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ADVERTISEMENT
The scientific publications of the National Museum include two
series, known, resvectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. |
The Proceedings, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium
for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of
the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, |
anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and
revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet |
form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organi-_
zations and to specialists and others interested in the different sub-
jects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are
recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. |
The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of |
a series of separate publications comprising monographs of large
zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasion-
ally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, cata-_
logues of type-specimens, special collections, and other material of |
similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size,
but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large |
plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear’
volumes under the heading Contributions from the United States |,
National Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National |
Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical
collections of the Museum.
The present work forms No, 141 of the Bulletin series.
ALEXANDER WETMORE,
Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.
Wasuinerton, D. C., November 30, 1927.
0
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Ms
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
aT TP OCU GLOMS ote oe se ae ee ee ee Pe 1
Morch and candle... 8 a ee 3
UBS p RECN aos a a ce te ea ene 3
“AMOS E} ANE CO LG (25 i NERY 1 a es ee 9
Rea R rh ee ce tig eee ee ee 14
Taper holders____--.--------------------------------------------- 15
Sa CSB 27s FR RP RP li sie Es 15
PET ACEC oR TV GR ES GGT Cl See ace aa SN ca ere tee 20
BUNT ex en Gh CTUA (GEL FL CLI CS Es Ce Hie tec a cn a a pe 21
Candlesticks of earthenware and stone_______-___-_---------------- 21
Glazed pottery and glass candlesticks___--------------------------- 22
Silver and plate candlesticks_____-____----------------------------- 22,
Ma eaN LESS ELIS STUCOE SENS WIN pa rena gee 23
AO TN Stl CIRM OTA ee re ret ee ee ee 24
Gandlashicks oL namimMenred: WlOmes == oa. ee ee ee 25
WanGlEStiCKALOL Cast bho Masse ee eed Oe ee eee 26
MU Sa eA T SCL USSENG Spt Coy TENN CaS sea eet Le a a ae a 26
avitllpstickSo with, Wind Classes. 20008 ee PL
MU arTaR LL episitiaTigtee ee ey aA a ae Ce Se ee Me ER A ca 27
(LSS (EME OIL Ra aa TEE BN A AAI 28
SSYEYE TEV EY SSE DME AT OR SI aT ERE SN RE 29
MOTUATER CU Se cg eae Os 8 USAIN CEES AIRE Des aE Do Se See 29
TeSys ESN i a SE RUE CA OR RV 30
AN GeehWCANGIOSTICKS 2 ee cos eh Sk dae ee Ce ee ee 39
mich? lent candies and holders: =... 12-25-27 -ee=n2-—---as-= 40
BPRAETE CS ESE EN CLL pete a ne ek A eS 40
Snuffers, snuffer trays, and extinguishers___.___._______-_----------- 41
Modern improvements on the candlestick_--__---_--_-+_------------ 42
SMMUNESSRN RESO SEES NCS 0200008 2 i ay a 43
PANTRCGN EST Gal SHEVA RS elie enone LS Ee ok Cs a pe eee eet 47
ATAU E oe a fog) 8 FE psp oe ike ee 1 Se 51
RAMI CA PNPRENRIRL he ica ptiee oy oh Nae ae | Tat ee ae 53
POM Tce kerr Fist FIT SU DEVIN Se aes SiR ae ne cee Oe a Dagon ee 54
Seeing SERNA RR iy Mg LL ea a ge Mine rt ee 61
WV RRR nS ae eee ic aa.
Walle Tf0ns on ee ee eee eee ee eRe ee ae rhe See ee ne ee 108 |
Tea Kettles 22.2 2 SE ee Se Se ee eee 109
eae Tate eee RA RY REPS ce ee Pa cee ee 109
Onde
10.
al,
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
a7.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
LIST OF PLATES
TORCH AND CANDLH
. Development of the torch and candle.
. a and b. Development of the lamp.
. Torches of resin, Figures 1-8; examples of torches and candles, Figures
9-14,
a. Primitive adaptation of animals for illumination.
b. Bundle torches, resin torch, and nut-meat torches.
c. Resin torches from Africa, Siam, and the Philippines.
a. Torch holders, Hast Indies and Finland.
b. Ancient Egyptian torch holder of bronze and wooden specimen from
Finland.
a. Etruscan bronze splint holder, Italy, and adjustable holder, Finland.
b. Iron and wood splint and candle holders.
a. Basket torches for whaling, Figures 1 and 3. Finnish boat torch
holder.
b. North Eastern Algonquian canoe with birch bark torch.
a. Torches with wick for processions and other uses. Figure 4 is a
whaler’s flare torch.
b. Wax coiled tapers and taper holders.
. a. Candle making, China.
b. Tapers used for religious purposes, Italy, Philippines, and Burma.
Sheet-iron candle molds. Colonial United States and later.
a. Candle holders used in various occupations.
6. Lumberjack and bayonet candlesticks,
Pricket candlesticks, Europe and China.
Two Japanese pricket candlesticks. Wall pricket candlestick or rush holder,
England.
Candlesticks of stone, wood, pottery, and glass.
Moorish glazed roundel candlestick; “ King Alfred” time candle.
Brass, copper, and pewter candlesticks.
Silver plate and silver candlesticks, European.
Pewter candlesticks, China and England.
Candle dishes; and brass and iron candlesticks; cast iron candlesticks.
Hammered-iron candlesticks, Europe and United States; candle arms and
brackets.
Sconces, and candlesticks with wind glasses.
Candelabra, Europe.
Rush chandelier of iron, England, and brass 5-light wall chandelier,
Germany.
Chandelier of bronze with lusters; Chinese feathered chandelier.
Rococo brass chandelier and camphine chandelier.
Turkish float lamp chandelier.
Horn lanterns and Danish ship lantern; dark lanterns.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
43.
. Hanging float lamps and cup float lamp; 1, 2, Near Hast; 3, Philippines.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
. Crusies of various types, Europe and United States.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
2&8
LIST OF PLATES
Perforated lanterns, Europe; United States; small lanterns for special uses;
arm lanterns, Moorish lantern, and ship’s globular lantern.
Dark lanterns: 1, Philippines; 2, Korea; 3, entry lantern, United States.
Japanese standing house and hand lanterns. New England lanterns
connected with fisheries.
Rigging lantern, Gloucester, Mass. Pierced copper lantern, Germany.
Cinnabar lacquer table lantern, China. Carved wood Chinese lantern, and
globular silk covered lantern, China.
Japanese bronze lantern; Japanese porcelain garden lantern.
Japanese, Egyptian, and Persian paper and cloth collapsing lanterns.
Collapsing lanterns with mica windows.
Church candlesticks, Europe and Near East.
Night light candles and holders.
Snuffer trays, snuffers, and extinguishers.
Spring candlesticks and other devices.
LAMPS
Firefly lighting devices: 1, 2, Firefly dark lantern and insect case, Java;
3, tree gourd perforated lantern, St. Vincent, West Indies.
Simple lamps and firefly lantern: 1, Shell lamp, Brittany; 2, shell lamp,
Orkney Islands; 3, shell lamp, Ainos, Japan; 4, Chinese saucer lamp
and stand; 5, Aleut beach stone lamp; 6, Hskimo pottery saucer lamp,
Alaska; 7, firefly lantern, West Indies.
Simple and makeshift lamps from various localities; development of the
Roman lamp from the saucer type, and a multiple wick terra cotta
lamp.
. Quasi-development of features of ancient classical lamp and the gutter
lamp.
Ancient hanging lamps and stands.
Hanging float lamp and altar lamp; 1, Spain; 2, Damascus, Syria.
Moorish float lamps (7, 8) and wick channel lamps of other localities.
Turkish float installation, Persian float lamp, mica lantern.
Boxes of float wicks from Spain, France, and Germany.
Simple saucer lamps in various installations, Japan and China.
Tibetan butter lamp and Chinese pocket lamp candlestick; Tibetan temple
lamps with simple saucer.
Hawaiian stone lamps.
Wick channel lamps: Near East, Europe, and North Africa.
Wick channel lamps: India and North Africa.
Wick channel lamps: India, Java, Europe, North Africa, and America.
Wick channel lamps, simple and two shell crusies.
Spout lamps: Italian lucerna. European and Philippine forms.
Spout lamps: Europe and Ceylon.
Wick tube lamps, European.
Single and double wick tube lamps, Europe and America.
Two wick tube installations, Europe and America.
Glass two tube lamps for burning whale oil; time indicating lamps, Europe
and America.
. Camphine-burning lamps,
. Camphine-burning devices.
. Inventive period lamps with flat wicks; candle lamps and American torch
burner.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
LIST OF PLATES VII
Astral, Argand, and Sinumbra lamps; oil pressure lamp, Carcel lamp and
mechanism, and gas lamp.
One of Argand mantel set and pair of lamp candlesticks, spring pressure
Diacon lamp, Oleostatic lamp, and adapted Astral lamp.
Table lamp, 1876, with tubular wick.
Modified Astral and lighthouse lamps.
STOVES AND COOKING DEVICES
a. Braziers: 1, pottery brazier, Durango, Mexico; 2, Philippines; 3, Spain
(model) ; 4, table hand warmer, Germany; 5, Flemish hot iron warmer.
b. Hot-water appliances: 1, glazed pottery foot warmer, United States;
2, pottery foot form bottle for drying shoes, England; 3, pottery vessel
for warming the abdomen, England; 4, foot-warming stool, England.
a. Slow-burning personal warming devices: 1, Japanese pocket stove; 2,
cartridge for stove; 8, Japanese cast-iron closed stove.
b. Bed warmer and colonial foot warmers: 1, bed warmer, New England;
2-4, foot warmers, America and England.
. Hand and foot warmers: 1, 2, 3, 5, China; 4, Kashmir; 6, 7, 8, 12, Italy;
9, 10, Holland; 11, 18, France.
. a. Japanese hibachis. 06. Chinese bronze fire bowl and Japanese warming
hibachi: 1, Chinese student’s fire bowl; 2, 3, Japanese pottery hibachi.
. Homemade and elaborate andirons: 1, Colonial, Virginia; 2, England.
. @ Simple draftless stoves: 1, 2, Philippines; 3, French Indo-China;
4, Haussa, Niger River, Africa.
b. Simple stoves with pot rests from the Philippines.
ce. Stoves with rudimentary draft: 1, pottery stove and cooking pot, Philip-
pines; 2, underdraft stove, Philippines; 3, three-hole stove with rude
underdraft, Philippines; 4, model of Siamese stove; 5, 6, simple draft
stoves, Philippines; 7, pottery stove with bosses, Sumatra.
. a. Stoves with rudimentary draft: 1, Morocco; 2-4, San Blas Indians,
Panama; 5, 6, Colima, Mexico.
b. Simple stoves in form of range: 1, Philippines; 2, stove with well-
developed draft, Tibet; 3, Jogo Kebu, Africa; 4, Japanese range with
utensils,
Ancient Etruscan simple stoves, Sovana, Italy.
Stove with rudimentary draft and cooking pots: 1, cooking pot, Andaman
Islands; 2, pottery stove, Durango, Mexico; 8, cooking pot, Zuni
Indians, New Mexico.
b. Simple stove range, Philippines.
& 9
. Stoves with designed draft; 1, model two-hole stove, Mexico; 2, Tufa stove,
Morocco; 3, 5, 8, models, Mexico; 4, Java; 6, Spain; 7, Porto Rico;
9, Venezuela.
. a. Stoves with air box and grate: 1, 3, Tetuan, Morocco; 2, Santa Lucia,
West Indies; 4, Portugal.
b. Stoves of the inventive period: 1, cast-iron pot stove; 2, cast-iron fire-
place; 3, whaler’s pot stove; 4, whaler’s range and oven. All from
United States.
ce. Advanced heating in the inventive period: 1, 5, 6, alcohol heaters; 2,
heating attachment for lamp; 3, electric heaters; 4, gas heater.
. Stoves of the inventive period: 1, 3, mess kit and stove combined, Spanish;
2, model of Norwegian tile stove.
. Self-contained heater devices: 1, pewter teapot, China; 2, teapot with center
furnace, China; 3, cooking vessel, China; 4, Korean frying vessel;
5, Korean cooking vessel; 6, Korean soapstone pot; 7, Chinese hot-water
cooker; 8, hot iron water biggin, England.
VIII LIST OF PLATES
81.
82.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
~
a. Stoves in combination with vessels: 1, hot-water biggin, United States;
2, coffee biggin, United States; 3, hot-water biggin, England.
db. Various hot water devices: 1, shaving-water heater, United States;
2, wine heater by steam, China; 38, copper colonial teakettle; 4, hot-
water vessel for warming food, Holland.
Preserving warmth and cooling devices: 1, 2, Calcutta water cooler, India;
3, Canton tea “ cosey,” China.
. a. Fire fans: 1, Panama; 2, 4, Trinidad, West Indies; 3, Mexico; 5, 6, Brit-
ish Guiana; 12, Paraguay; 10, 11, Yucatan; 9, Morocco; 8, Spain ;
7, Ecuador.
b. Fire blowers and bellows: 1, 2, Japan and China; 3, India; 4, Spain;
5, England; 6, France; 7, United States.
. Navaho double valve bellows, Arizona.
Primitive tongs: 1, California; 2, Apache, Arizona; 3, Havasupai, Arizona;
4, 5, Kiowa, Oklahoma; 6, Alaska.
Tongs of metal: 1, 2, Pivot tongs of iron, Spain; 3, antique fire-bearing
tongs, Denmark; 4, 5, rod tongs, Japan; 6, spring tongs, United States;
7, hinged iron tongs, Pennsylvania.
Spits and grid, Virginia Indians (model).
Gridiron and adjustable trivet roaster: 1, tall roaster, Yorkshire, England ;
2, wrought-iron gridiron, Virginia.
Gridirons, toasters, and roasters: 1, wrought gridiron, Belgium; 2, toaster,
Virginia; 3, trivet roaster, England; 4, revolving gridiron, Belgium;
5, bent-rod gridiron, Virginia; 6, groove-bar gridiron, Virginia; 7,
George Washington’s field gridiron, Virginia.
Trivets: 1, perforated trivet, Pennsylvania ; 2, trivet, Morocco; 3, trivet for
heated iron, Flemish; 4, folding trivet, Huropean.
Pothooks and hangers: 1, Adjustable pothook; 2 ,5, suspending chains;
3, 4, 6, pothooks. All from Virginia. Ratchet pot hangers: 7, Fin-
land; 8, Belgium.
Branding iron, iron rests, and curfew: 1, Branding iron, Virginia; 2-4,
east brass rests for iron, England and United States; 5, curfew, Hol-
land. Waffle irons: 6, short iron, Charmian, Pa.; 7, long iron, Morgan-
town, W. Va.
Sadirons: 1, Pennsylvania; 2, Pennsylvania; 3, England.
. Tripod paunch vessel for cooking, Teton Sioux, Dakota.
Cooking stones, griddles, and collapsible oven: 1, Baking stone, Hupa
Indians, California; 2, ancient cooking slab, California; 3, cooking
stones, Mexico; 4, pottery griddle, Mexico; 5, circular stone griddle,
Morocco; 6, camp baker, United States; 9 camp oven, closed; 7, 8, iron
tortilla griddles, Mexico.
Pueblo Indians cooking bread, Arizona.
Simple ovens: 1, Heap oven, Plains and other Indians; 2, slab cooking
oven, Zuni Indians, New Mexico; 3, field oven, Hopi, Arizona; 4, mush-
cooking oven, Hopi, Arizona; 5, dome-shaped mud oven, Mexicans ang
Pueblos; 6, earth stove of the Tibetans.
Spiders, Dutch oven, pottery oven, and steamers: 1, Spider of brass, Eng-
land; 2, cast-iron spider, Alabama; 8, Dutch oven, Pennsylvania; 4,
pottery griddle oven, Mexico; 5, rice steamer, Sumatra; 6, rice steamer,
Simalur Island, East Indies.
Fuel: 1, Hay twists, South Dakota; 2, compressed peat; 3, 5, tubular com-
pressed peat; 4, lightly pressed peat; 6, Buffalo chip, South Dakota; 7,
prepared slab of Buffalo dung, South Dakota.
COLLECTION OF HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS
IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
By Watrer Houcn
Head Curator of Anthropology, United States National Museum
INTRODUCTION
The collection of heating and illuminating appliances in the United
States National Museum was begun about 40 years ago by bringing
together specimens from the ethnological series and from other mate-
rial acquired by the Museum. The collection grew slowly, but about
1890 an effort was made to increase its scope. At present the collec-
tion numbers about 1,000 specimens. It is far from the required
standard, yet it contains all the types needed to elucidate the history
and ethnography of heating and illumination. Of the collection a
series suggesting the development of lighting inventions was placed
on permanent display in the museum. The specimens illustrating
the earlier history of the development of these subjects were allocated
to ethnology, while the series beginning with the age of progress were
assigned to mechanical technology, which exhibits electric lamps and
modern heating inventions. For illustration, however, some of the
later forms are included. The collection is regarded as technological
and no attempt was made to gather objects of art. The specimens are
classified and described according to the way by which lighting and
heating were effected.
As a logical starting point we may conceive that at some period
of the past man took up the use of fire in response evidently to a
human need. What need fire served in that early stage is surmise,
but from observations of the use of fire among less advanced peoples
it is deduced that what fire supplied was light, warmth, companion-
ship, and perhaps protection from wild beasts. It will be seen that
the quality of light giving is one of the most valuable adjuncts of
fire. Doubtless in the earlier periods light was chiefly serviceable
for the needs of what is conceived to have been quite a low state of
culture. Adaptations of fire heat to the warming of the body or for
cooking comes much later than light usages. For this reason the
1
2 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
subject of illumination and the development of light inventions
beginning with the early camp fire is taken up first.
There is presented a synoptic series showing the steps in the
development of illumination, which forms the basis of the classifica-
tion so far as it concerns the evolution of lighting devices. The
series mentioned is shown in plates 1 and 2 of this work: *
TORCH AND CANDLE
No. 1. Folded palm leaf used as a torch. East Indies.
No. 2. Stormy petrel, burned in the Orkney Islands for light-_--__--_ 178160
No. 3. Candle fish in a split stick, burned for light. Alaska_----_-~_ 178161
Ne. 4 Torch made of birch bark. Iroquois Indians___----_-----____ 178162
No. 5. Torch made of split fat-pine knots. Virginia________-_------_- 129997
No. 6. Torch made of a bundle of slivers of fat pine. Southern Indians. 178163
No. 7. Torch made of dammar gum wrapped in palm leaves. Malays_._._ 76727
No. 8. Torch or “link” made by soaking rope in resin. Europe in the
Middle (Ages 2 2s ste fee oe 2 a ee oe ee ee 178164
No. 9. Torch composed of cords soaked in fat or wax. Hurope, six-
teenth * century 22 hPa ae ee 178165
Nos. 10 and 11. Cord soaked in fat or wax, coiled, for lighting. HEngland_ 178166
No. 12. Rush soaked in grease, forming a primitive candle. England__ 178167
No. 13. Stick smeared with grease for lighting. Mongolia______-___-_~_~_ 178168
No. 14. Mass of fat formed upon a stick, around which is wound a wick
Of fibers “Kashmir \ nga 22 oa 22 ee ee ae ee 175141
No. 15. Tallow dip with rush wick, later cotton. Northern Europe.
No. 16. Candles formed of wax; wick of fiber. Japan and North
YAY TOR aa ok Oh ee eR ev a ee 128246, 178169
No. 17. Molded candles. Patent candles of stearine, paraffine, and wax,
and decorated candles. Nineteenth century___-_-_-_-------__ 178171
LAMP
No. 1. Firefly lamp. Perforated tree gourd in which fireflies are con-
fined for light. West Indies.
No. 2; Lamp made ‘from the’ skull) ofa sleeps] 221 eee 178186
No. 3. Lamp. Pecten shell with oil and wick of rush pith mounted on
a. forked; branch. :Ainos, Japanelos-nics boi be ie 178187
No. 4. Lamp. Unworked beach stone, with concavity, supplied with fiber |
wick,and. oil, . Aleuts; “Alaskao= 2220) 2 223 eet paneer 138017
No. 5. Lamp. Hollowed beach stone with moss wick arranged along |
oné ‘edge,’ Wiskimos, Alaska’ 7!) 30) Cth BOO) Se eee 16900 |
No. 6. Lamp. Fusus shell suspended. Orkney Islands______-__---__~- 178188 |
No. 7. Saucer lamp with shallow grooves for wick. India.
No.8. Lamp., Terra cotta saucer, Tmdig on. tee he 164920 ©
No. 9. Saucer lamp with pinched-up spout for wick. India.
No. 10. Stone lamp with pointed spout. Kashmir, India.
No. 11. Lamp of terra cotta. Reservoir almost closed over; spout for |
Wick.) Romaii_ i225 euca Pe ee Bee 74561
No. 12. Lamp of terra cotta. Reservoir closed over; spout for wick.
ROTI oi ie desc ee el eee 175583
No. 13 (1). Lamp. Designed to furnish oil to the wick under pressure.
Oape, Cod, Mass.) Colonial perlodes.- seen ae 151483
1Extracted from Synoptic Series of Objects in the United States National Museum |
Illustrating the History of Inventions, by Waiter Hough. Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 60,
No. 2404, 1922, pp. 5, 6.
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 3
No. 14 (2). Lamp of brass. Reservoir mounted on rod and stand;
BOCP IR MOTE |) MERE he 129400
No. 15 (3). Lamp of glass having two tubes, for burning lard or whale
oil. United States. Highteenth and early nineteenth
COTA G UT LGS eee Ue EG EN tN i ae ee a ied 130610
No. 16 (4). Lamp, with chimney, draft around the wick, and oil under
pressure. Argand’s invention. United States__._____-_- 130667
No. 17 (5). Lamp. “Fluid” or camphene, burned by means of wick and
tubes and without chimney. United States_________-_- 178189
No. 18 (6). Lamp, with chimney and Argand burner, oil under forced
pressune’ ofa Springs) Mranee il! tesla 130669
No. 19 (7). Lamp, with chimney; burner ventilated; tubular wick, rais-
ing refined petroleum by capillarity. United States, 1876_ 73829
Wome0 nS). Gasuburners. United Statess.u 6525 42 eek i ee 178190
_No. 21. Electric are lamp. (No cut.) The familiar arc lamp would
appear here,
No. 22 (9). Incandescent hood for gas burner. Welsbach’s invention_. 178192
No. 28 (10). Incandescent electric lamp__._-___-__--_-_--_------------ 178191
TORCH AND CANDLE
This series epitomizes the development of the candle, beginning
with the use of fireflies and the burning of the fat bodies of fishes or
birds, and of faggots of resinous wood. Continuing, the series shows
torches, consisting of rudely aggregated slivers of wood or sheets of
bark, torches of more careful manufacture, torches made of wax
or resin inclosed in palm leaf forming an exterior wick, torches of
rope or cords soaked in wax or resin, the crude beginning of the
candle, and follows through formed candles, dipped candles, and
molded candles, terminating with the elegant art candles of the
present day.
While the line of development has proceeded from the rude torch
to the candle, the steps marked by the specimens in the series are sug-
gestive, embracing devices employed by many different peoples and
at divers times. Following the torch in the line of development comes
the lamp, which separates from the stem of the torch at a period
when oils and fats came to be used. This may have occurred after
the domestication of animals whose fat was available; at the time of
the discovery of mineral oils, or of the utilization of vegetable oils,
such as that of the olive and coconut.
TORCH
The torches in the Museum collection come from peoples who have
made little progress in the arts of civilization or have survived in
use among civilized peoples not in contact with progress. Naturally
the smoky torch was suitable only for out-of-door illumination, but
smaller splints of resinous wood could be used without discomfort
indoors.
The torch may be considered as the most primitive device for
artificial illumination. It can be as simple as a brand taken from the
4 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
camp fire or as elaborate as those prepared for a Roman funeral or
the artistic flambeaux of the Middle Ages. For a long period the
torch was the only form of illuminant known to humanity. It is
also the most ancient beginning in illumination.
It will be seen that the series has at the beginning several usages
of materials for light, which are included as steps in development.
These are the use of fireflies, and the burning of the fat bodies
of fish and birds or of fat faggots of wood or bunched palm leaf.
Strictly speaking, these may stand at the beginning of either the
torch or lamp. Before the making of torches for a definite use for
light there is little to more than suggest the earliest stages.
It is necessary to exercise caution in explaining the devices which
. Inight be classed on account of their simplicity as belonging to the
stage when the first steps were made in the use of artificial hight. A
device may be a temporary expedient assuming a primitive character
though not representing a period or tribal usage; it may represent a
beginning acculturation, or a decayed survival. In the earlier stages
habitual use is not likely to be well established and we have uses
as events and not in a regular sequence.
As the development of the arts of life gradually went on at dif-
ferent rates in especially favored and unfavored regions the torch
took part in this growth or remained simple, according to circum-
stances. As the demand increased for lighting within the house
other devices were necessary, and these led toward the candle. In
civilized countries torch makers found that rope imbued with wax,
resin, or tar formed a rigid though crude torch, which the English
called link. These links entered into the picturesque night life of
European cities, and with the links came “link boys,” extinguishers,
and link rests, the two latter perhaps remaining on the walls near
the entrances of great old buildings. As an example of a somewhat
remarkable survival, one of these links was found in use on a rail-
road in Spain in 1892. It is a section of coarse fiber rope dipped in
resin. (Plate 3, fig. 10, Cat. No. 178164; Walter Hough. 27.6 inches
(70 cm.) long.)
Torches made by the aggregation of rodlike materials, as cane,
seem to have preceded the flambeaux formed of a bundle of cords ©
dipped in inflammable materials. It appears that such cords pre-
ceded the candle and it is probable that their use dates rather far |
back into classical times. Individual cords of greater or lesser length |
became the taper. The taper was coiled in plain or fanciful ways, or |
laid in vessels, some of them resembling the reservoir of a lamp on a
stand. The taper required constant attention in drawing up sec-
tions for free burning. In Virginia the taper light was called “ pull
up,” an apt descriptive term. An excellent specimen is shown in
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 5
plate 3, figure 9 (Cat. No. 204264), Fauquier County, Va.; Dr.
Thomas L. Settle; 15 inches (38 cm.) high. While the use of the
taper was general in Europe, the only introduction to America was
in the English colonies and particularly in Virginia.
In plate 3 are grouped specimens showing some of the important
steps in the development from the torch to the candle which may be
described in detail. At the lower right (fig. 14) is a piece of bark
of the Mexican candle tree, Jacquinia pungens, which is naturally
so waxy that a small piece will give a good temporary light. This
torch material has been much prized in Mexico, probably from an-
cient times. The most valued torchwood in the earlier stages of
culture and persisting to modern times is derived from coniferous
trees. There are many references to pine torches in classical litera-
ture and these often ascribe a sacred character to the wood and
mention its use in rites. A similar observation is true for Mexico.
In general the nations within the distribution of the pine knew
the value of its fat wood for hight. The specimen pictured (fig. 13)
was collected near Richmond, Va., about 1890. Known in Virginia
as “lightwood,” fat or heart pine was formerly burned in a pan
stuck into the side of the fireplace in the kitchen of the better class
of families and is even now used for light in the cabins of the poor
white people and, negroes. (Cat. No. 129907; gift of Rev. R. Ry-
land.) In olden times in Louisiana a familiar sight was negroes
carrying on the head bundles of lightwood for sale in New Orleans.
Plate 3 also contains in figure 11 a mass of resin attached to a rod
used by the natives of Africa (Cat. No. 169176); J. H. Camp; 16
inches (40.5 cm.) long. In comparison note the candle, Figure 12,
the Chinese form of which is called lobstock. This candle is made
by winding a cord wick around the end of a piece of the stalk of
some plant and forming over it a mass of tallow. It was collected
in Kashmir by Dr. W. L. Abbott. (Cat. No. 175141; 10 inches (25
cm.) long.)
The practice of using natural sources, either animal or vegetal,
as light producers has doubtless many examples which have escaped
observation. Fortunately, a few of these have come within the
horizon of modern scientific observers. Especially interesting is
the use within the memory of man of the fat body of the stormy
petrel as a complete torch or lamp by the Shetland and Blanket
Islanders. This bird is small but excessively fat. It is recorded
that when caught the petrel ejects oil from its digestive tract. The
custom in the Shetlands was to thrust a wick down the dead
bird’s throat, apply a light, and thus produce a feeble illumination
in the somewhat cheerless huts of the islanders. (Pl. 4a, fig. 1,
Cat. No. 153887, Shetland Island; Edward Lovett.) The bodies of
6 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
the great auk, Pinguinis impennis, an extinct bird of the North ©
Atlantic, were sometimes used for fuel and incidentally for light. |
So far as may be ascertained the petrel and auk are the only birds
which were employed within recent times for illumination. Joly in |
his work, Man before Metals, states that the Danes of the Mitchen-
middens employed a wick of moss, one end of which was buried in ©
the stomach of a great penguin (Pinguinis impennis) which is laden
with fat (p. 197). Fish have been so used, the most striking in.
stance being the candle fish, 7haleicthys pacifieus, called eulachon, a
salmonoid surf fish of the northwest coast of America. Quite gen-
erally the Indians along this coast used the candle fish for light.
The candle fish is excessively fat. The custom was to place a dried
eulachon in the cleft of a split stick and apply a light. It is
doubtful whether a wick was necessary. One observer mentions ©
the use of a bark wick, thus bringing the device nearer to a primi- |
tive candle. (Pl. 4a, fig. 2; Cat. No. 178161; Walter Hough.) Dr.
C. A. Q. Norton informed the writer that the Penobscot Indians
of Maine pursued the same method with suckers taken from the
river. The use of fish as fuel is more common and was no doubt
a customary source of light. The tail of the dogfish was cut into
strips and burned for light off the banks of Newfoundland by
fishermen. The mutton fish, which was captured off the coast of
New Zealand, was used as a torch. The informant, I. B. Millner,
has observed this use. Dr. Franz Boas informs me that the Kwa-
kiutl Indians of Fort Rupert, British Columbia, threw fish oil from
a kelp-weed bag onto the fire to produce a temporary bright light.
One of these bags of the tubular sea weed, in flattened condition,
from the Makah Indians, Neah Bay, Wash., is in the museum.
(Cat. No. 73753; James G. Swan.)
The torch proper is taken up at the stage when materials were
aggregated into a definite form for the particular use—in other
words, a manufactured product. This may result quite simply as a
palm leaf crushed into a bundle and dried. (Pl. 1, fig. 1, Cat. No.
209351, Philippines; Gen. J. M. Bell.) This device has, however,
a suggested primitive phase of industrial beginnings. In the area
of distribution of the large grasses it is quite natural that bundles of
canes should be tied together and used as a torch in many places.
The Peabody Museum, at Cambridge, Mass., has such a contrivance
from a prehistoric cave deposit in Kentucky. (Cat. No. 150845.)
In the Truk Group, Caroline Islands, a bundle of natural canes —
tied with strips of vegetal material served as a torch. (PI. 40, fig. 1, |
Cat. No. 206274; F. H. Moore; 24.8 inches (63 cm.) long.) In the
East Indies split bamboo torches were used by fishermen and others.
One of these, from Mindanao, southern Philippines, is shown in
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM Z
Plate 40, Figure 1. (Cat. No. 325617, Philippine Commission, 39.4
inches (1 m.) long.) In this class is a torch of strips of apparently
palm spathe tied in a cylindrical bundle used by the Javanese and
called abor mantjoung in native dialect. (Cat. No. 128017, Java;
Bureau of Arts, Paris, 29 inches (73.6 cm.) long.) Another specimen
is made of long splints of fat pine bundled together to form an
especially effective torch for outdoor use in the wind. This torch was
collected from the Choctaw Indians of Louisiana. (Cat. No. 178163;
Walter Hough.)
In the birch tree area bundles of dry bark are rolled up to form
a torch for the woods or for fishing. (Cat. No. 178162, Iroquois
Indians; Walter Hough.) On the information of W. W. Rockhill,
the Chinese make torches by crushing bamboo and twisting it into
a rope, the crushing of the fiber rendering it more inflammable.
No resin or other aids to combustion are added as in the European
link.
Another class of torches has a wide distribution in southeastern
Asia and in western and central Africa. They consist of cylindricai
masses of resin bound up usually in palm leaf, pandanus leaf, and
palm spathe. Apparently the first notice of them was given by Sir
Alfred Russell Wallace, who records seeing them for sale at Ternate.
This torch is common in Malaysia. It would appear that this type
is coincident with the distribution of the dammar tree, which pro-
duces the resin used in the torch. Specimens were received from
Singapore about 50 years ago by the United States National Museum.
They are encased in pandanus leaves and tied with rattan. The
handle is a continuation of the leaf below the resin bound into small
compass. (PI. 40, fig. 2, Cat. No. 76727, Singapore; U. S. Depart-
‘ment of State, 16.5 inches (24 cm.) long.) Plate 3 depicts a group
of resin torches, except Figure 1, described later. Figure 2 is a
simple packet of dammar wrapped in palm leaf, from the Karens of
Burma. (Cat. No. 175194; Mrs. U. B. White; 18.9 inches (48 cm.)
long.) (See pl. 7 for Siamese form.) The third specimen is spindle-
form, wrapped in palm leaf and tightly bound with many turns of
split rattan. It is evidently the work of a professional Siamese torch
maker and reflects the meticulousness of Siamese art. (Cat. No.
175979, ‘Trong, Lower Siam; Dr. W. L. Abbott; 34.5 inches (84.5
cm.) long.) Figure 4 is a large resin torch from the Philippines.
It is encased in palm leaf and spirally wound with rattan. It is
lighted at the lower end shown in the plate, the twisted loops at the
upper end being for temporary suspension. (Cat. No. 232826, Moros
of Saranaya, Rio Grande, Mindanao; Maj. EK. A. Mearns, U. S.
Army; 40 inches (102 cm.) long.)
In one locality in the New World the resin torch is found. The
type was collected at Arima, Porto Rico. It consists of a roll of resin
54261—28——_2
8 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
about the size of a candle and is incased in palm spathe. It appears
to be the successor of torches made by the Caribs from the “gum
of a sandal,” described by De Rochfort before 1665. (Fig. 5, Cat.
No. 219403; Dr. J. Walter Fewkes; 11.8 inches (80 em.) long).
Figure 6 is a resin torch from the Gaboon River, Africa. It is
wrapped in palm leaf and tied with a pliable strip of some plant.
(Cat. No. 164872; A. C. Good; 37 inches (94 cm.) long). For a
large resin torch from the Congo see Plate 4c. Figure 7 is a resin
torch of palm spathe inclosing a mass of fiber saturated with resin.
The spathe casing is fastened at intervals with wooden pins. In
several parts of Siam resin-soaked fiber is used as torch filling. In
Burma rattan wood soaked in rock oil was used as a filler. (Cat.
No. 175977, ‘Trong, Lower Siam; Dr. W. L. Abbott; 22.4 inches (57
em.) long). Figure 8 is a dammar torch wrapped in pandanus leaf.
(See pl. 4b.) (Cat. No. 76727, Singapore; 16.5 inches (42 cm.)
long.) The largest resin torch which has come to notice is from
Loango, French Congo. It is a cylinder of compact resin wrapped
first in palm leaf and incased in basketry consisting of strips of cane
interwoven with a continuous spiral of rattan. This torch was used
in fishing, traveling, and in fetish rites. (Pl. 4c, fig. 1, Cat. No.
152631; Carl Steckelmann; 52 inches (132 cm.) long.) A cylindrical
mass of resin folded in pandanus leaf and resembling the Burmese
specimen, shown on Plate 3, Figure 2,is from Siam. The resin is of
reddish color, not homogeneous, and burns with a bright yellow light
quite smoky and with a pleasant odor. (Pl. 4e, fig. 5, Cat. No.
178243, Siam, C. E. Eckels; 1334 inches (35 cm.) long). Another
Siamese torch, short and thick, is shown in Figure 4. It is covered
with thick rugose leaf and filled with resin-coated fiber. It is held |
in shape by loops of rattan. (Cat. No. 235901, Siam; Government °
of Siam, 1907; 161% inches (41 cm.) long.) Figure 2 is a smaller
resin torch from the Philippines. It is filled with granules of resin.
The wrapping is pandanus leaf in several thicknesses to facilitate
combustion. The binding is a spiral of rattan simply fastened off
at the ends. (Cat. No. 232826, Moros of Mindanao, P. I.; Maj. E. A.
Mearns, U. S. Army; 28 inches (71 cm.) long.) Plate 4c, Figure 3,
is a resin fetish torch from the Gaboon River, Africa, collected also
by A. C. Good.
A widespread form of illumination which is classed as a torch
is the candlenut device. Meats of the candlenut are strung on a
strip of bamboo and the top meat being lighted burns down to the
next below, and so on. On account of its universality among the
Polynesians the torch has been assigned as a characteristic culture
appanage of this race. It has, however, a wider distribution than the
Aleurites triloba, the tree furnishing the nut. This is seen in a
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 9
similar use of palm nuts among the Tule Indians of San Blas,
Panama.? The presence of this device in the New World seems
anomalous and could be explained by acculturation, the oriental
contact with Panama having been long continued. So far as known
no other torch of this type has been observed in America. (PI. 40,
fig. 8, Cat. No. 327508; Richard O. Marsh; 18.9 inches (48 cm.)
long.)
TORCH HOLDERS
Torch-holding devices have an interesting history, not so familiar
as the multitudinous candleholders, nevertheless covering a period
about which much is yet to be learned. A torch is usually conceived
of as an object to be held in the hand and requiring the attention
of one man. ‘Traveling or hunting parties must delegate some mem-
ber or servant as bearer and caretaker of the torch. About the camp
or living place the temporary torch offers no difficulty when ingenu-
ity was sufficient to provide for it. Where torches are used to supply
light in ceremonies held on moonless nights and without the great
fire which illuminated primitive rites, some need would be apparent
to make the torch stationary. This would imply a marked advance
over early culture. Such devices are observed among uncivilized
peoples and as survivals. These devices are crude and appear as
extemporaneous as the various makeshifts to mount the candle, men-
tioned later. The problem of setting up the torch is in line with
the problem of installing the candle in a later stage of progress. It
is noteworthy that the installation of the resin torch in the Simalur
Islands, East Indies, shows a considerable advance, paralleling that
of the candle and simple lamp in an advanced social stage. The
first form consists of a rattan bent into a bow, the ends fastened to
parallel strips of wood. The strips are sprung out and a resin torch
inserted. The frame resembles a bamboo lamp of Chinese deriva-
tion seen in the Philippines. The other specimen is carved from
light wood. It consists of an upright set up at one end of a flat
long-oval base. The upright has a mortise cut through it about
the middle, and through the hole are slipped two thin strips of wood,
acting as a clamp for the resin torch. It will be seen that the prin-
ciple of the clamp is applied in both specimens. A more primitive
clamp is found in the split stick for the insertion of a torch used in
the Philippines. (Pl. 5a, fig. 1, Cat. No. 216338, Sigoeli, Simalur
Island; Dr. W. L. Abbott; 22 inches wide, 23 inches high (56 cm.,
58.5 cm.). Pl. 5a, fig. 2, Cat. No. 216339, Sibabo Bay, Simalur
Island; Dr. W. L. Abbott; 2814 inches high, 10 inches by 18 inches
base (72.5 cm., 25.5 cm. by 45.75 cm.).)
2H. W. Krieger. Material Culture of the Tribes of Southeastern Panama. Buli. 134,
U. S. Nat. Mus., Washington, 1926.
10 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
There is now encountered a great and unnoticed change in the
materials used in lighting. Splints of resinous wood supplement
torches and the holders of these splints form a subject of particular
interest. Splint torches or candles, as they have been indiscrimi-
nately termed, indicate that social progress demanded the prolifera-
tion of lights for special places and uses, and that the camp fire, house
fire, and torch had grown inadequate for social needs. In effect,
special lighting is being taken into the house. The date when this.
gradual development became noticeable is not certain. Traces of
the usage are found in the later bronze age, and bronze torch holders
with two clasping arms were found in the tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen.
In the collection of the late Henry J. Heinz, of Pittsburgh, is a
trifid bronze stand allocated to Egypt, which appears to be a torch
or splint holder. (PI. 50, fig. 1, No. 992, Heinz collection.) The
Museum possesses a specimen of Etruscan origin found in Italy and
dating from the middle of the first millennium B. C. It consists of
a tripod and shaft, on the apex of which is a four branch portion,
each arm terminating a cleft leaf in which splints were put for
burning. It has been suggested that the central spine held the shal-
low dish used in the wine throwing game of Cottobus, but there is no
trace of a junction. (Pl. 6a, fig. 1, Cat. No. 147695, Italy; Dr.
Thomas Wilson; 28 inches (71 cm.) high.)
It is surmised that the large series of splint holders about to be
described represent survivals from the iron age. As would be antici-
pated from the metallurgy of northern Europe, most of the speci-
mens are from that region. They are in the simplest form, strips of
iron bent into flat loops and provided with spike ends for attaching
to the wall or other support. In the clefts were placed splints of pine.
(Pl. 5a, figs. 6, 7, Cat. No. 167866-867, Finland; Hon J. M. Craw-
ford; 8.3 inches (21 cm.) wide.) These simple forms of iron bent into
clefts have their prototypes in the iron age. There has been found
in a site of the Hallstadt period, early iron age, in Court St. Etienne,
Belgium,’ a much bent bar of strap iron which is identified by its
discoverer as a sort of grate. This specimen may be related to the
splint holders described. With this in mind, the status of the family
of rude iron splint holders appears clear, and their variety to be
the result of simple folk invention. A rod of iron with a double
cleft at one end and a spike at the other shows a device for fixing
to an overhead beam, forming a primitive splint chandelier. (PI..
5a, fig. 8, Cat. No. 167865, Finland; Hon. John M. Crawford; 15-
inches (88 cm.) long.) Another is for socketing on the end of a
staff. It has two divergent horizontal clefts and a basket made by
four upright spikes, probably to hold a billet of split wood or
* Records of the Past, vol. 11, 1912, p. 123.
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 11
possibly a candle, as seen in later forms. (PI. 5a, fig. 4, Cat. No.
937687, Salaberg, Lower Austria; P. J. Schock; 6.3 inches (16 cm.)
high.) A wooden stand splint holder gives a suggestion of devices
which may be effected in the absence of iron. It consists of two
strips of wood mortised together at the top of a cylindrical staff with
square cross shape joined base. The clefts are charred from ignition
of the burned down splints, showing that the wooden holder required
frequent attention. (Pl. 5a, fig. 5, Finland; Hon. John M. Craw-
ford; 15.8 inches (36 cm.) high.) An iron splint holder set in
the top of a cylindrical wood upright arising from a square, heavy
wooden base provides a light to be set on a table or other raised
flat place. (Pl. 50, fig. 2, Cat. No. 167861, Raisala, Finland; Hon.
John M. Crawford; 12.2 inches (31 cm.) high.) Another form
for standing on the floor is ingenious and shows a considerable
advance in wood working. It consists of a block base with two
uprights having grooves cut on the opposing faces. The tops of the
uprights are held by a mortised piece through which slides the
upright bearing the iron holder. The upright is notched and the
lower end is mortised in a crutch which slides in the grooves. A
latch fastened to one of the bars forming the frame engages the
notches on the sliding upright and thus the light may be raised or
lowered. (PI. 6a, fig. 2, Cat. No. 167859, Finland; Hon. John M.
Crawford; 39.4 inches (1 m.) high.) The entry of the candle is
shown by an iron having a splint cleft in combination with a candle
socket. This is an interesting example of history written in things.
The candle, made of valuable food fat, is subsidiary at first to the
cheap splint, and was probably burnt on special occasions. (Pl. 60,
fig. 5, Cat. No. 167865, Finland; Hon. John M. Crawford; 4.6 inches
(12 cm.) wide.) There appears to have been in Finland a fortu-
nately undisturbed conservatism which preserved precious relics and
customs of past times. Much of the folk material in the Crawford
collection might serve as illustrations of early Aryan arts and
industries.
Splint holders of pincer form with one arm weighted to produce
pressure on the splint constitute another type. This type shows an
advance on the simple bent iron cleft which gives uncertain adjust-
ment of the splint. The pincer type gives a grip on the splint similar
to the grasp of the fingers. So far as may be ascertained, the join-
ing of two pieces of metal in apposition on the pivot hinge principle
was not practiced in the Bronze Age or in the prehistoric Iron Age.
The hinged splint holder must then be assigned to the historic
period. ‘This device is seen in a floor splint light which has a cross-
shape base and an upright of wood perforated at intervals for the
reception of an iron spike, part of the iron splint pincers, by means
12 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
of which the light could be raised or lowered. (PI. 60, fig. 1, Cat. No. |
150884, Surrey, England; Edward Lovett; 35 in. (89 cm.) high.) |
Another specimen dating in the seventeenth century consists of an
oak pole rising from a block of the same material. The splint
holder has a rather large ball counterpoise at the end of one arm. |
(Pl. 60, fig. 8, Cat. No. 150410, Surrey, England; Edward Lovett;
33.7 inches (86 cm.) high.) An example from Scotland, where it
is called “Peer man,” is of cast iron. It has a heavy counterpoise.
The specimen, being of cast iron, is not as old as the other examples.
(Pl. 60, fig. 6. Edward Lovett.) As candles in the British Isles
were preceded by fir splints and fatted rushes, some of the lighter
holders were used with the latter illuminant. When tallow candles
with rush wicks came into use the “clip,” as the holder is called,
was fitted with a candle socket at the end of the counterpoise.
History here repeats itself as in the Finnish splint holders described, |
but at a later period apparently. Specimens are shown on Plate 6b, |
Figure 4 (Cat. No. 150382, from Surrey, England, collected by
Edward Lovett, and Figure 8 (Cat. No. 178799 from Antrim, Ire-
land), by the same collector (8 inches (20.3 cm.) high and 9.7 inches
(24.5 cm.) high). An excellent specimen of splint and candle clip
with adjustable rack comes from North Germany. It is of wrought
iron. The lower end of the notched iron bears the socket and
clip. The support is a rod of iron with a loop at the upper end
and a stirrup for engaging the ratchet at the lower end. (Pl.
6b, fig. 2, Cat. No. 289195, Germany; Mrs. Rose Gouvernor Hoes;
24.2 inches (61.5 cm.) long.)
A specimen which might be regarded as a curiosity of the Patent
Office was a pine knot burner, devised and patented by J. Price,
December 18, 1839. The time honored candle dish is seen as a basis
of this invention, the columnar burner represents the candle and the
slide was a device of long ago. The holder for pine knot wood is
perforated with heart design. The specimen is of normal size and
made of brass and tin. (Pl. 64, fig. 1, Cat. No. 251738, United
States; U. S. Patent Office; 12.2 inches (31 cm.) high.)
Loosely called torch, a number of open-air lighting devices are in
the Museum collection. Among these are basket torches which have
ancient use and which survived in the whaling industry as late as
1880. These baskets were of strap iron strongly riveted. One old
specimen is square and shows signs of much use. It was probably
suspended overboard by a bail from the rigging and fed with the
cracklings left after rendering the whale oil. It thus gave light to
the Homeric slaughterings of the mighty whales. (Pl. 7a, fig. 1,
Cat. No. 75358.) Other basket torches had long handles and could
be placed to advantage for illuminating the work on an old-time
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 13
whaler. In the fisheries collection is an iron basket at the end of a
long iron rod socketed in the extremity of a wooden pole. This
appliance was called “Torch Dragon” and was used in mackerel
fishing to attract the fish to the seine. (PI. 7a, fig. 3, Cat. No. 57,829,
Gloucester, Mass.; U. S. Fish Commission.) Fishing torches for
_ placing in the bow of a canoe are of various materials and variously
installed. Broadly, they are torches used by peoples unacquainted
with metals and those having metals. In the first case the torches
are bundles of bark, canes, or slivered wood. In the second case a
basket of iron, or lantern, or a so-called torch with wick may be used.
Tn the first class the birch bark torch of the northern Indians may be
cited as an example (pl. 7)). The model canoe was made by north-
ern Algonquians and the group composed in the Museum laboratory.
The other, almost as primitive, but made of iron, is a fishing torch
holder from Finland. This apparatus consists of a block of wood
fitting in a thole in the bow of the boat and bearing a bent piece of
iron having three U-shaped loops riveted to it. In these loops was
laid the torch or lightwood. (Pl. 7a, fig. 2, Cat. No. 167864, Antrea,
Finland; Hon. John M. Crawford; 23.2 inches long, 6 inches wide (59
em., 15cm.) A torch displaying considerable ingenuity was used on
the whalers about half a century ago. It consists of a can with
handle and match case combined, the lid of the can having a long
handle, a shield, and an iron rod with a burner of perforated and
plain iron plates attached to the end. In use, the can was charged
with the illuminant, apparently rape-seed oil, the burner always
bathed in the oil, withdrawn, lighted with a match, and replaced in
the can, and smothered out when the exigency was over. ‘To obviate
any gas pressure, an air vent was led in a tube from the bottom of
the can. The specimen was presented in 1882 by C. A. Williams
and Co. (PI. 8a, fig. 4, Cat. No. 75370, New London, Conn., col-
lected by J. Templeton Brown; 14.2 inches (36 cm.) high.)
On account of a survival of usage in the open air the name torch
is applied to vessels having a large wick burning oil. In reality
these belong in the single-wick type of lamps and mostly are mod-
ern. Of these, torches carried in political processions are familiar
examples. One of these, rudely made of tin and fitted with a gas-
pipe wick tube, is said to have been carried in a torchlight proces-
sion during the Lincoln campaign. (PI. 8a, fig. 5, Cat. No. 289457;
Anton Heitmuller; 4.6 inches (12 cm.) dia., 7.8 inches (20 cm.)
high.) Another, more elaborate, is a flare torch of tin painted red
with long tubular handle. Air is blown through the flame by means
of a tube, the mouth of which projects from the handle. (PI. 8a,
fig. 2, Cat. No. 251476; U. S. Patent Office; 24.4 inches (62 cm.)
long. Patented August 1, 1876, by I. W. Shaler.) A hand torch
14 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
of sheet iron with brazed joints and cast handle riveted on is from |
British Columbia, where it is said to have been used by miners and |
other frontiersmen and sold by the Hudson Bay Company. (PI. 8a,
fig. 3, Cat. No. 326755, British Columbia; Walter Hough; 9.8 inches
(25 em.) high.) An interesting torch of tin with brass wick tube |
was used on mackerel fishing boats at Gloucester, Mass., in 1882.
It has a tube below for fitting on a staff. (Pl. 8a, fig. 1, Cat. No.
54384; U. S. Fish Commission; 6.3 inches (16 cm.) diameter,
8.6 inches (22 cm.) high.) A heavy cast-iron torch used formerly
by engineers and others on railroads was recently received. It has
cast on one side “P. R. R. Bayton Malleable Iron Co. X1028.”
(Cat. No. 825618; Walter Hough; 9.3 inches (23.5 cm.) high.)
CANDLE
The crude torch and the flambeau passed out among civilized
peoples in the course of progress, but one of the elements of the
flambeau survived as the taper. This waxed or fatted cord was
burned in vessels like lamps or wound in a coil or on a support
presenting many forms due to expediency or taste. The taper was |
very useful, and indeed still may be found on sale where fashion
and conservatism demand the use of sealing wax. In European
countries the taper still has a cult use.
The role of the taper in the development of the candle may have
been important. There is probability that the southern European
candle had the taper as ancestor. The conditions were complete for
such a development. In northern Europe, however, the candle is
clearly a development from the fatted rush. The far eastern Asiatic
candle has still another origin, also using pith of the rush as a wick.
There are thus seen three avenues of approach to the invention of the
candle traceable at the present. It is not to be concluded that these
are all. The candle is a device which depends on conditions, prin-
cipally on the stage of human advance in culture, and, therefore,
given flocks and herds for the production of abundant suitable fats,
the candle may have arisen, but it must arise out of earlier uses of
substances for light. This combination of circumstances could have
assembled in the early Bronze Age among peoples favorably situated.
Some of the commercial tapers purchased about 35 years ago are
shown in Plate 8b. Figure 8 is a slender white taper wound in an
ingenious way to uncoil through an aperture in the holder. (Cat.
No. 167065, Seville, Spain; Walter Hough; 2.4 inches (6 cm.)
diameter.) Figure 7 is a bundle of thicker taper of unbleached bees-
wax from north Spain, purchased at an almacen, or store, selling
ecclesiastical objects. (Cat. No. 167062, Burgos, Spain; Walter
Hough; 1.6 inches (4 cm.) diameter, 3.1 inches (8 cm.) high.) Fig-
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 15
ure 5 is a bleached wax taper coiled on a wooden support sold
by stationers and known as “ Pomeroy’s coiled taper.” (Cat. No.
150431, Washington, D. C.; Walter Hough; 2.7 inches (7 cm.) high.)
Figure 6 is a wax taper coiled to fit’a holder, through the opening
of which it can be easily drawn up as needed. (Cat. No. 167062,
Burgos, Spain; Walter Hough; 1.5 inches (4 cm.) diameter.) The
taper is found still in use in the float lights or night lights, in wax
matches, and in the long cords used in the almost obsolete gas lighter.
Small candles called tapers will be discussed under candles.
TAPER HOLDERS
Such appliances as have survived depend on the use of the taper
for special purposes such as sealing letters or for a temporary small
light. In one specimen the familiar clip with spring is seen. (PI.
8d, fig. 2, Cat. No. 289449; France; Anton Heitmuller; 5.1 inches
(13 cm.) high.) In this specimen to install the taper coil the screw
top and clip were taken off, the taper slid over the upright, and the
clip replaced. The extinguisher attached to the clip by a chain is
missing. A very old Italian taper holder of fine ironwork has a
clip with spring. The clip is mounted on an upright rod arising
from a square table with ornately cut edge and four curved legs
with ball feet. Around the rod the taper is wound and brought up
to the clip. This taper holder appears to date late seventeenth cen-
tury. (Pl. 8d, fig. 1, Cat. No. 168311, Italy; G. Brown Goode; 5.5
inches (14 cm.) high.) Another form has a receptacle for the taper,
which is drawn up through a bell-shaped orifice. The extinguisher
has an arm fitting into a small tube somewhat as the candle extin-
guisher to be described. (PI. 80, fig. 8, Cat. No. 8324719, Washington,
D. C.; E. D. Tabler; 3.1 inches (8 cm.) diameter, 2.7 inches (7 cm.)
high.) Another is of openwork brass of elaborate decoration. It
has an extinguisher on a chain. (PI. 88, fig. 4, Cat. No. 167662, Italy;
G. Brown Goode; 2.3 inches (6 cm.) diameter, 3.5 inches (9 cm.)
high.)
CANDLE MAKING
In the remarks on the development of illumination the growth
of the candle was considered from the standpoint of invention.
There follow notes on the materials and processes of the industry.
The materials for candles are not many. In nature vegetal sub-
stances preponderate over those available from animal sources, yet
only in a few places have vegetal fats and waxes been used for
candles, and most of these sporadic attempts belong to the modern
period. In China and Japan, however, is seen a replica of the
western candle industry based mainly on valuable illuminating sub-
stances derived from the tallow tree, Stillingia sebifera, of eastern
China, and the Rhus succedanea, of Japan. In both cases the wax
16 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
or “tallow” occurs on the seeds as in the Vyrica cerifera, from which
myrtle wax candles are made occasionally in eastern North America.
The process of extraction is similar, freeing the wax from the seeds
by means of heat and pressure. The Chinese tree tallow has a rather
low melting point, below summer temperature, and it is found neces-
sary to put on such candles a substantial coating of beeswax or
insect wax. In southern China candles of animal fats are so covered.
The Cocus pela, or Chinese wax insect is found on the Ligustrum
japonicum, L. obtusifolium, L. tibola, and Rhus succedaneum. The
eggs are gathered from nests on the above trees in the fall and kept
wrapped in reed leaves. At the beginning of May the eggs are placed |
upon the proper trees, usually Praxinus chinensis, where they hatch |
about the 1st of June and begin wax making. In September the
wax is scraped from the twigs where it has been deposited, melted
with boiling water, and cast into cakes. It is a white crystalline
substance resembling the best spermaceti. It melts at 152° F. and
is thus suitable for summer candles. The Cocus pela is a relative
of the lac insect, which produces a valuable product known as shellac.
This is an interesting example of man’s skill in adapting the habits
of insects to his needs. So far as the candle is concerned, the in-
dustry is aided by the products from two insects, the Cocus and
the bee. |
It appears that the beeswax candle has a fairly ancient history ©
in the West among the historic nations. While there is evidence
that the ancient Aryans practiced apiculture, using dome-shape
hives of coiled straw, there is no basis for the belief that candles
were used. Candle making in China applies notable skill in the
industry. The first requirement are slender rods finished from —
bamboo and tapered from base to point. (PI. 9a, fig. 1, Cat. No. |
325619; Chinese Centennial Commission, Philadelphia, 1876.) The
next in order is a spill or tube of paper wound spirally, with rush
pith forming the wick (fig. 5). This is slipped on the bamboo rod.
The Chinese thus solved the problem of the high-capillarity wick.
(Pl. 9a, fig. 2, Cat. No. 325619; Chinese Centennial Commission,
Philadelphia, 1876.) The combination is then dipped in the melted
wax or fat and cooled alternately until a candle of the caliber re-
quired is secured, forming the finished candle shown in Plate 9a,
Figure 3 (15.7 inches (40 cm.) long). The pink candles of graded
size (figs. 6-10) are made by the same method as are the large
candles. In the latter a vegetable stem is used instead of a bamboo
rod upon which the rush pith wick is wound. (PI. 9a, fig. 4, Cat.
No. 98478, Ningpo, China; Royal Gardens, Kew, England; 8 inches
(20.5 cm.) long.) This specimen is wax incased, green, and orna-
mented with characters, as is the other specimen. (PI. 9a, fig. 11,
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 17
Cat. No. 93479, Tung Cheng, China; same donor; 11 inches (28 cm.)
long.) The latter is softer and apparently is of tree tallow.
Japanese candles follow generally the methods of Chinese manu-
facture. It is more than probable that the art of making candles
was introduced from the older country. The candles made by the
Japanese are more accurately and neatly finished than the Chinese.
They are frequently beautifully decorated. The industry also was
most carefully organized in every detail. An ingenious method of
molding candles in paper tubes was worked out by the Japanese.
In the Western Hemisphere a number of local or domestic indus-
tries connected with wax yielding trees and plants may be noted.
The bayberry, Myrica cerifera, of the eastern coast of the United
States produces a waxy substance which in the earlier days of the
country was made into candles by economical housewives of New
England. It is said to have been discovered by a New England
surgeon who made it into candles and introduced it into medicine.
The Indians made no use of the wax, as stated by Pere Lafiteau in
his work of 1724. In Middlesex, west side of the Connecticut River,
near Haddam, is Candleberry Hill. There is tradition of the use of
the wax from berries here to make candles during the Revolution.
The method of extracting the wax was to fill a kettle half full of
water, put in bayberries and boil them. The heated mass was then
put in a bag over a kettle of water and strained. As the water cooled
a film of wax consolidated on the surface. This was the desired
wax. The wax was not only used in making candles but wax mixed
with tallow to harden the candles made for summer use. The wax
was also sold in drug stores. The cylinders employed in the early
graphophones were made of this wax.
Candles were made in Brazil from wax from the Ceroxylon, or wax
palm. In northern Brazil the Klopstockia cerifera (cornauba), pro-
duced a useful wax, as does a Myrica in Peru. The Virola sebifera
(dari), a large tree growing in Demarara, bears seeds from which
candles equal to wax was made. Specimens of bayberry candles
from New England are Cat. No. 229926; Alice Morse Earle. Rude
candles of myrtle wax, made by natives of Puerto Plata, Santo
Domingo, are Cat. No. 29923. (Charles A. Frazer; 12.2-15 inches
(31-88 cm.) long.) An account of bayberry wax is found in
Scientific American Supplement.+
Rush candles in the British Isles preceded the candle with textile
fiber wick, and followed the fatted rush which was used in the clips
described. Rushes were gathered, the cortex peeled off, exposing
the pith except a small strip of the outer covering which was allowed
to remain to sustain the fragile pith. These were dipped in hot fat
#Sept. 1, 1883, p. 6385.
18 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
and put away to season. (Cat. No. 150410, Surrey, England; Edward
Lovett; 14 inches (35.5 cm.) long.) They were later “dipped ” by
the usual domestic process for tallow candles. Rush wicks, even
with part of the cortex left on, were not strong enough to pull in
molds, hence such candles were dipped, a method preceding the use
of molds.
Tinned iron candle molds are comparatively common, and many
are seen in collections where they point out that formerly candle
making was an important domestic industry. In reality the molds
represent a method of economy among our ancestors in that small
amounts of fat could be worked up into candles with the molds when
required. Generally on the plantations, where a great many candles
were necessary, sufficient were made for the whole year by dipping,
which was far more expeditious than by molds. Candle dipping was
usually coincident with the butchering of the winter stores of meat,
at which time much fat was accumulated.
The molds shown range from 3 tubes to 24 tubes. The 3-tube
specimen has lost the stand. (PI. 10, fig. 1, Cat. No. 127281, Lynch-
burg, Va.; Mrs. Ed. Hunter; 9.7 inches (24.5 cm.) high. Fig. 2 has
6 tubes. Cat. No. 298359, Virginia, Dr. P. B. Johnson; 10.8 inches
(27.5 cm.) high.) The 8-tube specimen retains the stand. The tubes
are less tapered than in the examples described. (Fig. 3, Cat. No.
126825, Virginia; Mrs. G. Brown Goode; 11 inches (28 cm.) high.)
The 24-tube mold has handles on two sides and the tubes are only
slightly tapered. (Fig. 4, Cat. No. 175464; Morgantown, W. Va.;
Walter Hough; 11 inches (28 cm.) high.)
Slender candles called tapers have still a general currency for
religious use. As suggested, these are survivals of the flambeaux
tapers cut into lengths for a definite use. They are intended to be
carried in the hand and rarely or never are sticks designed for
them. Plate 96 figures a number of these tapers. Figure 1 is a
bundle of mocoluteori used in the Roman carnival. They are very
slender and of white wax. (Cat. No. 154308, Italy; G. Brown Goode;
9 inches (23 cm.) long.) Figures 2, 3, and 4 are bundles of tapers
sold in the churches and used by the devout in processions and other
ceremonials. The tapers in Figure 2 are rather large and of natural
yellow wax. Those of Figure 3 are long and slender natural wax.
Figure 4 are red tapers. (Cat. No. 238067, 238070, 238068, Manila,
P. I.; Philippine Commission; 12.6 inches (32 em.) long, 13.4 inches
(34 cm.) long, 10.2 inches (26 em.) long.) Figure 5 is of a bundle of
white, red, orange, yellow, pink, and green tapers bought at Madrid,
Spain, and used in Christmas festivities in 1892. (Cat. No. 166996;
Walter Hough; 7.5 inches (19 cm.) long.) Figure 6 are small candles
of red, white, and green wax and called tapers. They were “ bought
|
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 19
(and freely burned) in the Great Golden Pagoda at Rangoon, Burma,
December 30, 1885,” writes the donor. (Cat. No. 129532, Rangoon,
Burma; Rev. C. H. A. Dall; 3.8 inches (9.5 cm.) long.)
There are a number of candleholders connected with special occu-
pations and of much human interest. ‘These show invention off the
beaten track and are examples of the adaptiveness of the plain
people. About the domestic textile industry there are needs for
special lighting and a number have been used. The weaver, for
instance, plying her loom in the twilight hours or on dark days
had a thin S-shape iron candlestick with a hook to hang it con-
veniently before the work. (PI. 60, fig, 7, Cat. No. 178798, Antrim,
Treland; Edward Lovett; 18 inches (46 cm.) long.) ‘The brewer
had a candleholder cut from a block of wood with hand grasp,
socket in the middle and an awl point at the other end for thrusting
into casks. (PI. 11a, fig. 4, Cat. No. 178361, Washington, D. C.;
George Woltz; 7.9 inches (20 cm.) long.) Another form of iron
with a vertical and horizontal spike leg was useful in many places
from the holds of New England ships to the barns of New Jersey.
(PI. 11a, fig. 3, Cat. No. 25937, Gloucester, Mass.; A. McCurdy
Crittenden; 4.5 inches (11.5 cm.) long.) Western hard rock miners
used a candlestick having a spring socket, a hook, a loop handle, and
a long spike which on emergency could be or was reported to be
useful as a dagger. (Pl. lla, fig. 2, Cat. No. 129836, Colorado;
Edward Wyman; 9.8 inches (25 cm.) long.) The miner’s candle-
stick seems to have attracted American inventive spirit, for several
improvements on the older form are in the collection. One specimen
of excellently finished ironwork has a hinged spike with pivoted stop,
which when folded down allows the candle to be hung to the hat
by means of the hooks. The patent was granted September 4, 1877.
(Pl. 11a, fig. 5, Cat. No. 251460; U. S. Patent Office; 7.7 inches
(18.5 cm.) long.) Another is a miner’s folding candlestick with a
knife blade incorporated. (Pl. ila, fig. 1, Cat. No. 251466; U. S.
Patent Office; dated April 3, 1883. 8.2 inches (21 cm.) long.) Dur-
ing the Civil War in the United States the bayonet sometimes had a
more peaceful employment than its designed purpose as a candle-
stick. Fortunately, the caliber of the bayonet and that of the
candles used at the period agreed, but any adjustment necessary
could be made with a bit of paper. (PI. 110, fig. 2, Cat. No. 325620;
Walter Hough; 20.5 inches (52 cm.) long.) The Northern lumber-
jacks had a device suggesting the bayonet candlestick. The candle
was held in the cleft of a sharpened stick by a strip of birch bark.
Model from a drawing by David I. Bushnell, jr. (Pl. 110, fig. 1, Cat.
No. 325621, 23.4 inches (59.5 cm.) long.) The famed Gloucester
fisherman in the eighties used a tin candle dish furnished with a
20 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
long, sharp iron spike for sticking in a convenient wooden wall. A
pair of these is in the fisheries collection of the National Museum.
(Pl. 11a, fig. 6, 7, Cat. No. 54416, Gloucester, Mass.; J. W. Collins;
10.2 inches (26 cm.) long.) They were used in the hold in storing
fish.
PRICKET CANDLESTICKS
It has seemed necessary to use the name pricket candlestick for
the candlestick having a spine on which the candle is stuck and
socket candlestick for the common type used to-day. In practice
it suffices to understand that candlestick means the socket type. The
pricket type is found in eastern Asia and Europe. The surviving
European examples are almost entirely ecclesiastical and large, for
placing on altars. The pricket would suffice for holding the candle
on stationary candlesticks, but for ambulant candlesticks the socket
would seem better. The Museum has an excellent specimen in the
form of a seven-branch wrought-iron processional candelabrum with
prickets. The stem is expanded into a disk, and below is a socket
for a staff by which the lights were carried. The specimen is of the
fourteenth century. (Pl. 12, fig. 3, Cat. No. 176329, France; S. B.
Dean; 32.5 inches (57 cm.) high, 13.3 inches (34 em.) wide.) Two
pricket church candlesticks of European provenance are figured in
Plate 12. Figure 1 is of heavy bronze with large base and a drip
catcher above, in the center of which is the spike. (Cat. No. 289421,
Hildesheim, Germany; Anton Heitmuller; 20 inches (51 cm.) high.)
This specimen may be taken as type of the massive roundel church
candlesticks of the north. Figure 2 is a Spanish example of carved
wood skillfully plated over with sheet iron, painted and gilt. Altar
candlesticks of this sort are sometimes very large and are frequently
observed in Spain. (Cat. No. 289421, Spain; Anton Heitmuller;
19.3 inches (49 cm.) high.) A spike stick two-arm iron wall light
of the fourteenth or fifteenth century is represented as driven be-
tween the stones of a wall. This rare specimen is of handwork
in soft iron, is very strong, and of graceful outline. (PI. 18, fig. 3,
Cat. No. 169094, England; S. B. Dean; 11 inches (28 cm.) wide.)
Asiatic pricket candlesticks are practically confined to China and
Japan, and are usually representations of mythological beings. The
candlesticks accompanying the ceremonial set used in ancestor wor-
ship at present may be excepted. The bronze figure holding a ve~e
with flower candlestick appears to be one of a pair employed a long
time ago in such worship. It is from the Henry J. Heinz collection,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (PI. 12, fig. 4, Cat. No. (1748 Heinz), China.) The
pricket is observed on a finely made folding candlestick from Japan
and a stork standing on the back of a turtle and bearing a branch
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 21
‘in its bill. (PI. 18, fig. 1, Cat. No. 248625, Japan; Eleanor Wallace;
15.3 inches (39 cm.) high, and fig. 2, Cat. No. 315086, Japan; Mrs.
John Van Rensselaer Hoff; 11.5 inches (29 cm.) high.)
WOODEN CANDLESTICKS
Specimens of wood are not common, perhaps on account of the
thought of risk of burning. Most of those in the Museum collection
are from parts of Finland, secured at a time when a most interesting
primitiveness was observed in the life of the folk. Plate 14, figure 7,
is a joined candlestick of wood with an iron socket. This candle-
stick was whittled from wood in a way to suggest turning. (Cat. No.
167862; Hon. John M. Crawford; 10.1 inches (26 cm.) high.) Fig-
ure 9 is made from a multiforked branch, with the socket cut out
of the stem. (Cat. No. 167863, Finland; Hon. John M. Crawford;
5.8 inches (15 cm.) high.) Figure 10 appears to be a very old speci-
men cut from wood. (Cat. No. 167941, Finland; Hon. John M.
Crawford; 5.8 inches (15 cm.) high.) Figure 8 is a candlestick
turned from walnut and used in the church of the Seventh Day
Adventists at Ephrata, Lancaster County, Pa., many years ago.
(Cat. No. 4,812; Miss Concordia W. Myers; 7.8 inches (20 cm.) high.)
CANDLESTICKS OF EARTHENWARE AND STONE
Ruder forms of unglazed pottery and examples cut from soft stone
are presented here. They are folk craft not depending in most cases
on a customary form such as appear at the time of the trades. An
interesting specimen is a cylindrical block of chalk with central
candle socket. This was used by the Brandon, England, gun-flint
makers for measuring time while at work. Chips of flint were
stuck in the candle at one-hour spaces previously determined. (PI.
14, fig. 1, Cat. No. 211911, Brandon, England; Edward Lovett; 2.7
inches (7 cm.) diameter.) Figure 3 is cut from sandstone and
rudely ornamented with parallel scores representing rain. Rude
stone candlesticks have been collected from several of the eastern
Pueblos. They are of course post-Conquest and appear to have been
used in the Mission churches. (Pl. 14, fig. 3, Cat. No. 234749,
Jemez, Pueblo, New Mexico; Mrs. Matilda C. Stevenson; 5 inches
(12.7 cm.) diameter.) Figure 2 is an earthenware candlestick
slightly glazed, with drip catcher and hole for ejecting the stub
end. (Cat. No. 115797, Indian potters of San Pedro, Mexico; Ed-
ward Palmer; 3.2 inches (8 cm.) diameter.) Figure 5 is an earthen-
‘ware dish candlestick which is quite effective for its lowly use.
(Cat. No. 73893, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; Louis H. Aymé; 4.4
inches (11 cm.) diameter.) Figure 6 is a candlestick pinched out of
clay and baked. It was used by the Indians of Santa Cruz, Mexico.
(Cat. No. 175565; Edward Palmer; 3.3 inches (8.5 cm.) diameter.)
i
22 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM |
Figure 4 is an earthenware figure of a reclining Bacchus supporting |
a floriated candle socket. This is a modern conception, (Cat. No.
129408, Italy; Mrs. E. S. Brinton, 4.1 inches (10.5 cm.) long.)
GLAZED POTTERY AND GLASS CANDLESTICKS
The candlestick on its material side reflects to some extent periods |
of culture and phases of art. A North African candlestick of |
earthenware glazed and decorated with ornamentation in deep blue
is a worthy exhibit of native handiwork and art. (Pl. 15, fig. 1,
collected at Tetuan, Morocco, by Dr. and Mrs. Talcott Williams; |
16.3 inches (41 cm.) high.) As a rule, earthenware candlesticks
offer great difficulties in manufacture and are, therefore, not so
common as those made of finer materials by modern processes of
manufacture. Among the almost infinite kinds and conditions of |
modern candlesticks it is possible to touch but few and those of the |
average within the means of the average people. One example of a |
highly glazed stoneware is shown in Plate 14, Figure 14. It dates
about 1870 and was made in Hungary. (Cat. No. 325622, Centennial
Exposition, Philadelphia, 6.7 inches (17 cm.) high.) Porcelain was |
a favorite medium for candlesticks. The pair shown in Plate 14, |
Figures 11 and 12, are of Liverpool china and date about 1820.
(Cat. No. 317638, England; Mrs. N. L. White; 8.3 inches (21 cm.) |
high.) The pair marked Figure 15 on the plate are German, prob-
ably (Royal Saxon) Meissen, and date near 1800. (Cat. No. 289428, |
Germany, Anton Heitmuller; 8.3 inches (21 cm.) high.) Figure |
13 is of dark green cut glass of Bohemian manufacture, about 1840. |
(Cat. No. 800321, Czechoslovakia; Mrs. C. E. Danforth; 10.6 inches |
(27 cm.) high.)
SILVER AND PLATE CANDLESTICKS
The technic of the brass worker is radically different from that
of the silversmith. The brass worker descends in the line of the |
bronze and cast-iron workers of antiquity, while the silver worker’
emerges with the pattern maker (perhaps of lamps) of old Rome. |
The difference is between casting and beating or pressure. It is)
understood, of course, that brass was often beaten in the method of
silver and copper, but neither of the latter was cast as a practical |
method of working. The candlestick figured on Plate 16, Figure 3, |
is a case in point. It is an old Sheffield Baroque candlestick made |
of sheet copper silvered by rolling that metal with copper by the
well-known Sheffield process. The socket roundels, swell of the stem, |
are formed by spinning, beating, or other processes and joined to |
form the candlestick. (Cat. No. 311537, England, Elizabeth S.
Stevens; 11.7 inches (30 cm.) high.) The base of this candlestick:
is loaded and covered with coarse green baize. Two pairs of desk
candlesticks of silver are good examples of the silversmith’s art and
a oa © peed yee ~ eeeO. geld Qed ne ee re Ne a a ee eee ee ee en ge a
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 23
skill in design. The pair to the left had the Victorian hallmark
of 1886 and the initials of the maker, J. K. B. These are no doubt
a.copy of earlier Georgian silversmith’s work. The base is loaded
with cutler’s cement of resin covered with an iron plate. (Pl. 17,
fig. 2, Cat. No. 311534, England; Elizabeth S. Stevens; 5.2 inches
(13 cm.) high.) The second pair are the antithesis in design of the
first pair, showing a circular base and a stem of soft curves. The
base is loaded with a cast-iron plate. (PI. 17, fig. 2, Cat. No. 311535,
(no mark) ; 5.5 inches (14 cm.) high.) More ornate candlesticks are
Sheffield with mark, probably 1800, and appear to follow the French
style of Louis the Fourteenth. (Pl. 17, fig, 4, Cat. No. 311531,
England; Elizabeth S. Stevens; 10.2 inches (26 cm.) high.) The
middle pair are plate, Rococo in style, and follow the art of Louis
Sixteenth, the stem showing the return to classical art. (Pl. 17,
fig. 5, Cat. No. 311532, England; Elizabeth S. Stevens; 12.6 inches
(382 cm.) high.) The third pair of Sheffield plate are called Chip-
pendale; that is, following the conception of that master designer.
The sockets are oblong rectangular. The bases are weighted and
the bottoms covered with green baize. The date of these candle-
sticks is believed to be near 1770. (PI. 17, fig. 6, Cat. No. 311530,
England; Elizabeth 8. Stevens; 10.4 inches (27 cm.) high.) At one
period many candlesticks were made in France from designs fur-
nished by sculptors, sometimes by eminent artists who may have
been in need. The period perhaps coincided with that of pottery
figures and groups, which must always be regarded as an unwar-
ranted departure from the true field of ceramics. To some extent
the same may be said of the candlestick miniature groups in silver
and brass which served mainly to increase the supply of scarcely
useful bric-a-brac. A pair of these is shown in Plate 17, Figure 1,
representing a camel bearing a fanciful candle socket. This pair is
marked Reed and Barton and simulates silver. (Cat. No. 311651,
United States; Elizabeth S. Stevens; 4 inches (10 cm.) high.)
CANDLESTICKS OF PRWTER
Not so many pewter candlesticks have come down from the period
of their use. Pewter, on account of its liability to distortion and the
care required to keep it presentable, and also the economic demand
for old pewter for other uses, had a tendency to become scarce. One
of the best specimens of pewter candlestick is that which belonged
to Col. Joseph Warner, of the Massachusetts Colony, exhibited in the
collection of the Society of Colonial Dames in the historical collec-
tion of the U. S. National Museum. (Cat. No. 486, Massachusetts;
Mrs. Marcus Benjamin; 8.5 inches (21 cm.) high. PI. 16, fig. 1).
Two old German pewter candlesticks from Hildesheim are in the
collection. They are enameled, except on the rings in red and
54261—28-——_3
24 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
yellow, respectively. No marks are observed on these specimens.
(Pl. 19, fig. 19, Cat. No. 289427; Anton Heitmuller; 7.7 inches |
(19.5 cm.) high.) The Chinese used pewter candlesticks on the altar |
of ancestor worship, some elaborate and some plain. These are |
pricket candlesticks. (See p. 20.) (Pl. 18, fig. 1, Cat. No. 75344;
Chinese Centennial Commission, Philadelphia, 1876; 13.3 inches |
(33.5 cm.) high.) A pair of handsome candlesticks in metal resem-
bling pewter, shown on Plate 18, Figure 2, are of English manufac-
ture and appear to be Georgian, or after a Georgian model which
was probably in silver. (Cat. No. 311678, Elizabeth S. Stevens;
7.8 inches (22.5 cm.) high.)
CANDLESTICKS OF BRASS
It is really a short time comparatively since the socket candlestick
took its place as an important feature of house furnishings. The
Romans left candlesticks in the débris of the ancient Roman station
of Saalberg, Germany, but it was many centuries before they became
usual in Europe. Brass, the useful alloy which was known in India
in the third century B. C., became widely disseminated. More lamps,
candlesticks, and religious objects were made of brass than of any
other metal. It would seem not beside the mark to term the period
following the Bronze Age and before the wide distribution of iron
the Age of Brass. There is no doubt that brass candlesticks are the
oldest form of this lighting device in metal. It is difficult, however,
to date the common brass candlestick except special patterns which
have arisen generally at a late period in various cultured countries.
The roundel sticks seem to go back very far and are molded from
wood turned patterns, which accounts for their resemblance to prod-
ucts of the lathe worker’s art. Candlesticks of the roundel type,
which may be assigned to the American colonial period and subse-
quently, have an oblong rectangular or square base with truncated
or rounded corners, cut separately and joined to the stem. Plate 19,
Figure 16, is a colonial mantel or table candlestick of brass. (Cat.
No. 216269, Pennsylvania; Anton Heitmuller; 8 inches (20.5 cm.)
high.) There appears to be no data as to when the manufacture of
candlesticks of this type was discontinued. It may be hazarded
that it was about 1860, near the period when coal oil struck a dis-
astrous blow to the candlestick industry. Replicas, however, have
been occasionally made to supply a certain demand. The specimen
(pl. 16, fig. 2) appears to be in this class. (Cat. No. 311538, United
States; Elizabeth S. Stevens; 11.8 inches (30 cm.) high.) Figure 4
is a solid brass cast of the turned wood model more slender and grace-
ful than those described and tastefully ornamented. (Cat. No. 311,-
539, England; Elizabeth S. Stevens; 10.7 inches (27 cm.) high.)
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 25
This specimen is not old, but is probably a replica of an older candle-
stick. Another ornate pair shows how far variation may be carried
on the old turned wood model. (PI. 19, fig. 17, Cat. No. 325911,
England; M. L. Turner; 10.8 inches (27.5 em.) high.) There are
many solid cast brass candlesticks with slender roundel stem and
oblong rectangular base with claw or ball feet, of which the date
is not ascertained. Some of the specimens in the collection are much
worn and damaged, more so than the English baluster type, and
appear old. (Pl. 19, fig. 18, Cat. No. 290442, France; Mrs. C. E.
Bates; 10 inches (25.5 cm.) high.) Brass candlesticks in general are
provided with a simple device for pushing up the candle ends in the
socket for economical burning. Thisis a rod passing upward through
the stem and terminating in the socket with a disk. When this device
began to be utilized is not ascertained; also there is no information
as to whether it was patented. If not, it was applied to candlesticks
before the establishment of patent offices.
CANDLESTICKS OF HAMMERED IRON
A familiar iron candlestick of early times in America was a
widely accepted type because it was indestructible and serviceable
to the limit of early ideas of economy. It had a cupped base, a
straight tube with a slide, and a rim around the top provided with
a hook for hanging up or for carrying. On occasion this candle-
stick in virtue of the cupped base was used to scrape hogs at the
butchering and also could be used to cut out cookies. (PI. 19, fig. 15,
Cat. No, 75359, Bainbridge, Pa.; George Bean; 6.1 inches (15.5 em.)
high.) A candlestick prized by collectors is variously assigned to
Switzerland, Germany, and the Tyrol. It is really a remarkable
piece of seventeenth century ironwork, showing the art of the
painstaking craftsman unmindful of time. The specimen is dated
1709. It shows ancient survivals from the splint clip in its spring arm
and the hook for hanging. (PI. 20, fig. 2, Cat. No. 180655, Switzer-
land; Goldsborough and Co.; 11.4 inches (29 cm.) high.) Another
type familiar in collections and frequently copied is of hammered
iron. It consists of a lobed base, a short column from which rises
a spiral surmounted by a ring with a hook. In the spiral works
a candle socket with a guiding hook allowing the candle to be
moved up and down, a feature in advance of candle slides and not
bettered before the advent of the spring candlestick. (Pl. 20, fig.
1, Cat. No. 168318, Germany; S. B. Dean; 10.2 inches (26 cm.)
high.) The specimen dates about 1700 and shows some relationship
to Figure 2. This type of candlestick was called “ Martin Luther.”
Rude wrought-iron candlesticks are somewhat common. These, like
the betty lamps, were exhibits of the skill of the local smith, who not
26 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
infrequently wished to show what he could do. One of these has |
a ring base to which three prongs at the lower end of the stem are ©
welded. The drip catcher is large and has a hook extending down
from one side, answering as a handle and hanger. (Pl. 20, fig. 3,
Cat. No. 289432, United States; Anton Heitmuller; 5.6 inches
(14.5 cm.) diameter, 9.1 inches (23 cm.) high.) |
CANDLESTICKS OF CAST IRON
About 1870 cast iron was the medium for many art works. It |
had, however, only a temporary vogue, although the material, espe-
cially in the hands of the Russian artist-artizans, was capable of
producing fine results. Among the works in cast iron were candle- |
sticks generally showing the worst phases of Rococo art. These |
are regarded with disfavor by collectors and not many find a way —
into their hands. The specimens shown are German and consist ©
of two candlesticks and two candle dishes, one of cast iron and |
another of cast brass showing the same class of work and of the
same period. (Pl. 19, fig. 13, is a candlestick, Cat. No. 300383,
Germany ; Mrs. C. E. Danforth; 7.1 inches (18 em.) high.) Fig-—
ure 12 is a similar specimen aa dripeatcher. (Cat. No. 300384,
same locality and donor; 6.4 inches (16 em.) high.) Candle dish |
(fig. 14), also from the same donor, is a good example of the art |
overloading of the period. (Cat. is 300385, 8.1 inches (20.5 cm.) }
long.) Figure 11 is of heavy cast brass, trefoil design. (Cat. No }
301540, Germany; Library of Congress; 6.8 inches (17.5 cm.) long.) }
CANDLE DISHES OF METAL
The candle dish expresses the need of a less formal furnishing than |
the candlestick. It not only insures the means of carrying the candle |
about but provides a catch-all for drip as a concession to cleanliness. —
Candle dishes were made of sheet iron tinned or otherwise, copper,
brass, and silver, or silver plate. Plate 19, Figure 4 is a specimen ]
boldly hammered from copper. The handle is pierced for hanging }
the dish as a sconce. (Cat. No. 317216, Mexico; Harry S. Bryan;
4.6 inches (11.5 cm.) diameter.) In contrast is a dainty French |
candle dish of repoussee silver. (Pl. 19, fig. 5, Cat. No. 317637; |
Mrs. N. L. White; 4.3 inches (11 cm.) diameter.) Figure 6 is of
hammered and chiseled brass with saucepan handle riveted on. It
is dated 1785. (PI1. 19, fig. 6, Cat. No. 168318, England; S. B. Dean;
5.5 inches (14 cm.) diameter.) A neatly made specimen of sheet }
iron crimped on the border is from Nantucket, Mass. It has a ring
for the finger. (Pl. 19, fig. 7, Cat. No. 129904; F. B. Smith; 6.5)
inches (16.5 cm.) diameter.) The next figure is an ornate dish of |
Sheffield plate with an aperture in the stem for snuffers (Pl. 37) and
;|
i\
i|
i|
|
|
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 27
a socket in the ring for the extinguisher. (Pl. 19, fig. 8, Cat. No.
130666, Baltimore; J. S. Russell; 6.3 inches (16 cm.) diameter.)
Figure 9 is a sheet-iron candle dish tinned, from Hanover, York Co.,
Pa. (PI. 19, Cat. No. 151462; T. W. Sweeney; 6.9 inches (17.5 cm.)
diameter.) The last figure is a typical brass candle dish widely
familiar to the older generation of Americans. (PI. 19, fig. 10, Cat.
No. 289447.) United States; Anton Heitmuller; 6.1 inches (15.5
cm.) diameter.) An unusual candle dish is boat shape of sheet brass,
the handle having been applied at one side. (PI. 19, fig. 1, Cat. No.
311867, Holland; Elizabeth S. Stevens; 8.8 inches by 5.5 inches diame-
ter (22.5cm.by14cm.).) Another excellent specimen is of sheet brass,
oval, and well ornamented with punched work. The handle terminates
in a hook. (PI. 19, fig. 2, Cat. No. 311866, England; Elizabeth S.
Stevens; 7.8 inches by 5.4 inches diameter (19.7 cm. by 13.5 cm.)
Figure 3 (pl. 19) is a candlieholder which slides into a slot in the
candle dish.
CANDLESTICKS WITH WIND GLASSES
Glass protectors for candlesticks were in use for a long period
in America. They resemble in shape the lamp chimney formerly
used, but much larger. They were, it is presumed, the largest piece
made by the glass blower. Well-to-do families in the States which
were the Colonies would possess and carefully treasure these “ hurri-
cane glasses,” as they were called. These glasses were imported
from England, where they were made, and decorated in floral de-
signs with the wheel. It was customary to set these hurricane
globes in a drafty hall or on the portico to protect the candle from
the breeze. (Pl. 21, fig. 5, Cat. No. 315102 (candlestick, No.
251722); Mrs. John Van Rensselaer Hoff; 9.8 inches (25 cm.)
diameter, 22 inches (57 cm.) high.)
Candlesticks were often fitted with graceful flaring glass pro-
tectors, the bases of which had a brass collar fitting around the
candle socket. (Pl. 21, fig. 6, Cat. No. 809022, United States; Mrs.
Abby Knight McLane; 18.8 inches (48 cm.) high.) Such candle-
sticks are again coming into use for decorative effects. Another
obsolete form, but of the modern period, is seen in a candle stand
with glass globes. It consists of a pair of spring candleholders of
Palmer’s invention about 1845 running on an upright support and
adjusted with a screw. It is of white brass. (Pl. 21, fig. 4, Cat.
No. 315103, England; Mrs. John Van Rensselaer Hoff; 22 inches
(56 cm.) high.)
CANDLE ARMS
Candle arms are in the form of rigid brackets or brackets hinged
on pins or extensible. The form of candle installation reaches back
to an uncertain date, certainly before the fifteenth century. Its use
28 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES ‘NATIONAL MUSEUM
has survived for special purposes to this day. An interesting speci-
men of Spanish i iron candle arm of the fifteenth or sixteenth century }
was collected in Seville, Spain, in 1893. It is said to have hung |
over the entrance to the convent of the Santa Trinidad at Seville, }
the square cross painted partly red and blue being, it is alleged, the |
sign of that convent. The monogram is also worked in the scroll.
The arm shows traces of paint and gilding. (Pl. 20, fig. 4, Cat. No.
325623; Walter Hough; 13.8 inches by 13 inches (35 cm. by 33 cm.).) |
An extension arm of wrought iron of Belgian manufacture is shown
in Plate 20, Figure 5. The specimen has five pivoted sections. The |
candle socket with drip catcher is set at the end of the arm. (Cat. |
No. 168320, Belgium; S. B. Dean; 18.5 inches (47 cm.) long.) A }
more elaborate specimen of old ironwork consisting of five pivoted }
sections is from Nuremburg, Germany, and is probably early eight-_
eenth century. (Pl. 20, fig. 6, Cat. No. 168321; S. B. Dean; 18.5 }
inches (47 cm.) long.) The third specimen is an extensible brass }
candle arm cut out and joined by modern methods. Such arms were }
used on desks and pianos. (PI. 20, fig. 7, United States; Charles |
D. Walcott; 18.9 inches (48 cm.) long.)
CANDELABRA
Ascending in the scale from the stemmed utilitarian candlestick —
is the candelabrum or arm candlestick, connoting luxury and taste }
with the basal idea of more light. An interesting brass two-arm —
candelabrum in the collection dates from the early eighteenth cen-_
tury. It is Dutch, has an openwork stem of conventional vine and ©
leaves, and has a punched tracing on the base. (PI. 22, fig. 1, Cat.
No. 311528, Holland; Elizabeth S. Stevens; 10.6 inches (27 cm.) |
high.) A specimen in brass of unusual design has three candle |
sockets on floriated brackets moving on a rod stem arising from a>
basin. This fine specimen is evidently a floor candelabrum. (PI.
22, fig. 3, Cat. No. 289420, English; Anton Heitmuller; 26.3 inches
(67 cm.) high.) One of a pair of French Empire candelabra regarded
as rare is shown in Plate 22. The base is square, the column
of ormolu brass topped with a half globe on which stands an exqui- |
sitely modeled bronze Cupid holding up a combination of bow,
quiver, arrows, and two candle sockets. The work is executed
with the greatest regard for detail. (PI. 22, fig. 2, Cat. No. 311533,
France; Elizabeth S. Stevens; 14.6 inches (37 cm.) high.) Another
interesting example of candelabrum of Rococo style is in the col-
lection. It is of ormolu brass, with four arms set in the sides of
a mirror erected on a marble base. Arising from the apex of the
mirror is an openwork cup holding a flower receiver of fine blue
glass delicately shaped. (PI. 22, fig. 4, Cat. No. 311541, France;
Elizabeth S. Stevens; 24 inches (61 cm.) high.) |
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 29
SCONCES
These candleholders have never reached any considerable impor-
tance in the field of illuminating devices, but as aids in decoration
have played a great part. They are the origin of the side lights
used for the double purpose of lighting and beautifying dining
rooms of modern houses. One of the early and simple forms of the
sconce is shown in Plate 21, Figure 2. It is of sheet iron and has
the dignified aspect of good work and design. (Cat. No. 129905,
Nantucket, Mass.; F. B. Smith; 9.5 inches (24 cm.) high.) A good
example of folk art is shown in the Dutch brass sconce with three
candle sockets. The decoration is in repoussé. (PI. 21, fig. 3, Cat.
No. 233136, Holland; Walter Hough; 8.5 inches (21.5 cm.) wide,
10.2 inches (26 cm.) high.) A Rococo sconce in silvered copper with
mirror has a detachable candle socket on a curved arm. The pair
is of German workmanship. (Pl. 21, fig. 1, Cat. No. 311543, Ger-
many; Elizabeth S. Stevens; 17.9 inches (45.5 cm.) high, 14 inches
(35.5 cm.) wide.)
CHANDELIERS
Chandeliers have followed the development of illumination and
therefore represent every type from the rush light to the electric
light. They are described together here for convenience of treat-
ment. The earliest chandelier in the collection is a noteworthy
example of high-class English ironwork. It is described as a rush
chandelier of the thirteenth-fourteenth century. Although this
date may not be insisted upon, the specimen is apparently very old
and a remarkably pure and consistent design. It is conjectured
that bundles of fatted rushes were set in the perforated drip catchers
at the end of the arms. (PI. 23, fig. 1, Cat. No. 169098, England; S.
_B. Dean; 31 inches (79 cm.) diameter.) The chandelier with lusters
shown in Plate 24a is English, early nineteenth century. It is of
bronze gilt and consists of a stem with four crowns graded in size,
the great crown with arms being supported by ornamental brackets.
Three chain festoons with unusual links hang from the head into
which the stem is screwed. The chandelier had eight candle arms
fitted with cut-glass drip catchers. (Cat. No. 328624, Morgantown,
W. Va. (Va.); Walter Hough; 45 inches (114 cm.) long.) A small
chandelier of brass, Rococo in art, comes from Germany and dates
about the middle of the eighteenth century. (PI. 25, fig. 1, Cat. No.
289430; Anton Heitmuller; 18.1 inches (46 cm.) long.) Several
Turkish chandeliers were secured at the Chicago World’s Fair in
1893, and hung in the Arts and Industries Building of the National
Museum. They are interesting specimens of ironwork, but es-
pecially so in the character of the lighting apparatus. This consists
of glass cups with knob base set in arms riveted to the crowns, as
30 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
the circular elements are termed. A tripod of wire bearing the wick |
is placed in the cup and water poured in to the required depth and }
on the water oil sufficient to allow the wick to emerge. This describes }
the customary Mohammedan oil-water lamp. (PI. 26, Cat. No. |
325625; Turkish Commission, World Columbian Exposition, Chicago, }
1893; about 4 feet in diameter, 8 feet high.) From the Centennial |
Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876 there was received through the |
courtesy of the Chinese Imperial Commission a magnificent chan-
delier in general effect blue owing to the mosaic of kingfisher feathers |
with which it is incrusted. The chandelier has arms and large and |
small rings for installing the lights. These were porcelain simple |
saucer lamps with rush wicks. (Pl. 246 Cat. No. 169334, 72 inches |
(183 cm.) long.) About 1830 camphine or “burning fluid” was in- —
troduced. This predecessor of gasoline was prepared by distilling |
turpentine over lime (see p. 68). The camphine chandelier shown |
on Plate 25, Figure 2, is of gilt brass and has a reservoir from which |
the fluid was delivered to the burners by gravity. (Cat. No. 127167, |
Lynchburg, Va.; William F. Page; 36 inches (92 cm.).) What may —
be called a sconce-candelabra is shown in Plate 23, Figure 2. It
is of heavy cast brass and of German manufacture, about the seven-
teenth century. Gift of Mrs. E. S. Brinton, 12.8 inches (32.5 cm.)
long and wide.
LANTERNS
Under this head will be classed lanterns as devices for protecting
and transporting light, and exhibiting types of illumination inven-
tions grading from the candle to advanced oil-burning lamps. It is
apparent that those who newly possessed the candle must meet the
problem of protecting this clear but fragile light from boisterous
airs when carrying it about in the open. This was met by inclosing
the candle in an apparatus capable of diffusing the light yet afford-
ing the flame sufficient protection. When these prime conditions
were met yet other conditions, demanded by the uses to which the
lantern was to be put, the place it was to be used or installed, as
well as the requirements of taste, arose and were fulfilled. As to
the origin or origins of the lantern nothing is known. The zone in
which paper and sometimes textiles are used to cover the lantern
may be centered in China; the zone of this cloth rendered transparent
and employed usually on collapsing lanterns is Persia; horn, glass,
and punched metal lanterns may be assigned to Europe. This may
mean three origins of the lantern. Plates of horn as lantern win-
dows were practically more serviceable than glass and transmitted
sufficient light for ordinary needs. An English horn “ lanthorn,”
a name which shows the connection of horn with this lighting
apparatus, is figured on Plate 27a, Figure 1. In common parlance
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 31
such a lantern is called “ Guy Fawkes,” from some legendary asso-
ciation with that detested character. It is well and strongly made
from sheet iron, has a ring for carrying, three dormer ventilators,
and a door with catch. A rush candle is shown in the socket. This
quaint specimen is about 150 years old. (Cat. No. 130435, Wiltshire,
England; Edward Lovett; 17.3 inches (44 cm.) high.) An old horn
candle lantern which had belonged to United States Government
ship stores was found at Alexandria, Va. This specimen is some-
what vaguely given the date of 1812, but may well be older. It is
ventilated through the apex of the conical top and the carrying ring
band has a shield against the heat. (Pl. 27a, fig. 2, Cat. No. 325626;
Walter Hough; 18.9 inches (48 cm.) high.) At a later date sheets
of mica came into use and had advantages over horn. The specimen
is a two-wick tube lamp lantern of sheet iron, square in form with
pyramidal top perforated for ventilation. It has a large band han-
dle which distinguishes the arm lantern. Date about 1830. (Pl. 46,
fig. 8, Cat. No. 178444, Alexandria, Va.; Walter Hough; 17 inches
(43 cm.) high.) A folding lantern used in the World War has
mica plates (P1.34,fig.1). Concerning ventilation of lanterns it may
be stated that there are draft orifices below and above the light of
all except perforated lanterns. Perforated lanterns have been used
in America since colonial times and in Europe date much earlier.
A typical example of sheet-iron hand-punched in patterns is shown
in Plate 28a, Figure 3. The top is conical, like an extinguisher, and
has a circular handle and shield. The lantern has an ordinary candle
socket and also a “burn-all” consisting of five pieces of wire set in
a circle in a little pan for catching the drip and beneath a wooden
plug for fitting in the candle socket. This ingenious device was a con-
trivance of the original owner of the lantern, Dr. Charles McLane.
The lantern dates somewhat before 1795. (Cat. No. 175597, Morgan-
town, W. Va. (Va.); Fred C. Hough; 15 inches (38 cm.) high.) A
very old punched copper hand lantern comes from central Italy.
The top is conical, the handle missing. The decoration is in
perforated designs and repoussee. Around the base of the candle
socket were eight small holes for ventilation. The handle is of
wrought iron riveted to the side of the lantern. The specimen is
probably sixteenth century. (Pl. 28a, fig. 4, Cat. No. 324438, Italy;
John W. Butler; 12.4 inches (34 cm.) high, 7.6 inches (19 cm.)
diameter.) A rush light shade protector with perforations was
used in England about the beginning of the nineteenth century.
This protector had a door but no top. A cup containing the tube
socket was set in a receptacle on the bottom. (Pl. 28a, fig. 1, Cat.
No. 150412, Croydon, England; Edward Lovett; 13 inches (33 cm.)
high, 8.6 inches (22 cm.) diameter.) A Moorish candle lantern
32 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
with glass panes shows artistic perforations in the top and base. |)
The top is bell-shape and has a circular band handle. The material |
of this artistic lantern is tinned iron. (Pl. 28c, fig. 3, Cat. No. |
(149), Tetuan, Morocco; Talcott Williams; 17.3 inches (44 cm.)
high.) Lanterns with glass globes came into use about 1820, so far
as known. They were installed with either candle sockets or wick
tube lamps for burning fish oil. The circular handle was for slip- —
ping over the arm or for the hand. Most of the specimens are |}
japanned. Some of this type are protected with a wire frame or
the globe is held between the top and bottom by a locking device or }}
sometimes cemented at the top. Of these (pl. 28¢, fig. 5) is a small |
globe lantern with wire handle and a hook for hanging on the |
dashboard of a vehicle. The globe is blown glass. The lamp is
two-tube, with screw cap, and is removed by pressing two springs. }}
The specimen was placed about 1812 by the donor. (Cat. No. 175581, —
Poland, Me.; W. P. Damon; 10.3 inches (26 cm.) high.) An arm
lantern in the collection has an octagonal cast glass globe and is }
protected with wires. The bottom with candle socket is slid on —
over two pegs and slightly rotated to catch the pegs in a horizontal —
slot. The date is about 1820. (Pl. 28c, fig. 1, Cat. No. 180322, _
Morgantown, W. Va.; Ashbel Fairchild; 15.3 inches (39 cm.) high.) |
Another of about the same period has the octagonal glass globe ©
cemented to the top and bottom. The glass two-tube lamp is re- |
moved by rotating it until two spurs coincide with two slots in the |
circular frame. (Pl. 28c, fig. 4, Cat. No. 175582, Poland, Me.;
W. P. Damon; 12.6 inches (32 cm.) high.) A more ornamental |
form has four beveled plate-glass sides, a square base and top, and an |
arm ring. It is fitted with a flat wick kerosene lamp with a spur |
wheel wick ratchet. The bottom is hinged and may be turned down
for attending to the lamp. The older lanterns were without this —
device. (Pl. 28e, fig. 2, Cat. No. 292696, United States; Isobel Rives; —
12.5 inches (32 cm.) high.)
The transition from lanterns described to what became of the ac-
cepted form of lantern for many years is evident in different types.
The old types persisted until the use of kerosene, when all lighting ©
devices were profoundly modified. Invention perfected the tubular
lantern in the eighties and it was the current form for many years |
and still has an immense sale. It is light, strong, reasonably wind
proof, and is the last word in effectiveness. A predecessor of the ©
tubular lantern was used by the United States Fish Commission |
in 1870. The lantern was patented December 1, 1868, has a glass
tube held in a bow frame, suggesting the modern tubular farm ©
lantern, and a two-wick tube burner set in a lamp which is inserted |
in the base of the lantern and held with spring clamps. The use of |
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 33
the wick tube at this late date is unusual. Another, about the same
date, has a two-tube wick burner and the globe is protected by a
sturdy wire frame to withstand the strong buffets of sea work. ‘The
_ lamp is removed by slightly turning the base, disengaging a spur pin
trom a slide. The lantern was patented March 15, 1890, by Howard
and Morse, New York. Another lantern in the collection, not figured,
has a glass globe protected in a wire frame. Within the glass globe
is another of green glass.
Pennsylvania “Dutch” at a time when the tinner was beginning to_
supplant the blacksmith. The specimen is large for a crusie. The
lid is hinged and the hook of bent wire. (Cat. No. 72586, Muncey, »
Pa.; N. J. Le Van; 10.6 inches (27 cm.) high.) Almost the last
word in the iron crusie is shown in Figure 4 from the same place
and collector. The handle and the cover of the reservoir are brazed |
on, the little door slides on a pivot and the hook-spike is a fine piece |
of quaint hammer work. The wick tender is also hand made. The
crusie is file finished. The specimen was probably not made in
America, but may be English or German. (Cat. No. 72588; 8.7 |
inches (22 cm.) long.) Among the Pennsylvania “Dutch” of past
generations habits of neatness and propriety required stands for —
crusies. Formerly the crusie was hung up or stuck up at any con- —
venient vantage point, perhaps usually near or in the chimney. The |
stands represent the crusie entering into the intimate life of the —
family. Also there were developed fillers for the lamp which could
be put near the fire to keep the grease fluid to pour into the schmutze
lamp, “fat lamp.” A tin stand with pan and handle is shown in
Figure 5. This comes from Bucks County, Pa. (Cat. No. 207815;
Henry D. Paxson; 12.6 inches (32 cm.) high.) Stands of turned
wood painted were also used. (PI. 55, fig. 7, Cat. No. 207816, Bucks
County, Pa.; Henry D. Paxson; 9.1 inches (23 cm.) high.) The lamp
on this stand is from Worms on the Rhine, Germany, presented by
T. Rothrock (Cat. No. 201426). Figure 9 is a crusie sliding on
a rod fastened in a-weighted stand. (Cat. No. 207814, Bucks Coun-
ty, Pa.; Henry D. Paxson; 18.8 inches (48 em.) high.) Figure 6
is a crusie filler of tin from Madrid, Spain. (Cat. No. 167034; Wal-
ter Hough; 7.5 inches (19 cm.) high.) Another is shown in Figure
8, also of tin. (Cat. No. 72352, Bainbridge, Pa.; George Bean; 6.1
inches (15.5 cm.) high.)
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 61
SPOUT LAMPS
’ The farthest development of the lamp whose wick was drawn up
at the side is seen in the spout lamp. The development of the spout
which may be followed in the classes of lamps previously shown
must have taken many centuries, yet was not destined to bring forth
the modern central wick lamp. The most attractive of the spout
lamps and the ones standing highest in art design are the Italian
lucerna. The origin of the lucerna appears to be more immediately
in the three-spout pottery lamps (pl. 43) and more distantly in
the Roman hanging lamps with two wick orifices on the same plate.
‘The ancient lamp stand may be taken as the support of the lucerna.
Lucernas are usually of brass, excellently finished. The survival
of this old type of lamp into the modern period in Italy is due
to their customary use as lights for the dead. Otherwise they are
treasured for their art and curio interest.
The usual lucerna has three spouts, as shown in Plate 56, Figure
3, a rather plain specimen, of brass and having the support on which
the reservoir and cover slides rising from a roundel section above
the base. (Cat. No. 205548, Italy; donor unknown; 22.4 inches (57
em.) high.) The four-spout lucerna is also common, but none
apparently occur with more than four. Figure 1 is a well-made speci-
men of the 4 spout lucerna having a longer roundel stem than usual.
(Cat. No. 167025, Madrid, Spain; Walter Hough; 15.7 inches (40
em.) high). A complete four-spout lucerna is shown in Figure 4.
From above the reservoir cover depend by chains the objects which
should accompany every lucerna, namely, the extinguisher, the
pricker for adjusting the wick, and pincers or snuffers. The specimen
is of brass, well executed and designed. Cat. No. 168129, Italy;
G. Brown Goode; 24.4 inches (62 cm.) high). Another four-spout
lucerna is expecially interesting on account of its design. On the
- gracefully bowed handle are perched three Roman eagles, mice
clamber over the reservoir as they were accustomed to do in life
searching for spilled olive oil, and in the corners of the base swim
three geese. The specimen appears to be old, and this is sub-
stantiated by the quaint pricker, pincers, and extinguisher. (Pl. 56,
fig. 5, Cat. No. 180656, Italy; Goldsborough & Co.; 18.9 inches (48
em.) high). Included among the lucernas is a fine specimen of |
baroque style having two spouts and lobed reservoir, half of the
upper section turning back for filling. A figure in classic pose
surmounts the lucerna. (Fig. 2, Cat. No. 168133, Italy; G. Brown
Goode; 16.4 inches (41.5 cm.) high). A pewter-spout lamp of grace-
ful form has a hinged lid over the reservoir, a curved squared spout
with a drip catcher encircling the end. The stem is slender vase
shape with slender curved handle. (Pl. 57, fig. 3, Cat. No. 311710,
England; Elizabeth S. Stevens; 9.8 inches (25 cm.) high).
62 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Spout lamps of practical purpose were once common in Europe |
and America, but gave way to less smoky lighting apparatus. One }
of these from New England was called kyal lamp by the Cape Cod ©
folks. It is of sheet iron, has a cylindrical reservoir with conical |
lid and upcurving copper spout. The reservoir sets in a bucket-shape ©
base with projecting drip catcher and an iron bail fastened to the side. —
The specimen dates about 1820. Kyal was identified by Dr. E.
B. Tylor ® as an old Scandinavian name. The kyal is of European
derivation, probably Flemish. (PI. 56, fig. 6, Cat. No. 169103, Middle- |
town, Conn.; A. R. Crittenden; 9.5 inches (24 cm.) high.) A two- |
spout lamp in the style of the kyal is seen in Plate 56, Figure 8, ©
made of sheet iron. Such spout lamps were used on the whalers of ©
an older period. It was also called “mill lamp.” (Cat. No. 75378, |
New London, Conn.; C. A. Williams & Co.; 8.6 inches (22 cm.) wide,
7.9 inches (20 cm.) high.) A hanging-spout lamp of brass following
in form the crusie and having the iron hanging spike of the crusie
is Flemish and is shown in Figure 9.. The lid with button lift is
missing. (Cat. No. 130488, Antwerp, Belgium; Edward Lovett; 7.5
inches (19 cm.) long, 6 inches (15 cm.) high.) A similar lamp with
stand is found in the Low Countries. It is of brass of fine yellow.
At the back of the reservoir is a loop by which the lamp may be hung,
also a wick tender hanging by a chain. The base is weighted with
sand. (PI. 56, fig. 10, Cat. No. 168316, Belgium; S. B. Dean; 10.3
inches (26 cm.) high.) A bucket two-spout lamp of heavy brass is
shown in Figure 7. The bucket has a pivoted strap bail to which it
attached the hanging hook. Drip catchers project from the sides.
The reservoir fits into the bucket and the spouts come in line with
the drip catchers. The specimen is well and strongly made. The
lamp is classified Flemish seventeenth century. (Cat. No. 22187,
Belgium, C. G. Sloan & Co.; 13 inches (33 cm.) wide, 9.8 inches
(25 cm.) high.) A lamp with square reservoir of chased brass and up-
curving spout having a drip catcher at the wick end is believed to
be Fren h (compare fig. 4). (PI. 56, fig. 13, Cat. No. 175592, France;
M. F. Savage; 7.4 inches. (18.5 cm.) long, 4.4 inches (11 cm.) high.)
From the Philippines comes a pottery spout lamp used by fishermen
in their gourd lanterns. The form of the lamp gives an indication
of Mohammedan influence. (PI. 56, fig. 12, Cat. No. 238386, Pasig,
Rizal; C. L. Hall; 7.4 inches (19 em.) long.) A modern form of
the spout lamp is observed in the open-fiame miner’s lamp (fig. 11),
in which the wick tube is nearly vertical and so designed that when
the lamp is hooked on the cap it will incline to about the right
slant to give oil pressure on the wick. (Cat. No. 325646, United
States; Walter Hough; 2.6 inches (6.2 cm.) high.) A rare and at-
6 Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst., vol. 13, 1883-4, p. 353.
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 63
tractive two-spout lamp with reservoir, made to fit into a candlestick,
comes from the Stevens collection. The reservoir and cover form a
globe from which project the two sharply upcurving spouts. ‘This
lamp of silver plate delicately modeled and ornamented, was procured
in England, but is of German workmanship. (PI. 57, fig. 1, Cat. No.
311505, Elizabeth S. Stevens; 11.5 inches (29 cm.) high.) A three-
spout lamp of massive construction in cast brass is a product of
Ceylonese metal work. The roundel reservoir is screwed to the
base. In filling, the reservoir is unscrewed, inverted, oil poured in,
and the base screwed on. The lamp is then turned upright and the
oil is supplied to the wick by gravity pressure. Evidently this shows
the adoptien of a western device, notably in the astral lamp. (PI. 57,
fig. 5, Cat. No. 234123, Ceylon; Ceylon Commission, St. Louis Ex-
position, 1907; 11.8 inches (30 cm.) high.) A rather rudely con-
structed brass three-spout lamp comes from China. The spouts are
enlarged toward the opening and indicate a thick wick, as in the
Ceylon specimen. No data is furnished as to the use to which this
lamp is put. (PI. 57, fig. 4, Cat. No. 175878, China; A. E. Hippisley ;
9.8 inches (25 cm.) high.) An elaborate three-spout brass lamp with
drip catcher and reflectors was procured in Ceylon. Like the
lucernae, the lamp with its accompanying parts is adjusted in height
on a stem which was originally tipped with the figure of a cock. The
lamp shows much wear and appears old. It is undoubtedly of Eu-
ropean suggestion and of European construction. Such a lamp might
have come from France in the seventeenth century. (PI. 57, fig. 2,
Cat. No. 284124, Ceylon; Ceylon Commission, St. Louis Exposition ;
97.9 inches (71 cm.) high.)
WICK-TUBE LAMPS
Mention has been made of a half tube fastened at the lower end
in the reservoir of crusielike lamps for holding the wick more steadily
in place. The next step would be to inclose the wick in a tube.
This is borne out by the fact that the earliest wick tubes were slanted
like the wick in the crusie and the reservoir became tightly closed.
This was an important step in the development of the modern lamp.
Before proceeding, attention is called to Plate 58, Figure 7, an open
tin sconce lamp having a wick carrier bent into a tube at the upper
portion, leaving a gutter the rest of the way. (Cat. No. 167026,
Madrid, Spain; Walter Hough; 4 inches (10 cm.) high.) Also
Figure 8, a pewter lamp having a saucer reservoir with the same
installation. (Cat. No. 222188, England; C. G. Sloan & Co.; 9.8
inches (25 cm.) high.) An Italian brass lamp of 1589 with closed
reservoir and wick holes at the four corners is an example of an
approach to conditions which did not reach fruition till several
centuries later, (Pl. 59, fig. 10, Cat. No. 153960, Italy; G. Brown
64 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Goode; 7.1 inches (18 cm.) high.) Figure 9 is a frankly modern
application of the wick tube to the clumsy crusie, the remaining
unchanged features being the bowed handle with its hook spike.
(Cat. No. 167039, Madrid, Spain; Walter Hough; 11.5 inches (29
cm.) high.) Figure 5 is an old brass lamp with two spouts, a lid,
and a shank for insertion in a plate on a carriage. The wicks are
carried in tubes. (Cat. No. 168126, Italy; G. Brown Goode; 3.2
inches (8 cm.) wide, 4 inches (10 cm.) long.) Figure 6 has four
wick tubes slanted and having a slot as described in the remarks on
crusies. The slot device for raising the wick was continued for many
years into the nineteenth century. (Cat. No. 178445, Alexandria,
Va.; Walter Hough; 5 inches (12.75 cm.) diameter, 4.2 inches (10.5
cm.) high.) Next appears the upright central wick tube, a most
important, almost epochal event in the history of illumination. The
lamps which were for ages unsymmetrical because the ancients had
drawn the wick to one side of their rude reservoirs gave way to the
balanced, erect lamps with light ascendant, which would be perfected
by modern progress. One-tube lamps initiate this advance and a
selection of them is on Plate 59. The oldest of these appear to be the
Pennsylvania “Dutch” grease lamps (figs. 3 and 10), which do not
fulfill the conditions.of a closed. reservoir, but have an upright cen-
tral tube for the wick. (Cat. No. 75353, Bainbridge, Pa.; George
Bean; 7 inches (18 cm.) high, 5.9 inches (15 cm.) diameter.) Figure
2 is a lamp of heavy brass of plain yet pleasing design. (Cat. No.
168315, England; S. B. Dean; 8.75 inches (22 cm.) high.) Figure 11
is a quite old glass one-tube lamp. The tube is set in a cork and
inserted in the lamp as a cork in a bottle. This was the first method
with glass reservoir lamps. Metal lamps admitted of the use of
threads for screwing on the burner. (Cat. No. 177743, Massachu-
setts; Dr. Marcus Benjamin; 4.7 inches (12 cm.) high.) The pewter
lamps (figs. 7, 8) are also old. They were used as lights to go to ©
bed by. The former has a ventilating tube and differs in this respect
from other one-tube lamps. (Cat. No. 207817, Bucks County, Pa.;
Henry D. Paxson; 3.2 inches (8 cm.) high.) The other is a graceful
little lamp dating before 1800. (Cat. No. 151484, Providence, R. L.;
M. F. Savage; 4 inches (10 cm.) high.) Figure 13 is a Chinese
opium smoker’s lamp with one tube and a glass globe. The base of
the lamp can be screwed over the upper portion. (Cat. No. 77182,
New York City; Gen. Fitz John Porter; 2.9 inches (7.25 cm.) diam-
eter, 2.8 inches (7 cm.) high.) Nos. 1, 6, and 9 are lamps current in
Madrid in 1892. No. 1 is mounted for hanging when required and
the others have a hinged extinguisher cap. (Cat. Nos. 167422,
167032, 167023; collected by Walter Hough.) Figure 4 is a tin table. |
and sconce lamp, excellently made from this material. (Cat. No.
204681, Guanajuato, Mexico; Walter Hough; 6.7 inches (17 cm.)
hep ere ae sitet et Aisi it
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 65
high.) No. 14 is a small glass hand lamp with long tube having
a sleeve for extinguishing. (Cat. No. 204889, United States; C. A. Q.
Norton; 4.8 inches (12 cm.) high.) Figure 5 shows the upright tube
applied to the crusie in recent times. (Cat. No. 167053, Madrid,
Spain; Walter Hough; 9.8 inches (25 cm.) high.) Lamp No. 12 is
a very old French specimen concerning which little is known. It is
supposed to have been used by priests on night visitations and to date
about the middle of the fifteenth century. The wick tube has a
threaded cap which when not in use is secured on a threaded collar,
as shown. In the back is a shutter which, raised, discloses a drawer
containing flint and steel for striking a light. (Cat. No. 326315,
France; Kendrick Scofield; 6.3 inches (16 cm.) long.)
About 1845 the miners of Cerro del Pasco, Peru, wore a crusie in
the cap for a work light. The later spout lamp of the gas-free
mines of the United States was a short remove from the crusie.
Explosive gases'in mines and the accidents caused by naked lights
brought out Sir Humphry Davy’s miner’s gauze protected lamp seen
in Plate 58, Figure 2. French miners have a characteristic lamp
with a napiform cast-iron reservoir hinged to the arms of a yoke
and hung by an iron hook. The lamp has one wick tube. (Pl. 58,
fig. 3, Cat. No. 168185, France; G. Brown Goode; 23.4 inches (57
cm.) long.) A lamp on the same lines was patented in the United
States. This lamp has two wick tubes, a locking cover, and a bent
hook spike support. (Pl. 58, fig. 1, Cat. No. 251794, St. Louis, Mo.;
U. S. Patent Office; 18 inches (33 cm.) long.)
Two-tube lamps were in vogue in the United States up to the
close of the Civil War. The origin of the two-tube burner is better
known than the origin of most of the inventions before the Patent
Office began. That great natural philosopher, Benjamin Franklin,
discovered through experiment that two wick tubes, ranged up side
by side and at a certain distance apart, gave a greater amount of
light than would be furnished by two single-tube lamps. This was a
discovery of great practical value, was taken up at once, and con-
tinued in vogue for 100 years, more or less. In practical effect, this
position of the tubes gave greater heat to the flame, more draft, and
increased oxidation of the carbon particles, bringing them to higher
incandescence, therefore more light, which is the first principle of
illumination. The next question, “Why not three tubes?” was
answered in the negative by the failure of the scheme to work. A
“ petticoat lamp ” with three tubes is shown in Plate 59, Figure 22.
The specimen is unused and probably stood on the shelves unsold
long before the 45 years since its collection. (Cat. No. 75364, New
Bedford, Mass.; J. T. Brown; 5.5 inches (14 em.) high.) Another
lamp of this kind (fig. 20), which has the normal two tubes and
66 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
shows much use, comes from the same locality and collector (4.7 |
inches (12 cm.) high). Figure 15 is a heavy cast-brass lamp for the
table. (Cat. No. 290443, United States; Mrs. C. E. Bates; 8.3 inches
(21 cm.) high.) A similar heavy cast-brass old specimen of hand |
and table two-tube lamp (fig. 18) is from the same locality and col- |
lector. (Cat. No. 290444, 5.9 inches (15 em.) high.) A hand and
table two-tube lamp of pewter is shown in Figure 17. (Cat. No.
30572, United States; Miss H. A. Foster; 5.9 inches (15 cm.) high.)
Figure 21 is an old gimbel lamp sconce used on the New London
whaling fleet many years ago. The lamp was designed for all con-
ditions for carrying in the hand, hung against the partition, and to
care for all sorts of sea motions. (Cat. No. 75467, New London,
Conn.; J. T. Brown; 5.5 inches (14 em.) high.) In 1842 a patent
was granted on a two-tube lard-oil lamp (fig. 16). The reservoir
of the lamp was filled with a tube plunger bearing at the top the
two-tube burner. In the tube two copper strips reached down to the |
oil, transmitting the heat from the burner to heat the oil. (Cat. No. |
207821, Berks County, Pa.; Henry D. Paxson; 5.9 inches (15 cm.) 4}
high.) The original patent models are also in the collection. The
latest of the two-wick tube lamps is a small hand lamp of gilt
brass (fig. 19) filled partly with cotton to absorb the oil and prevent |
its spilling. Apparently coal oil was burned in this lamp. Collected
in Washington, D. C., 1888. (Cat. No. 73385, District of Columbia;
Otis T. Mason; 2.4 inches (6 cm.) high.) An interesting reading
lamp not uncommon in collections is Plate 60, Figure 1. It is for lard
or whale oil and has two wick tubes. ‘Two lenses having hoods are
set in sockets at the sides of the reservoir. (Cat. No. 178633, England;
Ira F. Harris; 8.7 inches (22 cm.) high.)
Glass lamps were much valued in the older days and many of them
have done service under the several burners demanded by different
lamp fuels. The glass-lamp series normally have two tubes for burn-
ing whale oil earlier and lard oil later. In many cases the base is
of pressed glass and the reservoir blown glass, the two being neatly
joined. It appears that in the earlier examples the burner was set
in cork and thus put in the opening of the reservoir. Later collars
of pewter with threading were set on with cement, a method which
has never been superseded. Figure 2, Plate 61a, has a blown-glass
reservoir and pressed base. (Cat. No. 300541, United States; William
Palmer; 7.1 inches (18 cm.) high.) Figure 4 has a cork shod burner,
a pressed-glass base, and pear-shape blown reservoir. (Cat. No.
316030, United States; Kendrick Scofield; 11.9 inches (30 cm.) high.)
Figure 6 answers to the same description. It has been stated that at
times the blown reservoirs were imported from England and the
bases added in America, but there is no exact authority for this con-
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 67
clusion. (Cat. No. 204891, United States; C. A. Q. Norton; 8.4 inches
(21.5 cm.) high.) Figure 1 is a pressed glass two-tube lamp with
pewter collar from the same locality and collector. (Cat. No. 204893 ;
9.5 inches (24 cm.) high.) Figure 3 is an old pressed-glass lamp
still containing the thickened whale oil customarily burned in these
lamps before 1829. (Cat. No. 130670, Baltimore, Md.; J. T. Durney ;
11 inches (28 cm.) high.) An excellent specimen of pressed-glass
lamp with pewter collar is shown in Figure 5. (Cat. No. 204890,
United States; C. A. Q. Norton; 6.5 inches (16.5 cm.) high.)
A pewter lamp of good form and with an ornamental handle is of
English manufacture. The burner is screwed into a threaded brass
collar. (PI. 60, fig. 2, Cat. No. 311710; Elizabeth S. Stevens; 10
inches (25 cm.) high.)
In the period following the practical disuse of the candle in
Janterns the two-tube fish or lard oil burner was adopted, as shown
in the mica-window lantern. (PI. 46, fig. 3), dating about 1800, and
collected in Alexandria, Va.
Lamp and candlesticks as adjuncts figured in the state of illumina-
tion at the time when the reservoir lamp was superseding the older
devices. Lamp reservoirs intended to be set in a stem or joined to a
stem and base had a peg at the bottom which would fit into a candle-
stick. Plate 60 shows a wooden stand for a set of these lamps to be
used by hotel guests and when carried to the bed chambers to be set
in the candlestick which already furnished the room. The specimen
on the left has the burner inverted to show the expansion of the tubes
toward the base, which construction was customary in the two-tube
lamps. The stand and lamps were used in a hotel at Ellsworth, Me.,
probably in the early thirties. (Cat. No. 326350, Ellsworth, Me.;
D. I. Bushnell, jr.; 13.9 inches (35 cm.) long, 7.1 inches (18 cm.)
wide.)
TIME-INDICATING LAMPS
Observations on the gradual wasting away of oil in the reservoir
of a lamp suggested to some unknown experimenter a means of
marking time, perhaps following up the idea of the sand glass and
clepsydra. On this line of thought King Alfred traditionally pre-
pared his time candles (p. 40). Prof. S. P. Langley became inter-
ested in pr mitive chronometrics years ago and initiated the collec-
tion of such devices in the National Museum. Among the specimens
which Doctor Langley collected for this exhibit was a time lamp of
pewter with ovate glass reservoir mounted as in the Argand lamp,
delivering oil by gravity to the wick laid hor.zontally in a spout.
The reservoir is encircled vertically with a pewter girdle having on
one face the hour and half-hour divisions from 9 to 6 and on the
opposite side a handle for convenience in setting the reservoir in
68 BULLETIN 141, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
place. The lamp was seriously designed as an instrument of pre-
cision and may have been adequate at the period (pl. 610, fig. 1).
(Cat. No. 208097, Nuremburg, Germany; 14 inches (35.6 em.) high.)
The lamp is dated about 1750. Of curious interest are time lamps
which were sold in America as late as 30 years ago. One of these,
called “the Weaver time lamp,” is of pressed glass, has a round ~
woven wick, and a miniature chimney mounted in brass claws. The ©
hours are from 8 to 6. (PI. 6le, fig. 2, Cat. No. 316031; United |
States; Kendrick Scofield; 8.8 inches (25 cm.) high.) Another,
called “ Pride of America,” was patented April, 1891 and 1896. It
is of pressed glass, with globular opaque glass chimney, and the
hours are also from 8 to 6. (PI. 6le, fig. 3, Cat. No, 176091, Phila-
delphia, Pa.; Stewart Culin; 6.7 inches (17 cm.) high.)
CAMPHINE LAMPS
The search for a good lamp oil which had been earnestly prosecuted
in the years following Argand’s epoch-making discovery when in-
ventors strove to produce a perfect lamp seemed finished when in the
thirties camphine appeared. Properly, camphine is a product secured
by the distillation of turpentine over quicklime, namely, pineine,
a limpid fluid of agreeable odor, free burning without residue.
Spirits of turpentine had previously been used but abandoned on
account of its disagreeable odor. Camphine as sold for burning in
“fluid lamps” and the Vesta lamp, in which it was originally used,
was generally a mixture of turpentine and alcohol. Camphineis very —
volatile and explosive and about as safe to use in lamps as gasoline. ©
On this account, despite many inventions to make its use practicable, —
camphine was abandoned about 1850. During the camphine period,
which began about 1830, many of the two-tube whale-oil and lard-oil
lamps were converted in “fluid” lamps, having two tubes, but longer,
and inclined away from each other, as seen on Plate 63. The lamp —
mentioned has a marble base, brass column, and pressed-glass reser-
voir with threaded collar cemented on. It was necessary in the cam-
phine lamps to have a cap for each tube to prevent evaporation from
the wick, and which also served as an extinguisher. (Cat. No. 178189,
Virginia; Walter Hough; 14 inches (86 cm.) high.) Plate 62
shows a variety of camphine lamps. Figure 1 is a fine cut-glass
lamp with pressed base and gracefully fashioned. It is complete with —
the two-wick tube caps. (Cat. No. 18665, Baltimore, Md.; James —
Russell & Son; 14.2 inches (36 cm.) high.) Figure 4 is the reservoir
of an old whale-oil lamp converted to camphine. The base having ©
been broken off, the reservoir was firmly set in a block of wood to
extend its usefulness. (Cat. No. 325647, Massachusetts; Walter
Hough; 10.4 inches (25.5 cm.) high.) Figure 6 is a pewter two-tube ©
camphine lamp formerly used for whale or lard oil. (Cat. No.
HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 69
207820, Philadelphia, Pa.; Henry D. Paxson; 11.2 inches (28.5 em.)
high.) A smaller specimen of pewter, also fitted with two tubes, is
Figure 7. (Cat. No. 175591, United States; M. F. Savage; 7.1 inches
(18 cm.) high.) Figure 5 is an ornate lamp of brass and marble
fitted with five tubes and globe. The column bears a bas-relief of
Jefferson (?%) surrounded with wreath and surmounted by a spread
eagle. ‘The column is much older than the reservoir and appears to
have been fitted with an Argand type, probably the astral. (Cat.
No. 168306, District of Columbia; Walter Hough; 19.7 inches (50
em.) high.) A bottle lamp with one tube is shown in Figure 3.
(Cat. No. 92866, Haiti; Foreign Exposition, Boston, Mass.; 5.2
inches (13 cm.) high.) A tin lamp from the same source is Figure
9. (Cat. No. 92867; 6.8 inches (15 cm.) high.) A small bedroom
lamp of glass with one tube and cap hung by a chain is shown in
Figure 10. (Cat. No. 207811, Philadelphia, Pa.; Henry D. Paxson;
4.2 inches (10.5 cm.) high.) A typical camphine table lamp with
graceful glass reservoir, brass column, and marble base is a con-
verted whale-oil lamp of the later part of the period when that
fluid was burned. (PPI. 63, fig. 1, Cat. No. 178189; 13.5 inches (34
em.) high.) Improvemets on the camphine burner in the interest
both of light and safety were brought out in America and Europe.
One of these with globular gas chamber and perforated disk burner
is shown in Plate 62, Figure 2. (Cat. No. 180430, Broadalbin,
N. Y.; F. S. Hawley; 14.2 inches (36 cm.) high.) This lamp has
been converted to camphine from whale oil. Another old lamp of
pewter is supplied with an improved burner (fig. 8). Cat. No.
130671, Baltimore, Md.; I. T. Durney; 13 inches (83 cm.) high.) An
improved camphine lamp based on the gravity principle with stop-
cock on the line and a fan-shape perforated burner (pl. 63, fig. 2),
was brought out in 1860. It is probable that by this plan of separat-
ing the fuel to some distance from the flame, as in the faker’s gasoline
torches of 1875, the use of camphine would have been rendered safe.
Coal oil, however, superseded all other lamp fuels within a few
years. (Cat. No. 263465, United States; Mrs. Yates Davis Duke;
21.5 inches (54.5 cm.) high.) A chandelier for camphine with im-
proved burners is described on page 30. A wall lamp for camphine
(pl. 63, fig. 3) has a horizontal cylindrical tank attached to a sconce.
From the bottom of the tank a tube supplies the fluid to an upright
secondary reservoir having the burner tube at the top. 14 i5
CANDLESTICKS OF STONE, WooD, POTTERY, AND GLASS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 21 AND 22
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 15
GLAZED ROUNDED CANDLESTICK AND TIME CANDLE
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 22, AND 40
16
PL.
BULLETIN 141
S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
U.
€Z ONY ZZ SANVd 3AS ALW1d AO NOILdIyoSaqG YOY
SHOILSSTIGNVD YSa1LM3d GNV “YaddOD ‘SsSvVYg
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 17
SILVER PLATE AND SILVER CANDLESTICKS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 23
10
54261—28
18
PL.
BULLETIN 141
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
$@ 3DVd 338 Jivid JO NOMdINOsaa YOY
SHOILLSSIGNVD YALMAd
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141
CANDLE DISHES; BRASS AND IRON CANDLESTICKS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 24 AND 26
PL.
19
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 20
HAMMERED-!IRON CANDLESTICKS; CANDLE ARMS AND BRACKETS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 26
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 21
|
|
|
CANDLESTICKS WITH WIND GLASSES, AND SCONCES
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 27 AND 29
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
CANDELABRA
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 28
BULLETIN 141
PL. 22
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 23
2
CHANDELIERS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 29
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 24
BRONZE CHANDELIER AND CHINESE FEATHERED CHANDELIER
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 25
Rococo BRASS CHANDELIER AND CAMPHINE CHANDELIER
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 30
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 26
TURKISH FLOAT LAMP CHANDELIER
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 29
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BUEEERINGT41) (PED 27,
VARIETIES OF HORN AND DARK LANTERNS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 30 AND 31)
ras ary ?- 34
PL. 28
BULLETIN 141
S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
U.
q
aes, races
ane
PL. 29
BULLETIN 141
NATIONAL MUSEUM
Ss.
U.
88 GNV 6Z SAD9Vd 33S Alwid 4O NOIid!Ivy9SaSq YO 4
SNYSLNV7] GNVH GNV ‘3SNOH DNIGNVLS :SNYSLNV] 4YVq
30
PL.
BULLETIN 141
S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
U.
Ps
ARPS BA
96 GNV QE SADVd 33S 3lVid JO NOlidiIHoSsaq HOY
NYSLNV] YaddOD GS0eSId GNV NYSZLNV7] SONIDDIY
oo
U.
S.
NATIONAL MUSEUM
BULLETIN 141
PL. 31
CHINESE LANTERNS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 36
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 (PE. 32
Hk | i \;\
UM \
f B\ |) |
IY |
AiG ||
fi ee
AN
Oo
JAPANESE LANTERNS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 37 AND 38
U. S§* NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 33
sy
En
(ct ee
Ege a —
ee
a
at
PAPER AND CLOTH COLLAPSING LANTERNS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 38
94261—28——_11
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM SULLETIN 141 PL. 34
COLLAPSING LANTERNS wITH MICA WINDOWS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 39
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 35
ea cee Ni De SR I ce
CHURCH CANDLESTICKS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 39
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 36
NIGHT LIGHT CANDLES AND HOLDERS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 40
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 37
SNUFFER TRAYS, SNUFFERS, AND EXTINGUISHERS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 41
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 38
SPRING CANDLESTICKS AND OTHER DEVICES
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 43
39
PL.
BULLETIN 141
NATIONAL MUSEUM
U. S.
Gb ONY tbh SA9Vd
SSADIAAG
33S 31vid JO NOlldivoS3a0
ONILHSIFT AlsayIS
yoO4
U. Ss NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 40
SIMPLE LAMPS AND FIREFLY LANTERN
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 44, 45, AND 46
PL. 41
BULLETIN 141
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Lb GNV ‘9b 'Qp SADVd AAS 3ivid 4O NOIldINOS3q YO4
SdWV] LSIHSSYVIA) GNV ATdWIS
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141
b
QUASI-DEVELOPMENT OF FEATURES OF ANCIENT LAMPS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 48 AND 49
PL. 42
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 43
I
i
|
a
ANCIENT HANGING LAMPS AND STANDS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 49
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 44
HANGING FLOAT LAMPS AND CUP FLOAT LAMPS
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
BULLETIN 141 PL. 45
=
Os
ee
me
7 cg emcuaaittinet
se ee ae
FLOAT LAMPS AND WICK CHANNEL LAMPS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 51 AND 57
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 46
FLOAT LAmPs
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 61 AND 62
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 47
BOXES OF FLOAT WICKS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 52 AND 53
PL. 48
BULLETIN 141
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
SIMPLE SAUCER LAMPS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 53
49
PL.
BULLETIN 141
NATIONAL MUSEUM
Ss.
U.
sett
$9 3DWd 33S 31V1d JO NOIMdIvOs83Sa HOY
SdWV] SSANIHO ONV NVL3ESIL
ae Te OF NER
54261—28——_12
50
PL.
BULLETIN 141
NATIONAL MUSEUM
Ss
U
HAWAIIAN STONE LAMPS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 54
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 51
Wick CHANNEL LAMPS FROM NEAR EAST, EUROPE, ETC.
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 55
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 52
WickK CHANNEL LAMPS FROM INDIAN AND NORTH AFRICA
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 56
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 53
WICK CHANNEL LAMPS FROM INDIA, JAVA, EUROPE, ETC.
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 57
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 54
Wick CHANNEL LAMPS AND CRUSIES
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 59
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 55
CRUSIES OF VARIOUS TYPES
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 60
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 56
SPOUT LAMPS FROM EUROPE AND PHILIPPINES
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 61 AND 62
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 57
SPoUT LAMPS FROMLEUROPE AND CEYLON
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 63
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 58
WICK TUBE LAMPS FROM EUROPE
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 63
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 59
SINGLE AND DouBLE WICK TUBE LAMPS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 64 AND 65
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 60
TWO-WICK TUBE INSTALLATIONS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 67
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 61
GLASS TWO-TUBE LAMPS; OIL AND TIME-INDICATING LAMP
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 66 AND 67
PL. 62
41
1
BULLETIN
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
89 39Vd 3358 31v1d-4O NOIidINOSSqG YO4
SdWV7] SONINYNG-ANIHdNVD
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 * PL. 63
3S
CAMPHINE-BURNING DEVICES
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 69
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 64
LAMPS WITH FLAT WICKS; CANDLE LAMPS AND TORCH BURNER
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 70
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 65
ASTRAL, ARGAND, AND SINUMBRA LAMPS,.ETC., AND GAS LAMP
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 72
54261— 28 13
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 66
b
AN ARGAND MANTEL SET AND LAMP CANDLESTICKS, ETC.
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 73
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 67
TABLE LAMP, 1876. WITH TUBULAR Wick
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 75
PL. 68
BULLETIN 141
NATIONAL MUSEUM
Ss.
U.
92 30Vd 33S 31lvid JO NOlidivds3S0 YO4
Tvulsy GaIsIGO|| GNV SdNV] SSNOHLHDI7T
€9
PL.
BULLETIN 141
NATIONAL MUSEUM
U. S.
08 GNV 61 SA0Vd 33S 3lvid 4O NOtidivyoSaq yO4
SSONVIIddWY YSLVM-LOH GONV SYsIZVYG
—————S “ weet
Z8 ONY ‘18 ‘08 S3DVd 33S 3lv1d JO NOlLdivyoSaq YOY
SS0IASQ ONINYVAA
PL. 70
BULLETIN 141
NATIONAL MUSEUM
U. S.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141
HAND AND FOOT WARMERS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 81
Rien
PL. 72
BULLETIN 141
U. S. NATIONALEMUSEUM
kN kA ORS Ee
AAR ACN NA st
€8 30Vd 33S ALVid dO NOlidinyo0s3q HO
SIMO AYIA ASANIHOD ONV SIHOVEIH SSANVdVvf
PL. 73
BULLETIN 141
NATIONAL MUSEUM
Ss.
U.
$8 S39vVd 3SS 3LV1id JO NOIldIyoSaG YOY
SNOYIGNY SLVY¥YOEV1IS GNV SGVWAWOH
74
PL.
BULLETIN 141
NATIONAL MUSEUM
U. S.
$8 3DVd 33S 3LVid JO NOlildiv¥9S3q0 4O4
14VYqQ AYVLINSWIGNY HLIM SSAOLS GNV SSAOLS SSaTLAVEC a 1dWIS
PLE. 75
BULLETIN 141
U. S. NATIONAL- MUSEUM
18 GNY ‘98 ‘G8 SS0WVd 33S 31V1d 40 NOlid!sosaa yO4
14VYQ AYVINAWIGNY HLIM SSAOLS
Q
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 76
b
STOVE WITH DRAFT AND COOKING PoTs; SIMPLE RANGE
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 85 AND 88
Bean
BULLETIN 141
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
18 39vd 33S 3ivid JO NOIldIN9S83Sq0 4HO4
LavY¥q GANDISAG HLIM SSAOLS
PES as
BULLETIN 141
NATIONAL MUSEUM
Ss.
U.
06 GNVY 68 88 S3DVd 33S 3Lvid JO NOlldINOS3aG YO4
GOIY¥ad SAILNSAN| SHL 4O SSHAOLS ‘ALVYH AGNV XOg YIV HLIM SSAOLS
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141. PL. 79
STOVES OF THE INVENTIVE PERIOD
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 90
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 80
SELF-CONTAINED HEATER DEVICES
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 92 AND 93
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
54261—28——_14
BULLETIN
141,
PL. 81
VARIOUS HOT-WATER DEVICES
STOVES IN COMBINATION WITH VESSELS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 93, 94, AND 109
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 82
PRESERVING WARMTH AND COOLING DEVICES
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 95
PL. 83
BULLETIN 141
NATIONAL MUSEUM
U. S.
96 GNW 96 SA9Vd 34S AlVid 4O NOlldINOS3G HOY
SMO114q GNV ‘SHSMO1gG ‘SNV4 SYI4
84
PL.
BULLETIN 141
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
en ee
86 30Vd 33S 31lV1d 4O NOlidIy9SSG HOH
SMO114q SATIVA 318nN0d OHVAVN
SRO RE ER ET
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 85
PRIMITIVE TONGS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 98
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 86
TONGS OF METAL
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 99
—
87
PL.
BULLETIN 141
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
66 30Vd 33S 3LV1d JO NOlidIy9s3q YO4
SNVIGN| VINIDYIA ‘diy GNV SLIidS
PL. 88
BULLETIN 141
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
OO 39Vd 33S 3lvid JO NOlidivyoSaq 4HO4
Y3aLSVOY LAAIYL AIsVisnray GNV NOUYICIes)
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 89
7
GRIDIRONS, TOASTERS, AND ROASTERS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 100
——
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 90
TRIVETS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 101
PL. 91
BULLETIN 141
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
ZOL 39Vd 33S 3lV1ld 4O NOlidIy9SaG HOY
SYSONVH ONV SHOOHLOd
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 92
BRANDING IRON, IRON RESTS, CURFEW, AND WAFFLE IRONS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 102, 103, AND 108
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
BULLETIN
141
PL. 93
SADIRONS
—
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 103
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 94
TRIPOD PAUNCH VESSEL FOR COOKING
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 104
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 95
4
COOKING STONES, GRIDDLES, AND COLLAPSIBLE OVEN
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 104, 105, AND 107
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETINI141 PL. 96
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 105
PUEBLO INDIANS COOKING BREAD
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 97
SIMPLE OVENS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 105 AND 106
54261—28 15
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 141 PL. 98
ek | eh il
. F y)
fa
SPIDERS, DUTCH OVEN, POTTERY OVEN, AND STEAMERS
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 107 AND 108
99
PL,
BULLETIN 141
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
FUEL
FOR DESCRIPTION OF PLATE SEE PAGES 109 AND 110
Bini
PND nex
Page
Aino) sell: lamp) of. ———= === 22 =—=— = 45
Alcohol heater for shaving water___ 94
MSGuaSs fuel === ee ees 91
Aleurites triloba nut for torch____-_ 9
American Electric Heating Co___-_~ 92
ANIGiInony Lone. plecev@le—————— 84
OniginyOf 2 Se ne 84
Andrews Hliphaleteh === == 36
Arcand..inventor=—=p=--— = =~ =. ol:
PACS Gate oe UNE ee Ee 15
Auction by candle, England__----_~ 41
Aukseoreat use for, fueloo===—- 2 = 6
ESC Cleg Ul Gyan eles ee eee eee ees 101
SON COM he eet! See 75, 101
BAKING eS SlOnes=ses a= a ee ee 104
Bamboo torch, East Indies_________ 6
Basket torch, in whaling__________ 12
Bayberry wax, New England__-__-_~- 17
Bayton Malleable Iron Co_----_-~~ 14
Bed warming pane ——— = eats 83
Beeswax, history. of 22=- =" 22-2 16
IBGllOWS S59 as oe ee 95, 97
ancients y pls = ee 97
MeCH AMC Hse eee ee 97
ISLES Gretna seas 2 Leh ee 97
Beloter sia ttt to Seen Te %2, 100
Benjamin, Worse Mareus=—-==2s 555-2 23
EST mew EN OSS Nae pe a ea 93
Binnacles lam pee Se A 70
BinreherbarkesconGnee = = a ees 7
Biastebyastesm. slndia»== 52s es = a 98
Blowines tubes esa 96
BOASs SD Tew ran a= nes Se ee 6
Boing Sao ae = ee eS 107, 108
Bottles hot-water=-__=_ = 2-2 —- 80
BrandinGesinon 228 a ee ee 104
Brass work and silver work com-
DARE Oe ee Sea ee ee 22
Gazer ea sare at ee ee eS 78
Breasted. Or wames) Has 2 ete 44
Brewers. candlestick= =" 22 —— == 22 = 19
Bronze. lantern, - Japan=—) =——=—- = 37
BrOwiteweehempletonss === 8-2 13
Buffalo chips, use as fuel___-______ 110
Camphine;, period: “of2—2_=— = 68
preparation of__--_-__~- 68
TOLGhese—— = Se SS 70
@andelabrasseese ee a. tS Sa ee 28
Ganrdiletanmis =.= Se tS 27
dishesymetals === 26
enesburners==— = 43
SET GS ay a eae a ee he DS 6
holders, improvised———-—==-— 19
MOLUSwUSeWOL= === sa 18
Candlenut torch, Polynesia_—---~--- 8
@andle tree; eMexican = S22) ee 5
Candles2=s2oe = oes eee
congitionsTOl Use=——=—.———=——
MUA KIN OY Of ae es
probable date ones ===
Gandlesticks,;: bayonet=—=—— = = ===
DEISs2 === eee
DRewersh 22 ee ee
cast-iron] == eee
earthenware and stone_
hammered iron—-——--_~—
TMpTO Vie de a
“© Martin Luther ’’_-_-_—
pewter ==5:22252=- ===
PLOCESSiOn a) eae
TOCOCOL 22a) = as eee
roundel.
Sheficld===— === ===
Spring 222-2 225
Cane torch, Kentucky caves__—-_--~—
Garecel Janp==2_== Se
Carriage lanterns, candle_—__-__-_-_
Garter) Howald==—= ee
Gasanowie;Dr Me
G@ashvand Se arron2] =. ee
Central wick tube, important inven-
Ghandeliers'\=— 22 ee
camphine! 222s ae
Fee Heren Od Ca ee
Charcoal, discussion of__—-~~---_—_
Japanese preparation of__
retarding effect on draft__
Goes iin eee
Colonial Dames, Society of--___--—-
Cookers, water heaters_-—_—--—-—_—
Cooking devices, aboriginal___-~~-~~
genesis of2> ===
Cornelius! 21¢d.C oO
Couch andi hay
@rusie) HuLrOpes= === ===
fllerwtoTe === === es
OLiSine OL eee
sfandet0bs ee
@uilie wen ee
aed aise ee ees
Dall, Dr.
Dammar gum torches_—-_-——--_____
Dark
Davy, Sir Humphry—------------—-
Davy lamp, used by miners—-----—-~
Densmore, Miss Frances-—--------~
De: onochtort= =.=. eee
Detective. lanterns===———==—==—==——=
Digcony Lampe ==
Dipped candles_———--------~--____
Page
14
14
15
14
19
24
19
26
21
25
42
De
938
=
Ur |
Co Hm OD
Ww ok ©
wo bok
No oO
Oo
vu
ww ow
oD
109
110
85
39
93
23
92
104
17
73
71
58
60
59
60
102
OF
46
34
65
65
95
33
74
18
i INDEX
Page
Dogfish; use for Might. ee ee 6) Euniboldt==> ea Se eee
Doultonsand watts] ee ee 80 | Hurricane glasses, for candle pro-
Dratt prudimentary= == esse eee 85 TeChOn ss 28 Se 2 ee ee eee
Drip catcher, use on lamp__________ 58 | Illumination, development of_______
Dunklee WH. Wis ae. Se ee ee 90:3) ironirestsii es Oe ie eee
Dutch: jovien= == ease aN see eee LOT >| Jeterson: !Dhomas: ee eee
Hlectric Seating = 2" == eee 92) JOlyn a 2 a ee Bae ee
Hewkes; Dr. J. Walter. —- 2 =e 96 Juyenal? == 2.3. ee eee
Held "Oven. Hopi => ees se ces 105 Kangri, Kashmerian warming vessel_
Finland, wooden candlestick from___ Zao) Skin & SA Tired sales eee
MITC PACKS = 5.< = 2. ee CS ON 89 King Roberticsree = as a ee
Hire blower, Spaine= esse ee Of...) Ranneay) “Dee se Se 2 eee
hein Soak eee ee ares 95 Kriezer, “A. “Wiles. tae ek eke ee
iy, used torunieht=-= = as 44° | Kya: spout lamps=— > ===) eee
pots) “cast-Iton.2 = 2s ee 89 | Lamp stands; ancient2-—" ==
USCh OL 222 = See eee 1) | amps: san cliente. eee ee
Fishing torch holder, Finland______ 13 persistence of form__
Biambeau,, ‘constructions == 14 camphine: == 2 = ee
LG Abe am pS: Ss eee kee Lae 51 chimney-22. 22 ee eee
Foot warmers, Colonial American __ 82 complex inyention=—=0 ===
Huropean |= 82 Eskimo, Asiatic origin______
Hrankdine Benyamine ee 65 exteMmporancous 222s a=
Braryeand) Clank =. 55s oka 91 Pas 2.5 2s ee eee ee
Hiryinesi pan. (Korean s= = a e 108 individual, 2-22 sae eee
Hue eee ee ee eee 109, 110 inventive, Period === ==
BIO WN DUG eee ee ee ee 80 latd: oil = eee
Grae Fe ees Mire 2a St ue a SN eee TD multiple -wick2- == 23 eee
Gallleyestovesue to = ce ee err ee ee 89, 90 origin’ suggested. 32 ee
Caltr& SB i OM eau) OC eee eee 70 DLMIti Ve == ss eee
Gacimlamps= ata eee en ee TD Simple 222 20s eee
GisiiolieOdowardo 222 sss eee 87 sinumbra 224 eee
Gimbel lamp 22 = sas a eee 71 ten tubeless eee
Glazed pottery and glass candle- lime indicating — =
SULC KS eee TE EO ee eee 3D whale oll eee
(OUSGHers = a aewe et Aes oe eee 89 Wick: tubét= “2252. coeees
Gate REM ree Uren git et Pe ee) 87> angleys (6) sees se eee
Cri dles ee EN ae Nae dee PRL 104 Lanterns, cloth and paper__________
Gridirons, aborigingla= se se 99 collapsible ==) 3 e— - aee
George Washington’s____ 100 discussion ol== a === aa
OLizinvoLe ee ae 99 firefly 2. >) i eee
OVO ly 2) ee 100 folding. = =
(COTES es oe ee, eda POY Son a ee 104 > Guy: “Wa wkes 7222 2s ees
Grillo, Amaro Domincos___________ 88 perforated ==
Hand and foot warmers___________ 81 Ship 22222 72 eee
DEM EU TUTE yy LST Yo fe ate 57 tubular =2 22>) See eee
Hay use) age tuel-e= e 110) \aaund ry arose ee ee
Heated irons and hot water vessels_ 79) |) Wawrence, Walliagmes === ee
Heaters, stone and irona_/) 8) 79 Lehnen—_ =: SSeS So See ea
Heating by | steamas 2 = a= see 94 | Library of Congress, torches from__
devices, general discussion_ 7G. |) Laghthouse lamps =) sea
Heat preservation, vessels for______ 95 | Light wood, Southern States_______
Heinz, hlenty diene 10520490 | lank 22022542 ee
Elenry.< JOSEP hess er wees ea erat 75 | Lobstock, Chinese candle.- ~~ —--—_—
bach; dap anese= pe ee 83 Lord; J.) (Gi, and’ We eee
Hildesheim, Germany, candlestick ucerna, Utalian 222 See
ENG Ti = Pe eS ee eat a Pile eae 20 McLane: Charles=2_- 22-2) ae
Hinge, unknown in bronze or early Maeriders collection ==. == ===
TT OW 2 ers eee a nit Marsh-Darien expedition___________
Blinks /85' Sonst = Sse a ee (ie) Mercer eieniny; (Cepstee ans 5 aes aes
Hitchcock lamp, fan-draft__________ (4. Mica. usedtin lanterns2 2-2 eee
Etorn) lantern, inelish==— soe SOP ME Tame SOU wisy eae
Hot-water appliances______________ 80 Miller Gerrit: S2) 222 oe ee
platters: Sees 22 Seen tee 94 Millner. Ws Bia. Se a eae
Hiouchin’< 22-22: sO eae 91 Miners" candlestick ===
Howard andeMorsen 12 ee as eee 33 amen st Re oe ae ee
INDEX 113
Page Page
JN Aaa ae SS I ENS a S SpDOUG AMPs! + Se Se eee 61
Modern lamp, problems of ___~~-_-- 72 SCG amin par es = ae ee ee 108
Myrtle wax, for candles___________ 16 Stejneger, Leonhard_______-_______ 53, 90
INJEhG Monts) 22 WS oak aS ee 52 StonewiVMirs: endian ee lee 101
eandles and holders____ 40 Stoneridge lantern =. ee 39
INOMLO MC nA GQ) os Se ee 6 Stoves, air box and grate__________ 87
Olecostaticnamp so —= eee 74 alcohol s= 62222. =) eee 91
(Giing) 22 ae ee ee ee eee 105 ANCL SE ECUSC Hee eee 87
MuitChias. +See Se 107 development in fireplace____ 89, 90
Thue aye ee a ee eee 107 electric 2 6 2 Se eee 92
TVPG CANE se es 106 Pas we Ce ee ee Ee ee 91
MEH GC tlh ye cee ee eas eS DS 106 INVACOMp iT atl ones 92
ealmen ee aerate ee ee 42, 43, 72 inventive’ period === a= 89
venti incest a == Soe ee ee 12 Ma eos ee ee eee 90
Reatausecas fuel =] = 2H oat SS 110 rudimentary draft__.___-___ 85
BED FS TsTS Cs Tomo) ASE Ts ea a ee ee 5 Russian and Chinese_______ 81
Petroleum, effect on illumination__~ 70 Sil ples 22 ee 84, 85
ideal Vampmtwelz== == 70 ibetans sess. = te ee 88
Pierced lantern, European__-—---~~ 26m | OURVLValSs cis GUSSTONmr Obese me 4
Pine-knot burner, United States pat- Mallow tree; Ching ===— 22 ee 15
GoTo ye ga gee eee 1D Naper hold ersi === 2 ee eee 15
Te aR T eee eee a nee hs SAE ee ee On| LLepers, =. Ceremonigl== === === ae 18
Pocket stove, Japan =-—) === 80 Colledi== 24 ae a pee 4,14
iomeroy’s.colled) taper. — = = = 15 TNeakettle=- =< 5-5-5. 2 Se eee 109
IEntehanctersesee en ne ee 102 Meanot, Stove, Ching === ae 3
NGS 2 Se ee ee ee 102 Memporaryuehty Sheol 6
Powers, Mrs. Frances Roome___--__— SO me lerstovem Germs = == = eee ee 90
PP sT3 CG src ee eee me eee te are ie eelimercandles= a= sae eae ee een 40
Pricket.candlesticks==— = — = = = 20 Indicahin gs amp Se ee 67
Anti Cae. ss 2 20 MONS wands tLe ei OO LS eee ee 98
Primitive amps 2s Si a 3 for carrying) fire: (coale==——— 99
Rant wkitchen.. Japamias= = = 86 Woreheand candle===2—- === 3
Resin torch, West Indies__________~ 8 Morehesen Campy alone ee 13
Rice steamer, Malay—222— === = 108 engineers on railroads_—_~ 14
Roasters and, coastersa..-—-— 2 = se 100 for fishing, varieties______ 3
OCH eSbers) lait peers eee es 74 Nolders7s== Se eee 9
ERO Ceti lll eon Wig aN eeae se teres ee = 7,97 development of ____ 9
Rushveandlessumakine of 2 = A. Tortilla: griddle: Mexico==2= =" 2225 105
chandelier, English__________ 29ui > Drip p pede ALS eS ee 36
clipfakmeland@] 2222. = eee = POE Nee RVets oss tore Seek Le SES ee 100, 101
Samovar, stove in combination______ 92 SDSL OTe ae Leh ep er eee 62
BAUCerMlaMips eee a a ee ee 53 | Valve in bellows, invention of__-__~ 98
Scaldino, Italian, for warming_—-_~~ 81 | Vegetable wax industry in China___ 16
GOING ES eet ae see ou Ry Be OOM la Wialllewin on se. sea = ota a 108
ScovillesandsJohnson]— = Ses 106 Wallace, Sir Alfred Russell_--_-_~~ "6
Shaler ae eye ree ee es 3 Warners Joseph! =s 2 se=2 23
Sheltss 1s lamp origina) = es Am) Washington, Georcesse=- =e 72,100
Ships lantern sso = = ee eee sh le warern cooler.” Caleutida === sr 95
Signal lantern, first example_____-_ 33 Wax, vegetal and animal____---___ 15)
Silver and plate candlesticks_______ DOE NEaAViel Sis iCANGILES tC = eee 19
Binplees stoves s2—— GASP Welspachen aM ps—— a= = ee ee 76
Sinumbra lamp; date of-=—-—~—==—— = te iWetsel) WewiS se ee 84
Slow-burning fuel devices___-____~~ Sai white. Jonnie == s Se ae 104
Snuffers, snuffer trays, and _ extin- Wick channel, development of______ 55
MINS RS Se Se ee ee ee 41 lampe=2=—== SoS eee 54
NOU OMiN he oe eo 54 tongue, invention of-——--—_-_ 59
Salata ers mil see = ea SS 14 tonehes) moderna s——.2— === 12}
Splint and candle combination in tubeamps==.2- 2-2 == ee 63
Lina a (ei Se ee ee ee alal Wicks. .use..of, flat. type===— === 70
Splint holders, Iron Age derivation_ LON |F Walliams;C. Al and Co=25=— ee = 13
pincer, forme 11 Palecott=22-- 24525. == 22, 51, 104
Within eC Kye a 12 | Wind glasses, candlestick_____----_ 27
Splint torch aggregates_________--_ 10 ! Wooden candlesticks____-_——_--_=_ 21
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