19 BI Syd eee nh ee 18, 743. 52 SAS fit: ne Ms se as ee es Soe ee eo 14, 372. 70 SE Ae teen enema eee eT ee oe i ee te 2, 422, 95 $S5, 264. 17 Sie, paleontology+... 2.2. ..... 2.23 ee eeees 384. 05 WSi4.8 OvlCONLOlOS Y= - hes eo we eceesss 1, 115295 $86, 764. 17 Paid for survey from appropriation for State printing: STOsprintine and engravings 2126 ee ek =e 391.13 1871, printing, engraving, maps, German printing______--___-- 5, 006. 03 1872, printing, engraving, maps, translating, ete-________._-__-- 10, 475. 26 1eto, printing English and German 2-2 2~—-=. ~~ 23 3, 741. TT Sia printine “German! 2225 fe 22 ee a ee 1, OAS. 75 1876; seolozical report in’ German... 2- 2 ce 1, 060. 40 Paid from appropriations for stationery and envelopes____--..--_-~ 8, 512. 00 Number of copies printed (first series) : Isat, Hildreth’s preliminary; .report_.—2. 2.2 ..-23.<.--- 24228 16, 000 lso@eniccells: prelimindry report. ===. Ss ee 1, 000 eS murs eanillal sCCDONG= 22 22 ee ee 5, 000 Posen CuUeries trom tirst annuals. ons 2 oe ee es 1, 000 tooo second annual Treport-—.-— = soe ee ase ie ee a ee 5, 000 Eight thousand copies of Hildreth’s Report were printed in con- nection with the governor’s message, and 8,000 were printed sepa- rately. There is no means of finding the cost of printing or paper of any of these documents. An estimate of the total cost of the first survey ($25,000) would place the cost of printing, etc., at $8,300, san intetnindiaiel 426 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Number and cost of copies printed (second series). {From supervisor’s report.} Year. Number Cost of Cost of | Documents. of copies. | printing. paper. Total cost. 1870'|" Reportiof 1860. costes ses eee eae 2, 500 $204. 10 $246. 74 $450. 84 Diagrams and Maps. pos ee saath cule senescence 1,002.25 jenn. 1,102 25. 1871 | Report of 1869 (2d edition)..............2..-+: 10,000} 1,950.56] 1,406.45 3,357. OL je port’of1869;) German eee... et Coins eee ee 2,000 619. 20 294. 74 913. 94 | Reportiof 1869 (totals) ss sases8k sacs cceckecee 14,500 | $3,876.11 | $1,947.93 | $5,824.04 IS7a Report for Us 7Osccse cae ees cea eet eee ee eee 12,500 | 1,252.89 | 5,845.94 |. 7,098.83 Lithograph maps for report............2....- 87, 500 65.7 82- O0a |e ae ae 6, 732. 50 k. Wood engraving for report.....:..50..2---c-selseteresedeas 250500 || one 250. 00 | Cases for the reports ee ees ees oe es i 12, 500 538: 66) eae ees 538. 66 1872 | Reprint of two forms.................--- ener 300 38. 40 6. 69 45.09 1872,|. Report of 1@70; ‘Germann i. eee soi ece ee | 2,000 1,214. 47 782. 04 1,996. 53 Report of 1870 (hotals)n visee a ees sack sees ees 14,500 | $10,026.92 | $6,634.67 | $16,661. 50 1872 | Report of progress of 1871.........----esese- 300 8.06| 4.99| 13.05 1873 | Volume 1, final report.......-.---.--scsseeee 18,000 | 4,390.54| 7,683.97| 12,074.52 Volume 1, final report, German............... ; 2,000 845. 55 853. 77 1,699. 32 Volume 1. part 2, paleontology. .-.....-....... 18, 000 3,312. 77 8,512. 00 11,824. 77 i Translating Teporticc seers oacctes tebe cane [eseemeeseees 362327) |e eS 362. 27 | | a a Report of 1871 (totals) 222222020 soe see ee ees | 38,000 | $8, 911. 13 | $17, 049. 74 | $25, 960. 87 The binding was done from the appropriation for State binding. The records do not show what amount was paid for any volume, so that the cost of binding these reports can only be estimated. All the expenses for the remaining volumes were provided for in the appro- priation for the geclogical survey. According to Newberry, the cost was as follows: Final report: volume 1, $69,381.94, or $3.47 a copy; volume 2, $62,- 178.75, or $3.14 a copy; volume 3, $27,782.48, or $1.39 a copy; geo- logical atlas (5,000 copies), $11,692, or $2.34 a copy; volume 4, $8, 410.02, or $0.42 a copy; volume 5, $10,237.79, or $1.02 a copy. In 1889 appropriations for the renewal of the survey were made, in accordance with the following: An act to provide for the extension of the geological survey of the State. SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Gencral Assembly of the Staite of Ohio, That the governor is hereby authorized to appoint a State geologist, whose duty it shall be to continue and extend the investigations already made into the geologi- cal structure and resources of the State. Said State geologist shall be appointed for a term of three years, but he may be removed fer cause at any time, and a successor appointed in his sternd; and the governor is authorized to fill any va- eancy which may occur from any cause, at any time. The compensation of said State geologist shall be at the rate of $200 per month, for the time actually em- ployed; and said geologist shali have power to employ such assistants as he may need; but in no event shall the salary of the geologist, pay of assistants, and expense of the department exceed the amount of the expenditure authorized by the general assembly. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 427 Suc. 2. It shall be the duty of said geologist to study, and determine as nearly as possible, the number and extent of the various formations of the State; to represent the same, from time to time, upon properly constructed maps and diagrums; to study the modes of occurrence and the distribution of the useful minerals and products of these formations; to determine the chemical com- position and structure of the same; to investigate the soils and water supply of the State; and to give attention to the discoveries of coal, building stone, natural cement, petroleum, gas, and other natural substances of use and value to the State. He may also collect and describe the fossils of the various geological formations of the State; but no expenditure shall be incurred under this head that is not expressiy ordered and provided for by the general assembly. Sec. 3. The said geologist shall make, on or before the first day in ebruary of each year, a report to the governor, covering the work of the preceding year, and the report shall be transmitted to the general assembly, to be printed in the same manner as other public documents, or as shali be otherwise ordered, Src. 4. The salaries of the State geologist and the assistants employed by him, together with the traveling and incidental expenses, shall be paid monthly, on presentation of properly itemized vouchers, signed by the governor, out of the State treasury, from the appropriation made for such purpose. Sec. 5. There is hereby appropriated from the general revenue fund the sum of $1,000, annually, for the purpose above named. Sec. 6. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Passed April 12, 1889. Under this law, which may be considered as establishing the third organization for the purpose of making a geological survey of the State, Doctor Orton was again appointed State geologist, and con- tinued to hold the office until the time of his death, which took place in October, 1899. From 1893 until this latter date, however, all work was practically suspended. Doctor Orton still held the position but no appropriations were made and the little work done was volun- tary on his part.’ Under the organization above authorized, Prof. N. W. Lord, of the State university, served as chemist, and Prof. S. W. Robinson, also of the State university, as special assistant in the measurement of gas wells and pipe lines. The first annual report under this organization bears the date of 1890, and is given up mainly to a consideration of the subjects of oil and gas. After Doctor Orton’s death the subject of the survey was taken up once more, and in 1900 a bill was passed appropriating $2,500 for the current year and $3,500 for the year 1901. Edward Orton, jr., became State geologist. The work of this survey, however, passes heyond the limit set for the present history. 1See Bulletin No. J, series 4, Geological Survey of Ohio, 1903. 428 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PENNSYLVANIA’? FIRST GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER HENRY D. ROGERS, 1836-1842. Organization.—In 1834 there was organized a geological society of Pennsylvania, the objects of which were declared to be: To aseertain as far as possible the nature and structure of the rock forma- tions of the State; their connection or comparison with the other formations in the United States and of the rest of the world; the fossils they contain and their nature and positions and associations, and particularly the uses to which they can be applied in the arts, and their subserviency to the comforts and con- veniences of men. This society continued in existence but four years and left a single volume of transactions as tangible evidence of its career. It was, however, doubtless largely through the interest aroused by this society that there was established in 1836 a State geological survey. The following is the text of the original and supplementary acts: An act to provide for a geological and mineralogical survey of the State. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in general assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That the governor is hereby authorized and required, within 30 days after the passage of this act, to appoint a State geoiogist of talents, integrity, and suitable, scientific, and practical knowiedge of his profession, who shall appoint as his assistants two geologists, also of integrity and competent skill, one of whom shall also be a scientific and prac- tical mineralogist, and the said State geologist shall also appoint a competent, practical, analytical chemist to assist him in his duties. Sre. 2. It shall be the duty of the State geologist and his assistants imme- diately to commence and to carry on with as much expedition and dispatch as may be consistent with minuteness and accuracy, and in accordance with a plan previously submitted to the secretary of the Commonwealth, a geological and mineralogical survey of the State, with a view to determine the order, suc- cession, arrangement, relative position, and the dip or inclination, and also the comparative magnitude of the several strata or geological formations within the State, and to discover and examine all beds and deposits of ores, coals, clays, marls, and such other mineral substances as may be deemed useful or valuable, together with such other duties as may be necessary to make a full and complete geological and mineralogical survey of the State. Sec. 3. It shall further be the duty of the said State geologist, on or before the Ist day of January in each and every year, during the time necessarily cecupied by said survey, to make an annual report of the progress of said survey, accompanied with such maps, drawings, and specimens as may be necessary and proper to exemplify and elucidate the same to the secretary of the Commonwealth, who shall immediately lay such report before the legis- lature. Src. 4. The said State geologist is further required to cause to be represented on the map of this Commonwealth, by colors and other appropriate means, the various areas occupied by the different geological formations in the State, 1 Compiled in part from manuscript notes by J. P. Lesley in 1886. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 109 PL. 29 HENRY DARWIN ROGERS STATE GEOLOGIST OF NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, 1846 52, 1835-40, AND OF GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS, 429 and to mark thereon the localities of the respective beds or deposits of the various mineral substances discovered, and on the completion of the survey to compile a memoir of the geology and mineralogy of the State, comprising a complete account of the leading subjects and discoveries which have been embraced in the survey. Sec. 5. The said State geologist shall also send to the secretary of the Com- monwealth such specimens of the rocks, ores, coals, soils, fossils, and mineral products discovered, as ‘he may deem necessary and proper, in order to form a complete cabinet collection of specimens of the geology and mineralogy of the State, and the said secretary of the Commonwealth shall cause them to be de- posited in proper order, in some convenient room in the State capitol, there to be preserved for public inspection. The said geologist is further required to furnish similar specimens of geology and mineralogy of each county in the State to the commissioners of said county, who shall cause the same to be properly deposited and arranged for public inspection in a room in the county eourthouse, or some other convenient place in the county. Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the chemist appointed as aforesaid to make -fuli and compiete examinations, assays and analyses of all such rocks, ores, soils, mineral substances, and mineral waters as may be submitted to him by the State geologist. and to furnish him with a detailed and coinplete account of the results so obtained. Sec. 7. For the purpose of carrying on and completing the said geological and mineralogiacl survey, the sum of $6,400 is hereby annually appropriated a te for five years, to be expended as follows: For the annual salary of the State geologist, $2,000; for that of each of the assistant. geologists, $1,200; and for the annual compensation of the chemist, in full for all services performed and expenses incurred by him, $1,000; the remaining $1,000, if necessary, to be appropriated to the incidental expenses of the geologists, jncurred in the prose- cution of the survey, and the duties enjoined on them by this act: Provided, That the said salaries shall not-commence until the said geologists and chemist shall have entered upon the execution of their duties, and that on the com- pletion of said survey and the duties connected with it they shall wholly cease and determine. Approved March 29, 1836. A supplement to the act entitled “An act to provide for a geological and mineralogical survey of the State,’’ passed March 29, 1836. SecTon 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General Assembly met, and is hereby en- acted by the authority of the same, That the State geologist be, and he is here- by, authorized to appoint two additional assistant geologists, who shall possess the same qualifications, and receive the same salary as those appointed under the act to which this is a supplement, and that the annual report of the said State geclogist shall be made to the legislature on or before the 1st day of February in each year. Src. 2. For the payment of the said additional assistant geologists, and such expenses as may be incurred in the formation of the State and county cabinet collections of mineral specimens, with other incidental expenses, incurred in the prosecution of the survey, the sum of $38,000 is hereby added to the future annual appropriation mentioned in the seventh section of the act to which this is a supplement. Sec. 3. So much of the act to which this is a supplement, as is hereby altered or supplied, shall be, and the same is hereby, repealed. 430 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sec. 4. The governor of this Commonwealth is hereby authorized to draw his warrant upon the State treasurer, on the Ist day of April next, in favor © of the treasurer of the “ Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania, for — the promotion of the mechanic arts,” for the sum of $2,000; and for the further sum of $1,000, on the Ist day of April for each of the two years next ensu- ing, for the purpose of promoting the improvement of meteorological science, and the furnishing of each county of this Commonwealth with the necessary instruments for the observation of such atmospheric changes and phenomena as may be useful for the promotion of knowledge in the science of meteorology. Approved March 21, 18387. An act of 1888 provided: Sec. 12. That in order to complete the geological and mineralogical survey of the State more rapidly, and to secure to the people the benefits thereof, as nearly as practicable at the same time, the sum of $6,000 is hereby added to the future annual appropriations mentioned in the seventh section of the act passed Mareb 26, 1836, entitled “An act to provide for a geological and mineralogical survey of the State,” to be expended by the State geologist, with the approbation of the governor, in the employment of such additional subassistant geologists and a draftsman, aS may be deemed necessary for the rapid completion of the survey: Provided, That the salaries of the said assistant geologists shall not exceed $S00 per annum each, and the salary of the draftsman shall be $1,200 per annum; and it shall be the duty of the State geologist, in addition to the duties now imposed upon bim by law, to make such inquiries and examinations into the present methods of mining coal and manufacturing iron as the gover- nor shall deem expedient and proper, to increase the products of the mineral resources of the State, and when the said inquiries and examinations are completed, the said State geologist shall compile a complete and detailed report thereof, and present the same to the legislature as soon as practicable. Approved April 18, 1888. Again, in 1840 it was provided: That the sum of $10,200 shall be, and the same is hereby, appropriated for the completion of the geological and mineralogical survey, to be applied as follows: Two thousand dollars for the payment of one year’s salary to the State geologist; $6,000 to the payment of one year’s salary of six assistants, including the chemist, at the rate of $1,000 each; and the remaining sum of $2,200 to be paid to and applied by the said geologist to the payment of the incidental expenses of said survey, including the preparation of three com- plete collections or cabinets of geological and mineralogical specimens, for the use of the State, and for the compiling and preparing for publication the final report in relation to said survey, together with the maps and drawings to ac- company the same, which said sum shall be deemed and taken as full com- pensation therefor. Section 17 of the act of 1844 provided: For the completion of geological survey, $2,200 to be applied to the payment of the incidental expenses of the geological survey, including the preparation of the general cabinet collections of geological and mineralogical specimens and the maps and drawings assigned to accompany and elucidate the final report of the State geologist; and the governor is hereby further authorized to take such other measures as in his opinion the public interest may re- i quire in relation to the reception and protection of said final reports, maps, drawings, and cabinet collections; which sum shall be deemed and taken as full and final compensation for completing the same as per act of May, 1841. For continuing the meteorological observations in the several coun- ties of this Commonwealth, according to the provisions of the fourth sec- tion of the act of March 21, 1887, $300: Provided, That the State geologist shall give bond with sufficient sureties, to be approved by the governor, con- ditioned for the completion of the work according to existing laws. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 431 Administration—Under the act approved March 29, 1836, Prof. Henry D. Rogers was appointed State geologist, retaining the office until the final abolition of the survey and the publication of the re- port in 1858. He was assisted from time to time as follows: In 1836, by John F. Frazer and James C. Booth; in 1837, Messrs. S. S. Haldeman, A. McKinley, C. B. Trego, and J. D. Whelpley, with Dr. R. E. Rogers as chemist. In 1838, Messrs. H. D. Holl, J. T. Hodge, R. M. Jackson, J. C. McKinney, P. W. Schaeffer, T. Ward, and M. H. Boye were added to the force. In 1839 J. Peter Lesley and Doctor Henderson were added in place of Messrs, Whelpley and McKinney, who resigned. In 1840 the personnel was essentially the same. In 1841 it was reduced to Messrs. MciGinley, Holl, Jackson, Lesley, Boye, and Doctor Rogers. In 1851 the geological assistants were Prof. E. Desor and W. B. Rogers, jr.. Patew Lely and A. A. Dalson serving as topographers. The salaries of these assistants, as noted, were fixed by law. That of the State geologist, by the act of 1836, was fixed at $2,000 a year, and those of the assistant geologists and chemist at $1,200 and $1,000, respectively. By the act of 1838 the salaries of a draftsman. and subassistant geologists were fixed at $1,200 and $800, respectively. Under the act of 1840 the salaries of the six assistants, including the chemist, were made $1,000 each. During the first year of the survey (according to J. P. Lesley) the general order and character of the 13 Paleozoic formations were obtained and the foundation laid for Paleozoic geology in America, requiring no essential change from that time to the present, at least along the Appalachian belt. After the first year the State was di- vided into general geological districts, to the particular study of which the several assistant geologists were from year to year as- signed. Their reports were embodied in the first five of the annual reports of the State geologist to the legislature. The work of the first six years was of the nature of a geological reconnoissance of a very thorough character, covering the entire area of the State, amply sufficient at that time for the information of its citizens, largely contributing to the creation of the science of geology, establishing new principles of structure, and mediating 136075—20-———29 432 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. sufficiently between the paleontological differentiations of the New York and Canadian outcrops to the north and the geological surveys of Booth in Delaware, Ducatel in Maryland, Wilham B. Rogers in Virginia, Emmons in North Carolina, Tuomey in South Carolina, Troost and Safford in Tennessee, D. D. Owen in Kentucky, and other geologists in the Western States and Territories. As a reconnoissance it was a brilliant success. The accuracy of its determinations on a large scale have never been impugned. None of its important data have been falsified by subsequent examinations. The mistakes it made were without exception errors of detail, mainly due to the then wild and unsettled condition of large districts of the State and the slight development of its mineral beds, but largely also to the slender fund placed at the disposal of the State geologist annually, which prevented him from: undertaking the necessary in- strumental work for the accurate measurement of sections and loca- tion of lines of outcrop on the map. The geodetic determination of geographical data was impossible. This lack of precision, while it did not affect practically the value of the geological knowledge obtained and published provisionally in the annual reports, was destined to be severely felt when the final report came to be written and a geological State map prepared. it gave, as it was sure to give, to the whole final report a general tone of uncertainty respecting the actual thickness of formations and in many cases to the identification of beds and groups of beds at places distant from each other. especially in the coal regions. Had money been. at command for instrumental work, many of the great prob- lems in the anthracite region, which have since been settled, would have been settled then, and large sums of money would have been saved to the anthracite industry. The same was true respecting the iron industry. But 50 years ago [i. e. about 1836] the practical im- portance of accurate scientific geological surveys was not appreciated, and the people of Pennsylvania permitted the geological survey of the State to pursue its course under the most onerous disabilities and to stop at precisely the point where its utility was becoming real. At this point the work was resumed in 1874, after an interval of 33 years, since which the State survey has simply been a practical con- summation of the earlier preparatory work. The lack of precise instrumental work was most severely felt in the preparation of the geological map, for which there was no sound basis whatever and in which every geographical error on Melish’s old State map and on the few county maps which existed was neces- sarily either reproduced or modified into some equally objectionable form. So great gas the confusion of errors on the maps at the command of the geological survey that an aggregate error in longi- — ee ; . , : a GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 433 tude of more than 3 miles was concentrated from east and west along the line of the Susquehanna River, and was then redistributed east- ward and westward toward the New Jersey and Ohio State lines. Had it not been for the small scale on which the State map was drawn (5 miles to the inch) the distortion of the geological out- crops, colored to represent the formations, would have been flagrant. Museums.—Section 5 of the act of 1836 directed the State geologist to make collections of rocks, ores, coals, soils, fossils, and mineral products in order to form a complete cabinet of specimens, which the secretary of the Commonwealth should cause to be deposited in proper order in some convenient room in the State capitol, He was further directed to furnish similar specimens of the geology and mineralogy of each county in the State to the commissioners of said county, who should cause the same to be properly deposited in a room of the county courthouse or some convenient place for public inspection. The act of 1840 authorized the preparation of three complete col- lections “for the use of the State.” An act of 1848 provided: That on application to that effect the secretary of the Commonwealth be directed ‘to deposit with the Western Pennsylvania University of the city of Pittsburgh, the fourth collection of geological and mineralogical specimens now in Philadelphia, which said fourth collection as made by Professor Rogers from the principal collections originally deposited in Harrisburg and Philadel- phia shall in no manner be disturbed or impaired by such deposit at Pitts- burgh. Resolved, That the collection of geological and mineralogical specimens col- lected by Professor Rogers to be deposited in Philadephpia, and which is now stored in that city be, and the same is hereby, presented to the corporation of the city of Philadelphia, on condition that the said corporation shall, within one year, deposit the same in some public building or public institution in Philadelphia, where it shall be duly arranged in scientific order, and marked as the collection made by the State, and be kept open at all proper times for publie inspection, free of charge. Eapenses—The total appropriations for the survey, including those of the supplementary acts for its completion, amounted to $66,000, exclusive of the cost of preparation of manuscript and the publication of the final report. Publications —During the period of its existence the survey issued six annual reports, the first bearing date of 1836 and the last 1842. These were small octavo volumes, destitute of illustration, with the exception of a few outline sections, and of 100 to 250 pages each. The survey, as noted, came to an untimely end in 1842. Rogers. however, being unwilling to relinquish the work in its unfinished con- dition, continued at his own expense until he was able, in 1847, to make his final report to the office of the secretary of the Common- wealth. Here the manuscript was allowed to lie until, in the spring of 1851, appropriations, which were continued until 1855, were made 434 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. for revising it and bringing it up to date. The total cost of publica- tion of this final report, two large quarto volumes of 1631 pages, 28 full-page plates, 18 folded sheets of sections, and 778 figures in text, was $16,000, and the edition limited to 1,000 copies. The following is the text of the law under which this final report was ultimately published : An act supplementary to an act entitled “An act to incorporate the Byberry & Poquesen — Turnpike Road Co., and relative to the publication of the final report on the geological survey of the State,” approved April 14, 1851. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the ; Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That, in addition to the persons here- tofore provided for in said act, the members and the principal and assistant elerks of each house of the general assembly, for the year 1855, shall be en- titled to receive one copy of the State geological survey, and one copy shall also be sent to each State government, to the Congressional Library, and to each public library of this Commonwealth: Provided, That no individual member, clerk, or library shall be entitled to receive more than one copy of said work. Src. 2. That the secretary of the Commonwealth be, and he is hereby, directed to contract with Prof. Henry D. Rogers for the publication of the final geological report of the survey made by him on behalf of the State, with the accompanying maps, plates, cuts, and engravings, and the furnishing to the State of 1,000 copies thereof, according to the proposals, specifications, and contract adopted and entered into between the Commonwealth and Hogan & Thompson in the year 1851: Provided, That the said contract shall stipulate for the complete publication and delivery of said work, within three years from the Ist day of April, 1855; and the said Henry D. Rogers shall enter into a bond, with sufficient security, for the faithful performance thereof. Sec. 3. That the secretary of the Commonwealth is further authorized to stipulate in said contract for the publication of the large State map, accom- panying said report, upon twice its present scale: Provided, That the addi- tional cost of said enlargement shall not exceed the sum of $2,000. Src. 4. That the sum of $19,000 is hereby appropriated for the purposes afore- said, to be paid on the warrants of the governor, as follows, to wit: Three thousand dollars on the Ist day of October next; $3,000 on the 1st day of April, 1856; $7,000 on the Ist day of April, 1857; and the last installment as soon as 1,000 copies of said work are delivered, according to the said contract; but before the payment of either of these installments the secretary of the Com- monwealth shall be satisfied of the due progress of said work; and all former appropriations to said objects be, and the same are hereby, repealed. Approved May 38, 1855. SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNDER J. P. LESLEY, 1874—1888.' In 1851, 10 years after the close of field work in 1841, the legis- lature voted an appropriation for publishing a final report of the first survey. The State geologist then revisited portions of the State, especially the anthracite region, with the help of Messrs. P. W. and 1 Compiled almost wholly from a manuscript by J. P. Lesley, written in 1886, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 109 PL. 30 J. PETER LESLEY STATE GEOLOGIST OF PENNSYLVANIA, 1874 1903. } e GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 435 John Sheafer, E. Desor, Leo Lesquereux, J. P. Lesley, A. A. Dalson, _ W. B. Rogers, jr., and Mr. Poole, and published the Geology of Pennsylvania in 1858, as already noted. In the interval of 13 years between 1841, when the first survey stopped, and 1854, when all official field work practically ceased, a great development of the coal and iron industries of the State took place. Hundreds of mines had been opened; many new mineral dis- tricts had been prospected and more or less occupied; railroad cut- tings had exposed a multitude of measurable outcrops; the state- ments of the first survey had been criticized and verified, and a large body of fresh data added. In the next interval of 20 years, between 1854 and 1874, a far greater change took place. The discovery of rock oil in 1859 con- verted in a few years the silent forests of northwestern Pennsylvania into an open region, crowded with villages, towns, and cities, ani- mated with a geological fury for investigation, and penetrated to a depth of 2,000 feet by many thousand bore holes; so that no part of the earth’s crust ever was or is ever likely to be again so completely and minutely explored; nor was ever so vast an accumulation of stratigraphical data thrown together in a heap at the feet of the science. Then came the war of secession and an unprecedented demand for iron, and for coal to smelt iron. One-half the annual product of both iron and coa] in the United States has always come from Penn- sylvania. Abandoned mines were reworked, new ones opened, fur- naces enlarged, collieries deepened and extended. Every outcrop of iron ore, good and bad alike, was traced and tried; every outcrop of black slate exposed to eager inquisition. A multitude of private surveys took place in all parts of the State, and a world of fresh data, of a specially precise kind, was accumulated, which appealed to a largely increased geological] intelligence in the public mind. The invention of Bessemer iron when introduced into Pennsylva- nia in 1867 not only intensified the critical search for ore, but multi- _ plied the number and improved the quality of metallurgical experts, and thus exercised an important influence upon the sentiment of the Commonwealth toward geology as an applied science. There was a continually louder call for geological facts. But there was no State bureau of geology nor any officer of the Commonwealth from whom ~ such could be obtained. All surveys were private; all reports confi- dential. Business refused to give away its valuable secrets. The publications of the first State survey were out of print and out of date; would not answer questions if they could, and could not if they would; for the lifetime of a generation had elapsed and a new survey of the State was needed. under better auspices and with vastly greater 436 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. advantages; a survey not so much for the discovery of the unknown as for making known to the public discoveries which in a multitude of private hands awaited publication ; a survey not so much for the mere publication of this vast concealed store of facts as for the critical ex- amination and discussion of them, putting them into true relationship to each other, getting from such discussion intelligent comprehension of what was known and what still remained unknown, and clear indi- cations of how the investigation of the geology of the State should be pursued. . Such, then, was the animus which inspired a limited number of the most intelligent citizens of the State to obtain, in 1873, an act of the legislature for the geological survey of Pennsylvania. The immediate motive for the survey was probably the clamor of the oil men in 1873 for a survey of the oil regions, for in that year the annual production of petroleum suddenly advanced from 6,000,000 to 10,000,000 barrels, while the price of a barrel sank from $4 to $2, throwing western Pennsylvania into a state of the highest excitement, reflected by the stock exchanges in every city, and rivet- ing the attention of merchants at European ports. Every one was asking: How long will the flow of oil last? What is its original source? Where are the limits of its reservoirs? Who can give us a rule to locate a well? How many oil sandsarethere? Can geology teach us anything? Why does the State legislature not provide for a scientific examination of the phenomenon ? The three other great mineral industries of the State—iron, anthra- cite, and coking coal—thought that they knew their geologies suffi- ciently well, and one of them at least, the anthracite, had special business reasons for not pressing its claims to a resurvey; for the railroad companies were acquiring and consolidating the collieries, and desired no interference; the bituminous coal measures were well understood in the local districts which produced most; and the iron- works had their own geological advisers. But when the demand for a State survey was made by the oil interest it was supported by intelligent men from all parts of the State, each district hoping for discoveries valuable to itself, and the poorer counties believing that their mineral poverty was merely a mistake or oversight chargeable to the inadequacy of the old survey. The legislative act instituting the survey was couched in the fol- lowing terms: Srecrion 1. Be it enacted, etc., That the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate shall, as soon as practicable after the passage of this act, ap- point 10 suitable commissioners from different sections of the State, who, with the governor as chairman e# officio, shall constitute a board to prosecute the work contemplated in this act; the persons so appointed shall hold office during the continuance of the work, and any vacancies in their number caused ‘ . i 7 . : 7 ‘ . | ‘ ST > : , GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 437 by death or resignation shall be filled by the governor with the consent of the senate. Sec. 2. The commissioners before entering on their duties, shall respectively take and subscribe the oath required of other State officers, which shall be filed in the office of the secretary of the Commonwealth, who is hereby author- ized and directed to administer said oath. Src. 3. The said board is hereby authorized to rent rooms in Harrisburg at a moderate and usual rent, to use for the purposes of the survey created by this aet, and shall therein also hold its regular meetings: such meetings shall be held at least once in every three months and as much oftener as required by the exigencies of its affairs, and the due furtherance of the survey; the time for the regular meetings shall be fixed at the time of its organization. Sec. 4. The commissioners shall receive no compensation for services but their actual traveling and other necessary expenses, which shall be paid by the State treasurer on the certificate of the auditor general; and no commis- sioner or officer under this act shall derive pecuniary profit from the appro- priation made by this act, other than is specified. Sec: 5. The board shall bé convened by the governor as soon as practicable, and it shall have power te make such regulations for the management of its business as it may deem expedient, and may, if necessary, employ a clerk. Sec. 6. The board created by this act shall, on its organization, take charge of and conduct as it may deem to the best interests of the State, the business of organizing a thorough and extended geological survey of the State. The purpose of the said survey shall be to make such investigations as may be required to thoroughly elucidate the geology of the State and put the result of this and previous work of individuals or surveys into a convenient form for reference; and further, to make such full chemical examination of ores, coals, oils, clays, soils, fertilizing, and other useful minerals and waters as shall be required to afford the agricultural, mining, metallurgical, and other interests of the State a clear insight into the character of its resources. The said board shall also cause to be collected such specimens as may be neces- sary to form a complete cabinet collection of specimens of the geology and mineral resources of the State. “Src. 7. To earry out the purposes of this act the board is hereby authorized and required to appoint a State geologist of ability and experience, who shall control the execution of the details of the survey: and the said geologist shall appoint such competent assistants as may be required to carry out the pur- poses of the survey, none of whom shall be members of the board. All salaries shall be fixed by the board, which is hereby required to make yearly agreements with the geologist and his assistants as to their salaries. It shall also fix the rates at which the geologist may employ such temporary assistants as he may require. The work of the survey shall be done on such plan as shall be approved by the board. On the adoption of the plan, the geologist shall immediately and thereafter as often as may be required, make out esti- mates for all necessary implements and materials for the work, and for all necessary expenses, and these estimates shall be submitted to and be subject to the approval of the board. The said State geologist, with his assistants, shall be under the control of the board, but after the approval of the plan submitted by the geologisis his assistants shall be responsible to him for the proper execution of their work. The State geologist shall be present at the meetings of the board and take part in its discussions. Sec. 8. The said board shall collect copies of the surveys of this and other States and counties. and shall digest the information therein contained to the 438 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. end that the survey created by this act may be made as thorough, practica}, and convenient as is possible. All works so collected shall be the property of the State. It shall further be the duty of the members of the board, in addition to those already specified, to furnish, from time to time, to the State geologist, any and all information which will contribute to the development of the facts relating to the mining, agricultural, and other pursuits of the State. Sec. 9. It shall be lawful for all persons employed by the geological survey created by this act to enter, without molestation, into and upon all lands and localities in this State which it may be necessary to examine for the purposes of this survey. The board shall avail itself, as fully as possible, of the informa- tion, maps and surveys possessed by citizens and corporations in this State relat- ing to the geology and topography of the State. All the facts, of whatever nature, obtained by the survey shall be considered public property, and any conceal- ment or speculative use of the same is strictly prohibited. All publications of the board shall be copyrighted by it in the name of the State. Sec. 10. And it shall be the duty of the State geoolgist annually, before the 15th day of February in each year, to prepare a detailed report of the oper- ations of the year, and the facts obtained by the Survey; he shall submit the same to the board, which is hereby authorized to print and publish the said reports in a suitable and convenient form, adapted to modern requirements. Copies of the reports, with all maps and supplements, shall be donated to al! publie libraries, universities, and colleges in the State, and shall be furnished at cost of publication to all other applicants for them. Src. 11. To carry out the purposes of this act, the sum of $35,000 is hereby annually appropriated for three years. All expenditures made in carrying out this work shall be, after the approval of the board, certified by the same, upon proper vouchers, to the auditor general, who shall draw his warrant upon the State treasurer for the amount: Provided, That no salaries or other ex- penditures under this act shall commence until the officers herein named have entered upon the execution of their respective duties. Approved May 14, 1874. Acts granting appropriations and supplementing or modifying the original act, from time to time, were as follows: Act of May 15, 1876. Be it enacted, That for the purpose of continuing the geological survey of the State the sum of $15,000 be appropriated for the year 1876, and the sum of $50,000 for the year 1877; and said sum shall be expended in conformity with the act approved May 14, 1874, entitled ‘“ An act to provide for a geological sur- yey of the State.” Act of April 18, 1877. Be it enacied, That the sum of $10,000 is hereby appropriated, to be expended according to the provisions of an act, entitled “ An act to provide for a geo- logical survey of the State,’ approved May 14, 1874, $50,000 for the work of the year 1878, and $50,000 for the work of the year 1879. Act of June 11, 1879. Be it enacted, That the sum of $50,000 is hereby appropriated, to be expended according to the provisions of an act, entitled “ An act to provide for a geological survey of the State,” approved May 14, 1874, for the work of the year 1880. Pre = GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 439 Act of May 26, 1881. Be it enacted, That the sum of $125,000 be, and the same is hereby, ap- propriated, to be expended according to the provisions of an act, entitled “An act to provide for a geological survey of the State,” approved May 14, 1874: Provided, That not more than $50,000 shall be expended in any one year: And provided further, That the said survey shall be completed, so far as the field work is concerned, by the end of the calendar year 1883. Act of June 28, 1883. Be it enacted, That the sum of $50,000 is hereby specially appropriated for the continuance of the geological survey of the anthracite coal region of the State, to be expended according to the provisions of an act entitled “An act to provide for a geological survey of the State,” approved May 14, 1874: Pro- vided, That any expenditure for said anthracite survey which shall have been paid out of the appropriation for the general survey of the State, after the first day of January, 1888, and prior to the passage of this act, may be reimbursed to said general appropriation out of the special appropriation bereby made. Act of July 3, 1885. Be it enacted, That the sum of $50,060 be, and the sume is hereby, appropri- ated to be expended, according to the provisions of an act, entitled “An act to pro- vide for a geological survey of State,” approved May 14, 1874: Provided, That not more than $19,000 be expended annually to continue the anthracite survey, and not more than $2,000 be expended annually to extend the oil and gas region survey; and not more than $4,000 shall be expended annually to extend the survey in the bituminous regions of the Monongahela Valley and Pittsbureh eoal regions, and continue unfinished surveys in the iron-ore regions. Acts respecting the publications of the survey, ete.: Joint resolution of March 18, 1875. Resolved, That 5,000 copies be printed of the report on the mineralogy of Pennsylvania, by F. A. Geuth, and the special report on petroleum, by Henry E. Wrigley, with accompanying maps and charts, reported by the board of commissioners of the geological survey of Pennsylvania, 1,000 copies for the use of the senate and 4,000 copies for the use of the house of representatives. Act of April 18, 1877. Secrion 1. Be it cnected, That the board of commissioners of the second geological survey of the State be, and they ure hereby, authorized to donate a copy of each report and map published by them to every member of the geo- logical corps, and to each author of a report 20 copies of such report, and to distribute gratuitously 50 copies of each report; and to sell copies of the re- ports to booksellers at a reasonable discount on their value. Src. 2. That the commissioners of the second geological survey shall furnish to the senate and house of representatives, for distribution among the people of the State, 10,000 copies of the reports now on hand in their department, as they may select; 8,000 for the use of the senate and 7,000 for the house; and they shall also furnish in the same ratio 1,500 copies of each of the forth- coming reports designated, respectively, C and HH: Provided, That nothing in this act shall be construed to authorize the reprinting of any of the reports aforesaid. 440 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sec. 8. That 1,000 copies of each of the reports in the hands of said com- missioners be placed at the disposal of the executive department of the State for distribution to other States and counties and public institutions. Act of March 15, 1878. Be it enacted, That the commissioners of the geological survey shall furnish the senate and house of representatives, for distribution to the people, 1,000 bound copies of each of the volumes marked, respectively, HHH and II, and also a like number of bound copies of each of the forthcoming reports of the survey. 350 of each for the use of the senate and 650 for the use of the house. hey shall also furnish to the executive department 100 bound copies’ of each of the reports as above for distribution to other States and public institutions. Joint resolution of May 3, 1878: Resolved, That there be printed for the present year for the use of the senate and house of representatives 3,500 copies of each volume of the geological survey reports heretofore issued, and a like number of each volume of the reports of said survey which are now in process of publication; 1,000 copies of each volume for the use of the senate and 2,500 for the use of the house of representatives. Joint resolution of March 28, 1879. Whereas with one or two unimportant exceptions, all the known accessible anthracite coal in the world is found within the limits of the State of Pennsyl- yania; and Whereas by various enactments of former legislatures of this Common- wealth, the care and management of these precious deposits of fuel, which are very limited in extent, have been committed to bodies corporate with almost unlimited powers and with consequent responsibilities; and Whereas the anthracite coal fields. the seat of the most important mineral interest in the State, is rapidly becoming exhausted under the present wasteful and unprofitable system of mining and selling the same, which is returning no just recompense to the land owner, the operator, the miner: Therefore Be it resolved, That the board of commissioners of the geological survey of the State be requested to cause a survey and examination of the anthracite eoal region to be made, paying special attention to the question of the rapid exhaustion of this most valuable deposit, more economy in the methods of min- ing, and the avoidance of the great waste and overproduction now threatening ruin to all interested in the trade, and to make a special report with reference to these subjects, and suggesting if possible a remedy for the evils above recited. Act of June 12, 1879. Whereas the commissioners of the second geological survey of Pennsylvania have had printed, and now hold in reserve, 2,500 copies of the larger maps and other illustrations accompanying the several reports of said survey, and as said reports are required by the citizens of this Commonwealth: Therefore Be it enacted, That there be printed for the present year 2,500 copies of each volume of the geological survey reports heretofore and hereafter to be issued; G00 copies of each volume for the use of the senate, and 1,900 of each volume for the use of the house of reperesentatives; and the commissioners of the geological survey are hereby directed to deliver to the superintendent of public GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 4471 printing and binding the maps and illustrations already printed and in their possession, in order that they may be bound in the volumes directed to be fur- nished by this act: Provided, That the maps and illustrations already printed, and the stereotype plates used in printing the edition now called for shali not be charged a second time by the State printer. Act of April 4, 1883. Whereas the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadclphia, a society founded in 1812, and lawfully incorporated in 1817, for the encouragement and cul- tivation of the sciences, and devoted entirely to the advancement of useful learn- ing, has signified its willingness to assume the custody of the collections of specimens made by the second geological survey of Pennsylvania, and to freely exhibit the same, without rental or other charge to the State: Therefore Be it enacted, That the commissioners in charge of the second geological survey of Pennsylvania be, and are hereby, authorized and directed to deliver free of expense to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia the speci- mens collected during the survey, which specimens are to remain in the custody of the Academy until otherwise provided by law, as the property of the State, to be exhibited without fee to those persons who may desire to view or study the same at such times and under such rules as may be prescribed by said academy from time to time. Act of July 38, 1885. Whereas by section 10 of an act approved May 14, 1874, entitled “An act to previde for a geological survey of the State,” it is provided as follows: “Copies of the reports with all maps and supplements shall be donated to all public libraries, universities, and colleges in the State, and shall be furnished at cost of publication to all other applicants for them”; and Whereas the sale of these reports has almost ceased by reason of the gratuitous distribution thereof under subsequent acts of assembly, authorizing the printing of copies of the said reports for the use of members of the legisla- ture: and Whereas there remain in the custody of the board of commissioners of the geological survey large numbers of these reports, which, for the reason above mentioned, can not be sold, and which, under existing Jaws, can not be otherwise distributed: Therefore, Secrion 1. Be it enacted, That the board of commissioners of the geological survey are hereby authorized to retain 100 copies of each report heretofore pub- lished, and the said board are directed to distribute the remaining copies of said reports as follows: Fifty copies of each report to the State librarian for distribution and exchange with other States and Territories, and of the balance an equal number of volumes to each member of the present senate and house of representatives, making the sets complete as far as practicable. Sec. 2. That of each report hereafter published, 3,500 copies shall be printed, which shall be distributed by the board of commissioners as follows: Five hun- dred copies to the senate, 2,000 copies to the house of representatives, 150 copies to the State geologist, out of which he shall donate copies to authors and to members of survey corps as heretofore granted, 600 copies to the board of commissioners for distribution to public libraries, universities, and colleges in the State, to parties rendering material assistance to the survey, and for exchange with foreign societies and geologists; and 50 copies thereof to the members of the board; 100 copies to the secretary of internal atfairs for distribution by him; 100 copies to the governor for distribution by him; and 442 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. | 50 copies to the State librarian for distribution and exchange with other States | and Territories, Src. 3. That so much of the act of May 14, 1874, recited in the preamble, as requires the reports to be sold, and all other acts and parts of acts inconsistent herewith, be, and the same are hereby, repealed. Administration—In accordance with the act of assembly Gov. John F. Hartranft appointed 10 citizens of the State to act as a board of commissioners to execute the survey: Ario Pardee, of Hazleton: William A. Ingham, of Philadelphia; Henry S. Eckert, of Reading; Henry McCormick, of Harrisburg; James Macfarlane, of Towanda; John B. Pearse, of Philadelphia; Robert V. Wilson, M. D., of Clear- field; Hon. D. J. Morrell, of Johnstown; Henry W. Oliver, of Pitts- burgh; and Samuel Q. Brown, of Pleasantville, as representing all parts and important interests of the State. Governor Hartranft was himself chairman and Mr. Pearse secretary of the board. In 1878 Doctor Wilson died, and Charles A. Miner, of Wilkes-Barre, was ap- pointed in his place. In 1879 Mr. Pearse removed to Boston and Joseph Miner, of Luzerne County, was appointed. In 1879 Mr. Oli- ver, then candidate for United States Senator, resigned, and Lewis W. Hall, of Harrisburg, was appointed. In 1885 Senator Morrell died, and Charles H. Noyes, of Warren, was appointed. In 1885 Mr. Macfarlane died, and Jacob Turner, of Greensburg, was appointed. In June, 1874, the board met, organized, and appointed J. P. Les- ley, professor of geology in the University of Pennsylvania, State geologist. The State geologist, in obedience to the terms of the law, submitted to the board a plan of survey, which was accepted and put at once into execution July 1, 1874. He appointed five assistant ge- ologists, to commence work in as many districts of the State, each with one or more aids for instrumental work; one topographer at head- quarters, who acted also as clerk and accountant; one chemist, with a laboratory at Harrisburg, and a mineralogist. At the end of the year, when the collections had come in, a museum was established and a paleontological curator appointed. In 1875 two more assistant geologists were appointed to commence work in two other districts, making seven in all, and also a paleo- botanist. This completed the plan of the survey, which remained practically unchanged for five years, being modified only by the pro- motion of aids to take the place of assistants who resigned, by the detail of the curator of the museum to a special geological district, by the appointment of new aids as they were wanted, and by the ap- pointment of young volunteers, who served for their expenses and the knowledge they acquired. At each quarterly meeting of the board the State geologist reported the progress of the survey, his plans for the ensuing three months, ee GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 443 any new appointments he might have made, any advance of salary to any aid or assistant, and his estimate of expenses for the quarter in advance; all of which was discussed and acted upon by the board at their pleasure. The regular quarterly meetings were held at Harrisburg; special meetings, on occasion, either there or in Phila- delphia. No business could be transacted unless five commissioners were present. Usually eight or nine and sometimes the whole board assembled. On emergencies copies of needful acts were sent by mail to each commissioner’s home in advance of a meeting, and to absentees after the meeting, to secure unanimity of action; the policy of the board being to postpone consideration of all plans not unani- mously appraved, which accounts for the success of the survey. Both assistant geologists and aids were expected to devote them- selves exclusively to the survey, and to have no private professional business within the limits of the State. Eleven months of their time each year were due to the survey for field and office work; the re- maining month was their own, as a vacation, salary paid as usual, but no expenses. This they might and sometimes did employ, out- side the State, in some professionally profitable way. No charge was ever made to any citizen of the State for any geological, miner- alogical, or chemical information which the survey could communi- cate; nor was any verbal information withheld from any citizen until publication; but all written information capable of being used for trade purposes was forbidden. No fee was ever accepted from any capitalist or company for taking up one line of survey in pref- erence to another or out of its proper order. The survey had no connection, officially or unofficially, directly or indirectly, with other institutions in the State, except in the one particular that the State geologist was also the official geologist of the State board of agriculture. In two cases the assistant geologist was a college professor, and only served the survey during the field season, preparing his report in the winter. Another assistant geologist was elected in 1876 pro- fessor in another college, and accepted the chair on condition that he should have the freedom of the field season. The mineralogist of the survey was a professor of chemistry in the University of Penn- sylvania, and performed his duties to the survey in the laboratories of the university, and was allowed (after 1875) an aid in said work. The State geologist was himself professor of geology in the univer- sity until 1878, when he resigned his chair to devote himself exclu- sively to the survey. A number of the aids were graduates of his department, and three of them became assistant geologists on the survey. To this fact is partly ascribable its always excellent espri/ du corps. 444 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Salaries.—The scale of salaries proposed by the State geologist and adopted by the board ranged from $3,000 for the State geologist, $2,500 for the chemist, $2,000 and $1,600 for assistant geologists, down to $1,200, $900, $720, $600, and $480 for the aids, a year; in all cases exclusive of traveling and other necessary expenses. Instru- ments and stationery, expressage, and postage were provided by the survey. All salaries and bills of expense were settled, to the last day of each month, by drafts of the State geologist on the treasurer of the board, audited by a committee of the board at each quarterly meeting. Duplicate vouchers were filed in the office of the auditor general of the State. Appropriations—The survey was sustained by specific appropria- tions made by the legislature at its biennial session, as follows: By the act approved May 14, 1874, $105,000; May 13, 1876, $65,000: April 18, 1877, $100,000; June 11, 1879, $50,000; May 26, 1881, $125,000; June 28, 1883, $50,000; July 3, 1885, $50,000; 1887, $88,000; 1891, $10,000; total, $643,000. Of this amount $495,000 was ex- pended between May, 1874, and July, 1885; or an average of $45,000 a year for 11 years. The amounts proposed to be disbursed by the State geologist were submitted in estimate at the quarterly meetings of the board of commissioners, and approved cr modified. The amounts actually disbursed were reported to the board, the vouchers audited by a committee and deposited in duplicate with the auditor general of the State. Personnel.—The personnel of the survey from 1836 to 1854 has been described and published in report A, first part, 197 pages, octavo, 1876, entitled “ Historical Sketch, etc.” From 1874 to 1886 the personnel of the survey was as follows, the < under the several dates showing the years or parts of years during which the persons named (in alphabetical order) were em- ployed on the survey in various capacities and districts: | | 1874 | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879 | 1880 | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | = a Adachi, Jinzoo......|...... [oeseee|-oneee|senccelascnnn | Sees | fee Fe aa Soc ee log eee Ne Se x Aguirre PAT APU eS eS) [nase x Se UIEREESLSEE habs Saleeee a meee te ose |Me cedfeeceeat came AT DrighG C4 Bee os| eee eae eee aL es | a etd 2 Se E Sere NU ake kage 5 wa ce aes [eases ee eee ADDLINE AH Woes SEE [Bio ceee Pa ctcta cts etic site| sieiste fall sistas sisteictstal stations Peeitatatny isrerees es2ee8 ~ x Allen, Charles*.....) X | X |X Shea Se | SUN Se Nl fat ea ee Berea eee Mena evreers. Ames} ©. Wis sie. 333. 1S 35235 [Ctsicslis sees hee CPE Sto. Sees oalaeenee fans asslh ee ool amore eee Ashburner, Charles BOY Sse Saale be x SEEN DEN TRATES SRE RATES EEN SEH XC RE e TO em Xx Beechers CAM ags3 5355/2 cess: eke. {i cone [eee sp weet pga |Aseewtly sae iy ||. «suet ae Seats ieee lemme Begin AL Bisset ere eee, x x 5% Seer ees tS SUN SEE Sa! [oc LUE Mae ee BITC S es ee eee x x x Dr Wale Sion le Skeet ech oes oe ot asec ob ater sete aan ee Se ee a Brammer d cOs5 s454 AS eec tee oe (sseaee eee ees aida eRe eee | safer syai| sreteeree | x Oo uleeeee CAR UB r eye Sauce Secu Sto Xx aaa x aE SS Sadi ee sec | x Chance, H. M.*...... OX alex x Xx KEE x x Xx MEN CSSA 1 Special draftsman for parts of two years. 2 Special draftsman for part of a year (fossils). * Authors of reports. o_o ee ee a aceite Oe ne Claghorn, R. C Claypole, E. W Carraher, M-. Dewees, J. H.*...... d@’invilliers, f. V.*. |. itis ny Gina. cowie | Ss e:c.cci| cies vec snj0 ae |occuai le coor Edwards, J. W...... Ki Shall 2% ase sae |-acese Ewing, A. 1s.2'... 5... Pee ce bona eeclectcamles toed \ Fagen, H.J......... | xX | pCi ecm ar [Pees [Ee x Frazer, Persifor*..... X | Maller, ToDo... s.cai0 | eeoen | Genth, F.A.*....... ase SX es | Se Griffith, William....|.....- levis elecrescic Vebistre ell ereare oie Halberstadt, B...... leeesee fe opeaelenrnee shee ares Haldeman, B. F.....|....-- Joceacstnspisess eae \eemecs EVA G Ate a. cic cies ale ene | UNO 5c coc ccailerceass Harden, E. B.*......) X Harden 0. Bx sai ..|--0c08 \ Hartranit,S.S...... ieee [ee wceeteceeenlocatac | xX Hartshorne Ji... csiec|--226+ Najefarstere x x1 X ates WA on ee eee tees euds Seeeae eee. ee Petes: os leclec cate BIRR 2 loa on of cnen sen evo lsgeece [abuse Late ae ee Wee le Sei Se IU ees he ek ee cass i xX Kada, Teichii....... Vaeeerse [oem coy seciac sccm. laeeees Lehman, A. E....... We oe Xx x | X Lehman, G. M......!/....-- fe conse ceees fase ee dainwele Lesley, Joseph 3. ....|...--- leeces |e eee ese see Ease eae eK * | ] Lesley, J. P Lesquereux, L.*.....|....-- | Lewis, H.C.*......- | eeteets | GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 1878 | 1879 | 1880 | 1881 | 1882 | ot | | | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | | | xXx wee cel ec ewes pee ec elem eee ne cece elec es ee coeencicccons | Pegs BS ets. lees et clash cos i eeaes ete ea eee | usd ee Mansfield, I. F.5..... eine eee a) Soe cee x McCreath, A.S.*....' X | xX | McCreath, D... x x x ween treet twee Maren (oy... 251s 2st lccca TS Nettleton, ©. S.8...../.....- aT RISMa EL sc .5.o4/s.<,lece.sies Platt, Franklin *....! xX POX x x Plate, WG*2...2,.|.<-.-- aul j | | X x x Stinson, J. M... Stevenson, J. J. Stockton, N. A. Wall, J.S.*... Wells, Bard... White, I. C.*. - Williams, T. J. Winslow, A... Wright, G. F.*1 | Wrigley, H. E.u..... Pao roune, (CA... sees HEX | xX | | Mebier ss Wc 22055. eee ene |noseeeleceeee eae? [Sseee ecco sleek [emma sees aes eo baea ce | tte ew eee w ee ee eee Cee wee eee teens Se ee ee es 1 Special report on fossils of Center County. 2 Special report EE. 3 Special assistance in indexing. 4 Special survey along the Connodogwinit Creek. 6 Special collection of coal plants. 6 Special oil-well records. ————S 7? Special report on Warren section and fossils. 8 Special draftsman (fossils). 9 Special notes on serpentine localities. 10 Special survey of parts of the Glacial Moraine. 11 Special report J. * Authors of reports. 446 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Progress.—In 1874 the survey was begun in Venango and Butler, in Clearfield and Jefferson, in Mifflin and Huntingdon, in York and Adams, and jin Lehigh Counties. Tn 1875 it was continued in those counties and was begun in Greene, Washington, and Allegheny, in Cambria and Blair, and in Tioga and Bradford. A special survey of parts of Clinton was also made. In 1876 the survey of the oil region was made to include parts of Warren and Crawford, Clarion and Armstrong. The rest of Alle- gheny was surveyed, half of Westmoreland and Fayette, all Beaver, half of Butler, all Somerset, Potter, and part of Snyder, and the sur- vey of McKean was begun. The Lehigh work was extended into Northampton and Berks, the York and Adams work into Franklin and Cumberland. In 1877 the survey of the oil region and that of McKean were con- tinued; Westmoreland, Fayette, and Butler were finished; Lawrence, Indiana, Lycoming, and Sullivan surveyed; the Blair County topo- graphical survey extended; the South Mountain topographical survey continued; the Northampton mountain and valley topographical sur- vey extended into Berks; the survey of Juniata begun; the topo- graphical survey of the Seven Mountains in Snyder begun; the sur- vey of Elk, Cameron, and Lancaster counties begun; and the outcrops of southern Bucks and Montgomery mapped and specimens collected. In 1878 the survey of the oil region was continued; Mercer, Clarion, and Armstrong surveyed; Mclean completed; Potter revised; Juniata revised and Perry surveyed; mapping in Blair finished; mapping of the Seven Mountains continued; mapping of the South Mountains continued; mapping of the Reading mountains continued; Lancaster completed; southern Bucks and Montgomery mapped; and the mu- seum arranged and catalogued. In 1879 the survey of the oil regions was continued; Crawford, Erie, Jefferson, and Clinton were surveyed; the Elk and Cameron survey was extended into Forest, and the work in all three counties completed; the Franklin County valley was surveyed; the South Mountain topography continued; the Reading Mountain survey ex- tended westward; the survey of the Philadelphia belt extended into Delaware County; and Chester County surveyed. In 1880 the survey of the oil region was continued; the Coal Flora (collected, studied, described, and figured by Mr. Lesquereux since 1874) was published; the descriptions of the coal plants of Greene County were published; the subject of waste in anthracite coal was studied; Susquehanna and Wayne Counties were surveyed; the South Mountain topography was continued; the Cumberland County valley was surveyed; and the study of anthracite geology and mining meth- ods begun. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 447 In 1881 the survey of the oil region was continued; Warren was surveyed; Pike, and Monroe, and part of Carbon were surveyed; a special paleontological survey of Perry and Juniata was begun; and a systematic mine and surface survey of all the anthracite coal fields was organized. In 1882 the anthracite survey was carried forward; Center, Dauphin, Lebanon, Luzerne, Lackawanna, Columbia, Montour, and Northumberland counties were surveyed; the Perry County paleon- tology continued; the third and last volume of the Coal Flora pub- lished; the Report on Methods of Coal Mining completed; and the first sheets of the Anthracite Survey published. A special survey slong the Lehigh River was begun. Tn 1888 a special survey of the Monongahela River collieries was made; the Clearfield County coal fields were resurveyed; Hunting- don County was finished; the roofing-slate belt in Northampton, Lehigh, and Berks was surveyed; the glacial moraine was traced neross the State; the survey of the anthracite fields was continued, additional sheets published, and a special topographical survey of the Wyoming coal field commenced. The hand atlas of counties was prepared for publication. In 1884 the anthracite surveys were continued, and some unfinished work in other parts of the State undertaken. In 1885 there remained still unaccomplished a necessary revision of parts of Forest, Tioga, Bradford, Union, and Snyder, and of the whole of Juniata; a survey of the Pinegrove-Orwigsburg Valley; some special local surveys in Cumberland, Dauphin, Lebanon, and Bucks; a systematic survey of the Mesozoic country in Berks, Mont- gomery, and Bucks, and some important local surveys in Chester and Delaware, before the final preparation of the remaining volumes of county reports could be published. As the appropriation of 1885 was reduced to about one-half, and as a new survey of the oil, gas, and bituminous coal region of the western counties was called for by the act, the things above mentioned had to be postponed and a new disposition of the force of the survey made. The operations of the anthracite work had to be restricted within narrower limits and several of the assistants resigned. Tn 1886 the anthracite survey was continued; the gas wells were studied ; a more detailed survey of the anticlinal and synclinal struc- ture of the Pittsburgh coal fields made; special features of the Cum- berland Valley studied; the maps of the water department of Phila- delphia used for differentiating the Trias across the interval between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers; collections made from the Silu- rian limestone beds on the Schuylkill for microscopic examination ; 136075—20———30 448 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. a section along the Lehigh River finished; and a study made of the collection of invertebrate fossils. Several large maps of the eastern and western counties were pub- | Jished this year, and a considerable number of new mine sheets, cross — section, and columnar sheets of the anthracite field. Publications —The publications of the survey have been as follows, all in octavo: 1875, six volumes, B, D, H, I, J, M; 1876, four volumes, A, C, K, L, and a pamphlet B’; 1877, five volumes, C*, H’, H’, V, K’; 1878, nine volumes, D’, EK, F, G, H*, K’, N, O, Q; 1879, three volumes, Mf’, 'Q’, V; 1880, 19 volumes; C7,’G?{ Gt 'G) BY YO, Pi, iy es oe R, V’; 1881, six volumes, A’, G*, H’, M’, Q*, T; 1882, three volumes, C’, G’, T’, and atlas (AA)1; 1883, seven volumes, AA, AC, C’, D® (1), D® (21), G’, I’, and atlas D*; 1884, six volumes, H’, K", Pin, P’, T‘, Z, and atlas (AA)2; 1885, six volumes, AA‘l, C’, F”, R’, T, X, and atlases (AA)3 (AA)4. In 11 years the survey has published 67 volumes, octavo and one pamphlet, 4 anthracite atlases, and nine other atlases to volumes AC, C’, D’, D’, I’, P, R, R*, and T. It has published colored geological maps of 57 out of the 67 counties; colored maps of Cambria, Somerset, Juniata, Mifflin, Snyder, Union, Schuylkill, Berks, Montgomery, and Bucks being still unpublished; but uncolored geological maps of Cambria and Somerset are included in their volumes; and colored maps of the eastern half of Berks and of the southern parts of Montgomery and Bucks have been published in advance. All the county maps are on the scale of two miles to the inch except McKean County and Philadelphia, which are on a scale of one and one-half miles to the inch. Colored geological maps of all the counties, on a scale of six miles to the inch, prepared by the State geologist at various stages of the survey, will be found in the hand atlas (X) published in 1885. All the volumes of reports, with three or four exceptions, are illustrated with diagrams, sections (columnar and_ horizontal), sketches made in the field, local maps, and photographic views of such important outcrops as could not otherwise be described with requisite accuracy, amounting in all to several thousand. There was published in 1886 one volume octavo and an atlas; the annual report for 1885; the first of its kind, including all the re- ports of assistants presented for that year. A similar annual report for 1886, went to press in time for distribution early in 1887. The distributions of the publications of the survey by the board | of commissioners was regulated for 10 years—that is, from 1875 — to 1885—by section 10 of the act of May 14, 1874, which ordered that — copies should be donated to all public libraries, universities, and Se eee GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 449 colleges in the State, and should be furnished at cost of publication to other applicants; the money received therefor being covered back into the State treasury. It was supposed that, by this proviso of the act, every citizen of the _ State who really valued a report would be easily able to obtain a copy, while no copies would be wasted, as by a free distribution. But, in point of fact, there was little or no sale, because citizens of the State were accustomed to obtain from their representatives and senators, without cost, all other State documents. Consequently, when, in 1875, Report B, on the Mineralogy of the State, and Report J, on Petroleum, appeared, and a popular demand for copies of them was made on the members of the legislature, who could not furnish to their constituents what they had to purchase for themselves, an act was passed providing for a special edition of 5,000 copies of each one of these reports, for the use of the senate and house of representatives. Similar acts were subsequently passed by the legislatures of 1877, 1878, and 1879, respecting all the reports. Under these acts, 425,931 copies of geological reports were printed for members of the legislature and distributed by them among their constituency. In addition to this, and under the organic law of the survey, the board published 110,569 copies, part of which were dis- tributed te public libraries, universities, and colleges in the State, and the remainder held at sale at cost. But the sale of reports was almost wholly stopped by the free distribution of the special legislative editions; so that in 1885 there still remained unsold 48,118 copies. Tn view of this fact an act was passed and approved by the gov- ernor, July 3, 1885, the first section of which enacted: That the board of commissioners of the geological survey are hereby author- ized and directed to distribute the remaining copies of said reports as follows: Fifty copies of each report to the State librarian for distribution and exchange with other States and Territories, and of the balance an equal number of vol- umes to each member of the present senate and house of representatives, making the sets complete, as far as practicable. The board, before acting under this law, submitted the same to the attorney general of the State, and in accordance with the in- terpretation of the act received from the department, the stock of reports was distributed as follows: Copies retained for distribution to public libraries, universities, and colleges in the State, under the act of May 14, 1874_______....._ 6, 132 Copies (50 sets) delivered to the State librarian_-_-------__--- 3, 600 Copies delivered to the senate librarian for distribution to the senate___ 7, 040 Copies delivered to the resident clerk of the house of representatives, for distribution to the members of the house_________._..... 26, 162 Copies mislaid and discovered after distribution had been made________ 61 Nee rE STINE Sesh e e e e g e 123 Sia eee ere ee ae Ss ee uk 48,118 450 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The publication of the later reports was regulated by section 2 of the act of July 3, 1885, which reads as follows: That of each report hereafter published, 3,500 copies shall be printed, which shall be distributed by the board of commissioners as follows: Five hundred copies to the senate; 2,000 copies to the house of representatives; 150 copies to the State geologist, out of which he shall donate copies to authors and to mem-* bers of survey corps as heretofore granted; 600 copies to the board of com- missioners for distribution to public libraries, universities, and colleges in the State, to parties rendering material assistance to the survey, and for exchange with foreign societies and geologists; and 50 copies thereof to the members of the board; 100 copies to the secretary of internal affairs, for distribution by him; 100 copies to the governor, for distribution by him; and 50 copies to the State librarian, for distribution and exchange with other States and Territories. The edition of the hand atlas was limited to 1,000 copies. Benefits and results—A special character has been impressed upon the Pennsylvania survey by several facts of dominant im- portance: i. The Paleozoic formations reach their maximum thickness in this State; and consequently admit of a greater differentiation than elsewhere into special groups of beds. 2. The middle region of the State is magnificiently plicated and eroded, exposing innumerable outcrops, connected in zigzags, and of immense length. 3. No unconformable later deposits cover and conceal these out- crops, so that there is an unexampled opportunity for the study of variable thicknesses and changes of type. 4. The topographical features are so dependent upon the lithology and structure that any geological survey of the region must be vir- tually a topographical survey. 5. The geological areas are of great size and so clearly defined and so distinct in character that they naturally claimed and received each one a survey of its own. These areas are: 1, the bituminous coal field of the west and north; 2, the anthracite coal fields in the east; 3, the middle belt of Devonian and Silurian formations; 4, the Mesozoic belt of the south and east; 5, the South Mountain azoic; 6, the Philadelphia belt of azoic rock: and 7, the region of glacial drift. 6. The natural section of the bituminous coal measures, down the Monongahela and up the Allegheny Rivers, relieved the study of that part of the Paleozoic system of all ambiguity. 7. The great amount of mining done in the anthracite fields made that part of the survey peculiarly exact and correct. 8. The great size and number of the brown hematite mines fur- nished unusual opportunities for the study of that kind of mineral. yt ~~ GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 451 9. The great size and number of limestone quarries, exploited for the manufacture of iron, and for fertilizing farms, opened to view every part of the great Siluro-Cambrian formation, the whole of the Lower Helderburg, all the Devonian and most of the Carbonit- erous limestone beds. 10. On the other hand, Pennsylvania is singularly destitute of workable veins of the precious metals. Its poverty in gold, silver, copper, and lead is extreme. It has but one important zine deposit and but one nickel mine. In fact, its azoic regions as a whole are barren country, containing but a few small magnetic iron ore beds, in strong contrast to the adjoining azoic region of northern New Jersey. What little white marble it possesses makes a narrow out- crop for a few miles along a single line. Some serpentine rock, a little chrome iron, one large soapstone quarry, and some kaolin de- posits, conclude the list of its azoic minerals. Practically viewed, the geology of Pennsylvania is wholly Paleo- zoic, on the most magnificent scale, with an unexampled wealth of anthracite and bituminous coal, brown hematite iron ore, limestone, rock oil and rock gas; and to the study and description of these its geological survey has from first to last been devoted. Little attention has been paid to the lithological study of the building stones of the State, or to their economic description. The entire State is a rock quarry. Every known building stone from the granites, gneisses, quartzites, and traps, to hearthstones, flagstones, brownstone, and limestone can be got with ease, and in infinite abundance on lines of transportation. All the principal outcrops of these building stone formations have been located and their places in the Paleozoic series defined in the reports, with sufficiently pre- cise descriptions of their qualities and uses; but beyond this the survey could not go. The paleontology of Pennsylvania was almost entirely neglected by the survey of 1835-1841, and that of 1851-1854. ~A considerable collection of fossils was made during the first term, but they were not studied; with the exception of the coal plants, resulting in the important report of Leo Lesquereux, embodied in Prof. H, D. Rogers’s final report of 1858. The text of this report’ was illus- trated by 23 quarto plates of figures. The absclutely practical spirit of the Pennsylvania survey is manifested by the fact that the study of these vegetable forms was prompted by the hope of making them useful as characteristic features of the separate coal beds, enabling the coal men to identify their favorite beds at different collieries and in different basins. This hope proved fallacious; but when the survey was resumed in 1 Geology of Pennsylvania, vol. 2, pp. 835 to 884. 452 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1874 Leo. Lesquereux was commissioned to repeat and extend this investigation from year to year. In 1880 the first and second parts, and in 1884 the third and last part of his Coal Flora were published, in 980 pages, octavo, of text and 111 double-page plates of figures. In the final report of 1858, Professor Rogers gave 20 quarto pages (vol. 2, pp. 815 to 834) to a chapter on organic remains of the Paleozoic strata of Pennsylvania, with 90 good woodcut figures of algae and mollusks, characteristic of the 18 formations; an average of seven species to each formation. The contrast between this and the numerous volumes of text and plates published by the New York Geological Survey was sufficiently striking, and produced a general impression upon the minds of paleontologists that while the thin northern outcrops of Silurian and Devonian rocks in New York and Canada were extraordinarily rich in organic forms, their vastly thicker southern outcrops in middle Pennsylvania were extraordi- narily barren of remains. But in fact all the energies of the Penn- sylvania survey were insufficient to cope with its structural and eco- nomical problems; and it was with the sincerest satisfaction and without a trace of jealousy that the Pennsylvania geologists saw themselves in good measure exonerated from the additional task of paleontological field work, feeling how completely it was being done for them by the able geologists and the great paleontologist of the State of New York, whose velumes were as available as if they had been based on collections made in Pennsylvania. In a purely scientific sense this tacit mutual arrangement 1s now seen to have been a little unfortunate, as it fixed on American paleontology certain dogmatic determinations of time-order, which 2 thorough scrutiny of the southern outcrop belt carried on pari passu with that of the northern outcrops, would have modified. But, after all, no real harm was done; and at all events no other course was left open to the earlher surveys of Pennsylvania. Even when the survey was reorganized in 1874, and for some years afterwards the same arrangement had to be renewed; although an attempt was made to handle the collections as they came in to headquarters, and a paleontological assistant was commissioned as curator of the museum. But his attention was soon diverted to the urgent study of the mysterious azoic belt in the southeastern corner of the State; while the whole force of the survey had to be expended upon a re- vision of the structure and economics of the counties. The survey, if not. practical, would not have been continued by successive legis- latures. Paleontology was again sacrificed to structural and chemi- cal geology, to mapping and sectioning, and outcrop tracing. The only paleontological work done from 1875 to 1880 was that of Prof. J. J. Stevenson and Prof. I. C. White along the West Virginia, a i a a Ohio, and New York borders. But in 1881, 1882, and 1883, Professor White paid especial attention to the fossils of the middle belt of counties on the Delaware, on the Susquehanna, and on the upper Juniata Rivers, his results being embodied (without figures) in his reports; Professor Stevenson did the same on the Maryland border; -and Professor Claypole was commissioned in the same three years to prepare a special report of all the forms discoverable in the rich district of the lower Juniata. A slight sketch of his results is given in the preface and sufficiently full descriptions of the fossil horizons inthe text of his report F-2 on Perry County. Generic and specific descriptions and figures have not been published. Enough has been done, however, to make the published paleontology of New York available in Pennsylvania. The great want of the survey is a proper habitation, where its large collections, now stored in the cellar of the Academy of Natural Sciences, can be handled, discussed, and placed on exhibition for the instruction of the public, and especially of the teachers of public schools and academies during their summer vacations. In such a building the models of surface relief and of underground structure made by the survey, as well as the contoured and colored topo- graphical and geological maps would be on permanent exhibiticn; while many others might be added to the collection. Several of these models deserve mention, or are unique of their kind. One exhibits the plicated structure of the southern anthra- cite coal basin from the Little Schuylkill at Tamaqua to the Lehigh River at Mauch Chunk. Another like it exposed to view the under- ground structure of the mammoth coal bed of the western middle anthracite field, east and west of Mahanoy City. These models are not mere rough illustrations of the way in which the coal measures of eastern Pennsylvania are folded, faulted, and overturned, and of the kind of difficulties characterizing colliery practice. They are accurate exhibitions of the precise height, length, breadth, and shape of the anticlinals and synclinal crimples which together make up the coal basins studied by the survey. They were constructed from parallel cross-sections through all the collieries, on the same scale vertical and horizontal to avoid distortion; and they carry the surveyed structure from colliery to colliery, through intervals of unworked ground sufficiently small to make important errors practically impossible. Consequently the structure ahead of the workings can be predicted with a fair approach to nicety; and such measurements may be made to changes of dip, overturns, faults and other troubles, as may advantageously modify the plans of superintendents in advance. If the survey is continued every basin of the anthracite region will be not only mapped but modeled in this GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 453 454 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. manner for the use of miners. The floor of the principal bed worked in each district is taken for the surface of the model. The purely scientific value of these models and of the underground contour-line maps which accompany them is considerable; for until they were made very crude and incorrect views of the complicated structure of each basin were entertained even by those best ac- quainted with it; and a large step has been thus made in the theory of plication. To carry the theory one stage further a large model (2 feet by 4 feet) has been made of the uncovered surface of the Medina forma- tion, No. 4, over an area of about 40,000 square miles; that is, from the Maryland and West Virginia State line to southern New York and northern New Jersey; in other words, from the Blue. Ridge- South Mountain range, across the plicated middle belt of the State, into the slightly waved country north and west of the Allegheny Mountain. The scale adopted, vertical and horizontal the same, is 3,000 feet to 1 inch. The surface of the Medina Sandstone where erosion has spared it is laid bare; and where erosion has gone deeper into the lower Silurian formations, the Cambrian and Arch- ean rocks, a restoration of all up to the top of the Medina has been made, based upon the graphic projection of the curves over the grand anticlinals. This model was made in 1884, but has not been published, because its southeastern border was not satisfactory; but the light which it has thrown on Appalachian structure at large is extraordinary; especially as to the kind, direction, and degree of the sidethrust northwestward, and the relationship of the anthracite region to the South Mountain masses. Recently a local and more accurate model has been made of the district of the Seven Mountains near the center of the State, to show the hunching of one of the great synclinals at one stage of its course across the State. The scale of this model (vertical and horizontal) is 3,200 feet to 1 inch. Similar models of the bituminous coal basins of the Pittsburgh district and of the oil-sand group of the western counties, will show by the uncovered surfaces of the Pittsburgh bed and the first oil sand, the general slope to the southwest, and their rise and fall over the anticlinals. The topographical maps of the survey are large and elaborate. and embody the results of years of instrumental work. The field work was plotted on a scale of 400 feet to 1 inch, and reduced for publication to 1,600 feet and 3,200 feet. The first accomplished was a map of the hmonite-bearing lower Silurian region of Blair and Huntingdon Covwnties, extended to the coal measures at the crest of the Allegheny Mountain. The second finished and published i . i 7 j 3 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 455 map embraces the South Mountains of Berks, Lehigh, and North- ampton counties from the Schuylkill to the Delaware, and includes the border of the Trias on the south, and the limestone region of the great valley on the north, with all its iron ore mines. The third, partly published and nearly finished, covers the South Mountain region from Harrisburg to the Maryland line; but its geology is still to be worked out. Numerous local maps of the same character, instrumentally sur- veyed, in various parts of the State, will contribute their quota te a future complete relief map of the State. An important and large addition of these data has been made by the water depart- ment of Philadelphia, under Colonel Ludlow. It is an extension of the survey map of the South Mountains, southward over the Trias region of Bucks and Montgomery, toward Philadelphia. With this map in hand the survey can now work out the geology of the New Red Belt between the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers, in a tolerably satisfactory manner. But the whole belt must be thus mapped before some of the paradoxical exhibitions of this inter- esting formation can be thoroughly well understood. As for the azoic belt of the southeastern corner ef the State, from Trenton, past Philadelphia and West Chester into Maryland, espe- cially that part of it west of the Schuylkill, it seems hopeless to un- ravel its structure before a complete and accurate relief of the sur- vey, in the minutest detail, has been obtained. No general survey of it avails. Several years of hard work has been expended upon it, but the geology remains as obscure as ever. Two local relief maps only have been made, which reveal important facts, and show what may be expected from this kind of work wherever it shal] be faith- fully done. But the Philadelphia azoic belt will continue to be the pons asinorum of Pennsylvania geology for years to come. Ap- palachian geology is child’s play compared with it. All field work of the second survey closed with June 1, 1890, after which date work was continued for the completion of its publicsa- tions, chiefly the last sheets of the anthracite survey, the maps and sections of the survey of the new red belt of Bucks and Montgomery counties, the completion of the bituminous colliery, map of western Pennsylvania, a new geological State map, and the three volumes of the final report. Of the latter, volumes 1 and 2 were prepared in person by Lesley, and some 200 pages of part 1 of volume 3. Fail- ing health compelled him to relinquish the work at this point, and it was completed by E. V. d’Invilliers and A. D. W. Smith. Volumes 1 and 2 appeared in 1892 and volume 3 in 1895. They comprise 2,638 octavo pages of text and 611 plates. Vol. 1 of Final Reports, Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, 1892, p. 3. 456 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. In 1889 the matter of a State survey was again revived through an act of the legislature entitled “An act to authorize the topo- graphic and geologic survey of the State in cooperation with the United States geological survey.” This act is still in force. (See Bulletin 465, U. S. Geological Survey, p. 124.) RHODE ISLAND. At a meeting of the “ standing committee of the Rhode Island So- ciety for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry, holden on the 26th day of December, A. D, 1838,” the following resolution was adopted: Resolved, That Messrs. John Pitman, Joseph Mauran, Christopher Rhodes, und Owen Mason be a committee to memorialize the general assembly, and to confer with such committee as the general assembly may appoint, to inquire into the expediency of authorizing a geological and agricultural survey of this State, and to adopt such cther measures as they may deem expedient to carry the same into effect; and that the sum of $500 be appropriated by this society in aid of this object: Provided, The State shall, at the ensuing January session, appropriate the residue of the sum necessary for the purpose, and take measures to carry the same into effect, under the immediate supervision of the State or of this society. It was presumably in accordance with the memorial presented by this committee that the appended resolution was passed by the as- sembly the following year: Resolved, That the sum of $2,000 be appropriated and paid from the general treasury to defray the expenses of a geological and agricultural survey of the State. Resolved, That the same be expended under the direction of Messrs. King, Simmons, Potter, of South Kingstown, Rhodes, and Luther, with such as the honorable senate may add, who are hereby appointed a committee for that pur- pose, to serve without compensation, which committee are authorized to draw upon the treasury for such sum or sums as may be necessary, not exceeding in the whole the aforesaid sum of $2,000. Resolved, That said committee be authorized to act in conjunction with any committee that may be appointed for the same purpose by the Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry. In accordance with this enactment a contract was entered into with Dr. C. T. Jackson, in April, 1839. In May, 1840, the manuscript of his report was submitted for publication. It does not appear that he was assisted in any way other than by volunteers. From an examination of the report it appears that Jackson made long ex- cursions out of Providence, visiting the principal towns and traversing the important rock groups so as to attain general cross sections of the area.’ 17. W. Woodworth, American Geologist, August, 1897. . \ , ; : ) 3 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 457 His report, an octavo volume of 312 pages, with a colored geologi- cal map of the State, appeared in 1840. The printing and distribu- tion of the same was provided for by the following resolution: In general assembly, May session, A. D. 1840. The committee appointed to procure a geological and agricultural survey of the State, having accomplished the same, and having received from Dr. Charles T. Jackson, the geological and agricultural surveyor, a satisfactory report: Resolved, That the said committee be, and they are hereby, authorized to cause 1,000 copies of the report of said survey to be printed and bound; and that the said copies when finished be distributed in the following manner, viz: One copy to his excellency the governor; one to his honor the lieutenant governor ; one to each of the present members of this general assembly; one to the su- preme executive of each of the United States; one to the town clerk of each town in this State; one to each school district in this State, excepting the dis- tricts in Newport and Providence; 20 copies to the town of Newport, and 30 copies to the city of Providence, which said copies shall be distributed in said Newport and Providence by the school committees therein; one copy to each public library in the State; one to the Rhode Island Historical Society; one to Brown University; five copies to the Library of Congress; and the residue to be deposited in the secretary’s office. No further steps toward a survey of the State appear to have been taken until 1875, when the following resolutions were passed: Resolutions authorizing the governor to appoint commissioners to prepare a plan for a thorough geological and scientific survey of the State. Resolved, That the governor be authorized to appoint five competent persons, two of whom may be nominated by the Providence Franklin Society, a commis- sion to prepare a plan for a thorough geological and scientific survey of the State, to make an estimate of the expense thereof, and to report thereon to the next general assembly, if possible, at its May session. Resolved, That the members of the commission thus appointed shall serve without compensation, but their traveling and other expenses incurred in the performance of their duty as such commissioners shall be paid from the treas- ury of the State. Resolved, That the sum of $500 is hereby appropriated for the use of said commissioners, and the governor is authorized to draw his order on the general treasurer for the same, upon requisition of the chairman of the commission.” In accordance with these resolutions a committee was appointed, consisting of Zachariah Allen, William F. Channing, George I. Chace, John R. Leslie, and George F. Wilson. Sundry meetings were held by this committee and a report comprising some 13 octavo printed pages submitted to the assembly in January, 1876. A sur- vey was recommended and the following plan for its consumma- tion presented : 1. A board shall be appointed having permanent charge of the scientific survey of the State. 1 Report of the Rhode Island Commission to prepare a plan for a thorough geological! and scientific survey of the State, January, 1876, p. 3. 458 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2, The sum of $20,000 shall be appropriated for the geographical survey of the State, in four equal annual installments of $5,000 each, to be expended under the direction of the board of survey, provided that the board shall contract with a capable and responsible person to complete the topographical plane-table survey of the State on the coast survey standard and scale of field work, as described, for a sum not to exceed $20,000, and also provided that the United States Coast Survey will furnish the requisite triangulation. 3. A map of the State, on a scale of 4ypqy, Shall be published by the board on the completion of the geographical survey. : 4, A geological survey of the State shall be made after the geo- graphical survey, under the direction of an able geologist, appointed by the board. The details of the plan of the geological survey shail be decided hereafter by the board. 5. A compilation of the natural history of the State shall be the subject of recommendation to the general assembly by the board on the completion of the geological survey. 6. The board shall report annually to the general assembly. Nothing seenis to have come from this, and no survey under State auspices has since been made, although Governor Brown, in his mes- sage of 1885 to the general assembly, commended a plan for a topo- graphic survey in connection with the United States Geological Sur- vey, with an expenditure of $3,000 a year for two years. In 1887 Governor Wetimore called attention to the value and importance of a geological survey, but nothing was done beyond the publication by the Franklin Society of Providence of a pamphlet of 150 pages, containing a bibliography of publications relative to the geology and mineralogy of the State and a list of its minerals, rocks, and fossils. In 1895, in response to the popular demand: for improved roads, there was passed by the assembly the following resolution : Resolved, That Messrs. Walter A. Read, of Gloucester, and John Carter Brown Woods, of Providence, on the part of the senate, and Messrs. William H. Covell, of Providence, and Ellery H. Wilson, of East Providence, on the part of the house, are hereby constituted a commission to forthwith cause a geo- logical survey to be made of those portions of the State containing rocks adapted to road making, and the sum of $1,000, or so much thereof as may be neces- sary, is hereby appropriated to defray the expeuse of the said commission; and the State auditor is hereby directed to draw his orders on the general treasurer from time to time for the payment of the Same upon vouchers approved by the governor. Passed May 25, 1895. Under this resolution Mr. Frederick P. Gorham, a graduate student in Brown University, was authorized to prepare an areal geological map and collect specimens in triplicate. I am informed 109) PL. 3l BULLETIN U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “VNITOEYVO HLNOS AO 19-8781 ‘ASWONL TAVHOIW SLSIDO1045D SLEW AES 09-998] ‘Y394517 AYSWODLNOIW YvVOSO GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 439 by Prof. C. W. Brown a considerable collection of rocks was made and one or two copies of an areal map prepared, but that nothing was published. SOUTH CAROLINA. In the acts of the general assembly of South Carolina, passed in December, 1824, there occurs the following under the clause making appropriations for the current year (1824): For the salary of the professor of geology and mineralogy, $1,000, and $500 for making a geological and mineralogical tour during the recess of college and furnishing specimens of the same. _ Presumably this enactment was in accordance with some previous resolution which does not appear in the printed reports. Lardner ~Vanuxem, of Pennsylvania, was at this date professor of chemistry and geology in South Carolina College, but whether the appropria- tion was for past or prospective work is not apparent, nor is the | writer able to find any record of the “catalogue of mineral speci- mens” referred to in the act of 1825, unless it be that of 1826, men- | tioned below. On December 15 of the following year (1825) the legislative com- mittee, to whom was referred that portion of the governor’s message relating to the College of South Carolina, reported as “ having con- sidered the same” * * * and in connection with their recom- mendations referred to “the catalogue of mineral specimens col- lected by a distinguished member of the faculty under the direction of this legislature” as furnishing “the strongest assurance of his industry and science and the richness of the country he has been directed to explore.” They then continued: Your committee are under the most sanguine expectations that the day is not far distant when the bowels of the earth will be found to contain the means of increasing the fertility of its surface; and they recommend most earnestly 4 continuance of these examinations, not only for the benefit of those who are _ to be instructed in academie pursuits, but also fer the promotion of agricul- tural prosperity. This recommendation was agreed to by the senate and referred to the house, which concurred, under date of December 19. Upon Prof. Lardner Vanuxem fell the burden of a continuance of the work which, however, so far as can be learned at this late date and from existing literature, amounted to little more than an an- nouncement of the number of species and a list of the rocks and min- erals found within the State—10 species of rocks, 30 of minerals. Fis report (made in 1826) appears to have been originally printed in — ee 7 PF. a 460 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the newspapers, a reprint of unknown comprehensiveness appearing in Mill’s Statistics of South Carolina, 1826 (pages 25-80), and later in Lieber’s final report. Vanuxem severed his connection with the college in 1826 to undertake private mining ventures in Mexico, and nothing further appears to have been done until 1842, when the assembly committee on agriculture, after an amusingly verbose and grandiloquent preamble— Resolved, That the interests and pursuits of South Carolina are essentially agricultural and should be promoted by all practicable means within our power. Resolved. That a geological and agricultural survey of the State, for the examination of our soil, discovery and application of marl lime, and develop- ing all other resources and facilities of improvement will preve among the most efficient means of giving value to her soil, increasing her products, multiplying her population, and diffusing national and individual prosperity. Resolved, That as a means of testing this salutary measure 2n annual ap- propriation of $2,000 be granted for two years for an agricultural survey of the State, to be prosecuted during that period; and that the governor be spe- ejally charged with procuring a competent individual to effect such survey, who shall report all geological information which may be incidentally collected on such survey. Resolved, That the result of each year’s survey be reported to this house, and copies distributd to every agricultural society throughout the State. Resolved, Thet the house do agree to the report. Ordered, that it be sent to the senate for concurrence. in the senate December 17, 1842: Resolved, That the senate do concur in the report. Ordered, that it be re- turned to the house of representatives. Acting under these resolutions, Gov. John H. Hammond appointed Edmund Ruffin, agricultural surveyor of the State. After a year of “arduous labor ” Mr. Ruffin resigned, to be succeeded on a broader platform by Michael Tuomey. Ruftin had for some years been prom- inent in agricultural matters, and in 1840 had “for the purpose of presenting the fullest proof in facts and opinions. derived from the experience of practical men of the operations and effects of marl,” published “ sundry circular queries and also directed copies specially to many known individuals.” The report rendered by him in Novem- ber, 1848, contained the results of these queries, so far as results had been obtained, and also a dissertation on the subject of the general character, extent, and distribution of the calcareous formations of the lower portion of the State. A few pages were also devoted to the soils of the granitic region above the lower fall line and to rice culture in the Georgetown district. The report closed with a series of appendices composed of short papers connected with the report. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 46} FIRST GEOLOGICAL AND AGRICULTURAL SURVEY UNDER MICHAEL TUOMEY, 1843-1846. As previously noted, Ruffin, as agricultural surveyor, was succeeded in 1848 by Michael Tuomey. It does not appear from the printed records that his appointment was accompanied by any modification of the fundamental law establishing the survey, although the ap- propriations for 1843 were for an agricultural survey, while those of 1844, 1845, and 1846 were for a geological survey; while Tuomey’s first report, dated November 25, 1844, was entitled, “ Report on the Geological and Agricultural Survey.” The survey under Tuomey’s administration continued for three vears and was supported by the annual appropriations noted. Administration—Mr. Tuomey was unassisted, except temporarily by volunteers. His first report (1844) contains brief papers by F. S. Holmes and Mr. Ruffin, both relating to agricultural matters. His final report (1848) likewise contained appendices by LL. R. Gibbes, Robert Lebbey, T. W. Glover, and C. U. Shepard, with a reprint of Vanuxem’s report from Mill’s Statistics. Tuomey’s salary for 1844 and 1845 was, to judge from the appropriations, $2,000, though it is apparent that this was made to cover the entire expenses of the work, exclusive of publications, which were otherwise provided for. Expenses —The total expenses of the surveys under Ruffin and Tuomey would appear to have been as follows: dee LOMy SULVCV sets oe ee Leet) es See ee ee ee $2, 000. 00 SAS mRLOTMN UTC Vaee ne ee See ee BE eet ie oe ee 2, 060. 00 fe tOr MUDiUCALION OF FePOFt...2-2s-. anne ee ek *600. 00 Ret ae LOMISUTVCY 2208 oe a ee ee ee eee 2, 000. 00 Peaetor publication. 2-2 222K oo eee es oe 1365. 78 ys eeBTOTMSUT VC Vere ae oe ee oe es ee a BE Se te 2, 000. 00 ied eCOUMDUDlICAt ONE. noob 2k se ee Se *1,000. 00 ROMEO ESUI MOV OSe rs 2. 2 8 et ee ee ee 667. 00 Wea fOr. DUDNCaAtiON. =... -.-.__-_--_-__. ie Seen ee, Seneca 1, 600. 00 Pinte ee ak ee oe ee $11, 632. 78 Publications.—These consisted of Ruflin’s report of 1843, Tuomey’s of 1844, and his final report of 1848. I have no means of ascertaining the size of the edition. SECOND GEOLOGICAL AND AGRICULTURAL SURVEY UNDER OSCAR M. LIEBER, 1855-1860. In 1855 the matter of a gelogical survey of the State was again brought up through the following preamble and resolutions: The committee on agriculture and internal improvements, to whom was re- ferred the memorial of sundry citizens of St. Helena Parish on the subject of ‘Tf so much is necessary.” 462 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. an agricultural and geological survey of the State, and also a resolution of the senate on the propriety of selecting a suitable person to procure and effect a mineralogical survey, respectfully report that they have considered the same and now submit the following report, with accompanying resolutions.’ Resolved, That this general assembly authorize the appointment of a geo- logical, mitreralogical, and agricultural surveyor, whose services shall be engaged for four years, and whose duty it shall be to explore the several districts and make a geological map, analyze minerals, ores, and manures, free of charge, and submit an annual report to the legislature for general circulation. Resolved, That this officer shall receive a salary of $3,000; be appointed by joint resolution of the two houses; and that it shall be the duty of the joint committee of agriculture and internal improvements of the senate and of in- ternal improvements of the house to nominate a suitable person to fill this office. On the adoption of these resolutions Oscar M. Lieber, professor of geology in South Carolina College, was appointed State geologist, in which capacity he served until 1860. Excepting that Lieber was himself connected with the college, the survey would appear to have been an independent organization under the immediate direc- tion of the committee on agriculture and internal improvements. It was supported by annual appropriations of $3,000 each. Personnel.—Lieber served without scientific assistants. As noted in the resolutions he was appointed by the governor after nomination by the joint committee on agriculture and internal improvements. His salary throughout the term cf service was $3,000 a year, which sum apparently covered the entire expense of the survey outside of publications. There is nothing in the wording of the act estab- lishing the survey, or in the report to indicate that the establishment — of either a museum or library was contemplated or carried out. Hepenses—The total expense of the survey to the State would appear to be as follows: For salary: SSG eee ot id aid a Ned le Webi mlearas i $3, 000. 00 De eee TES DUE an ee BS Ei OPN G a 1 aN ne ee AM 3, 000. 00 VSB" 2 ie 2 be Wee eta a tanabads & oc NY epee ee eas 3, 000. 00 HOtAT if Or pSalla Ti OSes oe eae SE aT eae $9, 000, 00 For publishing maps and plates: SE ae eh ae VL nN ea Ce NA Ge 1, 094. 50 SEN Ge So EE NS BE ese Y EE ee eRe wer 1, 400. 00 SSR eas i SN oe BY RPSL Ie ai nae Opp at ls 700. 00 otal Lor ‘publication 12.0% hee. ECE TES AES ee ae 3, 194. 50 Total sfor*Suryey a. 28 shred ee ens UE, oe a ee la $12, 194. 50 The actual cost of printing and binding does not seem to have been provided for by special appropriation, the items mentioned 1The report, like that of the previous committee, was unnecessarily verbose and con- taining nothing essential to the history of the survey, and is here omitted. eS ve GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 463 above including only the cost of maps and plates. In addition to the amounts mentioned the assembly appropriated the sum of $2,000 -a year for a period of four years to aid in the publication of Messrs. Tuomey and Holmes’s Fossils of South Carolina, the work of prepa- ration of which seems to have been largely, if not wholly, personal. The survey reports of which there were four were distributed in accordance with the following resolutions: Report of committee on agriculture, to whom was referred so much of the governor's message as related to the geological survey : Resolved, That 1,000 copies of the report of Mr. Lieber, with the accompany- ing plates, be printed for distribution, and that the same be so printed that they may hereafter form a portion of one or moreoctavo volumes. Resolved, That Mr. Lieber be entitled to receive 50 eopies for distribution by himself as soon as the same shall have been printed. From resolutions for 1857: Resolved, That the copies of the report of the State geologist for the year 1856, which were ordered to be printed at the last session of the legislature for distribution, and now in the treusurer’s office at Columbia. be disposed of as foliows: That each member of the senate and house of representatives be alowed one copy, and that the remaining copies be placed in the hands of the governor, and he be requested to have deposited 12 copies in the legislative library, two copies in each college and public library in the State, and the remaining copies in the hands of the booksellers in Charleston and Columbia, and in one store at each courthouse in the State, to be sold at cost, the same commissions to be allowed them as on the statutes at large. Be it further resoived, That in order to place the above report within the reach of everyone feeling an interest in the geological, mineralogical, and agri- cultural survey now progressing, that 1,000 additional copies of the above re- port be published in the same form and style, and be deposited with the gov- ernor, to be placed by him in the same hands for sale on the same terms. Resolved, That 2,000 copies of the report of the State geologist for the year 1857, with the accompanying plates, be printed in the same form and style as the report for 1856, and distributed in the same manner as directed for said report. From resolutions of 1858: Resolved, That 2,000 copies of the report be printed; that each member of the senate and of the house of representatives be allowed one copy; and the remaining copies be placed in the hands of the governor, and that he be re- quested to have 12 copies deposited in the legislative library, two copies in each college and public library in the State, and ‘the remaining copies in the hands of the booksellers of Columbia and Charlesten, and in one store at each court- house in the State, to be sold at 50 cents a copy, the same commissions to be allowed them as on the statutes at large; and they would further recommend that the copies now on band shall be sold at a like price. Nothing further, under State auspices seems to have been under- taken within the period covered by this history. (See further on pp. 141, 142, of Bulletin 465 of the U. S. Geological Survey.) 136075—20-——31 464 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. TENNESSEE. FIRST SURVEY UNDER GERARD TROOST, 1851-185 O72 In 1831 the legislature of Tennessee took the first step toward a geological survey of the State by passing the following act: Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That Dr. Gerard Troost, prefessor of mineralogy, geology, and chemistry in the University of Nashville, be, and he is hereby, appointed geologist and min- eralogist for this State. . Src. 2. Be it enacted, That the said Gerard Troost shall proceed to make a geological survey of the State of Tennessee, with a view, as far as practicable, to develop the mineralogical resources thereof, in doing of which he shall, as far as he can, examine into those mineral and metallic regions believed to exist in the different formations found in the several sections of the State, making the proper analysis of such substances as he may believe to be of value, and also to examine and be prepared to report upon the soil of different parts of the State, the rocks of those parts, with such other remarks as may lead the citizens to an estimate of comparative value and use, as well as to enable them to judge undgerstandingly of its metals and minerals. Sno. 8. Be it enacted, That the said Troost be, and he is hereby, appointed assayer of this State. Src. 4. Be it enacted, That the said Gerard Troost be allowed the sum of $500, to be paid by the treasurer of middle Tennessee, on a warrant or warrants to be drawn by the governor for the time being, in quarterly payments, when he shall be informed that the work contemplated by this act is in progress. Sec. 5. Be it enacted, That said Troost shall report to the next general as- sembly what he may have done under the appointment as geologist as aforesaid. December 21, 1831. : Subsequently the following resolutions relative to the survey were . passed. Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessce, ‘That Dr. G. Troost be, and he is hereby, continued as geologist of the State of Tennessee for the next two years, with the salary already fixed by the law originally creating the office of geologist for the State. November 15, 1833. Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That Dr. G. Troost be continued as geologist of the State of Tennessee for the next two years, with the salary fixed by the law originally creating the office of geologist for the State. Adopted January 28, 1836. Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That Dr. Gerard Troost, geologist of the State, be requested to make a mineralogical survey and examination of that portion of the State lying within the bounds lately ceded by the Cherokee Nation of Indians to the United States, and that he report the result of his labors to the next general assembly. Adopted October 24, 1836. Administration—Doctor Troost accepted the office thus tendered him, still remaining an active professor in the University of Nash- 1 Compiled mainly from manuscript notes by James M. Safford, State geologist. 109 PL. 32 BULLETIN NATIONAL MUSEUM U. S. 68 1281 09 ‘a acc aNNeI a0 SisipO10sD -pG8| ‘GYOs4vVS T1IeYuSsIN SAWVP ALVLS G-I€8}] ‘LSOOUL auvya5 P ville. He was continued in office under biennial appointments until 1848 when the survey was discontinued. While in office he made nine reports, the first two of which do not appear to have been published. It is possible that he considered a discourse delivered in 1831, prior to the passage of the act creating the office, as his first report. The second report appears to have been made, judging from certain references to it in the legislative proceedings, on the coal measures of the State. The remaining seven reports, octavo pam- phlets, have long been out of print and are rarely met with. The third report, published in 1835 (32 pages), treats of the coal and coal formation with a fair map of the coal area of the State, the greensand of west Tennessee, followed by dissertations on marl, humus, and soils, and closes with remarks on iron ores and a list of furnaces then existing in middle Tennessee. The fourth report, 1837 (87 pages), has 20 of its pages devoted to a general exposition of geology as then understood by the author. The latter part is an account of an excursion made by him through what was then known as the Ocoee district of Tennessee—a part of the State lying south of the Hiwassee River and east of the Tennessee. Accompanying is a geographical map of the Ocoee dis- trict, on which is a rude section of the rocks traversed. In the latter the Carboniferous formations are made unconformable with all else in east Tennessee. Closing the report is a list of fossils observed by the author in the State. The fifth report, 1839 (75 pages), is the largest of all. It contains first a general view of the geology of the State, with a map and sec- tion, in which, by the way, not only the Carboniferous rocks, but the formations of middle Tennessee, are treated as if unconformable with the inclined strata of east Tennessee. Then follow descriptions of Cocke County, its formations, iron ores, and of a meteorite found within the limits of the county. To this succeed brief notices of other iron ores, of furnaces, a supposed silver ore, and certain mineral waters. The last 30 pages are an annotated catalogue of the fossils found in the State. The sixth report, 1841 (48 pages), begins with a review of former descriptions of the formations of the State, in which also the ap- plication of the names Cambrian and Silurian to Tennessee forma- tions is discussed. Then follow lists of fossils, with notes upon certain species, a notice of Sevier County, roofing slates, alum, epsom salts, nitre, iron ore, and certain mineral waters. The seventh report, 1843 (45 pages), gives first a description of the formations of Nashville and Davidson County, with a list of minerals found at Nashville and notes on certain fossils, followed by remarks upon the formations of middle Tennessee in general, also GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 465 466 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. upon iron ores, meteoric masses, and greensand. The report ends with a list of reptiles and fresh-water mollusks. The eighth report, 1845, is short and discusses proposed routes for the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, especially with refer- ence to the mineral resources of the country traversed. The ninth report, 1848 (39 pages), describes Jefferson County, the zine ores of the State, reduction of zinc ores, furnaces, and the manufacture of brass, concluding with analyses of zine ores, iron ores, coal, and limestone. A tenth report, according to Prof. L. C. Glenn,’ was presented to the house on January 12, 1850, and 75 copies ordered printed. No regular edition was ever published, nor can the original manuscript or any of the printed copies now be found. In addition to the above, Doctor Troost prepared a work on the crinoids of the State. He took great interest in the study of these fossils, secured a valuable and interesting collection of them, and added much to our knowledge of the group. He described many species. His manuscript, with the species old and new described and illustrated in it, was in 1851 put in the hands of Prof. James Hall for revision and publication. For some reason it was never put to press until after the death of Hall, when it was revised and published by the United States National Museum. EHapenses.—There are no data available regarding expenses nor publications other than those given above. Nine years at $500 would place the total cost at $4,500. SECOND SURVEY UNDER JAMES M. SAFFORD, 1854-1900. In 1848 Prof. James M. Safford, then fresh from his studies at Yale University, entered upon his duties as professor of chemistry and geology in Cumberland University at Lebanon, Tennessee. He soon discovered that the formations and structural geology of mid- dle Tennessee had not been satisfactorily made out and that all maps relating thereto were very general and of little use. As a teacher impressed with the necessity of having some proper know]- edge of the geology of the area around him, he employed his spare time in exploring the country, tracing out the formations, and col- lecting fossils and minerals. Vacations were given up to the work, excursions of from 100 to 500 miles being accomplished, often on foot. For this work no compensation was received from the State. A part of the fruit of this labor was the publication in the Ameri- can Journal of Science (vol. 12, 1851), of a map of the unique Silurian Basin of Middle Tennessee, with 10 pages of text, describ- tAmerican Geologist, vol. 85, 1905, p. 88. i Fir i a ne GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 467 ing briefly the formations and giving a list of the common fossils. From the beginning thus made explorations were extended into other parts of the State. In February, 1854, the legislature passed the following act creat- ing the offices of geologist and mineralogist and assayer: Whereas it is the opinion of this general assembly that a complete, thorough, and speedy geological and mineralogical examination and survey of this State ought to be made, and that such examination and survey ought to be made under the authority and at the expense of the State, inasmuch as it would prob- ably result in the discovery of much wealth now hidden from the world, and thereby induce immigration to this State, enhance the price of land, and in- crease the public revenue: Therefore— Section 1. Be if enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessce, That the office of geologist and mineralogist of the State is hereby created: said office to be filled by the joint vote of both houses of the general assembly, and the incumbent is to continue in office for the term of two years and until his successor is elected. In case of a vacancy during the recess of the legisla- ture the governor is to appoint a suitable person to fill said office, and his ap- pointee is to continue in office during the unexpired term for which his prede- cessor was elected or appointed. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of said geologist and mineralogist to commence and carry on a geological and mineralogical survey of the State, with as much expedition and dispatch as may be consistent with minuteness and accuracy, with a view to discover the order, relative position, and comparative magnitude of the several strata or geological formations within the State, and to discover, analyze, and assay all beds or deposits of ores, coals, alloys, marls, and such other mineral substances as may be deemed useful or valuable, together with such other duties as may be necessary to make a full and complete geological and mineralogical survey of the State; and to make a report to the legislature, which shall meet next after his elec- tion or appointment, of the progress of such survey, accompanied with such maps, drawings, and specimens as may be necessary and proper to exemplify and elucidate the same. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That this act shall take effect from its passage, and the geclogist and mineralogist first to be elected under this act shall be elected by the present general assembly. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That the said geologist and mineralogist shall devote his time exclusively to the duties of his profession, dividing his time as equally as practicable in the different grand divisions of the State, for which he shall receive an annual salary of $1,500, payable quarterly, out cf any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated. Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That the office of assayer for the State is hereby created; that the said assayer shall be appointed by the governor for the term of two years, and should the said assayer die, resign, or remove from the State during the time for which he was appointed, the governor shall appoint a suc- cessor for the unexpired term. Sec. 6. Be it further enacted, That said assayer shall receive no salary from the State, but shall be entitled to the perquisites of the office, by charging and receiving for each assay a fee not exceeding $5, to be paid by the person for whom the assay is made. 468 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Suc. 7. Be it further enacted, That said State assayer shall, upon his ap- pointment, take an oath of office to make a faithful and honest assay or analy- sis of all ores or minerals, and before he shall be entitled to the fees or per- quisites allowed in this act; which oath may be taken and subscribed before any judge of a court of record or acting justice of the peace of the State of Tennessee, and filed with the secretary of state. This act remained in force until 1860, when the survey was abol- ished, to be revived again under the same directorship in 1871. The following are transcripts of the acts bearing upon these changes: Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That the office of geologist and mineralogist of the State be, and the same is hereby. abolished, and sections 253 and 259 of the code are repealed. Passed February 1, 1860. Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessec, Vhat 2,500 copies of the final geological report of the State geologist, with the necessary illustra- tions and maps, be printed, under the supervision of the State geologist and librarian, in a style similar and equal to the Kentucky geological report now in the State library. Resolved, That 500 copies of it be placed in the hands of the State libra- rian, to be disposed of as follows: One hundred to be used for the purposes of exchanging with other States; 50 copies to the present State geologist, Professor Safford; 50 copies to be deposited in the State library; and the re- mainder of the 500 copies to be sold by the State librarian. or his agents, at not less than $1 per copy. Resolwed further, That of the number of copies ordered above, 500 shall be for the use of the senate and 1,500 for the use of the house of representatives; and the secretary of state is hereby instructed to distribute said copies as secon as published, sending to each member of the general assembly 20 copies; and the expense of carrying out this resolution shall be paid out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated. Adopted February 7, 1860. Act of 1871: SeotTion 1. Be ii enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That the office of geologist and mineralogist of the State is hereby created; said office shall be filled by appointment of the governor, with the concurrence of the senate, the term of office to be two years, and until a successor is appointed. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of said geologist and mineralogist to prosecute a topographical, geological, and mineralogical survey of the State, with a view to the full development of all ores, coals, clays, marls, and such other mineral substances as may be deemed useful or valuable, to- gether with such other duties as may be necessary to make a full and complete geological survey of the State, and to this end that he apply for the benefits of the United States Coast Survey in the triangulation of the area of the State, and that he make a report to the first session of each legislature, showing the progress of such surveys, accompanied with such maps, drawings, and speci- mens aS may be necessary and proper to exemplify and elucidate the same, which reports shall not be published unless expressly ordered by the legislature. Src. 3. Be it further enacted, That said geologist and mineralogist shall de- yote at least three months of each and every year exclusively to the duties of i a li i a aS ates rain Se ee ee ee ee ee ; GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS 469 said office until the State shall be in a condition to employ a greater part of his time, and for the three months of each and every year thus devoted to the duties of said office the incumbent shall receive from the treasurer of the State the sum of $300. : Src. 4. Be it further enacted, That this act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it. Administration —Under the act of 1854 Dr. James M. Safford was elected State geologist for a term of two years, and was reelected in 1856 and again in 1858. He entered upon his work at once, having made arrangements with the authorities of the university for the temporary filling of his chair. In the prosecution of the work the lack of assistants and the limited means supplied embarrassed him greatly. Furthermore, the geographical and topographical maps of the State, as above noted, were very defective. For many sections he was compelled to construct his own maps. In 1856 Safford presented a preliminary report, which was pub- lished under the title of A Geological Reconnoissance of the State of Tennessee. This was a small volume of 164 pages, octavo, which was accompanied by a geological map of the State. In 1858 he presented a short statement to the legislature as to the future of the survey, but made no regular report. Tn 1860, under authority of a resolution of the State legislature, Safford undertook as full a report on the geology of the State as was practicable, provisions being made for maps and illustrations. Unfortunately, the breaking out of the Civil War put a stop to this work. A number of plates of fossils and other illustrations had been printed, but these, with other materials, were scattered and lost. In the meantime the office of State geologist was abolished and all work suspended. By a resolution of March, 1868, Safford was authorized to pro- ceed, under the order of February, 1860, to make out a report and present it to the State printer, for which labor he was to receive $1,500. The copies of the report when printed were to be disposed of and distributed according to the requirements of the resolution of 1860 ordering its publication. Twenty-five hundred copies were thus to be printed, with the necessary illustrations and maps, in a style similar and equal to those of the Kentucky reports. Of these, 500 copies were to be placed in the hands of the State librarian, to be disposed of as follows: One hundred to be used for the purpose of exchange with other States, 50 to be presented to the State geol- ogist, 50 to be deposited in the library, and the remainder to be sold at not less than $1 a copy. Five hundred copies were to be dis- tributed among the members of the senate and 1,500 among the members of the house of representatives. 470 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. This report was finally printed under the title of Geology of Tennessee, and was ready for distribution in 1869. It was in form of an octavo volume of 550 pages, containing a geological map of the State, seven plates of fossils, and a number of sections and other illustrations. Under the act of 1871 Professor Safford was again appointed State geologist and mineralogist, and remained in office down to 1900, being reappointed by each succeeding governor. During this period his summer vacations were employed in the work of the sur- vey, though during a part of the time he was much crippled by failure on the part of the legislature to provide for his salary, and but for his connection with Vanderbilt University at Nashville, he could not have afforded to retain the office. During the interval between 1871 and 1900 reports of progress from time to time were prepared, but were not published, the idea being to accumulate and retain materials for a large report or for a second revised and enlarged edition of his Geology of Tennessee. In the meantime articles and chapters including more or less of the results obtained were contributed to the publications of the Tennes- see agricultural bureau and the reports of the commissioner of agriculture, statistics, and mines, and the American Journal of Setence. After the enactment of the law of 1871 application was made to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey for a beginning of geodetic work in Tennessee, to which they were entitled. This work was ordered, and Prof. A. H. Buchanan, of Lebanon, Tennessee, was commissioned to carry it on. As State geologist, Professor Safford directed that he should, first of all, proceed to connect Nash- ville and Knoxville by triangulation. This was successfully accom- plished, and subsequently he was directed to select his points west of Nashville and connect that city with the Mississippi River, the pur- pose being to secure at least a surveyed belt lengthwise through the State which might, until the whole of the State could be triangulated, serve as a basis for the utilization of the railroad, county, and other maps, and for the location of points. This work was begun, when Professor Buchanan was ordered back to Washington on account of the failure of Congress to appropriate the necessary means. Haepense—The expense of the survey for the six years ending with 1859 would seem to have been covered, exclusive of publieations, by the appropriations—$9,000. The $1,500 appropriated in March. 1868, for the compilation of the volume, Geology of Tennessee, gives a total of $10,500. Under the law of 1871 the geologist was to receive $300 a year, but though reappointed to the office by each 109 PL. 33 BULLETIN U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘SVxKSst a0 ‘ATGWNG 3YyOqdOsHL NIMGQ SLSIDO10O45D ALVLS 19-8968] ‘GYVWNHS NIIMNVY4 NINVPNAG —s- es JEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 471 succeeding governor, the legislature, “during a part of the time,” neglected to provide for his salary. Hence, no figures that may be considered exact can be given. TEXAS. FIRST SURVEY UNDER B. F. SHUMARD AND F. MOORE, JR., 1858-1861. The first systematic attempt at a geological survey of Texas under State authority was made under an act approved February 10, 1858. The immediate motive, as given in this act, was to have made as speedily as possible a thorough and complete geological survey of the State so as to determine accurately the quality and characteristics of the soil and its adaptation to agricultural purposes, its mineral re- sources, its water power, and generally everything relating to the geological and agricultural character of the State. The survey was entirely independent of any other institution and was to be sustained by annual appropriations. The following is the text of the law: An act to provide for a geological and agricultural survey of the State. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Teras, That the governor is hereby authorized to appoint, as soon as possible, some suitable and competent person as State geologist, who shall hold his office for two years, and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified, unless removed by the governor for neglect to perform the duties of his office, or for malfeas- anee in office, aud who shall perform the duties herein prescribed, and during the period of his service shall hold no other office. And before entering upon the discharge of the duties of his ofiice he shall enter into bond, with security, to be approved by the governor, in the sum of $20,000, conditioned for the faithful discharge of the duties of his office. Sec. 2. That said State geologist shall, as speedily as possible, make a thorough and complete geological survey of the State, so as to determine ac- eurately the quality and characteristics of the soil, and its adaptation to agri- cultural purposes; the species of produce to which the soil, in different sections, is best adapted; its mineral resources, their location, and the best means for their development; its water powers, their localities and capacities; and gen- erally everything relating to the geological and agricultural character of the State. And for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act szid geologist shall have power to appoint assistants, with the approbation of the governor: Provided, That not more than two assistants shall be appointed. Sec. 3. That said State geologist shall keep his office at the city of Austin, but shall not be required to remain in said office except as his duties allow; and shall keep in said office such specimens as he shall deem necessary to convey to such office. He shall also forward to the governor, from time to time, during the progress of the survey, specimens of rocks, ores, coals, soils, fossils, and other mineral substances as may be necessary and proper to form a complete cabinet of specimens of the geology and mineralogy of the State; and the governor shall cause the same to be deposited, in proper order, in some convenient room at the capitol of the State, there to be preserved for public inspection. And said geolo- gist shall make a report to the legislature, at its regular sessions, of his surveys, 472 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. explorations, and examinations into the mineral and other natural resources of the State, its climate and agricultural adaptability, accompanied by illustra- tive maps, charts, and drawings, with reference to the same, which report shall be the exclusive property of the State: Provided, however, That the said geologist shall not be prohibited from publishing any such facts, maps, charts, and drawings, which it is made his duty to report; and that in making any survey upon the frontier the governor or said State geologist is authorized to request the cooperation of any scientific corps of the United States Army or Navy and an escort of United States troops. Sec. 4. That the said State geologist, for the performance of said service, shall receive an annual salary of $3,000, to be paid to him quarterly, after he enters upon the duties of his office; and that the sum of $20,000 be, and the same is hereby, appropriated, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise ap- propriated, to be expended under the direction of the governor, for the purposes of carrying into effect this act, by employing assistants and in defraying the incidental expenses of his office; and upon presentation by the State geologist of the proper vouchers, approved by the governor, the comptroller is hereby authorized to draw his warrant on the treasury for the cost of any chemical apparatus or other outfit deemed necessary by the governor, as well as all other expenses of said survey: Provided, The amount expended shall not exceed the amount herein specified and appropriated: And provided further, That the salary of each assistant State geologist shall not exceed $1,500 per ar:num for the time he may be engaged. Sec. 5. That said State geologist and his assistants, before entering upon the duties of their respective offices, shall make oath, before some competent officer, that they will not purchase any lands in this State, with a view to specula- tion, during the time they hold their said offices, and that they will not cun- ceal or suppress any information relative to any valuable discovery which they may make, pertaining to the objects of said survey, either from the State or from individuals upon whose lands said discovery may be made, and will so conduct the survey as to give as much publicity as possible to the important results of said survey. Sec. 6. That the chief geologist and his assistants, upon their removal or resignation, or at the expiration of his office, shall turn over to his or their successors or to the governor all the minerals, shells, maps, plats, and diagrams which they may collect or make during their term of office, and shall com- municate all important geological information to their successors acquired dur- ing such geological survey. Sec. 7. That this act shall take effect from its passage. Approved February 10, 1858. Administration Under this act, B. F. Shumard, of St. Louis, Missouri, was appointed by Gov. H. R. Runnels, on August 28, 1858, State geologist. Assistants were appointed as follows: Assistant geologist, Dr. George G. Shumard;’ chemist and assistant, Prof. 1 According to Hill, Bulletin 45, U. S. Geological Survey, p. 30, there is a tradition that Governor Runnels intended to appoint Dr. G. G. Shumard to the office of State geologist, but by a clerical error the name of his brother, Dr. B. F. Shumard, was in- serted in the original commission. This is presumably a mistake, since, in a letter dated May 25, 1858, which is among the archives of the Smithsonian Institution, B. F. Shum- ard, writing to F. B. Meek, says: ‘I have been urged by some of my scientific friends to apply for the appointment of chief geologist of Texas and have determined to do so.” Subsequent letters dated at Austin make no mention of any such probable error as that indicated in Mr. Hill’s note. | “Settee ea eo . GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 473 W. P. Riddell; topographer, A. R. Roessler; meteorologists, Prof. Caleb G. Forshey, at Rutersville, and Swante Palm, at Austin. These, according to section 2 of the law, were appointed by the geologist, with the approbation of the governor. Salaries —Salaries, as provided by section 4 of the law, were: For the State geologist, $8,000; assistant geologist, $1,500. Other salaries not given. Methods.—Realizing that the climatological and meteorological conditions existing in Texas were of primary importance, one of the first acts of Shumard was to purchase a set of chemical and physical apparatus for the equipment of analytical laboratories and of meteor- ological stations at the two points mentioned above. The geological corps proper was divided into field parties, and in January, 1859, entered upon their duties. One, under George G. Shumard, constructed a section of the country between Austin and the Red River, in Grayson County. Shumard also made surveys of Grayson, Fannin, and Cass counties, and partial surveys of Bowie, Red River, and Lamar counties. In addition, he made explorations of the Red River from Coke County to the Louisiana boundary. Professor Riddell was engaged in making surveys of the counties of Caldwell, Guadaloupe, McLennan, and Bosque. B. F. Shumard, himself, made detailed surveys of Burnet and Rusk counties and partial surveys of Travis, Bastrop, Washington, Fay- ette, and Young counties. His methods, as given in his first annual report, were as follows: In making these preliminary surveys careful sections of the strata have been made at all points of outcrop within reasonable distances of the route traveled, and the thickness, stratigraphical order, dip, and mineral and fossil characters of the various beds have been determined with as much precision as possible. * * * In some counties sections of the strata have been measured at more than 150 localities. * * * We made frequent barometrical observations to ascertain the elevation of the country above tidewater, and much attention has been directed to obtaining a correct knowledge of the topographical features. We have also determined, with as much accuracy as possible, the amount and quality of timber in each county, proportion of timber and prairie, elevation of hills, depth and width of valleys, and the amount of available water power fur- nished by the streams, A large share of attention has also been devoted to the agricultural capabili- ties of these counties. The different varieties of soils and subsoils have been carefully examined, numerous specimens have been collected for future study and analysis, and we have spared no pains to ascertain the most advantageous methods of cultivating and improving them. Particular search has been made for minerals of economical importance and all mines, whether of prospective or known value, have been examined with special care and the probable amount, richness, and quality of the ores deter- mined. Samples of ores and their accompanying minerals, coals, limestones, marbles, clays, mineral waters, etc., have been collected, and are now deposited 474 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. in the laboratory at Austin for chemical analysis and final preservation in the State cabinet. After a brief winter’s work in Austin the survey resumed the field in 1860. Records of this year’s work are very meager, for reasons noted later. The personnel of the survey remained the same, with the addition of S. B. Buckley, who was employed by Shumard as a collector of plants. Museum.—Section 3 of the law required the geologist to forward to the governor, from time to time during the progress of the survey, specimens of rocks, ores, coals, soils, and fossils and other mineral substances, such as might be necessary and proper to form a com- plete cabinet of specimens of the geology and mineralogy of the State, the same to be deposited in some convenient room at the State capitol to be preserved for public inspection. Change of director—-Owing to reasons which have never been made fully public, but which, to judge from correspondence and articles in the newspapers of that date, were largely of a political] nature, Doctor Shumard was removed from office in 1860, after an administration of some 26 months, to be succeeded in November of the same year by Francis Moore, jr., the last named having the reputation of an honorable and cultured gentleman, of much execu- tive ability, but not a geologist. For many years he had been the editor of the Houston Daily Telegraph, the then leading newspaper of the State. Under Moore, S. B. Buckley was appointed first as- sistant State geologist, Riddel] being retained as assistant geologist and chemist, and Roessler as draftsman. Suspension of survey.—During December of 1860 Messrs. Moore and Buckley made a short reconnoissance through the southern counties of the State, and in March a tour was begun through western Texas. During this latter trip the survey was suspended by the passage of the following resolution : Be it resolved, (1) That the geological survey be suspended, with the ex- ception of the State geologist and chemist, who shall continue in the survey only so lopg as it may be necessary to make out the report hereinafter pro- vided for. (2) That B. F. Shumard, the State geologist, be requested to make a report of his survey so far as the survey has been completed, and for that purpose shall have control oyer the cabinet and rooms and his notes and the services of the chemist, and he shall receive a like salary heretofore paid the State geologist until the work be completed: Provided, Said report shall be made by the ist of July next; which compensation shall be paid out of the appropria- tions heretofore made for the support of the geological bureau. (8) That Dr. Francis Moore, present State geologist, be requested to make out a report of the work executed up to the present time. Approved April 8, 1861. —— ee ee —— GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 475 Tn accordance with this resolution, Doctor Shumard was reinstated, with instructions to prepare his final report. What was done toward complying with these instructions can not be definitely ascertained. No reports were published, and presumably the agitation incidental to the Civil War prevented further work. Moore himself left for the North in July, 1861, and Shumard returned to St. Louis with the outbreak of the war. During the war the State capital was occupied by troops and the laboratories and museum of the survey were converted into a manu- factory of percussion caps. The collections of the survey, together with maps and other records, were thus lost and destroyed. It is stated that, at the opening of the war, Buckley also left the South, taking with him the notes of the survey. At the close of the conflict he returned to Austin, assumed charge of the collec- tions, and secured the passage of a joint resolution repealing the act of April 8, 1861, above given. by which the survey had been sus- pended, and was himself appointed by Governor Throckmorton, in November, 1866, to take charge of the survey, notwithstanding the protests of Shumard. Roessler, and others. Publications.—The publications of the survey, as may readily be imagined from what has gone before, were few and of comparatively little importance. A report of progress in the form of a pamphlet of 17 pages was issued in 1859, 1,700 copies being printed; and in 1886 there was printed a partial report on the geology of western Texas, compiled by Gen. H. P. Bee from unpublished manuscript left by the Shumard brothers." Buckley also issued a preliminary report on the geology and agriculture of Texas, in 1866. Expenses—The writer has not been able to ascertain the exact cost of the Texas survey under the leadership of Moore and Buckley. Mr. R. T. Hill estimates’ that the cost under Moore’s administration could not have exceeded $4,000, and gives a like figure for the one year of Buckley’s administration, The total expense of the survey to November 1, 1859, under the administration of Shumard is given as follows: Salaries of State geologist and assistants___.-_---_- i su a eeteatiae De ee $5. 180..50 SSeS e ee iA TE SIN AT = oS aie eh a ee 560. 00 Hire of subassistants, teamster, and cooks__--_----_ pig Se ave Bee Le 1, 448. 21 Expenses of going to New York for instruments, etc___---_--------_- 352. 62 Instruments, chemicals, and chemical apparatus____-__--_---------~- 1, 030. 75 Mittines up geological’ rooms ‘and’ laboratory__-_--_=— 2 ----+--==—- Ss 582. 72 Loomis and Christian’s account for building stable--____-___-_-__-_-____- 480. 35 The papers published by General Bee were, as I am informed by Prof. E. F. Dumble, the record of Doctor Shumard’s trip for the United States Government in the forties and not part of his State survey work, the two articles in the appendix of this publica- tion being all that can be credited to the survey. 2 Bulletin 45, U. S. Geological Survey, 1887. 476 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. HOLSeS© ANG PALE Se SU a SRS ce a a eee 1, 479. 25 Wagons; harness, and: saddleryae222)) bee ea ee eee 1, 091. 95 Outfit, camp expenses, provisions, forage, and blacksmithing_______ 2, 488. 04 ER PAVGLLIMN 2 OX PON SOS 2 2 a SNR INU a eS A eee 236. 60 ERPATS POL UA tL OM .Ol SPCC UIN CTS, EU lee ec Pea 12i oe Postage account.22 = 2222 gAMteas MERA TARY SESE I TIA SES RRO een eo wage Coe ee Ce 15. 48 Stationery sseenet hi teah 0s eo ieee ieee Dal eyes Pye eC eae ee ee 638. 38 Mxchange...___ ORG A UE i ST ha Su A A Acar a cea a a 4, 85 * $15, 078. 00 SECOND SURVEY UNDER J. W. GLENN AND S. B. BUCKLEY, 1873-1875. With the close of the Civil War and the gradual subsidence of the political excitement incident to the reconstruction period, the expediency of reorganizing the survey was again broached, and the following law was passed and approved on August 13, 1870: An aet providing for a geological survey of the State of Texas. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Texas, That the governor is hereby authorized and directed to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, some suitable and competent person as State geo- logist, who shall hold his office until the completion of the geological survey of the State by this act authorized, or until his successor is appointed and quali- fied in case of his removal as hereinafter specified, and who shall perform the duties herein prescribed, and during his occupancy of said office shall hold no other office; and before entering upon his duties as State geologist, shall enter into bond, with security to be approved by the governor, in the sum of $5,000, for the faithful performance of the duties of said office. Src. 2. That said State geologist shall, as soon as possible after his ap- pointment and qualification, appoint two principal assistants, one of whom shall be an expert, practical, and scientific chemist and mineralogist, and the other a competent geologist, and shall have full authority to appoint such sub- assistants as may, from time to time, become necessary. Src. 3. That said State geologist shall, with the aid of assistants, make, as repid as may be consistent with accuracy, a thorough geological, mineralogical, and agricultural survey of the State, embracing a scientific and descriptive survey of the rocks, minerals, mineral waters, and fossils of the same, full and complete assays of the ores and minerals, and analysis of the soils and subsoils, with a classification of the same, stating their adaptation to particular ercps, and the best methods of preserving and increasing their fertility. They shall also determine the relative ages, order of succession, thickness, dip, strike, and composition of the various building stones, ores, minerals, fossils, ferti- lizers, and mineral waters, with specimens of the useful native and introduced plants, and all other substances and objects that may be necessary to illus- trate the economic and scientific geology, and render the collection a complete museum of practical geology. Sec. 4. That the governor shall procure safe and suitable rooms, at the capital of the State, for the permanent deposit and arrangement of the collec- tions above mentioned; that said collections shall be arranged and classified in the same by the said State geologist and his assistants, and that this museum shall be the office and headquarters of the survey, and always kept open and GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 477 freely accessible at Seasonable hours to the public, excepting when the members of the geological corps are all absent attending to field duties. Sec. 5. That the duplicate specimens collected by the survey shall be classi- fied and labeled, when called for, to be distributed to each of the colleges of the State that have been duly authorized to grant diplomas: Provided, That each distribution shall only be made after due application of said colleges has been made to the governor. Sec. 6. That the said State geologist shall present to the governor, at each regular session of the legislature, a report of progress made up to that time, including an account of the more important results accomplished, and that said preliminary reports, if desirable or necessary to their proper understanding, shall be accompanied with maps and other jllustrations, and that these, as well as all other reports of said survey that may be made and presented by said State geologist and his assistants, shall be the exclusive property of the State: Provided, That said State geologist shall not be prohibited from publishing any such facts. with maps and illustrations, that it may be his duty to present. Sec. 7. That the salary of said State geclogist shall be $3,000 per annum, and that of the principal assistants each $1,800 per annum, together with all traveling and incidental expenses of the said State geologist and bis assistants while engaged in the field explorations, to be paid quarterly after they enter upon the duties of their office. All money hereafter appropriated to carry into effect this act shall be expended in the payment of the salaries of the State geologist and principal assistants, and of such subassistants and other aid as it may be necessary to employ, in the purchase of the necessary chemical apparatus, chemicals, and instruments, the transportation of specimens, and the payment of incidental expenses; and upon the presentation by said State geologist of proper vouchers, approved by the governor, the comptroller is hereby authorized to draw bis warrant upon the treasury for all bills for sums due or expended as above specified: Provided, That the whole amount expended shall not, during any one year, exceed the sum of $20,000. Sec. 8. That the said State geologist and his assistants, before entering upon the duties of office, shall make oath before some competent officer that they will not purchase any lands or mining interest in the State, with the view of speculation, during the time they hold office, and that they shall not con- eeal or suppress any information relative to any discovery which they may make pertaining to the objects of the survey, either from the State or from in- dividuals upon whose lands said discovery may be made, and that they will so conduct the survey as to give as much publicity as possible to the important results of the same. Sec. 9. That on the completion of sald survey, or at proper intervals during its progress, as facts may accumulate, said State geologist shall prepare and present to the governor more complete reports, to be considered final as far as they go if presented during the progress of the survey, or final and com- plete if presented after the whole State shall have been surveyed, which reports shall embody the results of the entire survey, or of that portion of it completed, and shall be accompanied by all such maps, sections, diagrams, and other draw- ins as may be necessary for a full and complete understanding of the same. And the secretary of state is hereby directed to secure a copyright in the name of the State for all reports presented by the State geologist and published at the expense and by the authority of the State. Src. 10. That whenever any such reports are published, the governor may cause them to be sold to the citizens of the State at a price not exceeding the 478 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. cost of the paper, printing, and binding, and to others on such terms as may be advantageous to the interests of the State; and all moneys that may be received from the sale of said reports shall be placed in the common school fund of the State. Sec. 11. That suid State geologist shall be allowed 50 copies of all reports of said geological survey for distribution to scientific men in this country and in Europe: and that 20 copies of the same shall be in like manner allowed to each of the principal assistants in said survey, in accordance with the usual custom in such surveys. Sec. 12. That the State geologist shall superintend the publication of his reports provided for in this act, and shall present to the legislature an, estimate of the cost of the publication of the same, at the time such reports shall be presented. Src. 18. That in case of the death or resignation of said State geologist before the completion of said survey the governor may appoint his successor; and the governor shall haye power to remove said State geologist from office for neglect of duty, incompetence, dishonesty, or any kind of malfeasance in office, sheuld he be found guilty of such charges brought against him: Provided, due notice has been given to him that such charges have been made, and he shall be allowed full opportunity to confront his accuser and make his defense; and in ease of such removal of the State geologist, he shall deliver over to the gov- ernor, or to his successor in office, all specimens, instruments, apparatus, maps, sections, diagrams, and other property belonging to the State and relating to the survey. Sec. 14. That all former laws of the State relating to a State geographical survey are hereby repealed, and that this act take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved August 18, 1870. Administration—The general plan of the survey was similar to that of the first attempt, as will be noted. Under the act, early in 1878, Gov. E. J. Davis appointed John W. Glenn State geologist. Charles E. Hall was made first assistant. The salary of the principal geologist was placed at $3,000, and the principal assistants at $1,800 each, the traveling and incidental expenses to be paid by the State. Active work was begun in November in Burnet, Llano, and San Saba counties. Glenn resigned on March 6, 1874, and was succeeded by S. B. Buckley. ‘ No report was published under Glenn’s administration. The fol- lowing from R. T. Hill’s report, already quoted, is given as out- lining lfis methods and what he had hoped to accomplish: My first work was to establish a base line which would include outcroppings of the known formations. As established, this line began in Blanco County, in the Cretaceous, thence northward until it encountered the Cretaceous, again overlying the Carboniferous in the north part of the State. Between these two ends of the base line, beginning at the south end, it passed through the follow- ing formations in the order as stated, viz: Cretaceous, Carboniferous, Upper The result was one of the most interesting I ever accomplished. Every square mile of the territory surveyed was carefully platted on the map and defined in GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 479 the field, and each one numbered and worked over with great care, and the col- Jections taken from each bore its number and from what part each came. Prob- ably the most valuable part of my work, from an economic stand, if the report of it had only been promulgated in print, was my report on the wild sumach of Texas (R. copallina), from detailed analyses extending through the entire growth and determining the period of greatest economic value in tannic acid." Doctor Buckley received his appointment from Gov. Richard Coke in March, 1874. Under his administration, Richard Burleson was made assistant geologist; Charles E. Mall, subordinate assistant; James FE, Horne, bookkeeper and commissary; and Friench Simpson and Jack Coke, volunteer assistants. Field work was begun on May 11. The entire work of the survey was, however, in the nature of reconnoissance, and no stratigraphic or topographic work was done, nor were any barometric or other observations made. Hapenses.—The expenses, as given in Buckley’s report for a period from May 1, 1874, to November 1 of the same vear, were as follows: Outfit at Austin. Peso aiteniiesiOl MEO Hart. see ee 2. oe es ee ee Dt $866, 00 eT TCG en 2 eee eae ae a i ee ee 137. 50 Mneinair mules and wagon. <2). 2s ek Seen eek 330. 00 One pair of mules and hack bought by Professor Burleson at Waeco____ 675, 00 $1, 508. 50 Haepenses in the field. PMs ee ee en ee ee eee $73. 00 Sith enna eae ene tess Sey Ak So ee eS 159. 20 ey et aS enENE re I SCM So a CS a eae 264. 85 Perea pene et eae cS en oe eee et eee eee ee 135. 45 aun NN cere 2 eee oases eee ube oe oe eee 115. 20 CTPF) BYE cg a pa OO 122. 80 * $870, 50 Wages paid. Jaines Horne, $50 per month______ ee ee AO eA 0 poe BE st $300 Hands. 2p per MONI... Ase 150 Panrincton. poo Per MOU] ==.) =. 22S. fee See ee -. 150 Pn ee Rope OU Cie 2 = ee ee ee ee tee 150 $750 R. T. Hill, in the publication above referred to, gives the fol- lowing statement, as obtained from Mr. F. Simpson: 1This report was published in part, at least, by the succeeding survey in Bulletin No. 1, Report and Analyses of Texas Sumach (Rhws copallina) by George A. Kalteyer, Austin, 1892. 2 The printed report gives this total as $871.15. 136075—20-——32 430 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Total amount of appropriation for dS874_. 2 ee eee $7, 250 Salary Ol geologist: 22 2 Se ee ee $3, 000 Oincesand: chemical. supplies. 226 ee ee ee ee 300 OV OC aaa ee a a ee 50 BOOKS) ANG ANSELUMENES Se ss ee ee ee eee 260 TTA VEILING CX PCUSCS 8 se Lk setae etek Sa ee es eee 2, 700 PRO Gey a alee aca VIN Pe sede Naa a ra SOR eS oe 6, 250 Returmeds toy Wes CLEA SUT yee ee lia Ya ae A eee $1, 000 In 1875 the expenses are given by the authority mentioned, as follows: SalaryOf- The COlOLI Ste ee ee eee eee eee ese aw eee $3, 000 OMiCSVaAN A CCHEMUTC ANS Ae EN A a EE a ee 500 TEV EOLII SHOX PCM SES oat i ail Le nk le LI a We le ge Ee eee 2, 000 OSE a os ME a ae 2 a Bede Si ee see ee 200 UT oa ene ac erate et eel Nore PO a Ten TRS Se 50 EDO Teves EOS SALE Gh OSE ee eR as ARERR st AA Bee ee eos $5, 750 At the end of this fiscal year Gov. Richard Coke became convinced that the geological survey, as conducted, was of no value to the State and vetoed the bill for the annual appropriation. Thus the second attempt at a survey was brought to an end. Publications.—Two reports, of 142 and 96 pages, were issued by Buckley under dates of 1874 and 1876, respectively. Concerning their value, Mr. Dumble writes: I want to call especial attention to the fact that while Buckley’s publica- tions were crude, a careful reading shows that some definite results of value were secured, among these the general lines of Tertiary-Cretaceous and Cre- taceous-Carboniferous boundaries and the presence of true Miocene, the oc- eurrence and source of the artesian water of the Cretaceous area, and the exist- ence and location of some valuable minerals. THIRD SURVEY UNDER E. T. DUMBLE, 1888-1892. In 1888 still a third attempt was made for a geological survey under State auspices, and the following is the text of the law under which the work was to be carried out: An act to authorize the commissioner of agriculture, insurance, statistics, and history to have a geological and mineralogical survey made of the State of Texas, and to make an appropriation therefor. SEcTION 1. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Texas, That it shall be the duty of the commissioner of agriculture, insurance, statistics, and history to have a geological and mineralogical survey made of the State of Texas, and for that purpose he shall employ such a number of competent per- sons skilled in the science of geology and mineralogy as shall be necessary to properly and expeditiously execute said work. The persons so employed shall 1Compiled mainly from manuscript furnished by E. T. Dumble. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 481 be under the supervision and control of the said commissioner, and shail receive such compensation as the commissioner may direct, not to exceed $2,000 per year, The commissioner shall provide all necessary chemical apparatus, books, maps, and stationery to carry out the provision of this act, and may employ such additional clerks as shall be requisite to a proper execution of this act, which clerks shall receive such compensation as he may deen proper, not to exceed $900 each per year. Sec. 2. The commissioner shall cause to be made assays, analyses, or other scientific examination of all beds or deposits of ores, coals, clays, marls, and other mineral substances situated in this State as shall be requisite to a eorrect knowledge of the extent and value thereof. He shall also in all proper eases upon application require like examinations, assays, or analyses to be made of deposits, mines, and lands situated in this State, and shall furnish proper certificates of the result of such examination, assay, or analyses. He shall also upon request of any person require assays or analyses to be made of any speci- men of soil or mineral deposits in this State, and shall also furnish to the party requesting it a certificate thereof: Provided, That in all cases when assayS or analyses are made upon request of any person the party making the request shall be required by the commissioner to make affidavit that the specimen offered was found upon the land of the party making the request, or that said request is made at the instance or with the full knowledge and consent of the owner of the land upon which said specimen was found. Sec. 8. The commissioner shall preserve a record of this department of his office, and the information therein collected and preserved shall be reported ‘to the governor as in case of other matters relating to his office. He shall also report to the governor before each session of succeeding legislatures, for information of the governor and such legislatures, all money expended under this act, and how and for what purpose such money was expended. He shall also report the amounts of money received from persons, corporations, or syndi- cates for services rendered, specifying the amount so received. He shall also preserve specimens of minerals, coals, stones, and other natural substanees useful in agricultural, manufacturing, or the mechanical arts, and shall from time to time as far as practicable add specimens of organic remains and other objects of natural history peculiar to this State. Sec. 4. The commissioner shall prescribe a schedule of reasonable fees to be charged and collected from all persons having scientific examinations, assays, or chemical analyses made, and for certificates furnished under this act, which fees shall when collected be paid into the State treasury to the eredit of the general revenue fund. Sec. 5. It shall be unlawful for the commissioner of agriculture, insurance, statistics, and history, or any person employed by him or connected with his office, to purchase all or any part of any mine or mineral lands, or be in any manner interested in such purchase, during the term of his office or employ- ment. Any person violating the provisions of this section shall be punished by fine not less than $1,000, and shall be removed from his office or employment, as the case may be. Sec. 6, That the sum of $15,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, be, 2nd the same is hereby, appropriated, out of any moneys in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act: Provided, That no expense in excess of the amount hereby approprt- ated shall be incurred under the provisions of this act. 482 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sec. 7. The great necessity for gathering and collecting useful and valuable information concerning the mineral and other natural resources of the State, and the present lack of means to ascertain the same, creates an imperative public necessity, and an emergency exists requiring that the constitutional rule which requires bills to be read on three several days in each house be sus- pended, and said rule is so suspended, and it is enacted that this act take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Note.—The foregoing act originated in the house, and passed the same by a vote of 45 yeas, 37 nays; and passed the senate by a vote of 24 yeas, 4 nays. Approved May 12, 1888. ‘Immediate control of the survey, as noted, was in the hands of State commissioner of agriculture, insurance, statistics, and history, and it had no connection with any other institution. It was to be supported by annual appropriations. Administration —Under this act, the commissioner, L. L. Foster, on September 21, 1888, appointed E. T. Dumble State geologist, giving him full control of the work of the survey, reserving only a supervision of the finances. Mr. Dumble appointed the following assistants: Geologists, W. H. von Streeruwitz, W. F. Cummins, Dr. R. A. F. Penrose, jr.; chemist, J. H. Herndon. The salary of the State geologist was placed at $2,000 and that of geologists at $1,800 each, traveling and incidental expenses to be paid by the State. The only change in these salaries was during the years 1891 and 1892, when they were made by law $2,500 and — $2,300, respectively, being again lowered to the original amounts in 1893. Arrangements were made by which the chemical laboratory of the University of Texas was utilized temporarily for the chemical work of the survey, and circular No. 1 was issued October 1 to apprise those wishing analyses of the conditions. The charges for analyz- ing and assaying minerals and ores were only sufficient to cover cost of materials and not of services. The fees received for this work, however, were to be paid into the State treasury to the credit of the — general reserve fund. The only point which needs to be considered was the fact that such analyses were to be made, as provided in sec- tion 2 of the law, only on presentation of an “affidavit that the — specimen offered was found upon the land of the party making the request, or that said request was made at the instance or with the full knowledge and consent of the owner of the land upon which specimen was found.” . The immediate motive of the survey, as outlined in circular No. 2, issued October 11, was as follows: 1. A search for ores, minerals, oils, coals, clays, and other minerals” possessing a commercial value, and the determination of the ques- tion, whenever possible, whether they exist in sufficient quantities — | GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 483 and under suitable conditions and surroundings to make it reason- ably certain that it will be profitable to work them. 2. An investigation of the geological formation and the topog- raphy of the country with a view to determining the probability of obtaining artesian water and the feasibility of irrigating from such wells as well as from streams. shallow wells, or tanks, where neces- sary. 3. The determination of the adaptability of soils to certain crops, and how thei fertility can be increased by the use of materials nearest at hand. 4. The search for and development of useful articles as vet not fully known. Preliminary work.—The short time intervening between the pre- liminary organization of the survey and the meeting of the legis- lature, for which a report had to be prepared, made it necessary to spend the time in a very rapid reconnoissance in order to get together as much general information as possible regarding the mineral de- posits of the State for the information and use of the legislature. Von Streeruwitz reported for duty on September 29, and was sent out with instructions to make a careful investigation of the mineral and agricultural resources of the trans-Pecos region. Cum- mins reported on October 2 and took the field with instructions to make a section of the central coal formation, determining the number of coal seams which exist in it, together with their char- acter and thickness. Penrose, owing to previous engagements, did not report for duty until November 12, when he began work by proceeding to Jefferson to investigate the ion, limestone, and as- phaltum deposits of east Texas. Work in southern Texas was ap- portioned to J. Owen, of Eagle Pass; J. L. Tait and G. Jermy, of San Antonio, as temporary assistants. The results of the three months’ work in the form of reports from the geologists and assistants, together with an introduction by the State geologist. were published as the first report of progress, and upon the showing made the legislature made appropriation for the continuance of the work for two years from March 1, 1889. The work being provided for biennially, the State geologist de- cided that the first year of each term would be devoted to the broader features of areal and stratigraphic geology with special reference to the occurrence of mineral deposits, while the work of the second year would be principally the study of these deposits and a more detailed investigation of the beds containing them, and thereafter planned the work of each field party accordingly. The geologists named were continued in the field. Additional chemical work was provided for at the Agricultural and Mechanical 484 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. College of Texas and P. 8. Tilson appointed chemist. T. B. Com- stock was engaged for special work in the Llano region during the summer months and later was appointed geologist. The United States Geological Survey cooperated by detailing Robert T. Hill to carry on the study of the Cretaceous in connection with his work at the university during the latter part of the year. The importance of accurate topographic work was realized and efforts were made to secure the cooperation of the United States Geo- logical Survey and United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, which were partially successful. This was supplemented by the survey through the work of J. C. Nagle in central Texas and R. Wyschetzki in the trans-Pecos. Work of first year (1889) —Von Streeruwitz completed his recon- noissance of the trans-Pecos and in May began regular work there, the first year being cccupied principally in constructing a topo- graphic map of the western portion of E] Paso County. Cummins made several sections across the northwestern portion of the State from the escarpment of the Llano Estacado to the Cre- taceous border on the east, and began the instrumental sections, which were completed later. He had the assistance of Messrs. McCulloch and Drake. R.S. Tarr, appointed in November, was given the study of the southern border of the central coal field. Penrose spent the early part of the year in detailed examination of Cherokee County with its iron ores and lignites. After this, in order to get the Tertiary sections more complete, he made a boat trip down the Brazos, Colorado, and Rio Grande. Penrose left the survey on July 1 to study the extension of the Tertiary deposits in Arkansas under the geological survey of that State while the iron- ore areas of Texas were being mapped. The Arkansas work proved to be so extensive, however, that he finally resigned from the Texas survey. G. E. Ladd was appointed to trace and map the iron-ore deposits of east Texas, and worked in Wood, Upshur, Van Zandt, Marion, and Anderson counties, and then resigned on account of ill-health. A. G. Taff was appointed to continue this work, but died before completing a single county. To Comstock was assigned the special work of studying the geology and resources of the Llano district. With his party, which included Messrs. Nagle, Spence, and Huppertz, he covered a large portion of the area during the season and made large collections of the rocks and minerals of the district. R. T. Hill, in connection with his work at the University of Texas, was given the examination of the Cretaceous. His detail under the United States Geological Survey for this work began in July. He had as assistants Messrs. J. A. Taff, C. C. McCulloch, N. F. Drake, | > Le GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 485 and J. S. Stone. A room was set apart for a museum and was fur- nished with cases and a start made toward the installation of speci- mens sent in by the field parties, Mr. J. B. Walker being in charge. The general results of the work of the first year are summarized by Mr. Dumble in the first annual report, 1889, (pp. xxix-]xxill), in which a brief statement is made covering the various geological horizons recognized during the field work and the principal mineral} resources of each, fuller details being given in the accompanying papers, pages 1 to 410, which comprise: A Preliminary Report of the Geology of the Gulf Tertiary of Texas, by R. A. F. Penrose, jr. A Brief Description of the Cretaceous Rocks of Texas and their Economic Value, by Robert T. Hill. The Southern Border of the Centrai Coal Field, by W. F. Cummins. The Permian cf Texas and Its Underlying Beds, by W. IF. Cummins. Preliminary Report en the Coal Fields of Colorado River, by Ralph 8S. Tarr. Geology of Trans-Pecos Texas— Preliminary Statement, by W. H. von Streeruwitz. Preliminary Report on the Geology of the Central Mineral Region of Texas, by Theo. B. Comstock. In addition to the first annual report the survey published during the year: Bulletin No. 4. A Preliminary Annotated Check List of the Cretaceous In- yertebrate Fossils of Texas, by R. T. Hill. Bulletin No. 2. A Preliminary Report on the Soils and Waters of the Upper Rio Grande and Pecos Valleys in Texas, by H. H. Harrington. These papers, after recounting as fully as possible the work of earlier investigators, give, as far as the facts at hand seem to war- rant, the results of the authors’ own geological observations. Taken in connection with the summary by Mr. Dumble, they furnish the first comprehensive description of the geology of Texas and are the basis of the subsequent work of the survey. Work of second year (1890).—Dr. R. S. Woodward, in connec- tion with his work of establishing the one hundred and fifth meridian, remeasured the Texas base line and the principal triangulation points of Von Streeruwitz’s previous year’s work, verifying its correct- ness: and in November Captain Forney. of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, reached 1] Paso for the work of primary triangulation of the Rio Grande border. Von Streeruwitz, in ad- dition to continuing the work of mapping the area, made such examination as the conditions would permit of the mineral deposits of the region. J. A. Taff was attached to Von Streeruwitz’s party for the examination of the Cretaceous deposits of the area. Comstock completed the work begun in the central mineral region, securing an accurate topographic map of the area and mapping 486 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the general geology and locating the principal deposits of useful minerals, so far as known. He had as assistants Messrs. J. C. Nagle, C. A. Huppertz, R. A. Thompson, and H. B. Jones. In September Mr. Nagle left the survey to accept an appointment as assistant professor of engineering at the agricultural and mechanical college. Tarr made a reconnoissance of the Guadalupe Mountains, and then resigned to accept work at Cornell University. Cummins took up the detailed study of the coal measures of the central coal field, making careful instrumental sections across them and locating the outcrop of the two workable seams across the territory. R. T. Hill was appointed geologist in charge of the Cretaceous area, and as such studied the geology of the Red River region from Texarkana to Denison, having as assistants Messrs. J. S. Stone, J. A. Taff, L. T. Dashiel, G. H. Ragsdale, and W. T. Davidson. He resigned from the survey on September 30. The work in east Texas was under the personal supervision of Mr. Dumble. Mr. W. Kennedy mapped the iron ores of Cass, Harrison, and other counties and made reconnoissance of Gregg and Marion. Mr. Herndon mapped the iron ores of Smith County and Mr. Walker those of Rusk, Panola, Shelby, and Nacogdoches. A part of Penrose’s collections of Tertiary fossils were studied by Prof. A. Heilprin; parts of the Cretaceous collections were sent to Dr. F. Roemer at Breslau; and Prof. Alpheus Hyatt determined and described a number of nautiloid forms from Cummins’s collections. The chemical laboratory was moved to the basement of the capitol late in 1889 and Mr. L. E. Magnenat appointed assistant, and on the resignation of Mr. Tilson to accept the position of assistant professor of chemistry at the agricultural and mechanical college, all the chemical work was concentrated at the survey laboratory. But little progress was made in museum work, but the library was enlarged by purchase as much as the funds would permit. To supply a demand from the public high schools a number of small collections of minerals were made up and 40 of them were distributed during the year. Results—Under the heading Mineral Resources of Texas in the second annual report, 1890, Mr. Dumble gives a summary of the mineral deposits found to exist in the State, and also describes the various artesian water belts found within it. The bulk of this vol- ume, containing 800 pages, is made up of the detailed reports of the various geologists and assistants. The papers are as follows: Report on the Tron Ore District of East Texas: General statement and re- ports on Anderson and Houston Counties, BH. T. Dumble; Charcoal manufacture in Texas, John Birkinbine: Lignites and their utilization, O. Lerch; Reports on Cass, Marion, Harrison, Gregg, Morris, Upshur, Van Zandt, and Henderson | | | ne ee a GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 487 Counties, W. Kennedy; Smith County, J. S. Herndon; Panola, Shelby, Rusk, Nacogdoches, and Cherokee Counties, J. B. Walker. Carboniferous cephalopods, A. Hyatt. Report on the Geology of Northwest Texas, W. F. Cummins, including Young, Montague, Jack, Wise, Parker, Palo Pinto, Stephens, Brown, Hastiand, and Coleman Counties. Report on the Geology and Mineral Resources of Central Mineral Region of Texas, T. B. Comstock. Report on the Geology and Mineral Resources of Trans-Pecos ‘Texas, W. H. von Streeruwitz. This volume gives the location and extent of the deposits of limo- nite ores of east Texas, descriptions of the lignites, greensand marls, clays, petroleum, and other valuable mineral deposits of the same district, map and descriptions of the workable coal beds of the State, and of the varied mineral resources of the Llano district and of a portion of trans-Pecos Texas. Tarr’s report on the Guadalupe Mountains was published at Bulletin No. 3. A.C. Gray was put in charge of the general office work and edited the second annual and subsequent reports of the survey. Tn his message to the twenty-first legislature, Gov. L. S. Ross thus referred to the work of the survey: In this connection is presented the report of Professor Dumble, the State geologist, on the agricultural and economic geology of the State. The public long felt the need of more reliable and practical information relative to the soils of our State and the formations underlying them and their adaptation to crops. Nothing, in my opinion, has contributed more effectively in bringing into notice the resources of our State than the work of Professor Dumble and his assistants, and adequate appropriations should be made to meet the necessary expenses i) continuing this work on a more extended seale. At this time a very determined fight was begun against Mr, Dum- ble as State geologist by certain members and exmembers of the sur- vey, and charges of incompetency and plagiarism were submitted to Governor Hogg after his Iauguration in 1891. They were investi- gated publicly by Mr. John E. Hollingsworth, commissioner of agri- culture, insurance, statistics, and history, and the charges were dis- missed, The legislature of 1891 not only made provision for continuing the survey, but added a special appropriation of $3,000 for an inves- tigation of lignite. Work of the third year (1891).—In the second report of progress Mr. Dumble gives a condensed statement of the work of the year. The parties left for the field in May and June. To extend the knowledge of the Gulf Tertiaries three general sections were planned, using levels of the railroad lines as base for obtaining elevations, supplemented by transit and level lines where needed. Mr. Kennedy 488 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. made the section from Terrell by way of Minneola, Tyler, Jackson- ville, Trinity, Corrigan, and Colmesniel to the Gulf at Sabine Pass. Mr. Walker’s section was west of the Colorado River from Cameron to Galveston. Mr. Taff began at Corpus Christi and made his section by way of Laredo, Cotulla, and Carrizo Springs to Uvalde. This done, Mr. Kennedy made a detailed study of Houston County; Mr. Walker worked in Washington County; and Mr. Taff traced some of the Cretaceous partings from Uvalde to Austin, after which he took up the study of the Cretaceous deposits and made a careful section across Lampasas and Williamson counties. Cummins followed and mapped the Cretaceous escarpment west from San Angelo to the Staked Plains; followed the foot of the plains northward to the Fort Worth and Denver Railroad; crossed over into New Mexico and followed the valley of the Pecos River to Pecos City, practically circling the Llano Estacado. Comstock similarly crossed the Cretaceous southwestwardly from San Angelo, making a close instrumental section through Sleicher, Sutton, Val Verde, Kinney, and Maverick counties to the Rio Grande; thence northward through Uvalde, Edwards, Bandera, Kerr, and Gillespie, connecting with his work of the previous year. Von Streeruwitz returned to trans-Pecos, Texas, and as the United States Geological Survey had undertaken the further topographie work of that region, he took up work farther east in the Diabolo and Carrizo Mountains. Mr. Singley was detailed to watch the progress of the deep well at Galveston. Mr. Dumble, with the assistance of Mr. J. Owen, made a section of the Cretaceous along the Rio Grande between Eagle Pass and Del Rio, and then took up the lignite in- vestigation, visiting the various lignite fields of Germany and Aus- tria, as well as numerous Texas localities. Mr. Herndon was relieved from duty May 6 and Mr. Magnenat appointed to succeed him, with the assistance of G. H. Wooten. Comstock resigned to accept the directorship of the Arizona School of Mines, and did not submit report of his work. Such paleontologic work as was done was by specialists. Professor Cummins’s nautiloid forms were again sent to Prof. A. Hyatt, while the fossil plants collected from the Carboniferous and Permian were sent to I. C. White and the vertebrate fossils to E. D. Cope. The Cretaceous echinoderms were sent to W. B. Clark of Johns Hopkins University. The collections in the museum were greatly enlarged and better classified, and 20 collections of minerals distributed to high schools. The detailed results of the work were contained in the reports of a cl enn ite eS ee GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 489 the geologists and assistants, appearing in the second report of progress and in the third annual report, 1891. These comprise: Report of the State geologist, E. T. Dumble. Report on Houston County and Section from Terrell to Sabine Pass, W. Kennedy. Ljano Estacado or Staked Plains, W. F. Cummins. Notes on the Geology of the Country West of the Plains, W. fF’, Cummins. Stratigraphy of the Triassic Formation in Northwest Texas, N. I’. Drake. Report on Paleontology of the Vertebrata, E. D. Cope. Shells Collected in a Dry Salt Lake near Eddy, New Mexico, V. Sterki. Reports on the Cretaceous Area North of the Colorado River, J. A. Taff. Trans-Pecos Texas, W. H. von Streeruwitz, In this volume the general geological section of the first year’s work is expanded by the additional information secured, especially in the western and northwestern portions of the State. The results of the lignite investigation by Mr. Dumble were pub- lished separately as a Report on the Brown Coal and Lignite of Texas, a volume of 243 pages, giving descriptions of the various methods of utilizing lignites in Germany and Austria, descriptions of all known occurrences of lignite in Texas, with analyses, compart- son of the lignites of Europe and Texas, and recommendations as to their utilization. Work of the fourth year (1892).—In the coastal area a preliminary section was made by Messrs. Dumble, Cragin, Kennedy, Singley, and Ragsdale, through Lee, Washington, and Waller counties, after which Mr. Kennedy took up the detailed examination of Grimes, Brazos, and Robertson counties. Mr. Singley remained at Gal- veston until the completion of the well at 3,070 feet, securing a large collection of material from it. Mr. Taff, assisted by Mr. Leverett, extended the work of the pre- vious year northward from Waco to Red River, with especial refer- ence to the artesian water conditions of the area. Messrs. Drake and Thompson made a detailed study of that part of the Carboniferous area lying between the Colorado and the Brazos divides, carefully mapping the coal seams and other beds of value. FE. D. Cope, with Cummins, made a trip along the Llano Estacado for the purpose of collecting vertebrate fossils from the Triassic and Tertiary beds, after which Cummins’s work embraced the examina- tion of special localities in the Permian or red beds area, including the copper horizons. Von Streeruwitz continued his work in west Texas. Dr, A. Osann was appointed mineralogist and petrographer of the survey and began work in December. Messrs. Magnenat and Wooten were in charge of the laboratory until September 1, when they resigned. Dr. 490 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. W. Li. Melville, of the United States Geological Survey, was then appointed chemist, with Mr, L. E. Dickson as assistant. F. W. Cragin was appointed to study the large collection of Cretaceous fossils, and G. D. Harris to study the Tertiary invertebrates. Pro- fessor Hyatt continued his work on the Carboniferous cephalapods and EK. D. Cope on the vertebrates. The museum collection was greatly enlarged and improved during the year. The fourth annual report, 1892, comprising the published results . of this work, was submitted for publication as usual, but the print- ing board decided that only 1,100 copies could be printed and that none could be bound, Permission was obtained, however, to print. the report in parts, of which 11 were issued, as follows: Part 1. Report of State Geologist. Part 2. Report on Grimes, Brazos, and Robertson Counties, W. Kennedy. Part 8. Preliminary Report on the Artesian Wells of the Gulf Coastal Slope. J. A. Singley; Preliminary Report on the Organie Remains Obtained from the Deep Well at Galveston, G. D. Harris. Part 4. Report on the Rocks of Trsns-Pecos, Texas, A. Osann; Trans-Pecos, Texas, W. H. von Streeruwitz. Part 5. Notes on the Geology of Northwest Texas, W. EF. Cummins. Part 6 Report on the Cretaceous Area North of the Colorado River, J. A. Taff, S. Leverett, assistant. Part 7. Report on the Colorado Coal Field of Texas, N. F. Drake; Report on Soils, Water Supply, and Irrigation of the Colorado Coal Field, R. A. Thompson. Part 8. A Preliminary Report on the Vertebrate Paleontology of the Liano Hstacado, E. D. Cope. Part 9. Contribution to the Invertebrate Paleontology of the Texas Cre- taceous, F. W. Cragin. Part 10. Contributions to the Natural History of Texas, J. A. Singley. Part 11. Carboniferous Cephalopods, second paper, Alpheus Hyatt. There was also published during the year Bulletin No. 1, con- taining: Artesian Water on the Llano Estacade, by Dr. George G. Shumard. Report and Analyses of Texas Sumach (Rhus copallina), by George H. Walteyer. With the issuance of the fourth annual report, the printed record of the survey ceases. Its history after that time is supplied by Mr. Dumble from copies of manuscript in his possession and others in the State archives. Work of the fifth year (1893)—The fight against the survey which began at the former legislature was taken up again before the twenty-third and its opponents succeeded in having the amount of the appropriation reduced from $35,000 to $20,000 a year. The total of the general appropriation bill, however, so far exceeded the probable receipts that in order to prevent a deficiency serious to the GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 491 State’s financial interest, Governor Hoge vetoed a great number of items, among them that of the survey for the second year. In his message he writes the cause thus: For the reason that for the year ending Tebruary 28, 1894, a like appro- priation of $20,000 is made, and that by the time it is exhausted such work will have progressed far in advance of the demands of the times. The State can not engage in the mining business, but must give way to private enterprise and capital. Up to date, through the efficient corps of the scientific gentlemen connected with and in charge of the geological department, she has pointed the way to mines and minerals of great value on public and private lands, and has laid cut work enough to engage industry and capital of immense pro- portions for many years to come. ti is deemed advisable now not to destroy but to preserve intact the rich mineral specimens gathered and the valuable surveys made by this department until such time in the future, after the expiration of the current year, as public interest may dictate that the survey shall be renewed and continued. This reduced appropriation necessitated a rearrangement of the forces, and efforts weve directed chiefly toward the completion of the work in hand and filling in the gaps. To bring expenditures within appropriation, nearly all the force was discontinued on September 1, others being continued until their reports were completed. Mr. Kennedy spent two months without result watching the sink- ing of a well by the Gladys City Oil Company, south of Beaumont, where later Capt. A. F. Lucas brought in his phenomenal gusher and opened up the Spindle Top field. He then returned to Austin and completed his paper on the clays of Texas. Mr. Dumble mace two instrumental sections across southwest Texas. The first, beginning at La Costa on the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railroad, followed Atascosa Creek and the Nueces River to the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railroad at Wade, passing through Lytle, Pleasanton, Oakville, Dinero, and Lagarto. The second began at San Diego and was run northward by Gray’s and Gueydan’s ranches to Tilden, and thence to Pearsall on the Inter- national & Great Northern Railroad. He had as assistants Messrs. Singley, Mathias, Leverett, and Posey. Later, Mr. Dumble made the section between San Antonio and Laredo along the International & Great Northern Railroad, and eastward along the Mexican National Railroad to Los Ojuelos, Ochoa, and Pena. Messrs. Taff and Leverett, continuing the work of the previous year, mapped the Cre- taceous area west of the Colorado River. Sections were made along its northern boundary between Austin and Fredericksburg and across it from Lange’s Mill, Gillespie County, by way of Kerrville and Boerne to the Balcones fault, three miles southeast of Leon Springs, Bexar County. 492 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Professor Cummins, with the assistance of Mr. Drake, traced out the stratigraphic relations of the beds formerly known as Albany or Colorado with those of the Wichita, and found the former to be simply the direct southward continuation of the latter. Later, Cum- mins and Dumble made a study of the line of Cretaceous capped buttes west of Stonewall in a search for possible Jurassic deposits. This section was continued to the Staked Plains in Garza County, when they turned south to Big Springs. A careful study and large collections were also made of the interesting section at Kent, EK] Paso County. In the trans-Pecos the work was confined to a trip by Osann and von Streeruwitz for the investigation of the more im- portant eruptives and igneous rocks, of which Osann had found specimens in the collections. Professor Cragin’s work on the Cretaceous collections was con- tinued until June, when he resigned. The study of the Tertiary invertebrates was continued through the year by Professor Harris, who not only determined the forms collected by the survey, but made large collections himself, not only in Texas, but also at type localities in Alabama and Mississippi, and after comparison with the collec- tions in Philadelphia, Washington, and that of Mr. Aldrich, installed the entire collection in the museum, leaving it in the best possible shaperfor use. He also prepared a monograph on the Texas Tertiary invertebrates, with descriptions and figures of all forms which had been found in Texas. Professor Hyatt continued his assistance and had a number of forms from the Double Mountain division or Upper Permian horizon for determination, and Prof. KE. D. Cope made a number of determi- nations of vertebrate forms collected during the year. Mr. Charles S. Simpson, of the United States National Museum, studied and described the Triassic Unionidae collected by Cummins in Garza Sounty. Doctor Melville died in February, and Mr. Dickson continued his work until his resignation in August, when the laboratory was closed. Tm addition to the installation of the suite of Tertiary inverte- brates, collections of the land and fresh-water shells and of the birds were also placed in the museum. The fifth annual report was prepared and submitted for publi- cation. The printing board deferred action from time to time and finally declined to order the report printed, on account of the de- pleted condition of the State treasury. They also refused permission for printing at private expense. The report comprised the follow- ing: GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 493 Annual Report of the State Geologist, E. T. Dumble. Report on the Geology and Water Conditions of Southwest Texas, BE. T. Dumble. Report on the Clays of Texas, W. Kennedy. Report on the Cretaceous Area West of the Colorado River, J. A. Taff. Report on the Permian of Texas, W. E. Cummins. Monograph of the Tertiary Invertebrates of Texas, G. D. Harris. Triassic Unionidae, Chas. T. Simpson. A Geological Map of the State of Texas, compiled by E. T. Dumble. Mr. Dumble, in 1902, published a paper in the Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, entitled Geology of South- west Texas, containing a portion of the matter in the report sub- mitted with the fifth annual report. Mr. Simpson printed his con- tribution in the papers of the United States National Museum, and Mr. G. D. Harris published that portion of his work representing new species in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy. Work of the sixth year (1594).—The corps at the beginning of this year consisted of the State geologist, one geologist (Cummins), and a small office force. With the expiration of the appropriation, February 28, the office force was discontinued. The last field work under the appropriation included a careful examination of the water conditions along the Texas and Pacific Rail- way, between San Martin and Kent, on the north face of the Davis Mountains, and the investigation of the San Carlos coal field in El Paso County. The lack of an appropriation, however, did not en- tirely stop the work, for during the year the following investigations were made by Mr. Dumble as State geologist: That of the water conditions of a large part of Hall County, in- cluding the town of Memphis; a similar investigation of the valley of the Pedernales from Fredericksburg westward; examination of the water conditions of the town of Mexia, in which Professor Cum- mins assisted; a study of the artesian conditions along the Interna- tional and Great Northern Railroad from Houston to Groveton; a brief investigation of the asphaltum deposits of Burnett County, in company with Doctor Penrose; a study of the Diabolo Mountain section in the vicinity of the Hazel mine. Professor Cummins as- sisted in this last and spent the remainder of the season on work in the vicinity of the Eagle Mountains and westward. The chemical laboratory was reopened, and Mr. Dumble did con- siderable chemical work during the latter portion of the year in answer to numerous inquiries therefor. In the museum considerable progress was made in the rearrangement and classification of the collections. The publications based on these examinations were as follows: 494 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cretaceous of West Texas and Coahuila, E. T. Dumble, Bulletin Geologica! Society of America, volume 6, Notes on the Texas Tertiaries, E. f. Dumble, Texas Academy of Science, 1894. Soils of Texas, E. T. Dumble, Texas Academy of Science, 1895. Red Sandstone of the Diabolo Mountains, Ef. T. Dumble, Texas Academy of Science, 1901. On the inauguration of C. A. Culberson as governor in 1895, A. J. Rose was appointed commissioner of agriculture, insurance, statis- tics, and history. After an examination of the amount of correspond- ence and demands for information on matters pertaining to the geo- logical branch, he reappointed Mr. Dumble State geologist, with the understanding that in event of lack of appropriation for salary Mr. Dumble could collect and retain the regular fees for work in return for carrying on the affairs of the department. This arrangement continued during his term of office as commissioner. The twenty-fourth legislature passed an appropriation for con- tinuing the survey for two years from March 1, 1895, but this was vetoed by Governor Culberson. During 1895 and 1896 Mr. Dumble investigated and reported on the water supply of the cities of Galveston, Houston, Palestine, Denison, and Taylor, made numerous examinations of mineral de- posits in various portions of the State, attended to the very con- siderable correspondence of the office and completed the arrange- ment of the collections in the museum. The fees collected for the two years amounted to a little over $3,600. In March, 1897, Mr. Dumble was appointed consulting geologist for the Southern Pacific Company, after which, until the close of his connection with the department in February, 1899, the work done for the survey was confined entirely to the correspondence. The legislature which met in 1899 provided for the transfer of the laboratory, library, and collections of the geological survey to the University of Texas, and this was done. Expenses —The expenditures of the survey up to December 15, 1888, amounted to $3,983.71: Salaries'of Statey and assistant ieecologist. 2. = ee eee eee $1, 348. 87 Salary. .Of+ States Chemist. ee Bo heer ict Ni RR ee 164. 88 Salary: of. clerks 221459 (eg 0s ye A Bese ee ee eee 664. 00 Kquipment 2:2 2208 1st Bae Beers pee Se ee ees 997. 12 Field expenses________ poe einen ede ah Re ea a Be lars ee 785. 85 Other expenses Lo sins Jeu ke Beas be oe ee 22. 99 $3, 983. 71 From December 15, 1888, to December 31, 1889, the appropriations and expenditures were as follows: ase ee \ GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 495 Palanee OL first Appropriation. 220 (ao 8 ee a $11, 016. 29 Appropriation Mar. 1, 1889, to Feb. 28, 1890_____...-_-...--.......-- 35, 000, 00 Bixpended : SN SUN STEN ewe eames ch See wi en Se eR ek Nae $21, 796. 28 Held Mequinment= 22-2002 ee (Ex Ge eIMUeXPeNSess: 225 Sk ee ee a 6, 234. 48 Instruments and apparatus_....._...-..1.-...L__- 3, 479. 28 murniture:and fittings: =. 2.2 222 pee eee 3, 376. 93 SOO KS AMOS TADS eo Na es 403. 38 ADOLALOLYs (SUDDIICS 4 222.2 see ee ee 1, 309. 86 ToL (oi 2) meter ee Ba a tt ls BDA 363. 50 OMCESUPDUCS 22 2 ee ee 161. 87 Incidentals __._--____- Oe ae ge rs hat 570. 28 Dr Nae eae D Ge eee case ee Ar a ak A ds Se 7, 588. 72 ———————. $46, 016, 29 From January 1, 1890, to December 31, 1890, the appropriations and expenditures were as follows: isaanece on nang Wee, 81, 1889.22. 2220.20 heen ene $7, 588. 72 Appropriation Mar. 1, 1890, to Feb. 28, 1891__________.-- ee 35, 000. 00 Expended: Rye el OG mee te a ey ns Bee eens $23, 851. 49 HMicld@eequipment)-=--sesev-2 22 8: so 5 ol eek 768. 02 MeN WEXPCNSCS. - 225 na eee el Sek Pekin ek ease. j 6, 104. 00 Instruments and apparatus_..........__-_....____ 318. 55 Hurnigure and fittings/...8 2-92-20 oe = 490. 18 OOS PANO INAS, taps ee 981. 78 Baboratory Supplies;.=-.< 2.2. 2220.22 927. 09 PERU ome ee 371. 65 Office supplies... Re NA Peay Pee 37. 65 MUICIOCN GA Sy2 soe eS 8 399. 63 Pema et oe en 8, 340. 68 —_—————- $42, 588. 72 From January 1, 1891, to December 31, 1891, the appropriations and expenditures of the geological survey were as follows: Balance unexpended, Dec: 31, 1890__.-_. 2-2 et $8, 340. 68 Appropriation Mar. 1, 1891, to Feb. 29, 1892_____-_________-_-_______ 35, 000. 60 Hxpended : Salaries 2. na wae ee 2 Pd 2 Sk vesneates wanem poly O45. 61 Barelovequilpments 2. a Ae ee eS G17. 48 miecidmexpenses*.22..- 22020 2k eee ee 6, 829. 36 Instruments and’ apparatus _-_.__-.-.--L-..-.__ 1, 846. 19 BUrMIGUre. ANG. Tetingss ss a ee 700. 95 OOKS ANG MAD Sa= see ets, ee 802. 93 MAVOLALOLY. SUPPLIES axe Se RA es 2a Te 635. 17 Primi amd seneravin e220 tke we 1, 998. 40 MRICS MSUPPUCS ik le Ad ee oh Sa 417. 41 WM GHICHLAISS 22 Sp ee 435. 70 IE IG See oe le a et nee ta. 9) 010298 ——--——- $43, 340, 68 136075—20——-33 ¥ y a a 496 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Appropriation for traveling and other expenses of an investiga- tion into the utilization of lignite: Amountiolappropriation2== 222222 e 0s a2 es Se eee $3, 600. 00 Amount, expend ego 2 = 5 25 es Se ie ceo ee 1, 553. 75 Balances UA rate se Baar ate ete 9 a ana le el a $1, 446, 25 — Appropriation and expenditures from January 1, 1892, to Decem- ber 31, 1892: Balance unexpended (Dec, oil, TSO. ee ee $9, 010. 93 Appropriation’ Mar, 1, 1892; to Web. (28, 1893 222 2 Se eee 35, 000, 00 Expended: SAT ATI Gg ieee tS le | Sel Ieee eae $23, 619. 05 Micldes equipments 3220.05 oe ee Lo ee ee 501. 73 HELA HERD CISOS ae eee i nage Se er aaa a ee eu 6, 671. 61 Instrumentssand apparatus... 2422 se" Se eee 267.10 Furniture and fittingss—2 222 ee ee Sp2olad Books andamaps222 8 ee eee eee 1, 176. 99 AHOYAtOLy:-- Supplied see ey Se ee ane 785. 65 Printings ang engraving = <2. 2 ee ee ee 1, 129. 53 Office: sup pliess So) 2s ee eee eee 590. S3 MYST CLUES ee crs ee es en ee re 853. 52 BMA COL coe se Sere See ie a A ee eee 5, 163. 77 $44, 010.93 Appropriation for traveling and other expenses of an investiga- tion into the utilization of lignite: SECO ae er ca oe ee $1, 446. 25 Amount expended.s 25-02 c a Se ee ee 1, 446. 25 Appropriation and expenditures from January 1, 1893, to Febru- ary 29, 1894: Bolance, unexpended: Decrsl, WS9225 See ee eee ee $5, 163. 77 Appropriation Mar> i 1S93;-to, heb) 29) 18942 ee ae ee eee 20, 000. 00 Expended: Salaries, field expenses, etc_._-.__.-.~--------=--_-_____ $25, 163.77 _ VERMONT. FIRST SURVEY UNDER CHARLES B. ADAMS AND ZADOCK THOMPSON, 1844-1856. The matter of a geological survey of Vermont was first brought to the consideration of the general assembly during the administration of Governor Jennison in 1836, and the following year (October ses- sion, 1837) the subject was referred to the committee on education, on whose behalf Governor Eaton submitted to the senate a report, an extract of which forms Appendix 5 in the preliminary report on the natural history of the State of Vermont, prepared by Judge Augustus Young in 1856. 109 PL. 34 BULLETIN U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Lv-Sv8l NOSdWOH| YO0OQGVZ “LNOWUSA AO SHESIOOWOs D> S-EV-ES 8b Srsl SWVGY YsanxVg sala VHO GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 497 This report contains little that is of interest to-day, with the ex- ception of his remarks relative to the comparative value of topo- graphic and geological work. In discussing which of these two sur- veys should have precedence in view of the importance of carrying both on together he remarks: But as one is not essential to the accomplishment of the other, and as the axpense of an accurate topographical survey, carried on only to such an extent would doubtless be deemed advisable, if it were undertaken at all, would ve according to the estimates before us, not less than $10,000 or $12,000, the committee, in view of the considerations, * * * are of the opinion that a geological survey should be the first undertaken, leaving the other enterprise tc some future period when its execution will be more imperiously demanded vy the wants and more clearly justified by the wealth of the State. Although the subject of the survey was discussed at the succeeding session of the general assembly, the first act relative thereto was not passed until October, 1844, and a second in December, 1853, the one making provision for such a survey and the other providing for its completion. The text of these acts is as follows: An act to provide for a geological survey of the State, 1844. Srcrion 1. The governor is hereby authorized and directed to appoint a State geologist, who shall have a competent knowledge of scientific and practical geology and mineralogy, and shall be subject to the orders of the governor for the time being and removable at his pleasure. Src. 2. The State geologist, with the approbation of the governor, shall from time to time appoint all proper and necessary assistants, fix their compensations, direct them in their labors, and remove them and appoint others whenever it shall be found necessary or expedient. | Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the State geologist, as soon as practicable, to commence and prosecute a thorough geological and mineralogical survey of the State, embracing therein a full and scientific examination and description of its rocks, soils, metals, and minerals; make eareful and complete assays and analyses of the same, and annually, on or before the first day of October, to re- port to the governor the progress of the work, the most efficient and economical manner of conducting it, and an estimate of the expense for the ensuing year. Sec. 4. For the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this act the stun of $2,000 annually, for the term of three years, is hereby appropriated. ; Sec. 5. Ail claims, under the provisions of this act, shall be presented to the auditor of accounts for allowance, who shall draw orders on the treasurer of the State for the amount he shall find due, equal to but not exceeding in any year the annual appropriation. Approved October 28, 1844. An act to provide for completing the geological survey of the State, 1853. it is hereby cnacted by the General Assembly of the State of Vermont, as follows: Section 1. The governor is hereby directed and authorized to appoint Prof, -Zadock Thompson, State naturalist, who shall be subject to the orders of the governor for the time being and removable at his discretion. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the State naturalist to enter, as soon as prac- ticable, upon a thorough prosecution and completion of the geological survey of 493 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the State, embracing therein a full and scientific examination and description of its rocks. soils, metals, and minerals; make careful and complete assays and analyses of the same, and prepare the results of his labors for publication under the three following titles, to wit: First. Physical Geography, Scientific Geology, and Mineralogy. Second. Economical Geology, embracing Botany and Agriculture. Third. General Zoology of the State. Sec. 8. Whenever sufficient facts and materials shall have been collected upon the first of the above-named subjects to form a volume of not Jess than 500 pages, octavo, the State naturalist shall make report thereof to the secretary of state, with an estimate of the size and probable cost of publication, who shall immediately issue a circular addressed to the several town clerks in the State, specifying the nature, size, number of engravings, and estimated cost of the work, and requesting them to post up such circular in their respective offices; alse to convey notices of such circular to the public by such other means as they may adopt to receive subscriptions for the work, and within 40 days from the time of their receiving such circular return such subscriptions to the said secretary ; and said secretary shall also transmit like circulars to all the publishers of newspapers printed within this State, with a request for gratuitous publication of the same. Src. 4. Immediately upon the expiration of the above-named period and the return of said subscriptions the secretary of state shall issue proposals for printing said werk, specifying the size and quantity of engravings, style of binding, quality of paper, and number of volumes required, which shall not ex- ceed more than one-fifth the whole number of subscriptions returned; the period within which said work shall be compieted, and the time and place for opening bids; and at the said specified time and place the said secretary shall open and examine the bids, and the lowest bid, having due regard to the ability and re- sponsibility of the person making the same, shall be accepted. And the said secretary shall take a bond from the person whose bid is accepted, conditioned upon faithful performance of his said contract, in a sum not less than double the cost of the work. And when the said work shall be completed and accepted by said secretary he shall cause to be sent to the constable of each town such number of volumes as have been subscribed for in such town, with a list of such subscriptions, and each of said constables shall deliver the said volumes, collect the actual cost thereof, and pay over the same into the treasury of the State. Sec. 5. Whenever sufficient facts and materials shall have been collected and arranged under the second and third titles specified in section 2 the same shail be published in their order, agreeably to the provisions of sections 8 and 4 of this act. Sec. 6. The sum of $1,000 annually is hereby appropriated for the term of three years, and until otherwise ordered by the legislature of this State, for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this act. Sec. 7. All claims under this act shall be presented to the auditor of accounts for allowance, who shall draw orders on the treasurer of the State for the amount he shall find due, equal to but not exceeding in any year the annual appropriation. Approved December 6, 1853. As will be noted, the survey as proposed had no connection with any other institution and was to be sustained by annual appropri- tions. | { . | | GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 499 Administration —Under the act of 1844 Prof. Charles B. Adams, at that time professor of chemistry and natural history in Middle- bury College, was appointed State geologist, entering upon his duties on March 1, 1845. He was assisted by Zadock Thompson and the Rev. S. R. Hall, who, according to the law, were appointed with the approbation of the governor. He was also assisted from time to time by Dr. Edward Hitchcock and others. In the report for 1845- 46 it is mentioned that Denison Olmsted, jr., was engaged upon chemical work for the survey, and that, upon his decease, which took place August 15, 1846, T. S. Hunt, then in New Haven, was qualified to fill the position. The salary of the State geologist, as appears from the report of expenses, was $600 a year for the first two years of the survey and $700 for the third. The field assistants, Messrs. Thompson and Hall, appear to have been paid only for the time of actual service, the amount for both, so far as can be learned, being $455 for 1845, $574 for 1846, and $280 for 1847. The duties devolving upon the State geologist, in virtue of the act of 1844, were to begin and prosecute a thorough geological survey of the State, embracing therein a full and scientific examination and description of the rocks, soils, metals, and minerals, and to make careful and complete analyses and assays of the same, and also to report annually, on or before the first day of October, on the progress of the work. Although not so stated in the law, it appears to have been under- stood that a collection of rocks and minerals of the State was to be formed, and in the report for 1846 mention is made of the fact that not far from 7,000 specimens had been obtained “ during the present season alone”; also in the report for 1847 mention is made of the preparation of eight suites, one of which was for the State collection and the others for the University of Vermont, Middlebury College, for the personal use of Professor Adams; for the medical college at Woodstock; for the medical college at Castleton; for the Troy Con- ference College at Poultney; and for the university at Norwich. The legislature made no provision for embodying the facts gathered during the three years of the survey in a systematic report, and with the cessation of the appropriations in 1847 Professor Adams accepted a professorship in Amherst College, Massachusetts. In 1848, Prof. Zadock Thompson was commissioned by the governor to take charge of the collections pending final action by the legislature relative to the completion of the survey, by virtue of the following resolution : Resolved by the senate and house of representatives, That all collections of minerals, field notes, and all preparations and materials amassed by the 500 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. State geologist for a final report upon the geological survey be brought together by some suitable person, to be appointed by the governor, and be deposited in the State house under the care of the State librarian, that nothing may be lost, and that the State may have the benefit of these collections whenever the State shall deem it expedient to prosecute the survey to completion. Unfortunately, before action was taken on the matter of prepara- tion of the final report mentioned, Professor Adams died.’ In the December following the decease of Professor Adams was passed the act given on pages 497-8, providing for the completion of the survey. In this act, it will be noted, botany and general zoology were added to the items to be considered; that is, the survey was to — be a general natural history survey. Under this act Professor Thompson was appointed State naturalist. It was Thompson’s desire to carry out systematic investigations and publish them to the world in the form of a physical geography and natural history of the State, which should consist of three volumes, the first devoted to ecology, the second to botany, and the third to zoology. It was found, however, that Adams’s custom had been to keep his notes in a very abbreviated form, quite incompre- hensible to his successors, and Professcr Thompson early announced — that more labor would be involved in deciphering them than in going © over the ground anew. Unfortunately, too, Professor Thompson — was himself cut off by death on January 19. 1856, and the second attempt at a survey came to an end. Up to 1856, then, the entire results of the survey, as made public, amounted to four annual reports by Professor Adams, consisting of — 92, 267, 32, and 8 pages, respectively, and the report of Judge Young of 88 pages. On February 27 following, Mr. Augustus Young was appointed State naturalist to fill the vacancy until the next meeting of the general assembly. Young, however, lived only to publish a report — of 88 pages, giving a history of the survey up to date, when he, too, died, and the winter following “another heavy providential dis- aster fell upon the work in the destruction by fire of the fine collec- — tions made by Professor Adams and others—a ruin so complete that — probably not 50 specimens remain fit to take a place in the new cabinet.” (Hitéhcock.) Hxpenses.—The expenses under the Adams survey can not be given — with absolute accuracy, since the actual expenditures as given cover — for but seven months of each year, those for the remaining five — months being given in the form of estimates. Appropriations, 1845-1847, three years, at $2,000 ajyeanuc 2 eee $6, 000. 00 1 Professor Adams died on the Island of St. Thomas, West Tadica: January 18, 1855. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 501 Pxpenditures : Traveling expenses of principal and assistants_..-.... $821.38 Salaryof principal geologist...__-.....-—.....--..-==== 325. 00 Services of President Hitchcock -_------___----_-_-- 75. 00 Salaries of two field assistants____.o.._.____........__. 400. 00 . Services of occasional assistants_.____.__.___.__._--__---- ~ 89. 48 , Apparatus and expenses at depot of specimens, includ- cluding shelves, rent, ete___._._.._-__-___-_-_____--_ —_ 78.68 , Postage and transportation.__...__._._-_-_-__u__-._u uu 46. 73 —————~ $1, 336. 22 _ The estimates for the remainder of the year, up to Mar 1, 1846, are as follows: : Traveling expenses__._._-_-_--__---_--- eee 25. 00 Palarys.o. principal eeclogist2..-. 2222 ee ke 275. 00 Services of occasional assistants.._...___._..___.._~_- 55. 00 Barometer, case-and packing=.22 22-5 68. 00 Expenses of depot of specimens, including rent and Tak 12 Lee MB ei Oe ae ie se PAV rae We Se 20. 00 Postage and transportation...___.-.......--....-...-- 20. 00 Chemical analyses__-..--.----_ eee Ser AM ae fe 200. 00 —————— 663. 00 $1, 999. 22 The expenses of the geological survey, from Mar 1, 1846, to Oct. 1, 1846, were the following: Traveling expenses of principal and assistants___ 358. 27 Nalany- Of «principals =. <5 a ee 350. 00 Salaries of commissioned assistants__._._.___.__...--__. 324, 00 Services of occasional assistants__..__._._._....-.__----__. 90. 42 Services of President Hitcheock___________--___-_______ 54. 00 Apparatus, engravings, and expenses of the geological depot, including rent, fuel, mineral trays, ete__.-_._-_ 222.12 bransportation and, postage. .<-...-.s.- eo ea 64, 42 ae $1, 463. 23 The estimates for the remainder of the year, up to Mar. 1, 1847, were the following: iiaveline CxpenSes2- ow ce soe ne eee Soe 20. 00 Salary Ot the principales soos no See 2s ee eee 250, 00 - Services of occasional assistants__...-.--_-__-___--____ 32. 77 Expenses of the geological depot____-_---------------- 20. 00 Eransportation and postage... .----=---s—---=. 14. 00 Whemica analyses. 22 202 oe oS ate 200. 00 536. TT $2, 000. 00 The expenses from Feb. 26 to Sept. 26, 1847, were as follows: rAVeLING EXPCNS@Sio2i desu cen eeese phe eb ackb lose $363. 36 NalryeOr PLINCipA) .. 2<. nahh eee eee a wwe aces 466. 67 Salaries of commissioned assistants_._._......-_-___.._- 155. 00 Services of occasional assistants__......_..._-_.__.--.... 173. 78 Services of President Hitchcock_._..__....-._-...-.._. 25. 00 Apparatus, rent, fuel and light, packing materials, and Orheriexpenses.Of MepOts 222228 bobo n nee eek ese 103. 67 Postage.and transportation. .....-..2..-.-c2iu 2 tase 35. 87 eel $1, 322 8s 502 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The estimates for the remainder of the year, up to Feb. 26, 1848, are the following: ‘Traveling expenses225—. 2 eo Se eee ee $75. 00 Salary (of principal -2- ee ee ee pil CMB Se oe Salaries of commissioned assistants__..---------------- 125. 00 Services of occasional assistants_..—-2- 22 See 22 ee 53. 76 Apparatus, rent, fuel and light, stationery, and other ex- pPensesof depot el we es 7s ee LEO Oe Postage and transportation’ 22222 22 ee ee 50. 00 wee 677. 08 é $1, 999. 94 SECOND SURVEY UNDER EDWARD ILITCHCOCK, 1856-1860. In October, 1856, the general assembly passed the following act with a view of resuscitating the survey: Tt is hereby enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Vermont, an follows: Section 1. The governor is hereby authorized and directed to appoint some suitable person State geologist, to complete the geological survey of the State, who shall be removable at the discretion of the governor and another appointed in his stead. Src. 2. The State geologist shall, as soon as practicable after his appointment, enter upon the duties of prosecuting the survey with a view to its speedy com- pletion, and may, with the consent of the governor, appoint one or more assist- ants, who shall be under the direction of the principal and removable at his discretion. Sec. 8. The State geologist shall! make, or cause to be made, such explorations in such portions of the State as have not been thoroughly examined and de- scribed in the field books of those heretofore engaged in the survey, and shail make, or cause to be made, such judicious assays or analyses of mineral sub- stances, in addition to those already made, as may be required to determine their economic value. He shall also prepare for exhibition specimens of min- erals and other substances designed for the State collection and place the same in the one already commenced in the statehouse. Src. 4. It shall further be his duty annually, on or before the second Thursday of October, to make a report to the governor of the progress of the survey, In which he shall report the expenses of the survey for the current year, together with his estimate of the probable amount of funds necessary for its completion. He shall also, as soon as practicable, prepare for publication a final report, embracing therein the physical geography, the scientific and economical geol- ogy, and the mineralogy of the State, which, when completed, shall be deliv- ered to the governor, to be laid before the legislature for its action thereon. Sec. 5. The sum of $1,000 annually is hereby appropriated, until otherwise ordered by the legislature, for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this act. Sec. 6. All claims under this act shall be presented to the auditor of accounts for allowance, who shall draw orders on the treasurer of the State for the amount he shall find due, equal to, but not exceeding, in any year, the amount appropriated. Sec. 7. This act shall take effect from its passage. Approved November 18, 1856. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 503 Administration —Under this act Prof. Edward Hitchcock was placed in charge of the survey. He was assisted by Albert D. Hager, and his sons, Edward Hitchcock and Charles H. Hitchcock, the same being appointed with the approbation of the governor. This survey, like its predecessor, had no connection with any other institution and was dependent upon direct appropriations for its sustenance. The entire expense during the four years of its existence amounted to but $4,000, of which $2,542.65 was for salaries and $1,457.85 for traveling expenses and freight. Doctor Hitchcock, himself, received no salary except in 1859 and 1860, in which years it would appear he received $300 and $266.67, respectively. The others received sums varying from $131 to $333.95, as shown in the statement on page 504. Under Hitchcock’s administration the work of exploration was begun in the spring of 1857, The main objects which he announced as to be accomplished were: First, to gain such a knowledge of the solid rocks of the State as to be able to delineate them upon maps and sections; second, to study the loose deposits lying upon the solid rocks and trace out the changes which the surface of the State had undergone; third, to collect, arrange, and name specimens of rocks, minerals, and fossils from every part of the State with a view to forming a State cabinet; fourth, to obtain a full collection for the cabinet of specimens valuable in an economic point of view; and fifth, to identify the metamorphosed rocks of the State with those which have not been thus changed. The work of measuring sections, collecting specimens, tracing out the formations, and collecting statistics from mines and quarries devolved mainly upon A. D. Hager and C. H. Hitchcock, Mr. Hager giving special attention to the economic geology, while Mr. Hitch- cock paid especial attention to the superficial deposits. The survey was assisted in its paleontological work by James Hall, of Albany, New York. Publications and theiy disivibution—A. final report of the survey under Hitcheoeck appeared under date of 1859 and 1861 in the form of two quarto volumes of 982 pages, with 36 full-page plates and a colored geological map of the State. It comprised a report on the scientific geology of the State, which was the joint work of Doctor Hitcheock and his assistants; second, a report on the economic geology. by A. D. Hager; third, a report on the chemistry of the survey, by Charles H. Hitchcock; fourth, a catalogue of 2,800 speci- mens of rocks and 370 minerals, besides several hundred specimens of organic remains, which had been arranged, ticketed, named, and dis- played in the State cabinet; and, fifth, a report by Rev. 5. R. Hall on 504 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the agricultural geology of the State. These were distributed in | accordance with the following: lt is hereby enacted, ete. SrecrTion 1. It shall be the duty of the trustees of the State library to distribute the geological report, not to exceed 30 numbers in all, to such persons or their representatives as have been officially connected with the survey, or as are recognized in the report as having made scientific literary or artistic contri- butions thereto. Approved November 21, 1861. Resolved by the senate and house of representatives, That each academy in the State shall be entitled to receive from the State a copy of the Vermont Geological Report of 1861, on satisfactory proof being made to the State libra- rian that such institution has not already received a copy from the State. Results.—Among the results accomplished he announced as, “ first and most important of all,” the discovery that the agricultural capa- bilities of the soils of Vermont were due to the presence “ of lime in such a state of natural processes to bring it out in just about the quantity needed by vegetation”; second, that most of the valuable rocks and minerals in Vermont run lengthwise of the State; third, that these mineral treasures, such as granites, marbles, slates, soap- stones, serpentines, etc., occur in inexhaustible quantities; and, fourth, that they are of such kind as will be always in increasing demand all over the country. Kaepense.—The total expenditures and appropriations of the sur- vey under Doctor Hitchcock, as given in the final report, were as below: Appropriations, $1,000 a year for 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860__..___-____ $4, 000. 00 Expenditures: 1857, traveling expenses and freight__._-_2- oe 2 332. 10 1858, traveling expenses and freight.2-..~-U--___-o ete (37. 25 1859, traveling expenses: and) freights 22 host nes ee 188. 00 1860, traveling expenses and freight.._.____.._________.______= 200. 00 Motalsts. Spies ewe ollie Natu 8 eee Beisel ee EPS tee ee $1, 457. 35 Salaries: 1S57;)' Mri, Magers re EB 1 RIED PRONE SS VAT ERS OR ST aCe eee Orem $333. 95 DSHS, 2 Mis | Elen see 2S eg Bee Seah ieee ee i 131. 37 SEOs, NE eS aR ah ee ee oa A Ree aL Oe 256. 00 PSG VET gE re TIE ee ete Le Nae Oe ee eee 266. 67 USS. WED (Cre EG tC COCK a a ia oe ee se 333. 95 TS585 Mir Or BE Ai teh ecole nee ee ea epi A 1dlvor 1859i5 Mire C: OH. TECH COC eee ae eae eee er 256. 00 1860, ir. «GC: Tan Bitcheoeka kee = = Eee = ek te ee ee 266. 67 1859 s7Drd Edward? bitchecoclg 228 a oes lien ee eee 300. 00 1860) Dr: Ha wartd? Hitchcock aes sa ae emai cee nee 266. 67 Total, for! Salaries 22a seis ou opel DRT Ohh ot lye eee ee $2, 542. 65 Total fon*eravelingyand treicht= = ee eee 1, 457. 35 $4, 000. 00 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 505 In 1864 a futile attempt at resuscitating the State survey was made by the passage of the following: . it is hereby enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Vermont: Section 1. The office of the State geologist is hereby continued, with a view to encourage the further development of the mineral wealth of the State. And it shall be the duty of the State geologist hereinafter named to give eounse! respecting the openings to be made in mines and quarries, when de- sired by the owners thereof, and faithfully to advise and assist all such per- sons aS may employ him in an attempt to discover new mines and quarries, or te encourage the workings of those already discovered. Src. 2. The assistant State geologist under the late survey, Albert D. Hager, ef Cavendish, is hereby appointed and confirmed as State geologist of Ver- mont, for the purpose contemplated by this act: Provided, however, That in no case and under no circumstances shall such geologist charge or receive from the State anything for expenses or services rendered, but in accepting said office it is understood that he looks to his employers for any compensa- tion that he may reasonably deserve to have for any professional services so by him rendered, Sec. 8. The geologist shall keep a record of such new facts relating to the geology of the State as shali come to his knowledge, and transmit a copy of the same to the governor, when requested by him, for the use of the State. Sec. 4. This act shall take effect from its passage. Approved November 22, 1864. It could scarcely have been expected that any original work of value would be accomplished under a law which, as a matter of fact, simply threw the influence of the State in favor of private enterprise. So far as publication is concerned nothing whatever came from the appointment and one is not surprised to find among the laws of 1870 the following: It is hereby enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Vermont: Section 1. The governor shall appoint a State geologist, who shall hold his office until another is appointed in his stead under the act entitled “An act for the appointment of State geologist,” approved November 22, 1864, in the place of Albert D. Hager, who has removed from this State; and so much of section 2 of said act as relates to the appointment of said Hager to that office is hereby repealed. Src. 2. This act shall take effect from and after its passage. Approved November 22, 1870. Under this law the governor gave the appointment of State geolo- gist to Hiram Cutting. Two years later the following acts were passed : An act providing for additions to the collections of the State cabinet. It is hereby enacted by the Gencral Assembly of the State of Vermont: Section 1. A sum not exceeding $200 per annum for the next two years {fs appropriated for the purpose of defraying the necessary expenses of the State cabinet; said sum to be expended by the curator in the collection of such specimens as he may deem of public value and properly labeling the same. Sec. 2. The auditor of accounts is hereby directed to draw his order on the State treasurer, at such times and for such sums, not exceeding the sum men- 506 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tioned in section 1 of this act, in favor ef the curator of the State cabinet, as shall appear to said auditor that said curator is entitled to receive under sec- tion 1 of this act. Swe. 3. This act shall take effect from its passage. Approved November 26, 1872. An aet to appoint a State geologist. Tt is hereby enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Vermont: Srorron 1. The governor is hereby authorized and directed to appoint a State geologist who shall have a competent knowledge of scientific and practical geol- ogy and mineralogy, and shall hold his office during the pleasure of the ZOv- ernor. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the State geologist to give counsel respecting the openings to be made in mines and quarries when desired by the owners thereof, or any person interested therein, and to faithfully advise and assist all such persons as may employ him in any attempt to discover new mines and quarries, or to encourage the working of those already discovered: Provided. however, That in no case and under no circumstances shall said geologist charge or receive from the State anything for said services or expenses except he is directly employed by the governor of the State, but shall look to his employers for any compensation that he may reasonably deserve to have for any profes- sional services so by him rendered. Sec. 3. The geologist shall keep a record of such new facts relating to the geology of the State as shall come to his knowledge and transmit a copy of the same to the governor, when required by him, for the use of the State. Src. 4. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of this act are hereby repealed. Src. 5. This act shall take effect from its passage. Approved November 26, 1872. From these acts it is evident that the State had no intention of favoring to any extent work other than that of caring for and build- ing up the State cabinet. Apparently the effort, so far as survey was concerned, was nearly as barren of results as was the previous one. Cutting, however, did publish brief reports, in pamphlet form in 1872, 1874, 1876, and 1878 as curator, and which included more biological than geological material. THIRD SURVEY UNDER G. W. PERRY AND GEORGE H. PERKINS, 1856-1900. In 1886 the matter of a survey came once more before the assembly with the following result: Tt is hereby enacted, etc. Secrion 1. Section 164 of the Revised Laws is hereby amended so as to read as follows: Secrion 164. The governor shall biennially appoint, with the advice and consent of the senate, a State geolegist, who shall be curator of the State cab- inet, and shall hold office until his successor is appointed. The person -ap- pointed shall have a competent knowledge of scientific and practical geology and mineralogy. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 109 PL. 35 WILLIAM BARTON ROGERS STATE GEOLOGIST OF VIRGINIA, 1835-42. : GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 307 Sec. 2. This act shall take effect from its passage. Approved November 18, 1886. Under this law the appointment of State geologist and curator of the State cabinet was conferred upon Rey. G. W. Perry, who held the office until obliged to resign, through ill health, in 1898. In 1896 the law was modified as below: ft is hereby enacted by the General Assembly of ihe State cf Vermont: Section 1. The State geologist shali during the next two years personally imspect the mines and quarries now in operation within the State, also deposits of minerals of economic value which have not been opened or developed. Src, 2. He shall incorporate in his next biennial report the results of such inspection, showing as far as possible the quality and quantity of ovr marble, granite, slate, soapstone, copper, and other mineral products; the extent of our mines and quarries, and the wethods of working the same. He shall also make as full a statement as possible of the undeveloped minera! deposits of promising value, incidentally reporting unused water powers in the vicinity of said de- posits. Sec. 38. For the prosecution of this work there shall be appropriated the sum of $1,500 annually for the period of two years, Approved November 24, 1896, Under these enactinents Mr. Perry, as stated by Dr. George H. Perkins, collected a considerable amount of material for a report, which, however, he was unable to complete on account of long-con- tinued illness. He therefore resigned early in the summer of 1898 and was succeeded by the present active incumbent, Dr. George H. Perkins, above mentioned. Up to and including that of 1900 two reports had been issued by Doctor Perkins—one on the marble, slate, and granite of the State (1898) and the second on its mineral resources (1900). As noted in the act, the present survey receives an appropriation of $1,500 annually. VIRGINIA. The first direct move in favor of a geological survey of the Vir- ginias would seem to have been the result of a letter written by Peter A. Brown, of Philadelphia, the corresponding secretary of the Geological Society of Pennsylvania, to His Excellency, John Floyd, governor of Virginia. This letter, dated September 30, 1833, en- larged on the supposed importance of the mineral resources of the State and the great scientific discoveries which might be made through a systematic investigation under State auspices. The let- ter was transmitted by Governor Floyd to the legislature, together with his message of 1833-34, and the following recommendation: Whilst engaged in the improvement of the State by constructing roads for the safe and speedy transportation of the products of agriculture, we ought not to be unmindful of the great wealth which lies buried in the earth, which only 008 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. requires the examination of men of science to bring before the country and make known its value and usefulness to capitalists, who would be induced to engage in fitting it for commerce, thereby creating new sources of wealth. It is well known that Virginia affords, perhaps, the most extensive mines of iron of any other country of the same extent, and fine specimens also of gold, lead, copper, plaster of paris, gypsum, and inexhaustible mines of bituminous coal, besides many valuable earths which constitute the finest manures, as will more fully appear from the inspection of a communication herewith placed before you, having been received from a gentleman of much scientific knowledge and reputation. No action appears to have been taken during this session, but dur- ing that of 1834-35 memorials were received from Morgan, Freder- ick, and Shenandoah Counties praying for such a survey. These were referred to a select committee, which made an exhaustive re- port* and presented the bill, a transcript of which is given below: A bill to authorize a geological reconnoissance of the State, with a view to the chemical composition of its soils, minerals, and mineral waters. Be it enacted by the general assembly, That, as soon after the passage of this act as it may be convenient, it shall be the duty of the board of public works to appoint a suitable person to make a geological reconnoissance of the State, with a view to the general geological features of our territory and to the chemical composition of its soils, minerals, and mineral waters, and to report to the next general assembly a plan for the prosecution of a geological survey of the State, together with such facts as may have come to his knowledge during the progress of said reconnoissance, illustrative of any advantages likely to acerue from a more complete examination. Be it further enacted, That the said board of public works shall have author- ity, provided they should deem it expedient, to employ a topographical engineer to aid the geologist to be employed in the reconnoissanece aforesaid. Be it further enacted, That the said board of public works shall have -author- ity to allow to the geologist and topographical engineer who may be employed under the provisions of this act such compensation as they may deem reasonable for each to be paid out of any unexpended moneys in the treasury: Provided, That such compensation shall not exceed in the aggregate the sum of $3,000. This act shall commence and be in force from the passing thereof. This bill, after some discussion and incidental modification, was made a law March 6, 1835. The following is the text of the bill as it finally passed: 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly, That as soon after the passage of this act as may be convenient it shall be the duty of the board of public works to appoint a suitable person to make a geological reconnoissance of the State, with a view to the general geological features of our territory, and to the chemical composition of its soils, minerals, and mineral waters, and to report to the next general assembly a plan for the prosecution of a geological survey of the State, together with such facts as may have come to his knowledge during the progress of said reconnoissance, illustrative of any advantages likely te accrue from a more complete examination. Given in detail in The Virginias of November, 1882, p. 167. w GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 509 2. Be it furiher enacted, That the said board of public works shall have authority to allow to the geologist who may be employed under the provisions of this act such compensation as they may deem reasonable, to be paid out of any unexpended moneys in the treasury: Provided, That such compensation shall not exceed the sum of $1,500. 8. This act shall commence and be in force from the passing thereof, Under this bill Prof. William B. Rogers, then teaching in William and Mary College, was employed to make the reconnoissance pre- vided for, and submitted his report to the house of delegates in Janu- ary, 1886. This was favorably received and led to the passage of the following law providing for a systematic geological survey: An act to provide for a geological survey of the State, and for other purposes, passed February 29, 1836. 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly, That the president and directors of the board of public works be, and they are hereby, required, as speedily as may be, to cause a complete and detailed geographical survey of the entire ter- ritory of this State to be made and executed, and a careful and accurate chemi- ¢al examination and analysis of the various soils which may be found in dif- ferent parts thereof, as also of the principal ores, marls, saline and mineral waters within said territory. 2. Be it further enacted, That for the purpose of making such survey and analysis it shall be lawful for the said president and directors to employ a competent and skillful geologist, and an assistant geologist, if need be; and may also engage the services of or employ a topographical surveyor, whose duty it shall be to make such observations and admeasurements as may be found neces- sary in the preparation and construction of the geological map of the State hereinafter provided for, and to perform such other labors connected with the general purposes hereby intended as the geologist may from time to time pre- scribe and direct. In addition to the duties before mentioned to be performed, the geologist who may be employed by virtue of this act shall also ascertain by accurate barometrical observations the height of the principal mountains in the State; and in the progress of the surveys and examinations hereby directed, shall collect and preserve all such specimens of rocks, fossils, ores, mineral compounds and organic remains, as shall tend to exemplify the general geo- logical structure of the State, or be in any wise useful or interesting. The specimens, so far as practicable, shall be collected in sufficient number to authorize a distribution of a suite thereof to the principal institutions of learn- ing in the State, if it shall hereafter be found expedient to make such dis- | *‘ tribution. 8. Be it further enacted, That said geologist shall annually, and before the 10th day of January in each year, make report to the president and directors of the board of public works of his progress in the work hereby authorized and required, accompanying said reports with such profiles and maps, together with a glossary of scientific or technical terms, as may be useful in illustrating the same; which reports, profiles, and maps it shall be the duty of the said presi- dent and directors to lay immediately before the general assembly. 4. Be it further enacted, That for the purpose of defraying the expenses which may be incurred under this act a sum not exceeding $5,000 per annum be, and the same is hereby, appropriated, to be apportioned among the several persons 510 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. hereby authorized to be employed, in such manner and in such amount 2s to the president and directors of the board of public works shall seem best, to be paid upon their certificate out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, upon the warrant of the auditor of public accounts: Provided, Phat the amount to be paid to the geologist and the assistant geologist shall not exeeed the sum of $3,000 per annum, to be apportioned and divided between them in manner above directed, and the sum to be paid to the topographical surveyor shall not exceed $1,000. 5. Be it further enacted, That when the entire work hereby contemplated and provided for shall have been fully completed. it shall be the duty of the geolo- gist in charge thereof to make a general and final report thereon, embracing in such report, in detail, the result of all surveys, examinations, and discoveries which skall have been made, geological, chemical, and topographical, and all other matters connected therewith, which may be considered by him as likely to be in any manner useful to the public or interesting to science. He shall also construct and prepare for engraving a complete geological map of the State, showing not only the general geological structure thereof, but plainly and aceu- rately delineating the stratification of its principal rocks, and the position and boundary of all the mineral deposits which may now be known or be ascer- tained by the investigations which shall have been made, accompanying said ° map with such a series of sections or profiles as may be necessary to a proper exhibition of the geology of the region to which they may relate. The final report, together with the map and the accompanying sections and profiles, the president and directors of the board of public works shall communicate to the general assembly as soon as may be, to be printed, engraved, published and disposed of in such manner as to the said general assembly shall seem proper. 6. Be ii further enacted, That the mineral materials and other specimens which may be collected during the operations of the geologist and others who may be engaged with him, shall be carefully preserved in some convenient apart- ment of the library room, until otherwise provided for. A complete catalogue of such specimens and materials shall be made out, and preserved in the same apartment, showing the name, locality, and general properties and value of esch, as ascertained by the analysis to which it may have been subjected, and referring to the corresponding number which shall be affixed to the specimen itself. 7. This act shall be in force from and after its passage thereof. This act was in 1841 repealed, though subsequent appropriations were made for completing the work already in hand, as below: And be it further enacted, That the act entitled “An act to authorize a geo- logical reconnoissance of the State, with a view to the chemical composition - of its soil and mineral waters,” and ail acts and parts of acts amendatory thereof, shall be and the same are hereby repealed, from and after the 1st day of January next. Yo the geological survey, to defray charges and expenses incurred, although the acts authorizing the survey have been repealed, from and after the 1st day of January, 1842, $4,000. To the geological survey to defray charges and expenses incurred, although the acts authorizing the survey have been repealed from and after the ist day of January, 1842, being the balance of the appropriation for last year, to com- plete the geological survey, and not drawn on the 1st of October last, and there- fore chargeable on the current year, $1,083.33. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 511 It will be noted from the wording of the law that, although Pro- fessor Rogers was, at the time of the authorization of the recon- noissance of the survey, connected with William and Mary College in the capacity of professor of chemistry and natural philosophy and later as professor of natural philosophy in the University of Viriginia at Charlottesville, it was entirely independent of either institution and was placed directly under the board of public works and to be sustained by annual appropriations. Administration—it would naturally follow from the preceding that Professor Rogers should be appointed State geologist under the act of 1836, and the appointment was promptly conferred upon him by the board of public works. Considerable difficulty, seems to have been experienced in the securing of proper assistants, as there was naturally a great lack of trained observers at that date. In 1886 Robert Empie Rogers, a brother of Professor Rogers, was appointed; and in 1837 a second brother, James B. Rogers, who was at the time professor of chemistry in the Cincinnati Medical College. In the report for this year mention is made also of Charles B. Hay- den, an assistant in charge of work in the northern division, and Prof. W. i. A. Aikin, in the southern division. In 18388 J. Slade and George W. Boyd were employed in addition, Mr. Slade as an as- sistant to J. B. Rogers, and Mr. Boyd to Professor Aikin. In 1839 the corps was the same, with the exception of C. Briggs, appointed to the position made vacant by the resignation of W. E. A. Aikin, but in 1840 James B. Rogers and Charles B, Hayden resigned, their places being filled by the appointment of Samuel Lewis and Dr. Thomas Ridgway. Doctor Boyd died before the close of the season, and Mr. Lewis resigning, two vacancies were created in the corps, one of which was filled by the reappointment of James B. Rogers. M. Wells assisted Messrs. Briggs and Ridgway during a part of the season of 1841. HLepenses—Concerning the salaries paid no information is avail- able other than that given in the law, in which it is expressly pro- vided that the amount paid to the geologist and assistant geologist shall not exceed the sum of $3,000 a year, and that the sum to be p2id to the topographical surveyor shall not exceed $1,000. The entire expense of the survey, so far as can be determined from the published reports, was some $40,000. It is apparent from Rogers’s statement * that $36,000 had been expended up to January, 1841, and a subsequent act of the legislature made an additional appropriation of $4,000. 1Life and Letters of W. B. Rogers, p. 179. 136075—20-——_34 512 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Museum.—Paragraph 6 of the law of 1835 provided for the col- lection and preservation of specimens and materials to be preserved © in some apartment of the hbrary room until otherwise provided for. Publications——Antagonism to the survey manifested itself as early as 1839, and in 1841 the law creating it was repealed, though the unexpended balance of the appropriation was permitted to be utilized in the finishing of reports. Six annual reports, beginning with 1836 and ending with 1841, were issued. No final report had been prepared, nor was provision made for the same, although Pro- fessor Rogers and the friends of the survey made earnest efforts in this direction. Even as late as 1854 it appears from the published correspondence that Professor Rogers was in Richmond and ap- peared before the legislature urging an appropriation of $2,400 for the completion of the work, and although the bill passed the senate, it failed in the house. A compilation of the original reports, com- prising an octavo volume of upwards of 800 pages. with colored sections and a geological map, was in 1884 issued by D. Appleton and Company, of New York City, under the editorship of Jed. Hotchkiss, a mining engineer of Staunton, Virginia. WISCONSIN. FIRST SURVEY UNDER EDWARD DANIELS AND J. ©. PERCIVAL, 1853-1856. The mineral resources of Wisconsin had been in part investigated by the survey of David Dale Owen in 1839-40, under direction of the General Land Office. The first survey under State auspices was inaugurated in accordance with the following enactment: The people of the State of Wisconsin, represented in senate and general as- sembly, do enact as follows: SEcTion 1. The governor of this State is hereby authorized, as soon as may be after this act shall take effect, to appoint a State geologist, who shall be a person of competent scientific and practical knowledge of the science of geology and mineralogy: and the said State geologist shall, by and with the consent of the governor, appoint one suitable person to assist him in the discharge of his duties, who shall be a skillful analytical and experimental chemist. Src. 2. It shall be the duty of the said State geologist and his assistant, as soon as may be practical after their appointment, to commence and carry on with such expedition and dispatch as may be consistent with minuteness and aceu- racy, 2 thorough geological and mineralogical survey of this State, with a view to determine the order, succession, arrangement, relative position, dip of in- elination, and comparative magnitude of the several strata or geological ferma- tions within this State, and to discover and examine all beds or deposits of ore, coal, clay, and such mineral and earthy substances as may be useful or yalu- able, and to perform such other duties as may be necessary to make a full and complete geological and mineralogical survey of the State: Provided, That it shall be the duty of said State geologist to complete his survey of that portion of the State known as the “lead mines” before commencing the survey of the remainder of the State. BULLETIN 109 PL. 36 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM bS-€S8| ‘STSINVG du¥vMdy “NISNOOSIM 43O SLSIDSOIOAD ALVLS GL-€181 ° WVHdV] N311V SSV3AYON | > - ad =i .GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 513 Src. 38. It shall be the duty of the said assistant to make full and complete examinations, assays, and analyses of all such rocks, ores, soils, or other sub- stances as may be submitted to him by the State geologist for that purpose, and to furnish him with a detailed and complete account of the results so obtained. Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the State geologist, on or before the first Monday of January in each and every year, during the time necessarily occu- pied by said survey, to make an annual report of said survey and the progress thereof, accompanied with such maps, drawings, and specimens as may be neces- sary and proper to exemplify and elucidate the same to the governor of this State, who shall lay a copy of such report before the legislature. Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the said State geologist to cause to be repre- sented on the map of the State, by colors and other appropriate meaus, the various areas occupied by the different geological formations in the State, and tv mark thereon the localities of the respective beds or deposits of the various mineral substances discovered, and on the completion of the survey to compile a memoir of the geology and mineralogy of the State, comprising a complete account of the leading subjects and discoveries which have been embraced in the survey. Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the said State geologist to forward to the gov- ernor of this State, from time to time during the progress of said survey, such specimens of the rocks, ores, coals, soils, fossils, and other mineral substances discovered and examined, properly labeled, as may be proper and necessary to form a complete cabinet collection of specimen gof geology and mineralogy of the State; and the said governor shall cause the same to be deposited in the eabinet of the university, there to be preserved for public inspection. Sec. 7. For the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this act the sum of $2,500 is hereby annually appropriated, to be drawn quarterly, for the term of four years, to be expended under the direction of the governor. The salaries of the said State geologist and his assistant shall not, however, com- mence until they have respectively entered upon the execution of their duties; and upon the completion of said survey, and all the duties connected therewith, the same shall wholly cease and determine. Src. 8. This act shail be printed immediately after the passage thereof, and when so printed shall be in full force. Approved March 25, 1853. Administration —Under this law the appointment of State geolo- gist was first given to Edward Daniels, who, however, held the of- fice for but a single year, being superseded in 1854 by Dr. J. C. Per- eival. Mr. Daniels, in accordance with the expressed provision of the law, devoted his attentions first to the lead regions in the south- western part of the State. He was assisted by H. A. Tenney and Y. A. Lapham (volunteer paleontologist). The chemical work of the survey was performed by Dr. A. A. Hayes, then State assayer of Massachusetts. A single report, bearing date of 1854, in the form of an octavo pamphlet of but 80 pages, all told, comprises the re- sults of this work. As noted, Daniels was succeeded by Percival, | who likewise confined himself largely to economic problems. During the first year he visited “all the considerable diggings from the ‘south line of the State to a line drawn from east to west, north of f 514 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cassville, Beetown, Potcsi, Platteville, Mineral Point, Yellowstone, and Exeter, and from the Mississippi to the east part of Green County.” His report for this year was in the form of an octavo pamphlet of 101 pages, with an outline map showing the location of the prin- cipal ore “ diggings.” In the season of 1855 he first visited the iron mines at Iron Ridge, Dodge County, Hartford, Washington County, and at Marston on the Little Baraboo, Sauk County, after which he recommenced the examination of the lead districts, completing the work June 30. The remainder of the season, till December 8, was employed in a reconnoissance of the State for the purpose of form- ing a general idea of the stratigraphy. While engaged in preparing his second report, recording the opera- tions of the year, he was taken ill and died on May 2, 1856. The report as issued was in the form of a small octavo of 111 pages. Expense.—The total appropriation for the survey, as indicated in the act, amounted to but $7,500. SECOND SURVEY UNDER JAMES HALL, 1857-1860. The geological survey geving been left unfinished by the death of Percival, a new act was passed in March, 1857, of which the fol- lowing is a transcript: An act to provide for a geological and agricultural survey of the State. The people of the State of Wisconsin, represented in senate and general @s- sembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. James Hall, of Albany, New York, and Ezra S. Carr and Edward Daniels, of Wisconsin, are hereby designated and appointed commissioners to make a geological, mineralogical, and agricultural survey of this State, em- bracing a scientific and descriptive survey of the rocks, fossils, and minerals of the State; full and complete assays of the ores and minerals, also of the soils and subsoils, with the classification and description of the same and their adaptation to particular crops, and the best methods of preserving and increas- ing their fertility. They shall also make a full collection of the rocks, ores, and minerals, and whatever illustrates the economic geology of the State, and de- posit the same in the rooms of the State university or such other place as may be provided for the same, constituting a museum of practical and scientific geology. Said commissioners shall also make full collections of soils, native fertilizers, cultivated and other useful plants, constituting a museum of prac- tical and scientific geology, and deposit the same as aforesaid. Sec. 2. Said commissioners shall arrange and distribute the functions of such survey by mutual agreement, and employ such assistants as may be deemed by a majority of them necessary to carry on the work. Sec. 3. The governor of this State shall make a written contract with each of the commissioners aforesaid, expressly stipulating and setting forth the niture and extent of the service to be rendered by each and the compensation therefor, including the expenses of the department of the survey under charge of each commissioner. Such contract sball expressly provide that the com- { 4 1 : ] 1 ; ; GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. DED pensation to each commissioner shall be at a certain rate per annum, to be agreed upon, and not exceeding the rate of $2,000 per annum; and that pay- ment will be made only for such part of each year as such commissioner may actually be engaged in the discharge of his duty as commissioner. Sec. 4. Should the board of regents of the State university neglect to make suitable provision for the accommodation of the collections, it shall be the duty of the commissioners, with the advice and consent of the governor, to provide suitable rooms elsewhere in the city of Madison. Sec. 5. In case of a vacancy or vacancies occurring in the commission by this act provided, the governor shall appoint some suitable person or persons to fill the same; and he may remove any member for incompetency or neglect of duty, after giving such member due notice of the charge against him, and a full opportunity to be confronted with his accuser and to make his defense. Src. 6. To carry out the provisions of this act the sum of $6,000 per annum for the term of six years is hereby appropriated, to be drawn from the treasury quarterly on warrant of the governor, and paid to the persons entitled to re- ceive the same; which sum shall be in full for salaries of commissioners, as- sistants, rent of room, and all other expenses incident to said survey, exclusive of printing the annual reports of said commissioners. Sec. 7. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved March 3, 1857. Administration.—It would appear from correspondence to which the author has had access that Mr. Carr was the prime instigator in the passage of this bill, though working in more or less collabora- tion with Charles Whittlesey and Edward Daniels. In a letter from Carr to Hall, in anticipation of the passage of the bill, under date of January 28, 1857, the directorship of the survey is offered the latter, who, in a reply dated February 3 following, said that he could not apply for the same so long as Daniels was a candidate, as he had already agreed to give him his support. Under date of March 26 Carr again wrote Hall: The governor and all others who are interested in the survey look to you as the responsible man in geology. The governor understands Daniels and said to me that you and myself, being a majority, could arrange matters. The effective force of the survey as finally organized under this act was James Hall, Ezra S. Carr, and Edward Daniels, as noted in the bill of its establishment. The salaries, though not absolutely fixed by law, were by it limited to a sum not exceeding $2,000 a year, and it was further expressly stipulated that payment should be made only for such part of each year as the commissioner should be ac- tually engaged in the discharge of his duties. The actual survey did not, according to O. W. Wight,’ begin until the year following (1858). It was first proposed by Hall that the three commissioners named contribute equally out of their allotment to defray the expenses of Charles Whittlesey in making a survey of the northern part of the State. The plan does not seem to have ~ +Annual Report of Geological Survey of Wisconsin, 1875, p. 69. 516 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. been fully carried out, apparently through a lack of collaboration on the part of Daniels, who was evidently an element of discord from the start, and who secured from the governor a special con- tract for himself regardless of the interests of Hall and Carr. Wight states, however, that Messrs. Hall and Carr, at their own expense, employed Col. Charles Whittlesey to explore the country between the Menomenee and Oconto Rivers as a preliminary to a more extended survey to the northward. In the spring of 1859 an engagement was entered into with J. D. Whitney, who had been employed as chemist on the Iowa survey, whereby he was to make a survey of the lead region—a work which, it may be incidentally noted, was carried out. The tripartite commissioner arrangement designated under the first law evidently did not work out satisfactorily, as is apparent from the following: EXECUTIVE OFFICH, Madison, February 17, 1858. Vo the Hon, the Senate: I have received from Mr. 8. Carr and Mr. James Hall, appointed by the law of 1857, with Mr. Edward Daniels, to make a geological survey of this State, a communication on the subject of that survey, and giving their reasons for not forming and organizing the commissicn contemplated by that law. In further answer to the resolution of the senate calling on me for information on that subject I deem it proper to transmit the same herewith for your consideration. ALEX. W. RANDALL. VG His Recetlency Hon. Alecander W. Randall, Governor of Wisconsin: The undersigned members of the commission appointed by the law, approved March 8, 1857, to make a geological and agricultural survey of the State, beg leave to present to your excellency the following statement as an explanation of the reasons why they have not been actively engaged in performing the duties required by the said act: After the passage of the bill authorizing a geological and agricultural survey of the State, Mr. Daniels assumed such a position toward it that Mr. Hall and myself believed we could not honorably or usefully be connected with it, unless the contracts clearly and definitely fixed the nature and extent of the service to be rendered by each, in accordance with the third section of the act. We wished that the work of the survey, which each one was to perform, and the amount of the appropriation which each one might use in accordance with the provisions of the act to accomplish the same, should be determined by the con- tracts. We insisted that each one should be limited to an equitable proportion of the appropriation ($2,000 per year), and that if more than this was ex- pended in any department it should be a matter of mutual agreement. This was the difference between Mr. Daniels and the other members of the com- mission, he insisting that the survey was chiefly instituted for his benefit, and that the control and management of the same rightfully belonged to him. He was unwilling to be limited in his contract in the use of the appropriation. Mr. Hall came to Madison on the 1st of May, at the suggestion of the gov- ernor and other members of the commission to make the arrangements and contracts necessary to carry them out, Mr. Daniels having written from Kansas tila a GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 617 that he would be present on that date. Mr. D. did not appear, and the confer- ence between the governor, Mr. Hall, and myself resulted in agreeing upon the above as a basis of the contract. The division of the work of the survey was also agreed upon, and was essentially the same as was afterwards embodied in the contracts drawn June 19. ‘Ehis division of labor was based upon én equitable division of the funds, that each one should have the means of working out, in accordance with the provisions of the act, that portion of the survey which he was made responsible for. No contracts were entered into at the time, as it was desired that Mr. Danie!s should first be consulted. Mr. Daniels, on his return, objected to the above basis, for the reasons already stated, and steadily refused his assent wntil the 19th day of June, when ke came to me and professed his cordial assent, desiring me to go with him to the governor’s office and have the contracts executed. The governor expressed his satisfaction at the result, and called in Mr. J. C. Hopkins to draw up the eontracts, to whom we stated the division of labor and the limitation in the use of the funds agreed upon. Attention was particularly directed to this latter point, as it was understood that this was the point of difference which had prevented the commission from being organized at an earlier date. When I ealled at the office of Mr. Hopkins the next morning I found the contracts were drawn up without the limitations, and what was still more surprising, Mr. Daniels, without consulting any other member of the commission, had caused his own to be executed and taken it away with him. The governor had signed them on the previous evening and left town. T at once protested to Mr, Dan- jels against the whole preceeding as contrary to the express agreement of the commission to which he had just assented. As he persisted in retaining his contract, neither Mr. Hall or myself have had anything further to do with the matter, believing the proceedings to have been illegal. It is true that the division of Inbor as specified in the contract drawn by Myr. Hopkins is essentially the same as agreed upon (see Senate journal of January 29), but it is equally true that this division was based upon a condi- tion wholly ignored in the contracts. The contracts as drawn, and under which Mr. Daniels has since the 19th of June drawn about $2,000 from the State treasury, I believe to be not in accordance with the provisions of the act, because— ist. They do not accord with the second section, which requires that the functions of the survey shall be distributed by mutual agreement, and that such assistants shall be employed as a majority of the commission shall deem neces- sary. 2d. Mr. Daniels’s contract allows him, in addition to his salary, which is fixed by law, at the rate of $2,000 per annum, for the time spent in the service of the State, all expenses incurred by him in the prosecution of the same, in- eluding expenses of assistant. (See contract in Senate journal of January 29.) It is easy to see that under the head of expenses in Mr. Daniels’s contract he might, so far as uny limit is concerned, use up the greater part of or even the entire appropriation. This contract is in violation of the second section of the act, which requires that the assistants employed shall be such as a majority of the comniission shall decide upon; and of the third section, which requires that the contract shall determine, not only the nature but the extent of the compensation, and the expenses of the department of the survey under the charge of each commissioner. There are no limitations in Mr. Daniels’s con- trict of the amount of the appropriation which he may use as a part of his “necessary expenses,” while the act expressly stipulates that the contracts shall set forth the extent of the expenses made by each commissioner. 518 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. It is but justice to the majority of the commission to say that they have been ready ever since the passage of the act to organize the commission and take contracts in accordance with its plainly expressed provisions, and that they have declined to take the contracts as drawn, because they believed them not in accordance with the provisions of the act, and also for the reason that if Mr. Daniels, or any other member of the commission, was thus allowed an unlim- ited use of the funds, they could not with any security enter upon any plan of operations creditable to themselves or the State. Respectfully, yours, EH. S. Carr. The foregoing statement, signed by Professor Carr, I certify to be correct s0 far aS my own action and views are concerned and the events of which I have any personal knowledge. The agreement of a majority of the commis- sion with the governor as to the basis of the contracts to be drawn, as set forth in the preceding statement, has been entirely disregarded, and I have always maintained that the course pursued in the execution of the same is not in accordance with the intent of the law, and is therefore illegal. T am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, JAMES HALL. Mavpison. February 16, 1858. Referred to committee on State affairs. In addition to the above, Daniels, it would appear, made an at- tempt, which, however, failed, at getting through the legislature a bill making himself chief geologist. Carr states further, in a letter dated May 19 of this year, that a bill was introduced and passed in the house repealing the law establishing the survey. This was, how- ever, killed in the senate, and with the understanding that Hall should go on with the work. On May 30 Carr wrote Hall that new contracts had been drawn up, allotting to each of the three commis- sioners the sum of $2,000 a year to be utilized “in accordance with the previous provisions of this act.” Whittlesey during at least a part of 1859 was working under a private contract, his expenses ($1,500) being met by moneys ad- vanced by Hall and Carr. Nevertheless, whether from philanthropic or other motives, he wrote to Hall proposing that the latter resign in his (Whittlesey’s) favor. Hall naturally declined, stating (under date of March 29, 1859) : I should have little objection to resigning, but if I do so it must be entirely and absolutely and without any further connection with the survey whatever. The affair is an awkward one and I regret that I ever became connected with it in any way, but as it is, I shall try a little longer for a better state of things. And again, under date of April 8: I intend to see emetic ncinte done before I leave the work. There was apparently no way out of the disagreeable and wholly unsatisfactory tangle, but by an entirely new deal and by the act GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 519 given in full below, approved April 2, 1860, Hall was made principal of the commission : An act to perfect the geological survey of the State. Tie people of the State of Wisconsin, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: ; Section 1. James Hall, of Albany, New York, is hereby constituted and ap- pointed principal of the geological commission established by chapter 40 of the General Laws of 1857, and is hereby vested with such general control and super- vision of the geological survey of the State as is not already expressly reserved to the several commissioners designated in said chapter. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the said James Hall to make a written contract with J. D. Whitney, which contract shall be approved by the governor, pro- yiding for the completion within the present year of his survey and maps of the jead mines of the southwestern portion of the State; which maps shall in- elude the whole of such district and shall be constructed upon a uniform scale. A contract shall also be made in the same manner with Charles Whittlesey for the continuance of his survey of the mineral regions of Lake Superior. Sec. 3. For the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of the preceding section the governor is hereby authorized, upon the presentation of the proper youchers, to draw from the treasury such portion of the sum appropriated by said chapter 40 of the General Laws of 1857, as was not drawn previous to the signing of the contracts with the commissioners on the 29th day of May, A. D. 1858; and all that part of said appropriation hereby authorized to be drawn by the governor, which shall not be required to carry into effect the provisions of the contracts as provided in the preceding section, shall be appropriated for the engraving of maps and drawings to illustrate the surveys therein pro- vided for. Sec. 4. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage and publication. Approved April 2, 1860. After the passage of this act Carr wrote to Hall, informing him of the condition of affairs and stating that the sum of $4,500 re- mained unexpended from earlier appropriations. Although not so stipulated in the act, the same was passed with the understanding that not less than $1,500 of this sum should be used in the exploration of the northern part of the State, and that the expense of engraving the map should also be paid from it. In accordance with section 2 of the law, Hall entered into con- tracts with Whitney and Whittlesey, as below: Memorandum of an agreement made and entered into this Ist day of May, in the year 1860, in accordance with section 2 of chapter 534 of the Laws of Wisconsin, approved April 2, 1860, between James Hall, of the first part, in behalf of the people of Wisconsin and subject to the approval of the governor of said State, and Josiah D. Whitney, jr., of the second part, as follows: To provide for the completion within the present year of his survey and maps of the lead mines of the southwestern portions of the State, which maps shall inelude the whole of such district and shall be constructed upon a uniform scale, 520 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The party of the second part agrees to make all the necessary surveys and perform all the field work in the lead region in the southwest part of Wis- consin and the adjacent country required for the completion of a geological map of said region, which shall embrace what is known as the lead region of Wisconsin, Towa, and Illinois, showing the position and relation of the lead crevices, the geological structure of the country, and all the information needful to accompany such a map; and that the map now partially completed shall he finished and ready for the engraver by the 1st of August of this year. The said party of the second part also agrees to make the necessary surveys for the completion and also to complete a map of the region between Dubuque, Galena, and Shullsburg, on a larger scale than the one above specified, to be culled a crevice map, showing the direction, length, etc., of all the lead crevices known in that portion of the lead region embraced in the map, and that the map shall be completed and ready for the engraver on or before the Ist day of November, 1S60. The said party of the second part likewise agrees to prepare a report upon the entire lead region, to accompany the maps aforesaid, which report shall contain a full description of the country embraced within the limits of the maps, so far as its geological structure is concerned, and all that related to its mining or mineral interests, with such sketches, diagrams, and other illustra- ticns as he may deem proper for the same, the original drawings and diagrams for which shall be furnished by himself ready for the engraver. The said revort and maps shall constitute a part of the report upon the geological survey of Wisconsin, to be printed in the same form and in the manner which shall be designated by the governor. This report the party of the second part agrees to have completed and ready for the printer on or before the 31st day of December, 1860, and he agrees either himself to superintend the printing of the same, so far as reading and correcting proofs, etc., or to provide a competent person to do it. z In consideration of the services and labor above specified, the party of the first part agrees to pay to the party of the second part the following sum, as specified—niamely, $500 on the signing of this contract or on its approval by the governor; $1,000 on the ist day of June, 1860; $1,000 on the completion of the maps and report, and their delivery to the party of the first part. These several sums shall be accepted in full for all services performed and labor per- formed or to be performed under the direction of the party of the first part in connection with the report and maps specified. These several sums specified shall be paid by a certificate of the party of the first part to the governor, setting forth that the conditions of the contract have been fulfilled and asking his warrant upon the treasurer of the State for the payment of the same. The provisions and requirements of section 2 of chapter 832 of the General Laws of 1860, approved April 2, 1860, and made a part of this contract. Memorandum of an agreement made and entered into this 12th day of June, in the year 1860, in accordance with section 2 of chapter 534 of the Laws of the State of Wis- consin, approved April 2, 1860, between James Hall, of the first part, in bebalf of the people of the State, and Charles Whittlesey, of the second part, as follows: The party of the second part agrees to proceed to the south shore of Lake Superior in the State of Wisconsin, and to make, for the continuance of his survey of the mineral regions of Lake Superior, a careful geological survey of the country lying between the Montreal River on the east and the easterly branches of Bad River on the west, or so much thereof as he is able to perform 1 | : ee a a aa it ce GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 521 during the present season, and to lay down upon a map the limits of the rock formations and designate the same by colors; to make a report upon the same which shall embrace as full and detailed account of his rocks and minerals and a description of the geological structure of the country, as he shall be able to do from the observations made. The said party of the second part agrees to deliver the said map and report completed to the said party of the first part on or before the first day of Jan- uary, 1861.7 The said party of the second part likewise agrees to make all the necessary eollections of rocks, minerals, and ores to illustrate the geology and mineralogy of said district of country. Yor the services herein specified the said party of the first part agrees to pay to the party of the second part, with the approval of the governor and to be drawn from the sum appropriated by the law cited, the sum of $1,500, $500 of which is to be paid on the signing and delivery of this contract, $500 on the 1st of November next, and the remaining $500 on the delivery of the map and re- port aforesaid, the same being in full for all services and expenses of the party of the second part. Furthermore, the provisions and requirements of the second section of chapter 334, of the General Laws ef A. D. 1860, approved April 2, 1860, are made a part of this contract. Matters still did not work smoothly, though Whitney completed his survey and report on the Jead region. The outcome of the ar- rangement with Whittlesey was less satisfactory. He complained of unfair treatment and that money appropriated for his work was diverted. His connection with the Quartermaster’s Division of the Army in 1861 would appear to have interfered with his duties as geologist, but not to have dampened his ambition; and his final re- port, as received by the governor, seems to have been quite unsatis- factory. In 1861 the legislature passed an act providing for the publica- tion of 1,000 copies of the reports (Hall’s and Whitney’s), but in- cluded an item repealing the act of establishment; also a joint reso- lution requesting the commissioners to surrender their contracts. The repealing act the governor refused to sign. A copy of a new agreement made ynder this act, as found among Mr. Hall’s papers, is given below: This agreement made this 7th day of June, A. D. 1861, between James Hall, geologist, resident of the State of New York, party of the first part, and Alexander W. Randall, governor of the State of Wisconsin, on behalf of said State, party of the second part, witnesseth, that said party of the first part, for and in consideration of the several conditions, agreements, and obliga- tions, herein bélow mentioned, agreed on and ineurred by said party of the second part, and between both parties, agrees to deliver to said party of the second part, in the city of Madison, capital of Wisconsin, on or before the Ist day of January, next, 1,000 copies of Hall’s first volume of the geological 1“ Provided that the analyses required for the work shall be completed in time to be incorporated in the report.” This clause is inserted before the execution of the contract. 522 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. report of the State of Wisconsin, confined mainly to the lead regions, and to contain not less than 450 pages: and said volume shall embrace a chapter on the general geology of the State and its relations to the geology of the sur- rounding States, with the details of the geology, mineralogy, and mining thereof, and shall be the same size (but it shall have the number of pages above stated) and in all respects as to type, paper, and binding equal to the Towa geological report, with all necessary maps and illustrations. And said party of the second part agrees that when said copies as aforesaid are delivered as aforesaid, and duly accepted by him on behalf of the State, he will pay at the rate of $3 per volume for said repert by delivering to said party of the first part, his, said governor’s warrant, on the State treasurer for the sum of $3,000, which shall be payment in ful! for all of said 1,000 reports soe delivered and accepted. It is hereby mutually and further agreed by and between said parties that in case said reports do not in al! respects expressly meet the requirements of this contract and the law hereinafter mentioned, the said party of the second part, or the State, shall be under no obligations te accept said report, nor shall any liabiltiy or account thereof exist against the State. And, lastly, that chapter 263 of the General Laws of Wisconsin for the year 1861, entitled “An act to authorize the purchase of 1,000 copies of the first volume of the geological reports of this State” is herein referred to and made a part of this agreement, in imposing conditions and consequences on the party of the first part, except where said law is inconsistent herewith. Misunderstandings continued to arise, the details of which it is impossible to now ascertain and the causes of which can only be surmised. The following letter gives Professor Hall’s version of the matter: ALBANY, October 5, 1861. Drak Sir: I have just now been apprised by Mr. Watson that you decline to pay any money on account of the geological survey. I am surprised and quite unprepared for such a Gecision. Last spring I heard something of a de- termination to suspend the work, but after making inquiries I learned that there had been no action and I went on as usual; and am under engagements to pay money for the field work, more than $300 being due to Mr. Hale from the Sep- tember quarter’s salary, and [ must pay him nearly as much more by the 1st of January.’ After the passage of the iaw relating to publication I went on preparing the materials, and, as you are aware, have signed a contract ta deliver a completed volume of not Jess than 450 pages with maps, ete. My engagements for this work are all made and the printing is going on. The maps and sections are to he delivered to me on the 9th of December, and I Intend to have the volumes delivered in Madison on or before the Ist of January, 1862. I feel that the completion of this volume is of the utmost importance for the credit of the survey, for those who have authorized it and those who have executed it, and I feel quire sure that its publication will quiet much of the complaint against the survey, and wil! at last show that some good work has ‘been done. There has been much labor to prepare this report for the press, and I have also worked at the paleontology, and although there was no appropriation I have 10f this latter sum I have an agreement with Doctor Carr by which he will pay a portion from his salary. GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 523 had drawings and engravings made; and I send proofs of two plates that you may see the evidences. To pay for the work of the publication I need the small amount of money com- ing to me from these quarterly payments, and if I do not get it I shall be seriously embarrassed. Your decision places me in a very unpleasant posi- tion with the responsibilities which by your sanction I have assumed, and I beg that you will reconsider the matter and sustain me till January, when I ean present the printed report and the whole matter may be then referred to the legislature. I am quite sure that you will be far better satisfied to have the work now in progress completed and the report published, for we will then have something as a record. To complete this work at my own expense and without the sums due me from the State would ruin me entirely; and if your decision remains, I have to choose between this and to stop and share in a disgrace which will fall equally on all concerned for not accomplishing a work which had been authorized and agreed upon, and for the failure of which the public will never hold us excusable. The work has been carried on under your own Girection, and I have sought your advice and sanction in ail matters. Two years since I would have gladly resigned and by your advice alone I remained in my connection with the survey. GC. Swallow... 2... 2.2 sseceeccee cece cteeecceesceees Wee Wes Mathers. scccawsdwecciicccciiivise cewaaiswkie asics DD OWOD nts, diie-nmaasesteac sttcenescaccaccceeescemes Shaler andi Proctor ie «saan ceceic cieis< hes awa see C.D. Jackson. sccc.. sonlsacunas doa ctus ta sectecn esses CO Bie Bitcheocks fac vaccwsuctucccece dace ce tosses JtTe DUCStClS 6 c.cccnadceck sah nwcnSenees stare eases. 1. Was Ba Olapkeca tes seeeen nee eaten eee os 3 Includes printing, engraving, binding, and office expenses. ® Amount of appropriations. 4 Not including cost of publications. 6 Inciudes expenses of Survey, Historical Library, a 6 Not including cost of publications. 7 Amount of appropriation. Includes $10,000 for publications. * Includes cost of publications ($18,000.). 9 $5,000 in 1836; $3,000 in 1837; the amount given for 1838 is an estimate. Pye ENV PON =e eens as ons cia aie ais tie ans einiae ee hermione $ 96, 000. 60 5 308, 521.00 61,750.09 5, 000. 00 | 6 66, 000. 00 6 95, 505. 00 6 10; 600. 06 6 42, 000. 00 € 38, 000. 00 | 715,000.00 8 44° 000.00 8 50, 0 33 an AAW 33 Ses BS SSS8 SES & two noo o an AN WHAT oa 6 17, 909.00 |} 8 40,000.00 Tncludes publications and all expenses. and State Museum of Natural History. 038 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Tabular statement giving dates, names of chief geologisis, and expenses of all State surveys existing prior to 1900—Continued. y State. Geologist. Expense. Massachusetts: : MS80=1833 2 ee eee. seni ote Wd WevEitchcocksjantck Se S02 eee cep aes 1 2,030. 09 TRS —1 OAL Nemes ont werataclae eens Neies doses a. SSeS st SO eee en ea ee ee aeons 1 2,500. 08 Michigan: | MBS i— 1 SA cst e s lee atcie haiseitaicsleaciate Dz OMEN COUR. so a see ose tae saree ace tae ee ee | 47, 829. 03 TRSO=1 ETO Ae ae eine eben ANU CHOLLL ENOL eee raay ak eee ep Role ane 2 6,080. OF WB = 190 0 reer ales os cie elas eysientare ateiatnt Rominger, Br ‘OoEs, Fompally, Wright, Wadsworth, 167, 528, 42 ; Hubbard, and Len Minnesota: GGA soos i eeccc aca ee eis seme PIAS. ETANICHGLD ... 5 cee ns ota alate Selene ete ciarioee | 2, 000. 00 WQS ee esse secede H. H. Eames and N. D.C. Taylor 12,0 900. 00 1872-1888 hy En PVCANCDOl. oc deo ht ctcnse memes eaecrenseeoee 368, 551.09 Mississippi: 1850-1860..........-..-. | Millington, Wailes, Harper, and Hiigard..-..-....-- yeeae sak 7, 445. 99 Missouri. } JSS—=1S62 ee eee .eiosies wae see G CU Swallow :.cc Geena ts cect awece aeecee ee ecm > 95, 200. 00 TSTO-1S Mee ocr ns me ececiee = . D. Hager and Norwood). .-.-...2.2...: Sy eee } 5 2) 500. 08 PST 21S TA ee na cewine njaislecee aeieetea z Pumpelly and G. C. Broadhead...............--- | 572,000.06 £850—1900 Nee cseccinaee eeane= See|s WAISIOW, IOV. GS, ANG OUNOIS oo -ceaecmieacisisen eae ia 147, 025, 42 Wovada:) 1866-1877). ose l sss cs: | State mineralogistecct¢< set hots Asa eee 8 57, 942. 68 New Hampshire: | TREO TSA De ear sralyeivincictepeiseic nes CaS US CKSOUIs aa ciucase nasi meisee aceon Eee eee eet 79,051. 1 TSES=1878 ok ricer Ehestst sete CER Et Chcoeks spas Ses Narn -sice eee cere maetemermeicran 8 67, 618. 2 New Jersey: PRS SET RSV Es re a aroratarals/ofsie sissies nerslals BoD Rogers Fas ek cc pen wick hiosteee seisiemnstr tac | 1 §, 009. 00 S41 ONG aie eters terete ste enatetarale at We Katchelli sce 2 ee Se a eee Reems 1 36, 902. 69 1864-1900. ...--.. ER eR ae George H. Cook and J. ©. Smock.............-...--. | 9 244, 292. 24 New York: | 1836-1887......- rete rae eroteters Hall, Emmons, Vanuxem, Mather, and Hail........ 10 §70, 964. SL Nerth Carolina: PS DAS1RDS crete terete ere cio meer Olmsfed anadMitchell oye eee hee ee satel attests 1, 250. 00 G52 TOGA Ss eters recto ete hs WENIMOMS: dace sae ce ee ese iseralse elinintelotetstatetleteterer= 11 58, 611. 60 IS64 1882 oo See class ois oeiacistacls TaWin © SOT eer | clean taten ma memene le meeceie eee cee 12 80, 820. 03 Ohio: PBSOISANE a ete eet SWE Wie Mia thier 2.2 nn eee a tse. © ettctatottah tarot citrate 12 16, 700. 08 i GOS EEN aaa agoeeeenacsecaotad J7S.Newbery and: Orton. sett isles eleisiteee ees 18 333, 992. 97 PSS OT SOS oe tere tercteletnietast etarete aro Bd wardiOniones sce see ece esc eetdetcltel to eta eiarenrs 4, 000. Pennsylvania: IGRRAT RIO eee ce ec ceenese ela ELD SOS CLS miecicaniato ecient lpsiee siete eacine mele tate eiste 14 22,000. 00 I RTA— 1888 22 Sellen AAR eee ile Je DeMaesley sie = ween ee oar OS ee hea erie toptteestotate 15 643, 000, 60 Rhode Isiand: 1839-40...........-.. CoaE! Tackson ssi hs eS a eyo meee 2, 000. 00 South Carolina: 1 TR42=T846 (5 ele cieaesisteleminele catetas Si. eusflin'and Me Puomey 22.2 e-\<)-eelceelesisoieeieeie 11, 632. 78 POR -TSH See hee Hoe acieiesioe crete Oe MS Leber se3 ss sos ace se sae ote eneeeeeeeeee fic eh 12) 104 5 Tennessee: | PSS 1 8482 ererarctarsereatate ceteris ota GY Drooste te ee eae cen ee nate eee are 4, 500. 00 PSE 1S BO Baeteta te epetstciojstets aralststotetelere Je Saori ase ass asec aero aetcloteiatate leestalaroe teeters 10, 500. 08 TSTIET GOO SL cin Weietet alot ecietee Eee Goes EERE en EE eee a See ere 17 §, 000. 00 ‘Texas: | PSSST SHO retiree area ciclo Bs PaShumardiand oN Moore= sete eee 15, 073. 1S73 18 (5S eaten tee J. WW. Glenniand'S? Be Buckley pose seals een 19) 728. 00 TESS =1 SOAs hay eee acre etctereyate ats Dample seat sc. c each e ner aee et menace 11 178, 000. 08 Vermont: 1845-1847 CoB eN dams eee eee ee nee ae eerteleetetalsisteinters atari 6, 000. 08 1856-1860 Edw. Hitchcocky 25220 2ee. i ais 15 4,000. 00 1896-1900 : George H. Perkins aS 1 §, 000. 00 Viteiniay 1836-18412 sete.) see WRB Rogers.s son Ose key ae erat tote erent 1 40, 000. 00 Wisconsin: DSnd-l SoCs actaw cele re stays ....| Edw. Daniels and J. ©. Percival...........% steele tes L7, 500. 00 ISA T=VSOS ss bo coon oaeneniceepnencee J. (eal and wihttney-..- = --seseeocteeeeesines eee 1 36, 000. 06 AS71870 a= «mics cee we ceases Lapham, and Wight, and Chamberlin.............. 1 62, 000. 08 $5, 558, 006. 79 1 Not including cost of publications. 213 tess than amount appropriated by upwards of $60,000. 3 Expense of survey proper and general museum as given by Winchell, Bulletin No. 1, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv., Minnesota, 1889. 4 Inciudes cost of pub.ications. 6 Includes cost of pubiications ($40,820). 6 Estimates based ou appropriations. 7 Exclusive of pubiications. 8 Includes $33,959.17 for publication of final report. § Not ine! tuding cost of pub. ications ($216,569.73). 1 Appropriations for salaries, printing (in part), collecting, drawings, etc., np to 1888. UW Including engraving and printing. 2 Including engraving and printing in part. 18 As given by Newberry, see footnote, p. 424. 14 Including engraving and printing (316, 000). 16 Not including engraving and printing. ; 4 Including $3,194.50 for publications. Mi Estimated; $300 a year for a part of the time. Se APPENDIX 2. THE NORTHERN TRANSCONTINENTAL SURVEY.’ The Northern Transcontinental Survey was originated by Henry Villard when he accepted the control of the great system of rail- roads on which Oregon, Washington Territory, Montana, Dakota, and, to a great extent, Minnesota were dependent for their growth. Trunk lines on stil] undetermined routes were to be built, the sys- tem extended, and tributary lines to be constructed. This large part of the United States, from which the system was to derive its life, was to a very great extent an unknown land as regards its ca- pacity for production. The object of the Northern Transcontinental Survey was to ascer- tain broadly the mineral, agricultural, and forest resources of this vast region. The personnel of the survey was selected for this pur- pose and the following divisions were established: Mineral resources: George H. Eldridge, Bailey Willis, Bayard T. Putnam, geologists in charge. Climate, rivers, and irrigation: E. S. Holden, in charge. Agricultural: E. W. Hilgard, in charge. Forests: C. S. Sargent, in charge. Forage plants: W. M. Canby, in charge. Laboratory: F. A. Gooch, in charge. Topography: A. D. Wilson, in charge. The division of mineral resources traced out the rock formations and studied the mineral resources, especially in coal and iron ores, and also paid attention to subterranean water supply and the question of artesian wells. It had charge of the work of finding and testing coal for the use of the roads, and was equipped with a diamond drill for testing in depth. The division of climate, rivers, and irrigation was established to study climate; that is, of the great valleys and of the climatic zones of elevation. Tt established stations at points representing the local climates, at which there were observed temperature and rainfall and certain other important facts. This division also had charge of the work of gauging the streams and determining the relation between the prospective demand and supply of water for irrigation in the different valleys. 1From manuscript by Raphael Pumpelly, Director. 539 940 BULLETIN 109, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The agricultural division determined the areas of the various soils and represented them on the map, according to a classification based on observation in the field of the conditions of the soils, the native vegetation, and on chemical and mechanical analyses. The division of forests determined the distribution of the vari- ous trees, and had different forests examined by men well known for their experience in regard to timber and the manufacture of lum- ber. The object was to obtain such a general knowledge of the eco- nomic character of the forests as would be needed in order to settle many questions of general policy. Where it should be necessary, closer estimate of the amount of timber on each quarter section would be made independently. This division also paid attention to general questions of the planting and acclimation, and to questions relating to the forest policy of the roads. The division of forage plants related especially to the plants which form the basis of the whole grazing industry, and of other questions relating to that business. This division was also charged with the duty of ascertaining from the experience of other countries the use- ful plants, either entirely new to us or of hardier varieties, which are adapted to cultivation in our different climatic areas. In the laboratory were analyzed the large amount of samples col- lected in the field; and there also were carried on such experiments as were necessary to determine the commercial value of such useful materials as were discovered by the survey. The division of topography had charge of the mapping of the more important portions of the region covered by the survey. It also had the duty of determining and representing the areas of land adapted to irrigation, and from an inspection of the maps it is practicable {o determine in a broad way the possibility of large irrigation en- terprises. The object of the survey was essentially, by gathering systematic- ally all the facts concerning the resources of the region, to obtain the data necessary to guide the companies in regard to building feeders, in regard to matters of policy in encouraging the starting oF differ- ent industries, and in directing immigration to the proper points. Tt was also toned to furnish to the world such comprehensive in- formation concerning the great Northwest and its resources as should forward a sound development of the country, and thus increase the prosperity of the companies under whose auspices the enterprise was conducted. To insure the gathering of these facts in such a man- ner as to make them of service the divisions were put under the direc- tion of men whose names vouched for their value. as — GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 541 To execute the survey in the manner planned required the organ- ized effort of a force working at a considerable expense. The result of this effort was the collection of an enormous number of facts, which would be almost useless unless properly digested and cor- related, and represented in a graphic manner. The information ob- tained concerning this great area can be expressed only in very gen- eral terms without at least approximately accurate maps on which the facts observed would be clear to everybody. As such maps did not exist the survey was obliged to make them which was done to the extent of several thousand square miles, The region with which the survey had to do presented itself to the economist in two aspects. Tirst, as a producer of raw materials, ‘It has immense forests on the western coast and in the interior moun- tain valleys, forests on which the whole United States may before long become dependent. The railroads of this corporation are des- tined to become the most important lumber-carrying roads in the world. It was evidently, therefore, important that the commer- cial character of these forests should be determined, and the data gathered for the framing of a forest policy. The mineral wealth of this region was known to be both varied and extensive, and there is little doubt that a properly conducted study of mineral resources would lead to the encouragement of many industries which might le dormant in the absence of the information that was furnished by the survey. Nearly all of the region excepting the forest and the rugged mountains is adapted to grazing; vast areas to grazing only, others in part to grazing and in part to agriculture. It was im- portant to have the data for determining upon what areas the small amount of possible agriculture should be discouraged in order to pro- tect the naturally predominant grazing interest, and for what areas the opposite policy should be adopted. The second aspect in which the region presents itself is as to its capacity under cultivation. While there are large areas of land which are always sufficiently watered at the right season by rain and dew, there are larger areas in which droughts occur more or less frequently and in which the possibility of irrigation would insure its agricultural value; and there is a far larger area in which the soils are of the higher and highest grades, on which the cereals can not, under existing climatic conditions, be cultivated without irri- gation. Now this region is traversed by many rivers with many tributaries, some of them fed by spring and autumn rains, and others by the summer melting of the snow on the mountains. There is no physical question that is more intimately connected with the future ‘and immediate prosperity of this great region than that of irriga- 542 BULLETIN 108, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tion. The determining of the maximum and minimum amounts of water in the streams; the periods of flood; the areas where the cli- mate renders irrigation necessary and where unnecessary; the areas in each valley of bottom and bench land adapted to irrigation, and the relation existing in each valley between the area needing irriga- tion; and the water supply and the times of different stages of water—these are the chief factors in the problem. And it seemed that there was no direction in which the survey could be of greater service, both to the roads and the country, than in that of determining the fundamental facts relating to the possibility of irrigation and ar- tesian wells in this region. The intention was to make the record of the results of the sur- vey essentially cartographic; to show upon the maps in a general form all the physical facts that have an important bearing on the prosperity of that region. Having this object in view from the beginning, the topographical survey represented the form of the surface by contour lines of 200 feet. vertical distance. The maps show the form of the surface, the grades of the streams, the extent of the bottom and bench lands, and the extent of the uplands. Tt was intended that one of these maps should show the mini- mum known volume of water, at high and low water, in the princi- pal streams, and the seasons at which these stages occur; and the classified distribution of the soils and subsoils. This set was to ex- hibit the data needed to determine the practicability of irrigation and under drainage. On another set were to be shown the present climatic conditions according to natural or local subclimate areas. These were to show the rainfall and temperature by months, and the phenomena which condition the success or failure of different crops were to be mapped by areas and crop seasons. These maps were not necessarily to be based, as regards these conditioning phenomena, wholly on our short range of observations, for the reason that these are facts of general information, and traders, military officers, ranch- men, and Indians all observe and remember for years the times of injurious frosts, of droughts, and the years of failure of the few local crops. Another set of maps showed the distribution and relative abund- ance of the various and numerous forage plants, and the climatic facts conditioning success in stock grazing. A fourth set to show the mineral resources. On these were to be represented the geological formations of the region, the outcrop- pings of coal and the areas underlaid by it; and as the survey was to test by drill and otherwise the character and thickness of the coal GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYS. 543 in the different fields, these facts would appear on the maps in a generalized form. It was intended to carry the work on in such a manner that the results of each season would be finally represented on the maps dur- ing the ensuing winter. The only connection of the survey with other institutions was through an accidental community of officers: Two of the officers, Professors Sargent and Hilgard, occupied chairs, respectively, in Harvard University and the University of California, while a third, Professor Holden, was the director of Washburn Observatory. The survey was sustained by annual general appropriations and special allowances, The accompanying table gives a list of the members of the survey corps and their salaries: | { { i Members. | 1881 1882 | 1883 | 1884 tl anid? a3. ee oe BEA AC BIOL ys CINCCLOL sicrceivieiaceis siciwwisiejs woievc ccicialeceaice ois | $10,000 | $10,000 | $10,000 | $10, 008 Shas. omith, bookkeeper sca. <.ccn