pes _ 7 ~~ “\ ri LAr Lae ie , ar) ie ' ; he wh We 4 uy | =a ms The 4 Rk at i Per ean 4 b | a i : nie ? ' . Laat rf i ( ® 2 Ore ! il a “W ok rr a ae ree, a>) mr " iY iv a . a. A q + oe, * 7 7 ; a) #] s , ; _ is os : EG f : nie ’ es ee a TRON a ie i Lie uy wv ) Hay i ae. ae ue resi ? ee xf vit ihe rere ai? 4 JAK yh : SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Buttetin 183 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN PLATTE AND CLAY COUNTIES MISSOURI BY WALDO R. WEDEL With Appendix SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PLATTE AND CLAY COUNTIES, MISSOURI By T. DALE STEWART UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1943 —————$—$—$—$—$—$—K——— For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. - Price $1.00 ADVERTISEMENT The scientific publications of the National Museum include two series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. The Proceedings series, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collec- tions of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organiza- tions and to specialists and others interested in the different sub- jects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. The series of Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, con- tains separate publications comprising monographs of large zoologi- cal groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogs of type specimens, special collections, and other material of similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear volumes under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum. The present work forms No. 183 of the Bulletin series. ALEXANDER WETMORE, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. II CONTENTS Page BEC WOT sere ee er ee ee See te ees Be ee ee Se etl vil aie enyironmental'backeround __ \! 0. S8!) (A oitinwg kT. sataticu nati 1 Eastorical and’ ethnic setting - - )Gsciee) 24 ath Pepe re kk 8 Eeevious archeolopical: work. =. 222.2222 scheeeulelote ect lL) pee 12 Weverption or gitestand artiacis 220! SILO ae We en eee 15 Phew Renmuer sitess ts Ol See WI ee ee ee pec chia: eee 15 Weretalr Grains 4 eR aW OD VIMEO a tae ee tee 26 Bauiaber en aise me wey FIST mE EC UP Oe ht 26 Wrolliscana menrains ses Yh Ole Ui ee ee eee 28 EEO CRE Tye ae tr nS RINE 2 solhe 6s rch eae oe oh Ne 29 Workeiw antlerand* bone #2 = Aaa Sop ist Bt AGie ite Suen 44 WVOTEG Ir COP PCE se eee iar ke ee Ml ect 49 Work “ui shell lees ONG MR Sre ALOU Ones Ve ee 49 Niork mm chipped ScOmewt VMIAEO 20 a ne nee ier 50 Work in ground stone; unworked stone__________________-___- 57 Pisamie nt materi aloes 4 apn et nie ee wees a eS 61 Mee SLCCU ISK OT SILC = 4) 2 Oe ULC FERS es eh CO ee 62 Walla cetrenanivig®) Attar Phi Soe ot ee 62 Poodiremains 220 Feen) S0O0Er Sesh Ate oe eee 71 PO tbe ry Mee WRC AE ies rete Cee STU BS eo ee 73 Work in“antlers bone; snd shell 20200 Y2 Jose Sie 79 Worktin chipped"stone’ =) 2FSen _¢ housc eine ye ae 82 Work in ground stone; miscellaneous stone objects_________ 84 Hexdtilemennatm sien Oe Ses Gee RE es ees eae Pe st 86 Phe burial prounG” 5/4 Leone. PREG hee THEE oi 87 POC Ger ya te eet EE NG OB Oe 95 Other’ aril acts = te OE EE SEO eee 98 LECCE IMA Re SIGGS Ost. Mat) Mie tne en ate Te eh er Mee 98 rend sex eA VATIONS 4 ees = payee et i es ee 105 Btone-chambered*iiounds@ 2h oles. Lyre he oe eee 106 hie esate Dranchiproups- shoes ee SF ek Se a 106 wherVoune mound groups FL eer Pee ee ee 132 PATGemaUncss Senos SLs. Lee eet Vee Se be ese 137 Shepierd: moundes 2: Ute ree a weer elas ea a 137 IRenmerinound weer My RM re ees 143 Avondaletmounds 920s +. BNE? UN Gas. SPU Soe aeen 145 The problem of the stone-chambered burial mounds___-_-__-__-__- 150 CORE ye a me mee SNS hc es ere eh SMe ok Soe 185 Sulparar Selationshipanss srs: PPT) Pai: SY ek eee 191 Rie Venter nites seeks ONL TEM AT Soe soe oeseseeccews 193 qbetecd-Wankerpite=: sien Selmi Awe Pe a ke 208 2 HEG UGHSVOGIG Wigs a Us Gage AiR) ok eT soe We CS Cat ae Se Or: Baek ee 214 iceneral discussion and speculations.“ 4.92.2 24022 ee ween un eee 217 miterature civcdem rule 2s Hipye) Hist way stelle: Meo ee 223 IV BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Page ApprenpIx: Skeletal remains from Platte and Clay Counties, Missouri. Byel Dale Stewart.<-- <>. = s<-s'2 See eel eee eee 245 Methods: ce 22s. eee cee eee eke een Jee eee eeceas 247 oii) pe ee ec ee as NE ASS EE dil Oe Oe ee ee ea 248 Mound series (Hopewellian). => 2.5 --- 2-225 -23osne eee eee 248 Steed-Kisker series (Middle Mississippi)_-_._..---------------- 254 Skeletons-=-==<<===<2-22s2sss-sss2seees5sessssessens2 5555522204 258 Mound-series (Hopewellian) _-======.--22-t22284 18s 258 Steed-Kisker series (Middle Mississippi) --...-_--------------- 260 SumMMany_=-22) vaie AWD sesuey Jo uolLd0] “Josuy “AID svsury vou S66] PUR LLG] UL wNasnyy JeUONeN *S “1 ay Aq poresisaaul sails SulMmoys ‘JOATY sesue yy Joy Now Mojaq puvaaoge AaTjeA Wnossty oy3jo depj—'] aU SITIN 9 e qN OS N HOP ent ° q £ & \" /YNOSSIN szLis 79v 771A : " » at h Sy sonnow Hievs @ mw ff wf USS (ea ‘ sonnow azazewvHe E) B Vy fs , ' ant 0 It an, 1 wm Pm MI, ard nN \ ¥ <> ; —"\ S WOW L Ww 2 t Z meme ‘7 sumoig L7 >= @ 124499 Lio yy pore oa = BX NS ee \ Saye D d )\ same Ye HA tye Tu * ) Yy 6 \ & a=, —SS ao ‘e) Y \ u H (44 ” rene ‘2 Pre J NN oy NOs, 1 Fr vn 8] [1A 2ed RY as 4, ILLOINVAMS poe ; r) am NN OD Tne SAPD — (fs oD) be) A J) . N- ALYOMNIAVIT f . E a, (a S = uosplem cS ~ SSS “= >: Q L \, RES k xr -7 \ aS ILIs WANS TH-03315 9 EON 7 \ - ‘ dt i Co "7 200 Cog ital J DN SHIT XS \ u ‘youal] duTjaseq Zuoye yINos Zuryooy ‘9 ‘¢] pure ‘67 ‘[][ suid Burmoys ‘paaoulel WNnie1}s dINn}[ND pur jlosdoy ‘gq £19] Jv YaeID uly ‘Jolu9. 1e 9deR119} VdRI[IA p1eMO} YOU suryoo'y ‘vp ‘ALIS YSNNEY™LV SM3AIA ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 9 Creek, Kansas?) with the Missouri. DuPratz in 1757 designated all the region between the Mississippi and the great bend of the Missouri, and for a distance beyond to the southwest, “Pays des Missouris.” The “Cansez G*, Village” is indicated on the Missouri above Kansas River, with the Osages far to the south and southwest—partly on the river bearing their name, partly on a southerly tributary of the lower Kansas. These maps and scattering bits of information from other sources would suggest that the Missouri formerly laid claim to much of the lower valley where their villages stood. The Osage country lay mainly to the south and southwest, apparently centering on the Osage River. Kansa territory began at the Missouri above the mouth of Kansas River, whence it extended indefinitely westward into the bison plains. The area with which the present archeological researches are concerned thus lies in what was essentially Siouan territory since early historic times. There is no direct evidence from which the time of arrival of these three tribes in the region may be accurately fixed, but the Marquette map of 1673 indicates that, as distinct groups, they were then already in their approximate historic locations. According to tribal traditions (Dorsey, 1886; McGee, 1897, pp. 191-196; Swanton and Dixon, 1914, pp. 385-889), the Osage, Kansa, Omaha, Ponca, and Quapaw migrated westward to the mouth of the Ohio, whence the Quapaw turned south while the others moved up the Mississippi and on to the Missouri. Near the mouth of the Osage another sep- aration took place: The Omaha and Ponca traveled toward the northwest, the Osage to the southwest up the Osage River, and the Kansa continued westward up the Missouri to the Kansas River and beyond. The Missouris, along with the Iowa and Oto, separated from their parent Winnebago on Green Bay, Wis., and traveled southward down the Mississippi to the Iowa River. Here the Iowa remained for a time, while the remainder of the group went on to reach eventually the mouth of Grand River on the Missouri. From this point the Oto, after a quarrel, proceeded farther up the Mis- souri; the Missouris remained and were visited by French traders early in the eighteenth century. The Missouris are also supposed to have dwelt for a time on the Mississippi near the present site of St. Louis. Whether they preceded or followed the Osage and Kansa into this region is not known. As to the time involved, it may be noted that Ofiate’s encounter with the Escansaques in 1601 has been suggested as the earliest historical allusion to the Kansa, which, if correct, would mean that at least the Dhegihan groups were prob- ably on hand by that date. This identification of the nomadic Escan- saques with the semihorticultural Kansa, however, seems highly dubious if not wholly untenable. 497261432 10 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM By 1724 the lure of furs and, secondarily, a desire to forestall Spanish designs on the mineral resources of Missouri had brought about the establishment of a French trading post by Bourgmond at a Missouri village near the mouth of Grand River. This, Fort Orleans, was abandoned in or soon after 1726 (Houck, 1908, pp. 258-268). It was superseded by another among the Kansa, whose village then seems to have stood just north of present Fort Leavenworth, Kans., at Salt Creek on the right bank of the Missouri. The name, date of founding, and abandonment of this station are unknown, though it was operating in 1757 (Margry, 1867, p. 41)? Less than a half century later, all the villages mentioned in the early documents had been given up. When Lewis and Clark ascended the river they found no inhabited sites anywhere along its banks in the 500 miles below the present southern boundary of Nebraska. Subsequent archeological explorations in the same area have re- vealed evidence of scarcely a dozen postcontact native villages, in striking contrast to the great profusion of precontact remains. An explanation for this apparent aversion by recent tribes to an other- wise unexcelled environment is given by Lewis and Clark (Thwaites, 1904a, p. 47), whose observations are worth quoting at some length for the hints they offer of conditions during the protchistoric period. On June 13, 1804, the party passed “two Creeks called the round bend Creeks between those two Creeks and behind a Small Willow Island in the bend is a Prarie in which the Missouries Indians once lived and the Spot where 300 [200] of them fell a sacrifise to the fury of the Saukees, this nation (Missouries) once the most noumerous nation in this part of the Continent now reduced to about 30 f*% [ fires, i. e., families] and that fiew under the protection of the Otteaus [Ottos] on R. Platt who themselves are declining. . . .” Two days later, on June 15, they “camped on the SS nearly opposit the antient Village of the Little Osarges and below the Antt Village of the Missouries both Situations in view within three M? of each other, the Osage were Settled at the foot [of] a hill in a butifull Plain, which extends back quite to the Osage River, in front of the Vilg: next to the river is an ellegent bottom Plain which extends several miles in length on the river in this low Prarie the Missouries lived after they were reduced by the Saukees at their Town Some Dist? below. The little osage finding themselves much oppressed by the Saukees and other nations, left this place and built a village 5 M? from the Grand Osage Town, about years ago a fiew of the Missouries 8 At this time, Bougainville says, the French were trading with the Osages and Missouris, “nations bordering one another . . .,”’ 80 leagues up the Missouri. ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI il accompanied them, the remainder went to the Otteaus on the River Plath ad}2h* Difficulties with other tribes, stronger or better armed, are also sug- gested by Lewis and Clark in explanation for the removal of the Kansa from the Missouri (op. cit., p. 67). Thus, at Independence Creek near the present Doniphan, Kans., where the tribe lived in 1724, before moving to the vicinity of Leavenworth, Clark observes that “the nation must have been noumerous at the time they lived here, the Cause of their moveing to the Kanzas River, I have never heard, nor can I learn; war with their neighbors must have reduced this nation and Compelled them to retire to a Situation in the plains better Calculated for their defence, and one where they may make use of their horses with good effect, in persueing their enemy. . .” Perhaps the. prospect of better beaver hunting and retreat of the bison herds to the west were contributing factors to this shift. After 1800 white men became increasingly active on the lower Mis- souri and in the region centering at the present site of Kansas City (Union Historical Co., History of Jackson County, Mo., 1881, pp. 376 seq.). In that year Pierre Chouteau established a trading post at Randolph Bluffs, opposite and about 3 miles below the present Kansas City. In 1808, Fort Osage (or Clark) was built on the south bank of the river just below where Sibley now stands, to be abandoned in 1827 when Fort Leavenworth was founded as a United States military post. Chouteau’s post in the bottoms, controlled by the American Fur Co., was destroyed by flood in 1825, and the next year it was trans- ferred to higher ground on the south side of the Missouri. It became the nucleus for a small but thriving French settlement, still chiefly interested in the fur and Indian trade. In 1831 the growing volume of commerce over the Santa Fe Trail brought Independence into being, and then Westport Landing at the mouth of the Kansas. The greater convenience and better natural facilities of the latter in steamboat-to- wagon transfer eventually made it the center of activity. As the natural entrepot for the expanding trade beyond the Missouri, its name was changed to “Kansas,” then to “Town of Kansas,” and finally to Kansas City. Admitted to the Union in 1821, Missouri at that time had as its western boundary “a meridian line passing through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas river where the same empties into the Mis- sourl river.” In the irregular triangle lying west of this line, between it and the Missouri, the Iowa, Sac, Fox, and other tribes retained +The Missouri and Osage village sites referred to in these passages are located with rela- tive exactness by the explorers. The recent discovery by University of Missouri archeolo- gists of several post-European village sites in northern Saline County, Mo., at or very near the location given by Lewis and Clark, is noteworthy because of the exceptional opportunity they offer toward a definition of the protohistoric material culture of two important Siouan tribes (see also Berry and Chapman, 1941). 12 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM hunting and camping rights, besides trading at the posts therein sit- uated. The attractive and fertile lands were too much for the nearby Missourians to resist, and by 1831 squatters were encroaching in what is now Platte County. This led to endless bickering and some bloodshed between Indians and whites, and the latter raised an in- creasingly insistent clamor for annexation of the disputed territory. In 1836-87, by purchase and treaty, the strip passed out of the hands of the tribes and as the Platte Purchase (Neuhoff, 1924, pp. 307 seq.) was added to the northwestern corner of the State of Missouri. Its southern tip became Platte County, which, with Clay County on the east, contains a majority of the sites considered in this paper. PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK It may be supposed that the accelerating growth of modern com- munities about the junction of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers, with their transformation of the original land surface into streets, rail- roads, farms, and building sites, must have revealed occasional traces of prehistoric man even in the early years of white settlement. So far as published records are any indication, however, no interest seems to have been manifested in such remains prior to 1876. In that year, Judge E. P. West read a paper before the Kansas City Academy of Science in which he called attention to several finds of chert implements, pottery fragments, and other vestiges of pre-white industry at several points now within the limits of greater Kansas City (West, 1877a, pp. 198-199). One of these locations was in an excavation made “in the widening of Twelfth Street near its junction with Woodland Avenue” where “large quantities of flint chippings, arrowheads, stone axes and broken pottery were found at a depth varying from six inches to eighteen inches beneath the surface.” This, and “one place near the fairground in Wyandotte County, Kansas,” were the only spots where “prehistoric pottery” had come to ight. Two types of pottery, neither very fully defined, are men- tioned as coming from “a gradual slope of land, with little eleva- tion, reaching back from Jersey Creek northwest, in Wyandotte County, and on a slope equally, but slightly, elevated, reaching back northwest from a branch of McGee Creek, in this [Jackson] County.” In view of the marked activity of the next few years, it is of some interest to note West’s statement that up to this time “artificial mounds have not been found in this vicinity . . .” By the following spring, 1877, the existence of numerous mounds had become known, and Judge West had begun their examination through excavation. Interest was focused almost exclusively upon a group of mounds situated north of the Missouri River on the Platte-Clay County line, with incidental mention of others up and down stream and ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 13 on the south bank of the river (West, 1877b, pp. 15-22; Lykins, 1878, pp. 251-253). West opened five mounds in Platte County about 20 yards from the Clay County line on a ridge overlooking Line Creek to the west and the Missouri to the south. = 2 P 7 i a - mt - ~ ad — ~ —— - 4° oD > ; M = th lo (rpnties2-—1 ataaT ep ap eg a quAeiees Su —— Peas uit E Raye me Hyg RRI rm : : os a ue f =o oe i Aa =f Prise } af oes es ane 3 pay thf us Moe ene shoveresty peed Ae ate aut ee A re bot! + ” PAL e nat tipst wes: = ; + : = ; E vate ete nes 2 ee oe ‘ Seis WOE mn ‘s : ao tin a ee a = se ee ea ae ee = ; mh © ; a . i¥ .c. 2 Dr ae : 7 S 2 ee eee J ae. ees tin seee ; a Se et Oi ee + Ey oe ; R S a : 7 > in _ - . > SESKh Te ere ssneeen= me fe Oh — : ; ‘ _ = 24: A& ° . ; 4 et ee ee se oe * ha THI - 2 q — , ; H 7 , ~ — 4 > | Libs cee at Ase Sg 8 ees fe mee: fame es oe ~ : . é Ae = ee = are 2 bina peste 64-2 een » rn . a - i a ph ae @ - a_i a ne Sr at eee ET LE IF ss : BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 24 *s[O04 Surqqni Jopjue z ‘yuowsely [MOq poyeIodvag |~~-~-~~-7- 777 > Tr T nH IRSA ES SP: eit. pa eee eee 8aS6 | 8T OFLU OF ET SOLOS 1 OCs | ange ca cae se een 8F | SI (G4 ~~" 6H06 9FBIS Jopun 1oju9y | LT ‘rodeios euoq-isep ‘suoysieuUIeYy ‘spleysyog |777 777777777777 CP XOP | 02 OF: 2 eee ees oer 6ME8 ‘SMG&8 | OT *oPTUOUNT] “68 X9E ‘s]MB ouog Z ‘ayluy oyey ‘syuTp ‘sproysyog :010}}0Q ‘ZOXIPF :doy | tz ORS as ee pn 2 CLTAS6 | ST ‘SUN eSPIOUSIOMd| as eee car cae as OF | 22 Ving ~ Siss5oe te ye eee OIL‘SOT | FI *BUOGsING Shut SpleysiOqulian ge = sae Ga 09 | §I TG Sea eR nr ng er SPV | &T ‘souoqd [vulluB ‘SsIeapBIge ‘QuOJsIOUIMBY “FUOTISBIJ XB PoAOOIS ‘TMB auoq ‘[00} Surqqna Jeque ‘syoefqo wlI0j “Ture Z ‘sjod poioysel Z ‘syurg ‘spaoysyog |~--~7~ GP :U10}}0q ‘gg :doy, |--~~7----~ OSes - ) Rl aa res pare oe TMSTT | OL ‘sduin] Avo yuing ‘[Me auog ‘szury ‘sproysyog |~~7 77-7777 TTT TTT TT 98 | ZI OOF. | ‘@ipieeehGey PE eae eo eae SUE ie Ee ‘SpPlOUSIOqr |. es ats mee SF") Sz Sa Silipos ae ae TMOOT ‘OOT | OT ‘spoes meded ESIIuOC mo“ ie UbesPOIIGITO. “SVULB*> 7 >> - 7-H FE | OL Os ieee sere oMO06 ‘TMO06 | Z SVU SUACUSIOMa |" as) ae ee ar se = ae a OF | OL Circe Slik ta ee SMOET LMOET | 9 MO [PUGEDOTIOM SSPLOUSIOR™ ley no getncs eo ae mnsa mR amare Ge 8 OT as yl ea a ee oe gi Gad SSP LOU CS Offa |meee ie ces oe gee tc Gee ee EG > Bienes 252s ley eee eee GMOPFT | F JOG, Seale eee a ae PP X9E | ST 2 A Bee coe ee GMSGEL | € ‘SOUOG SOUlIT “SplousjvOre lisse ma a5 ts et me ee Ze | SL GPa © mi Pet Sais eo ee rar ae PMSF |G ‘souoq [eultue “yuriod opto0foard pus oor SULjsp lepjue ‘opuy oyep ‘spurg ‘spreysj}og |-~--~~--- "7-777 o ooo SP | OT GP c- = tale = er in eee Wegner ane CMGPI | T Sayouy sayouy E) nosns | onlay Sal UWIOL SUaO coho cer@) (Soyour) 2zoJoMIBICT a1BNnbs :UdI}BIOT ‘ON yydoq ays sauUay jo sjid fo syuajuos pup suoisuawip fo hunuungy—'] WIdV J, 29 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI ‘quoUIsBljy 9UOD JUOJSOUTIT ‘yUuTIOd eftjoefoid Jeyjue ‘sug peddiyo: ‘spasysjog: |~- 7-9-7527 F505 -- St “‘spxoysyog *I0[}UB 4ND ‘sploys}og |--777 Pp :u109400 ‘QPF :doy, ‘rel poroqjser Apaed “yuig poddryo ‘sproys}og |~- 77777 TT TTT oP ‘outds ysy -yeo ‘qoofqo sepjuB poeyerIojsod-14jnNuUI [O04 Sulurveq ueyoiq ‘yuig peddiyo ‘spaeysyog [777777777 TTT 6h X69 “1B LOUL QUOISOULI] [[ewWs ‘IajuBe Joop ynod ‘spxoysyog }o > 770 TTT 9g *‘souoq Sop ‘spseys1og ‘syurg peddryo ‘retyuv yno “yurod optqoeford sapzuB ‘yoolqo euoq psoseid ‘uodeaos pourutays ‘spioys}og [VUOULCEIIE nw ALO OME SplousiO Gk aa cna Ge Geet cee cll a oP ‘seuoqd Sop ‘eu04s SUIPBIgB ‘[O04 Surqqni Joyjue ‘syuig poddiyo ‘yuouiseay (@)) uregsodid) Aspoe Tel OUnAVIUleSDIOUSTOR t|=se0 a, 22) Oe es a Se ee 43 Beaver. Castonncanadensis===——— = a Bee 24 ISON SE USOM MOUS ON aa nen weet ees es Se ees 17 Wapitit Cervus canadensis2 Sat lumenal sence | ee ere = see z 620 Ay oS es as P ~~~ pedoy[eos A[pBoig ai0ul 10 payoyou Ajauy dry (1) *pa}e1OdopUN IOII9}X9 WIY “p Le |S aa Det ee OE Sea” Sel ee, eel cae ese | (meine acini | fe eco ee soyeqyound jo smo (g) afdiy[nyw (Zz) "pL Id | 22 z if P &I z 3 ~~" d}] MOfaq “UID F-Z “BO sayBjound Jo MOL aTsuTg (1) *1OLI0}X9 WIT UO WONBIODEp 9yBJoOUN *d *soqejound SOMOS Te KO be wae kane || ese earn oy Le Meee here ee Gos sep Sl Tae Seal eee PuUe OUT] Jopi0q PpdasIOUI YIM poydj}By-ssolpD (T) *1O1101X9 ULI UO UOTYBIODEp poslouy *q 8 | Roe waka ll [ree ais er fe ea vain mes 9 TO Be ee Seo cage |e ee a ae soyejound Y4IM s[BUOZBIp payoIyg (¢) OMS ase oe Tees eee oles soins L C= UI GSSES SS saa rege ean a one Guin eae S[BUOS¥IP pexoyg (Z) SDieOul dal sae Umea Sa ccses case it z g TSS) RA oe endl |e oe yale) Aj[ensn ‘suolssoiduit 404001 0yB,UepP| (1) *10[19}X9 Will WO WOT}BI0Dap PayoO.1s 10 podmeByg *B *‘JOAOd PIVMINO JO PABMTI YIM “Yay ATV -morsvo00 ‘ysidivys JO ZUIpuNnol uoqjo ‘apqeIaea dry ‘Z% Gi Oe ea ee econ a L T g T T ~~~“ 9UT[ Jop1Od Pas[OUT a[SUIs YIIM poyozey-sso1g (G) Gea fac” |e eee a | ete eee onl ka Mat eR | A Meg US REN Symi | (ar || ec ee so}ejound 1efnuUB ‘payoyey-ssolg (Ff) ee ee es ooeereneee Tite Wl t>a5csseaeg|saeeen ceca oaeaor eons $098}0UNd JOSMOIZ PUB PayoyBy-ssoig (g) OF & g 8 ct g Qian =, St lene tabi gee (48e4840UNd JO MOI pu’ poqo}ey-ssoig) ‘eb ‘q ‘eg ‘std uler0q ‘a ‘a ‘Vv ‘8 ‘Id ‘ge6t ‘lopam | T1z LI OF 9% 16 61 (4 ae am Nei ce soqejound jo MOI puB payoyey-ssolg (2) @ 9 ecretigcerce I I ( eS i Paeiibieeine ST totes one oat pt tte OCC eee oe Oe SEG poyoyey-ssoly (1) *IO110}XO UWIII UO WOIBIODIp paslouy *q ‘sojejound pus ([B}U0Z (0) ABOU TG IEOOANE [tq = n= |S eoa see se 9 8 LT if I Woy Aypensn) suolssoiduy JoyOVA oye]WOpT (Pp) ile er he Ne tcc eine ell (ea era PR de Te, 50 alli Saale ne eee soyB4ound JO SMOI Z YIIM ‘SeHOIs [VOIQINA (0) *s0983 -ound jo sMor Ou Jo ‘g ‘Z ‘Tt WITM ‘smorssoid OST (2 Ea fea enero Sie Seer ak incmenat eg as Po A sl Sc ee oe fe eee -MT Yo13s peddviM-p100 [euoserp 10 [BoI}IOA (q) 4 *soqzeqound Aq palopiog ‘suots V ‘f ‘Id ‘geet ‘POpeM | € ete p sae ogee trae T I 1 Sat aes alta occas -solduly dwvis oyeUEp [vUOserp Jo [eoyIeA (®) *yUssgB sossog (Z) 40 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM The 2,827 unattached body sherds show several methods of surface treatment (table 3). As among the rimsherds and partly restored vessels, cord-roughening is decidedly uncommon; only 22 such frag- ments (0.77 percent) are present. I think it can be safely assumed that they are from vessels whose entire surfaces had been worked over with a cord-wrapped paddle; plain smoothed areas, if they existed, must have been limited to the basal portions, as an incidental result of wear and use. By contrast, plain sherds totalled 1,769 (62+ per- cent). That plain ware existed is evidenced by such sherds as plate 7, ¢, which shows no ornamentation whatever on either rim or body. At the same time it should not be assumed that upwards of 60 percent of all ware produced was necessarily undecorated. All restored and partly restored pots with decoration, as well as the larger sherds, show that certain areas (e. g., the neck) were often, probably characteris- tically, left plain. In other words, an unknown but probably con- siderable proportion of sherds tabulated as plain are from pots that had incised or otherwise embellished rims and/or bodies. Rocker-marking, either alone or in combination with plain areas, occurs on a total of 851 sherds (30 percent). Of these, 11 show the impressions to be confined to a narrow line-bordered band, the vessel in each case evidently having borne alternating rough and smooth areas. Eighty-six others are also partly plain, but have a narrow carelessly incised line separating this from the rocker-roughened por- tion. Most, perhaps all, of these are probably from pots treated as in plates 3, 6, and 4, 4, where a similar line divides the undecorated neck from the roughened body. ‘The last group in the table, with 44 specimens, would result from a fracture following this same dividing line between neck and body, with subsequent detachment of the lower roughened section. The exterior surfaces of 29 sherds have been roughened in some undetermined fashion. Two seem to have been brushed with straw or grass stems; in the others the surface markings may be partly ob- iterated rocker impressions or something else. Most of the 66 punc- tate sherds are probably from the neck or upper body of vessels other- wise plain or rocker-roughened. Their distinguishing feature is a single line of punch marks, except that 2 or 3 seem to have had a wider zone filled with shallow pits (pl. 7, ¢). Most sherds showing dentate stamp impressions have the alternate smooth and roughened zones often regarded as characteristically Hopewellian. At the Renner site this type is relatively uncommon, including but 37 pieces (pl. 7, j-m). Most are small, and none permits a guess as to the pattern followed. The stamp impressions are always straight and probably fairly short; bands are 1 to 2 cm. wide. An unusually well made vessel is represented by half a dozen sherds where the roughened zone, curved and as usual outlined by grooves, was U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PLATE 3 FRAGMENTARY POTTERY VESSELS FROM RENNER VILLAGE SITE. BULLETIN 183 PLATE 4 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “uol}Da][09 seddiys ‘yf “wo ¢F Ajoyewrxoidde ISO] “SLIS SADVTIIA YSENN3AY WOdS ‘NOILVYYHYOLSSY ONV VSSHA AYSBLLOd ALATIIWOON! CLR So8eQ 2505 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PEASE :S TYPICAL LARGE RIMSHERDS FROM RENNER VILLAGE SITE. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PLATE 6 : . & ft F RIMSHERDS FROM RENNER VILLAGE SITE. BULEETIN 183 PLATE 7 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “ALIS AOVTTIA YANN]AY WOYSs SOYAHS SNOANV11S0SI-CW BULLETIN 183 PLATE 8 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM "ALIS SOVTMINIA YANNSY WOS SLNAWSVYA GNV S1ESSa A AYSALLOd ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 41 further bordered by a row of shallow punch marks (pl. 7,4,m). The sherd in pl. 7, 2, superficially resembling some of the finer cord- roughened pieces, is actually dentate stamped. The toothed stamps used to produce these impressions, like the tools which left the curved rocker marks, are unknown.’ Perhaps they were of wood or some other perishable material. At any rate, objects that could have been so used are entirely lacking in our collections from the site. There is no trace of handles, lugs, tabs, or effigies on any of the sherds. Two fragments have conically drilled holes near a fractured edge, possibly to receive a thong for mending a broken vessel. TABLE 3.—Analysis of body sherds according to surface treatment, Renner site Description 0-9” g-18” | 18-27” | Pits | Depth Totals a | [SRD al Plainsundecorated <2 >, FR j z CHISELLIKE FORMS AND BLADE FROM RENNER VILLAGE SITE: U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM MISCELLANEOUS CHIPPED ARTIFACTS FROM BULLETIN 183 PLATE RENNER VILLAGE SITE. 18 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PLATE d fe g GROUND STONE OBJECTS AND ABRADERS FROM RENNER VILLAGE SITE. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PLATE 20 a ° | a a | ONE INCH ARTIFACTS OF STONE, BONE, AND TEXTILE, FROM VARIOUS SITES NEAR KANSAS CITY, Mo. ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 57 A sinker or weight is vaguely suggested by c, which is chipped on both faces and has a low median ridge on the surface figured. The retouched edges seem to be slightly worn, and there is a wide shallow notch in either end; d and e are also flaked on both faces and have finely retouched edges. The former has a low keeled back and the edges are slightly polished; e lacks evidences of wear or use. Varied uses would seem to be indicated by objects such as those shown on plate 18, f-h. Though lacking the typical planoconvex pro- file the rounded broad end sometimes is worn in a manner identical to the end scrapers. In other instances, slightly blunted or battered mar- gins suggest use in cutting or sawing. Some of the pieces show little or no retouching beyond the primary flaking needed to bring them to their present form and size. These may represent blanks or gen- eralized forms from which projectile points or other useful imple- ments could eventually have been made. The three specimens described in the preceding paragraph actually - stand at one end of a gamut of worked fiints that at the other extreme grade into what are probably cores and rejectage. Many are broadly lanceolate, almond-shaped, or roughly triangular in outline; others tend toward a quadrilateral or elliptical form, or are merely irreg- ularly shaped lumps. They are generally thick, and the surfaces, as also the edges, show only coarse primary chipping. Edges are seldom polished or blunted and in their present condition give little or no evidence of ever having had much use. In size they range upward to maxima of ca. 120 mm. long, 75 mm. wide, and 35 mm, thick, the larger pieces being the most roughly made. Whole and fragmentary, they occurred nearly everywhere—in cache pits, in the midden-filled occupational stratum of the site, and on the surface. They included all the more common varieties of raw material other- wise utilized in the fashioning of finished artifacts. It is possible that some represent quarry blades, i. e., incipient tools roughed out at the quarries and carried into the village for final shaping as time per- mitted. Others perhaps represent cores left after the removal of spalls from which arrowpoints, flake knives, or other smaller imple- ments were made. A few may have been intended as heavy duty agricultural, digging, skinning, or chopping tools, either lost, dis- carded because of flaws or other intractabilities, or left behind when the village site was finally abandoned by the natives. WORK IN GROUND STONE; UNWORKED STONE Artifacts of ground stone were much less common than chipped forms, and the range of types was also more limited. Heavy duty implements were made of tough crystalline stone—green diabase for axes and celts, quartzite for balls and hammerstones. Less often 497261—43—_5 08 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM such relatively soft materials as sandstone and limestone were utilized. Neither diabase nor quartzite is native to this portion of the Missouri valley, but both occur locally in boulders in the glacial drift. Most or all of the sandstone is dark reddish brown or yellowish in color, rather coarse-grained, friable when rubbed, and of excellent abrad- ing quality. I suspect that it is probably assignable to the Creta- ceous Dakota formation. This horizon outcrops over a large area in the Smoky Hills and Blue Hills in north-central Kansas, 120 to 150 miles, airline, west and northwest of the Renner site. Via the Kansas, Blue, and Republican Rivers, these deposits could have been reached on foot by a journey of approximately 175 to 200 miles. Whether nearer sources of the material are available I do not know. Limestone, of which little use seems to have been made, was available in unlimited quantities along the bluffs of the Missouri River. Axes are represented by four specimens: Two finished, one unfin- ished, the fourth fragmentary. Of these, only the last two were excavated by our party. The largest and best example (pl. 19, a) is from the west edge of the new highway slab ca. 50 yards west of the Renner residence. It was found by highway workers, while setting forms just prior to pouring the slab, and was immediately brought to us with traces of the enclosing native soil still adhering. It meas- ures 185 by 105 by 67 mm. and weighs 414 pounds. The slightly dam- aged poll is rounded, and the cutting edge, 60 mm. long, is nicked trom use. In transverse cross section the shape is quadrilateral, with the wide surfaces bulging or convex. The groove is 24-28 mm. wide and about 7 mm. deep, with a very slight bead or flange on each side. The ungrooved fourth side is flat and smooth. The entire surface, though nicked or slightly uneven in spots, has been carefully ground down, and the blade is polished. A much smaller ax, found during the preliminary grading of the highway cut prior to our ar- rival, was presented by H. M. Kleifeld, superintendent of construc- tion. Its dimensions are: Length, 88 mm.; width, 58 mm.; thickness, 388 mm. The poll is flattened, with a slight worn depression; the blade is badly battered and now lacks a definite cutting edge, so that the original length of the piece is uncertain. There is a shallow groove on three sides; the fourth is slightly depressed or hollowed lengthwise. In cross section this ax is a little flatter than the first. Though it is well made and shaped (pl. 19, 5), the surface retains the pecked or dimpled texture that final grinding and polishing have obliterated in the larger ax. From square 70E1, at a depth of 20 inches, came the specimen illus- trated in plate 19, c. It measures 97 mm. in length and has every appearance of being an unfinished ax. The curved blade is thick and blunt, never having been ground to a cutting edge. There is no groove, nor has the surface been finished through grinding. In shape ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 59 and cross section it closely resembles the smaller ax above described, except for the groove and marks of hard use exhibited by the latter. In pit 12 was found a fragment of what was almost certainly a grooved ax. Both poll and bit are broken away, but the remaining section shows a three-quarters groove, with the fourth side flat and well smoothed. The size of the complete specimen is of course un- certain, though it seems to have been only slightly larger than the small axes previously noted. Except on the broken areas, surface finish is superior to the others. Six or seven broken celts were found. These invariably show an elliptical cross section quite unlike that of the axes, a thick rounded butt, and a smoothed curving bit. In no case has the finely dimpled surface generally been smoothed, though sometimes so near the blade. Maximum width is also usually toward the blade. Some have a chipped or broken bit; others, including the largest, have only a very smooth edge worn to a high polish as though from long rubbing against soft or greasy material (pl. 19, d). A small hematite celt may be noted here (pl. 11, %). Complete, it is 57 mm. long, with a maximum width at the bit of 834mm. The butt is somewhat irregularly shaped, probably owing to unevennesses in the raw material. The sides are squared and carefully finished. Except for a few nicks and scratches, particularly about the butt, the surfaces generally are characterized by a high polish. Stone balls, made by percussion from chert nodules, averaged 57 to 77 mm. in diameter. AJl were evidently pecked or battered into approximate spheroidal shape, with some effort in at least one instance to smooth the specimen off afterward by grinding. Surfaces are rough and pitted (pl. 19, e), and, as might be expected, perfect symmetry was never achieved. The three specimens recovered show variations of 5 to 7 mm. in their individual diameters. Two were graded out of the highway cut; the third and poorest of the group is from pit 24. Artifacts of limestone are three in number. Of special interest are the two objects figured in plate 11, 6 and ¢; 6 is made of crystal- line limestone, or calcite, of a dirty white color. Funnel-shaped, it has a flat lip, surrounding a cavity 16 mm. deep, and a short solid stem 9 mm, in diameter, which has been ground off flat at the end. Exterior surfaces, as well as interior, have been carefully and evenly dressed down, though the edge of the rim bears a few old and some recent nicks. Viewed from above, the specimen is slightly elliptical, with a maximum width of 386 mm. and a length (estimated by pro- jection, due to rim fracture) of about 42 mm. The height is 35 mm. Along with a in the plate, which is slightly larger and molded of clay, 6 was found in pit 12. 60 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Somewhat dissimilar is ¢, which is made of soft white chalky lime- stone. Mammiform in shape, it too has a flat lip but instead of a protuberant stem has a rounded conical apex. The cavity is larger and deeper (22 mm.); the walls average 4-6 mm. in thickness. The interior surface is somewhat uneven, but the exterior is well finished. Height is about 30 mm.; diameter, as computed from the radius, was approximately 62 mm., and the shape appears to have been slightly elliptical. As is also true of a and 6, no satisfactory explanation has come to mind for the use of this object. It has been suggested that some or all were weaning nipples, paint or medicine mortars, or “eye cups,” but there is not the slightest evidence for any of these uses. In plate 11, 7, is shown a small paint mortar fashioned from soft white limestone. One surface of a roundish pebble about 50 mm. in diameter has been flattened slightly to hold the piece upright. The upper surface has a depression 35 mm. across by 7 mm. deep. Pos- sibly as a result of deterioration in the ground, the material at present seems entirely too soft to have been suitable for grinding purposes. The specimen may have been used originally for mixing small quan- tities of pigment or other materials rather than as an ordinary mortar. Pieces of sandstone with grooved or worn surfaces were moderately plentiful. Somewhat unexpectedly, however, none appeared to be from long boat-shaped paired buffers of the type common in many Plains archeological sites. The fragments found were irregularly shaped blocks, which gave not the slightest evidence of representing intentionally formed implements. They varied in thickness up to 3 or 4 cm. and in greatest diameter from 28 to 9) mm. Sometimes the entire surface is worn flat; at other times, broad shallow grooves or short, deep, narrow ones crossed or crisscrossed one or more faces (pl. 19, f-g). The latter may have been a result of awl] sharpening, and perhaps the broader markings were left in rubbing down arrowshafts or other larger pieces. In view of the evident abundance of arrow- points, it seems a little strange that no specialized implements for dressing the shafts were present, particularly in view of their abun- dance in other nearby sites of distinct cultural affiliations. Unworked or slightly worked stone objects include principally the various hammer and pecking stones, and one or two mullerlike pieces. The former are little more than stream-worn quartzite boulders and pebbles of a size convenient for grasping in the hand. They are of circular or subrectangular outline, with battered ends or sides. None exceeds 118 by 76 by 59 mm., and some are much smaller. Presumably, they were used for all sorts of heavy pounding; for shattering chert boulders, roughing out specimens to be ground down, etc. Besides sandstone the prehistoric inhabitants of the Renner site possessed one other material suitable for abrading purposes—pumice, ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 61 or scoria. This, of course, does not occur geologically in situ within many hundreds of miles of the Renner site, and the fragments found in all likelihood were gathered by the natives as flotage along the Missouri during or after the spring floods (cf. Wied, 1843, p. 125). The largest of our specimens measures about 9.5 em. in greatest dimen- ‘sion. The material varies from red to blue-gray in color. Evidences of wear are usually limited to flattened areas of varying size; there are no grooves such as would result from the grinding of bone awls, wooden arrowshafts, or similar materials. In view of the relative softness of pumice, and from the nature of such wear facets as are manifested, it would seem that the stone may have served other ends. There is historic evidence that the Omaha and other tribes along the Missouri used pumice to rub down animal hides (Wied, 1843, p. 125; James, 1823, vol. 1, p. 221), and it is possible that earlier peoples in the area did likewise. The finding of unworked lumps that siill retain their smooth outer surface may be due to the fact that these particular pieces had simply never been used, or else, conceivably, to the fact that the material was new and mysterious and something to be wondered at as a stone that floats on water. PIGMENT MATERIALS A number of worked lumps of hematite and limonite were found. Almost without exception these have one or more flat surfaces with fine striae from grinding, but none are shaped into recognizable tools or ornaments. Rubbed, they produce a streak or stain varying from bright red to a dull yellowish brown. Undoubtedly they represent a source of pigments, from which suitable paints could be made by mixing with animal fat. In what manner the resultant paint was utilized, whether for the face and body, for clothing and articles of clressed skin, or other uses, is not known. In addition to the more or less pure hematite and limonite, there were several lumps of softer gritty material at first thought to be remains of prepared cakes of paint. Closer scrutiny by competent mineralogists leads to the conclusion that, in reality, these include pieces of impure fine-grained ferruginous sandstone and, in other instances, residual clay from the weathering of certain limestones. It may be observed that the latter, where containing a considerable proportion of iron, sometimes produces a red powder quite the equal in intensity of color to some of the poorer grades of hematite. None of the samples found shows grinding facets, which may be due either to the softness and rapidity of disintegration of the material or else to the fact that it was not regularly utilized by the natives. 62 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM THE STEED-KISKER SITE Village Remains Quite different in character from the remains discussed in the pre- ceding pages were others unearthed at a village and burial site on the lower Platte River, about 2 miles above its junction with the Missouri (see fig. 1). As has been noted elsewhere, the Platte follows a devious course through a well-developed flood plain about a mile wide, bordered by irregular bluffs. As its valley approaches the larger trench of the Missouri, the rolling uplands between the two form a steadily narrowing wedge. The tip of this wedge is a prominent south-pointing ridge of hills rising nearly 200 feet above the con- vergent flood plains and forms a conspicuous landmark to the traveler up the valley. At the base of the hills, just within the Platte Valley, lies the little town of Farley. Three or four miles to the southwest, almost directly across the Missouri, were found the bones of the “Lansing Man” in 1902. Lansing itself is 4 miles distant, while 5 miles to the northwest is the city of Leavenworth. Unlike the steep bluffs lining the Missouri River bottoms, those along the Platte have a ragged and uneven front and usually lack the abruptness of the former. Salient hills alternate at frequent intervals with protected reentrant alcoves and short embayments, often with fine terraces. The site under consideration occupies the first of this series of terraces, going upstream, on the west (right) bank of the Platte, immediately northeast, and within a half mile, of Farley. Elevation of the flood plains is generally between 760 and 780 feet above sea level; the village terrace Hes entirely above the 785-foot contour. The terrace begins about 150 yards from the town limits, whence its front runs irregularly east by slightly north to the bank of the river about 600 yards distant. Its surface slopes upward to the north and northwest to a series of rounded hills and ridges. The habitable width of the terrace nowhere much exceeds 200 yards, and the area available for human occupancy is still further reduced by several ra- vines draining the higher hillsides. Two of these cut through the western portion, and a third is near the northeast corner. All are dry except in time of rain, and their present depth is probably due in part to modern agricultural activities and removal of the original sod and forest cover. To a considerable degree, however, they evidently follow former natural drainage lines which would have been ill adapted to habitation. The hills north and west of the terrace protect it some- what against the cold winter winds. Extensive arable bottoms lie to the south, and the river skirts its eastern margin for some 200 yards. Normally the water surface of the stream is 35 feet or more below the terrace. None of the ravines contained springs, and local residents ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 63 insisted that the only known natural source of surface water was the river. According to information supplied by long-time residents of Farley, the terrace as well as the adjacent bottoms and hills were formerly well timbered. Today nearly all cultivable ground has been logged off, though here and there on the bottoms an occasional large oak or elm still stands. The hills retain remnants of the old forest cover, but on the terrace wheat, corn, alfalfa, and other crops cover the site. Its general appearance may be judged from plate 21, a, in which the view is eastward across the site toward the Platte. The limits of occupation can be given in approximate terms only. Almost no traces of aboriginal activity were found in the ditches along the dirt road running in a northerly direction out of Farley past the terrace and through the hills. About 600 yards from town a side road on the half section line leads due east to and then along the river bank. Where this cuts the lower slope of the hills there were evidences of at least one earthlodge pit. From this it would appear that habitations were scattered up the slopes where flat spots of suf- ficient size were available. For the most part, however, the village appears to have lain east of the first and south of the eeond of these roads (fig. ‘). The site is unequally divided by a section and property lines. The larger eastern portion, including also the burial hill, is owned by William Kisker and farmed by his son Herman. The remainder be- longs to Henry Wehe, of Farley, and is under lease to C. A. Steed. Of the farmsteads shown in figure 7, only that occupied by Steed actually hes on the old village area. Most or all of the individuals named were aware of the presence of “relics” in their fields. Prior to our work, however, there had been no digging whatever on the terrace, and only a little random prospecting on the hill which proved to be the burial ground. There appear to be no published records of the remains prior to those resulting from our investigation (Wedel, 1939). When our work began, the presence of growing crops precluded a satisfactory surface examination of any except a small fraction of the site. A freshly cultivated cornfield west of the property line was care- fully hunted over, revealing the presence of sherds, flints, and grass- impressed clay on both sides of the gully running southeast from the Steed farmstead. Persistent search on all likely spots disclosed no subsurface indication of house floors, although the bits of roofing clay indicated the former presence of eaeth lodges here or micanly Our efforts were finally rewarded with a group of trash-filled pits and a small midden deposit lying on the sloping terrace front about 550 feet southeast of the farm buildings. These were between the two west gullies, and between the 780- and 785-foot contours (fig. 8). 64 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Figure 7,—Contour map of Steed-Kisker site and surroundings. @) miooen es) BURIAL GROUND a5) HOUSES /- 2 CONTOUR INTERVAL 20 FEET The midden covered an irregular area about 25 feet across, ap- parently laid down in a slight natural hollow on the terrace front. The maximum thickness, about 36 inches, occurred on the west or up- hill edge, whence the deposit thinned unevenly down the slope. Potsherds, flints, ash streaks, charred corn and grass, bones, stones, and similar detritus were scattered through the rich black topsoil zone. Four pits also occurred within this area. Their contents did not differ markedly from the general refuse mantle and their presence was up- suspected until excavation showed them penetrating the yellow sub- soil beneath the midden. It is possible that the midden is due in part to scattering of material by modern cultivation from the upper layers in the pits, but its extent and depth are too great to be wholly 65 As midden 1, this debris-filled area ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI accounted for in this manner. was entirely worked out in 5-foot squares. *sjid ayovo pur ‘uapprur ‘T esnoy Jo uOILI0] ZulMmoYs ‘aiIs V8ET[IA JOyYsty-posig Jo uorjsod jo deur inojuoN—'g AUNT L FY] PILL. "ig e: ~——<—=— 2) 6) L 1 FSNOH : 9° 66 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Eight other cache pits, numbered from 1 to 6A, were opened on the slope 5 to 35 yards southwest of midden 1. All contained rich black soil mixed with ash lenses, bones, and broken artifacts. Cultiva- tion and slope wash had evidently reduced their depth as well as mutilated the outline of their upper portions, but to what extent is not determinable. None exhibited the bell-shape, widest at or near the bottom, which characterizes many of the prehistoric and historic caches of the western plains, and the deepest was only 42 inches. The presence of the midden and cache pits immediately below a well-drained flat large enough to accommodate one or more houses led to renewed search to their northwest. Although the results were uniformly negative, I am still of the opinion that such structures did once exist here. Possibly tests made under more favorable ground conditions and on more extended scale would yet reveal their remains. If, however, the postulated lodges rotted rather than burned down, their discovery might be extremely difficult under any circumstances. Dimensions and contents of all caches found are summarized in table 7. Pits 1 to 6A in the list lay southwest of midden 1; pits 7 to 9 were east and southeast of house 1, to be described presently; and pits 10 to 13 were in midden 1. In the case of the last group, the field number have been changed from midden 1, pit 1, pit 2, etc., to pit 10, pit 11, etc., and added in their proper sequence to the others listed. Immediately after harvest our activities were transferred to the eastern portion of the terrace. Here again unfavorable ground con- ditions made prospecting a vexing task. A single house site, and three nearby pits were at length found and opened, and from them were obtained a reasonable quantity of sherds and stone and bone artifacts. House 1—The only habitation site of which the entire floor area could be worked out was situated on a well-drained lobe of the ter- race 200 yards east by slightly south of the Steed residence and 15 or 18 yards east of the property line fence. It lay between the 787- and 788-foot contours about 20 yards from the front of the terrace. There was no surface evidence of a pit, and only meagre traces of pottery and wattling clay were scattered about. These occurred through the upper 12 inches of topsoil over an area 20 yards across, rentering as we subsequently learned about the house and its asso- ciated pits. Because of this refuse mantle the actual limits of the old house excavation remained uncertain until our digging had been carried down to the normal surface of the brown clay subsoil. ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 67 TaBLE 7.—Summary of dimensions and contents of pits at Steed-Kisker site Diameter No. eh —— es Contents TAR OSs 34-21 64 66 | Incomplete human mandible and skull fragments, projectile points, socketed antler object, awl, sherds, 6-inch ash layer over flat floor. PN es SER Ms 42 55 |44 & 42} Hematite, charred deer jaw, portions of two bone implements, few sherds, 1-2 inch layer of charred corn, husks, grass, etc., on flat floor. Po) be Si Sin 25-18 |51 & 53/50 48] Shell hoe, unworked shells, awl point, flint knife, projectile points, sherds, bones; 6-inch ash layer on flat floor. Ae 386-17 |56 & 58154 X 56] Sherds, abrading stones, deer man- dible; depressed floor. i Bea a Es 24-18 150 x 52/48 & 51)| Sherds, abrading stones, carnivore maxilla, charred corn just under plow sole; intrusive into 5A. Gils Se NS 14-10 |64 & 82/64 & 82] Burnt limestone boulders, fragments of straight-walled bowl; northwest side cut out by pit 5. Gee Ae 18 |48 * 50/46 < 48] Sherds, flints, animal bones, charred vegetal material, and fragments of twisted cordage. GAR NS 26 |58 X 60158 & 62] Sherds, hematite, abraders, charred wood on floor; partially intrusive into pit 6. (eee So oe 24 42 32 | Very poor yield; bits of wattling clay, sherds, flint blade. Soe! 35 62 46 | Sherds mostly grit-tempered, scrap- ers, projectile points, wattling clay. 92B NALS 30 163 X 50/63 X 50] Sherds, flints, scrapers, burnt bone, wattling clay; depressed floor. TOPS Ss. Ao 33 135 X 30/385 X 30] Originally midden 1, pit 1; 10 inches into subsoil. Ry Sa Dn 40 54 54 | Originally midden 1, pit 2; sherds, hematite, pumice, scrapers, stone disk fragments, scrapers, charred organic matter; flat bottom. < 56] Originally midden 1, pit 3. X 48] Originally midden 1, pit 4. 1, ee eS 30 |67 XK 56 |67 | ee ? (54 X 43 154 The house had been built within or over a subrectangular round- cornered excavation 22 to 23 feet across (fig. 9 and pl. 21,0). The outer edge of the floor lay 2 to 2.5 feet below the surrounding ground surface, being slightly deeper on the uphill portions, and the floor sloped downward about 6 inches to the rim of the fireplace at the eenter. The fireplace was dug out before its nature was recognized, but it measured about 30 inches in diameter by 5 to 6 inches in depth. A few traces of ash and charcoal were noted in the basin. Four large central post holes 7 to 8 feet from the center of the fireplace formed a quadrilateral roof support 10 to 11 feet on each side. Each ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 69 of these holes measured 15 inches across by 16 to 20 inches deep. The secondary and outer series of post holes lay at and just inside the edge of the pit. These occurred at intervals of 2 to 4 feet; wider spacing probably indicates failure to locate the former position of a post or posts. They measured about 6 inches in diameter and 6 to 10 inches in depth. Not all the original holes in this series could be found, though enough came to light to permit determina- tion of the approximate location of the missing ones. The long axis of the floor was north to south, and at the south end two con- verging lines of small holes defined an entrance passage approxi- mately 3 feet wide by 10 feet long. The floor of the passage sloped upward toward the ground surface, but owing to modern farming activities its outer end could not be determined with certainty. Midway between the two primary post holes in the northeast and northwest quadrants, and 5 feet due north of the hearth, was found a fifth hole, 18 inches across by 16 inches deep. Its purpose is un- certain, though I am inclined to suspect that it may have held a post set up to support a sagging beam. About 4 feet south of the fireplace was another hole of about the same size, not, however, in line with the south pair of primary supports. This may have been a small cache. A similar feature occurs rather consistently in the same relative position in prehistoric earth-lodges in the Blue River drainage and elsewhere in southeastern Nebraska, but direct evi- dence as to its meaning is still wanting.® There is some reason to believe the house may have been damaged or partially destroyed by fire, since a 2- to 4-inch layer of burnt grass, twigs, and sticks was found just above the floor. The general absence of charred beams and posts, however, does not favor the view of its abandonment and destruction entirely by fire, and it is possible that the burning took place after the superstructure had collapsed through the slower agencies of decay. Artifacts were generally rare on the floor itself, and, aside from the two small pits just noted, there were no sub-floor caches in the house. A sandstone slab measuring 16 by 8 inches, perhaps for grinding or pounding purposes, lay on the floor near the northwest center post hole. It is shown in situ in plate 21, 6; a short time later, while we were occupied with other matters, the slab was carried away by souvenir hunters along with several surveyor’s arrows and other conveniently portable items. From ground surface to floor level the fill within the house pit was mixed with broken pottery, projectile points and flints, bits of charcoal and wattling clay, and similar debris. The relative abun- dance of this debris in the east half of the excavation led us to believe for a time that we had found a deep midden—a belief that was given 8 Unpublished notes of A. T. Hill, who suggests the possibility that these pits mark the former position of upright wooden mortars set into the floor. 70 BULLETIN 1838, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM up when the central post holes began coming to light. It seems probable now that after collapse of the lodge the resulting depression was used as a refuse dump by the occupants of other nearby units of the village. As to structural details of the house, it may be inferred that the four central posts, 10 inches or less in diameter and perhaps 10 feet in height, carried four beams to form a square above the hearth area. Smaller posts, not over 4 inches in diameter and 5 or 6 feet high, were set just within the edge of the house pit and were likewise connected with stringers at the top. Against these were leaned short poles resting on the original ground surface just back from the edge of the excavation. Efforts on our part to verify such a placement by care- ful stripping of the rim of the pit brought only negative evidence. This was perhaps due to modern cultivation, which, penetrating to a depth of 7 inches or more, may have destroyed such traces of wall base as once existed. The roof form is still less certain. It may have consisted of converging rafters, none much exceeding 10 to 12 feet in length, with their lower ends resting on the outer row of stringers and their tips almost meeting at the smoke hole directly above the fireplace. This would have given a subhemispherical ap- pearance to the finished structure when the grass and sod were in place. Alternatively, shorter rafters could have covered only the narrow zone between the exterior stringers and the central square, the latter area being subsequently covered with a flat roof. A priori, such a roof would seem to have been less well adapted to a region where the annual precipitation averages 35 and sometimes reaches 50 inches. On the other hand, rafters running to the smoke hole would have had only the lower third of their length between the two rows of stringers, which might or might not have provided adequate support for the earth covering their upper portions on the central part of the roof. While only one lodge site was completely worked out, there is evi- dence to show that this was not unique. Remnants of another about 20 feet across and 2 feet deep, with vertical sidewalls, were found in the road cut in the northeast corner of the terrace. The remaining strip of floor was less than 4 feet wide, and no postholes or firepit could be found. Basins possibly representing shallow caches were present and yielded a few artifacts. Lying 400 yards northeast of house 1 on the 830-foot contour, this was tentatively designated house 2 (see fig. 7). The bits of burnt grass-impressed clay found just east and also south of the Steed farm buildings suggest the presence of additional sites there, as do the refuse-filled caches and midden deposits between the two gullies in the west part of the site. More recently, since close of our work, I have been informed by Mr. Shippee that fall plowing has ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI Fiat disclosed similar evidence on the point of a low hill about 200 yards north of house 1 and south of the east-west road. Generalization from the single example actually worked out is, of course, hazardous, but, from the surface materials found nearby at the time of our investiga- tions and since, it seems safe to conclude that the aboriginal occupants of the terrace dwelt frequently, probably characteristically, in semi- subterranean earth-covered pithouses. These further seem to have been very similar in type to those regularly used by peoples of the Nebraska Culture along the Missouri from its great bend to Thurston County, Nebr. Three refuse pits, originally no doubt dug for storage purposes, were opened near house 1. Pit 8 lay 80 feet east-northeast of the fireplace ; pits 7 and 9 were respectively 57 and 44 feet southeast from the hearth and about 16 feet apart. Their dimensions and contents have been summarized in table 7. It is possible that one or more of these belonged to the house; there is nothing to prove or disprove such an association. FOOD REMAINS Evidences as to the food habits of the natives were relatively meagre, but suggestive. It is certain that they had corn, since charred kernels, cobs, ear-stalk fragments, and husks were recovered from pits 2, 6, and 11. The cobs were all small (pl. 25, ¢), complete specimens vary- ing from 3 to 7.5 cm. in length and from 1.2 to 2.3 cm. in diameter. Usually they appear to have had 10 rows of kernels, though in one or two specimens 8 rows are indicated. Kernels included in a small lot of vegetal remains sent to the Ethnobotanical Laboratory of the Uni- versity of Michigan “are more or less distorted from fire and mostly fragmentary. ‘They vary from 6 to 9 mm. in width and from 5 to 8 mm. in depth. The typical shape is more or less crescent.” (V. H. Jones, letter of February 2, 1940.) Finding of the stalk fragments and husks may be taken as proof that the plant was grown on the spot, probably on the fertile flats south of the village terrace or on small patches of mellow ground at the lower ends of the nearby side valleys. Other cultivated food plants (Jones, op. cit.) were represented in pits 2 and 6 by remains of sunflower and pumpkin. These include “a quantity of charred seeds (achenes) of sunflower (Helianthus an- nuus). ‘The shells or seed coats of most of these are missing and either had been removed or were burned away in charring. A few still have the seed coats intact and these complete seeds are about 9 mm. in length. Since these seeds are much larger than the seeds of any wild sunflower, they must be from cultivated sunflowers.” From pit 2 came “two small pieces of pumpkin rind, one showing the point of stem attachment. These appear to be of some small variety of pumpkin of the species Cucurbita pepo.” (2 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Noncultivated foodstuffs include shell and husk fragments of black walnuts (Juglans nigra), hickory nuts (Carya sp.), hazelnuts (Corylus americana), and pecans (Carya ilinoensis). To summarize, we quote again from Jones’ report: “Of the four commonly cultivated food plants of the prairie tribes— corn, beans, pumpkin (squash), and sunflowers—all except beans occur in the material from the Steed-Kisker site. It is quite likely that they were also cultivated, as they have been found in material from sites in Nebraska and elsewhere in the prairie region. “The size and shape of the corn kernels, and the size, shape, and row number of the corncobs indicate that the corn from this site was not different in any radical way from samples in our collections ob- tained from prairie tribes in the past 25 years. It was typically few- rowed, with slender cobs and wide, crescent-shaped kernels. “The pumpkin shells are similar to those of the small pumpkins (commonly called squashes) found in the prairie region in sites such as the Leary site, Wright site, and Walker-Gilmore site, and in the Ozark-Bluff Dwellings. “The occurrence of sunflower seeds is particularly interesting, for although they were widely grown and used in the east and prairie regions the archeological record is scant. We have record of them from the Ozark-Bluff-Dwellings, Kentucky-Bluff-Shelters, the Camp- bell Island Village site (Fort Ancient), and from the Larson site and a site in Nebraska (Nebraska Hist. Soc. N:0:9:3:H5). The seeds from the Steed-Kisker site and the other prairie sites compare well with each other and are similar to those from the Arikara collected during the present century. “Shells of nuts such as hickory and walnut are common in sites in eastern North America, but hazelnut and pecan are less often found. The pecan does not occur north and east of the junction of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers to any great extent and has seldom been reported from archeological sites. All of these doubtless were used for food.” Few identifiable animal bones or bone fragments were recovered. Broken mandibles and other scraps identified as deer (Odocoileus virginianus), to the number of 26, were recovered from house 1, from pits 1, 2, 5, and 13, and from midden 1. Pit 1 also yielded the humerus of a lynx (Lynx rufus), and from pit 5 came a portion of the left maxillary of a medium-sized dog (Canis familiaris). Part of the jaw of a pocket gopher (Geomys bursarius) from the midden does not necessarily belong in the diet of the local aboriginal group; it may be from an animal that perished in its burrow or is otherwise intru- sive in the site. A fragment of legbone identified as horse (H'quus caballus), found in the fill of house 1, is pitted and cracked to PLATE 21 BULLETIN 183 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM pl 14 MO} 9dURIYUA ‘T uid 9snot I ¢ q € (F) 4 DALY o118 I d pu ein (¢ ) “ydnos punois yeting c (Z) soyoes pue I usppriul ALIS SAOVTIIA YSMSIM-GaSaLS tate nd PO Neinaeesaeeeen ees . (7) T 9snoy Sul MOY S ¢ 189 M WOT MOIA I BI dudr) . D BULLETIN 183 PLATE 22 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM "ALIS SOVMIIA YSMSIM-GaASLS ‘LNAWOVSSA Adid AW1D GNV SNIVNSY AYALLOd U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM INCISED RIMSHERDS FROM STEED-KISKER BULLETIN 183 VILLAGE SITE. PLATE 23 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PLATE 24 RIMSHERDS AND EFFIGY LUGS FROM STEED-KISKER VILLAGE SITE. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PLATE 25 Ec | i f i t r i af ARTIFACTS OF BONE AND HORN, AND CHARRED CORNCOB, STEED-KISKER VILLAGE SITE. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PLATE 26 C-~ : See we CHIPPED ARTIFACTS AND SANDSTONE PENDANT, STEED-KISKER VILLAGE SITE. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM =) CHARRED SCRAPERS AND KNIVES, STEED-KISKER VILLAGE SITE ND STONE ARTIFACTS, STEED-KISKER VILLAGE SITE. nh KER Ss STEED-KI1 GY PIPE LIZARD OR TURTLE HEAD EFFI VILLAGE SITE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PLATE ABRADERS AND GROOVED TABLET, STEED-KISKER VILLAGE SITE. SANDSTONE 30 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI ie a much greater degree than any of the other osseous remains. It gives the impression of having lain on the ground surface, exposed to sun, rain, and other deteriorating agencies for a long time before being covered with earth. Its general appearance is quite unlike that of the deer bones found elsewhere on the site, and this, together with the complete absence of horse trappings and other evidences of white contact, casts doubt on the inclusive nature of the specimen. While we have no record of its exact location or depth underground, I am of the opinion that it was plowed or in some other manner turned under in comparatively recent years and has no connection with the native peoples who dwelt on the terrace. t is probably safe to infer that the deer furnished the chief supply of fresh meat and that it was both plentiful and easy to obtain. The almost complete absence of bones of birds, mammals, and other forms is rather striking in view of their relative abundance at the Renner site on Line Creek where nearly identical climatic and similar surface drainage conditions prevail. On its face, our evidence would suggest that hunting, as opposed to horticulture, was relatively less important at Steed-Kisker than at Renner, but our investigations at both sites were much too limited in scope to permit a definite judgment on this score. If the inhabitants of the Steed-Kisker site relied to any con- siderable extent on the products of the chase, as I believe they did, it seems improbable that they would strip their kill in the field and carry back to the village only the meat, hides, and other soft tissue. I am inclined to suspect that acidic or other soil conditions may have been responsible for the observed phenomena, so that such bones as once existed in the pits and middens have been almost totally destroyed in the years ensuing since their original deposition. Unfortunately, we took no soil samples at either the Renner or the Steed-Kisker site, and in the absence of careful chemical analyses it is obviously futile to speculate further. Two mussel shells of local fresh-water species identified as Amblema costata (Rafinesque) and Lampsilis stliquoidea (Barnes) were found in pit 3. They may have been obtained from the Platte River, at some point above the village where the bed is less heavily silted, or from one of the smaller clear tributary creeks of the Platte or Missouri. We do not know that the natives did or did not eat the fleshy parts, but there is direct archeological evidence that crushed mussel shells were customarily mixed with the clay used in pottery making. POTTERY In contrast to their scarcity on the surface, potsherds were relatively abundant wherever our excavations touched pits, midden deposits, and house remains. Sherds recovered totaled 2,332, of which 279 were rim 497261436 74 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM pieces. There were no intact jars, but restoration of three from the village site has been possible up to the present. From the summary in table 7, it will be noted that 1,271 sherds (54.5 percent) came from house 1, 623 (26.7 percent) from the pits, and 290 (12.4 percent) from midden 1. Surface finds, mostly from the western part of the site, numbered 135, less than 6 percent of the total. The pottery, as judged from our sample, differs in nearly all respects from that at the Renner site. Sherds vary considerably in color, with grays predominant; brown, buff, and orange-buff also occur. Paste is generally gray, smooth and fine in texture, and fresh breaks have a flaky rather than granular appearance. Hardness ranges from 2 to nearly 4, but few of the pieces tested exceed 3. The ware is more compact and far less readily affected by water than the Renner pottery. Surfaces, sometimes well smoothed and polished, are almost invariably pitted, and most sherds would perhaps be classed as hole- tempered. Pitting and cavities are both due, I believe, to leaching of particles of crushed shell by ground water and soil acids. The holes are always thin, flat, and angular, resembling in every respect those produced experimentally by immersing part of a thickly shell tem- pered sherd in dilute hydrochloric acid. On the basis of these experi- ments and observations, I have classed as shell-tempered the sherds containing holes as well as those in which shell fragments remain. Except in pit 8, grit tempering was comparatively scarce; it occurs, occasionally in conjunction with shell, in less than 11 percent of the total. ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI S01 . i ee a) ep eee a cs ee ea ee | & 4 ras cli 2 ieee Smal EO) S Seas Sid ie ee Mo acUlricL a ‘ian ae ee ELS REE slat. onl is ee ng b £ tte y ore” jk27 ee as A “ee ee (ae Onidl a” es ee oa | ialecmammmec nen | ik aie Mabe | Beas carina | ML z T 8 Pre aeD Neen Won Seo. Gl hs T T pe ne Pe I ee cer ee IO T 9 arcane | OL b Gene ey et. Gee weaavolial ee ae a |e a OI Ohced ale ey A lh Se RIN eRe came ae oe Bo hey na thea a | tae: a keke Shiekh at ee, Wake MeUla: a a Meee ee le ee el a oP ee g || ee Oe ne (4 06 ae ke let kO a th oe See ce Re Someta Geeceres-ae- oe Se Ce ee i I gare ieee [Eg ea a ara | ey 2 = T T g 61 a BF TOS gw lee mi Pee at - tap Oe: oe NE a ee ee | ae oe an oe een eee Ne OMe le | Se ae ae I 0) Reels Meo ae L oe oe Se se ie Pe fo a Ge mein ce ae ees Ee Ae a I Cl mame SI ee eae a a es ae alge a. os ogi ce Soe i ee ORE CaP) ae ae a | a ee ie eis ee PPPS MANES z 4 Foie ee eS 02 ae el aed | eae ea Re Ses Sar oer ee Oe a el a ae ale ono Be T g 4 9 OL ay os 98 [a ~ hai ee go ee cee ee ame Geld ii cal pees |,/9 eo pe EER 2 oe ee mKOG FI 9% 022 neers al (O8G "aest e ee ORDDIIN, ys air cit elie ei ef ee IS Sk eee aS ee tage 4 (8! ¥6 me Wee enOe [hae | ua peeeOUIALS JP CeDpTTAL ee | en ee ae i ee ee Get career T Wes ae men)! oe va oeieE i OS ge eee) oe ao OSUOE. See ge soa aera oe For g z $9 gat 99 66 te | eee eae Sie bee ak) Sh a GL — ee ee 1012018 a a u a "Ip ‘aS e[puey so[pusy prog | Psstanos | “doo squ | s8ny AB — sous] UIADIg postouy Uuleld iodmay, (anys “yy Apo *@ “9143 “AH ‘Tes “Ys) aus abnp1a saysry-paajg wouf survpuas huayod fo hunmung—y alavy, 76 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Several vessel shapes may be inferred from our sherd series. Char- acteristic were medium to large jars with hemispherical underbody, rounding to angular shoulder, flattish (occasionally rounding) upper- body, constricted neck, and low vertical or flaring rim with rounded undecorated lip (fig. 10, 2, 7). The largest vessel indicated in our 4 Ficure 10.—Rim profiles and vessel shapes from Steed-Kisker village site. Interior sur- faces, a-g, to left. series had by projection of various arcs a neck diameter of ca. 25 cm., a maximum diameter at the shoulder of ca. 40-45 cm., and a height estimated at ca. 830 cm. More common were similarly shaped jars 15-20 cm. high and 25-30 cm. in diameter. Vessel walls averaged 3-6 mm. thick; the maximum thickness noted in the series, on the large jar alluded to above, is 10-11 mm. Loop handles, circular or flattened elliptical in cross section, are fairly common but probably did not occur on all pots; usually two were set on opposite sides of the mouth, extending from lip to upper body. Commonly they were ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 77 fastened at the lower end by insertion into a hole, the end of the handle being flattened against the inside surface of the jar. This fastening was generally so well done that the method can be seen only in fractured sherds or where the handle pulled out of the hole (pl. 24, 2). The loop formed by the handle is rarely large enough for one’s finger, and was probably intended to receive a thong or cord. Thickened tabs appear to be from jars of this type (pl. 24, e). As already indicated, the lip was never ornamented, nor was the rim. Decoration was applied to the flattened upperbody between shoulder and rim. Where rimsherds are listed under the “incised” column in table 7, these are actually fragments of the upperbody to which sections of rim remain attached. All ornamentation was incised and made use of simple linear designs. The lower margin of the pattern consisted of a single or double line, undulating about the zone of greatest diameter, above which the upperbody was covered with groups of parallel lines ending at the neck. Rarely the lines at the lower margin were filled in to give a ladderlike effect. Occa- sionally the upperbody bears a series of three or four parallel lines either undulating continuously about the vessel, or else forming a series of adjoining inverted and concentric V- or U-shaped units. All these motifs, which recur with monotonous regularity on sherd after sherd, are shown in plate 23. Four rimsherds from house 1 have been assembled and incorporated in a small restored pot conforming in most particulars to the above vessel shape (pl. 22, 5). It is 8.3 cm. deep by 12.8 cm. in diameter. Both handles are intact, and a lightly incised zigzag line occurs between shoulder and neck. The surface appears to have been much darker and highly polished at one time. Less common than loop-handled pots were small vertical walled bowls, presumably with flattened base. A restored specimen (pl. 22, a) from house 1 is 15 cm. across by 7.6 cm. deep. The exterior is uneven, and the inside has horizontal to oblique striations and smoothing marks. There are 23 other rimsherds that may be ascribed to several vessels of similar form and probably of about the same size. Most of these also show the marks of a smoothing tool, and none bears the slightest evidence of ornamentation. Several small modeled bird or animal effigy heads, to which portions of vertical rimsherds are still attached (pl. 24, a, c, d), may have been perched on bowls of this type, probably with rounded horizontal rim tabs to represent the tail on the opposite side. I should be inclined, however, to attribute these added rim features to larger deeper bowls such as the one (cf. pl. 32, a) taken by us from the cemetery north of the village. Human effigy heads were sometimes set on bowl rims. The one shown in plate 24, b, found by Shippee on the terrace northwest of midden 1, 78 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM faced inward; it has deeply punched eyes, an aquiline nose with nostrils indicated, and an open slit mouth stained red inside. From midden 1 came part of a bowl with the stump of a solid cylindrical handle set about 2.5 cm. below the lip. A different bowl shape is shown by a specimen (pl. 22, ¢) taken from pit 5A and since restored. The bottom is slightly convex, and the bulging sides converge toward the top. Averaging less than 5 mm. in wall thickness, the piece is 12.3 cm, tall and slightly over 15 cm. in diameter. The mottled dark gray to buff exterior, now much pitted, still shows traces of a well-polished surface. There is no decoration. Another form of jar is suggested by eight incised rim sherds (pl. 24,f,9,7). They are small, but the curve of the lip and probable plane of the orifice indicate that the vessel walls were drawn in toward the mouth. All are from thin-walled containers, probably of no great size, which lacked a recurved rim. Incised decoration runs to the broken edges; it consists of two to four or more horizontal lines par- alleling the lip or else of a variant of the curved pair of lines bordering an area of parallel diagonals of unequal length. There is no direct clue to the shape of body or type of base, but it appears probable that the walls below the lip sloped out at a more acute angle than in the bow] described above from pit 5A. At the risk of generalizing from inadequate data, I venture the suggestion of a form that may have resembled the kiva-jar of the Southwest (Kidder, 1924, p. 62 and fig. 97). No fragments of the high-necked water-bottle type were found. There are, however, four rimsherds from two or three different vessels that evidently had a vertical neck 3 or 4 cm. high below which the body swelled outward to unknown size and shape. These were probably mostly of small size. As regards surface finish and treatment, it may be noted that the sherds have generally been smoothed but seldom polished. An occa- sional piece, usually dark gray or nearly black in color, will exhibit a slight shininess. A few have thin sliplike outer layers, which tend to scale off. Miniature pots were modeled out of clay tempered sparingly with shell or not at all. One specimen represented by about a third of the original vessel resembles the larger ones first described in having a shoulder and a low vertical rim. It is ca. 45 mm. high, with a diameter of 55-60 mm. There is also a fragment of what was probably a ladle, less than half of which is present. This was about 35-40 mm. deep, ca. 80-90 mm. wide, elliptical in shape, and of unknown length. At the end is a suggestion of a handle, comparatively thin in cross section. Surfaces are rough and uneven. The base has a flattened area, which ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 79 when the vessel was complete probably held it upright on a flat surface. It is sparingly tempered with fine shell fragments. It is perhaps unnecessary to stress the fact that the heavy proportion of plain sherds (nearly 85 percent) is not necessarily indicative of the preponderance of plain ware over decorated pots. It has already been noted that incising occurs only on a relatively limited part of a typical pot, viz., the upperbody. Such a pot if broken would yield probably three or four times as many plain as decorated sherds. Also, it can be seen that incised rimsherds are only a trifle less common than plain. It is a safe assumption that not all pots were decorated, also that many were, but in what proportion the two groups existed cannot even be safely guessed. Grit-tempered sherds differ somewhat in appearance from those containing shell. Tempering is of sand, less commonly of angular siliceous particles rather generously used. It is possible that the clay used contained some fine sand, since the surfaces almost invariably are gritty to the touch. Sherds are usually a dull brick red, sufficiently distinctive to be easily picked out from the more common shell-tem- pered fragments. Where present, decoration was by incising, identical in all details to that employed on the shell-tempered pottery. As the table shows, most of the grit-tempered pieces were from pit 8, where the usual proportions of shell to grit were reversed. Vessel forms are difficult to define, but the rims present do not appear to differ from _ those of the larger shouldered shell tempered jars. One large handled sherd, containing both grit and shell tempering, suggests a pear- shaped jar with low converging neck; the handle, unlike any others from the site, has its upper end well below the lip of the vessel. Ex- cept for the slightly pitted surface, it closely resembles the grit-tem- pered type generally. Six sherds were grit-tempered and had cord- roughened surfaces. None seems to have been from a large vessel. Aside from receptacles, work in baked clay was of negligible amount. From pit 8 came part of a heavy pottery pipe, thickly sand- tempered, and of bent tubular type (pl. 22, e). The bowl cavity, burned black, was 18 mm. in diameter, and its walls were 5-9 mm. thick. Length of the bowl is unknown. The stem end has a slightly damaged tip; a hole 4 mm. in diameter and ca. 25 mm. long opens suddenly and at an obtuse angle into the rounding lower end of the bowl opening. Presumably a reed or thin wooden stem was inserted into the smaller end. There is no sign of decoration. WORK IN ANTLER, BONE, AND SHELL Awls, three in number, were made from mammal bone. Two com- plete specimens made from the ulna of the deer came out of pits 1 and2. Each measured 116 mm. long by 35mm. wide. Both have well- worn tips, with the unaltered coronoid process left as a handle (pl. 80 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 25, 6); one has been blackened by fire. The third specimen, 71 mm. long and more slender than the foregoing, is of some unidentified slate- gray (calcined ?) bone. A scapula, unidentified as to animal species, has been fashioned into a digging tool or knife (pl. 25,a). The head and spine appear to have been hacked or broken off. Evidently split lengthwise, the specimen also lacks the axillary and vertebral borders. The cutting edge, which is curved, has fine striations on the posterior surface, whereas the anterior surface is well worn. With a maximum length of 175 mm. and a width of 48 mm., the implement is much smaller than the scapula hoes or spades typical of the eastern plains. At the same time it is strong enough to have made a convenient and serviceable hand tool for working the soil or for digging pits. From the smooth character of part of the thinned edge, it might also have been used as a scraper or in cutting soft substances. Of unknown function is the piece illustrated in plate 25, ¢. Fash- ioned from some heavy mammal bone, it has one broken end, while the other has been brought to a rounding sharpened edge. One side is hollowed lengthwise, evidently owing to the tubular construction of the bone used. The other, as shown, has a long narrow striated depression presumably cut out or ground by the native workmen. The surfaces, and to a degree the broken end also, have been well smoothed. Out of midden 1 came the worked phalangeal deer bone shown in plate 25, d. The proximal end has been hacked off but not smoothed down. The distal extremity has a narrow notch cut deeply into the groove, separating the two lateral condyles and opening into the marrow cavity. The hole is large enough to take a small cord and suggests that the object was intended to be strung on a necklace or, perhaps, attached to some part of the clothing or costume. Part of the bone has been blackened by fire. The incomplete right half of a deer mandible, which in my opinion has been worked (pl. 20, f), came from pit 4. The jawbone has been broken off 17 mm. beyond the first premolar; the fracture is rounded and worn, and adjacent surfaces show a high polish. Immediately behind the last molar is a narrow polished groove suggestive of the action of a cord or thong, which has cut into the ramus on one side and on the other into the tooth. Below the teeth both surfaces of the jawbone seem to be unusually worn and shiny, at any rate more so than is the case with the ramus. The teeth except as noted are sharp and undamaged and exhibit no certain evidences of wear or abrasion. Several dozen deer mandibles in the collections of the Di- vision of Mammals, U. S. National Museum, have been examined, and while they present some variations none shows evidences of modifi- cations such as have been described above. With due regard to the ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 81 contrary opinions of several zoologists, I therefore am inclined to view the specimen from the Steed-Kisker site as an artifact, though I have no suitable suggestions as to its possible function. A broken fragment of deer rib, possibly plowed out of a refuse pit or midden, was found on the surface. One end has been cut off neatly, the other broken. The total length is 165 mm. A small flattish fragment of polished bone from pit 2, 13 mm. long by 7.5 mm. wide, is rounded off and thinned at one end. At the other end it has been broken off across a conically drilled hole about 2mm. in diameter. Possibly this was the butt of a needle, but any identification can only be regarded as a guess. Pit 10 yielded 4 segments of soft cancellous bone (rib or antler %), totaling 165 mm. in length. In cross section they are flattened ellip- tically, 7 mm. wide by 5 mm. thick. At one end the artifact widens gradually into a thin flat squared-off spatulate form 9 mm. wide; the other end is missing. Its use is unknown. Scattered about in the debris of pit 1 were a few scraps of human bone. Much deteriorated, these included part of a male mandible, with the teeth and upper part of the ramus missing, and several smali bits of skull. Knife scars or other evidences of human indus- try are absent. There is no way of determining whether these were the remains of a trophy skull, or of satisfactorily accounting other- wise for their presence in a trash pit. Two objects of worked antler are known to be from the site. A curved cylindrical rubbing tool (pl. 25, 7) 106 mm. long was unearthed by Mr. Shippee in a shallow pit on the terrace slope close to our pits 1to6A. The swelling at the base of the antler has been rubbed down but not wholly removed, and along the convex surface of the shaft traces of the rough horn exterior still remain. The ends are rounded off, and the base, as well as the surface generally, has been worn smooth. The second specimen, taken by us from pit 1, is evidently a handle (pl. 25, 7). Tapering in form and rubbed smooth, it has a broken tip, while the larger end has been cut off square. The can- cellous tissue has been removed to a depth of about40 mm. The socket is of a size and shape that, perhaps by design, will take nearly any of the smaller planoconvex end scrapers found at the site. These, even without glue, fit snugly so as to leave the wider working end of the flint free for use. It is quite possible that the specimen was originally designed as the handle for a scraper or knife. It is 116 mm. long; at the larger socketed end it has a width of 29 mm. and a thickness of 17 mm. The only shell artifact was a broken hoe from pit 3 (pl. 28,a). The shell has been identified as Proptera alata megaptera (Rafinesque), a fresh-water mussel native to the locality. The posterior margin has been broken or worn away to an undetermined distance, so that 82 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM the shell now measures 130 by 100 mm. An irregular hole 18 by 20 mm., placed transversely to the long axis of the shell, was broken or cut through the wall about 30 mm. from the hinge. This, presumably, was for attachment of a handle, though the exact manner in which the hafting was accomplished cannot be ascertained from the specimen. WORK IN CHIPPED STONE Artifacts of chipped stone from the Steed-Kisker village site are not numerous, nor do they suggest a wide range in types. Projectile points, knives, scrapers, and drill points about complete the inventory. Whereas the chipped-stone industry at the Renner site seems to have involved the use of cores and spalls, that at the Steed-Kisker location is perhaps more accurately termed a flake industry. The materials used lack the variety found on Line Creek, being virtually limited to gray and brown, rarely white, cherts. No obsidian was present. Projectile points include both simple triangular and small notched forms. The former, 11 in number, are of modified NBa type, char- acteristically with slightly convex sides and a straight or moderately convex base. Of the complete specimens, the largest measures 48 by 22 mm., the smallest 27 by 16 mm. Notched forms include the follow- ing (see p. 52) : NBal, one specimen 20 by 15 mm.; NBa2, seven speci- mens (all from the surface) 18 to 27 mm. long; NBa3, one specimen 32 by 16 mm.; NBa4, one specimen 16 by 13 mm.; NBb2, two speci- mens, the larger 25 by 13 mm.; NBb-, one broken specimen 20 mm. long; SCa3, one well-made specimen with finely serrate edges 27 by 11 mm.; and four unclassifiable fragments. Thirteen of the objects enumerated were from the surface of the site. All, including the triangular forms, are much smaller than those characteristic of the Renner site. They are further distinguishable from the latter by a more skillful secondary flaking, and by their divergent shapes (see fig. 6 and compare pls. 12 and 26). Scrapers include 33 of the small planoconvex or “snub-nose” type (pl. 27, a-c), of which 18 are surface finds. Most are well shaped and differ in no important detail from those commonly found on hundreds of native village and camp sites in the Great Plains. The smallest is 31 by 20 mm., whence the others range upward to a maxi- mum in length of 52 mm. and in width of 25 mm. Knives may be divided roughly into two main groups—(a) those with specialized outline and (0) those improvised from flakes and spalls. The first group includes two ovoid or almond-shaped speci- mens (pl. 27, 7), a third that is oblong with rounded ends (pl. 27, 2), and a 4-edged beveled variant of the so-called “Harahey” ® Steed-Kisker points do not exceed 3 or 4 grams in weight; at the Renner site over 90 percent exceed 14 grams, ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 83 type (pl. 27, 7). The last two measure 76 by 30 mm. each, the others 62 and 65 mm. long by 30 and 32 mm. wide. All have been shaped with some care and exhibit fine secondary retouching along the edges. There is no clue as to whether these types were ever provided with handles of bone, wood, or other substance. The specimen shown in plate 26, 7, may have been a knife, an unusually large projectile point, or a blank. Much more plentiful were knives made by retouching one, two, or all edges of large flakes and spalls. These are generally thicker and larger than the flake knives from the Renner site (cf. pl. 27, e, f, and pl. 14, a-e), though the latter, when retouched, show a much finer edge and more delicate workmanship. Those from Steed-Kisker are often heavy enough to have served effectively as side-scrapers or as knives. There is no fixed shape, this feature obviously depend- ing upon the form and size of the flake used. Including fragments, some 30 or more specimens from all parts of our diggings may be assigned to this group. Drill points, seven in number, are of various types. The largest specimen recovered (pl. 26, g) had an oblong form with two par- allel sides, measures 62 by 22 mm., and lacks the tip. Smaller ex- amples have evenly tapering shafts and expanded bases (pl. 26, h, 2). Two small ones seem to have been reworked from projectile points (pl. 26, %). A sixth (pl. 26, 7) has been made from a rude spall and has a wide base for grasping or mounting on a shaft. The remaining piece is a small chipped fragment that suggests the stem or blunted tip of a drill. These objects could have been held in the hand and used after the fashion of a bone awl for piercing skins and other soft substances. Alternatively, most or all might have been set into the ends of wooden shafts which were then rotated be- tween the hands or by means of a bow. Archeology furnishes no certain indication as to the precise manner in which any of them were utilized. A few other rare artifact types may be noted. The specimen shown in plate 27, d, has been fashioned from a thin curving spall. Most of the longer convex edge is retouched, as is the deeply concave side just above the tip. Almost all the retouching was done from the surface shown, the under side representing the smooth cleavage face. This may have been a drill or graver; it measures 60 by 25 mm. Another retouched spall, with no chipping on the under cleavy- age surface, has a small point at one end (pl. 26, 0), which might have been used as a graving tool, for incising pottery, bone, or other materials. Otherwise, there are perhaps a score of heavy cores from which only coarse primary flakes have been removed. Most are frag- mentary and rough, suggesting rejectage or sources of flakes used for other purposes rather than actual implements. One ovoid piece 84 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM of gray fossiliferous chert, measuring 85 by 51 by 19 mm., has worn or ground edges at the smaller end and for some distance down the sides. Possibly this was originally hafted in some way so as to leave the wider curved end free as a cutting tool. WORK IN GROUND STONE; MISCELLANEOUS STONE OBJECTS From the surface of the site came the incomplete ax of diabase illustrated in plate 28, c. Much cruder than those from the Renner site, this specimen has a square cutting edge and a shallow pecked encircling groove. There is a possibility that a second groove for- merly existed at the line of fracture. The poll is missing. The sur- face is finely dimpled and only the extreme cutting edge has been smoothed. Elliptical in cross section, the piece measures 89 by 84 by 28 mm. Plate 28, 6, also shows the only other diabase implement found, which came from house 2. The specimen has been split lengthwise through most of its length, with the smaller part missing. The upper end, about 2 cm. wide, is rounded and blunt; at the opposite extremity there is a curving polished blade. The entire surface has been pecked and, in spots, polished after a fashion. In cross section the object is planoconvex, and the blade, in addition to being curved, is also hollowed out. Despite its fragmentary condition, I suspect that this specimen may be identified as a gouge or adz blade. Reminiscent of similar objects from the Renner site is the quartzite ball from pit 8 (pl. 28, d@). With an average diameter of 65 mm., it is asymmetrical and unsmoothed, and its purpose is conjectural. Pipes are indicated by two specimens. Especially interesting is the large effigy pipe of chalky limestone shown in plate 29. This was apparently pecked into shape but not smoothed. Viewed in profile it suggests the head of a lizard. Eyes are represented by two shallow circular depressions ca. 28 mm. in diameter, one on each side of the specimen; the mouth is a narrow deeply incised line running low around the snout; and there is a hollow under the chin. Two rounded conoidal holes, one descending from the top and the other entering from the upper rear, meet at a slightly obtuse angle. The upper, slightly blackened, is 27 mm. across by 22 mm. deep; that from the rear, presumably fitted with a wooden or bone stem when the pipe was in use, is a little smaller and connects with the bow! through a short cylindrical opening. There are no traces of a “cake” from which the identity of the substance smoked could be determined. From pit 10 came a thin arclike segment of gray limestone, which appears to be a fragment of the disk from a pipe possibly shaped like that shown in plate 40,d. One surface, probably the upper, is slightly concave; the other is convex and has a suggestion of a lip at the center ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 85 of the broken edge. This, inferentially, is where the vertical wall of the bowl] originally turned outward to form the disk. The curved edge is about 7 mm. thick; the maximum width of the segment is 11 mm.; and the arc, projected, produces a circle about 55-60 mm. in diameter. All these measurements fall close to the proportions exhibited by the pipe illustrated, which, it should be noted, comes from another site. Since conclusion of our investigations Mr. Shippee reports discovery of a pipe of another type. This was found on the surface about 200 feet north of house 1, on a slope below traces of what may have been another earthlodge site. This pipe consists of a gray sandstone block, rectangular in shape, and measuring 46 mm. in length, 32 mm. in width, and 28 mm. in thickness. The bowl, a narrow conical hole ca. 13 mm. in diameter at the top, was bored lengthwise into the block to a depth of about 23 mm., where it intersects at right angles a shorter tapering hole entering from the side. The latter was in all likelihood fitted with a stem of some perishable material. A subcircular broken pendant of fine-grained light-red sandstone (pl. 26, ») was found in the rubbish above the floor of house 1. The surfaces are finely striated and, while moderately smooth, were never polished. At one side is a projection 8 mm. wide and about 10 mm. long, which has been broken off across a small perforation. The object, 3.5 mm. thick, measures 54 by 48 mm. in diameter. Sandstone abraders in fragmentary condition occurred plentifully everywhere in our diggings. From house 1, for example, came no fewer than 50 pieces showing indubitable grinding facets or grooves. The pits and midden gave up many additional examples. Ten of those from the house (pl. 30, a, ¢) and a number of others from the site are probably reused portions of long boat-shaped shaft-smoothers of the paired type commonly found throughout the Great Plains. Most have two or more grooved surfaces, and the grooves are usually too narrow and sharp to admit an ordinary arrowshaft. They were prob- ably used in the fashioning of needies, awls, or similar slender-pointed objects. I am of the opinion that the paired type of buffing tool was probably known at the site, though it seems curious that only reworked scraps came to our attention. Much more numerous are other blocks and slabs of sandstone, which, lacking a regular form, show a flat worn surface or a broad shallow concavity, as if larger objects, perhaps of stone, had been rubbed over them. The thin sandstone tablet shown in plate 30, d, if not used as an abrader, cannot be identified as to function. It has a square corner and two straight sides but is obviously broken and incomplete on the other margins. A narrow slightly raised border, ca. 8 mm. wide, extends along the two straight edges. The surface generally is cov- ered with shallow grooves alternating with low narrow ridges, run- 86 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM ning in parallel fashion lengthwise of the piece. Over parts of the surface, these features have been nearly or quite obliterated through wear or by other agencies. It is difficult to see why a utilitarian abrading stone should have been provided with a raised margin and a series of even parallel ridges. Five pumice fragments vary in maximum diameter up to 9 cm. Two show definite wear facets and/or narrow grooves as though for sharpening awls and needles. As suggested elsewhere, this material was probably gathered along the Missouri and used as an abradant in working soft substances or in rubbing down animal hides. Quartzite river boulders, which generally required no dressing, were used as hammerstones. They are usually oblong to nearly circular in shape, 65 to 95 mm. in greatest dimension, and have battered ends and sides. That they were subjected to hard usage is evident from the fact that most of the specimens seen were broken. Smaller pebbles of tough crystalline stone, with battered ends, may be termed pecking stones. Maullers are suggested by two specimens from pit 8. The larger, of diabase, is subrectangular and measures 142 by 95 by 43 mm. The long sides and one end have been pecked but not smoothed and the larger surfaces are quite uneven. Absence of worn grinding faces would argue against its use as a milling stone; it may represent a roughed out ax blank. Another specimen is of red quartzite, ovoid in form, 115 by 90 by 50 mm., and with one flat smoothed surface. This may have been used as a rubbing stone. There were no troughed or hollowed mealing slabs, either whole or fragmentary, and but one specimen (see p. 69) that might have been used as a nether millstone in grinding corn. Lumps and small scraps of worked hematite were found in the house pit, in the midden, in most of the caches, and on the surface of the site. None shows any attempt at producing an implement, but the wear facets indicate that powder was probably ground off as needed for pigment in paint making. There was no evidence of limonite. TEXTILE REMAINS From pit 2, out of a layer of charred grassy matter, came several short lengths of twisted cordage. Its charred nature, together with the shortness of the pieces, renders identification of the fibers impos- sible. Tests made at the National Bureau of Standards indicate, however, that the fibers are of vegetal, rather than animal, origin.” They are not cotton. The fibers appear to have been first spun into light strands, two of which were then twisted on one another, in clock- 10 Gilmore, 1919, states that in historic times the Indians of the Missouri River region utilized the following plants for cordage fibers: Yucca glauca Nutt.; Ulmus fulva Michx. (slippery elm) ; Urtica gracilis Ait. (nettle) ; and Tilia americana L. (basswood). ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 87 wise fashion, into a cord about 2 mm. in diameter (pl. 20, ¢). There are no knots, nor did we find any traces of weaving. The Burial Ground The hills overlooking the Steed-Kisker village site from the north thrust a sloping spur southward across the road toward house 1. About 450 yards north and slightly to the east of the house the spur levels off for a short distance before resuming its fall. The point where the slope begins again, viewed from any point farther down the ridge or from the village site, has the appearance of a small arti- ficial mound. For this reason, some surreptitious digging had been carried on here in a search for graves. This had consisted of a T-shaped trench about 3 feet wide; the top of the T, 15 feet long, ran east and west across the peak of the “mound,” with a shorter cut ca, 4 feet long extending toward the south. ‘The results of this work could not be ascertained, but at the beginning of our investigations a few small sherds and bits of clamshell were found on and near the filled trenches. The “mound” lay 120 yards north of the half-section line road and 250 yards east by north of the Herman Kisker residence; its elevation was 875-880 feet above sea level, or about 90 feet higher than house 1. From its summit may be gained a splendid view of the lower Platte and Missouri Valleys and the bordering bluffs. To determine the extent and nature of the “mound,” if actually man-made, we drove through it two trenches intersecting at the highest point. The east-west trench was 70 feet long, the north- south trench 95 feet, and both were 5 feet wide. At the point of intersection the former was 5 feet deep, whence all the trenches be- came shallower toward the ends. Careful examination of the smoothed walls east, north, and west from the crossing showed only one slight color change attributable to human agency, and that rela- tively recent. The profile consisted of a gray topsoil about 8 inches deep, unquestionably due to modern cultivation, below which was the undisturbed light-buff or dun-colored loess of the hill itself. Local darker areas lost their distinctive appearance on drying out. Occasional bits of charcoal were seen below plow sole, but there was no proof of their introduction by man, It was concluded that the “mound” was in no sense artificial or man-made but was entirely due to erosion and natural agencies. The north and west arms of the crossed trenches disclosed no evi- dence whatever of former human activity. Near the outer end of the east arm, however, about 25 feet down the slope from the summit, were encountered two poorly preserved extended skeletons. These were subsequently shown to be at the northeast end of a burial ground most of which lay on the south slope of the hill. Our south trench, from a point beginning 20 feet below the intersection and 88 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM continuing downhill for 40 feet, uncovered burial after burial lying for the most part only a few inches below plow sole. The previous tests made on the hilltop, evidently based on the assumption that graves were always placed at the highest point, had come within 15 feet of the north edge of the massed burials, though one or two isolated graves were little more than 5 feet away. Beyond a small amount of damage to some of the skeletons through deep plowing, there had evidently been no disturbance of the cemetery prior to our work. No attempt was made to clear any of the graves until a large part of the slope had been staked out in a grid pattern. This covered the area lying south of our east-west test trench and was based on a system of 5-foot squares. The west face of the original north-south test was made the baseline, beginning with square 5 at the north and extending through square 95 at the south end. The east-west cut became line 35, with units further designated as El, E2,.. ., or W1, W2, . . . to indicate their position respectively east or west of the baseline. This system offered sufficient flexibility to allow expansion indefinitely in any direction. Location of all burials in relation to the grid used is shown in figure 11. All lay between the 874- and 879-foot contours, and none was more than 2 feet below the present ground surface. Few indeed were more than a foot deep, and it is likely that within a very few years the plow would have reached many of the skeletons. The skeletons were generally in a very poor state of preservation, and only a small proportion of the bones could be saved for labora- tory analysis. A careful count based chiefly on the number of skulls showed that a total of at least 83 individuals was represented. Of these, 51 (63 percent) had been buried in an extended supine posi- tion, 5 (6.2 percent) had been flexed wholly or partially, and 6 (7.3 percent) were bundle burials. In seven instances the remains had been reburied or otherwise disturbed in such fashion that the orig- inal position of the body could not be ascertained, and in 14 (16+ percent) the skull only was present. All phases of life from young childhood to old age were represented. Supine extended burials usually included little except the skull and bones of the legs and arms (pl. 31, a-c), rarely also the pelvis and scapulae. In a few rare instances traces of the ribs and other smaller bones were noted. Orientation of the bodies varied so far as actual points of the compass were concerned but was strikingly consistent in another respect. Those in the main part of the cemetery lay with the head at the west end of the grave. In the western part, the head was nearly always at the north end, and in the northeastern part usually at the south end. In other words, the skeletons consistently lay at right angles to, that is across, the slope of the hill in such posi- BULLETIN 183 PLATE 31 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “ALIS YSHSIM-G3BALS ‘SAdAL WWIYNG GNV SIVINNg BULLETIN 183 PLATE 32 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM -GNNOYUD AVINNG YAMSIM-CGasLS ‘SLOVAILYVY ANOLS GNV AYS1LLOd a Map shi Ficure 11. = x7 jo" Li, = . j be 7 Ficus 11.—Map showing excavations (heavy broken line) and location of graves, Steed-Kisker burial site: A, Pottery vessel (U.S.N.M. No. 381521); B, pottery vessel (U.S.N.M. No. 381523). 49720143 facing p, 83 r oT py ; y 1% / : % , ai a | , aire ‘ its BIS wal Night at at ns i aa a Be ie ay ; 4 i dont aie wrdiorclax a : helene se rae eth tt ele WO teres Os = be + a oS J un" Pa 4 | Sey at SND: ' WI etVewees J & + Oy gaa ep Megas > . . 1 , Pe 4 ~ ? ' 7 & t ] AERA i } Mt s ' id f te ae ’* > ' ' Qi ‘ 1 * * * ee ee t _ KER BuRIau Gr 3 580i 8 TONS ARTIFAC POFTERY AND S Me 7 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 89 tion with reference to a common center at its summit that were they to sit up nearly all would have been facing counterclockwise around it (fig. 11). Whether this rather curious arrangement and the appar- ent avoidance of the hilltop itself had any ritualistic or esoteric sig- nificance is uncertain, though it is possible that the graves were arranged with reference to some ceremonial structure or feature on the point of the hill. I am inclined to believe that more practical considerations may have been involved. There is no way of deter- mining the amount of soil washed off the hill in the 50 years or more of cultivation to which it has been subjected, but it seems reasonable to assume that the graves were originally at least 2 feet deep. A grave of this depth 6 feet long by 2 feet wide would have necessitated re- moval of nearly 20 percent less earth if dug across the slope than if dug parallel to it, provided the corpse had to be laid flat or nearly so. On the other hand, such a saving of labor could as easily have been effected by placing the graves on the ridge a short distance to the north. None of the possible interpretations which suggests itself is without its difficulties, and in the absence of direct evidence none can be advanced as a conclusive explanation. Perhaps native beliefs and practical considerations were both instrumental in determining posi- tion and orientation of the dead. Flexed and semiflexed burials (respectively Nos. 67, 68, and 26, 71, 79) were scattered among the others, and there is no reason to regard them as intrusive or as representing a time markedly different from that during which the other interments were made. The term “flexed” here denotes burials where the knees form an acute angle with the axis of the trunk, with the feet drawn up against the buttocks. Semi- flexed burials (pl. 31, c) usually have the knees at a right or obtuse angle, with the feet sometimes, but not always, against the buttocks. Burials 67 and 68 were quite fragmentary, but the former position of the various bones was determined beyond reasonable doubt. This flexed type is illustrated in plate 31, d. The bundle burials, strikingly different from the majority of those with which they were surrounded, may have different connotations, but if so these cannot now be evaluated. Best preserved of all the remains were those of the bundle including Nos. 15 and 28, which were evidently those of two individuals interred together (pl. 31, e). The long bones of each individual were neatly stacked in two con- tiguous piles with the respective skulls at opposing ends of the proper pile. About 10 inches above the bones lay a limestone slab, which may have been part of a grave covering. Burial 7, also classed as a bundle, although less clearly defined than the preceding, was likewise partially covered with slabs. Nos. 41 and 42 are somewhat doubtful, possibly representing disturbed or reburials. It is barely possible 497261—43-—_7 90 BULLETIN 1838, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM that the bundles were deposited at some other time than the rest of the burials, perhaps even by an unrelated group sojourning tempo- rarily in the locality, but this point unfortunately could not be settled from our observations. Of the 14 unattached skulls, the majority seem to have been relics of burials whose other parts were removed by later interments, through decay, or by other factors. Seven of these at the east edge of the burial area were closely associated with two very incomplete but probably extended skeletons. Just why these particular individ- uals should have suffered more from decay than others nearby is not clear. Perhaps they were in an older section of the cemetery, though there is nothing otherwise to indicate any very great lapse of time between the beginning and close of use of the hill for bury- ing the dead. What may signify the practice of retaining trophy heads or the skulls of deceased relatives was suggested in the case of burial 77, that of an adult male. On the right side of the chest, as if placed inside the right arm, was the badly decayed cranium of another male (?), No. 80. The incomplete partly flexed skeleton of a child, No. 79, lay under the left arm with the knees over the left leg of the adult. From the position of the bones, there can be no doubt that all these remains had been placed at the same time in a common grave (pl. 31, BY Stone slabs were used but sparingly in the cemetery. Their asso- ciation with bone bundles has already been noted above. Two others were found as a covering for burial 83, a very young child near the west edge of the area. Three others stood partly on edge in a small pit in the southeast corner of square 45W1. No trace of bones was noted in the pit, 42 inches deep, which lay somewhat apart from the other burials. It is possible that a grave formerly existed here but had been rifled by previous excavators. A few other stones of small to medium size were noted among the burials. William Kisker in- formed us that in the first few years following breaking of the sod, similar slabs were occasionally plowed up and carried away. If in- tentionally placed in or over the graves, these must have accompanied only a small proportion of the burials. There is no reason, so far as I am aware, for believing that the entire area was so covered, or that any save an occasional grave was accompanied by the slabs. They seem never to have been used in lining the walls of graves. That most of the burials were made in dug grave pits seems a rea- sonable assumption, but clear evidence of such pits was uncovered in only two instances. Burial 49 lay in a pit 5 feet long by 214 feet wide, filled with soil darker and containing more charcoal and debris than that surrounding it. A second skull and some loose bones in the east end of the grave comprised burial 50, perhaps disturbed by, ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 9] and re-interred with, No. 49. The second pit, of somewhat smaller dimensions, lay immediately to the east. It contained a lone skull (burial 51) near the west end, and fragments of a small incised shell- tempered pot. Both pits had been sunk to a depth of about 2 feet below the present surface. The apparent absence of similar evidence for other graves may have been due partly to their very shallow depth below plow sole, with consequent obliteration of nearly all except the bottoms of the pits, or to the remarkably uniform and homogeneous nature of the loess in which burial had taken place. There is no means of determining with certainty the length of time encompassed by these burials. In general all belong to a single level and probably to the same general period, though several clear- cut instances of intrusion of graves by later bodies were noted. In square 70W1, for instance, burial 2 has been partly destroyed by No. 45; extra bones overlying the legs of the latter in disordered fashion seemingly belong to No. 3, which must then antedate No. 45 and perhaps also No. 2 (pl. 31, a). Again, in square 85 and 85W1, No. 32 lay with its skull between, and directly in contact with, the femora of No. 16, which was otherwise undisturbed. The cranium of No. 6, but nothing more, had been displaced by the legs of another burial of which the torso and other parts were entirely missing. The six burials classed as indeterminate include some of the above, as well as others probably disturbed in like manner. None of these dis- turbances need imply more than a few years’ lapse in time. More surprising than the instances of disturbance and intrusion just cited is the fact that the burials, on the whole, were made in relatively orderly, almost planned, fashion. Even where they are most closely grouped, the skeletons tend to lie side by side in a manner suggesting either that graves were carefully marked or else that inter- ment took place at sufficiently frequent intervals so that surface evi- dences of the position of previous burials had not yet been effaced when the later corpses were brought in. This regular placement in graves that must often have touched one another was particularly well shown in the central and western portions of the burial ground (see pl. 31, a, and compare fig. 11). Whether all the individuals buried at this spot were former inhabi- tants of the village on the terrace below is, of course, not known. Under aboriginal conditions a community of 100 to 150 persons could have lived here conveniently in 10 or 15 earth lodges, and it seems improbable that the village was much larger. We do not know the mortality rate, but at 3 percent per annum 15 to 30 years might have sufficed for accumulation of the hilltop graves. A smaller community or a lower death rate would have required a proportionately longer time. It is possible that the deceased from the village were not always placed in this particular cemetery, or conversely, that some of the 92 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM corpses represent persons who lived at a little distance from the principal settlement. Also, there remains the chance that pestilence, hunger, or warfare might have stepped up the mortality. With so many uncontrolled factors involved, it is obvious that the results of arithmetical exercises like the above can still be regarded as little more than guesses. If I were to venture a further guess, I would say that most or all of the observed hilltop burials were probably laid down in 50 years or less, and that they represent a burying place utilized by a number of small communities scattered over the nearby valley terraces. To return from conjectures to facts, we may note that table 8 summarizes the pertinent field data concerning the burials. In the absence of specially trained observers, entries in the column headed “Sex” are probably not to be regarded as entirely trustworthy, except in those few instances where verification or correction in the labora- tory has been possible. Otherwise these data furnish the basis for the generalizations set forth in the preceding pages. TABLE 8.—Data on burials at Steed-Kisker site. Abbreviations: Hxt., extended; sup., supine; semi-fl., semiflexed ; indet. or I, indeterminate; W, west; N, north; E, east; S, south; M, male; F, female; Ad, adult; Ch, child Loca- ; ‘ Condi- . No. tion Type Orientation Sex Age fon Artifacts and remarks (square) Ljis.ro4i* Seo Bundles sujet fetes so ek See M (?)-_| Ad_---| Poor._| Reburial (?); 3 sherds, 2 projectile points. y Hiate i ae se te 65W2._.| Ext., sup__| Head W, feet E_.._| F (?)__| Ad_--_|---do___| Left leg, forearm, removed by bur. 45. Sian Se GO Nios eng ets se! eee he eee eek | eee Ad__._|--.do___| Badly disturbed; 5 sherds with Nos. 2 and 3. qi testee t (Heese Ext., sup__| Head W, feet E...-| M_____ PAGES 2 Alert do___| Very incomplete. id 75W1 _ Fragments of small pot ely ee ee a tae Dest Ste nd do associated. 4 75W1 _ Skull disturbed by later ones (es | ao aera OER cener acs Cars es __-do..} burial. Ticsaea See 55s Bund ler see eae Min se Ad___ |---do.--| Crushed skull and long bones, partly rock-cov- | ered. Seen ys 70W1 _| Ext.,sup..| Head W, feet E_..| M____- Ad____|-.-do___| Skull incomplete; many bones missing. (ae pee S0E 2-5 |22=d0-22252- Head WSW, feet | M____- Ad____| Fair___| Two sherds and flint flake. ENE. | 10 .aseeece 75Wela| Skullionlys|\-22-.- 52. ss 22 Te gigs Ad___ | Poor__| Badly crushed. Ade Fe ie nee brxt san er WSW, feet | F (?). | Ad___ | -.do___| Skull and long bones only. 75E1... ‘ a ENE. 12: =22.5-.5 60H ae do.(?)_--| Head W, feet E___| I____-_- Ad___ | --do___| Much disturbed; bird effi- gy pot 12 inches below humerus. 13:=2 =~ 75, 80_.| -_- (eee aoe A eer Bate Ad___ | Fair___| Badly broken. i ib Sa 73 0p PS ee Gos es |e dos. |b 24 Ade IR Poor-=|) Muchidisturbed: 5E ASL 75E1__| Bundle_._.| Head at W end__-| M_____| Ad____| Fair___| Partly stone-covered; see No. 28 and pl. 31, e. 16 [01h Skull and long bones onl ae oes s0W2.. xt., sup.-| Head W, Me 225 | Ads! ---do...| Skull and long bones only, ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS TABLE 8.—Data on burials at Steed-Kisker site. IN MISSOURI 93 Abbreviations: Ext., extended; sup., supine; semi-fl., semiflered ; indet. of I, indeterminate; W, west; N, north; E, east; S, south; M, male; F, female; Ad, adult; Ch, child—Continued Loca- | No. tion Type (square i/See Reece 90 Ea Ext., sup- 85 Iss. fear | do... 1922 §5W2__| Skull only 0: ee 80, 85__| Ext., sup_- 85W1 nao Ah ews } ao 55 2_- 2 faces a eg | ao diss 93 iS save BH ETS |i) pee ) 2, apap anes 55K 1__| Bundle (?) 50E2__!]__ Ge a oe ene : het, sup__ 25h anes oe 75E2__| Semi-fl____ 75E2_- 27_2es eae Ext., sup_- 28. ee 75E1__| Bundle. - ns ee is names ear sup 85E1__ (2). SO Saree 90W1 _| Skull only. oll ees 90W2_| Ext., sup a SE SOWA Sedo. -- 85 W 2._ oes esse eek | ao Fea? B44 oes 70Wi3-2|222 doer = ff CORES * i eee 6 ar | ao me 36: ae 70W 1_.| Skullonly. py east be 90E1__| Ext., sup__ 383 <5. 3 748) 0) CS es (oes SOs tAee- Spates ido= -__2 Bi Op ae 40° 522-5 — goles : Aliseriaes iOsiz 2 Bundle__ _ 42. = 52a Oem a) ee dot eis 3 70W2__| Ext., sup_- 65W1L_ , elites | ao ae ee €5W 1. UN iis a SE as | ao AG erers cs! 65W1__| Skull only_ | ae 56 Wil-4|--2do_- = 48. tees 602-E=2 49 655. = Ext., sup-_ Lite Se eit eee Secondary | {9 ae | 65E1.. | Et., sup-_- Orientation Sex Head W, feet E_--| I_---_- Sate Xo (ee See Miia." Head W, feet E.--| M___-- pe a Teese ines WSW, feet {. ENE oa £ 4 le ee Sie ‘3028 ee Be eiesy Se eer bork nies 1 eee {Head SW, feet I ES) Re || seen Head WW, feet, We =| W-- == {Head WSW, feet I [ENE Ea) Pages igseahs ee ee Vi ene oe loa Wileets = sansa Head W, feet B...| I.____ ere! 2a ae F(?) fHead W by N, le | feet E. [fe=> = Head W, feet E___| I ee dove Pore Tes. Head SW, feet | M(?)__ NE. Head W, feet E_..| M___- Head §, feet N_---| F(?)_- See LO Ae een eas 3 Bee Se See Ee 3S See Vie See eters ee teen F(?)_- Head W, feet E_ Rises wae § doze s. 3... »|| Siete ee i lnt En ee F(?)__ Head W, feet E_- | F(?) See ee eee ) Ce ee Head W, feet E.._| F (?)- Age Sane: Artifacts and remarks Ad___-| Poor__| Skull and long bones, skull disturbed. Ad____|__do____| Skulland long bones, only. Ch____|_.do___ |Against left ankle of No. 33 Ad____| Fair___| Skull and long bones. 7X0 eee) ee do____| Skull, long bones, etc. Ad____|__do____| Rimsherd near right femur. Ad___-| Poor__| Calvarium only. Ad____|_-do____| N of, ca. 1 foot below, No. 23. Ag a {Skull crushed, overlaid by ea ears l fragments of child’s skull S-Ad _|_-do____| Skull crushed, legs flexed, knees extended on back. AGE |e do__- Skull collected. Ad____| Fair___| Partly stone-covered; see No. 15 and pl. 31, e. Ad____| Poor__| Skull and femur found. Che tes doles Ad____|_.do- Skull, long bones, left innominate. Ad____| _-do__| Skull and tibia fragments only. Ad_. Fair __| Sherd near right femur. AOE 2s Poor : {Skull and leg bones col- GBs is WETS | lected. Ch____| Poor__| 8 inches above head of left femur No. 35. A) ees E 2 do___| Bones excessively soft. Ad Fair___| Legs bowed out at knees. Ad Poor__} Small sherd nearby. Ades =do- Ad Fair __- ae ae or disturbed re- Ad==2|Poors: burials. Ad =GdOn=3 Ad ’ {Left arm disturbed, possi- Sana aae=-CO--3/ ea iiviby Nov2! Ad Covered by odd _ bones ca! |isalilas Aa from Nos. 2 and 3. Ghre_ |. do___| On right elbow of No. 54. Inf____} Fair_._| Between femora of No. 54. Ad __do___| Skeleton disturbed by No. 49 (?). Ad_ Poor In oval pit with gray fill incomplete. ° Ad ___do_._| Skull between knees of No. 49, long bones against North edge of pit. ING a ESO) Skull and right tibia in pit, | with fragments of small | incised pot (pl. 32, h). 94 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM TABLE 8.—Data on burials at Steed-Kisker site. Abbreviations: Ext., extended; sup., supine; semi-fl., semiflered ; indet. or I, indeterminate; W, west; N, north; E, east; S, south; M, male; F, female; Ad, adult; Ch, child—Continued Loca- | | No. tion Type | Orientation Sex Age Condi- Artifacts and remarks (square) | | tion 522k eee 65E2__| Ext., Sup. | Head SW, feet NE|_______- Ade=+2i! Poor. LFS age cigars COR I2 (2 doze Head WSW, feet |_.--_-_- Adare |e dor ENE. 2 ROR 65 W1e2|-=- dorss2" Head W, feet E_..| M____. Ad____| Fair___| Two children’s skulls (46, 47) in grave. Y {65E1__ Incised handled rimsherd 55.---~--- 16552. la connse| anna 0. -- === =o === M..... Ad...-|_.. do... between knees. i eet coe (ifs) Ye" i SIRE e easel biped eta eres be eres M (?)_| Ad_-__|_.-do___| Skull and long bones, prob- ably disturbed by No. 55. Ly ad 60E2__|-..do__.....| Head WSW, feet | M_____ INGE Ae do__.| No. 57A (child skull) on ENE. chest; femora 19 inches long. i eer G5 W24] 222 Gose-wue. Head W, feet E___| M (?)_| Ad__._|__. do___| Right leg slightly bent at knee (pl. 31, a). 59sec G5Wi3=:|edoxt=21|- edo: ease eee Ade ex dose Godlee btu ie \ do... wid tot yee Bees Mi...-|-Ad.7¢_. do (i aes eet GoW] se COusk sik edo ta sae VR es I-80 seal (ame do___| Feet under skull of No. 59. G2eee nee oe (OO Wide meCOndary,||2-2 eo. sae 1 pes! Ae oe ieee do___| Skull and mass of bones, association uncertain. Gsraeeus o 4563_.| Skullionivajis 222. Ss eeeae, cole Te beds Ch____| Poor__| No associated long bones; incomplete permanent dentition. Gi aes 45E3__|--- (6 (a) sere | | nese Beare Ee ore tieeieag ese one Ad - = 2|_2 dou. Oia 45E3__} Ext., sup_.| Head S, feet N___-} I______ Adi do___| Portions of legs found in situ. i ae 45E4_.| Ext., sup. |----- GO=ED SEMEL en ) eee Arde 3) 3 do__| Skull and portion of left (?). femur; pot near skull (pl. 32, c). (yo s 75W3_.|, Flexed....| Head W_.-.------ Js fan Ad=. eat do__| On back, knees to left, tightly flexed. (ogee aes TOW 4_.|---do_._'= -a\MEicad IN(Wi ss. 1 ee | WA ai. Pup o.ed, do__| On back or left side, knees to left; few bones remain- ing. B02 Ae peo 65W4_.| Ext., sup__| Head WNW, feet | F____- Ad_.--| Fair___| Stone at right of spine. ESE. 70! ens GaW/4e4 | e2dome! 48.222 do: 27. pth F(?)___| Ad____] Poor__| Effigy lug near left femur; left foot on skull of No. 60. 71 _.3<33- OO 22 |Semiflexed i. 2_ ie. OF. st | eee 7ACi Geme el] (ene do__| Skull disturbed, near skull of No. 25. Pe eee SESS eSkullionly.|ee--es ae ee ae FX EE ES do__ Toe DOHS?-|2e2dom she tet de tere Chea ae do__| Busycon shell fragment 6 inches northwest. 7h Vege Wee SOS. oli doss hee Alpe. Fe Te. th WAG! Sark do__ [ 45E4__ TOse see ees \roxt, sup_-| Head SW, feet NE} I_____- Adi OE = do__ TOL aA SOE: AISknilonly 22 2 ee Fos yes Chel E= do__| Very thin badly crushed skull, no long bones. rf fa 55W5..| Ext., sup_.| Head SE, feet NW_| M(?)__| Ad____|___ de__| Left arm and leg overlie No. 79. 7S aan See 75W3.__|__- doen! Head W, feet E__.| F_____ Ad____| Fair___| Left tibia pathological. (eee 55W65_.| Semiflexed | Head SE______._._]________ Ch__..| Poor_.| On back, knees to right; see No. 77 and pl. 31, 6. 80fe sees HOW ioe |-Skullioniy:|— 22-2220. 2 4o oe Mi(2) 2, Ade = |e do__| Lay inside right humerus e of No. 77; see pl. 31, 6. Bs Se 75W4__| Ext.,sup_.| Head WNW, feet | I_____- ACs Sea 2 do__ ESE. $252 2G 50W5_.|--.do(?)....| Head S, feet N_.._]} I___..- oN 0 Lae | do_-.]| Parts of 2 legs only, in situ. CE ee eee eee E } EE es Baer) eS © ee eae ie 2 Chees|= do__| Bones under rock slabs. ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 95 Artifacts from the burial ground were not numerous, but in all essential respects they closely resemble those found in the nearby village site. These resemblances, together with the proximity of cemetery to village, and the homogeneous character of the material re- mains from the village, definitely establish the common ethnic affilia- tions and contemporaneity of the habitational and burial areas. POTTERY Three pottery vessels, one complete and two restored, are available from the burial ground. The effigy bowl shown in plate 82, a, intact except for local peeling of the slip, was found about 12 inches east of stake 60 at a depth of approximately 24 inches. It has a flat base curving up into vertical walls which terminate in a rounded undeco- rated lip. On one side the modeled head of a bird (?) rises vertically to look away from the bowl. Directly opposite, the tail is represented by a rounding tab 4 cm. wide, which extends horizontally outward to a distance of 2cm. The surface color is predominantly buff or dun, but a few spots have a bright orange cast, and the base is mottled with dark gray firing clouds. Where the slip has scaled off, the paste is seen to vary likewise in color. Visible inclusions consist largely or entirely of crushed shell. Exclusive of the head, the bowl is 11 cm. high and about 15 cm. in diameter, and walls average 5 mm. in thick- ness. The vessel stood upright 12 inches beneath the fragmentary right humerus of burial 12, but it was not possible to determine whether corpse and pot had been interred together. There was no clear evidence of a grave pit that might have held both. An incomplete and very fragile little pot lay directly under stake 50B4, a few inches from a skull designated as burial 66. This was the easternmost of four poorly preserved calvaria lying close together and representing, possibly, the surviving vestiges of as many skeletons interred side by side. The pot is of a variable gray color, with a rough uneven surface. It has a hemispherical underbody, a rounding shoul- der, sloping upperbody, and a low rounded rim (pl. 32, ¢). Two small loop handles, actually little more than horizontally pierced ears, extend from the lip to a point just above the shoulder. There are traces of a rude pattern of horizontal chevrons on the upperbody. Surface pit- tings remain where the shell tempering has been leached out. The vessel has a diameter of 10.2 cm., a height of 5.6 cm., and an interior orifice diameter of about 6.5 cm. A third vessel has been reconstructed from two sherds found near burial 9 in square 80E2. One sherd lay 6 inches above the chin; the other was about the same distance from, and on a level with, the right elbow. These indicated a round-bottomed jar, shouldered, with con- stricted neck, vertical rim, and a rounded uneven lip (pl. 32, 6). A 96 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM thick, round loop handle rising from the lip was attached, at its lower end, a short distance above the shoulder. Inferentially, there were originally two of these on opposite sides, as represented in the restora- tion. The surface, varying in color from light to dark gray, is rough and pitted, this last owing again to dissolving of angular shell par- ticles. The dimensions, which must be regarded as approximations only, are: Diameter of body, 12.6 cm.; diameter of neck, 9.5 cm.; height, 9.2 cm. Judged from the rimsherds and body fragments scattered among the skeletons, the above pots represent but a fraction of those that must once have been present. Incised shell-tempered rim pieces, all from separate vessels, were found in squares 55 (pl. 32, 7), 55E1, 60E1 (pl. 32, d), 65E1, 65E2 (with burial 55), 65W2, and 75W1 (with burial 5). From square 60E1, furthermore, came rim segments of a small vertical- walled bow] and of a second plain shell-tempered pot with constricted orifice. Vertically placed loop handles (pl. 32, 7, 2) occurred on sherds from squares 55E1, 65E1, and 75W1. Part of a small vertical-sided bow] with horizontal rim tab, probably the tail from an effigy jar, ac- companied burial 57 in square 60E2. A small rimsherd lacking in- cised ornamentation and handles, came from square 75, and a plain rimsherd with vertical loop handles was found in square 60E3. In all, there were 19 rimsherds representing not less than 15 distinct ves- sels. All are from vessels probably no larger than the reconstructed specimen described above from burial 9, and at least two (pl. 32, d, f) were smaller than that from burial 66, also described above. In addition to the rimsherds there are 35 or 40 other fragments, which, lacking ornamentation or other diagnostic features, cannot be certainly linked with any of the rims. Most are shell tempered, buff or gray in color, with uneven surfaces. A few are evidently shipped. One badly weathered piece is thickened in such a way as to suggest the base or point of attachment for a solid cylindrical handle. While this interpretation is open to question, it will be recalled that one such sherd from a handled bow! was found in midden 1 of the village site. From square 55E1, near burial 24, were taken several cord-roughened sherds with a dark gray-brown paste containing angular siliceous par- ticles. These are quite distinct from the usual burial ground pottery, as are a number of others from square 70W1. The latter are thick and undecorated, with a bright brick-red paste containing opaque white angular and rounded particles about 1-2 mm. in diameter. The effigy lug illustrated in plate 32, e, was found 24 inches east of stake 65W4, near the left femur of burial 70. It suggests a bearlike animal, with a recognizable snout, ears, and tail. Vertically placed on the exterior of a rimsherd, with the head just above the lip and facing upward, it has a horizontal perforation 5 mm. in diameter between the fore and hind limbs. ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI Q7 So far as can be determined from the sherds, most of the mortuary pots were probably small scale replicas of the larger culinary jars used in the nearby village site. Shell tempering predominates, but grit is characteristic in a few pieces. Loop handles extending vertically from lip to upperbody, a flat upperbody often with incised decoration, rounding shoulders, low vertical or slightly flaring rims, and a round- ing, apparently hemispherical, underbody, all have their counterpart in sherds typical of house 1, the refuse pits, and midden 1. Moreover, as the reader may learn for himself by comparing plate 32 with plate 23, the use of parallel lines between rim and shoulder, bordered below by an undulating line or lines, is simpler and ruder on sherds from the burial ground, but otherwise does not differ fundamentally from the motifs on pottery from house 1. Vertical walled bowls, with or without tabs or effigy tails, are likewise common to both funerary and domestic wares. It is not altogether clear why pottery fragments should occur, some- times singly or in groups of two and three, in such scattering fashion among the skeletons. In relatively few instances was it possible to establish even a probable association between a sherd or sherds and a given burial. Sometimes they occurred in a mass of bones or among a group of closely placed skeletons, but as often they were at a dis- tance that cast some doubts on their ever having been in a grave. This suggested the possibility that some were merely stray surface frag- ments turned under by the aboriginal grave diggers, by burrowing animals, or through some other agency. However, since there was not the slightest indication otherwise of a habitation site higher up the ridge, or elsewhere within several hundred yards, it seems un- likely that such a relative abundance of cast-off sherds should have accumulated at this particular spot. Perhaps pots destined to accom- pany the deceased were intentionally smashed or “killed” in or over the grave. If broken over the filled grave, it is conceivable that some of the scattered pieces would have found their way underground in course of time as later pits were dug and in turn filled. Neither this nor any other suggestion, however, offers a satisfactory explanation for the isolated sherds lying remote from identified graves. I am disinclined to regard them as evidence of grave robbing, either ancient or recent, or except in certain instances as due to disturbance of con- tents of early burials in the preparation of later tombs. Here we may call attention again to the extreme difficulty of tracing out soil dis- turbances where, below plow sole, a homogeneous unstratified loessial soil occurs. The most careful scrutiny of our trench walls and excava- tion floors revealed no signs of root passages, animal burrows, or other local disturbed areas, and even such obviously dug spots as the graves, with two exceptions, could seldom be recognized until the skeletal parts were actually laid bare. 98 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM OTHER ARTIFACTS Aside from pottery, three chipped flints and a shell object were recovered, A small knife (pl. 32,7) of gray-banded chert, measuring 60 by 20 mm., has retouched edges beveled from one surface. Two small arrowpoints were associated with burial 1 in square 55E1, along with several typical potsherds. The larger, of NBa3 type, is 28 by 10 mm.; the smaller, NBbl1, is 20 by 11 mm. Both are shown in plate 32,2. Near the center of square 50E3, between skulls 72 and 73, was found a short pin-shaped object of shell, 25 mm. long with a maxi- mum head diameter of 20 mm. This was fashioned from the upper end of the columella of a small Busycon perversum (Lea), a marine shell native to the Gulf coast. Aside from the fact that the piece has been worked there is nothing to indicate the manner in which it was used. OTHER VILLAGE SITES During the four months spent in actual field work in Platte and Clay Counties insufficient time was available for a thorough survey of the village and burial sites with which the Kansas City area evi- dently abounds. The reports of many visitors to our diggings, as well as conversations with various nonprofessional collectors, clearly indicate that an intensive and sustained reconnaissance would be emi- nently worth while. Our own investigations brought to light the remains of at least two distinct cultural manifestations, and further research, in addition to much needed supplementary information on these, would in all probability reveal vestiges of other divergent archeological complexes. Since the present paper makes no attempt at a complete reconstruction or at anything more than a partial out- line of local prehistory, the remarks that follow will relate only to sites at which, to judge from surface examination, remains similar to those under consideration may be expected. The exact location of each is on record in the United States National Museum, but pending the time when a responsible investigator can undertake proper sys- tematic excavations, it has been deemed inadvisable to indicate the situation of the larger and more promising ones on the key map in this report. The writer is indebted, among others, particularly to J. M. Shippee, Ralph Henneman, and H. M. Trowbridge for invalu- able assistance in the examination of these sites. Five or 6 miles west of the Renner site, on a small unnamed creek about a mile south of the Missouri River, Mr. Trowbridge has been exploring a village site that yields remains closely similar to those found by us at the mouth of Line Creek. Situated on a small well- drained and sheltered terrace, the site covers 3 or 4 acres. The arti- fact-bearing stratum, 12-18 inches thick and very dark in color, is ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 99 overlain with soils washed down from the hillside to the east. The overburden attains a thickness of about 2 feet along the deeply cut creek bank, but farther back artifacts are sometimes found on the tilled present surface. It is possible that the old village level, sloping upward along the foot of the hills, has been partially laid bare along its fringes by renewed erosion subsequent to the deposition that buried most of the ancient living surface. Pits, apparently similar to those at the Renner site, occur here, but nothing suggestive of post molds, hearths, or house pits has been reported. Lumps of burnt clay and quantities of animal refuse, especially deer bones, are present; maize, beans, or squash have not been encountered. From several brief examinations of the Trowbridge collection it is evident that grit-tempered wares with plain, rocker-roughened, rouletted (rare), and cord-roughened surfaces predominate. A large jar, partly restored, is of the amphora type represented, in form, by figure 4, 7, and plate 4. Other shapes are not known to me, though miniatures occur. Simple dentate and compound stamp impressions are present, probably in greater proportion than at Renner’s, and embossed nodes, either alone or with cord-wrapped stick or stamp impressions above, are found on a number of rimsherds. In form and decorative treatment rims run the gamut of types represented at Renner’s, though I have the impression that cross-hatched rims are rather less common, relatively speaking. Body ornamentation includ- ed the use of alternate plain and stamped zones separated by incised lines or grooves. The Trowbridge material includes many, perhaps most, of the pottery elements described for the Renner site, and careful study would doubtless reveal others not recorded at the latter. It is my feeling that a thorough analysis would show noteworthy dissim- ilarities as regards the relative importance of certain elements at these two sites, but in how far these probable differences reflect individual, familial, or village styles, or alternatively, are due to temporal factors, T am unable to suggest at this time. Stonework includes a rather varied assortment of chipped forms, among them numerous heavy-stemmed arrowpoints and lesser quanti- ties of end scrapers, flake knives, small disks, drill points, and knives. There is one flake of translucent obsidian with notches at the end. Unlike the Renner, the Trowbridge site has yielded no grooved axes and, I believe, but one ground celt, of hematite. A dressed sandstone slab 5.5 cm. wide by 7 em. long has one curved end; the other is broken off through a well-centered biconical perforation. This was probably a gorget, of unknown length. A thin, flat, elliptical pebble, well rubbed and measuring 17 by 21 mm., has a biconical hole 1 mm. in diameter at one end, doubtless for suspension as an ornament. Sand- stone abraders, as well as worn and grooved pumice fragments, are found. 100 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM In bone and antler there are socketed conical projectile points, cylindrical rubbing tools, and flakers. Bone beaming tools of two- handed type include both split metapodials and the innominate bones of the deer. Punches of deer ulna and smaller awls are present, though I am not certain whether eyeleted needles occur. Two incom- plete turtle carapaces had evidently been worked into bowls or dippers. As at the Renner site, there are crude clay figurines, including effigies of birds and one suggesting a human bust. A very small nipplelike piece of clay recalls the larger and better made clay and limestone cones at Line Creek. Noteworthy because of its apparent uniqueness in collections from this locality is the broken bit from an unfinished clay pipe. Slightly curving along the longer axis, it is planoconvex to elliptical in cross section. The finished end, 2 cm. wide by 0.6 cm. thick, has a shallow round hole evidently the start of a stem perforation; the broken end is 1.4 by 3 cm. Surfaces are well smoothed, and the piece is quite hard. There is no clue to the bowl or to the length of the original pipe blank, but the bit fragment resembles so closely the same part in the familiar monitor or platform pipe, and its clay variant at Marksville, La., as to leave scant doubt that it is correctly identified. Equal or greater interest attaches to the specimen figured in plate 20, d. Shaped much like the head and upper end of an ordinary straight pin, it has been fashioned out of deerhorn from a spike buck. The base of the horn, where the “burr” normally occurs, has been ground off about the edges and is convex in profile. Above the base the specimen contracts rapidly in size, tapering out to a round stem carved from the shaft of the horn and broken at the end. The head of the “pin” is slightly elliptical, 24 by 22 mm. across; the periphery, thin and sharpish, has 19 small, unevenly spaced, V-shaped notches. At the broken end the stem is 6 mm. in diameter, and the overall length of the object is about 3.5 cm. The stem is not attached at the center of the head, nor does it rise at a right angle with the plane of the notched edge, because of the direction followed by the growing horn. All the surfaces have been smoothed down, and the notched edge is well worn. In a short paper previously published, it was suggested, on the basis of laboratory experiments, that this bone instrument was a roulette used for marking pottery (Wedel and Trowbridge, 1940). The notched head, when rolled in plastic clay, leaves a V-shaped line interrupted by low transverse ridges from 114-8 mm. apart. Owing to its eccentric placement on the handle, moreover, the head rolls most easily in an are 25-35 mm. long. By rolling or rocking the object back and forth continuously, each time at a slightly different angle, a band of “dentate rocker” impressions is produced that duplicates the ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 101 markings actually found on a small proportion of sherds from the Trowbridge site. The smooth or “edentate rocker” impressions, which decidedly predominate over the dentate style at both Trow- bridge and Renner, could have been made with equal ease by using such a roulette from which the edge notches had been omitted. Bear- ing in mind the complete absence of stamps or other pottery-marking implements from our collections at the Renner site, I nevertheless am of the opinion that the sHerds from there that I have previously designated as rocker-marked may well have been worked over with an unnotched roulette used with a rocking motion. ‘The particular roulette in question, when operated with the right hand, gives ver- tical curves convex to the left, whereas the rocker marks on sherds and pots at Renner and Trowbridge are almost always, if not indeed invariably, convex to the right. Unless it be assumed that the potters were all left-handed, this would imply that they either inverted or laid the pots on their sides in applying the ornamentation, or else that they leaned over the upright vessel and worked on the far side. Within the corporate limits of Kansas City, Kans., traces of at least two village sites apparently related to Trowbridge and Renner have been reported. One is at the north edge of Klamm Park (fig. 1, site 2) where Mr. Trowbridge has collected pottery fragments and a few flints. Rocker markings, dentate stamp impressions, and cross- hatched rimsherds, together with heavy stemmed projectile points, are present. The second location (fig. 1, site 3) is on a small garden plot south of Woodlawn Cemetery, and is crossed by Ninth Street, Troup Avenue, and Chelsea Trafficway. At one time there must have been a terrace of several acres here, but grading activities for the streets and for a nearby electric rail line have all but obliterated the former contours. Jersey Creek flows along the southwest edge. On the remaining terrace remnant and the slope above may be found grit- tempered sherds identical in all respects to those from Renner’s, along with an occasional large-stemmed arrowpoint. Flint rejectage and bits of burned clay likewise occur. This may be the site reported by Serviss (1883, p. 528), whose remarks led directly to its reexamination in 1988. I quote: About two years ago I discovered on the farm of J. L. Stockton, 1 mile north- west of this city [Wyandotte City, since incorporated in Kansas City, Kans.],. remains of an aboriginal workshop or village. It is located on a small stream, called Jersey Creek, and near a large spring. It covers an area of about 2 acres, The soil is sandy, and to the depth of 2 feet is a complete mixture of flakes of flint, ashes, bones (both animal and human), fragments of ornamented pottery, broken and unfinished stone implements of nearly every description. The frag- ments of pottery are the most numerous; there are three kinds as to color: viz, black, brown, and red, composed of a mixture of clay, sand, and pounded shells. The variety of the combinations of lines and dots is inexhaustible. I have never found two pieces alike. 102 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Judging from the degrees of curvature of the fragments, the original vessels were mostly globular, and would hold from one-half pint to one quart. I found a very small vessel, containing powdered bone or lime; it was globular in shape, would hold about one gill, and was profusely ornamented. There are no deposits of flint and other stone valuable for arrow-making, &c., in this vicinity. The axes, celts, skin-dressers, and balls are all made of porphyry, and the arrow- heads of flint. Sherds containing “pounded shells” have not been found recently at the Jersey Creek site, and the allusion to “combinations of lines and dots,” though not wholly inapplicable to wares such as those at Renner and Trowbridge, sounds suspiciously like a thumbnail de- scription of Oneota pottery. Shippee and Trowbridge have since sought verification of this location through county land records, and Trowbridge finds (Shippee letter of Mar. 30, 1940) that J. L. Stockton did own this particular tract at the time Serviss reported the site. In the communication cited above, Serviss further gives brief notice of four mounds on a ridge near Edwardsville in southern Wyandotte County. No trace of these was visible in the spring of 1938," but on a small apparently unnamed creek 150 yards to the north and about a quarter of a mile north of town, were found evidences of a small vil- lage or camp site (fig. 1, site 4). This would be at or near “a very large spring about 200 yards northeast. . . .” of the mounds. The site is well sheltered, but portions of it are subject to overflow from the stream at time of heavy rain. Roy Williamson, owner, who lives across the road on the site of an old Delaware Indian mission, stated that the Delawares formerly lived on these bottoms, which would prob- ably account for the occasional finding of glass beads and other trade articles. At the same time, I found thick cord-roughened and plain grit-tempered sherds, part of a cross-hatched rim with punched bosses on the exterior, lumps of burnt clay, and chipped flints of prehistoric types. Among the latter was a long narrow leaf-shaped form with squared base, similar to specimens that Shippee reports as common on the bluffs along the Missouri in Clay County, Mo. Mr. Williamson showed me a large collection of heavy-stemmed arrowpoints, chipped knives and scrapers, and several 34-grooved axes, which he had plowed up on this flat. On the higher portions, moreover, there were several dark circular spots, which I believe were refuse pits. The Delawares may well have dwelt in this hollow, but I have no doubt they were preceded in precontact times by a group closely related to the peoples who lived at the Renner site. Another small camp seems to have been located at the Mussett site (fig. 1, site 1), on the left bank of Plum Creek north of Leavenworth. 11 Three of these mounds were cpened about 1896 by Barnum Brown, then a student at the University of Kansas. Brown (personal communication, February 24, 1940) states that they were entirely of earth and stood to a height of about 6 feet. He believes they were certainly artificial, but he found no trace of bones or artifacts in any of the elevations. ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 103 Plum Creek is a branch of Salt Creek, which empties into the Missouri about 114 miles southeast of the site. Here there are broad terraces, but camp litter was found only along the edges immediately touching the creek. Flint chips, large stemmed arrowpoints, scrapers, and the like occurred in some quantity, and the owner showed us a 34-grooved ax and cross-hatched channeled rimsherds previously plowed up. On the basis of our very cursory examination, I am not convinced that extended excavation would be warranted; the site appears to have been a transient or hunting camp rather than a village of any pro- longed occupancy. Recrossing the Missouri, we mention briefly the Deister site on Line Creek, about 2 miles above the Renner. Sherds and flints in the Ship- pee collection, so far as they go, indicate a close similarity to the materials above described from Renner and leave little doubt that the {wo communities were inhabited by kindred groups. Recently I have been informed by Shippee (letter of February 19, 1940) of the exist- ence of “the remains of three stone vaults on a secondary ridge 200 yards northwest and across the creek from the Deister site.” We shall discuss in another place the possible significance of this and other instances where groups of vault mounds occur in proximity to certain village sites. Three promising village sites lhe down river from Kansas City. The first or uppermost occupies a terrace of 2 or 8 acres where a short, unnamed, spring-fed creek descends out of the bluffs. Grit-tempered sherds are plentiful. Channeled rims bearing cross-hatching (or sometimes rocker marks) and punctates are common; sometimes the punctates are replaced by bosses punched out from the interior. Many rimsherds, in profile like figure 4, a, b, have vertical or diagonal dentate stamp or cord-wrapped stick impressions between the lip and bosses. In several, heavy horizontal rouletted or dentate stamp marks occur below, or otherwise in combination with, the bosses; or the bosses are omitted, and the notched roulette marks run horizontally below a zone of cord-wrapped stick imprints on the lip exterior. Body sherds are mostly plain, but there are others whose exterior bears cord-roughen- ing or else bands of dentate or edentate rocker marks. Along with this pottery have been found lumps of hematite with grinding facets, mullers, hammerstones, celts, grooved axes, scrapers, and chipped knives. Arrowheads, mostly large and stemmed, include forms with contracting stem and others with corner or side notches. Our small sample includes an ovoid coarsely chipped flint 13.3 by 5 by 3 cm., with the broad end highly polished to a distance of at least 3 cm. from the edge; possibly this was a hoe or digging tool. Sandstone abraders and pumice fragments are present. Neither bone refuse nor artifacts have yet been found. 104 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Aside from the foregoing, all of which points to a material culture inventory slightly variant from, but basically related to, that at Ren- ner, there are traces of another complex here. In our sample there are two thin, smooth, shell-tempered sherds quite unlike the more common fragments as just described. Shippee has found several large pieces of a globular vessel with flattish upperbody, recurved rim, and a flat loop handle 2 inches wide running from lip to upperbody. A smaller rim fragment has a similarly placed but narrower vertical loop handle. There are also several incised sherds reminiscent of those at Steed-Kisker. Twenty-one “hard dark gray, grit-tempered finely cord-marked sherds . . . have been partly smoothed over and would fit in nicely with Upper Republican sherds. Two multiple-grooved [paired ?] sandstone abraders, a few end scrapers, and numerous tri- angular (both notched and unnotched) points” have been found. Most of this material was found a short distance above the terrace proper on a narrow shelf where gully erosion has exposed charcoal, burnt wattling clay, and other traces suggesting a former earthlodge site at a depth of about 30 inches. Certain of the sherds are difficult to differentiate from Nebraska Culture wares found higher up the Missouri. It would seem likely that there were two separate prehis- toric occupations at this spot—one by a group related to the peoples at the Renner site, the other by peoples akin to those at the Steed- Kisker site. There may be stratification, but whether or not there is, and regardless of the number of complexes actually represented, the site clearly merits further investigation on a systematic plan. Mounds or graves are not known to occur in the immediate locality. A few miles farther down river, on a gentle slope between the bluffs and the bottoms, is the second site. A small creek on the south, together with a good spring nearby, provided a plentiful supply of potable water in the old days. The site appears to cover 3 or 4 acres. Though the ground was not in good condition for surface collecting at time of my visit, Shippee and Henneman had a number of sherds and other specimens. Here again plain grit-tempered pieces pre- dominate, but a high proportion of rims are cross-hatched with a row of punctates immediately below. Rocker impressions occur on both rim and body, and there are several instances of the dentate stamp or roulette. A few pieces show a plain neck with decoration ahove and below, and on one there is a broad shallow groove separat- ing a plain from a rocker-roughened surface. There are lumps of burnt clay, none of which show grass or twig imprints. Arrowpoints are of the types found at the preceding site, and there is a consider- able variety of other chipped implements. A coarsely serrate point closely resembles that from the Renner site shown in plate 12, o. Polished celts are present. There is sufficient room for a village nearly U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULEEERIN 183 (PEATE 33 o : ? : #9 = oe aioe ae ; : : 2 VIEWS AT PEARL BRANCH MOUND GROUP. a, South ridge bearing stone chambered mounds, Missouri River in background; b, Nolan mound C from north, with earth and rock mantle removed to show slabs buttressing chamber wall; c, Nolan mound C from north, showing square burial chamber with south entrance, large buttressing slabs, and outer sheath of earth and stones. BULLETIN 183. PLATE 34 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Ss] eLing petsqWotusip ‘p ‘Jaquiryo jeling yet} *yqtou wot “D ANNOW WHVvsad AO NOILVAVDOXA ‘ q ‘ . Y }nOSs WO » ‘ D reat nS Me ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 105 as large as that at Renner, and it is quite probable that detailed inves- tigation would show an occupancy of some permanence. Four low earth mounds, each 40 to 60 feet across and possibly artificial, lie on the ridge top north of this site. Our last site, barring several on the lower part of Fishing River that cannot now be satisfactorily characterized, is very small. It occupies a small flat, elevated about 30 feet above the bottoms, be- tween two deep narrow wooded draws. Though it covers less than an acre, with room for scarcely more than two or three lodges, sherds are surprisingly numerous. In all respects they tally with those from the preceding sites. Rims include plain, cross-hatched and punctate, and rocker marked with punctates. Body sherds are most- ly plain, but with a few examples of rocker roughening and dentate stamp. Our sample includes no flints, but these would appear to be of the types usually associated locally with these wares. The site, I think, can be linked with some assurance with the Renner complex. On the ridge above, several hundred yards distant, are a few low mounds, which were apparently built in part of stone. One has been looted, and bits of human bone were still lying about. I am unable to say whether these were enclosures of the type opened by us at Pearl Branch, or merely piled up stone cairns covered with a man- tle of earth. MOUND EXCAVATIONS Numerous mounds are to be found on many of the bluffs and hill- tops of the Missouri in the great bend region, which is, in a general sense, near the western limit of the mound building area of the Mis- sissippi-Ohio Valleys. Westward, the custom of raising special structures over the remains of the deceased can be traced for about 100 miles more, i. e., slightly beyond the Blue River in Kansas. Few if any of the mounds now known in the trans-Missouri plains of Kansas and Nebraska attain the size and relative prominence of some of those in northern Missouri, and only rarely do they contain any traces of special enclosures or other structures. In general, so little is known of mounds in this area that even the above statements are made with recognition of the possibility that significant excep- tions may yet come to light. The mounds that came under our immediate observation in the course of field work in Platte County may be roughly divided into two types. Those of the first type contain rectangular to circular walled stone burial chambers covered with earth. Frequently, per- haps characteristically, they occur in groups of three to a dozen or more. A detailed discussion of their distribution and possible rela- tionships will be presented later, but it may be pointed out here that 497261438 106 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM their presence in the Kansas City area has been recorded in the liter- ature since 1877. The type has not been reported north of St. Joseph, approximately 80 miles upriver from Kansas City, but is common downstream, Mounds of the second type, which undoubtedly includes several as yet undefined variants, are composed largely or entirely of earth. None of these was entirely worked out by our party, but artifacts from two and short summaries of previously unpublished investigations in two others may afford some understanding of their nature as revealed to date. Stone-Chambered Mounds THE PEARL BRANCH GROUP Pearl Branch is a short, normally dry watercourse draining onto the Missouri bottoms 1.3 miles north of Waldron, 8.2 miles northwest of Parkville, and 2.7 miles south of Farley. The valley is scarcely a mile long, but at its lower end it has a depth of nearly 200 feet and a narrow rock-flocred creek bed. The winding ridges to the north and south are about a third of a mile apart, giving the valley a broadly V-shaped profile. Habitable flats large enough for village sites are absent, but a few small seeps of water might once have induced single families to settle here and there beside the creek chan- nel. The bordering slopes throughout the lower third of the valley are mostly too steep for modern cultivation and retain a considerable stand of timber. In spite of the presence of no less than six farm residences, small game still inhabits the wooded ridges and slopes. Our slumbers were disturbed on several occasions by coyotes, and the tracks of raccoon, opossum, and other fur-bearers were identified about the damp margins of the water holes. The archeological remains consist principally of burial mounds (fig. 12). Nine of these are strung along the top of the ridge (pl. 33, a) south of the valley. A property line divides the series into two groups. On the west, in part looking out over the valley of the Missouri, are five mounds belonging to O. Pearl; to the east, where the ridge narrows slightly, are four on the property of Ray Nolan. Across the valley, on land owned by Mrs. C. W. Babcock, are two other mounds, both on the summit of a ridge sloping sharply west to the Missouri bottoms and more gently south and east to Pear! Branch. What may formerly have been still another mound lay about 200 yards north of Babcock Mound A, some distance beyond the limits of the area included in our map. Human remains were found at this spot by our party, but the mound, if one ever existed, has been completely reduced by cultivation. Like nearly all other mounds in the Kansas City area and for some distance above and below on the Missouri, these had suffered exten- sively at the hands of vandals obsessed with nothing more than a lust ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 107 UF y ti i re 6 #°98')2 Se AH ‘OW O Stone enclosures @ Lah mounds Q lndelerminale mounds @ Sherd areas o 375 750 hithee Re Ed, Contour interval: 5044 t Pt ' Ss \s. Ge gueneeaseuessaens houses BeSSSE5 USFS TE kesesseansaAseaseRseEaeetes Gases Eee “yk _ la} worp Ficure 12.—Contour map showing location of Pearl Branch mounds, near Waldron Mo.: Nos. 1-5, Pearl A~E; 6-9, Nolan A-D; 10-11, Babcock A and B. A, B, C, sherd areas (see p. 129). Solid rectangles indicate modern buildings. 108 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM for relics. Not one had escaped partial despoliation; several had been more or less thoroughly plundered; and two or three had been so completely torn apart that even the original size, dimensions, and position of stones were no longer obtainable. For the most part this digging had been done surreptitiously and in defiance of the stated wishes of the property owners. Since the mounds were all of com- paratively limited size and depth, any one of them could have been entirely cleared and demolished in one day by two or three persons seeking only relics or skulls. This circumstance makes their protec- tion well-nigh impossible even by well-intentioned land owners. What information as to structural details was secured by the excavators, if indeed such considerations ever occurred to them, is not known; so far as I am aware, no photographs, sketches, or notes of any sort were kept. Accurate interpretation of archeological remains is almost al- ways difficult even under optimum conditions. When to this is added the mischief done through partial effacement of such evidence as has survived the passage of time, the obstacles to reconstruction of native customs and practices become formidable indeed. In the present instance, we reopened and examined every mound in the three groups, and such conclusions as have been advanced elsewhere rest on the evidence salvaged from all. In the ensuing description, the mounds have been arbitrarily di- vided into three groups according to the property on which they lie. Within each such group, the mounds have been further designated individually by letters—thus Pearl A, B, C, D, and E, Nolan A, B, C, and D, and Babcock A and B. Their exact position relative to one another and to topographic and other features may be understood by reference to the key map (fig. 12). Exact elevations above sea level of their bases are as follows: Pearl A, 965 feet; Pearl B, 932; Pear] C, 966; Pearl D, 964; Pearl E, 962; Nolan A, 967; Nolan B, 957: Nolan C, 956; Nolan D, 948; Babcock A, 974; Babcock B, 872. Pearl A.—Of the entire group of mounds at Pear! Branch, this (fig. 12, 7) alone seems to have escaped the ravages of the pothunter until shortly before our arrival. When first seen and reported to me by Shippee, it was about 25 feet across and not over 18 inches high. Bits of burnt red clay and some stones were scattered over the surface, but the evidences were generally very slight by comparison with the neigh- boring mounds. Unfortunately its existence came to the notice of relic collectors said to live in Leavenworth, Kans., and during the spring of 1938 it was very considerably damaged by these individuals in an effort to anticipate the investigations of the National Museum. When we arrived on the scene, many large and small pieces of burnt bricklike clay, limestone slabs, and occasional bits of calcined human bone littered the surface. Subsequent examination showed that an area not less than 10 feet across had been dug to a maximum depth ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 109 of about 4 feet and then refilled. This vandalism aside from its ma- licious motives is the more regrettable since the mound was in several respects unique among all those examined by us or heretofore reported for the region. To determine the limits of the mound proper and any special struc- tures it might contain, four trenches were started on opposite sides some distance from its apparent margins so as to intersect at or near the supposed center. Each of these cuts, about 12 inches deep, soon ran into unmoved flat-lying slabs, whereupon all earth was cleared away from the angles between the trenches. The area thus defined was approximately circular and about 15-16 feet across. Removal of 6 or 8 inches of gray soil further disclosed a layer of large slabs form- ing an uneven pavement 1 to 3 feet wide completely encircling the old diggings. I am inclined to suspect that this layer was once continu- ous over the entire area, since numerous large slabs piled into the central dug portion had obviously been thrown in very recently; pre- sumably they formerly covered the looted section. At the outer edge of the area the slabs rested directly on the yellowish subsoil, but those nearer the center were underlain by a varying thickness of gray mixed dirt. Moreover, the outermost stones were of the same natural gray- white color as the limestone ledges in the ravines 200 yards distant, the probable source of the slabs, whereas toward the center many had been turned reddish through exposure to fire. Contrary to our expectations, the looted heart of the mound re- vealed no evidence whatever of a laid-up stone wall, and it soon be- came apparent that very little of the elevation was due to building up of an artificial structure. Removal of the freshly filled-in soil disclosed, as already mentioned, many loosely piled stones, bits of charcoal, and occasional scraps of scorched human bone. Also pres- ent were great chunks of burnt clay, of the color and nearly the hard- ness of old brick. These varied in size up to a maximum of 18 by 11 by 8 inches. Some presented one or more flat surfaces bearing the imprint of closely laid reeds, rushes, or slender rods, which in some instances appeared to have been burnt off. Many of the stones were pink to red in color, and one or two had been subjected to heat of such intensity that they crumbled readily into a ight ashlike powder. The central feature of the mound seems to have been a rectangular pit 6.5 feet wide by about 7 feet long, with the long axis lying east to west. The floor lay about 5 feet below the probable top of the mound, and about 4 feet below the normal ground surface. Details are obscure owing to the random nature of the previous digging, but on such portions of the pit wall as had escaped destruction there were interesting clues. Over a horizontal distance of about 30 inches along the west wall vertical shallow flutings or corrugations were traceable; their upper and lower ends had been dug out. Similar markings 110 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM were noted on the north and south walls. On the north they were directly on the clean subsoil; on the west and south walls 6 to 10 inches of rubbish-mixed earth intervened between the impressions and the steep slopes of the pit. These marks are believed to indicate the former position of closely set upright poles 1-2 inches in diameter. No impressions were found on the east side; they may have been dug out beforehand, though I am dubious about their ever having existed here. This doubt is based on the observation that a sort of chute, somewhat narrower than the pit, led upward from the floor of the latter to the top of the subsoil at the outer east edge of the slab area. The pit appears to have lain at the center of a shallow basin scooped out of the subsoil and of just sufficient diameter to have been com- pletely covered by the slab layer. The rectangular pit was about 30 inches deeper than the floor of the basin where the latter dropped away to form the central pit. No burials were encountered anywhere in this mound, but the pres- ence of human-bone fragments is presumptive evidence that it was in some way connected with funerary rites. One or two tiny grit- tempered sherds were found, but these were in the refilled area and must be regarded with suspicion as possibly intrusive. In any event, they were too small and characterless to give any sort of clue to the ceramic complex to which they once belonged. The extensive damage that the mound had undergone makes it well-nigh impossible to reconstruct the former details of its principal features. It seems likely, however, that an enclosure or platform originally occupied the central pit, and that this may have been open at the east end. The relation of this structure to the masses of burnt clay and scorched boulders is entirely problematical, but intensely hot or prolonged fires are certainly indicated. Curiously enough, there were no traces whatever of ashes, and the charred wood fragments were so small and few in number that they could have come from a handful of incompletely burned twigs and small branches. Also perplexing is the virtual absence of skeletal remains other than a handful of bone fragments, though it is possible that these are all that were left after removal by pot-hunters of the larger pieces. My guess, made only as a suggestion, would be that the mound was used either as a crematory, whence the surviving bones were carried else- where for final interment, or else that one or two individuals worthy of especial treatment were here given the final rites of cremation and burial. If it is true that the slabs originally covered the entire area, a burial rather than a mere burning place seems the more rea- sonable explanation, and for this reason I favor the second alter- native. Pearl B.—About 150 yards northwest of Pearl A, on a lower point directly overlooking the mouth of Pearl Branch and the Missouri bot- ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 111 toms, was a superficially very promising mound (fig. 12, 2). Stones protruded through the sod here and there, but aside from some appar- ently minor pitting in the center there were no signs that it had ever been entirely dug over. Its remarkable symmetry and the positive assurances of the owner and others that it had never been seriously investigated prompted us to stake it out carefully for detailed obser- vations. Trenches run in from the periphery quickly disillusioned us. Still in situ were flat-lying slabs forming a crescent 2 to 4 feet wide and about 17 feet across the tips. A number of fire-reddened rocks were noted, as well as bits of baked clay, charcoal, and a few scorched human bones. The central portion of the area and the entire north half of what may once have been a rough slab paving had been hope- lessly destroyed. There was no evidence whatever of a central pit, of smaller graves, or of a laid up wall. The only artifacts found were a brown-glass arrowpoint, an oval flint knife, and one nonde- script chipped flint, lying in a group just below the grass roots— clearly planted as a hoax. Some time later it was learned that the mound had been opened at least three times previously within the past 15 years! We were able to learn nothing, however, as to the materials or information thus acquired. Pearl C.—This mound (fig. 12, 3) measured about 30 feet in diameter by 21% or 3 feet high. A luxuriant growth of weeds covered its entire surface, partially obscuring an old pit dug into its highest part. A few minutes’ work showed that the digging had been confined to the center of a stone-walled enclosure whose walls remained virtually intact. The slopes and edges of the elevation were apparently un- damaged. In consequence, the entire mound was staked out in 5-foot squares and then completely excavated. The weeds and earth covering and immediately surrounding the mound were cleared away over a circular area about 30 feet across. Within this area were the remains of a squarish stone-walled chamber against which large slabs had been piled on all sides. The chamber and its surrounding walls covered an irregularly circular spot about 20 feet across. The absolute limits of the structure were obtained by removing all topsoil for at least 3 feet away from the edge of the slabs and to a depth of 12 inches below the surface on which they rested. The outer edge of the slabs followed a rather ragged course, as though some of the stones had long ago slipped or been thrown out of their original positions. These were accordingly removed, with the results shown in plate 34, a, 6. Originally the outer limit of the burial struc- _ture was evidently the edge of the large steeply leaning slabs most clearly shown at the bottom and right of the illustrations. 112 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM \ i) ' 4 ' ’ UJ Uy PROFILE PEARL MOUND C Ficure 13.—Plan and profiles of Pearl mound C, near Waldron, Mo.: a, Burial chamber. b, passageway; ¢, inner wall surface, of horizontal slabs; d, outer leaning slabs; ¢, earth fill; f, mantle of small stones; g, floor of excavations; h, small burial cist; X, quartzite ball; Y, antler rubbing tool; 1-7, human crania. ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 113 The central chamber was subrectangular in form, oriented with the Jong axis northwest to southeast. The northwest wall was 76 inches long, the southwest wall 92 inches, the northeast wall 86 inches, and the southeast wall 87 inches. At the rear of the chamber the wall was 3 feet high; elsewhere it varied from 24 to 30 inches. The walls were built up, without mortar, of unshaped limestone slabs and blocks, four or five courses being all that were necessary. Scattering rocks were fire-reddened, but in all cases the adjoining stones showed no such dis- coloration. Broken joints at the corners were not noted. The north- east wall had sagged inward a few inches at the top; the others leaned outward slightly. All rested on a flat loess floor, and presented a reasonably even interior face. Backing the walls were other stones, some flat lying, others leaning, all placed evidently with less care and exactness than those used in the walls. Interrupting the southeast wall was a short passageway 26 inches wide; its inner end was 37 inches from the south corner of the en- closure but only 24 inches from the east corner. Short laid-up walls flanked the passage where it cut through the outer buttressing stones; that on the west side leaned in slightly at the top. The passage was about 5 feet long, which figure also holds for the thickness of the wall and backing stones on the southeast side of the structure. The earlier digging, as already noted, had been pretty well confined to the center of the enclosure; it had also been done with less than the customary thoroughness. The floor of the chamber had been reached, but a strip 1 to 2 feet wide lying just within the base of the walls and all around the énclosure had not been disturbed. Here, lying on and a few inches above the loess floor, were the skulls and at least some of the other bones of seven burials. The earth above them contained scattered stones, but it is not certain whether these formerly lay across the top of the enclosure or are due to other factors. Bits of charcoal and burnt clay were also scattered through the earth fill. For the most part the skeletal remains lay near or against the rear and northeast walls (pl. 34, c, d), and were evidently the results of secondary burial. Skull 1, broken, lay in the east corner; No. 2 was a few inches from the northeast wall, and Nos. 3-7 lay in a scattered group at the rear. There is a bare possibility that No. 2, along with paired tibiae, fibulae, and femora extending to the corner of the passage, represented a primary supine interment, most of whose torso and arms had been somehow displaced or removed. Otherwise, the long bones found had been piled promiscuously over and among the various skulls in such disorder that related skeletal parts could not be segregated. Skulls 6 and 7, both broken and incomplete, were burned to a shiny black color, and a few of the other bones also showed evidence of exposure to fire, but the majority were unburned. The 114 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM calcined bones lay in direct contact with others not burned, so that the scorching probably took place elsewhere than in the final burial chamber. Artifacts were few in number and, while undoubtedly inclusive, are of no value in ascertaining the cultural affiliations of the remains (pl. 35, c-e). Near skull 2 was a round quartzite pebble partly pecked into a ball 54 mm. in diameter. ‘Two smaller and less regular speci- mens, with diameters of 49 and 37 mm., lay among the bones near the north corner. A nicely finished fire-darkened antler rubbing tool, 107 mm. long by 26 mm. in greatest diameter, lay on the floor 4 inches from the northeast and 20 inches from the northwest wall. The proximal end is rounded and polished; the distal end, slightly broken, has been neatly cut off and rubbed. There was no pottery. Beneath a large slab at the outer end of the wing wall, which formed the east side of the passageway, was a tiny cist about 8 inches square (fig. 13, 2). Its sides consisted of three small flat stones set on edge, the fourth side being one of the slabs of the bottom course in the entrance wall. The cist contained a few bones from a very small child. It is uncertain whether this feature represents a part of the original burial mound or whether it was added later, perhaps by a group unrelated to the individuals and archeological horizon represented in the central chamber. The general procedure followed in constructing this tomb seems fairly clear. First, all topsoil had been removed so as to provide a smooth, level, burial surface. Long flat slabs, evidently selected for their regularity of shape, were then laid directly on this surface so that the inside edges formed a square. Additional courses of stone, to the number of three or four, were placed on this foundation, their inner edges being laid plumb with those below. Less regularly shaped boulders were laid and piled, or leaned, against the outside of the wall until a thick strong enclosure resulted. Wing walls, similarly built, flanked a narrow passage opening slightly east of south. Whether the structure was ever roofed with poles or slabs is unknown. Neither is it clear whether the passage was actually functional or only ritualistic in purpose. The presence of stones in the dirt within the enclosure suggests that slabs may once have extended over the entire chamber, but there is nothing to show whether they lay on a dirt fill or were elements in a roof which sagged and finally collapsed to be subsequently buried by wind-blown dust. Pearl D, F.—Two small mounds, both badly torn up in the year prior to our digging, require only brief mention. D (fig. 12, 4) evi- dently contained a rectangular chamber 9.7 by 6.8 feet, the long axis running 80-35° north of east-west. The southeast corner was ob- ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 115 secured by fallen stone, but the others were all nicely squared. Orig- inal height of the walls is conjectural, but in the northwest corner the stones still stood three courses (22 inches) high. The entrance was to the south and had been almost wholly wrecked; its west side was only 30 inches from the west wall of the vault, and so decidedly off center. Its width seems to have been about 30 inches; the length must have been very inconsiderable because of the steep declivity on which the doorway opened. The mound limits, as indicated by stones still in situ lay about 5 or 6 feet beyond the inner wall of the chamber, thus covering a total area of some 18-20 feet across. None of the stones observed showed any traces of exposure to fire, nor did the much disturbed fill contain any charcoal or burnt clay. A few scraps of bone, unburnt, were noted. The floor, at any rate that portion examined, consisted of the loessial subsoil, smoothed but otherwise without signs of special preparation for burial purposes. There were no artifacts, nor do I know the nature of the material removed prior to our work. Pearl E' (fig. 12, 5) was smaller and had been utterly demolished. No two stones certainly retained their original position. I do not know whether this was a small vault or a slab-covered pit; the condi- tion of the mound permitted no inferences one way or the other. There were no traces of fire, of artifacts and burnt clay, or of bones. About 800 yards south of the Pearl mounds, on a point overlooking the next little valley below Pearl Branch (fig. 12, B), a few hole (shell) tempered and incised sherds and loop handles have been picked up from time to time. Possibly a mound once stood here, but today no satisfactory evidence of the fact remains. Nolan A.—This mound, one of the smaller ones of the Pearl Branch group, lay just east of the Pearl-Nolan line fence on the high- est point of the ridge (fig. 12, 6). It was marked by a subcircular stone-covered elevation 18 to 20 feet across by about 2 feet high. A few feet west of the center was an elm tree with a trunk diameter of 15 inches To the northwest was an irregular refilled area measur- ing about 6 by 3 feet, which had been opened during the preceding summer (1937) by Albert Hansen. The general appearance of the mound when cleared of trees, grass, and earth, and with the sur- rounding topsoil removed to a distance of 3 feet beyond the limit of the stones, may be judged from plate 35, a. It will be noted that no stones were visible over the central area or over the short entrance passage extending toward the lower right-hand corner of the photograph. Within the chamber the gray topsoil was only about 4 inches deep, as contrasted to a thickness of 10 inches or more at other unbroken places on the ridge. For the most part, light yellowish gray loessial soil directly underlay the topsoil. In the southeast corner bits of 116 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM burnt clay, charcoal, and calcined bone were scattered through the fill from a point beginning a few inches below the topsoil. Except as noted above, there was no evidence that the fill had been disturbed prior to our work. The chamber, when cleared (pl. 35, 6), proved to be approximately square (fig. 14), with an average depth of 30 inches. The west wall was 8 feet 4 inches long, the north wall 7 feet 9 inches, the south wall 7 feet 5 inches, and the east wall 7 feet 5 inches. The walls averaged about four courses in height, and a few stones scattered through the ee CS = aoe (ae i es S Be 3 Se Ours ®@ An Lopes y: ie ? r ae ne Figure 14.—Plan of Nolan mound A, showing position of extended burial inside chamber. upper two layers were fire-reddened. Whereas the east and west walls were plumb or nearly so, those on the north and south leaned outward at the top by 4 to 6 inches. No attempt seems to have been made by the original builders to square the inner courses, and in the northwest, northeast, and southeast angles there appears to have been a deliberate effort to “tie” the adjoining walls by diagonal stones across the corners. In the northwest and southeast corners the diag- onal block was in the third of four courses; in the northeast it was the fourth of five layers. The southwest corner had been so distorted ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 117 by the trunk and roots of the elm tree already mentioned that strue- tural details were obscured. It is uncertain in what order the walls were laid up, but, excepting the diagonal ties, it was noted that the east and west walls abutted the north, while that on the south was apparently built up against the west, and the south and east walls merely came together. The largest stones, measuring up to 36 by 12 by 6 inches, were those at the base of the east wall and in the wings flanking the passage. Two large slabs, one on each side of the doorway, formed the lower- most course of the east wall. The passage, 33 inches wide by about 45 inches long, was not centered, since its inner end divided the east chamber wall into a 24- and a 32-inch section. An apron of rocks and slabs, evidently piled up by the original builders, closed the outer end. There is reason to believe that a shallow pit was dug on the spot before the tomb was laid up. Our profiles show that the floor of the chamber lay at least 12 inches below the normal top of subsoil, if the latter be projected through the mound. The presumed pit must have been large enough to allow for at least the wall, since this went down to the bottom of the burial area. Since permission to check this point by breaking down the buttressing rocks outside the coursed walls was refused, we were unable to corroborate it by direct observations. A single poorly preserved skeleton, too fragmentary to be col- lected for measurements, was found on the floor of the enclosure. Evidently buried in the flesh, this lay extended at full length and prone, with the feet a few inches from the doorway and the head to- ward the west. A badly broken skull, the long bones, and traces of vertebrae were all that remained. Over the distal end of the left femur lay a burnt stone. From this bits of charcoal were scattered northward to the right femur, which was fire-blackened. From this it would appear likely that a small fire had been built over the pelvic region of the corpse before it was covered with earth. Hansen states that a second skeleton, also extended at full length, was found in that portion of the chamber dug by him, but he was unable to supply further details as to its exact position. No artifacts were found by us, nor does Hansen report any from his digging. Aside from the features already noted, we may mention fragments of a charred pole 12 inches long by 3 inches in diameter, which lay on the floor near the southwest corner of the enclosure. Nolan B.—East and slightly north of the preceding, on a lower eminence about 150 yards distant, was a larger mound (fig. 12, 7), which had been more extensively looted. Our measurements do not reliably indicate its former size, owing to the fact that field stones from the surrounding tillable ground had for years been piled here 118 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM out of the way. An area about 25 feet across and 2 feet high was covered with stones, loose and in situ, brush, weeds, and young bass- wood trees, An ivredulatly oblong area at ‘he highest part showed fewer stones but no definite wall outlines. Excavation disclosed a subrectangular chamber measuring approx!- mately 78 by 87 inches, with the greater dimension along the north- south axis. The entire northwest corner and adjacent walls had been torn out by vandals who apparently cut a trench from the edge of the mound well into the chamber and to a distance of several inches below floor level. Where not wrecked in consequence of this recent work, the walls had been carefully laid up in four or five courses to a height of about 24 inches. Burnt rocks were noted in the upper walls and along the crest, but always as isolated examples surrounded by others untouched by fires. Details relating to wall construction were gathered by carefully cleaning out the earlier trench. It was found that the carefully laid inner wall of the enclosure was backed by a second but lower series of slabs lying horizontally, or nearly so. Against these were piled heavy blocks and leaning slabs, until the base of the wall had reached a thickness of about 5 feet. The outermost slabs slanted at an angle often exceeding 50° from the horizontal and in instances were nearly vertical. The ground area covered at this stage did not exceed 16 or 17 feet in diameter. About the base of this thick rock wall, earth had been piled to a depth of 12 to 18 inches, and this in turn was covered with a mantle of much smaller stones sloping evenly down- ward on all sides of the structure to cover an area, at present, about 25 feet across. _ The passage, opening in a direction south by east was about 30 inches wide at the inner end, 24 inches wide at the outer, and 4 feet 6 inches long. As with other mounds in the Pearl Branch group, the passage could be traced easily through the main wall, although the superficial layer of small rocks ee Mes about 3 feet beyond its outer end. Contents of this tomb were rine disappointing. Parallel to, and about 9 inches from, the east wall were the legs and an fone ee innominate bone of a badly burned skeleton interred in a supine ex- tended position. Bones of the left foot were 15 inches from the south wall, with the proximal end of the femur 36 inches from the north wall near which the skull must once have lain. The right femur had been destroyed by the pothunter’s trench. All these bones lay 12 inches above the floor and may not have formed part of the original remains buried within the chamber. Burnt stones and clay were found at this level and in the overlying fill but were absent from the fill below. At a lower level, on the vault floor in the southwest corner, ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 119 were scattered unburnt fragments of skull, long bones, and innomi- nate bones, all bearing the marks of rodent teeth. There were no artifacts whatever. Nolan C.—In certain respects this mound (fig. 12, 8) proved one of the most interesting of the entire Pearl Branch group. It was about a hundred yards in an easterly direction from B and, like the latter, had never been plowed. Loose stones on the surface had clearly been piled in recent years, so that it is difficult to estimate the former dimensions of the mound. The area covered when we first saw it was about 25 feet across, and at its center the stones reached a height of nearly three feet above the periphery. Except for two small recently dug spots near the summit, it bore a tangle of brush including young elm, hackberry, and boxelder, with a very tenacious under- growth of sumac and poison-ivy. The latter, growing thickly among the rocks, had to be grubbed out by hand, to the no small discomfort of most of our workers. Our interest in the mound had been whetted by the earlier excava- tions of Mr. Hansen, who presented us with fragments of two pots found, apparently, near the surface. On clearing out the dug por- tions, we found that most of the upper 12 inches of fill in a rectangular enclosure had been turned over. Hansen’s explorations had pene- trated to a depth at the center of about 4 feet, i. e., nearly a foot below the vault floor. In the southeast and northwest corners, the deeper portions of the fill had not been disturbed. The walls of the chamber, except on the south, were found to be straight and well laid (fig. 15). The rear (north) side was 6 feet 2 inches long, the west 6 feet 9 inches, and the east 7 feet 3 inches. The south side, which opened into a walled passage, was bowed out- ward, and measured 7 feet 2 inches in length. Four or five courses of stone had been used, and the wall averaged between 26 and 30 inches in height. The passageway, 6 feet long, had a uniform width of 25 inches. Within the enclosure large boulders and burnt clay were scattered through Hansen’s diggings, but he was unable to state clearly just how these had occurred originally. Our own observations, based on work in the northwest corner, which had been partly protected by a tree stump, revealed an undisturbed layer of burnt stones 21 inches below the surface. Beneath these was a mass of charred sticks and twigs, which, at a depth of 26 inches, was traced eastward from the stump and probably marked the original floor or burial surface. A charred slab, 6 inches wide by 15 inches or more in length, suggested a split log or rough board. In and just under the charcoal layer were bits of calcined human bones, which so far as quantity is concerned 120 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM @: A 9 i, e RL) A) oisturbed; SOUPS E sherds a PROF/LE A-8 __ fewer cope of CORSS burct slabs ies PRORUCES GO NOLAN MOUND ©¢ Ficure 15.—Plan and profiles of Nolan mound C: a, Burial chamber; b, passageway; c¢, inner wall of horizontal slabs; d, outer leaning slabs; ¢, earth fill; f, mantle of small stones; g, floor of excavations; X, miniature pottery vessel, inclusive (U.S.N.M. No. 381387); Y, pottery vessel, probably intrusive (U.S.N.M. No. 381392). Quartered circle indicates intrusive sherds. BULLETIN 183 PLATE 35 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 7), punow ]1 89d “IOPUTTAD Jojiue pue S[[eq auoys a *p “9 fyisou woz ‘pauado oures ayi ‘g fyinos wo1j ‘pausdoun 1nq poaivals “\y punou urjON ‘v dNOYD HONVYER TWHV3sd WOYS SLOVAILYY GNV SGNNOW BULLETIN 183 PLATE 36 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “QAISNA}UL Ajqeqoid ‘{-q foaisnouy ‘Dv ‘>) GNNOW NWION WOd'Ss STESS3SA Gay¥O1S3Y ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 121 could have come from a single individual. There was nothing which could be measured or would otherwise afford the slightest clue to the physical type of the individual represented. Near the middle of the north side, 6 inches from the wall and about an equal distance above the floor (fig. 15, X), was a miniature pot (pl. 36, a). This will be described presently, but we may point out here that it lay below the undisturbed rock layer and just above the charred sticks and bones. From this we may conclude that it was deposited within the tomb at the same time as the skeletal remains, presumably as a funerary offering. Another pot, badly broken but clearly of very different character, was found near the southeast corner of the enclosure (fig. 15, Y). Bottom side up, it lay about 6 inches below Hansen’s diggings and nearly 2 feet above the fioor. The fill here, lacking a boulder or charred wood and bone stratum, did not permit a positive determi- nation of the relations between pot and burial remains. It is certain, however, that the enclosure had been filled, in this corner at least, to a depth of almost 2 feet before the pot was placed. I doubt that it was directly associated, temporally or culturally, with the min- iature pot mentioned above or the burials for which the mound was originally built, and from certain evidence to be presented next I am strongly inclined to suspect that it was an intrusive item of more recent origin. As already indicated, the walls were generally well laid and solid. On the west side, however, beginning about 12 inches from the north- west corner and continuing to a point about 27 inches from the south- west corner, was a section where the evenly coursed slabs gave way to a mass of smaller rocks. Their inner face was continuous with the larger slabs on each side but did not present so regular and orderly a placement. This disturbance of the wall reached a depth of about 24 inches, below which were one or two courses of large slabs similar to those at each end of the wall and elsewhere about the chamber. That a portion of the wall here had been removed and later re- built with much less skill than that exhibited by the original builders seemed evident. Hansen’s excavations touched the wall along most of the disturbed section, but he insisted that no stones had been dis- lodged from the wall line itself. It was specifically noted that where- as interstitial areas between boulders in his backfill were often still open and sometimes contained bits of paper, match sticks, and dry straw, spaces between the stones in the wall were uniformly full of firm moist earth traversed by unbroken tree and grass roots. These circumstances rule out the possibility that Hansen might inadvert- _ ently have cut into the chamber wall, and the well-developed root growths would argue against any molestation within recent decades. 497261439 122 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Careful dissection of the wall produced further evidence that the disturbance was old and not attributable to present-day relic collect- ors. Forty inches from the southwest corner of the chamber and 15 inches below the mound surface, at a point 12 inches back from the wall face, we found a number of shell-tempered potsherds and several fragments of human bone. Some of the sherds were cord-roughened and have since been reassembled into a small pot (pl. 36, f). Others, bearing simple linear incisions, permitted restoration of a deep bowl (pl. 86, ¢). Most of the remainder were found to belong to two other shattered jars (pl. 36, c,d) unearthed by Hansen within the vault near the ground surface and by him presented to the national collections. More fragments of these last vessels, apparently overlooked in the earlier digging, lay on a flat boulder against the west wall, 8 or 10 inches underground. Unfortunately, it is not possible to say just where Hansen’s finds were made with reference to the disturbed sec- tion, but, as the above distribution and association of sherds will show, there can be no doubt that they were also connected with what- ever circumstance led to partial demolition of the original chamber wall. When the chamber had been completely emptied, and before back- filling was undertaken, cuts were made through the west, north, and east walls in order to determine the method of construction. From these it was evident that in general the procedure paralleled that manifested in Pearl C, but that certain variations also had taken place. At the risk of some repetition, we may recapitulate the story of events as follows: First, a flat space about 18 feet in diameter was cleared to a depth of several inches (probably not more than one foot) below the topsoil. In the middle of this floor, which was not otherwise elaborated or specially prepared, a series of flat slabs was laid down to enclose a rectangular area. Additional slabs were placed atop this foundation series to a height of three or four courses. Other stones rising to a lesser height were laid about the outside to a thick- ness of about 3-314 feet, and these were held in place by large irreg- ularly shaped slabs leaning inward at a steep angle. At this point the wall was 4 or 5 feet thick, and the entire structure was about 16 to 18 feet across. A walled passage, carefully squared with the cham- ber, opened from the southerly side, in a direction about 30° east of south. Perhaps it was at this stage of construction that the charred bones, probably due to cremation, and the miniature pot were placed in the tomb. On the west and north sides, stones in the upper 12 inches of the mound were nearly all burned to a bright red color. I am inclined to attribute this to a very hot fire built over the tomb, but only after earth had been piled to a height of about 18 inches against the outer wall. This conclusion is based on the very sharp ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI £23 line separating the reddened upper stones from the unaltered ones below, a color line that in one or two instances cut across some of the larger individual upright slabs. I am unable to decide whether this was the full size of the tomb as originally planned and constructed, though it would seem a plausible view. Likewise, it is impossible to say whether the chamber was roofed over with poles and brush or, alternatively, filled up with dirt. The stones we noted therein are in all probability some that were displaced when the west wall was torn out. The smaller stones that mantled the earth about the structure, as also in the case of Pearl C, may once have covered the central cham- ber, but this point cannot now be conclusively established. On the other hand, it is possible they were added much later, perhaps by the persons who pulled up part of the west wall, deposited some pot- tery and a few bones or else a skeleton that has since disappeared almost completely, and then clumsily replaced the stones. Because of the previous digging it was wholly impossible for us to trace the limits of this intrusive grave, which, inferentially, extended a short distance into the vault. Despite the fact that certain details must remain forever obscure or wholly unknown, I feel certain that the five shell-tempered pots found in and near the disturbed west wall and in the upper fill in the southeast corner are intrusive and can be attributed to a group distinct culturally and temporally from those who erected the stone enclosure and placed therein the cremated human bones and the miniature pot found near the base of the north wall. Plate 33, b, c, shows clearly the general appearance of the partially excavated mound, and a comparison of ¢ with figure 15 will indicate the interrelationships of the chamber, wall, surrounding earth fill, and rock mantle. Artifacts from the mound included one complete and five broken pottery vessels. The complete specimen, which lay on its side near the base of the north wall, is amphora-shaped and measures 53 mm. in height (pl. 36, a). Body and rim alike have a maximum diameter of 49 mm., and the neck is 483 mm. across. The walls, buff-gray in color, are of variable thickness and the surface is uneven. The only attempt at ornamentation is a row of small elliptical punch marks just below the lip. Two of these marks, on opposite sides of the vessel, have been punched through the wall perhaps for attachment of a thong or cord handle. There is no visible tempering. The pot looks like the product of a child or an inexperienced potter, or it may have been a miniature placed in the grave in lieu of one of the larger utilitarian vessels contemporaneously in use among the natives. The jar from the southeast corner of the chamber is of wholly dissimilar type. Squat in vertical section, with a height of 9.2 cm. 124 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM and a maximum diameter of 15 cm., it has a hemispherical underbody, rounded shoulder, flattish upperbody, constricted neck, low very slightly recurved rim, and a plain rounded lip (pl. 36, 6). Two flattened loop handles on opposite sides extend from the lip to a point about midway between the neck and shoulder. The surface, dark gray with lighter brownish blotches, is pitted, but from the shoulder up gives evidence of once having been polished. Fresh breaks exhibit a flaky appearance, with thin flat cavities left by dissolving of a freely used crushed shell aplastic. The upperbody carries four pairs of shallow curving trailed lines, placed opposite one another and equally spaced about the vessel. In each unit the lines begin at the shoulder, curve upward nearly to the neck, and end again at the shoulder. So lightly were they applied that the photograph does not bring them out. Among the four vessels restored from sherds found in and near the disturbed west wall, the cord-roughened little specimen in plate 36, f is, in some respects, aberrant. In shape it resembles a coconut from which one end has been cut. The restoration, which is probably accurate, gives it a height of 9.6 cm. with exterior diameters of 11.2 and 9.2 cm. at equator and rim, respectively. The walls vary in thickness from 4 to 12 mm., as if built up by shaping between the fingers, and the sharpish lip has an irregular undulating surface. Vertical impressions of coarse cords cover the exterior and apparently extended onto the base, but over these impressions there is a polish suggestive of much handling and usage. The paste differs from that in the associated vessels in giving a coarse granular fracture surface. Thin white opaque inclusions, soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, have been tentatively identified as crushed shell. The exterior surface is pitted in a fashion similar to that of the usual shell-tempered pots, though to a much lesser extent. The bowl shown in plate 36, e was also rebuilt almost wholly from fragments out of the grave wall. Round-bottomed, with sides con- verging gradually toward the rim, it has a height of 12.5 cm. and a diameter of 14.5-15 cm. The prevailing color is brownish buff, but there is some evidence that this is due to the peeling of a darker slate-gray sup which may have been polished. The paste is gray with a flaky fracture and is thickly mixed with fine shell fragments. Walls average 4 mm. or less in thickness. Two round holes, each 6 mm. in diameter, pierce the wall about 12 mm. below the lip on opposite sides of the bowl. There is a rudely incised zigzag line on one side about midway between base and lip; traces of a rectilinear pattern of equal crudity occur on two rimsherds not fitted into, but clearly part of, the vessel. ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 125 The two vessels restored from sherds collected partly by Hansen and partly by us are shown in plate 36, c,d. The larger of the two, d, is 13.4 em. high and about 14.5 cm. in greatest diameter. Flat bottomed, it has bulging sides, which are drawn in somewhat at the top and give a barrel-like effect. The walls are thin, probably every- where under 4 mm. Just below the lip is a slender vertical loop handle; that on the right in the illustration is restored. Surfaces are undecorated except for traces of two faint horizontal lines just below the lip. The paste, where exposed by a peeling slip of dark gray, is reddish brown in color. In places the slip shows a network of very fine irregular cracks, and there is evidence that it was once polished. Broad shallow striations, presumably a result of the use of a smooth- ing tool, run in an oblique fashion across the interior surface. The other specimen is globular in shape, with constricted neck, flaring rim, and rounded lip (pl. 36, ¢). It has a diameter of 14.8 em. and a height of 11.2 em. Color varies from light buff to dark gray, and the surfaces have been indifferently rubbed down; both interior and exterior show striations from the smoothing process, in addition to pitting left by leaching of shell particles. The vessel is heavier than the two preceding ones, and the walls as a whole prob- ably slightly exceed 5 mm. in thickness. There is no ornamentation whatever, unless two low rounded eminences applied to the lip be so considered. They are spaced in such manner as to suggest that a third unit was intended, but if so it seems never to have been added. Nolan D.—This structure, farthest east of the group (fig. 12, 9), loomed prominently as a rock pile devoid of brush or earth covering. It was about 18 feet in diameter and, owing to erosion of the sur- rounding tilled ground, rose to a height of nearly 314 feet. Removal of a superficial layer of small stones revealed a nearly square cham- ber about 614 feet across. The walls facing into the chamber were as carefully laid up as those in any of the other mounds. They con- sisted of four or five courses, which reached an average height of about 20 inches. The stones were of a size comparable to those in other mounds; the largest was 40 by 6 by 18 inches. Here and there one showed fire-reddening, but these were always set among unburnt specimens. None of the enclosures in the Pearl Branch group was laid out exactly on the cardinal points of the compass, and most of them opened in a south-southeasterly direction. The present structure was farther off than most, however, in that the corners pointed very nearly to the cardinal directions. Unlike the others, too, the passage- way, narrowing from a width of 28 inches at the inner to 23 inches at the outer end and 4 feet long, opened toward the southwest. One side of the passage and the adjoining wall near the west corner had been partly torn out by earlier excavators. The outer walls, like 126 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM those in Pearl C and Nolan B and C, consisted of large leaning slabs that had been mostly obscured by the covering of small rocks. Diam- eter of the original mound, as measured between the base of the large slabs on opposite sides, was about 16 feet. Though there was no evidence, when excavations began, that the tomb had been previously molested, the lack of clearly marked soil zones, together with an all but complete absence of human bones, soon gave rise to a suspicion that we were not the first to enter it. A poorly preserved mandible was found 5 inches above the floor at a point 12 inches from the northwest and 6 inches from the north- east wall. Close to the southeast side, on the floor, was a broken femur. A careful examination of the floor, following discovery of the partly demolished wall near the west corner, soon disclosed the fact that the entire chamber had been cleared previously. In the north half, the old diggings went down at least 27 inches below the original floor of the enclosure on which rested the lower course of stones; else- where the burial surface had been reached and evidently searched thoroughly for “relics.” The present owner insisted that the mound had never been opened, and from its general appearance and the relatively compact settled nature of the fill I should judge that the looting probably took place many years ago. There was, of course, no means of learning the identity of the parties responsible, or the nature of their findings. Babcock A—Immediately north of the Pearl Branch road the bluffs fronting on the Missouri bottoms rise steeply to culminate in a narrow hogback from which the ground falls away more gradually east and south to the creek. Within the limits of figure 12 this hogback no- where assumes a width of more than 10 yards, and much of it is even narrower. A heavy growth of timber covers the west slope, but on the Pearl Branch side sumac and similar low growths are more typical. Along the ridge we tested several small elevations, which suggested artificial mounds, but all gave only negative results. The two mounds located on the map had both been opened within the two or three years preceding our investigations, Mound A lay at the upper end of the ridge (fig. 12, 70), just south of the point where it widens sufficiently to offer a flat easily tilled patch of ground. This is about 800 yards north of the Pearl and Nolan tumuli. It was impossible to ascertain the mound limits, or to estimate its height, though I doubt that the diameter ever much exceeded 15 or 20 feet and the height 2 feet. A three-foot trench, only recently refilled, had been cut through it in a north-south direc- tion. This we reopened for a study of the profile, after which the entire central burial area was completely excavated. The internal structure of the mound was wholly unlike those pre- viously explored. An elliptical basin measuring 13 feet in a north- ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSIOURI 127 south direction by 9 feet wide, had been scooped out to a depth of about 6 inches into subsoil. The floor, which was nearly flat, lay less than 2 feet beneath the present mound summit. Small stones, gravel, lumps of burnt clay, and charcoal fragments were scattered promis- cuously through the fill, and with them were mixed fragmentary human bones. In no case were the bones or other materials stratified or otherwise segregated, nor were any of the skeletal remains articulated. The bones lay for the most part in the lower 12 inches. There was no evidence of any attempt at an enclosing wall or a definite pro- tective cover of stones. Secondary burial of disarticulated bones from bodies previously exposed would seem to be indicated, and it is very probable that more than one individual was represented. A few of the bones showed pathological conditions similar to those found in Pear] C. During reopening of the old trench we found a number of frag- ments of thin, well-smoothed pottery tempered with finely crushed shell. Other sherds, probably from the same or a similar vessel, were in the undisturbed pit fill. They are insufficient to permit restor- ation but are suggestive in nearly all respects of the smooth, deep, thin-walled bowls found, intrusively, in Nolan C (cf. pl. 36, }, d, e). From their scattered occurrence I should suspect that they were either thrown into the burial pit as fragments or else that a whole vessel or vessels had been pretty completely shattered before the grave was filled up. Fortune favored us in that the previous excavators, starting with a trench 5 feet wide at the top, had narrowed their cut to 214 feet at the bottom. Two feet from the east wall of the burial pit, 10 inches below the mound surface but less than 6 inches beneath the earlier trench, we uncovered the nearly complete cord-roughened jar shown in plate 37, a. It is gray in color and lacks the pitting so characteristic of the cell (shell) tempered wares. Inclusions are not readily seen with a hand lens, but they seem to consist of moderately fine (1-2 mm.) rounded translucent particles of siliceous matter sparingly used. Roughening was apparently done with a cord- wrapped paddle; on the upper part of the body the impressions are vertical, but farther down the sides and on the base they frequently crisscross. The body is globular, with a diameter of 15 cm.; the neck, constricted, is 10.9 cm. wide; and the rim flares outward to terminate in a plain rounded lip. Walls average 4-6 mm. in thick- ness, with the base heaviest. The interior surface is uneven and “dimpled” as if smoothed by pressure from the fingers; except on the rim there are no striae suggesting use of a smoothing stone. Aside from the pottery, the only artifact recovered was a small, flat, calcined shell disk bead about 8 mm. in diameter. 128 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Babcock B.—This mound was situated near the southern tip of the hogback, 500 yards southwest of Babcock A, on a small shelf directly across the mouth of the valley from Pearl B. It was completely ex- cavated by two young men from Kansas City in July 1937, though I was unaware oi this work until so advised by Shippee the following fall (letters of November 3 and 14, 1987). When I examined the mound in 1938, it proved to be a crude walled enclosure basically of the same type as those on the Pearl and Nolan properties. The chamber was elliptical in plan, 9 feet 6 inches wide by 10 feet long, with the long axis north and south. The wall, generally with two but on the north side with four courses of slabs, averaged between 15 and 20 inches in height. At the south end a gap 4 feet wide opened into a sort of shbemcllbir vestibule 5 feet wide by 4 feet long. This showed no clear evidence of ever having been walled, and the excavators aver that no carefully built passage, like those at Nolan’s and Pearl’s, existed. The excavations everywhere had been put down to a depth of nearly a foot below the base of the wall, but I am not certain whether this is due to the fact that a burial basin actually existed. Nothing in the dirt thrown out, or in the excavator’s re- marks, indicates that a prepared burial surface of sand, gravel, rocks, or puddled clay existed, though it seems likely that the floor had been at least smoothed down. None of the stones showed a discolor- ation due to fire, nor did we note any burnt clay or charcoal in the fill thrown out. As to the contents of the chamber, our remarks rest wholly on informal information supplied by Mr. Hansen. Human bones, unburnt, were piled in disorderly fashion against the walls on all sides. How many individuals may have been present is uncertain. A shipment of bones from the mound, forwarded by Mr. Shippee, has been made available for study at the National Museum; Dr. Stewart’s observations thereon have been presented in the appendix to the present report. Cultural material included a pile of unworked fresh-water mussel shells, which lay near the southwest corner; apparently none of these were preserved. There were also two or three small cord-roughened ‘sherds and a heavy stemmed arrowpoint. Of more interest are two pottery vessels reconstructed almost wholly from sherds found among the bones. There is doubt as to the position of the sherds other than that they lay near the back wall of the chamber—probably one group near the northwest, the other toward the northeast, corner. The smaller of these pots (pl. 37, 6) is 12 em. high with a maximum body diameter of 11.5 cm. In shape, it has a round body, constricted neck, and a flaring rim. In profile, the rim is channeled interiorly, and culminates in a flat horizontal undecorated lip. Color varies ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 129 from light buff at the bottom to dark gray; the paste is dark gray with small angular white inclusions of siliceous matter sparingly present. The rim exterior is crisscrossed with fine incisions, below which is a zone of small punch marks each deepest at the left end as though applied obliquely from the right. The neck, imperfectly polished, is 25-35 mm. wide, bordered at the lower edge by an incised line. Body decoration consists of three bands of fine smooth edentate rocker impressions encircling the vessel. The base is plain and smooth. f The second vessel (pl. 37, c) stands 13.3 cm. high, with a maximum body diameter of 13.8 cm. The body is rounded vertically but in horizontal cross section presents a squarish outline with rounded corners (Wedel, 1938, pl. 8, B). Color, paste, and inclusions resemble those in the smaller pot. The lip is flat with an inward bevel, and the channeled rim has incised cross-hatching with a bordering lower row of shallow flat punch marks. The neck is plain and imperfectly polished, and on the squared sides the undecorated zone extends down to the base. Each of the rounded corners or lobes is marked off by a shallow incised line within which the bulging surface has been covered with four short bands of edentate rocker impressions. The impressions in these four separate units are less carefully done than those on the first pot. As already implied, the base is smooth. There is no reason to doubt that these vessels were found in the - mound, as stated, but whether they were intrusive or inclusive is a question no longer susceptible to direct proof. They differ in all par- ticulars from the five specimens found, probably intrusively, in Nolan C, but in form they recall the smallest pot which I regard as inclusive in that mound (cf. pl. 36, a, and 37, 6, c). Deferring for the present a discussion of their possible significance in terms of archeological correlations, we need merely note here that they vary in minor respects only from the best grade of ware represented at the Renner site (cf. pl. 8, a). Other remains on Pearl Branch.—Aside from the mounds that we investigated a few other remains in the valley and immediate vicinity of Pearl Branch may be noted. Somewhat to our surprise, surface hunting disclosed few evidences of extended habitation by a people or peoples to whom could be ascribed the bones and artifacts taken from the hilltop tombs. As already indicated, habitable well-drained and flood-free fiats of sufficient size to accommodate more than two or three lodges are lacking along the creek, and the valley slopes seem generally too steep to have been so utilized. Still, there is a pos- sibility that some of the spots now occupied by residences, farm buildings, and small gardens were once lived on by aboriginal man whose traces have since been obliterated. At least one spring and 130 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM several small seeps were visible along the creek banks in the summer of 1938. Under primitive conditions, before large scale agriculture exposed the soil above to excessive erosion, these doubtless yielded enough water to have supplied a limited Indian population. Maize, beans, pumpkins, and other food plants could certainly have been grown here under favorable soil and moisture conditions. There is evidence that at least one earthlodge formerly stood a short distance from the spring and just west of a small modern rock quarry (fig. 12,4). Here, following a “gully-washer” one evening, we found potsherds, chipped flints, bits of charcoal, and burnt clay with grass impressions—the latter usually a good clue to house sites. A little digging showed that these remains occurred to a depth of fully 18 inches, though we were not able to locate a definite house floor. Subsequently Mr. Shippee has made more extended excava- tions. He reports (letter of Jan. 15, 1940) a rather surprising abundance and variety of remains underground. These include sherds “mostly of a mottled buff and gray color, the gray often being very dark. The paste was a light gray but it has been burned to the buff color in the firing. Loop handles, shouldered body, recurved rims, and incised straight line designs are typical. The designs are below the rim on the upper body. Sherd No.6... is of a fine grit and sand temper but it is hard, dark gray, and partly polished and the workmanship is similar to what I observed at Steeds [1. e., Steed- Kisker site]... “In piecing out the sherds, I find that I have seven or eight pots represented, most of which were rather large vessels. I have esti- mated the rim diameter to have been about 7 inches and the bodies 14 to 16 inches. One body sherd measures 1714 inches along the are of the circumference. ... Most body sherds are a quarter of an inch or less in thickness. The rims are usually heavier. While only one sherd shows shell tempering, I believe that it was used in nearly all of these pots but has leached out. ... One small sherd of a hard cord-roughened ware was definitely grit tempered. “The flintwork was poor and nearly every flake picked up showed some secondary chipping. It seemed to be of a makeshift char- Acterais4. “Sandstone abraders were [abundant] but were mostly irregular in shape. Several hammerstones and a metate all of quartzite were found? #1". “A basin-shaped pit, the bottom of which was 30 inches below the surface and 18 inches below the general mixture, contained in the bottom a hard mixture of ashes and trash. Sherds, abrading stones, and flint flakes were mixed in it but lying in one mass was charred fiber, withes, mud-dauber’s nest, and a 54-inch corncob. From the 10- ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 131 to the 20-inch levels there was a compact area of wattle, some pieces of which are 5 inches in diameter and show the leaf and grass im- pressions quite plainly. Large body sherds were mixed with this wattle. A part of rim 6 came from the bottom of this pit and is much darker than the pieces from near the surface. No bone work was found, but a few charred scraps and what I believe is a human mastoid were uncovered. “T could detect no postholes nor a floor. I think this area is a mid- den and that farther up the slope may be found a lodge floor. ... Fifty feet to the northwest at a depth of 3 feet a fire-reddened area is exposed in a wash. Limestone slabs are associated with it. Here in 1938 we found our specimens.” Sherd No. 6, mentioned in the passage quoted above, was forward- ed to the National Museum. A careful restoration, based on projec- tion of vertical and horizontal curvatures, resulted in the specimen illustrated in plate 38, a. The original sherd, whose polished surface shows pitting due to leached shell fragments, has two parallel hori- zontal lines immediately below the lip; the zone between the parallels and the rounded shoulder is filled with carelessly incised lines tan- gent to the orifice. As restored the vessel has a height of 14.6 cm., a body diameter of 18.3 cm., and an orifice of 8 cm. While it differs somewhat in shape from vessels included in our own findings (cf. fig. 10), the lip and adjacent upperbody are strongly reminiscent of certain rim fragments from Steed-Kisker, which I tentatively ascribed to a lidless form resembling the kiva-jar of the Southwest. Shippee’s findings on the bank of Pearl Branch, so far as they go, tally with ours at Steed-Kisker, and I think his assignment of the remains to the same archeological horizon is justified. Moreover, I am of the opinion that he is probably on the trail of a definite hab- itational unit, though from the pronounced slope of the hill it looks as if the natives picked a singularly awkward site. In any case, it still seems highly improbable that village remains of any great areal extent or vertical depth exist along Pearl Branch. On the basis of present evidence it would appear more plausible to regard Shippee’s discoveries as indicative of the presence of one or several house units, which in the latter event were very likely scattered here and there on suitable spots each of relatively small extent. The floor of the Missouri Valley vicinal to the mouth of Pearl Branch valley is mostly low-lying and in wet weather becomes ex- tremely muddy. Terraces are wanting, and there are few elevations high enough to appear at all inviting from the standpoint of per- manent human habitation. Along the foot of the bluffs, to or beyond the town of Waldron, there is some evidence of a low narrow out- wash slope, which is much better drained than the bottoms. If prim- 132 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM itive man ever built on this strip, the prospects for recovering his remains are dim indeed. The same considerations that would have attracted him—better drainage and safety from overflow—have prompted his white successor to lay out roads, railway grades, and buildings thereon. A short distance south of the railroad bridge over Pearl Branch, where the Parkville road (Missouri 45) branches eastward to leave the Missouri bottoms via a small nameless creek valley, the outwash area is larger but it showed no sign of village debris. Such evidence, in fact, was forthcoming at but one point outside of the Pearl Branch embayment. This was on a low incon- spicuous rise north of the place where the creek issues from the bluffs, east of the highway and about 400 yards west of Babcock Mound A (fig. 12, C). Here, on cultivated rain-washed ground, we found shell- tempered plain and incised sherds, a few others with grit tempering and cord-roughened exteriors, small arrow-points, scrapers, flints, and lumps of burnt grass-impressed clay. Bits of this wattling clay, charcoal, and flint chips occurred below plow sole to a maximum depth of about 12 inches underground. Quite possibly a small earth- lodge settlement once stood here, though the evidence we saw was i1n- sufficient to warrant large scale excavation. It is interesting to note, however, that the two pottery types represented here are the same ones found by Shippee at sherd area A (map, fig. 12), and by us in the mound (Babcock A) on the ridge to the east and also intrusively in Nolan C. THE YOUNG MOUND GROUP Four and a half miles northwest of Parkville the attractive Brush Creek Valley opens out onto the flood plain of the Missouri. About a quarter mile up the smaller valley the uplands on the west thrust a narrowing spur southward. To the east is a timbered slope, which falls away sharply to a fine alluvial terrace on the right bank of the creek, On the west is a short canyon beyond which a higher ridge conceals the Missouri River. The stream, about 1,200 yards distant, is visible to one looking southeast from the spur. In May 1938 the crest of the spur was almost wholly under culti- vation, with exception of the extreme southerly tip overlooking the farmstead of the owner, W. W. Young. Two mounds, both con- siderably dug in preceding years, were in a field of growing grain and could not be examined; a third shared with Mr. Young’s hog-house a sort of shelf at the end of the ridge. When first seen this mound appeared as little more than a pile of jumbled stones about 25 feet across by 380 inches high. A small pit in the top, according to the owner, was due to his efforts to quarry rock for building purposes. The stones proved unsuited to his intended use; besides they “stood on edge” and the deeper he dug the more firmly they seemed to be ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 133 wedged in place. Convinced that the pile was part of a natural out- crop, he thereupon abandoned it to the hogs. Our suggestion that the mound had probably been raised by Indians was viewed askance, but permission to dig was soon granted. In this work the writer was assisted by J. M. Shippee and H. M. Trowbridge. The limits of the disturbed area were readily determined owing to the softer fill and to the presence of sticks and other extraneous materials, ‘These, when removed, left an elliptical basin nearly 8 feet long by 3 or 4 feet wide, with a maximum depth of about 30 inches; the long axis lay east-west. At each end was exposed a short section of dry wall. These were next traced out and were found to enclose a subrectangular area, 8 by 10 feet, with rounding corners. In the undisturbed northern portion of the enclosure, the upper 12-18 inches of fill was a dark humous loose-textured soil containing a few limestone boulders. Other soft fire-reddened stones, presumably thrown or fallen in, were encountered in considerable numbers below the humous topsoil. At the south end they appeared to have been piled to within a foot of the surface against the inner end of a narrow walled passageway. In the northeast quarter of the chamber there was evidence of an intensely hot fire at the 17-inch level, below which the fill had been burned a brick-red color to a thickness of nearly a foot. Less marked indications of similar burning occurred at 20 inches in the northwest quarter. A few small bits of charcoal were observed but no ashes, Under the burnt and rock-laden soil was an 8-inch layer of dark earth practically devoid of charcoal, stones, or other foreign matter. This rested directly on undisturbed olive-colored clay on which the lower course of wall slabs had been laid. A scant 6-8 inches beneath this clay surface a test hole exposed what we at first took to be a flat carefully laid floor of limestone flags. Further investigation showed that this rock layer maintained a remarkably even surface beyond the mound limits to the north and south, from which we concluded that it represented a natural stratum of tabular limestone. The walls of the enclosure were only moderately well laid up; they were seldom plumb, and there had apparently been no serious attempt at securing stones of uniform thickness. In consequence there was nothing like continuity of courses from one wall to the next. Max- imum height of the wall, at the north side, was about 40 inches. At no point did we break through to determine the details of construc- tion, but short drifts run in from the north, east, and south sides indicated that the base of the walls at these points averaged slightly over six feet in breadth. This would give the original mound a maximum diameter of less than 24 feet. 134 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM A passageway 18 inches wide opened just east of south out of the end of the chamber. The east side was walled to a distance of 4 feet; on the west side the wall ended about 7 feet from the chamber. It is noteworthy, though probably of no particular significance, that NOW WT ry My 1 \c " C r—5 ft. — Figure 16—Contour map of Young mound 1, showing position of burial chamber, A; passageway, B; limits of mound, C; step (?) slab, D; human crania, 1-5; and patho- logical long bones, x-y. Contour interval 6 inches. nearly 6 feet of the west passage wall consisted of two huge slabs set on edge, beyond which were smaller coursed stones. During our ex- plorations no other burial enclosure was found in which the stones were thus placed edgewise. Eight feet from the chamber, beyond ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 135 the passage walls but exactly across the line of the entrance, lay a large flat slab 18 inches in diameter and 6 inches underground. Aside from its position, which at first suggested a stepping stone, there is nothing to indicate conclusively that it was a part of the burial structure. The floor level of the passage was traced with some uncertainty to the slab, where it was still about 12 inches deep. The slab, lying about half as deep, could thus have been placed for con- venience in getting in or out of the door. Our tests disclosed the fact that the clay subsoil at the north edge of the mounded stones, on which the outer margin of the wall rested, was only about 9 inches underground. The flagstonelike limestone stratum was almost 24 inches deeper, though, as already indicated, it lay only 6 or 8 inches beneath the base of the inner chamber wall. Since the mound had been erected at the edge of the hill, it is likely that the seil surface sloped toward the south over the spot selected for the tomb. Projection of the clay subsoil surface southward through the mound shows clearly that a pit had first been dug to within 8 inches of the underlying rock stratum. With reference to the subsoil surface the floor of this pit was fully 18 inches deep at the north (uphill) side of the chamber and 9-12 inches deep on the south. If to this we add 6 inches for topsoil, the true original depth of the pit in which the tomb had been built approximated or exceeded 24 inches on the north and 15 or 18 inches on the south. From the disturbed fill in the chamber came two pieces of human bone and a very small plain grit-tempered sherd. Another similar sherd, equally unenlightening as to cultural connections, was found in situ in the passageway. Of more interest were the materials re- covered from the portions of the enclosure that had not been turned over prior to our work. These included incomplete and fragmentary skulls and long bones from at least four or five individuals. All were found at or just above the zone of contact between the lower- most dark earth layer and the thicker burnt rock-filled middle stratum. Skulls 1, 2, and 3 lay close to the west wall, along with several arm bones, ribs, and innominate bones, and an unworked mussel shell. No. 1 was surrounded by fire-reddened stones, but itself showed no evidences of burning. Parts of No. 2 were calcined, but No. 3 was unburned. Nos. 4 and 5 were near the east wall, lying in a disordered mass of other skeletal parts (fig. 16); No. 4 was scorched and fragmentary, whereas No. 5, immediately below, was unburned and nearly complete. A few limb bones and rib fragments were found in the narrow strip of undisturbed fill in the southeast and southwest corners. Near the center of the chamber, more or less isolated, was a tibia exhibiting pathological conditions; a similarly abnormal femur shaft lay in the southwest corner. Close examina- 136 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM tion of the soil surrounding each of these two specimens showed no signs of disturbance, and there is no reason to believe that they were late additions or intrusions into the tomb. Along with the other bones collected, they are described in another section of this report. Among the bones recovered were several since identified as dog (Canis familiaris). All appear to be from one skeleton, suggesting that the whole animal had been placed in the structure. Unfortu- nately my notes do not indicate whether they are from the disturbed part of the mound. All are of a dark red-brown color, quite differ- ent from any other bones taken out of the local sites. It is possible they represent an animal buried in comparatively recent times and thus have no connection with the people who built the tomb. By agreement with the owner we were to leave the structure intact following completion of its opening. This fact prevented detailed examination of a section of the north wall, which evidentky had been disturbed a very long time ago. This disturbance, which had af- fected the wall to a depth of 24 inches and over a horizontal distance of 38 inches, began about 30 inches from the northwest corner. Crudely coursed stones underlay this section and began again at either end, contrasting sharply with the disorderly position of rocks in the old break. A few fragments of bone protruded from the inter- stices, suggesting the possibility of an intrusive burial or burials farther in. This situation, reminiscent of that at Nolan C, might be worth checking at some future date. The tomb just described has been designated Young mound 1. Nos. 2 and 3, proceeding in order up the ridge, were not subjected to thorough examination, but No. 2, at least, was very likely another stone enclosure. As to the location of a village site in the vicinity we have little to offer. It should be pointed out, however, that Mr. Young’s son turned over to us a handful of sherds plowed up in the valley bottom just east of the mounds. Most were hole (shell) tem- pered, with low rims and incised decoration. One rimsherd with channeled profile bore cross-hatched incisions and small punch marks; another sherd was rocker-roughened. The hole-tempered fragments, together with several small triangular and notched arrowpoints, re- semble material from Steed-Kisker. On the other hand, the cross- hatched rim and rocker-marked sherd, along with several large stemmed points, large skinning tools of chert, and a polished celt, are reminiscent of the Renner site materials. Our own brief surface hunting netted grit-tempered cord-roughened and plain sherds, small arrowpoints, scrapers, knives, and wattling clay with grass impres- sions. From the standpoint of topography, shelter, water, and other natural resources, the terraces along Brush Creek offer many desirable sites for native habitation, and a thorough examination would un- BULLETIN 183 PLATE 37 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “UISUP FT ‘A Ny jo {saqyino0o Aq 2 pue q 'g punout yoIooqeg WO] 29) “q ‘V pu ul yIoIGeg ‘ad ONY VY SGNNOW MO00Evg WoXSs STASSSA AYALLOd WOl ] ‘y U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PLATE 38 a, Vessel reconstructed from sherd found on Pearl Branch (see fig. 12, A, for location); 6, Shepherd mound, near Smithville, Mo., after partial removal. ~ a yarns. Pree e: 183 PLATE 39 BULLETIN U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “OW ATTIAHLIWS YVAN 7 ONNOW GkeaHd3S3HS WOYSs STASS3A AYSALLOd BULLETIN 183 PLATE 40 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘OW ‘STTIAHLIWS ‘GNNOW GYsHdsHS Woes Saa0V1d GNV ‘Adid ANOLS ‘STSSSSA AYS1LLOd U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PLATE 41 POTTERY VESSEL FROM RENNER MOUND: GORGET AND CHIPPED BLADE FROM RIDGE WEST OF RENNER VILLAGE SITE. Courtesy of J. M. Shippee. BULLETIN 183 PLATE 42 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM rasaddiys “yy ‘[ fo Asoqano0g ‘OW ‘S3TIVGNOAY YVAN GNNOW HLNOS WOYs STASSAA AYS1L1LOd ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 137 doubtedly show that some were so utilized. The few specimens that came to our attention suggest that at least two different groups may have been in the valley, but whether both had villages here cannot be stated from the evidence at hand. Likewise, it is impossible at present to say with certainty what particular group erected the burial mounds at the Young site. Earth Mounds SHEPHERD MOUND Some weeks after the close of our 1938 excavations in Platte County, I was informed by Mr. Shippee that a large mound near Smithville had been recently opened by two young men. The meth- ods employed, beginning with a tractor and slip and apparently utilizing no tools smaller than pick and shovel, had entailed the loss of much important information as well as of most human and cul- tural materials not seen intact by the diggers. The remarks that follow are based on brief observations by Mr. Shippee and myself made on a hurried visit to the mound on September 9 and 10. More than half the mound had been razed at the time, but lack of funds and time prevented our taking advantage of the owner’s stated will- ingness to let us make a thorough study through excavation of the remaining portions. A small collection of pottery, stone artifacts, and badly broken human skeletal remains, said to have come out of the mound, was acquired for the National Museum through purchase. The mound was situated on a high point, owned by J. C. Shep- herd, about 114 miles west by north of Smithville, and about a quarter of a mile west of the Platte-Clay County line (fig. 1). To the east is a deep canyon; on the north and west, about a third of a mile dis- tant, the Little Platte River curves past to empty into the Platte 41% miles due west. The valley is well timbered, bordered by ir- regular bluffs, and exceedingly pleasing to the eye. Northwest of the mound the river now flows close to its right bank, but a winding marshy strip indicates that at a time not long past the current swept along the foot of the promontory capped by the mound. The nearest terrace on which a village site might be searched for is three-fourths of a mile northeast across the river. Lying at an elevation of 880 feet, the mound is about 100 feet above the valley bottom. The Steed- Kisker site is 14 miles to the southwest, airline; the Renner site lies about 15 miles due south. In diameter and height the Shepherd mound (pl. 38, 6) exceeds any other artificial tumulus of aboriginal origin seen by or reported to the writer in northwestern Missouri. The circular base, occupying most of the available hilltop, was approximately 90 feet in diameter. The 497261—43-_10 138 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM sides rose sharply to a height of 9-10 feet. On the basis of previous visits, Shippee states that the summit was more or less flattened over an area about 25 or 30 feet across; near its center were traces of sporadic digging done many years ago by present residents of Smithville. Owing to the slipshod methods of recent excavation and to slipoff, no satisfactory profile extending entirely across the mound could be obtained. Near the crest at time of our observations, which is prob- ably past the original midline, the uppermost 30-40 inches consisted of a fine gray homogeneous soil stained by decayed grass, tree roots, and other vegetation (fig. 17,1). Below this, differing markedly in color and texture but not set off by a clearly defined cleavage surface, was a layer of tough compact yellow-brown joint clay, averaging 36 inches or more in thickness (fig. 17, 11). This graded downward into another stratum, about 36 inches thick, of dark-gray compact earth through which were scattered fragments of charcoal, burnt clay, and flint chips (fig. 17, III). Here the color was much darker than that LY Y i im Y, Og eat: my Figure 17.—Cross section of Shepherd mound near Smithville, Mo.: I-III, Soil strata; 1-4, burials; see also p. 138. near the mound surface, owing in part to a higher moisture content and in part to an apparently heavier concentration of organic matter. Here and there we noted differentiated pockets and small lenses of soil, evidently the result of “loading.” I am inclined to suspect that the original surface of the hilltop was perhaps represented by the lower part of this zone, though we were not able to distinguish either an earlier sod line or a clearly marked prepared base. None of the -mound dirt was recognized as of valley bottom type; presumably it was scraped up from the hilltop and along the ridge extending toward the south. Clean undisturbed and unmixed light colored subsoil was encountered at a depth of 9 or 10 feet below the summit of the mound. At the south end of the profile, where all the strata curved evenly downward, a discontinuous line of slabs was noted along the contact between layers II and III. These were traced for about 15 feet or slightly more but were not in evidence below the mound crest nor in what we could see of the north side. From the abundance of stones of comparable size and form in the backdirt, it seems evident that they had formerly extended some little distance west of the line as we saw it. Whether they formed a sheathing over a special burial ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 139 area at the south side, or had formerly covered other separate spots in the destroyed portion of the mound, I cannot say. The vague and not altogether satisfactory statements of Mr. Shepherd’s son, who, with a neighbor’s boy, opened the mound, indi- cate that most of the burials and artifacts were graded or dug out of the deeper part of the structure, probably layer III. With this in mind, Shippee and I smoothed off the face beneath the slab layer, where thin seams and lenses of light-brown moldy grass or bark were visible. Four of these were localized, all lying beneath the stones. No. 1 (fig. 17), partly cut away previously, yielded the crushed skull of a young child and traces of clavicles and humeri, with a shreddy layer above and below. Within the wrappings was a mass of red ochre with which the corpse had apparently been smeared. Nos. 2 and 3, similarly enclosed in shrouds, were even less preserved; only traces of soft bone remained, with nothing to show the size, age, or orientation of the burials. At No. 4 a mass of woven textile 3 feet below the slabs measured irregularly 12 by 25 inches. Removal was not feasible, but it was ascertained that the heavy grass or rush warps were held together at 214-inch intervals by twined wefts. There was nothing underneath, from which we suspect that this must have been on the bottom of a grave. Probably some or all of the similarly wrapped skeletons had been enclosed in a woven fabric. From the relatively small space occupied by each bundle, flexion might be suspected. To judge from the wreckage scattered over the dug surface a considerable number of graves had been destroyed in the grading, but no description could be gotten. Parenthetically, it may be added that specific inquiries on our part as to grave wrappings with inter- ments previously exposed elicited only a negative answer, despite the fact that they were unquestionably present and easily detected on the only four graves actually seen by us. One more feature remains to be noted. Near the center of the profile, 834 feet below the mound summit, was a horizontal brown streak 1 inch thick and about 8 feet long. This showed an un- questionable woody structure, though whether it was a split log or a hand-hewn rough plank is not certain. It lay in about the middle (vertically) of layer III, and from the south end a light dustlike streak continued for at least 10 feet toward the mound edge. It is possible that this indicates the original ground surface on which the first burials were laid and over which the earth was finally mounded. There is no reliable means of determining how long ago this mound was erected, but the evident absence of materials indicating white contact would establish a minimum dating of at least three centuries, That uncarbonized rush matting would survive even this long in the fairly wet climate of the locale seems a little unusual, but probably 140 ~—s— BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM the position of the burials near the bottom of a well-drained and compact mound were sufficient. Very likely drainage was even bet- ter when the mound was younger, since a decrease in height with subsequent expansion of the area covered would doubtless result with passage of the years. That the age is probably still greater is sug- gested by the fact that the proto-historic Indians of the locality were not mound builders, nor did they produce artifacts such as those said to have been taken from this structure. The artifacts, which young Shepherd assured me were all taken from this one mound and which are now the property of the National Museum, are of considerable interest. They include seven restored pottery vessels of diverse sizes and shapes, a few odd sherds, a stone pipe, and about a dozen miscellaneous chipped flint and other specimens. INCOMES Ficure 18.—Incised design on pottery vessel (U. S. N. M. No. 381551) from Shepherd mound. Outstanding among the vessels is the bowl shown in plate 389, a. Dark gray in color, with nearly flat base and bulging sides drawn in at the lip, it stands 12.5 cm. high and has a diameter of 15.8 cm. The surface, which is generally polished, has pittings evidently caused by leaching of shell fragments. Walls average 5 mm. or less in thickness; the lip is rounded and plain, and at one point a flat, rounded tab projects horizontally. On the opposite side, about 4 cm. below the lip, is the stump of a solid cylindrical handle slightly over a centimeter in diameter. Rudely incised decoration is confined to a zone 6 cm. wide encircling the bowl directly under the lip. Be- ginning above the broken handle, there is first a series of four rec- tangles, one within another, with the vessel lip forming the fourth side of each. Eight and a half centimeters away is another smaller series of three in similar relation to each other and to the lip. Be- tween these two groups, looking across the smaller, is the head of a human figure with one arm upraised at the rear. Facing this per- sonage are two others; the first has one arm, the second both, uplifted. A fourth figure has turned its back on these two and, with one arm up, looks over the larger set of rectangles at the back of the first individual. Each has the mouth open, and the whole scene sug- gests, in caricature, a lively altercation or a free-for-all moment in a primitive court of justice. Figure 18, from a rub drawing, shows it in full and in all its crudity. ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 141 Similiar in shape but with more convex sides is the specimen in plate 39, 6. The color varies from dark to light gray, the darker areas being polished. A trifle larger than the other, it is 12.7 cm. high by 16.2 cm. in diameter, although the interior of the orifice (12.2 cm.) is slightly less. Two thickened rounded tabs rise up and out from the plain lip on opposite sides of the bowl. A deeply in- cised line encircles it 4.5-5 cm. below the lip. Above this are seven pairs of inverted broadly V-shaped incised units, the point of each being 38-5 mm. below the lip. Another series of similar elements occurs below the midline, each lying directly below an interval be- tween successive units in the upper row. None of the V’s intersect with the midline, and the lower ones end where the vessel walls be- gin to curve sharply in and under for the base. The jar in plate 39, c, recalls the larger ones believed to be character- istic at Steed-Kisker. The present example is 12 cm. high, with di- ameters of 18 and 12.5 cm. at shoulder and neck, respectively. The surface, though thickly pitted, shows some evidence of a former pol- ish; it is mostly dull gray to buff in color. Between shoulder and neck is a rudely incised zone comprising 11 double-line inverted V units much like those on the preceding vessel. There is some sug- gestion of an undulating discontinuous bordering line along the up- per edge, so placed that its sinuosities create the effect of a third broad V or U over each unit. On opposing sides, two small loop han- dles rise from the low recurved rim to fasten again on the upper body below the neck. In plate 39, d, is shown a well-polished dark pot with finely pitted surface and light gray paste. The hemispherical underbody culmi- nates in a rounded shoulder; the neck is constricted and the rim flares outward slightly. Two modeled humans face upward and inward across the jar from opposite sides; each has an effigy head with pro- nounced aquiline nose, in one case with the nostrils indicated and deep punch marks for the mouth and eyes. Beside each the vessel rim has been manipulated by pressure and incising so that the bent arms extend on each side along the lip with the fingers spread loosely. Each hand has its full quota of five digits. The illustrations (pl. 39, d) may help to clarify the nature of this feature, though the ver- tical view unfortunately does not bring out all the details. There is no other decoration. As to dimensions, the vessel stands 10.2 cm. high with a body diameter of 15.6 em. and a neck of 11.8 cm. A rougher pot of about the same size, which must nevertheless have been well polished at one time, is that in plate 40, b. This is dark gray in color, but where scaling or abrasion has taken place, as on the base, a light buff paste with shell inclusions is visible. The darker surface appears to be a polished slip, as probably also in most of the other better jars from the mound. There is no distinct neck, the rim 142 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM rising as a low ridge from the plain upperbody. A small crude loop handle on one side has been balanced in the restoration with one on the opposite side. Like the preceding jar, this shows striations from the rubbing tool on the inside upper surface. It is 9.2 cm. deep with a diameter of 14.8 cm. Smallest in the series is a plain rough little jar 6.9 cm. high by 11.6 cm. in diameter (pl. 40, a). The surface is uneven and looks as if it had been brushed with grass or twigs, but it also shows polish. The shoulder varies from round to angular. There is no definite rim; in places the lip seems to have been flattened so that its thin sharp outer edge slightly overhangs the body. Decoration is lacking, and the interior is much striated horizontally. In marked contrast to the six vessels just described, with their shell or cell inclusions, mostly smoothed slipped exteriors, dark gray surface color, and light walls, is the seventh piece. Globular in form, it somewhat resembles a pear from which the smaller stem end has been cut (pl. 40, ¢). Surface color is prevalently a brown, but here and there dark gray to black firing clouds occur. Starting at the rim, heavy cord-impressions run vertically down the sides; at the base these frequently crisscross. The lip itself is rounded, smooth, and uneven. Vessel walls exceed 5 mm. in thickness, and the jar, though not the largest in the group, is the heaviest. Surface pitting, discernible on all others, is almost lacking here; where present, cavi- ties are larger and angular as though gravel rather than shell frag- ments had produced them. No inclusions are visible on the surface, nor are there open breaks from which their nature, if present, may be judged. The pot is unevenly turned; it approximates 14.8 cm. in diameter by 13 cm. in height, and the orifice varies from 9-9.5 cm. across. During our short inspection we collected a few sherds that tally in all particulars with the thin slipped shell-tempered ware described in foregoing paragraphs. Some were in situ, others scattered over the dug portions. While none exhibited decoration or could be re- stored, they confirm the presence of the ware inclusively in the mound. The pipe in plate 40, d, is of compact slate-gray limestone. The base, squarish in cross section, is 6 cm. long and projects beyond the bowl. Cylindrical, the bowl is 2.8 cm. in diameter by about the same in height. It is surmounted by a flat circular disk 6 mm. thick, 5.9 em. in diameter, depressed very slightly toward the center. The stem hole, presumably for insertion of a wooden bit, is 1 em. in diam- eter at the outer end, and conical. The bowl cavity, 15 mm. across at the top, tapers much more gradually; the “cake,” which it is said to have held when found, was thoroughly removed before the pipe came into our possession. Part of one edge of the disk is somewhat ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 143 scaled and the specimen has been mended and restored, but undoubt- edly with complete accuracy. There is no ornamentation, Additional artifacts included about a dozen chipped flints, a piece of red sandstone evidently used for rubbing, a piece of hematite, and a cube-shaped lump of galena. The best of the chipped material were the two blades in plate 40. The larger, 7, is of cream-colored chert, very light in weight and fragile. The edges, in addition to being retouched, have been worn or ground down. It measures 13.8 by 5.1 by 0.7 cm. The smaller, e, is of gray chert, thicker and less skillfully retouched. It is 10.2 by 3.3 cm. The remaining objects, which do not merit detailed description, include two snub-nosed end scrapers, the basal parts of two stemmed arrowpoints, and several broken knives perhaps from specimens similar to the two illustrated. There is no obvious reason for questioning the occurrence of any of these in the mound, but we did not collect any fragments in situ as we did of the pottery. We were repeatedly told that everything came out of the mound, as perhaps it did. As any field worker will bear witness out of his own experience, however, there is always a certain reluctance to ac- cept blanket statements where significant inferences are likely to be based on material collected as the present series was. With the un- trained amateur, the arrowhead found on the field across the fence all too often goes into the shoebox containing sherds and flintwork from a razed mound, house site, or other localized spot, when the two actually should have been carefully segregated. While there must always be a residual element of uncertainty in the present situ- ation, I am of the opinion that the pottery at least can safely be ascribed to the mound, the flints perhaps with rather less sureness. Whether peoples other than those who deposited this pottery also left their remains on the hilltop, so that some of the artifacts and graves are actually earlier, contemporary but of alien origin, or perchance intrusive from a later time, are questions of absorbing in- terest but, regrettably, without an answer. RENNER MOUND Westward from the terrace occupied by the Renner village site the ground rises rapidly to a timber-clad ridge. Where this culmi- nates in a promontory overlooking the Missouri bottoms to the south and the Line Creek Valley to the east, about 450 or 500 yards from the village site, is a large mound about 6 feet high and 60 feet in diameter. This was opened in 1920, and again in 1934, by Shippee and Henne- man. Shippee states (letter of March 30, 1940) that “repeated ef- forts to determine the level at which the mound fill was begun failed, for after digging through the topsoil there was no apparent change 144 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM in the appearance of the loess that lay beneath. One would think the mound was natural but for the charcoal, flint chips, and hematite found even to depths of 5 feet. One test, on the north side, 10 feet from where the mound joins the regular contour of the hill, was dug to a depth 18 inches below the hilltop, and these foreign materials were found to the bottom of the hole. They were scattered as if gathered up and thrown on the mound with the earth of which it was built. In the excavation no postholes and no fireplaces were found, and the stone uncovered had been placed over the burials as if for a protective covering. One small bed of charcoal was found buried by several inches of earth. Quite a number of artifacts were scattered through the mound fill to the depth of 20 inches and like the flint chips and charcoal seemed to have been thrown in with the earth. The potsherds found were small and of the thick grit- tempered type... . “. . . On the southwest slope of the mound erosion had uncovered some flat pieces of limestone which covered an area of 20 by 70 inches . .. [Beneath was] a burial which must have been placed at full length, east and west. A decided red coloring in the earth about the burial was noted. [With this burial was found a piece of galena weighing 134 pounds and a notched arrowpoint. ] “No more digging was done until May 1934 when .. . a trench 3 feet deep was started at the south edge of the mound and dug north for 10 feet. Nothing was found, so we decided to dig where the first burial had been found. Parts of that burial were dug out and then stones covering a bundle came to light. Not an artifact was found, and the skull was in very poor condition, while the only bones were those of the legs and arms. ... We dug deeper and farther to one side, where I uncovered a fine white [chert] blade imbedded in very hard earth. It was lying horizontally, the point to the north and the west side raised to about 45°. There was no indication that it had ever been hafted. This blade [pl. 41, c] is 1014 by 314 by 3% inches. Its position in the mound was 12 inches east and 8 inches deeper than the nearest burial, and 20 inches from the mound surface. Three more bundle burials were found a few feet to the west of the first bundle and were similar to it in all respects. The skulls were full of loess and the thinner portions entirely missing. The lower jaw was usually intact. Very close to one skull was a drill but otherwise there were no grave offerings. A baby’s bones were found in about the center of the burial area. Some bits of thin sheet copper were in this burial and had stained and preserved the bones to the extent that we ascertained that the burial must have been extended and in the flesh. A few vertebrae, a clavicle, a long bone, and part of the skull were saved. A few feet away the heavy portions of three ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 145 skulls were found 8 feet deep. With the exception of one more skull in the outer portion of the mound no more burials were found. “A thick, grit-tempered, square-lipped vessel with pointed base was found 6 inches from the surface, sitting upright in the topsoil. It was 25 feet from the nearest burial. . . .” The vessel just mentioned is illustrated in plate 41, @ (see also Wedel, 1938, pl. 7A). It is 12 cm. in diameter and 8.8 cm. deep; the sides are 6-7 mm. in thickness. The paste is gray with gritty in- clusions, which are visible on the surface. Color varies from gray at the bottom to brown or dun on the sides. 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Set sa Pp geeee prensa ee a udg eyeug Bo wine Re Seer SRS gee ae ES oe Gee x Boece a | Me ae | > gece Sapa Sa) SET Gee) SAVES ee Soa | ee enone COLL MENULOS]T MAWIGONT Se a ae ae caher Eee mate Gee x ee Cle ee cal, eee gs = eee Re pene y cae ea |e Gog commas oo OU SUOSTIAN pm AGS Gk Mag ed kee oe eee le ee = Fe aS Say ol aon a et me ee Ns GNs| tay 26° Be ae ~~ ToJoOT LING 178 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM In the first place, it appears that mounds containing stone-walled or “dry-masonry” burial chambers are most numerous along the Mis- souri River from, approximately, the Nebraska-Kansas State line downstream to the Gasconade River in Gasconade County, Mo.—a total spread, by river, of just over 400 miles. Extended surveys in eastern Nebraska (see esp. Strong, 1935, pp. 175-211; and Hill and Cooper, 1938) have brought no examples to light; southwestern Iowa and extreme northwestern Missouri have yet to be heard from. On present information it may be suggested that the type does not occur in the Missouri Valley north of the fortieth parallel. Convincing evidence for the lower 100 miles of the Missouri, from the Gasconade to the Mississippi, has not yet been advanced. Along the Mississippi and on its tributaries, vault mounds have been reported in lesser num- bers, chiefly within a radius of about 35 miles from the mouth of Salt River in Pike County, Mo. Scattering cccurrences elsewhere include mounds on the lower Rock River and in Jo Daviess County, Ill., in Crawford County, Wis., and perhaps in Allamakee and Henry Counties, Iowa. If we except these last mounds, all vaults of which I have found record, on the Mississippi as well as on the Missouri, lie south of the fortieth parallel, which is, in other words, the Kansas- Nebraska line extended. In the Missouri Valley, with which we shall hereafter be primarily concerned, the great majority of reported vault mounds occur on the north, or left, bank; they are rarely found more than a few miles from the Missouri itself. Whether this has a physiographic or geo- logic basis, as for example access to better building stone, or is due to other factors such as inadequate sampling, I am not able to say. It is of interest to note, further, that nearly all the known occurrences south of the fortieth parallel, when plotted on a map (fig. 20), fall into one or another of three regional subareas. Thus, three circles of about 40 miles radius each, with their respective centers at Kansas City, at the mouth of Osage River, and at the mouth of Salt River, would include all save a few isolated mounds in Doniphan County, Kans., and the Warrensburg group in Johnson County, Mo. Whether future work will add other focal areas in the north, on lower Rock River, Ill, or at the juncture of the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers is problematical. For that matter it is not certain that the three sub- areas set forth above will prove valid as field studies progress. How- ever, since the mounds included in each exhibit certain mutual simi- larities as contrasted to the structures in other subareas, it seems possible that these groupings will ultimately be shown to have more than mere geographic significance. In the Kansas City subarea, of which Platte and Clay Counties, Missouri, are best known, both stone vaults and earth mounds occur. The former have been reported and described only from sites north of ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 179 S MINA SE ee fr: onsin Sf WISC — wo On. i 4 o. O79 bn =) =. 3} OWA = wd /8 ‘ 17 O* nN far) = Davenporr ck oy Os OS Peorla a a ee ee ee ee 8 ee eo ee SS ¥ ao PE | ght 7.6 os (xs 15 2! NY 1LL/NO1S MILES 14, MIST SOVAT ©. 2) Pa w; Salt . Y Ave? ‘ \ 7 pl ls > 8 el? \ Aansas C: vy ie) fag Ve. ah 10 7] SH =) © 7 ran) o§ StLours 22 & 12 i, A gb Ss Ene 0 50 100 | Figure 20.—Distribution of mounds containing stone-walled burial chambers. For identification of numbers see table 9. the Missouri River; the latter are to be found apparently on both sides. The vaults comprise groups of from two or three to fifteen or more, and in several instances these clusters also include earth mounds. Where the two types occur together, however, as at Line Creek and on Pearl Branch, the vaults are more numerous, and earth mounds may be thought of as atypical. The vaults are usually well built, with inner faces vertical or nearly so, and corners nicely squared. Since they seem to have been erected on previously cleared areas, the care- fully laid courses of stone forming the inner face could be backed up with other heavy slabs and blocks which resulted in a wall as much as 5 or 6 feet thick at the base. Highly characteristic are entrance %a The stability of these structures is well illustrated in the case of Brenner No. 2 at the mouth of Line Creek. There is no certain record as to when this was first explored, but it was reopened by Fowke in 1907 and not again filled in. When I first visited it in 1937 the north wall, except for the tumbled uppermost layers of rock and a trifling disturbance from tree roots, was practically unchanged from the view reproduced by Fowke (1910, pl. 13). 180 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM passages flanked by coursed wing walls and opening usually in a gen- eral southerly direction. Most of the vaults contain quantities of hard burned earth and charcoal, and often some of the stones in the walls appear to have taken on a red color due to great heat. Human re- mains are almost invariably disarticulated, usually fragmentary, and in many instances are partially or wholly charred. Cremation was evi- dently the rule; this must often have been done outside the vault, though fires were sometimes maintained within also. Burials in the flesh, either flexed or extended, are exceptional. Grave furniture of any sort is extremely rare. The last two points are noteworthy in view of Curtiss’s findings, and the more recent observations of Fowke, Ship- pee, and myself (Putnam, 1880, p. 718; Fowke, 1910, p. 72; supra, p. 187), which indicate a relative abundance of artifacts and a definite tendency toward interment in the flesh in the earth mounds of this district. In central Missouri vaults evidently occur in some numbers along with earth mounds. From Fowke’s observations I get the impression that the vaults in any given group are usually in the minority. Thus, at the Ewing group 2 mounds in 7 contained chambers; at Smith’s 1 in 4; at Dawson’s 8 (or 4?) in 15 (Fowke, 1910, p. 11, 12-18, 26-42). These groups are comparable in number of mounds and in area cov- ered to the Brenner-Keller and Pearl Branch groups above Kansas City. I have found no record of any mound groups in the central region where the vaults outnumber the earth mounds as they do in the western groups. The vaults in the central area show less care and skill in construction than those about Kansas City. Fowke (1910, p. 35) noted that the walls usually leaned outward so that the chambers were wider at the top than at the bottom. This is perhaps due to the frequent use of earth and rock instead of the massive all stone backing characteristic farther up the Missouri. Entrances are uncommon; where present, they are little more than gaps at one side, and wing walls have not been reported. Slab floors cr pavements are suggested in some instances. Burials include flexed and extended, as well as fragmentary bones and cremations. Artifacts, while not abundant, have been taken from sev- eral mounds in Boone County. They include pottery, pipes, and ob- jects of stone, bone, and shell. The mounds at Warrensburg, if we may trust the descriptions, would seem to affiliate with this central areza—doorways are not mentioned, but a number of artifacts are. Geographically, they lie a little closer to Kansas City than to the mouth of Osage River, but as has already been pointed out they are on the Blackwater River, which mouths only a few miles above the Osage. It is difficult to characterize the third, or eastern, subarea, if indeed it is actually distinct from the second. Early reports suggest the pres- ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 181 ence of multichambered stone mounds, but structural details are want- ing. Neumann’s findings indicate that doorways are no more common than in central Missouri. Burial types are still largely unknown. As in central Missouri, artifacts seem to be more common than at Kansas City. In relatively few instances is it possible to find adequate published descriptions of the cultural materials known to have been recovered from the stone vault mounds of the Missouri region. Elsewhere in this report I have described two small grit-tempered rocker-roughened vessels of Hopewellian type excavated by amateurs at Babcock mound B near Waldron, Mo. (see also Wedel, 1938, p. 104 and pls. 7B, 8). In the same locality, from Nolan mound C, we recovered one small grit-tempered amphora and five intrusive shell-tempered pots of Mid- dle Mississippi type. Aside from the last six specimens, my stone- vault mound excavations in Platte County netted only 3 stone balls and a cylindrical antler rubbing tool from Pearl mound ©, and two small plain grit-tempered sherds from Young mound 1. Fowke’s investigations in the Brenner-Keller group opposite Kansas City seem to have produced nothing that is now extant. Through courtesy of the Missouri Historical Society of St. Louis, I have been able to examine a number of the specimens recovered by Fowke in Boone County but not figured in his report. These include nine whole and restored, and several fragmentary, pottery vessels from stone vaults, as well as sherds, pipes, and chipped-stone artifacts ap- parently from nearby earth mounds. Unfortunately it has been im- possible to track down all the specimens mentioned in Fowke’s field catalog and in his report. Study of the vessels has been further ham- — pered by the fact that they were treated with an extremely adhesive resinous home-made fixative, which in many cases completely obscures the surface. Attempts to remove this coating with acetone were un- successful, and mechanical removal was given up when it became apparent that the pottery was too friable to permit separation of the fixative from the vessel without destroying the original surface. The nine whole and restored pots are all from the Dawson mound group near Hartsburg and, if we may trust the catalog, include three each from mounds 9, 11, and 13. They are apparently of the type referred to by Fowke (1910, p. 31) as “‘cocoanut pot’... having a pointed bottom, resembling in shape a cocoanut with one end cut off ...” All are presumably grit tempered, though in one or two instances freshly broken surfaces showed no visible inclusions. Color is variable including dark gray, light gray, reddish brown, and buff. Surfaces are plain and smooth, except for one specimen that bears a faintly incised “lazy N” just below the rim (pl. 44, a). Another vessel has small conical protuberances 14 inch long below the lip (pl. 182 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 44, ¢); originally there were six of these. The vessels are characteris- tically small, varying in height from 87 to 100 mm., in diameter from 92 to 130 mm. Six representative jars from this series are shown in plate 44, which well illustrates the uniformity in shape, size, and general appearance. It is probable that among the broken and unrestored vessels in Fowke’s collection from the stone vaults, additional types will come to light. One of these, cataloged as pot 47 from Dawson mound 18, shows cord-roughened surfaces and suggests a more tapering base than the pieces described above. From Dawson mound 5 came a square-mouthed pot with cord-roughened exterior and subconical base; another with square mouth, but having a globular body, is from Granman mound 8 in Gasconade County (Fowke, 1910, p. 9 and fig. 1). Both of these mounds were of earth; so far as I could learn, no square-mouthed vessels were found in the vaults, though cord-roughening evidently occurred. In addition to the pottery noted above, Fowke recovered at least one elbow pipe of clay from the vault in Dawson mound 11. Out- side the vault, in the same mound, were found two more pipes—one of chalk, the other of clay (Fowke, 1910, figs. 7 and 8). Chipped stone artifacts seem to have included mostly medium to large stemmed projectile points, a few knives, and scrapers. I have no details con- cerning the reported shell and tubular bone beads. Results of the excavations conducted by the University of Missouri in this same region parallel in general the findings of Fowke. There are no whole pots, but the sherds may well be from vessels similar to the plain grit-tempered ones from the vaults in Dawson mounds 9, 11, and 18. Here again clay elbow pipes, medium to large stemmed points, and worked bone and shell are reported (Berry et al., 1938), as are socketed antler cylinders and a shaft wrench (?). It is sug- gested by these workers (p. 33) that “the main vault, with its cultural contents ...is a component of some phase of the Woodland pattern.” The cultural material mentioned by Watkins (1883) as coming from a vault in Pike County, Mo., is nowhere described. Neumann’s excavations only a few miles away, across the Mississippi River in Adams County, Il., yielded a number of artifacts. These include a cord-roughened grit-tempered pot, two clay elbow pipes, stemmed projectile points, and specimens of ground stone, shell, and bone. Neumann (letter of January 1, 1940), speaking of the pottery, notes that “every piece of it was Woodland ware resembling eastern Algon- kin pottery more than it does the highly developed Hopewell. . . .” If the cultural material from stone vaults is scanty, surviving skeletal remains with real comparative value are even rarer. In ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 183 Platte County human bones from Pearl mound C include three meas- urable female crania, which give cephalic indices of 74.0, 75.4, and 76.7. Three male skulls from Young mound 1 have indices of 72.7, 72.7, and 75.9. From Babcock mound B came two damaged skulls, also apparently of dolichocephalic type. Long bones in these mounds indicate a population of medium stature (est. 156-160 cm.), much less robust in body build than the historic Siouan groups in the same locality. Brenner mound 2, just east of the Renner village site, yielded a dolichocephalic male skull, showing a slight frontal defor- mation (Hrdlicka, 1910, p. 109) similar to that on some of the Bab- cock mound B specimens. It would appear that the available crania from the stone vaults of this district have in common a dolicho- cephalic index and slight deformation. In these respects they differ strikingly from the skulls found at the Steed-Kisker burial ground near Farley and resemble certain specimens reported from western Illinois. The skeletal material obtained by Fowke in central Missouri is both fragmentary and poorly documented. Hrdlicka (1910, p. 103) states that “most of the crania are of the dolichocephalic, Indian type. Two or three of them are extreme forms in this respect, suggesting similar specimens recovered in New Jersey from the burials of the Delawares. A close general resemblance exists between the dolicho- cephalic Missouri skulls and those from the mounds along the Tllinois River...” Measurable skulls, however, are rare. From Dawson mound 14 (stone vault?) was taken a female skull with cephalic index of 69.5; from Baumhoefer mound 1 an adult male cranium gave an index of 72.2; and from Kurtz mound 1 came a female skull with index of 90.1. Artificial deformation is not mentioned. Neumann, who examined the skeletal remains returned to the Na- tional Museum by Fowke, as well as those obtained more recently by myself and other persons from stone vauits near Kansas City, observes that “in physical type the vault grave series resembles that from Ohio Hopewell mounds and some Central Basin mounds in Fulton County, Hllinois, but not especially the highly developed Illinois Hopewell. . . . The same type as from the vault graves (Hrdlitka’s Algonkin) is found in the mounds of the Tampico (Maples Mills Focus) manifestation in Fulton County... .” Summarizing, we have seen that the stone vaults, considered from the standpoint of structure and cultural contents, apparently divide themselves into at least two, and possibly three, regional subgroups. The westernmost of these, centering at Kansas City, is characterized by well built structures with walled entrance passages, by disarticu- lated skeletal remains frequently showing evidence of burning, and by a marked scarcity of associated grave offerings. Where artifacts have 184 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM been found, they include pottery of Hopewellian type (Babcock mound B) or of more generalized type (Nolan mound C, see pl. 36a) ; and such nondiagnostic objects as antler cylinders and stone balls, In at least one instance (Nolan mound C), Middle Mississippi pottery types occurred intrusively. In central Missouri the vaults were much less carefully built, usually lack entrance passages, contain primary extended and fiexed as well as disarticulated burials, and yield cultural material in a greater number of instances. ‘The grit-tempered plair “coconut pots” collected by Fowke bear a closer resemblance to Wood- land types than to those of any other manifestation in the area with which Iam acquainted. The apparent, if occasional, presence of cord- roughened vessels leads me to believe that the people responsible for the vaults‘also erected the more numerous earth mounds nearby, wherein cord-roughened and square-mouthed pottery has been found. Heavy clay elbow pipes and stemmed projectile points likewise are reminiscent of Woodland traits. At the same time, shell spoons, orna- ments of Busycon shell, and perhaps tne frequency of grave goods might be evidence of Mississippi influence. As to specific similarities, the cultural complex found in the central Missouri vault mounds seems at present to have its nearest relationship with the so-called Tampico phase of the Wocdland in Illinois. There are reasons for supposing that the vaults in our third subarea, centering in Ralls and Pike Coun- ties, Mo., and in Adams County, UL, may belong with the central Missouri vaults. Here, too, entrance passages are rare or absent, and artifacts seem to be a little more common than in the western mounds. Distinctive, apparently, are the multiple or conjoined vaults reported by Hardy and Scheetz (1883, p. 535) and more recently by Neumann (letter of January 31, 1940). As regards physical type, the extremely scant data indicate a long- headed population throughout, with sight frontal deformation re- ported only in the Kansas City locality. My interpretation of the incomplete and sometimes untrustworthy evidence detailed in the preceding pages and summarized immediately above can be stated briefly. I am of the opinion that at least two eth- nic groups, closely related physically and predominantly long-headed, but bearing fairly distinct inventories in material culture, were in- volved. The well-built structures at and above Kansas City—our western subarea—probably affiliate with a local Hopewellian-like group whose village remains are represented by the Renner and related occupational sites in the immediate locality. The cruder but often better furnished structures in central Missouri, together with many of the associated earth mounds nearby, are the remains of a less special- ized, Woodland people whose relationships may eventually prove to be with some such easterly manifestation as that termed the Tampico ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 185 phase of the Woodland in Illinois. I should expect a similar author- ship for the multiple and single vaults in Pike and Ralls Counties, Mo., and Adams County, Il. Whether all the stone vaults were erected at about the same general period, that is, within the space of two or three generations, I am unable to state. Neither have I any convictions regarding the direc- tion in which the vault-building idea traveled, or in which locality it first appeared, or from what it developed. In Boone County Berry et al. (1938) found evidence of an earlier burial complex in the form of slab-lined cists directly underlying a vault. Fowke (1910, p. 36), on the other hand, found a shallow cist grave built intrusively over a vault in Dawson mound 11. No stratigraphic evidence of an earlier, possibly ancestral, method has been reported in the Kansas City area. Cist graves, so widely used in southeast Missouri, southern Illinois, and in parts of Kentucky and Tennessee, may well have a wide temporal distribution as well—a distribution that preceded as well as followed a relatively brief era of stone vault building farther west. Possibly the use of vaults with coursed walls of stone developed, in some as yet unclear manner, out of the much simpler slab-lined cist. In this event, the more easterly vaults might be the earlier, and those at Kansas City would represent the climax of the trait-complex. On the other hand, the presence of an island of Hopewellian-like peoples near Kansas City, far to the west of their hitherto known range, could be - attributed to migration. This, in turn, raises the question of whether such a population, retaining an earlier notion of interment in en- closures within mounds, might have turned from log- to stone-walled tombs in its new habitat. Here, too, one would expect transitional stages of which no trace has yet been reported. For the present I prefer to reserve judgment on this point, but of the two alternatives suggested above, I am inclined to view the Kansas City area as the culmination rather than as the hearth of the stone-vault concept. We may hope that future intensive researches, especially in mounds along some of the little-known portions of the lower Missouri Valley, will eventually resolve these problems and shed further light on one of the most intriguing phases of the archeology of the region. RESUME The data accumulated in course of the explorations and laboratory studies described in the foregoing pages are incomplete in many particulars. Aside from the deficiencies inherent in any analysis of archeological materials, it should be pointed out that the present paper is based on a survey rather than on a thoroughgoing compre- hensive program of excavation. Most of the information on village remains comes from two sites, and at neither did we uncover more 4972614313 186 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM than a smali fraction of the area of aboriginal occupation. The greater share of the available time and manpower was given over to excavation ; hence it was impossible to make a complete surface sur- vey of the antiquities of the Kansas City area or to follow up all the leads given us by visitors to the diggings and by local collectors. Since there is good reason to believe that archeological horizons other than those examined exist locally, it is not yet possible to outline in detail the story of native occupation in this part of the Missouri Valley. As an initial step toward this ultimate goal, however, we may set forth the salient features of the two newly defined prehistoric manifestations whose presence here at the eastern edge of the plains area was hinted only vaguely or not at all a few years ago. The Renner site on Line Creek was inhabited by a relatively small group—small, that is, when compared with some of the historic villages of the Pawnee and their Siouan contemporaries in the eastern Great Plains. At the same time, the depth of village debris—some- times exceeding 2 feet—and the occurrence of numerous old storage pits indicate an occupation of some permanence. The type of habita- tion is unknown, but there is no evidence of pithouses or earthlodges. This would suggest that surface structures, perhaps bark or mat- covered, were used and that all traces of these have been obliterated by modern agriculture. The native subsistence economy involved horticulture, hunting, and gathering. Maize and beans, of which there is direct archeological evidence, were probably cultivated on the Line Creek bottoms and at the mouths of ravines and draws near the village. The bone hoe, so typical of most Plains corn-growing peoples, is absent, but there are chipped stone artifacts that may have served the same purpose. Mealing slabs and mullers were not found, and the type of milling implement remains conjectural. Of the numerous wild fruits available, only two were represented in our collections. ‘These include the hickory nut and the papaw. Hunting was important, with the deer overwhelmingly preferred to all other forms. Birds, fish, and shellfish were of minor importance. There is evidence that a small form of domestic dog was present. Implements of warfare and the chase probably included the bow and arrow, the latter tipped with large-stemmed or corner-notched stone points or with conical socketed antler points; the three-quarter grooved polished ax; the ground celt; and numerous chipped tri- anguloid and delicate flake knives. For skin-working there were stemmed and unstemmed planoconvex scrapers of varied sizes and forms; cylindrical antler rubbing tools; bone beamers made from the metapodial or the ilium of the deer; occasional eyed sewing needles; awls of turkey bone and punches of deer ulna; and, perhaps used in hide dressing, worn lumps of pumice. A large flat needle of split ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 187 rib may have been used for the weaving of rush mais. There is litile to guide us in the matter of aboriginal dress or the tastes in personal adornment. Imitation perforated bear teeth and longitudinally pierced deer phalanges possibly served in the latter connection. Of all the native industries practiced at the Renner site that of the potter is most abundantly represented. Typically, the pottery here is grit tempered, of moderate hardness, and has a granular structure. Surfaces are generally smoothed, less commonly imperfectly polished, and rarely cord-roughened. Large vessels seem usually to have had a height exceeding their diameter, a more or less conoidal base, a slightly constricted neck, and an interiorly concave unthickened rim. The lip was generally flattened. Smaller jars sometimes had globular or lobed bodies. Bowls were rare. Decorative techniques included incising (usually on the rim exterior), roughening of the body by means of an unnotched rocker, rare use of the dentate rocker or roulette, the cord-wrapped stick, and punching from the interior to produce bosses on the exterior below the lip. Areas of decoration involved the rim exterior and the body surface generally. The neck, except where overall cord-roughening occurs, is generally plain. The rim exterior typically bears cross-hatched incising (or rocker marks) bordered by a line of punctates; less common are the vertical or diagonal impressions of a cord-wrapped stick, or short strokes from a pointed tool. On the body, all-over edentate rocker roughening is very characteristic, the use of alternate plain and roughened areas separated by incisions less so. Miniature pots occur, as do occasional crudely modeled bird or other zoomorphic forms. Painting is pres- ent on but one vessel fragment. In addition to the more numerous artifact types already given, we may further enumerate the following from the Renner site: Unpaired sandstone abraders, grooved as from sharpening awls, etc.; a bipointed bone object; a multiperforate scooplike piece, of dressed bone or horn; a small zoomorphic bone carving; a small copper celt or adz blade; chipped chisellike objects; drill points; small chipped plano- convex disks; chipped celt (?) blades, or blanks (?); large well made blades; hollowed imperforate funnellike stone and clay objects; a small paint mortar; rough hammerstones, hematite, and (by report) obsidian chips. The manner of disposing of the dead remains problematical. It is suggestive, however, that on the bluffs east of the Renner site is a large group of mounds, nearly every one of which contained a rec- tangular burial chamber built up of coursed stone without mortar. These were dug out many years ago; associated cultural objects were rare or absent, and the records of this work which have come down to us do not prove a direct connection between these structures and the 188 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM people who dwelt at the Renner site. At the same time, a stone vault ef similar type near Waldron has recently yielded, in addition to dis- articulated human bones, two small pots virtually indistinguishable from the better grade of ware at the Renner site. At a number of other points in the Kansas City area groups of stone burial enclosures have been found in proximity to village sites whose pottery and other remains are closely similar to those at Renners’. As I have suggested elsewhere in this paper, I am of the opinion that the stone vaults on Line Creek, on Pearl Branch, and elsewhere in the locality, represent the burying places of the people who inhabited the Renner and cul- turally related sites in the area. This view is subject to modification, or even to abandonment if necessary, in light of future findings. It does not overlook the fact that Shippee found a roulette-decorated pot, a large well-chipped blade, and scraps of native copper in an earth mound west of the Renner village site. These finds suggest that the dead may have been occasionally placed in earth tumuli rather than in stone vaults. As a rule, however, I believe that the earth mounds of the Kansas City area pertain to a different, probably later, archeological horizon. If, in the above paragraph, the stone chambered burial mounds of the Kansas City area are referred to the correct village horizon, it is noteworthy that the few measureable skeletal remains extant indi- cate a dolichocranic high-headed population of medium stature. Frontal deformation was practiced, and there is evidence that syphi- lis was present. The Steed-Kisker site on Platte River also represents the remains of a small, relatively sedentary, aboriginal settlement. Here the archeological evidences are somewhat more scattered than at Ren- ners’, presumably because the village was less compact and occupied a greater area. Directly indicated are rectangular semisubterranean earthlodges with central fireplace, four primary roof supports, and vestibule entrance. Charred maize, sunflower seeds, bits of pumpkin, or squash, and mussel-shell hoes are proof of horticultural pursuits. The muller and inferentially also the mealing slab were present. Papaw seeds and nut fragments show that wild-fruit products were utilized, and deer bones indicate a considerable reliance on hunting. The domestic dog was present. The range of known artifact types here is rather more limited than at the Renner site, but this is probably due to our relatively smaller sample. Arrowpoints are uniformly small, of chert, with or with- out side notches. MISCELLANEOUS ARTI- FAcTs:—Continued Stone (chipped):—Con. Large blades (over Deas] eee |amolom (eine) Olste| [== |-— [=e]: | oli eee ely 16g Bifurcate point, 1|----|--]--]--]---]--]--|--]---]--]--]--|--]--]--|--]--]--]---]--|--|] Pl. 12, o. coarsely serrate, Stone (ground): Gayot oe See ey ee eS ee eee eel ee See =| ==] 2/65] Sates iP]. OR. b: Cones, hollow. pd ee fe) el ee pee See eaten tes|- =| =| == oxo etedeet PIeeeP Ich Onc. nippled. Small paint mortar Lean |e ee | nl ee meen | 2 |e See Se ee] 10) 7. Sandstone orna- |_-___ BE Py Om esl fe a) Fe | 2) | WP 5 2 oad et fer 2) 26, 2. ment, circular, with pierced tab. Hammerstones_-______- 8+] 3+]--] 5}__]142)-_}__|--|--+-]--]--]--]|-F]-4F/+/+j)+]4] 20]--]_- Pecking stones________- US ES Soie ea ee es es ed ea ola rol ec te fel Hematite and limonite CNTR RSH 63 Ye Se ee Pee et Pe Pepe Le El || pigments. PiTMICG 4. Poe se Fe CMS 5) fe at = fas hf SP ed oe Obsidian=-- 3-2: 4-4 idle se ole IE SS a es ee ela ato cee |e ets ae et Dakota sandstone_____ OAT. cers lst es Se PF Le lal feet dt Textile: Twisted cord, |_-___ a Pes ees ese [esl a a ea sipers Sle |e |= eee ete PION Ve: 2 ply, of vegetal fibre. POTTERY: Tempering: Crushed rock (or Ay lA le-}e-} —J—l-E)Y --|-EI-E}-4]--}--}--|-E}-E}-4] I-E+ sand). Crushed shell_....-|---.-| +]--]--J}+] 4HI-4]-|--]--F]--]--]--]4]4/4)—|_-|—]2-]--|-- Structure: Granular. =-24 b= - +] —|--}--]--]---]--]4)-4] --]--]--]2-]--]--}2-]--]41-—] 4/--/4+ Wakyine Seed 5b ad] Sond SS ae fat see fees fs fe eee fe es es ee es een eal te (a IE Surfaces: Smoothed._....._- Hl OF I--|-E I-A) EJF) I-4] 4-4] --]--]-4]--]--]4/-|=] +/4+1- Polished, imper- —| —]--|--|]—]_--|-- Be ae (ea P's ea EO P| ey (eee) ee fectly. Slipped=2e.! bt =f =| — pe | fs] -- | -]--n | a ea ted sade Cord-roughened, —| —|--|-j-} -|-|- tel ela =| tel Set ele || |e eee act le 8, a. allover or nearly so. Lip: Rounded i_- i. - +) 4 —/81/+] + )_-}_--]--)-4}_-|--]--}--]--]--}-4]--|-4}-- 21+) -— Flattened......-..- +}----|4+/49)+) +)--|/-4+]--]-—]_-]--]--]--]--]--|--]--]44} 444+ Rim profile: Unthickened, ver- +]_---|+]--}--}---]--]4]—] —} [4 ]}_-]--]--]--]4+)—].-]--- +/+] Fig. 5, a-c tical or nearly so. Unthickened, in- Co eS bor +|-+]--]=-]--|=-]--]--]--]-<2|-|_-| Fig. 5, d, e. st Gus Ss fear fs ia Se fel fur e SE Fig. 10. ao ref 234 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM TABLE 11—Summary of data on Renner and Steed-Kisker sites, with comparisons—Continued Culture traits PorreRy:—Continued Vessel forms: Elongate verti- cally, base co- noidal or nearly so, constricted neck (amphora). Globular, un- shouldered, con- stricted neck. Quadrilobate or “‘square’’ vessels. Hemispherical un- derbody, shoul- der, constricted neck (olla). “Kiva-jar’” type--- Dipper or ladle___- Cylindrical vase__- Bowls: Effigy head (or head & tail) on rim. Flattish base, vert. walls (beaker). Handled “bean pot”. Shallow, in- curving rim. Miniature forms-_-- Small clay figu- rines. Funnel - shaped objects, nippled. Decorative techniques: Incising~---2-- Edentate rocker --- Dentate stamp- --- Cord-wrapped in- strument (other than paddle). Punching (as on rim bosses). Areas of decoration: Rim exterior___---- Body of vessels__-- Plain neck, sep- arated by incised line from dec- orated body. Upperbody (above shoulder) only. Renner -- 403 794 37 17 31 | Illinois Hopewell Steed-Kisker | Fv-664 Eeaalny q =| BAR al lals = SEARLE | PIS|5|2/$ |e slo Zid (SIE1S| = lelela oa es ee ee ee ee HSER AIS Ree Gp fee ay ral OE alg. a er ee Sete Whale tiene ae es --} fb J+]__]_..} — J--]--|-- os (ea | Uc || ee (ee el EF Vee [| fT 26 bees — fe fee ye 7] +I4-|-|-|+ |+]+I-- a (ee Elle x ea ES a Fe a re i Se ed ee pais eee |e | eels +) - eee aa es Oy ee ee ra [+e f+-|_--|-F]4 |e i aa UE Ee EN Be he Street tl ale eros tpl Bel 2 leit Z| es 3ls|3 = | 109 —|__|+ _-|_1|+ cane es _-|_-|+ +/4]— | Upper Republican | St. Helena F. | Crooks | Nebraska Culture {| Goodall | Valley 1 ++ | + | Illus. Pl. 4, fig. 5, hae Ple8s'a} ds fig. 5, k, 1. Bl.:8510. Fig. 10, A, Pl. 39, a. Pl. 8, ¢; fig. 5, m. Plata Se Pl.11, g. Plellya. Pl 23: Pl:3-5, 8. BI ity Ks m. Pl. 6, b,c. Plf3, a. Pls. 3-6, 8. Pls.3, 4, 8. Pls. 3, 4, 8. Pl. 23. ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI ~ Zon TABLE 11.—Summary of data on Renner and Steed-Kisker sites, with comparisons—Continued alt s b= {| 2] . ral aie || |6/BIe Culture traits ale =e r= Al Slele Illus. B | Mol $ le| Sle] 2) ele a|S al t3| 2 bale. 2 |S (ElSls| Sele] SS gl ols iElEi simi sisi s S | So lsli [P| SleifiSl el SislSisis|Slelal | cisig S ] Riel) M Ole|Al <4 lela alela iz iS |a|o lols PorrerY:—Continued Designs: Cross-hatch and |217-+|----}—|--|--]---|--|+]--]--- Spl ata = = = abt [== sElss8555- punctate (rim only). Alternating plain | 48++]----|++|--|--|---]--|4]--]--- +)-+]--|--]--]--]--|--]--] 4F]]--| Pls. 8, a-c. and decorated areas, bordering lines. All-overr rocker |<(«<+|2s22|2s| 22/24) sbe alee Bayaes AAS) el st Seals el lh Sool nl el ee roughening, on body. Hachured areas_---|----- stele lata [ese —|-}ee) FY} __]=]2-}2-]2-]--|—]--]4]-2-]--|_.] Pl.-23, at Hachured areas, |----- ote |e= | Soe eee Reta] ee eles ae pease 11S ||| Pose ase: bordered by un- dulating paired or ladderlike lines Undulating paired |----- aE See Se OS Ef eat Pete IRR | 2 Sn P28, or tripled lines d,eé. above shoulder, Added features: Loop handles__----|----- 27)--| 4)--| --}--}--}--] --]--|-=|--|-F]/+]—|+]--|—]---|--|--] Pl. 28, a-e. Commonly 2 |----- yl ey RO at eH a (ey Ve (Yee Ce eae (ee | per vessel_ Attachment |-.-_-- OH] Sete |e ee fe eee eels Pel Sees Sejec|— |e 2a | PL oa he by riveting. Rim flanges or tabs_|_--_- 4|__| 314+-]_-.|—|--]--] --]--]--]--|--]--]—|—|--]—|---]__|_-] Pl. 24, e. Commonly 2 |-.---- ald ed feed FSS ee le Ly fee ee ee el ee Pe VR Fa per vessel. Effigy and (or) |----- +} --|--| 2) +EI-+]--}--] | 1)--]--]--]--]--|—|]—|_-]_-]---]_-|_-] Pl. 24,a-d. effigy head lugs. Human head |----- a fe | ee | ee | | fae Se eee ae ee | BSIE 3) PIS 245165 effigy lugs. TABLE 12.—Provenience and size of specimens illustrated * Size (em.) : Plate Material Provenience Field No. ee Heght. Diam. Ct ees 24.0+ 21.34- | Pottery__-| Renner site, sq. 135W6, d.20’7_..__-_ 110 381158 ieee 20. 0+ CAE t) | Es be I ee Renner site, sq. 55E1, pit 33_______- 222 380952 OS 43.0 StOUESIGOh ee =. Renner site, from cache in roadcut_|------------ |Shippee coll 5 @esceeee Di dnterone rose oho does: Renner site, sq. 55H1, pit 33_-_----- 222 380941 Geese 21 ON Secs ate oes do_....--| Renner site, from roadcut-___------- 214 381160 US Se eee bee ere done Renner site, sq. 145W4, d.9-18” ___- 19 380962 1 Key to abbreviations: sq., square; U.S.N.M., United States National Museum; P. M. H. U., Peabody Museum of Harvard University; d, depth; E, east; W, west; diam., diameter; hght., height; bur., burial; dim., dimension, All dimensions in centimeters; depths in inches. 236 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM TABLE 12.—Provenience and size of specimens illustrated—Continued Size (cm.) Plate Material Provenience Field No. Ue Hght. | Diam. : } pe aeaeeedel PIR £88 SE HO (ea Na Pottery_..| Renner site, sq. 90E10, d.9-18”_____ 189 381013 7 oes Pa be ek eee ee, Gore ts Renner site, sq. 90E5, pit 22__..-._- 238 380898 11 ees ays Be Pe SEEN et GO222252! Renner site, surface..--.------....- 1 381143 Ye ES ie Sek Bia ip Cees Sas ate ha HL iy dots! Renner site, sq. 95E4, d.9-18’"______ 178 331029 i oe (ee SSP BS he es a a dost FRENNOE SHO} shee heck oie NA be Bd PARES oe ee Piast Spee Re Ee es dos..t.-! Renner site, sq. 145W4, d.9-18’’___- 19 380962 Bere see a See os AE dota te. Renner site, sq. 95E12, d.9-18//_____ 264 381103 (Yee Se | eg ee ee a De coe SL ae do_.....-| Renner site, sq. 140W4, d.18-27/’___ 31 380976 Fr aa Se SE (et a ed | dos. 4.22 Renner site, highway cut, pit 19__- 259 380890 O22 ask ee ee fe ee oo doles Renner site, sq. 115, pit 11________- 120 380861 | | ae eae eet |e eee es be doe tt2 Renner site, sq. 90E7, d.? & pit 19_- 242, 259 381148 [ee i ak Sel ee) Fe ae do__.....| Renner site, sq. 90E9, pit 17___----__ 265 380886 feelin | (Sa SRS ee a 0 ed ee dow =s Renner site, sq. 90H3, d.18-27""__ 22. |_ssi2.--2- 2. 381045 f Paper |e, es REL Eh a aa IS Se doit! Renner site, sq. 80E9, pit 36_...--__- 324 380946 Ta (ee pel Se ae Ce dos 54.4 Renner site, sq. 100E2, pit 26__..-..- 229 380911 ea ed ae ee doi. i-+ Renner site, sq. 85E9, d.18-27/7_____- 256 381009 1 Ae papas Pee eek Saree | oe Je a La doJ...-2 Renner site, sq. 100E8, d.9-18’’____- 257 381129 | ee] ee ee ee | ae ee dos = Renner site, highway cut, pit 19___ 259 380890 $5 @.2 02202 16. 4 gL Ya se 0 a Renner site, sq. 115W1, pit 12______ 215 380867 piss 1B G(s 5 en ee 1B a doi42-2 Renner'site,sq.t70; d517/’_.. 4 --=2- 100 381080 eee SiSGpe- a2 oe ae doit _ Renner site, sq. 95E8, pit 18__.____ 147 380888 (i eas 13. 2 ZS 5it4|s2-dOsa ce: Renner site, sq. 115W1, pit 12.____- 216 380866 Ora 16.5 1.9 | Antler.._.| Renner site, sq. 90W1, pit 7-._-___- 289 381171 bt =) 6.8 1:9! |2..do2-4._4 Renner site, sq. 11OE1 & 115E1, pit 346 380927 29. €zcsacce 7.9 PS |st.dol.s.-: Renner site, sq. 145W2, pit 1_-..._- 104 380843 G-2 9.3 Ey gl Peer Co eee ea Renner site, sq. 80E9, pit 36__.___- 324 381166 625-8 J 8.8 6i5|2dos. 1 Renner site, sq. 95E2, d. 14’’7_______ 277 381051 jen eee: 11.0 7 (es (Le Renner site, sq. 90, d. 14/’._-.____-- 89 381167 Gee 6.0 2135) 42200 s=42=2 Renner site, sq. 90E9, d. ?-..--_--- 282 381173 Atk. 8.1 2.0i |S d04— sue" Renner site, sq.) 700d. 24/4 Jo 2 155 381182 pe 11.2 2.13) |s2200s— 5-2: Renner site, sq. 95E2, pit 27_____-- 312 381183 5 ee 11.3 Slat dokss_s! Renner site, sq. 135W5, d. 24’”_____ 154 381181 LO ge 16.7 3.2 | Bone..-_.: Renner site, sq. 100E2, pit 26__-__-_ 208 380914 be 228 13. 4 S33 | 22 dos. Renner site, sq. 90F2, d. ?__.__--_- 207 381042 Coes2e 27 13. 4 1.9 | Antler_...| Renner site, sq. 145W2, pit 1-_____- 30 380842 (( ae 7.6 2501 | *Bone--=_-! Renner site, sq. 110E1 & 115E1, pit 344 380926 29. ae Baad 29. 1 | dos. 2.2 Renner site, excavations. -.__..___- ? 381193 { Bee 13.3 4e3t |e 2d0l aac! Renner site, sq. 140, from pipeline 33 381192 fill. fee 3 201) ee a ee doszet.2 Renner site, sq. 95E12, pit 15_._._- 158 381188 pares 7.3 Helis |Zdots ss Renner site, sq. 95E4, d. 14’7_..___- 161 381032 he ee 10.1 Qo ne dO Sees ee Renner site, sq. 115, pit 11_.-_.--_- 121 380865 | 9.5 20a hei doseee = Renner site, sq. 100E1, d. 25/”______ 329 381070 ) PEs sae 4.4 S8ieies-dOu ens Renner site, sq. 95W1, d. 13/7_____- 356 381189 ] pe AC | oo i | do Sir Renner site, sq. 135W4, d. 9-18’"_ _- 39 380971 Nese 9.5 2:5) RE dousz=. ss Renner site, sq. 95E8, d. 24’/”7_.____- 156 381017 | ee eerae 8.7 23-74 == 00 ==s=25 Renner site, sq. 95E7, d. 14’7______- 157 381018 0. 22433 12.4 et, NOON ean Renner site, sq. 100E1, pit 32_______ 327 380937 S aapapess T2N6ii| pon cte ee do2tes= Renner site, sq. 85W8 & 85W9, pit 318 381345 16. ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 237 TABLE 12.—Provenience and size of specimens illustrated—Continued Size (em.) Plate Length | Width Height Material Provenience ee de or max. | or min. | or thick- diam. diam. ness iG Cee 4.5 3.8 3.4 | Pottery_..| Renner site, sq. 115W1, pit 12__ 169a 380869 Gee. 4.2 3.6 3.5 | Calcite____| Renner site, sq. 115W1, pit 12__ 169b 380870 (i ae 6, 2@)ie ee Oe 3.0 | Limestone-} Renner site, sq. 80E9, pit 36___ 210 381256 he | 8: Onli} Bi 2 3.1 | Pottery_.-| Renner site, sq. 95E2, pit 27___ 217 380919 1 ae Ch) eee 234 VouGdor J... Renner site, sq. 145W4, d.18- 28 380967 27", ) ae 8.9 5 et All Pee ee es ee do<-= =» Renner site, sq. 90E10, d.18- 233 381015 Me. gut 4.9 2.4 251; |Eedoe 2. -- Renner site, sq. 95E4 & 95E65, 148 380902 pit 23. | ee 2.9 1.3 1.0 | Bone____-- Renner site, excavations____.__ ? 381195 eee} 3.4 2:2 0.5 | Copper-_---} Renner site, sq. 85E10, d.12’7__ 167 381012 yee 6.1 4.7 3.3 | Limestone-} Renner site, sq. 70E1, pit 31___ 209 380934 eee =k 5.7 3.4 1.5 | Hematite _| Renner site, sq. 90E11, d.18’’__ 166 381257 (2 eee 3.8 1.4 1.9 | Bone______ Renner site, sq. 140W4, d.14” - 152 381194 Size (cm.) : Plate Material Provenience eee yee Length | Width : ; 10), no 8.1 3.4 | Chert__-_- Renner site, sq. 90E2, pit 25__..______- 272 381206 aes 8.0 BO Ta esate (eae Renner site, east dirt piles during filling- 347 381211 a 7.3 onl. -Bedoes ou Renner site, sq. 100E2, d.9-20 inches -_- 285 381207 ( 6.6 S240 Pz dou sa2 Renner site, sq. 100E5, d. 9-18 inches_ 199 381201 @ssi 222452 6.6 3:0)! |--..dos-838 Renner site, sq. 1007, d. 0-9 inches__. 261 381203 | cee 7.0 DOSY Ay ears (oye ee Renner site, sq. 50E1, d. 9-18 inches__ 330 381210 [ee ee 6.0 Bao ila COneE Renner site, sq. 95E5, d. 18-27 inches_- 195 381200 eneee 3.4 OG} SAR eet 0 (0 eee ae Renner site, sq. 140W3, d.18-27 inches-_ 95 381198 {==> 5.3 AS Gri===-d0s=—=— Renner site, sq. 115E1, d.9-18 inches__ 267 381204 | 6.5 Sail si lae-GORsee = Renner'site; surface... =£-.--.2.2s- a 3 381212 hen 6.8 25De eos Ores Renner site, sq. 95E6, pit 21._-___-_-__ 304 381208 | 444 eee Be 8.1 BM). Seen thes =e Renner site, sq. 95W1, d.9-18 inches_-_- 322 381209 eee (Ons 250) 122 dos =: Renner site, sq. 80E1, d.18-27 inches_- 248 381205 Mecacase 7.3 54% We2=2d0: = ee Renner site, sq. 95E12, pit 15_._---_-_- 198 381202 Cee 8.3 3:00 Se 3do: fee) Renner site, sq. 135W6, d.17 inches_--- 108 381199 238 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM TABLE 12.—Provenience and size of specimens illustrated—Continued Plate Plate Size (em.) Length Width 10.2 3.7 9.6 Biwe 8.3 4.5 8.2 $32) 6.8 6.8 6.1 4.1 8.3 5.9 (Pe) 10.3 8.1 542 3.2 2:2 4.3 3.0 5.5 3:3 6.5 3.2 7.8 825 6.4 3D 5.4 3.8 6.3 4.7 5.6 3.2 7.4 3.5 Size (cm.) Length | Width 3.8 1.4 5. 1 6 5.0 1.3 6.5 2.2 4.8 1.8 9.4 1.5 5:5 1.4 4.5 AG, 5.0 2.8 4.7 3.4 5.0 Bh 2.9 843} 3.1 3.9 4.7 3.4 Material Provenience Thick- ness 3:0) ‘Cher§ =e Renner site, sq. 100E5, d. 9-18 inches. 239 et dor lee Renner site, sq. 85E2, pit 24___ 320) |ESedos See Renner site, sq. 100E2, pit 26__ 330) |S2xdor Renner site 95 £6, d. 9-18 inches 2d | PLC OBL Renner site, surface__________- Pahl pe S26 (0 eed Renner site, sq. 140 W3, d.18-27 inches. 255|-=200-ees = Renner site, surface_____--.-_- Se 2h dows ae Renner site, sq. .95W1, d. 9-18 inches. 250) Bed omee Renner site, surface___________-_ isd” |S dows Renner site, sy. 100E5, d. 9-18 inches. 3) edo ak Renner site, from highway cut- ie edo =. 24 Renner site, sq. 140W3, d.18-27 inches. 1.0 |_--do_.....-| Renner site, sq. 85, d. 9-18 inches. 1331 = d Ose Renner site, sq. 70, d. 18-27 inches. Lips dOue se Renner site, sq. 105, d. 9-18 inches. PABYy Ee X0 (Ceara Renner site, sq. 45, d. 9-18 inches. DOn!}=dovss= Renner site, sq. 140, d. 15-24 inches. PIA osers spe Renner site, sq. 85F2, pit 24__- 17) dole aes Renner site, sq. 90E8, d. 9-23 inches. Material Provenience Chert__..- Renner site, sq. 70, d. 9-18 inehes___-___- be. d05:-2-22 Renner site, sq. 95E3, d. 9-24 inches_-_-__- Ba dOse sare Renner site, sq. 70, d. 9-18 inches___-___- safer ees Renner site, sq. 145W2, pit 1_.-.=-.---.- 2 LOULR AE Renner site, sq. 95E12, pit 15_.._.---.--- ite OL Ss = a Renner site, sq. ?, d. 11 inches___-------- Bed oO 2 2 Renner site, sq. 100E5, d. 9-18 inches___- ee dost oe Renner site, sq. 95E3, d. 9-24 inches____- Boao (oes ee Renner site, east dirt piles during back- filling. Cogito (see = Renner site, sq. 50, d. 9-18 inches__----_- aed ore es Renner site, sq. 100E4, d. 9-18 inches___- EC Os-ceeee Renner site, sq. 130W7, d. 18-27 inches_- _.-do__.._..] Renner site, sq. 105E1, d. 18-27 inches_-- cas Oren ae Renner site, sq. 110E1 & 115E1, pit 29_-_. Field No. 199 101 122 263 Field U.S.N.M. No. 381223 381224 381225 381225 381227 381225 381229 381230 381231 381213 381214 381215 381216 381217 381215 381219 381220 381221 381222 U.S.N.M. No. 381313 381214 381313 381316 381315 381317 381318 381319 381320 381321 381322 381323 381324 381325 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 239 TABLE 12.—Provenience and size of specimens illustrated—Continued Size (em.) : Platey lassi eee ee Laterial Provenience eee prea Length | Width |Thickness : ; HES Gee Ref || Bee en Ia) \Cherhaeea- Renner site, sq. 115W1, d. 86 381249 9-18 inches. [Neuere | SsGb let ste ee 1.8 |___. do____ | Renner site, highway cut_-_- 218 381250 (app | gE || eee in alert in (eespaptae 0 0) islet |e eas (0 aint prea soe ak ie 218 381250 {i} pee ee | GxOpIEE = ae ae 3.7 |---- do____ | Renner site, sq. 105, d. 9-18 74 381254 inches. [ae 6.3 5.4 2.2 |.-__ do___. | Renner site, 85E4, d. 0-9 181 381255 inches. 16s@- 2. - = 26.7 8.4 1.6 | Jasper____- Renner site, sq. 100E8, d. 13 146 381243 inches. eee 12) 2 5.6 145 Cherte = Renner site, sq. 85E2, pit 24_ 171 380907 (Hla eee | 12.3 6.2 1.9 |_--- do_.___ | Renner site, sq. 90E5, pit 22__ 298 381244 7 Ar ee 9 14, 2 4.1 2.2 |_-.- do_.._ | Renner site, sq. 115W1, pit 141 380876 12. |) es 10.7 3.0 1.5 |_-_. do _._ | Renner site, sq. 115, d. 8-18 38 381246 inches. (7. WS 332 2.8 |...- do____ | Renner site, sq. 40, d. 9-18 137 381247 inches. (es 5.5 1.9 1.7 |_--. do____ | Renner site, sq. 100E11, d. 187 381248 9-18 inches. €: fee 12.4 6.0 1,2))-=.. do_.-- |) Renner site, sq. 70), d. 25 55 381245 inches. 1 hit eee 6.5 4.5 1.7 |... do___. | Rennersite, sq. 90E9, d.?____ 281 381233 (ed 5.5 3.9 1.3 |=---.do <-. |) Rennersite, sq. 8522; d.?___ 180 381236 (2. 5.0 2.9 1.5 |_--. do.___ | Rennersite, highway cut___-_ 218 381237 (an 5.0 353 1.2 |_-___ do... | Renner site, sq. 85E1, d. 262 381238 18-27 inches. exe = + 5.9 3.8 NOTA amet (ess Renner site, highway cut___- 218 381239 oe ae tal 4,2 1.0 |---- do_._--| Renner site, sq. 110, d. 9-18 36 381240 inches. i pe 7.0 4.1 1.2 |____ do.---| Renner site, sq. 145 and 5 381241 145W 1, d. 0-9 inches. hea 6.4 2.9 10 E2=2 Gos=-|\ Renner! site, squ 9541, id. 232 381242 9-18 inches. 19 ae} 18.5 10.5 6.7 | Diorite__-.| Renner site, highway cut___- 168 381258 Wisc. 9.0 5G AS 0 PO sya = = ea OL re eee 219 381259 Qe sseses 9.7 pal 3.4 |--__ do___. | Renner site, sq. 70E1, d. 20 230 381061 inches. ines | 11.4 eds 4.2 |_-__ do__._ | Renner site, sq. 115, d. 20 87 880991 inches. eee | 7A 5h ery Fee 7.1 | Quartzite__| Renner site, highway cut --__- 213 381260 | (i oe 6.3 4.6 4.0 | Sandstone_| Renner site, sq. 85E11, d. 201 381280 9-18 inches. (i pmeaee aoe 5.6 5a oll ese C0 (seed Renner site, east dirt piles in 347 381281 backfill. Size (em.) Plate Fas Material Provenienc> Field No. as Length Width (or hght.) P21 a(t paeaiea 11.0 1.2 | Argillaceous | Clay County, Mo-_--.--..---------- (Shippee Coll.) sandstone. beset 6.5 Bhi Wsneek (6 (ij aa ee | Re (30) Se DR ie eee ee ae eS Do. CBee 2S 4.0 TON eee (6G) ee ee ree Ose WU a eS eat Do. (hele ae 3.5 OP45|pAmtlers == 2 - Wyandotte County, Kans____----- (Trowbridge Coll.) Cer areas | ae | eee Cordage___..--| Steed-Kisker site, pit 2...--__----_- 37 381434 ae Gnu |ese= 2-22 Bone_...--.-.| Steed-Kisker site, pit 4._..--------- | 80 381447 240 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM TABLE 12.—Provenience and size of specimens illustrated—Continued Size (cm.) Plate Material Provenience Field No. DEB EM. Diam. Heght. : 22,4 15.3 78) Pottery 255--= Steed-Kisker Site, house 1_-.--...- 179 381408 b 12.7 8.5. |n=-=2 (0 {oo ee Me oe CN pe ay ae ee ee 164 381407 c 16.3 12/2)(o-2-2 doz = 2 Steed-Kisker site, pit 5A_...-.-._-- 35 381453 Gr oe ceheL. Se te A es do... 52.- Steed-Kisker site, pit 3.-......-.._. 42 381441 6 ose OSs She een eas do. 222s Steed-Kisker site, pit 8..--..---._- 65 381459 Plate Material Provenience ee Usa M. DA he (eae iPottery=..|| Steed-Kaisker site;house 12 ----=-2-2 222 tet 169 381397 {op ae Ye BP do: 54 Steed-Kisker site, midden 1, sq. E15__.---_---_-----_-_--------- 101 381482 Coen es ale GO=- 28 eS lec KcisKer SiLONMOUSO lta oe ose ee ee oc ores ee eee ee ae ae 178 381397 Ge seee) 5.3 do: 22 BEd ot Oe oer eas DP oe oe cn so ee eee 190 381397 (Jae eae Gozs=ae Steed-Kisker site, midden 1, pit 2 (pit 11)_-------_--.--_-_-- 6 381471 AQ 2 --| 1-3 Gow este Steed=Kisker'site; thousetls_ 22s =. 3k oo aie te et 205 381401 {ee es (0 (oer eee Cs (+ Ree 4k hE eee ey (Shippee Coll. No. 1883) (pee el ie es do2ti ks Steed-Kiskersitos pita feos sees eae eee. ee eee eee 22 381427 (1s al I a dos 33 Steed=Kisker'site, ‘surface -- 215222. be oe ge eee 62 esl Sere hed aes Co La eee Pap) be S| COE Ree ates aitiesta Tk a oe SS oe OE 53 881512 | ae es do-._-+=_|-Steed=Kisker site 7housetl se. 29 o- d 169 381397 (ee Ee do22-22-4p-2 48 C0 (0 ESAS Ae A iE ee fe aes eek a a Ee | 178 381397 sess es) Be Onn 22 Fes | 2222 dO. = ne se eae here coms eae en ee eee omnes 164 381397 ee ee ee. (| oe Steed-Kisker’site;pibites =: so-so OR ee ee & af 381471 Size (cm.) Plate ie Material Provenience Held Ue NM Length | Giameter 25, a 17.5 4584) Bones. =5.-—=- Steed-Kisker site, pit 13, d.32’____- 79 381477 b 115 OES) [ates doeezens = Steed-Kisker site, pit 1__.__-_-..--- 8 381432 c 1.5 hn Ie eee GOee 2h ose Steed-Kisker site, pit 13, d.42”______ 77 381476 d 3.6 1s Dyi|ivoae co (ofan pees Steed-Kisker site, midden 1, sq. D15 70 381508 e 5.6 1.6 | Corncob_...-- Steed-Kisker site, pit 222 22 -- 52:2) 2.-2-32--1 381433 if 11.5 259)|, Antier: 3.22225 Steed-Kisker site, pit 1.......------ 7 381431 g 10.6 DED) ee Go seen- Steed=Kusker site.2--2 so-.2-sss2e==* (Shippee Coll. No. 1882) ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 241 TABLE 12.—Provenience and size of specimens illustrated—Continued Size (cm.) 2 Ane Plate Material Provenience ea DaNa. Length | Width Bil ason22 3.1 16) Cherts- ==. Steed-Kisker site, midden 1, sq. 113 381494 C15. | see 2.5 iWin eee Ch spe Ses Steed-Kisker site, house 1 entrance_ 202 381409 Caan 1.9 i eb al | et at (16 prop pe Steed-Kisker site, surface_________- 55 381514 (ees 2.7 d i563] | tachi C6 (GEIS cae ag COE son ne re rene pe ee 55 381514 (caters 1.6 Tg E39) eset doraa= = Steed-Kisker site, pit 8_....________ 89 381460 pee anee Pat Het | See Obeppee iy kes Steed-Kisker site, midden1, sq. F O_ 136 381495 GQeEeses 6.3 PAG} |e dosecee 2 Steed-Kisker site, surface.__._____- 58 381515 were 3.6 i gli eee Cg ee pee (G0) zy, Steere te dea eet! Seem ite set e 55 381515 fee eecee 4.2 285 (| eae (2 (oe EN Steed-Kisker site, midden1, sq. 28 381496 F5. | ee 4.3 270 co (oa geet Steed-Kisker site, house 1_________- 196 381409 | Pea eee 252 Guten ‘dO ee Steed-Kisker site, house 1 entrance. 202 381422 {1,3 wd ae Sa 4.1 PIE B| eae G0resss 222 Steed-Kisker site, midden 1, sq. G5_ 118 381499 Cm 2 =p and Taye [ee doreecee Steed-Kisker site, pit 8......._____- 89 381460 (eae 5.8 5.4 | Sandstone____- Steed-Kisker site, house 1_________- 268 381414 (ee aie 3.5 22 Dy CHeErb oe Steed-Kisker site, midden 1, sq. F5_ 110 381498 9 bee ees 5.0 B LSE} beeen Payee Aa Steed-Kisker site, midden 1, sq. 143 381500 C20. Dig @en 3.9 PA i) | eas Conoco ne Steed-Kisker site, house 1.__.____-- 195 381410 [Dist aeaee 3.2 Pe( Nil | epee (CLT se een ies | a ah CG KO) Sea eae: ae eee a 172 381410 eee 5.2 5 igh | Se GOe se ese CSE: Sater orc erin. paar ecommpenemrr st: 195 381410 (Beam 6.1 2.63 eea a does Steed-Kisker site, pit 5.--____._.__- 32 381451 Cee 6.8 P38 GR | GQne ane Steed-Kisker site, pit 1_--..._._.___ 16 381428 NsseSee 6.5 3208) dossssec2 Steed-Kisker site, house 1_____.-__- 182 381412 Geneon tot} (0) ieee dol Steed-Kisker site, pit 4._.__...--_- 82 381448 ae 7.6 S5On Re doa es = Steed-Kisker site, pit 3_-___--..-___ 43 381443 hs es ae 6.6 3:1 |-- S dounre.. Steed-Kisker site, house 1________-- 166 381410 72.1) ee 13.5 LOM Shells Steed-Kisker site, pit 3_...-.._-._-- 45 381444 Ose are 13.4 BAO Dilonites) a= — = — Steed-Kisker site, house 2__.-_.___- 252 381425 C22 -525. 8.7 8.3 | Diabase______- Steed-Kisker site, surface__._-_-__- 61 381517 Lt 6.7 6.1 | Quartzite____- Steed-Kisker site, pit 8_......_____- 95 381465 pe (em) Field | U.S.N.M [seer sag A aarp Nena, RE . ie S.N.M. Plate Material Provenience No. No | Length | Width Heht. 2) eee 2 6.7 8.2 | Limestone__| Steed-Kisker site, mid- 76 381502 | den 1, d.15 inches. 242 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM TABLE 12.—Provenience and size of specimens illustrated—Continued Size (em.) Plate Material Provenience re Length | Width = (or hght.)| (or diam.) B02 2s—5 6.3 2.9 | Sandstone_____ Steed-Kisker site, house 1________ 161 (ees 6.4 DATs) so (6 (0a eeeeseeee sy eee C0 (Ghd Sees Se eres eres 154 Coens §.1 ca (oy | eens Oe s-s |aeees (oC ES Biles ee es ed | ee 170 (] 9.0 8:10j|4-2== Goes 2s x22 GOs REE Ae Re Se 8 247 B25 0-222. = 11.1 15.2 | Pottery. __-=-- Steed-Kisker site, bur. ground, 199 near bur. 12. ares 9.2 ay fel ees do__......_| Steed-Kisker site, bur. ground, 219 sq. 80E2. (ae 5.6 nao es eae 00s Steed-Kisker site, bur. ground, 258 near bur. 66. (1 east |b Tn le apd | el ae dots ses Steed-Kisker site, bur. ground, 223 sq. 60EF1. (Ate eae 4.7 4 Oy leas oe doe =.2-- == Steed-Kisker site, bur. ground, 222 sq. 65W4. | Fa este ee | | i PS G0 esa Steed-Kisker site, bur. ground, |__.______- bur. 1. (Je ORE a | Cr Ieee ee ee as | eS 3 (iy eg Steed-Kisker site, bur. ground, 208 sq. 55. | ESE Seeet|| 8 Sere |e ee ee Osea ee Steed-Kisker site, bur. ground, 233 bur. 51. (1 Al | 8 aa ei a eh la ing a @herte=-----=4 Steed-Kisker site, bur. ground, 226 bur. 1. 1 SOSSaee 6.0 phate eee (5 (a ea os | eos (Va a en et pes ie ge) 221 Size (em.) Plate Material Provenience weld Max. Min. e diam. diam. BL Cee 4.8 4.5 | Quartzite____-- Pearl mound C, from bur. cham- |___-__---- ber. (Sie ee 5.4 GSCI) See does LO en a ee | OE Cuore: 10.5 2vAy | AMUeTe secs 2 esos (6 9 ype aarp i rend ee U.S.N.M. No. 381418 381418 381418 381415 381521 381522 381523 381544 381550 381524 381528 381533 381525 381549 U.S.N.M. No. 381386 381384 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 243 TABLE 12.—Provenience and size of specimens illustrated—Continued Size (cm.) < ; Field U.S.N.M. Plate SP te rhe Material Provenience No. Wot (width) | (length) 36, a... 4.8 522 | Potteryest _.2- Nolan mound C, from bur. en- 237 381387 closure. b-222384 15.0 OF 2) |= = G() ees) ies ose eS ee ee 236 381392 Cha 2= 8 14.5 USE| Soe. dogs. 552: |feten doz Assetk 23 2 Sor es 242 381391 (es 14.6 1450) ea (0 (ete ee ee oye pes ee ee Meee 241 381390 Cre Sn 14.9 1254) ES doptseet -23/ Bes ope tt 5 aes 235 381389 fee 11.1 9.6) ea dota! .2 3-1): teed quest te 8 234 381388 37502 15.0 JOR 2 -- doxw.<--48 Babcock mound A, from bur, 243 381393 pit. Oezeaes 11.5 12:0))|2=- 4 (0 (gee eee Babcock mound B, from bur. en- | (A. H. Hansen Coll.) closure. Crate 13.8 eye sees do | 0 ae eee Do. Sou escen= 18.3 146M eee doses ke Pearl Branch sherd area A_______ (Shippee Coll.) doa 16.0 LOSS Geer do.t== t= Shepherd earth mound_.._-__.-__|-_-_-____- 381551 Dieaaseee 16.3 VZNO) eee a= (0 (ee a ee Oe ee eer as en 381552 chcee: 2 18.3 Lie a Gore ees Be do tei SSS SSS Eee eet ee 381554 tae, 15.6 9:85) ieaa— GO} abc 316s COk ee a ee | 381553 4002-2 =) 11.6 656 Photteryiesos- == |= 225- (00S, 58 aA cote ee ce T= See oe Sahara 381556 [ile eae 14.9 OZ ess Gore i hpets Koyo wes eae ite bs ee a ee eee 381555 (qapee teres 15.0 Ue) fe Goutes AEE CORRES o8 e ree are eet ea See | 381557 (he ae 5.9 6.10) Limestone = |25--- GO ae ee ae tee ee 381559 (ieee 3.5 10:2)|R@herte 22 soba Goss eek es ee a ears 2 381561 i Peace §.1 13.7 | odes! (6 (ays Ee ee Goma Ao ee een he ee ae | eee ee 381560 Size (cm.) na Plate Material Provenience Catalog P fe Diam. Hght. uC museum (width) | (length) Ce 12.0 S3Sh | eboutehyee-. =—— RennerMMOUNG Ss eee = ee ee laren Shippee Ome 6.3 2030") = Diorite = Ridge west of Renner site, surface__|_._______- ee 8.7 2652 4Cherts=o2-. 225 RennermMounGe= 26s = eee ee 1300 Do. CO 13.8 9050 Pottery= 2=-2- South mound, Avondale, Mo_-_-_-__- 1345 Do. Gees FS 14.5 1053|22=-- COELEE ERE: | S22 e OF ee Sees anes 1344 Do. Cleese 12.2 nt 2 eee dos ss 5 |aes C0 (0 ee a ey ta a eee ees 1343 Do. (eee 13.8 EO Ao (6 (i) Siete we eset en ee ee oe 1347 Do. €22 i 11.5 (Bt eee dose: S58: Pea (6 (0h ye bs: et ee 5 SR 1346 Do. COE E Sieese| | oes oe sl rere ase Cheri Eastern part of Keller’s farm, Clay 19615 | P.M. Hs County, Mo. U. (esd | Via ee See. Bt See ee do=s Wolfden Ridge, Platte County, 19640 Do. Mo. Cae a Se eee oe (5 (oink tbe] | Beart (6 (ese peri ee pee De es Sy 19637 Do. (USS Sr Se Sees ee es ee ae Gli. 55h ee BA OE 2 ee RE ee aS ie 19635 Do. Cees 5) es sae aes lee ees eee [Eee CO ree SUS he a re Se 19638 Do. Noe) Se | Se eat eee Vo} pean | ek (6 (teers = oes neal ey a aaa AOR 19639 Do. Gan ee LS Eee os eee ORs ee Re a eS 19635 Do. eS | ee pe | ae Gon ee = 0 Sse a a ae eee oe 19656 Do. Rs Eee ee CVT wee eee OSes ee OS eee eee 19665 Do. ES =2~ 5 4| 29 5es SSeS freee ee ee 2 Se do: 3823) dot 2S ees. eee eee 19645 Do. ieee 33 6.7 6744 |Rvodislateucss==|so> ae CORSA eee Ae a ee See 19643 Do. (he Sh ad lear ae JRECOIMATI LOS ees eat OO! a_ eeee e ae Se Ree AS 19644 Do. (i pepe ® |S SE eee ee eS SS C@hertee |= a2 0 (Oa Ere ee ae 19642 Do. S| eee ae | ee ae Pee See eel 2 er done 7228/2 ae Gl): 3542-5 ee eee 19642 Do. OS a ae ae 2 ae ee Oe see cel eee 0 eee ae ee eae oA Se 19642 Do. (iy 8 42S CE 2 Se Bel (De Be ae (OVO RS 5: ae eee ee (6 (oye age Se ee Oe, a 19642 Do. ( ee 5.8 TR ee doen nea lle Gly 2 Ee i, wil ee cones 19641 | Do. fen |e ee ea Peters 22 dor aes] Lr ee ee ee 19642 Do. 244 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM TABLE 12.—Provenience and size of specimens illustrated—Continued Size (em.) (approx.) Plates «4 a2 Material Diam. | Hght. of lower vault. aiNae-. 11.5 9.3 | Pottery_..] Dawson mound 9, Boone Co., Mo. pire = 13.3 12105 etd Os eee cee do 355.25 11.5 12) Os edo0ss28. Dawson mound 11, upper vault. (BSL 10.8 10ES)| pend Osaceae Dawson mound 11, bottom €422...- 9.8 8.8012. tdotl.. 2c. Dawson mound 13 Field No. 34 35 49 53 44 45 Collector Museum Fowke__| Missouri Hist. Soc. -=- 0014 2 Do. Eedolud 3 Do. ' -2doi.8 2 Do. E-dort 3 Do. Bdoic=2 Do. APPENDIX SKELETAL REMAINS FROM PLATTE AND CLAY COUNTIES, MISSOURI By T. D. Stewart Tue skeletal remains assembled by Dr. Wedel from about Kansas City, Mo., comprise two distinct lots, culturally speaking. One of these came from so-called stone-vault mounds and is presumptively at- tributed to the Hopewellian culture; the other group of skeletons came from a cemetery in association with Middle Mississippi cultural ebjects. From the fact that Middle Mississippi potsherds were found intrusive in a stone vault (Pearl mound C), it is concluded that the Hopewellians were the earlier of the two groups. However, the attribution of the skeletons from the stone vaults to the Hopewellian cultural period is based upon rather slender evidence, and this point will be emphasized here through a summary of Dr. Wedel’s account of the circumstances surrounding their recovery (cf. p. 188 herein). During the summer of 1937 Dr. Wedel investigated an archeological site on Line Creek about 5 miles northwest of Kansas City, Mo. This work resulted in establishing the fact that the culture at this village site, now known as the Renner site, was predominantly Hopewellian in type, with a lesser representation of Woodland elements (Wedel, 1938). Unfortunately, no skeletal remains were recovered here. However, up to that time the Hopewellian culture had not been reported this far west. During the winter of 1937-88 Dr. Wedel secured for examination from A. H. Hansen, of Kansas City, Mo., some nearly complete pots that the latter had removed from a small mound (Babcock mound B) near that city, and about 12 miles from the Renner site. This pottery proved to be Hopewellian. Learning that Hansen had found these pots in association with skeletal material in a stone chamber within the mound, Wedel suc- ceeded in having this material likewise submitted for examination. Unfortunately, very little skeletal material was recovered by Hansen; it consisted chiefly of portions of five skulls, two (Nos. 1 and 2) with 245 246 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM nearly complete vaults, but no faces or other parts, and three (Nos. 3, 4, and 5) represented only by frontal bones. The more complete specimens showed medium occipital compression, and one of these (No. 1) was so high headed as to appear abnormal (possibly pre- mature occlusion of the coronal suture). However, the striking thing about at least three of the specimens was the narrowness of the frontal bones and the prominence of the anterior sagittal crest. Also, all the specimens showed marks of rodent teeth, thus bearing witness of their residence in a vault. Aiter seeing these cranial fragments, Wedel called my attention to the fact that Fowke had investigated mounds near Kansas City in 1907 (Fowke, 1910). In one of these mounds (Brenner No. 2), situ- ated on the bluff above the Renner village site, Fowke had found a portion of a skull that previous excavators had discarded and hence was without direct cultural association... In an appendix to the Fowke report is a description by Hrdlitka of the skull fragment (No. 131) from this mound, as follows: An adult male skull, very dolichocephalic, partially deformed. There is a slight flattening on the frontal bone above the middle, on each side of the median line, seemingly produced by the pressure of two small pads, and there is also a quite marked occipital compression. The forehead is low, though showing dis- tinct convexity. The supra-orbital ridges are prominent and the supra-orbital border distal from them is protruding. Along the border, just mentioned, of the orbits are marks made by rodent’s teeth and also marks resembling knife cuts; and in the lower part of the right parietal, about the middle, there is a semi-circular area bearing lines resembling cuts and also traces of rodent’s teeth; this is 3 cm. in diameter [p. 109]. The consistent finding of occipital compression, together with an unusually narrow frontal bone, in association with elements of the Hopewellian culture complex furnished the stimulus to locate more skeletal remains from these mounds. Accordingly, at Dr. Wedel’s request, J. M. Shippee, of North Kansas City, reinvestigated the mound where Hansen found the pottery (Babcock mound B), securing besides valuable archeological information, one nearly whole skull and numerous fragments of skulls and long bones. This material fitted in with the preceding finds. Since Shippee reported the presence of numerous mounds in the vicinity where Hansen had worked, Wedel spent part of the summer of 1938 examining nine of these (Wedel, 1939). In three (Pearl mound C, Nolan mound A, Young mound 1) he found skeletal re- mains worth saving (U.S. N. M. Nos. 379099-118), but with no more direct cultural association than heretofore. The other vaults yielded only broken or calcined fragments of bone. In most cases the skele- tons appeared to have been disarticulated at the time of burial and in 1The Klamm mound, also near Kansas City, yielded some bones, but they are too frag- mentary to be significant. ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 247 some instances had been burned. The only articulated skeleton en- countered (No. 379116, Nolan mound A) was extended face down, but burned in the pelvic region. The collection from the stone vaults thus consists of findings by four individuals: Fowke, Hansen, Shippee, and Wedel. Hansen alone found Hopewellian pottery in the same vaults with skulls. However, all the skeletal material comes from similar stone vaults not over 12 miles apart and near an identified Hopewellian village site. In nearly all cases, too, the bones seem to have been disarticulated at the time of burial and in some instances exposed to fire. These and other recognizable elements of the Hopewellian burial complex form the basis for attributing the skeletal remains to this culture. In examining this material I have attempted primarily to weigh the attribution by making comparisons with other known Hopewellian groups. As already indicated, the Middle Mississippi skeletal remains were recovered by Dr. Wedel from a cemetery (Steed-Kisker site) situated only about 3 miles distant from the Pearl Branch mounds mentioned above (Wedel, 1939). Unfortunately, the state of preservation of this material was very poor and little could be saved. However, since the cultural association here is quite definite and the physical type is different from that of the Hopewellians, this small sample makes it possible to rule out intrusive burials of the Middle Mississippi people into the Hopewellian mounds. METHODS Most of the skulls being fragmentary, I will not describe them separately in full detail but will give whatever individual standard measurements are possible. In taking the measurements I have fol- lowed Hrdlicka’s method (Hrdlitka, 1939). However, orbital breadth is taken from lacrimale instead of from dacryon. In order to demonstrate the pronounced transverse curvature of the frontal bone that is present in many of the mound skulls, I have resorted to both graphic and mensural methods. With the aid of the Schwartz stereograph each frontal bone was oriented so that bregma was vertically above nasion; then the transverse profile was drawn at a level midway between these two landmarks. Comparable orientation was obtained by keeping the minimum frontage diameters parallel. The resuiting curves are described in terms of their nearest true-curve fits. In fitting these curves I have used Graves’ “arcom- eter” (Graves, 1930), reading only to the half-centimeter. The mensural method is based on the seeming fact that increased curvature of the frontal is accompanied by a decreased minimum frontal diameter. This fact then can be demonstrated indicially on : " J Min. fr. diam. < 100 the basis of the fr ontal chord ( eee ) known as the frontal index. This relationship is 248 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Since basion is missing so often in this collection, I have given the porion-bregmatic height where these landmarks are preserved. It has been possible to use the Schwartz stereograph to project porion and bregma into the same plane for measurement. SKULLS MOUND SERIES (HOPEWELLIAN) Condition of specimens.—The 22 specimens of this series that are of use in this study are listed in table 14. Here it will be seen that the majority come from three mounds: Babcock B, Pearl C, and Young 1. The skulls for the most part are incomplete, being repre- sented often by merely the frontal bone or skull cap; only eight are relatively complete. Three that had been exposed to fire could be restored sufficiently for study, but many such fragments have been discarded. Incidentally, no burned bones seem to have been recovered from Babcock mound B. In half the specimens rodent tooth marks are quite evident at such places as the orbital margins and zygomatic processes.? Occasionally, broken edges of the skulls show similar tooth marks. With the excep- tion of one lower jaw, the burned bones are free from this type of destruction. Since, as a rule, rodent marks are seen only on bones from caves and like open burial chambers, I have assumed that in the present case these animals had access to the bones before the stone vaults collapsed and not afterwards. If we assume furthermore that the rodents were attracted to the bones only when the latter were relatively fresh and contained organic matter, which seems reasonable, then the gnawed broken edges may mean that some of the skulls were broken at the time of burial. This in turn would be consistent with the disarticulated state of the skeletons and the signs of burning. Pathology.—Three skulls exhibit major pathological changes, aside from those associated with the teeth: (1) The skull known as “Ship- pee C” is roughly scarred about the glabellar and nasal regions (see pl. 45) ; (2) the upper jaw of skull 379100 shows a lesion of the palate that has apparently reached the stage of perfection; (3) skull No. 379109 has three old depressed scars near the midfrontal region, other similar sears, partly confluent, about each parietal bone, and a recent periostitis on the right malar (see pl. 46). In view of findings on the long bones to be mentioned later, it is not impossible that in all cases these lesions may be attributable to syphilis. *In the statement by Hrdlitka quoted on p. 246 he uses the expression “marks resembling knife cuts.” Again in an earlier publication (1907, pp. 90-91) he makes quite a point of these ‘cuts made by some sharp implement wielded by human hands.” I am unable to dis- tinguish between marks made by a knife and by rodents’ teeth and prefer to attribute all of them to the latter source, ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 249 Sex.—The collection consists of 12 males (4 with sex questioned), 9 females (one with sex questioned), and 1 child. Suture closure—Table 14 also gives the status of suture closure for the individual specimens, and this will serve as an indication of age. Of the adults, only four are young, as judged from the open sutures; at least four others may be in the stage of beginning suture closure; and the remainder show the extensive obliteration of the sutures characteristic of old age. In one case (Hansen 1) an unusual height of the vault (porion-bregma height 12.9 cm.) suggests an abnormality perhaps associated with premature suture closure. Teeth—Kight skulls have teeth preserved. The youngest of these (No. 379101) has its M*’s unerupted and shows only slight wear of M’. This, of course, agrees with the patent sutures. No. 379102 appears to be a little older; its M*’s are erupted and the M?’s show somewhat more wear. T'woskullsin the stage of beginning suture closure (Nos. 379109, 379116) show moderate tooth wear; three others in a somewhat more advanced stage of suture closure (Nos. 379100, 379111) show extreme wear together with tooth loss. And finally, two skulls with extensive suture closure (Shippee C, No. 379113) likewise show extreme wear and loss. It is my impression that tooth wear in this group starts early and progresses rapidly. However, it is noteworthy that tooth loss is disproportionate to the wear; loss occurs finally through ex- posure of the pulp cavity and consequent abscess formation. In two cases (Nos. 379100, 379116) abscesses have made openings into the antra. Hooton (1922, p. 118) remarks in connection with the Turner site (Ohio Hopewellian) that “on the whole, this series includes a high percentage of crania with deeply worn teeth (43.3 percent)”. Accord- ing to his table on page 119 he found pronounced wear appearing in middle age (36-50 years). Also only 8 out of 29 individuals have lost teeth in life and “caries and alveolar abscesses are not especially prevalent.” Anomalies.—In 49 temporal bones (26 right, 23 left) no ear exos- toses were observed. Although the tympanic plate was not intact in all cases, perforation was observed in only eight cases (4 right, 4 left). Hooton does not mention ear exostoses in connection with the Turner series, so presumably none was observed. He reports that perforations of the tympanic plate were seen in only 4 of 24 individ- uals (p. 121). Deformation.—In the second column of table 13 the presence or absence of deformity is noted. In seven of the skulls (3 male, 4 fe- male) the occiput is definitely flattened in a vertical plane and with- out much if any asymmetry. It is difficult to judge the grade of flattening because we are dealing with skulls that were originally quite long-headed and that in spite of being deformed still give in 497261—43-_17 250 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM some cases a low cranial index. Nevertheless, I am inclined to look upon the deformity as being slight to medium instead of pronounced. Hooton does not describe or picture the deformity of the Turner series other than by saying that it is a slight grade of occipital flattening affecting 8 out of 43 specimens (one other was of medium grade). Speaking of remains from Hopewellian sites in Wisconsin, Mc- Kern (1931, p. 214) states that “not a few of the skulls showed marked artificial deformation of the occiput, probably due to pro- longed contact with a hard cradle board during infancy.” In a preliminary discussion of this material (Stewart, 1940a) I suggested that the extreme narrowness of the frontal bone (mini- mum frontal diameter 9.2 cm. in 9 males, 8.5 cm. in 6 females) might be due to an artificial shaping in childhood. This idea was based partly on Hrdlicka’s description of Fowke’s specimen No. 131 (see p. 246) to the effect that each side of the frontal showed a depression as though made by a small pad. It should be stated, however, that none of the other specimens, with the possible exception of “Han- sen 3,” gives a similar indication. Further study of the transverse frontal curvature with the aid of the Schwartz stereograph (fig. 21) has shown that these outlines, which conform to arcs of circles with radii ranging from 4.5 to 6.5 cm., can be duplicated in part among other long-headed groups. I have not been able yet to duplicate the curves that conform to an arc of 4.5 em. radius. However, my con- clusion now is that this marked curvature and narrowness of the frontal is in general an expression of the natural longheadedness of the group; that it appears exaggerated when combined with occi- pital flattening; and that in a few cases it may have been increased by artificial means. It may be pointed out that the frontal curvature in the Porter mound skulls is not unusual (Neumann, 1941a); the curves corre- spond to ares of the following radii: 7.0 (350562), 6.0 (350563, 550564), and 5.5 cm. (3850565). The one skull recovered at Marks- ville by Setzler in 1933 (U. S. N. M. No. 369261) has a frontal curva- ture corresponding to an arc of 5.5 cm. radius. With one exception these figures fit within the range of the Kansas City series (4.5-6.5 em.). Incidentally, the two skuils recovered from the Veazey mound in Louisiana, which has Hopewellian relationships (Collins, 1941), show deformity of the pseudocircular type (Stewart, 1941). Measurements.—Table 18 also gives the detailed individual cranial measurements. ‘These are summarized in table 15 in comparison with the Ohio Hopewellians on record and the Alabama Shell mound crania (Newman and Snow, 1942). I have employed the Shell mound crania for comparison because Neumann (1941a) has compared the Hope- U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PLATE 45 Four views of male skull (““Shippee C”) from Babcock mound B. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PLATE 46 Four views of male skull (U. S. N. M. No. 379109) from Young mound I. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Four views of male skull (U. S BULLETIN 183 PLATE 47 .N. M. No. 379111) from Young mound 1. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PLATE 48 Four views of male skull (U: S. Nu.M.sNo. 379113) trom: Young mound l. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PLATE 49 Four views of male skull (U. S. N. M. No. 379120) from Steed-Kisker site. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 183 PLATE 50 Four views of male skull (U.S. N. M. No. 379121) from Steed-Kisker site. ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 251 Ficure 21.—Transverse frontal curves of six Mound series crania (see p. 247 for method). Dashes represent damage; dotted line is the true curve. The dot is the point where bregma and nasion coincide; the cross occurs where the minimum frontal diameter inter- sects the radius of the truecurve. 4 (U.S.N.M. No. 379109), radius 6.5 cm.; B (379116), radius 6.0 cm.; C (379112), radius 5.5 cm.; D (379113), radius 5.5 cm.; E (379110), radius 5.0 cm.; F (379111), radius 4.5 cm. (Slightly reduced: Scale=2.0 cm.) 252 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM wellians to Woodland (Algonkian ?) groups, and Newman and Snow (1942) have done the same for the Shell mound group, but so far the Hopewellians and Shell mound peoples seem not to have been compared directly. Although Hooton felt that the grade of deformity in the Turner se- ries did not affect the dimensions of the vault, I cannot help but be- lieve that this factor accounts for the brachycranic element that he detects in his primary series. Eliminating these individuals, we get a comparable range in all three series: Average Range of Grou eae Sato P cranial index | cranial index No. (both sexes) Kansas Citvocanas 0 ee See ie ee 8 (er 68. 8-76. 7 Turner (primary and secondary) _ __-_- 14 Ciel 57. 8-79. 6 Alabama; Shellim@und=— 22a er 95 173. 8 66. 0-S1, 2 1 Approximately. Only one of the Porter mound specimens (350562, C. I. 80.0) is outside this range, whereas the Marksville specimen has a cranial index around 69 or 70. In head height, indicially but not absolutely, these groups rank with the highest on the continent (cf. Stewart, 1940b; Collins, 1941). It should be noted also that the difference between basion-bregma height and porion-bregma height in the Kansas City mound series is 2.2 cm. on the average, but individual cases range from 2.2 to 2.7 cm. In the Alabama Shell mound crania there is about the same average difference when correction is made for vertical auricular height. If the cranial module is taken as a measure of general head size, then the Hopewellians appear to be somewhat small. In this respect they approach the Shell mound people of Alabama, which in turn are inter- mediate between the culturally related groups from Kentucky and Louisiana (cf. Collins, 1941, table 1). As already stated, the minimum frontal diameter is unusually small. If we omit one female (Hansen 3) because of probable deformity, and include the three females in which this diameter is approximated, we get ranges that are similar to those for the Turner group (see below). At the time Hooton prepared his Turner report (1922) there was little comparative material available, yet he pointed out that such a small average diameter is unusual for Indians. Judged from more recent studies, it would seem that this diameter, as well as the range, ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 258 can be duplicated over a considerable area in the Southeast, as indi- cated in the following comparisons: Male Female Group No. average Range No. Average Range LEPC | A ae a ae 9 9.2 8.4- 9.9 8 8.8 8.4- 9.6 Ait) oe Ca Ee gh ee eee 22 9.3 8. 4-10. 0 1] 9.0 8. 5- 9.7 Alabama Shell mound ?____--._-.--_--- 54 9.3 8.3-10.3 44 9.0 8. 3-10.0 Kentucky Shel] mound 3___._-_-.__--- 19 9.2 8. 3-10. 5 13 8.8 8.2- 9.6 Arkansas miscellaneous 4__..--.------- 36 9.5 8. 4-10. 7 §2 9.0 8.0-10.0 } Hooton, 1922. 2 Newman and Snow, 1942. 3 Skarland, 1939. 4 Hrdlitka, 1940. In general it seems likely that such a narrow frontal diameter occurs in groups that are long-headed and of small build (small cra- nial module). Other eastern groups, although nearly as long-headed, are inclined to be of more massive build. A further gauge of frontal narrowness is supplied by the frontal index (minimum frontal diameter/frontal chord =< 100). I have used this means of comparison because so many of the Kansas City specimens were fragmentary and limited to the frontal bone or skull cap. Accordingly, we get an average for the combined sexes in the Kansas City series of 79.4 (15: range 72.1-88.4), which compares to 82.2 (22:range 73.7-90.7) for the Turner primary series. In order to supply other comparative data I have measured 20 Algonkian crania from the Potomac tidewater area, and 20 miscellaneous Siouan crania. These two groups give the following results, respectively : 83.0 (76.2-91.2), 85.7 (76.1-92.5). Since the Algonkians are nearly as long-headed as the Hopewellians and the Sioux are more round- headed, the above. frontal indices seem merely to reflect this difference in cranial form. The face has been preserved in but few cases among the Hope- wellians. The scanty data on the face show opposite conditions between the Missouri and Ohio Hopewellians; namely, an absolutely and relatively low face in the former and a high face in the latter. In this respect the Missouri group approaches the Southern Shell mound groups (cf. Collins, 1941, table 1). The shape of the orbits is somewhat confusing, owing to the fact that Hooton and his students measure orbital breadth to dacryon, whereas I follow Hrdlicka’s custom in using lacrymale. My results thus tend to give a slightly higher index. Viewed in this light it would seem that the Missouri and Ohio Hopewellians have rather low orbits like those of the Alabama Shell mound crania. Nasal height in the Missouri Hopewellians parallels face height and tends to be absolutely and relatively low as compared to the / 254 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Ohio series. Whether the landmark on the lower nasal border is being interpreted similarly by all observers perhaps may be ques- tioned. I tend to get a smaller measurement now than I did some years ago, owing to a change in the definition of this landmark (cf. Stewart, 1939, pp. 30-31). STEED-KISKER SERIES (MIDDLE MISSISSIPPI) Condition of specimens.—Table 17 lists the crania from this site used in the present study. Only two are nearly complete; the others lack faces and the basal parts. Im contrast to the mound series, and in accord with the different mode of burial, there is no evidence here of burning and few if any rodent tooth marks. No major patholog- ical changes are observable. Sex.—Males predominate in the ratio of 9 to 2._ In only two cases does the sex determination seem questionable. Perhaps the larger and heavier skulls have preserved better. Suture closure.—In only one case are the sutures judged to be open; two others appear to be in the stage of beginning closure; the re- mainder are in various stages of advanced closure (table 17). It is probable that closed sutures lend some support to the skull in resisting the crushing force of the earth and hence may account partly for the frequency of older individuals in this collection. Teeth.—Some teeth are preserved with almost every skull (table 17), and in addition there is a miscellaneous lot of jaws—together with temporal bones the only parts of other skulls worth saving. Included among the miscellaneous jaws are those of at least two children of approximately 2 and 8 years of age. Unlike in the Kansas City mound series, tooth wear in the Steed- KKisker series is never extreme and usually only slight to medium. On the other hand, caries is not uncommon in the molars of the Steed- Kisker series and is the principal cause of tooth loss. In young adults caries apparently begins in developmental defects (pits, fissures) in the crowns of the molars; in older individuals cervical caries and alveoloclasia make their appearance. It is perhaps significant that the crania from Madisonville, Ohio, considered by Neumann (1941a, p. 488) to represent a relatively pure Middle Mississippi population, are reported by Hooton (1920) to have little tooth wear but considerable caries. Although many of the Madi- sonville crania appear to be young individuals, Hooton states (table p. 107) that out of 65 only 7 (10.8 percent) show pronounced tooth wear and 43 (66.2 percent) show slight or no wear. On the other hand, he points out (table p. 109) that 17 out of 49 (34.7 percent) had caries, We have already seen that both the Kansas City and Turner series of Hopewellians show marked wear and almost no caries. This strik- ing contrast between the dentitions of the Hopewellian and Middle ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 255: Mississippi peoples, both of Missouri and Ohio, can be attributed only to differences in diet. Just what this dietary factor was is not certain. There is good archeological evidence that the Middle Mississippi peo- ples were horticulturists, but only indirect evidence that the same was true of the Hopewellians. Also, many more animal bones and mol- lusk shells were found at the Renner site than at Steed-Kisker. How- ever, even if we assume that the Hopewellians were primarily hunters and fishers, whereas the Middle Mississippi peoples were horticul- turists, the greater wear of the Hopewellian’s teeth still is not ex- plained, for it is generally believed that ground corn was the major source of abrasive material in the Indian diet. A suggestion as to the cause of the Hopewellian dental attrition comes from the parallel case of the Southern Shell mound peoples. As Leigh (1925) has pointed out in connection with Indian Knoll, Skarland (1939) for Chiggerville, and Newman and Snow (1942) for the Pickwick Basin, the teeth of these prehorticultural peoples show extreme wear and few caries. Since fresh-water shellfish are said to have been a major item in their diet, it would seem that the abrasive material causing the dental wear—perhaps river sand—must have come from this source. As for Hopewellians, their custom of collecting fresh-water pearls suggests that they too used this food source extensively. Incidentally, shellfish are undoubtedly high in food values that make for sound teeth and the Shell Mound and Hopewellian peoples are both relatively free from dental caries. Anomalies.—Of 63 temporal bones (33 right, 30 left) only two (1 right, 1 left) show traces of ear exostoses. Of 59 of these bones in which the tympanic plate is preserved only 6 (3 right, 3 left) show small perforations (10.2 percent). Hooton (1920, p. 85) states that no ear exostoses are present in the Madisonville crania. However, he found dehiscences or perforations of the floor of the auditory meatus in 26 (13 right, 13 left) out of 144 sides (18.0 percent). Thus perforations are more common here than in the Steed-Kisker series. Nevertheless, it can be said that perforation of the tympanic plate is not a feature of either of these series. Deformation—The skulls affected by artificial deformation are listed in table 17. Since the skulls appear quite rounded and in some instances show postmortem warping, it is difficult to judge the grades of deformity. Pressure seems to have been applied directly to the occiput, perhaps by means of a cradleboard, and probably thus was unintentional. The frontal bones, although broader and much less curved than in the Hopewellians, do not give indications of artificial flattening. Transverse curves of the frontal bones (fig. 22) conform to arcs with radii ranging from 7.5 to 8.0 cm. only. 256 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Ficure 22.—Transverse frontal curves of six Steed-Kisker series crania made in the same way as those of fig. 21: 4 (U.S.N.M. No. 379125), radius 8.0 cm.; B (379130), radius 7.5 cm.; C (379128), radius 7.5 cm.; D (379119), radius 7.5 cm.; E (379120), radius 7.5 cm.; F (379121), radius 7.5 cm. (Slightly reduced: Scale=2.0 cm.) ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI Zan In the Madisonville series Hooton (1920, p. 85) found occipital flattening in all but 19 out of a total of 82 crania. Of the deformed skulls only 9 showed a grade of deformity rated as medium or pro- nounced ; in 54 the grade was considered slight. No frontal flattening was reported. It is interesting to note also that the crania from the Wallace mound near Omaha, Nebr., described briefly by Poynter (1915) and believed by Strong (1935) to represent the Nebraska Culture, which in turn has Middle Mississippi relationships, are slightly deformed in the majority (26: average cranial index 85.2; range 80.0-92.7). Again, the Dickson site in Illinois, a Middle Mississippi site that has many traits in common with Steed-Kisker, yielded only 17 unde- formed adult male crania sufficiently complete for study out of a total of 230 burials (Neumann, 1937). This suggests a rather high frequency of deformity. Apparently this is generally true of Middle Mississippi sites (cf. Newman and Snow, 1942). Measurements.—Individual measurements are given in table 17 and are summarized for the males in table 18 in comparison with other Middle Mississippi series. Because deformity is so common in this group, the best representation of the undeformed type is that assem- bled by Neumann (1941b) in his “Spoon River focus” series. On the average the undeformed appear to be mesocranial and thus somewhat more roundheaded than the Hopewellian-Woodland type. Whether all traces of deformity have been eliminated from the “Spoon River focus” series may possibly be questioned on account of the high standard deviations. Head height appears to be variable in the several series. The skulls from Steed-Kisker and Madisonville, in spite of occipital flattening, tend to be absolutely and relatively lower than those from Koger’s Island and “Spoon River.” The females from Madisonville show the same trend as the males (24: average mean height index 84.3). However, the distribution of the mean height indices in the Madison- ville series is not far different from that characterizing other series from the Northeast (cf. Stewart, 1940, table 1) : Range Average Group No. (both sexes) x — 80.4 | 80.5-83.4 | 83.5—x Percent Percent Percent INewaverksstate eS 5 ee a Pe ane (116) 6.9 25.9 67. 2 84.9 12 E91 (0): eee eee eet oe Oe Gee ee ee etre eels (24) 12.5 29. 2 58.3 84.8 WER disonvilletes jet) see a ne aoe ead (66) 9.1 27.3 63. 6 84.4 The one specimen from Steed-Kisker for which the mean height index is available (81.4) thus falls well within this range. Noteworthy, too, 258 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM is the fact that the porion-bregma height is essentially the same in the Steed-Kisker and Kansas City mound series. The Wallace mound crania from Nebraska (Poynter, 1915), are rather high-headed (26: average mean height index 89.5) and in this respect agree with the series from Koger’s Island and “Spoon River.” Cranial module appears to be much the same in all the series, both Middle Mississippi and Hopewellian. Unfortunately, this measure is available in only one case for the Steed-Kisker series. Usually, how- ever, the Middle Mississippi skulls appear to be more massive than those of the Hopewellians. The frontal chord has been taken only on the Steed-Kisker series of the Middle Mississippi peoples, but the minimum frontal diameter is available for all the groups. Both of these measures show a slightly greater average than for the Hopewellians. Because both of these measures are proportionately greater in the Steed-Kisker series, the resulting frontal index is very little different from that of the Hopewellians. Face height is perhaps not quite so variable in the Middle Missis- sippi groups as among the Hopewellians. Indicially, too, there is con- siderable uniformity and no marked difference from the Hopewellians, although an absolutely and relatively broader face might be expected in the Middle Mississippi groups on account of their broader heads. Orbital height is much the same in the Middle Mississippi and Hope- wellian groups. Discounting differences in the technique of taking orbital breadth, much the same average measure occurs in all the groups. Thus, a similar rather low index is to be found throughout. A similar condition appears in the nose measurements, although the breadth may be slightly greater among the Middle Mississippi peoples. The measurements of the upper alveolus indicate that this structure is both larger and broader in the Middle Mississippi peoples than in the Hopewellians. The broader alveolus probably correlates with the broader head. SKELETONS MOUND SERIES (HOPEWELLIAN) Relatively few postcranial bones were recovered, and these are large- ly fragmentary. Like the skulls from the stone vaults, the long-bones also show many rodent tooth marks. More specifically, there are 10 humeri, 7 femora, and 8 tibiae in which these marks are especially evi- dent. As usual the tooth marks are restricted to borders and ridges. Pathology—aA considerable number of pathological long-bones are included in the collection, and at least six of the mounds are thus rep- resented. The most commonly and extensively affected bone is the tibia, of which 7 right and 4 left are present. Other involved bones include one right humerus, 2 right and 1-left ulnae, one right femur, ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 259 and several fragments of fibulae. The pathological condition here represented is probably syphilis. Hooton (1922, p. 129) noted in his description of the Turner series that “the tibiae of one female are ‘boomerang’-shaped, and show in- flammatory thickening in the middle portions of the shafts. Similar inflammatory thickenings occur in the middle portions of the shafts of two other pairs of female tibiae.” Williams (1932, pp. 959-962) has published pictures and a description of a pair of tibiae from burial 4 of Hopewell (Ohio) mound 2; he regards these as being affected by syphilis. Furthermore, there is evidence of the same con- dition at the Veazey mound in Louisiana (Coilins, 1941, p. 146). Thus this disease condition is well represented in the Hopewellian skeletal remains so far recovered. Measurements.—The long-bones sufficiently complete for measure- ment are limited to 4 femora (1 male, 3 female), 5 tibiae (1 male, 4 female), 4 humeri (2 male, 2 female), and 1 clavicle (male). Indi- vidual measurements are given in tables 19 and 20. Very little can be said about the few femoral measurements except that the lengths are shorter, the subtrochanteric region is flatter. and the midshaft is rounder, as compared with the averages for the Turner series (cf. Hocton, 1922, pp. 125-128). The male range of bicondylar length in the Turner series is 41.3-46.1 cm., so our lone male, which just comes within the lower extreme of this range, may be well below the average size of the group. Computing stature from these figures with the aid of Manouvrier’s tables (Hrdlitka, 1939, pp. 174-175), we get 160 cm. for the male and 156-157 cm. for the females. Third trochanters of considerable size (medium to large) were seen in 5 (3 right, and 2 left) out of 17 cases. The gluteal ridge tends generally to be well developed. In analyzing the condition of the third trochanter in the Turner series, Hooton says (1922, p. 128): “The third trechanter in some form appears in all of the males, and 4 of 6 females.” In general, all that can be said of the few tibial measurements is that length is greater, and shape of shaft rounder, than in the Turner series (cf. Hooton, 1922, p. 128). Stature may be estimated at 173 cm. for the male and 161-163 cm. for the females. Unfortunately, no comparative data on the humerus are available for the other Hopewellians. The lengths of the humeri in the present series give the following stature ranges: Male, 155-174; female, 157— 161 cm. Septal apertures of the humerus appear to be quite common and tend to large size (right—16: 8 absent, 2 small, 2 medium, 4 large; left—9: 3 absent, 1 small, 2 medium, 3 large). The single whole right clavicle present measures 14.8 cm, in maxi- mum length and is judged to be male. 260 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM In attempting to arrive at the stature of this group we may average the computed statures for all the long-bones. By this means we get a little more than 165 cm. for males and in excess of 159 cm. for fe- males. Of stature in the Turner group Hooton says (1922, p. 126): “The females are estimated at 157 cm. in stature and the males at 164.8 cm. The sex ratio is unreasonably low (1.049).” STEED-KISKER SERIES (MIDDLE MISSISSIPPI) The whole long-bones recovered from this site are greater in number than those from the mounds, but still unsatisfactory on statistical grounds and much more fragile. Like the skulls from the same site these bones are almost completely free from rodent tooth marks. Pathology.—The distal ends of two tibiae, probably a pair (skeleton 78, U.S.N.M. No. 379136), show osteitis such as is generally believed to be the result of syphilis. Whether this small number of patho- logical bones indicates a low incidence of syphilis in this group is uncertain in view of the poor state of preservation of the skeletal mate- rial in this cemetery. Hooton has listed individual pathological bones in the Madison- ville series without, however, indicating whether any are from the same skeleton (1920, p. 131): Humeri. In two subjects the humeri show signs of moderate osteoperi- ostitis. .. Radii. Moderate osteoperiostitis was observed in three cases, both sides be- ing affected in two of the subjects. Ulnae. .. . Three other subjects show moderate to pronounced osteoperios- titis affecting both ulnae in two instances. In the third only the right ulna is preserved and the disease has affected the distal half of the bone. Femora. . . . In three other subjects moderate osteoperiostitis has affected the distal halves of the femora. Tibiae. ...In nine individuals inflammatory changes have taken place in the tibial shafts, ranging from slight localized periostitis to extensive osteo- periostitis affecting the entire shaft. Langdon (1881). in an earlier study of other material from Madison- ville, also fails to mention the number of individuals affected by this disease condition, although he pictures and describes some bones thus -affected. Since Hooton examined 99 adult and subadult skeletons and Langdon examined 662 skeletons of all ages, it does not appear that syphilis was very common at Madisonville. Measurements——The long-bones available for measurement consist of 18 femora (11 male, 7 female), 8 tibiae (all male), 3 humeri (all male), and 1 radius (male). Sexing is difficult in some cases because the proximal and distal ends are damaged. Individual measurements are given in tables 19 and 20. Only male femora are sufficiently numerous to justify detailed com- ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 261 parison with the Madisonville series (table 21). Except for the inclu- sion of one tall individual in the Steed-Kisker series, the ranges of this series generally fall within those of Madisonville. The chief diver- gence of the two groups is in the minimum diameter of the upper flattening, where the Madisonville series exceeds that of Steed-Kisker. In this case I suspect a difference in the technique of measurement, Hooton (1920, p. 122) has computed average stature from the Madi- sonville male femora as a little less than 167 cm., and from the female femora as about 155 cm. Because of the inclusion of taller individuals among both sexes of the Steed-Kisker series, stature here exceeds 167 cm. in the males and exceeds 157 cm. in the females. Thus the males at least somewhat exceed the figure arrived at for stature in the Kansas City mound series. Third trochanters were observed in 6 femora (4 large, 2 small) of the Steed-Kisker collection, but the bones are in such poor condition that more detailed observations on this feature are not justified. Of the Madisonville femora Hooton says in this connection (1920, p. 125) that “the third trochanter occurs as a rounded tuberosity in 10.6 per cent of males and in 12.5 per cent of females.” ‘This appears to be fairly comparable. All that can be said of the tibia and humerus is that the individual measurements fall within the ranges of the Madisonville series. Of 4 distal ends of humeri present none shows a septal aperture. This is in line with Hooton’s finding for Madisonville (1920, p. 129): 22 percent of 96 bones of both sexes. According to Hrdlitka’s survey (1982, p. 86), such a figure is very low for American Indians. The single left radius present has a maximum length of 25.2 em., which exceeds the male average for Madisonville (24.2 cm.). SUMMARY The two skeletal series from near Kansas City, Mo., differing in culture and probably also somewhat in age, have been shown to be markedly different also in morphological details. In brief, the Mound series, which seems to be the older, is lighter in build, longer headed and less commonly affected by occipital deformity, probably higher headed (relatively), and has a much more pronounced transverse frontal curvature. Unfortunately, the face has been poorly preserved in both series, but the longheaded mound peoples, or Hopewellians, seem to have inclined to relatively long and narrow faces, whereas the Steed-Kisker Middle Mississippians seem to have been broader faced. The teeth of the Hopewellians, too, are characterized by extreme wear and few caries, as compared to little wear and many caries in the Middle Mississippi group. Average stature may not have been very different, but possibly favored the generally more massive Steed-Kisker people. Both groups seem to have been afflicted with syphilis. 262 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Aside from these contrasts between the two local groups, it has been shown that each of these series is remarkably similar to series from the same culture in other regions, particularly Ohio. Thus, the Turner site Hopewellians and the Madisonville Middle Mississip- plans, which seem to have the same cultural and chronological rela- tionships as the Missouri series, show much the same morphological peculiarities as have been summarized above. In addition, the Hope- wellians as a whole are shown to compare rather favorably with the still earlier southern Shell mound population. Furthermore, the Middle Mississippi series show similarities to the Koger’s Island series, which represents a population of about the same period that succeeded the Shell mound population in the Southeast. DISCUSSION The Missouri River, draining as it does a large part of the central and northern Great Plains, must have constituted in the past one of the main migration routes between these areas and the lower Missis- sippi Valley. The occurrence of many large archeological sites of different cultures along its course (Fowke, 1910; Wedel, 1940; Strong, 1935, 1940) bears witness to its importance in this connection. In spite of intensive archeological activity here during the past half century, however, few skeletons with clear cultural associations have been described according to modern anthropometric standards. In- deed, with the possible exception of two of Hrdli¢ka’s reports (1909, 1910), the present study is the first to meet these requirements. Hrdlicka’s reports are unsatisfactory only because the material that he had available was very fragmentary or could not be subdivided on cultural grounds. In addition to his reports on Fowke’s and Gilder’s material, Hrdlitka has supplied three other brief accounts of skeletal remains from the lower Missouri River area (1907, 1928, 1927). In the first of these he describes the “Lansing skeleton” (Kansas) and the “Loess Man” skeletons from the Gilder mound in Nebraska. The age of these finds has been debated partly because they were not found in association with cultural objects. Hrdlitka’s second report (1923) concerns the type of deformity exhibited by a skull dredged up near Kansas City, Mo. (cf. Stewart, 1941). His last report is the Cata- logue of Crania in the United States National Museum Collections (1927), which adds to the foregoing, aside from historic material, only two skulls. Of these it is known merely that they are from Council Bluffs, Iowa. Poynter (1915) has supplied the only other skeletal data from this area; namely, three to five average measurements (with ranges) on series of skulls from four sites near Omaha, Nebr. In this case no cultural information is given and it is only through the subsequent ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 263 work of Strong (1935) that some of the relationships of this material are dimly seen. The scarcity of culturally identified skeletal data from this key area is a great handicap in explaining the prehistory of the Plains peoples. As Hrdlitka (1927) first pointed out and I (1940b) have since emphasized, the historic Plains tribes, especially Siouan and Caddoan, are characterized primarily by an extremely low vault (mean height index of 108 Sioux is 79.5; of 154 Arikara, 82.3), a feature not reported from east of the Mississippi. ‘Thus far the origin and history of this physical type has not been worked out, but this can be accomplished only through archeological means. When we inspect the data on the “prehistoric” skeletal remains mentioned above, we find that, unlike those for the historic tribes of this region, they show high-headedness. Using the mean height index as a gauge, we have the following figures: Lansing skull—Kansas (Hrdlitka, 1907, p. 50)------------~--_---------------- 85.4 “T.oess man’ —Gilder mound skull 1 (Hrdli¢ka, 1907, \p. 77) —------=-====-- === 83.5 (Skulls 6 and 8 are said to be of medium height.) MOWKEENO EO ——Mussouri (eirdlicka a 910% palOD) See aa ea eee 90.7 Wowke Noz5t28—Missouri) (Hrdlicka, 1910;\p. 108)22==)_ === ea Se = __ ese 83.8 Average of 26 Waliace mound crania—Nebraska (Poynter, 1915, p. 512) ---------- 89.5 Average of 25 Plattsmouth Group crania—Nebraska (Poynter, 1915, p, 513)_------- 89. 7 Average of 6 Fort Lisa crania—Nebraska (Poynier, 1915, p. 514)---------------- 86.1 Average of 18 Long’s Hill crania—Nebraska (Poynter, 1915, p. 519) ------------_- 86. 0 UU: Sony Me No. 805102—Towa (Hrdlitka, 1927; p. 39) --_---=-=-----___ "5 89.0 IS SENG ee A See ee ee eS eee eee nee 87.1 Since these early highheads, together with those that form the basis of the present report, include representatives of at least the Wood- land, Hopewellian, and Middle Mississippi cultures, it is difficult to believe that any of these groups gave rise to the low-headed peoples that occupied this region in historic times. On the other hand, this distribution of early highheads may bear out the long-standing hypothesis that the ancestors of the historic Plains tribes reached the Plains by a more northern route. Whether they came from the East or Northwest cannot be determined by evi- dence now available. However, I may mention that Hrdli¢ka’s meas- urements of crania from North Dakota and South Dakota mounds (1927, pp. 68-71), which Strong (1940, p. 886) has characterized as “an attenuated eastern ‘mound-building’ culture decidedly exotic in the northern prairies,” show them to be low-headed (mean height index of 20 is 81.6). As already pointed out, such low-headedness has not been reported from the mound area of the East. In comparing the stature of the prehistoric population with that for the historic tribes of this region we are confronted with two dif- ficulties: (1) that of accurately reconstructing stature from long-bone length and (2) that of securing a true average from small samples. Assuming that 166-167 cm. represents the true mean reconstructed 264 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM stature for males, and even allowing +3 cm. as a possible error in this reconstruction, the result still does not equal that obtained on the modern Sioux (Hrdli¢ka, 1931). Like most of the recent Plains tribes the Sioux have a stature of about 172.4-175.7. On the other hand, our figures for the females, similarly corrected, are fairly close to the averages for the modern Sioux (159.1-160.1 cm.). Although the disparity in male stature seems too great for samples of the same peo- ple, it is unwise to speculate on this uncertain evidence until data be- come available for stature reconstructed from the bones of the recent tribes. Turning from the negative evidence that the present collection brings to bear on the history of late Plains tribes, we may consider the positive evidence of connections to the east. It seems clear, both from cultural and physical evidence, that the two Kansas City groups under discussion are somewhat peripheral representatives of wide- spread Mississippi Valley population movements. Archeologists are relatively certain only of the succession of the general cultures in- volved, but also see faintly certain directional trends and a relative chronology. The skeletal remains show, as in the present case, that rather distinct physical types are associated with the different cultures (cf. Neumann, 1941a and b). I believe, too, that physical anthro- pology can point to certain evidence that has a bearing on relative chronology. In 1940 I summarized the evidence then available for a late appear- ance in North America of syphilis, and, at least in the eastern part of the continent, of intentional cranial deformity. Although it was tempting to relate these phenomena to the date of discovery of America, there was no positive evidence on this point. The material of the present report indicates, as was already known, that syphilis existed here in Hopewellian times. The Pickwick Basin report (Newman and Snow, 1942) now supports by its negative evidence my impression that this disease was absent in the prepottery Shell Mound popula- tions of the Southeast. However, the same report states (pp. 467-8) that syphilis was present in the more recent Koger’s Island people. The authors are inclined to accept the view that this group represents a prehistoric population, but at the same time point out that its cul- ural affiliations are with Moundville. On this point Ford and Willey (1941, p. 350) have concluded independently that Moundville “was abandoned sometime before 1700. In spite of the large size of this site, it seems to have been occupied only a short time.” As for intentional cranial deformity, it has been shown that the ma- terial of the present study was not thus affected. In general it may be said that this custom did not extend much beyond the Gulf States, and is found there only in the latest archeological periods. The very fact of its restricted distribution also argues for its lateness. In this ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 265 connection, therefore, it is perhaps significant that the two Hope- wellian skulls from the Veazey mound in Louisiana (Collins, 1941) are intentionally deformed. Because of the deformity these skulls cannot be compared directly with undeformed Hopewellian skulls from elsewhere. However, there would seem to be good grounds for regarding the Veazey site either as being fairly late or having acquired early the custom of intentional deformity through proximity to the center of origin of this custom. Whether the slight lateral frontal compression occasionally seen in the Kansas City Hopewellian skulls has any connection with the mature custom as exhibited by the Veazey skulls is uncertain. LITERATURE CITED CoLLIns, HENRY BASCOM, JR. 1941. Relationships of an early Indian cranial series from Louisiana. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 145-155. ForD, JAMES ALFRED, and WILLEY, GoRDON RANDOLPH. 1941. An interpretation of the prehistory of the eastern United States. Amer. Anthrop., new ser., vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 3825-363. FOWKE, GERARD. 1910. Antiquities of central and southeastern Missouri. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 37, 116 pp., illus. GRAVES, WILLIAM WASHINGTON. 1930. The arcometer, a new instrument. Amer. Journ. Phys. Anthrop. vol. 14, pp. 483-486. we Hooton, HarNEST ALBERT. 1922. The skeletal remains [from the Turner group of earthworks, Hamil- ton County, Ohio]. Peabody Mus. Amer. Arch. and Ethnol., Har- vard Univ., Papers, vol. 8, No. 8, pp. 99-132. HooTroN, HAkNEST ALBERT, and WILLOUGHBY, CHARLES CLARK. 1920. Indian village site and cemetery near Madisonville, Ohio. Peabody Mus. Amer. Arch. and Ethnol., Harvard Univ., Papers, vol. 8, No. 1, 187 pp. Hrepiuitk a, ALES. 1907. Skeletal remains suggesting or attributed to early man in North America. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 38, 113 pp., illus. 1909. Report on the skeletal remains [from the HEarth-Lodge Ruins in Eastern Nebraska]. Amer. Anthrop., new ser., vol. 11, ppp. 79-84. 1910. Report on skeletal material from Missouri mounds, collected in 1906-7 by Mr. Gerard Fowke. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 37, pp. 103-112. 1923. Aymara type of head deformation in the United States. Science, new ser., vol. 57, p. 270. 1927. Catalogue of human crania in the United States National Museum Collections: The Algonkin, ete. Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 69, art. 5, 127 pp. 1931. Anthropology of the Sioux. Amer. Journ. Phys. Anthrop., vol. 16, pp. 123-170. 1932. The humerus: Septal apertures. Anthrop. (Prague), vol. 10, pp. 31-96. 1939. Practical Anthropometry, Philadelphia. 1940. Catalog of human crania in the United States National Museum col- lections: Indians of the Gulf States. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 87, pp. 315-464. 497261—43 18 266 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM LANGDON, FRANK WARREN. 1881. The Madisonville prehistoric cemetery: Anthropological notes. Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, pp. 287-257. LEIGH, RuFus Woop. 1925. Dental pathology of Indian tribes of varied environmental and food conditions. Amer. Journ. Phys. Anthrop., vol. 8, pp. 179-199. McKErn, WIxt C. 1931. A Wisconsin variant of the Hopewell culture. Bull. Public Mus. City Milwaukee, vol. 10, pp. 185-328. NEUMANN, Geora Kart. 1937. Preliminary notes on the crania from Fulton County, Dlinois. Ap- pendix 4 in Cole and Deuel’s “Rediscovering Illinois,” pp. 227-264, illus. 1941a. Crania from the Porter mound, Ross County, Ohio. Papers Michigan Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters, vol. 26, pp. 479-488. 1941b. The crania from the Hagan mound and their relationship to those of two late-prehistoric populations of central Illinois. Trans, Amer. Philos. Soc., new ser., vol. 32, pt. 1, pp. 79-82. NEWMAN, MARSHALL THORNTON, and SNow, CHARLES ERNEST. 1942. Preliminary report on the skeletal material from Pickwick Basin, Alabama. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 129, pp. 393-507. PoyNTER, CHARLES WILLIAM McCorkle. 1915. A study of Nebraska crania. Amer. Anthrop., new ser., vol. 17, pp. 509-524. SKARLAND, IvAR. am 1939. The skeletal material [from the Chiggerville site in Ohio County, Kentucky]. Univ. Kentucky Rep. Anthrop., vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 28-44. STEWART, THOMAS DALE. 1939. Anthropometric observations on the Eskimos and Indians of Labrador. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Anthrop. Ser., vol. 31, No. 1, 163 pp. 1940a. New evidence of the physical type of the bearers of the Hopewellian culture. Amer. Journ. Phys. Anthrop., vol. 27, suppl. to No. 2, Pp: 5, abstr, 22; 1940b. Some historical implications of physical anthropology in North Amer- ica. Smithsonian Mise. Coil., vol. 100, pp. 15-50. 1941. The circular type of cranial deformity in the United States. Amer. Journ. Phys. Anthrop., vol. 28, No. 8, pp. 3438-351, STRONG, WILLiAM DUNCAN. 1935. An introduction to Nebraska archeology. Smithsonian Mise. Coll, vol. 93, No. 10, 323 pp., illus. 1940. From history to prehistory in the northern Great Plains. Smithsonian Mise, Coll., vol. 100, pp. 353-394. WEDEL, WALDO RUDOLPH. 1938. Hopewellian remains near Kansas City, Missouri. Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 86, pp. 99-106. 1939. Excavations in Platte County, Missouri. Expl. and Fieldwork Smith- sonian Inst., 1938, pp. 95-98. 1940. Cultural sequence in the central Great Plains. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 100, pp. 291-352. WILLIAMS, HERBERT UPHAM. 1932. The origin and antiquity of syphilis; the evidence from diseased bones. Arch. Pathol., vol. 13, pp. 779-814, 931-983. yn- Orb. Nasal | Nasal } Nasal Ext. | Ext. alv. | Ext. alv. ot, | Orb. ht. | Orb. br.) index | ht. br. | ind. |alv. It.| — br. ind. EON) Walsec| 37h Rota ato POM Fa Bd. oe also ky ae |. aer | ator 92.3| 5.3 2.7| 60.9| 5.3 (6.6)| (124.5) .2)} 34M] 3.9M RAUL AUER: Seal RAN. Woke eee = Se a at a gee Ae a Se ae eer 4.8?| 23| 47.9] 5.2 6.3| 121.2 47] 3.5R| 3.9?R] 989.7| 5.0 2.6| °62.0| 5.8 6.6| 113.8 .5)| (@.3)L} 3.8L (86.8)| 5.1 Ci MA 7: 6 | eee A me ae ag 497261—43 faclng p. 266 Taste 13.—Mound seriea (Hopewellian): Individual measurements (cm.) and indices by ser MALES Hi Fae. ht. | Diam. upper | ble max. 07.6) et 17.2 17.9 (16.9) 181 AVIS focing p. 206 i orsnes BL fonsenn C 7 ; sale, ini tke sae tats 6. ” We Bion0. 2 aie Fr eee a4 i oo f aa osoer eee &, 4 coef fn eee © 0 a oh)..ane. re {- a0 ne f... Bf ee coe bebecneereneatannnanees BD ners adeduntaas LIeTe {|} mm," OSL. 0 . ‘@ : . . mle eo co be ps i 1A) PD REG | O.8fi5 : te es ee Bas & jalantial lata WoAttaV. des SS ieee OL ew eOn) a re OMFS ; “a pL -- -_paldotial latigiove lait. | + AEE Eten stetvtesered ened | ee me ee. . , capers simeenae ee bay PORTE. 6.33).-.- #PSnd...4 mae DIGTE Toy pak twee rhe XC S20] p18 i 267 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI “MUNOSNYY [BUOBN “g “AQ OY} UL WOMoo]]00 posoruzBoun s,oH MOT JO WB ¢ *dvo [[NyYsS—vayeo ‘Mul AMO, PUB ddvJ JNOTIA—VIIBATRI [MBE OMOT INOTITAL [[NYS oJo[dur0I—uNWeAyBo {ABE JOMOT YITM [[N¥S ojo[duroo—ran1avI1g 4 (g) d4NSO[D SUIUUIBOG |~~~ ~~" -- Op “(ALBJUOUISVIJ OBJ) TUNJUBIO PosBULBCE |~- ~~ "TY puNow UBION | OTIGZG Te = Sanam a *A[ [BIB 100}00 pus A[[BIUBINOpUd pd}BIOJTGQO A[IBONY |~>- 77777 mH SOCIAL |e ae eee WINTUBL0) POSS BPIAISSY oo a eee eee Oda SIESLIOL S68 cco aa ee ees Q *(pouing) sjueumseay pus *OINSO[D JO 99BYS BUTOG |--~~-~~~ === sO Diiecies [B1OdTU0} FBI YI BAlvo poseursq |~-~---- 7 TTT ODes=ssIIZTTOLG) fk lecak acca ee F *AT[BIUBII 0409 PuB A[[BIU BI20pue posojo A[yAwd oirjns [ByWsBg --------- ~~ OG] GUI | ome ace oar eee eae TOTCRATUG) | asnee aan ae aoe op---- Teg 00 [renner tec tence teen ences ¢ *A[[B]UBIN0}NO POPLIOYTT -qoO Ajivou ‘A[[ByUBIOOPUD poYBIOJI[GOQ }~----7->> *---op--"7"}> “(pouing) [e1odt9} IQs YIM BALBO |---~ 7-77 Sa a at a Oba OLT6LE “oinsofo SuUyMUSo_ |--~~---=- >= OLSTAM||sak> song reas waNIBATeo poseuBd |------ = I punow SunoX | 60T62E CC Thee Sat OD cac|ae te ee (pouing) va[wo posemecq: |---~-~ ng EC O Dae POTBLE BC 1A a eee aaa COLBING | Sesame oa wearer GI IGAN GO! POdGULe Gis | ng skaee pennant mal ODF yaa LOTBLE ‘od aa ae eet ke) Shactaaicl Ieeginas Se ol ee ey pick pean TST LUT TB ATS) elfen cent se oe es (0) eats ZOTGLE SCOU OM nese Grae e as OGUlOm | |srecak eaea =“ UMAeATsO!POSSUIeG) || sor ase cae CDraaa IOI6LE *ATTeTUBIN0ION pus AT[SIa -BIDOPUO Pasojo APJ1Ed eINYNS [BIRPSBg |------------- IB |7-"SMBl QIOd pu [[NYs Jo JIVd JOLIJSOg |-~- 7-77 TT Ope QOTRIQ" — © t|Pne- set esa=-p eae Bo ====— ~~ z Wle(oy Wey aa (2) E180 Co} al eiaapea ah WINWIeA[Vo posuureq, |---- 77-7 © PUNOULTAsOT BANGLA ve = lter os ee Lu ueeee cae I *AT[BIMBIN0JOO PO}BASIIT “[BLod U9} -qo Apasd {Aypoyussoopud pozeseypqo |77 77-7 SOBIA | HOT JNOYIM [[MAS JO Jawd Topo sog |---—- Tene () paca eet erence a mealies Sao q seddiyg COGh a jis pone en (2) 47," |e ee oa SS SUUINTIVATHO Pes aULe Gs || unr area on canna me OD es RSSe esa ese a eas reece Saas oO oeddyyg *[er0d *peqysiey][qo AjIveu pyopquisy ynq [TV | g[vMIa,T | -W10} JJOT INOYIIM BIIVA[BO podBmMBCE j-~-~~-7- Te ODA secs lle ars ey on oe “eee | oats hee is Stebel = (i)=(0 Co def] *AT[BIMBIN0}0O uedo {A][eluBIDO0pue pesoja AlIwON | 7 QOTSULO | iene Sameer GAT CORA TET UO UTS EN ul linns tears aie nnn in cermin OD Si arg| sae et aaa lag anes ae] See y oeddiyg “uddQ [B}193Bs JO JAB JOIIo]UB !po}Blo *[BIoIed WBA -411qO A[IvoU 4OSII Uo oINjNS [BUOIDD | sB_ | JO JIBd pus ouog [BJUOIy poseuieq |-~~~~~~ ~~ ~~ 77-7 TTT ODteczaleccs cs BIO FS COS Q uosuRyy ‘e[[ouB 1 MO} TOMHRUB PUseININs OAoJOUL YO! COBY, |. cemsunraPING@! |) tom 0 5) © tunes dre poe ODP as siline oe atc me wage ae a gO Pacem | wh ee” ee epee | coon ihe eRe “p TesuByy (4) plowo0d JO aINSo[d dulauIseg | ~~~ 7-7 ODS Auli cx ka > alae ae A OWOGHBIUOLT ICT orks) Wires ice WROD Tas ipo tos ceo eetaena leo mee ae accra oe ~--¢ uosuBAy A][B1UBIN0}09 pus AT[BIUBIOOpUD *pezeieq]]qo Apjawd oinjns [eqyieg |-~- O[BUIOT: | Sea e eas Bote acento oe SATCO | 7 heaton or C+) ora Psat Hegel tabi tha a ti z wosuByy spOqBlelT[d@u| «=. as (0) 0) ell ae Ro [BIOdUI0} FYB GIP BA[VO [~~ -- 7 ETO CEURO ULES OD OC Cyn ce ee ce I Uosuuy *A[[BIUBIN04OI P24B10}I] -qo Apaied {Ay[eyueoopue pozesoqyyqg |~--~ ~~ 77-77 OTB IATs | eeieceaseaie aie ia eta CATES) 5 |i oecnname mets GB {PMNOUL TOMO T Gs eet coal oem ee ¢ [81 OYMOT soinjns JO snj}eig xog I uoumloeds jo ssoueqa}d u10g OVS “ON ‘W'N'S'O “ON §,10709[[09 piupia fo woyrpuoy :(unypjamado]]) saisas punopy— fF AIAV J, 268 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM TABLE 15.—Mound series (Hopewellian) : Comparison with other groups MALES a Ohio! Measurements and indices Missouri Purner I | Tirsentl Bovier Alabama? DigMNBep, Waxes - 22 2e 2S a 32 23s See os 18.9 (5) 18.4 (12) 18.4 (7) 18.7 (1) 18.3 (54) Diamvatemax:: fies 13.7 (5)| 13.9 (9)| 13.6 (7) 13.9 (1) 13.4 (55) Bas:-bnegghts: -_. 5-2-2222 Sts soleus 14.2 (2) 14.3 (3) 13.7 -(1) 14.2 (1) 14.0 (28) Por:-bree Ht 2. ee fl. 8 (6) |e ae eee a 11.8 (1)} $11.9 (21) Cranialindex-. .-. 4 sa 323.32 724 (5)| 74.6 (9)} 74.7 (6) 74.38 (1) 73.4 (52) Mean htsindex: == 2: so. See Sas ee 88.0 (2) 87.8 (3)] (92.2) (1) 87.1 - (1) 88. 4(Cal.) Cranlalimodule=.. 2222. 4 222 a ee 15:4 (2) IF 1552: (2) |e 15.6 (1) 15:3) (27) ront. Chord... ceases eee ee jE Vee BS a Ka yy) SW Wits 35 G53) | ee T1223 (Die eee Darn stem ee seas een eee are 9.2 (9) 9.3 (12) 9.4 (10) 9.6 (1) 9.3 (54) Mront= index 2 S565 on EL 80.5 (9) S251) (2) eS 8630 © QQ) eee Naceht:, UD DeOr==-o-2- 2 en cose a2 (2) 7.7 (4) W607, (4) oeoeeeae aoe 7.1 (33) Diam :biz. Max. -1--- 22 Sekt Peeve el 14.0 (2) 1337 Gl) 14.2: .@B)l- G31) @) 14.1 (21) Fac} ind:;(up per - 3-2-2 5... 62.1 (1) 68.4 (1) BOt) (2) sos See $1.3 (10) Basion-nasione 2 oe ne eee ee 10.5° (2) 10:5 © 10.4 (1) 11.3 -4(4) 10.3 (28) Bas '(@6) 3.4 (26)| 3.5 (14) Orbitalibr.; meant = Ps -~ See = Se eee oa 3.8 —(B)IF8/422> (36)] =. 1 -- = =- mee Ce at (7) Orbitalhindex:;;mean===22-1 222 ee Sie Se be ee 86.6200 (3) |boen7e noo) paseo eee ee 86.1 (7) IN ASAIO nt =. Seamer se ele? Ere ft A a3! © (3) |i a3" 2s(35) 5. 4°<(27))| - 5.3- - -(26) INasalibregath sm eee ao eee a eee ee el eee Ogi High arr 4084) 227 (26) (216 (22) Nasalindexs ----.-2- 2. - eNO be 58.2 (3)| 61.6 (38)| 60.4 (26)| 48.9 (22) OXCM a Vibes ck cee re etna ee teh TREE eee, MA n 5. TOO SIG 31) 0 (25) |||- SS sCL4) TORRE) igee] 0) Ge te Bel LG Se ee ree | ee 7.0 (2)} 66 (30) 6.8 (21)} 6.9 (12) XU Alen GC kes = ot nae ee ee aera ner. Sd Pe eae 128.8 (2) 117.7 (30) 118.0 (21)|196.1 (12) 1 Hooton, 1920; Madisonville series. 2 Neumann, 1941b. Spoon River focus, pooled series. 8 Newman and Snow, 1942; total Koger’s Island series. 4Measured vertically to apex in the Frankfort position ; probably one or two mm, higher than porion-bregma height. 5To dacryon. ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MISSOURI 271 Tas_e 19.—Individual measurements (cm.) and indices of the femur MALE, RIGHT — wo aS 3 4 ; ° Collector’s |U.S.N.M I Re 33 : eee Z 3 Bi S.N.M. : ae so) ha! S) : : ra No. No. Site S = S| | gl bs ga aL Bg a S$ |Se|\se|/ 30/85/25 |388 a ee re a) gia (a) Ay MOUND SERIES: (None). STEED-KISKER SERIES: Oren. ares | 379120 SteedsKisker#.). 2/40. - 22) - ASV el42-6)| 2 B10 24 (680.0 | Sash okeel 7807 1Gpeee ee 379122 pee OO ass eee soc easeee 43.5 | 42.9 2.9 2.6 | 89.6 3.4 205 78.5 Dee ee BAD PS a [ie es C0 ee eee 44.8 | 44.3 2.8 253 |U6e-1 Seal 228) 74.2 Biers as 379132 Se OW ee Mesa ae oe _-| 49.4 } 48.9 3.0 2.8 | 93.3 3:7 255) 167.6 Misc_-_____- 379136-3 |____- dose e Se a eee 45.4 | 45.1 3.0 2.8 | 98.3 3.3 2.5 75.8 MALE, LEFT MOUND SERIES: Misch oe sed 379108 Pearlimound Cif 3.3.22 -|),41.6),| 41.4 2.9 2.58658 | 352 |. 23ule 71.9 STEED-KISKER SERIES: 1G ct oeree = 379122 Steed-Kisket-2--scsc2sesse52 7-H Ya ir Nel a Mh |S 1 st We 2 PY Vn sn fee ae @ de 4 aids Sener 379123 se. Bi (0 (0A eee en eee er 44 OS 28h 253) 82.1 0 SiH) 25251" 7Sss Bf s225=-=5-2 SAIS 7 figs i | Spee 6 (0) Ser ee ee 49.8 | 49.4] 3.2 WOK ORs sae S79136-6) |S - GOe2 =. Sess2- 2 anes 47.8 | 47.6] 3.4 1D Yo) Sees OI OL36— tml =asa) COtb a= =, cen see eee eee 45.9 | 45.4] 3.2 Dols. 37013 7-8) ae= dO se ace =e oe oe 44.4 | 44.0] 3.0 3.0 | 93.8} 4.0] 2.6 2.6 | 76.6 | 3.5] 256 2.6 | 81.2 | 3.5] 2.5 200) || 90:0) | Sse ee Mise 2o4-3 379136-1 1D Oss 379136-2 Doz.3.223 379136-4 1D Yee es 379136-5 Be PS (0 (0 aan Be ees ee 45.4 | 45.1) 2.6 FEMALE, LEFT MOUND SERIES: SSceceSEasee 379106 CHOSE See 379107 STEED-KISKER SERIES: Misc n= 379136-1 Doe 379133-2 Do__._.--| 379166-9 3.1] 2.0 3.3] 2.1 ‘Pearl mound iC_....2-.=-< £-| 42:9] 42:3) || 2:4) |) 2:3)) 9458 ae OOS ot Abe acece swe sects 43.0 | 42.2 2.6 2.6 |109.0 Steed-Kisker. 222. -2.-22--2. 42.7 | 42.4] 2.7] 2.7 |100.0 Bs (0 ee tS. eee Cees ae 43.2 | 42.7] 3.0] 2.6 | 86.7 BP ra (0) Seen See eee ae 43. 87] 43.5?) 2.28) 2.4?) 85.7? 3.5 | 2.3 3.3] 2.5 3.3] 2.4 MOUND SERIES: SCO 379106 Pearl mound C_cscsceee 3e}542755) 41.6] 2:4) 2.2) 91.7 | 3.0] 1.9] 68:8 272 BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM TaBLE 20.—Individual measurements (cm.) and indices of the tibia and humerus MALE, RIGHT Tibia Humerus Bade 3 /6./3 |g Hol aout Collector’s No. |~ "47," Site a é3|82] 4 Bol ac| & No. ee lieve See lh! eS al ae ca ais aS) g8laq) 314788) e84 3 3 Sy || zg HY ee sall deioed | Gs) sy Red bys ane (f=) So) a) Aah ea 4 MOUND SERIES: IMlIS@=2e Satna 379108 Pearl mound C_-...-- SOFT QSON 25S ron |kaoocal ones ew ee eee ee 1D Xo ee ee 379114-1),| Youngsmoundt e222 £2) 22S) bias eee aoe eae 30:3) 2.34) 9 LeOl) x & Get ; & dh “4 f iy of i ' ‘ F i lee baa ef Be! BG hen ' : ! i , is Ab Rt ek iy H os" HOY? aN 4 | ! A : ae i ¢ i fst ‘ hy f bbe y ‘y him PO as fi Mad ' | | bs ' 2 4 be ~ * q © y t ¥ | \ y * % ’ i .) 4 vets ? ‘ ~ ‘ i ‘ * / E we] } t No ' i vy fg oy “] ie 0 h a ee ef 1 is sb ) a! L * wee : me t , i ad , as Poe Ms us sm 4 ’ ' + { ab a t 1 5 a e ‘ \. wD, Y ‘ 1% ‘ “ : ae r We ae. 4 4 i i i INDEX Abraders; sandstone, 60, 85, 99, 103, 130, 164. Adams County, IIL, mounds in, 169, 170. Adz blades, from Renner site, 56. Age of sites examined, 214-217. Agricultural methods, in Middle Missis- sippi culture, 209. at Renner site, 26, 186, 193. Alabama sheil mound skulls, compari- sons with, 250-253. Albany, Ill, mounds near, 170, 197. Algonkian skulls, shape of forehead in, 253. Allamakee County, Iowa, walled tomb in, 172. Alternate-area designs on pottery, Ren- ner site, 34, 36. American Fur Co., 11. Anderson village site, Ohio, 219. Anomalies, in mound series skulls, 249. in Steed-Kisker series skulls, 255. Antler and bone artifacts, Steed-Kisker site: antler handle, 81. awls, 79. cylindrical rubbing tool, 81. human remains in cache pit, 81. scapula knife, 80. worked deer mandible, 80. worked deer phalange, 80. Antler arrowpoints, records of, from sites west of Missouri River, 194. Antler artifacts, Renner site (see also . Bone artifacts) : projectile points, 45, 199. rubbing tools, 44. unidentified object, 45. Apache Indians, Plains, 191. Arapaho Indians, 191. Archeological Institute of America, 14. Arikara Indians, head height of, 263. Arkansas skulls, comparisons with, 253. Arrowpoints, bone or antler, 45, 100, 186, 194, 199, 201, 206, 207. chert, occurrences of large-stemmed forms in Great Plains, 194. stone, 12, 13, 50-52, 82, 98, 99, 101- 104, 128, 186, 144-145, 149, 157, 160-161, 164-165, 170-171, 182, 184, 186, 188, 194, 197, 199, 200-201, 203; 205, 211,, 215: Asporiglloy Cave, Nebr., stratification, multichambered Avondale mounds, Missouri, 145. north mound, 149. pottery from south mound, 147, south mound, 146, 190, 191. Awls, bone, 100, 164, 186, 198, 194. of mammal bone, Steed-Kisker site, of turkey bone, Renner site, 46. Axes, ground, 12, 138, 102-103, 160, 186, 188, 195, 199, 203, 206. from Great Plains area, 195. grooved, from Renner site, 57-59. notched, from Steed-Kisker site, 84. Aztalan site, Wisconsin, 209-211, 218, PONTE Babeock, Charles, viii. Mrs. C. W., viii, 106. Babcock mound A, 108, 126, 182. Babcock mound B, 128, 181. dolichocephalic crania from, 183. lack of burned bones from, 248. work of Hansen on, 245. work of Shippee on, 245. Baerreis, D. A., cited, 222. Baker, Frank C., et al., cited, 200, 219. Balls, stone, 57, 59, 102, 114. Banta, W. V., and Garretson, cited, 170. Barrett, S. A., cited, 209-211. Bartos, S., cited, 159. Baumhoefer mound, Missouri, 165. male erania from, 188. Beaming tools (see also Hide serapers, of bone), 47, 48, 100, 186, 196, 206-207. Beanpot-duck effigy bowl culture (see also Trappist focus), 218. Beans, from Renner site, 26, 186, 193. inferred use at Steed-Kisker site, 72. Bear-tooth effigies, bone, 197, 200-201, 204, 207. from Renner site, 48. Berry, J. B., cited, 164, 182. Berry, Brewton, and Chapman, Carl, on sites in Saline County, Mo., 11. Bird remains, from Renner site, 28. Birket-Smith, K., cited, 207. Birmingham, Mo., stone- chambered mounds near, 157. Black Sand culture, Dllinois, 200, 218, 219. Blackwater River, mounds near War- rensburg, Mo., 160. Blades, adz, 56. copper celt, 49, 201, 2038. large chipped, 55, 144, 154-155, 187- 188, 204. John, 275 276 Blue Hills, Kans., Dakota sandstone out- crops in, 58. Blue River, approximate western limit of burial mounds, in Kansas, 105. prehistorie earthlodges on, in Ne- braska, 69. historic Kansa site near mouth of, 196. Bone artifacts, Renner site (see also Antler artifacts) : awls, 46. bird-head effigy, 49. dagger fragment, 47. dressed deer toe bone, 48. ilium scraper, 48. large needle, 47. metapodial beaming tool, 47. miscellaneous objects, 47, 49. needle fragments, 47. replicas of bear canines, 48. ulna punches, 47. unfinished bone tube, 49. Bone hoe, no evidence of, at Renner site, 186, 193. Bougainville, L. A. de, on Osages and Missouris, 10. Bourgmond, 10. Box graves in northeastern Kansas, 159. Bradbury, John, on wild pigeons, 6. Brenner, J. P., mounds on farm of, 156. Brenner, Peter, mounds on farm of, 152. Brenner-Keller mound group, 180-181. Brenner-Keller-Klamm mound group, 156, 190. Brenner mound 2, dolichocephalic crania from, 1838. Broadhead, G. C., cited, 13, 153, 168-169. Brown, Barnum, cited, 102. Bundle burials, Steed-Kisker site, 89. Bureau of Air Commerce, viii. Bureau of American Ethnology, viii, 18. Burial methods (see Steed-Kisker burial ground; Mounds, stone-chambered; Avondale, Renner, Shepherd mounds). Busycon perversum, 98, 161, 171, 184, 189. Cache pits, at Renner site, 22-25. at Steed-Kisker site, 64-67. Caddo Indians, use of bone-reaping hook, 210. Cahokia site, Illinois, 206, 209, 210-213, 221. Campbell Island village site, sunflower seeds from, 72. Canandaigua site, New York, 196. Cansez Grand Village (see also Kansa Indians), 9. Castle Creek site, New York, 207. Celt blades, copper, 49, 201, 203. Celts, ground, 99, 102, 136, 160, 163, 165, 186, 195, 208, 205. from Renner site, 57, 59. Central Basin mounds in Illinois, phys- ical type from, 188, 219. Central Basin peoples, 216. Central Lowland province, relation to northern Hopewellian area, 221-222. BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Chama Valley, N. Mex., hide serapers from, 196. Champe, J. L., cited, 195. Cheyenne Indians, 191. Chiggerville, Ky., teeth of skulls from, 255. Chipped-stone artifacts. Renner site: adz blades (7), 56. chisellike forms, 56. disks and cones, 54. drill points, 53. flake knives, 54. large blade, 55. materials used, 50. projectile points, 50. scrapers, 53. serrate projectile point, 51. stemmed scrapers, 53. unidentified types, 55, 56, 57. Chipped-stone artifacts, Steed-Kisker site: drili points, 83. flake knives, 83. knives, 82. projectile points, 82. projectile point types compared. with Renner site, 52, 82. scrapers, 82. Chisellike forms of chipped stone, Ren- ner site, 56, 187. Chiwere Siouans, location of, 8, 9. traditional migration of, 9. Chouteau, P., trading post of, 11. Cist graves, relation to stone-chambered mounds in Missouri, 185. Clark, Capt., expedition of dragoons, 6. Climate, Kansas City area, 7. Climatic Summary of the United States, cited, 1, 16. Cochran, Doris M., viii. Cocoanut pots, from central Missouri mounds, 181. Cole, Fay-Cooper, and Deuel, Thorne, cited, 198-199, 206, 209, 211-212, 216, 218, 220. Collins, H. B., Jr., cited, viii, 207, 219- 220, 250, 252, 253, 259, 265. Comanche Indians, 191. Conical objects, clay, from Renner site, stone, from Crooks mound, Louisi- ana, 205. stone, from Hopewell mounds, Ohio, 208. stone, from Renner site, 59, 60. Cooke, Richard, vii. Cooley Lake, Mo., 2. Cooper, Paul, cited, 195, 210, 213-214. Copell site, Louisiana, 207, 219-220. Copper, small adz blade, Renner village site, 49. sheet with child burial, mound, 144. Copper and silver bands on pottery, 161-162. Renner INDEX Cranial indices (see also under Phys- ical types of Indians; and Stewart, T. D., Appendix), from Platte County mounds, 183. Cranial types correlated with culture horizons, in Mississippi Valley, 218-219. in Platte County, Mo., 219-221. Crawford County, Wis., mounds near Lynxville, 172. mounds near Prairie du Chien, 172. Crooks site, Louisiana, 204, 219. Cucurbita pepo (see Pumpkin). Cultural continuity, in Mississippi Val- ley, 218. Curtiss, Edwin, explorations by, 13, 154. 156, 180, 190. Cylindrical antler objects, 44, 81, 114, 157, 164, 186, 189, 193, 197, 206-207, 211, Daggers, stone, 154-155. Dakota Indians, 191. Dakota sandstone, 58. Davenport Academy of Science, mound explorations by members, 170, 197. Dawson mounds, 165, 180-183. Female cranium from mound 14, 183. Deasonville site, Mississippi, bone beam- ers from, 207. Deer, former abundance of, 6, 7. remains at Renner site, 27. remains at Steed-Kisker site, 72. Deer mandible artifact, from Kingston village site, Illinois, 209. from Steed-Kisker village site, 80. possible use, 210. Deformation, in crania from Missouri, summarized, 183-184. in Hopewellian skulls, 250. late appearance in North America, 264-265. - in Middle Mississippi skulls, 257, in Mississippi Valley, 219, 222. in mound series skulls, 188, 249- 250, table 13. in Steed-Kisker series skulls, 190, 255, table 16. Deister site, Missouri, 103. stone-chambered mounds near, 103, 157. Delaware Indian mission, Kansas, site near, 102. Delisle map, cited, 8. Dentate stamping on pottery, 40. De Soto, Wis., mound near, 200. Dhegihan tribes, location of, 8, 9. traditional migrations of, 9. Diabase, use for axes and celts, Renner site, 57. Dickson site, Illinois, 212. ee and cones, chipped, 54, 99, 199, >) Dissected Till Plains, 1, 2. Dog bones, from Renner site, 27. from Steed-Kisker site, 72. from Young mound, 136. 207 Dorsey, J. O., cited, 9. Double-pointed object of bone, from Renner site, 46. Drill points, stone, 99, 145, 147, 149, 164, 189, 193-194, 201, 205, 211. from Renner site, 53. from Steed-Kisker site, 83. DuPratz map, cited, 9. Earthlodges (see Houses, aboriginal). Kast Dubuque, Iil., mound near, 171. Edwardsville site, Kansas, 102. Effigy vessel handles, 77. Kmerson, F. V., cited, 1. Hscansaques Indians, 9. Ethnobotanical Laboratory, University of Michigan, specimens sent to, 71. Ewing mounds, Missouri, 167, 180. Farley, Mo., 62-63, 106. Fenneman, N. M., cited, 1. Ficklin, W. H., cited, 163. Figurines, clay, 44, 204-205, 207. Fish remains, from Renner site, 28. Fishing River, 1, 5, 105, 162. Fish’s mounds, Iowa, Oneota sherds from, 172. Flake knives, 54, 82, 83, 99, 186, 188, 199, 200-201, 207, 211. Floods, annual, in Missouri River, 2. records of, at Kansas City, 2, 16. Ford, J. A., and Willey, G. R., cited, 204-205, 207, 217-219, 264. Fort Ancient culture, 193, 207-208, 219. Fort Leavenworth, Kans., 10. Fort Lisa (Nebr.) crania, cultural affili- ations unknown, 220, Fort Orleans, 10. Fort Osage, 6. Fouts site, Illinois, 199, 209-210. Fowke, Gerard, explorations by, 14, 17, 155-156, 159-160, 162-163, 165- 169, 179-182, 190, 204, 262. skull recovered from Renner site by, 246. Fox Indians, 11. Frontal curvature, diagrams of in mound series skulls, 251. diagrams of in Steed-Kisker series skulls, 256. in Marksville skull, 250. in mound series skulls, 250. in Porter mound skulls, 250. in Steed-Kisker series skulls, 255- 256. Fulton County, Ill., remains from 198, 205-206, 209-212, 216, 219. Galena, 143-144, 149, 161, 197. Gasconade River, Mo., apparent .lower limit of stone-chambered mounds in Missouri Valley, 168, 178. yeary City, Kans., mound near, 159. Geiesa Creek, Kans., site near, 14. Gilder, R. F., cited, 213-214. Gilder mound, 262-2638. Gilmore, G. H., and Bell, E. H., cited, 195, 210. Gilmore, M. R., cited, 86. Goodall focus, Hopewellian phase, 201. 278 Goose Gap, Mo., stone-chambered mounds near, 154, 157. Gorget, stone, 145, 162. Gouge blade, from Steed-Kisker site, 84. Granman mound, Missouri, 182. Graves’ acrometer, 247. Great Lakes Pipeline Co., viii. Greene, F. C., cited, 1. Greenman, H. F., cited, 202. Gregg, K. L., cited, 6. Griffin, J. B., cited, 218-219. Griffin, J. B., et al., cited, 218, 219. Ground-stone artifacts, Renner site: abraders, 60. balls, 59. celts, 59. funnel-shaped objects, 59. grooved axes, 58. hammerstones, 60. hematite celt, 59. materials used, 57-58. pigments, 61. pumice, 60. small mortar, 60. Ground-stone artifacts, site: axes, 84. disk pipe fragment, 84. gouge or adz blade, 84. limestone effigy pipe, 84. pumice, &6. quartzite ball, 84. sandstone abraders, 85. sandstone pendant, 85, sandstone tablet, 85. Hammerstones, 57, 60, 86, 180, 189, 193- 194, 211. Hansen, A. H., pottery sent by, viii, 245. skeletal material sent by, viii, 245. work on Babcock mound B, 128, 245. work on Nolan mound A, 115. work on Nolan mound C, 119, 121-— 122, 125; Hardness of pottery, Renner site, 30, 33. Steed-Kisker site, 74. Hardy, G. L., and Scheetz, F. B., cited, 168-168, 184. Harrington, J. C., cited, 163. Hazelnuts, from Steed-Kisker site, 72. Head height, 263. of Plains tribes, 263. of skulis from midwestern mounds, 263. Hematite, celt of, Renner site, 59. as pigment material, 61, 86. Henderson, E. P., viii. Henneman, Ralph, viii, 98, 104, 143. Henry County, lowa, mounds at Snake Den, 170. Hickorynuts, from Renner site, 26. from Steed-Kisker site, 72. Hide scrapers of bone, from Renner site, 47 Steed-Kisker from Trowbridge site, 100, 196. from sites west of Missouri River, 196. classed as Upper Mississippi deter- minant, 206. BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Hill, A. T., cited, 69, 192. Hill, A. T., and Cooper, Paul, cited, 178, 213. Hill, A. T., and Kivett, Marvin, cited, 192, 215, 216. Hill, A. T., and Wedel, W. R., cited, 194, 195. Hinds: Henry, and Greene, F. C., cited, Hinkson Creek, Mo., mound on, 163. Hoes, shell, 81, 188, 209, 214. Holbrook, W. C., cited, 170. Hole-tempering, 74, 148. Hooton, HE. A., cited, 219, 249, 250, 252— 255, 257, 259-261. Hopewell, Elemental (see also Hope- wellian), 197, 218, 219. Hopewell, Ohio (see also Hopewellian), 197, 201-202, 205, 208. Hopewellian, 37, 182, 185, 196, 200, 216, 219, 221, 223. characteristics of, 197, 202. probabie cultural affiliation Renner site, 207. probable cultural stone-chambered Kansas City, 184. physical relationships of people to Fort Ancient, in Ohio, 219. physical relationships of people in Hilinois to historie Ojibway, 219. pottery from stone- chambered mound in Platte County, Mo., 216. remains in eastern Iowa summar- ized, 197. remains in Illinois River Valley summarized, 197-198. temporal position of, in upper Mis- sissippi-Ohio area, 218. theories concerning, 218. traces in eastern Kansas, 221, Horse remains at Steed-Kisker site, 72. Houck, Louis, cited, 16. Houses, aboriginal, absence of evidence at Renner site, 18, 194. Middle Mississippi types, 210. in Nebraska, 69. at Steed-Kisker site, 66-71. Hrdlitka, AleS, cited, 183, 246-248, 253, 261-264. Hummel! site, [linois, 199. Illinois River Valley, Hopewellian re- mains in, 197, 207-208, 219-220. Independence, Mo., 11. Indian Knoll, teeth of skulls from, 255. Iowa, Hopewellian remains in eastern, 197. Iowa Indians, 11. Iowa Point, Kans., stone-chambered mound reported near, 160. Isle au Vache, 7, James, Edwin, cited, 7. Jeancon, J. A., cited, 196. Jersey Creek site, Kansas, 101-102. Jo Daviess County, Tll., mounds near East Dubuque, 171. of near affiliation mounds INDEX Jones, V. H., viii. on plant remains at Steed-Kisker site, 71. Juntin Branch, 15. Kansa Indians, 8, 8. ancient village of, 10, 11. Platte County archeological remains not attributable to, 214. (See also Cansez Grand Village.) Kansan glaciation, 1. Kansas Academy of Science, explora- tions by, 13. Kansas City Academy of Science, ex- plorations by, 18, 151. Kansas City focus, Hopewellian phase, 207. Kansas River, 3, 5. Keller farm, Missouri, mounds on, 152, 154-155. Kelly, A. R., cited, 212-213. Kentucky Bluff shelters, sunflower seeds from, 72. Kentucky shell-mound skulls, compari- sons with, 253. Kidder, A. V., cited, 44, 46, 78. Kingston village site, THinois, 193, 209, Palle deer mandible artifacts from, 209. focus, 212-213. Kiowa Indians, 191. Kisker, Herman, viii, 63. William, 63, 99. Kiva-jar, similarity of vessels from Mis- souri, 78, 211. Kivett, Marvin, vii. Klamm mound, Missouri, bones from, 246. excavations, 156, 190. Klamm Park site, Kansas, 101. Kleifeld, H. M., viii, 58. Kletzien mound group, Wisconsin, 207. Knife, bone, from Steed-Kisker site, 80. Knives, flake, from Renner site, 54. flake, from Steed-Kisker site, 83. beveled “Harahey”’ type, 82. from Steed-Kisker burial ground, 98. stone (see also Flake knives), 82-83, 98, 136, 148-144, 154, 186, 188, 211. Koger’s Island skulls, comparisons with, 257-258. Kurtz mound, Missouri, 162. female cranium from, 183. Langdon, F. W., on syphilis in Madison- ville skeletons, 260. ansing Man. locality of discovery, 62. skeleton, 262-263. Larsen, Walter, gorget found by, 145. Laurentian aspect, in New York, stemmed serapers from, 206. Leahy site, Nebraska, 215. Leary site, Nebraska, 53, 194-195. pumpkin shells from, 72. Lehn site, Nebraska, artifacts from, 196. Leigh, R. W., on teeth of skulls from In- dian Knoll, 255. Lewis and Clark expedition, 5, 6, 10, 11. 279 Limestone, conical objects from Renner site, 59, 60. lizard-head effigy pipe from Steed- Kisker site, 84. small mortar from Renner site, 60. Limonite, as pigment material, 61. Lind, A. A., quotation from letter, 162. Line Creek, Mo., 15. Little Bonne Femme Creek, Mo., mound on, 163. “Loading, souri, 138. Loess Man, 262-268. Louisiana, Mo., multichambered mounds near, 169. Lykins, W. H. R., cited, 13. Lynxville, Wis., Polander mound group near, 172. Madisonville, Ohio, cultural period of, 254. Madisonville skeletons, 260. Madisonville skulls, anomalies in, 255. deformity in, 257. Maize, from Renner site, 26. from Steed-Kisker site, 71-72. Mammals, of Kansas City area, 6, 7. remains of from Renner site, 27. remains of from Steed-Kisker site, hee Mammiform objects (see Conical ob- jects). Maples Mills focus, Illinois, 165, 188, 219. Marbut, C. F., cited, 1. Margery, Pierre, cited, 10. Marion County, Kans., traces in, 221. Marksville culture, Louisiana, 100, 204, 218. frontal curvature 250. stamped pottery from, 204. Marksville-Hopewell relationships, 218. Marquette map, cited, 8, 9. Maximilian, Prince of Wied, cited, 7. McGee, W. J., cited, 9. McGee Creek, Mo., site near, 12, 14. McKern, W. C., cited, 172, 200, 202, 207, 217, 219, 250. Mealing stones, 13, 69, 86, 130, 188. Measurements, of mound series skele- tons, 258-260, tables 19, 20. of mound series skulls, 250, 254, ta- bles 13, 15. of Steed-Kisker skeletons, 260-261, tables 19, 21. of Steed-Kisker skulls, 257-258, ta- bles 16-18. Methods, anthropometric, 247. Mica, from mounds near Warrensburg, Mo., 161. Middle Mississippi culture, 208-214. house types summarized, 210. influences on eastern Plains cul- tures, 215-214. Steed-Kisker site affiliated with, 208. ” in Shepherd mound, Mis- pathology in, Hopewellian in skull from, 280 Mills, W. C., cited, 208, 218. Missouri Historical Society of St. Louis, specimens owned by, 181. Missouri Indians, 8, 9. ancient villages of, 10, 11. Missouri River, climate of region, 7. floods in, 2, 3. oxbow lakes near, 2. principal tributaries near Kansas City, 3. suitability of valley for aboriginal occupation, 8. valley near Kansas City, 2. Molluscan remains, from Renner site, 28. from Steed-Kisker site, 73. Monks Mound aspect, Middle Mississippi eulture, 212. Moorehead, W. K., cited, 202-204, 209- 214:°218. Morrison, J. P. E., viii. Morton, C. V., viii. Morton focus, Central Basin, 218. Mound Builders, Chambered, in Kansas, 13. Mound City group, 202. Mound series skeletons, condition of, 258. measurements of, 259, 270-272. pathology of, 258. Mound series skulls, anomalies of, 249. comparisons with other groups, 268. condition of, 248, 267. deformity in, 249, 250. measurements of, 250-254, table 13. pathology of, 248. sex of, 249. suture closure in, 249. teeth of, 249. Mounds (see also Mounds, stone-cham- bered; Mounds, earth), two main types of in Platte County, Mo., 105. western limit of occurrence in Kan- sas, 105. Mounds, earth (see also Shepherd, Avon- dale, and Renner mounds), probable cultural affiliations of, 190. Mounds, stone-chambered, 150-185. probable affiliations of, 184. cultural material from, 157, 180-181. near Deister site, 157. distribution, 106, 150 ff., 178. in Doniphan County, Kans., 159. near Iatan, Mo., 159. near mouth of Line Creek, Mo., 151. in central Missouri, 162-168. northern limit of occurrence in Mis- souri Valley, 160. outside Missouri, 169. on Pearl Branch, Mo., 106. in Ralls and Pike Counties, Mo., 168. relation to cist graves, 185. skeletal types from, 157, 182. subareas characterized, 178-181. near Warrensburg, Mo., 160. Moundville, age of, 264. Mussett site, Kansas, 102. BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM National Bureau of Standards, report on textiles by, 86. Nebraska culture, 71, 104, 160, 192-193, 195, 210, 215, 217. influenced by Middle Mississippi culture, 213-215, 222. blending of Middle Mississippi and Woodland elements in, 222. Needles, bone, 47, 170, 186, 195, 199. Neuhoff, Dorothy, cited, 12. Neumann, G. K., cited, 169, 181-184, 219, 250-252, 254, 257-258, 264. Newman, M. T., and Snow, C. E., 250— 253, 255. Nichols mound, Trempealeau, Wis., 172. Nodaway Island, 7. Nolan, Ray, viii, 106. Nolan mound A, 115. articulated skeleton from, 247. skeletal remains from, 246, table 14. Nolan mound B, 117. Nolan mound C, 119, 132, 181. Nolan mound D, 125. Obsidian, 50, 99. Ogden Hetue focus, Hopewellian phase, 198. Ojibway Indians, Centralid physical element noted among, 219. Old Village culture, Cahokia, 212. Omaha Indians, 9, 61, 210. Onate, encounter with Escansaques, 9. Oneota culture, 26, 172, 193, 194, 207, 211, PA, 2k. Orr, Kenneth, vii. Osage Indians, 8, 9. ancient villages of, 10, 11. Platte County archeological mains not attributable to, 214. Osage Plains, 2. Oto Indians, 9, 11. Ouchage Indians (see Osage Indians). Ozark Bluff-Dwellers, pumpkin and sun- flower remains from, 72. Paine, R. G., viii. Paint Creek (Kans.) culture, 194. Papaw, from Renner site, 26. Parakeets, Carolina, 6. Parkville, Mo., 3, 15, 106, 182. Pathology, absence of in Steed-Kisker series skulls, 254. in mound series skulls, 248. in mound series skeletons, 258. in Steed-Kisker series skeletons, 260. Pawnee Indians, 53, 186, 191, 195, 215. “Pays des Missouris,” 9. Peabody Museum of Harvard Univer- sity, explorations by, 13, 154. Pearl Branch, Mo., 105. artifacts from mounds summarized, 157. mounds on, 106-129, 157, 180. other remains, 129-1382. skeletal remains summarized, 157, 183. Pearl, O., viii, 106. re= INDEX 281 Pearl mound A, 108, 158. Pear) mound B, 110. Pearl mound C, 111, 216. skeletal remains from, 246, tables 14, 19, 20. Pearl mound D, 114. Pearl mound HB, 114. Pecan, trees mentioned by Lewis and Clark, 6. nuts from Steed-Kisker site, 72. Pendant, stone, 85, 99, 154-155, 189. Perche Creek, Mo., mounds on, 164. Perforators (see also Avwls, Drill points), 47. Peru, Nebr., Middle Mississippi sherd types found near, 218. Peterson, Alvin, vii. “Petit Riv. des Cansez,” 8. Phillips, Philip, cited, 154, 208-210. Physical continuity of Hopewell and Fort Ancient populations suggested, 219. Physical types of Indians (see also Stewart, T. D., Appendix), from Babcock mound B, 183. from Brenner mound 2, 183. from central Missouri stone-cham- bered mounds, 183. from Pearl mound C, 183. in Platte County, Mo., 220. from Young, mound 1, 188. Pickwick Basin, Ala., teeth of skulls from, 255. Pike County, Mo., stone-chambered mounds in, 168. Pipes, 163. clay, 79, 100, 149, 164, 166, 170, 182, 184, 199, 205, 214. stone, 84-85, 142, 149, 161, 166, 168, 182, 189, 197, 211. Plant remains, cultivated, 26. 71-72, 130, 186, 188, 192-193, 209. wild, 26, 72, 186, 188, 192. Platte Purchase, 12. Platte River in Missouri, 8. Plattsmouth (Nebr.) crania, affiliations unknown, 220. Polander mound group, Wisconsin, 172. Ponca Indians, 9. Porter mound, Ohio, frontal curvature in skulls from, 250. Pottery from earth mounds: Avondale south mound, 147-149. Klamm mound, 158. Renner mound, 145. Shepherd mound, 140-142. Pottery from habitation sites: on Brush Creek, 136. on Pearl Branch, 180, 182. Pottery from Renner site: alternate-area decoration, 40. characteristic ware, 32. cord-roughened wares, 30, 32. cord-wrapped stick, use of, 31, 37. crude bird effigy, 44 dentate stamp impressions, 40. 497 261—-43-——1) cultural Pottery from Renner site—Continued. description of, 29-44. fine ware, 33. funnel-shaped object, 44. hardness and colors, 30, 33. miniature pots, 42. surface treatment of sherds, 40-41. tempering materials used, 30, 33. vessel and rim shapes, 31, 33-34. Pottery from Steed-Kisker site: characteristic surface decoration, description of, 73-79. hardness and color, 74. miniature pots, 78. pipe fragment, 79. slipped sherds, 78. tempering materials used, 74. vessel and rim shapes, 76-78. Pottery from stone-chambered mounds: Babcock B, 128. Nolan C, 121, 123-125. summary of, 181-182. Pottery from other sites in Platte and Clay Counties, 99-105. Powell mound, Cahokia, 218. Poynter, C. W. M., cited, 220, 222, 257- 258, 262-263. Prairie du Chien, Wis., mound near, 172. Prairie Fork, Mo., mound near, 168. Pratt, W. H., cited, 170. Projectile points of antler: from Renner site, 44. from Trowbridge site, 100. Projectile points of stone: from Renner site, 50. from Steed-Kisker site, 82, 98. comparison of points from Renner and Steed-Kisker sites, 52, 82. from Trowbridge site, 99. weight of points, 82. Pumice, 60, 61, 86, 145, 149, 150, 186, 189, 193-194. historic use of, by Missouri Valley tribes, 61. Pumpkin, remains from Steed-Kisker site, 71-72. Putnam, F. W., cited, 13, 153, 154, 180, 190. Quapaw Indians, 9. Quarries, aboriginal, in Kansas Valley, 50. Quartzite, use for balls and hammer- stones, Renner site, 57. Steed-Kisker site, 84, 86. Quimby, G. I., Jr., cited, 201, 218. Quindaro pumping station, 2, 16. Raccoon bones, unusual abundance of at Renner site, 27. Rau, Charles, cited, 210. Reaping hook, bone, among Caddo In- dians, 210. Renner, Mr. and Mrs. Leslie, viii. Renner mound, 143-145. Renner site: antler artifacts, 4445. bone artifacts, 45-49. 282 Renner site—Continued. burial methods problematical, 187. eache pits in, 22. chipped-stone artifacts, 50-57. comparison with Hopewellian cul- ture sites, 196-208. probable connection with Illinois River Hopewellians, 220. copper, 49. excavations in, 19. faunal remains, 26-28. ground-stone artifacts, 57-60. location and description, 15 ff. molluscan remains, 28. pigment materials, 61. pottery, 29-44. résumé of, 186. shell work, 49. lack of skeletal remains, 245. unworked and_ slightly worked stone, 60-61. vegetal remains, 26. Ritchie, W. A., cited, 196, 207. Riveted vessel handles, 77. Rocker-roughening on pottery, 32-34, 36, 40. Rock River, Ill., mounds near, 170. Rodents, tooth marks on bones, 246, 248, 258. Roulette, antler, for pottery decorating, 41, 100. Rubbing tools, antler, from Renner site, 44. from Steed-Kisker site, 81. Sae Indians, attacks on Osage and Mis- souri, 10. in northwestern Missouri, 11. Salt Creek, Kans., stratification of cul- tures, 216. Sandstone, Dakota, use by aborigines, 58. abraders, 60, 85. grooved tablet Kisker site, 85. Sante Fe Trail, 11. Saw Mill mound at Cahokia, 210. St. Helena, Nebr., remains from sites near, 195. Schmitt, Karl, vii. Schrader site, Nebraska, Middle Missis- sippi influence noted, 218. Scrapers, chipped, 99, 103, 186, 145, 149, 164, 186, 189, 193-194, 211. from Renner site, 53. from Steed-Kisker site, 82. Scrapers, stemmed, of stone, from Boone County, Mo., 206. from Goodall focus, 201. from New York sites, 206. from Renner site, 53, 160, 186. Sea Breeze site, New York, 207. Seip mound No. 1, Ohio, material from, 202 fragment, Steed- Septal apertures of humerus, in Hope- wellians, 259. in Middle Mississippians, 261. Serviss, E. F., cited, 101-102. BULLETIN 1838, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Setzler, F. M., cited, viii, 202, 204, 217= 218, 250. Sex, of mound series skulls, 249, table 14. of Steed-Kisker series skulls, 254, table 17. Shell beads, from Missouri mounds, 156, 165-167, 170. Shell mounds tucky). Shell, scant use of, at Renner site, 29, 49. Shell hoe, from Steed-Kisker site, 81 Shell tempering, leaching of, 74. Shepherd, J. C., mound owned by, 1387. Shepherd mound, near Smithville, Mo., 1387, 190-191. miscellaneous artifacts from, 143. pottery from, 140. rush matting with burials in, 139. stone pipe from, 142. Shetrone, H. C., cited, 150, 202-203, 218. Shetrone, H. C., and Greenman, E. F., eited, 202. Shippee, J. M., vii, 18, 32-33, 70, 77, 81, 85, 98, 102-104, 128, 130-133, 139, 143, 146-147, 149, 154, 156, 180, 188, 190, 246. Silver and copper bands on pottery ves- sel, 161-162. Simpson, A. M., cited, 209. Sioux Indians, head height of, 268. migrations of, 9. shape of forehead in, 253. stature of modern, 264. Skarland, Ivar, cited, 253, 255. Skeletal remains, from stone-chambered mounds, summarized, 182. Slattery, Gates, vii. Smith mounds, Missouri, 180. Smithville, Mo., Shepherd mound near, 13% Smoky Hills, Kans., Dakota sandstone outerops in, 58. Snake Den, Henry County, Iowa, mound near, 170. Spoon River (Ill.) focus, 212-213. comparison of skulls from, 257-258. Squash (see Pumpkin). Squier, EH. G., and Davis, HE. H., cited, 202. Stabler, Hugh, vii. Staffelbach, J., prehistoric cremation furnace on farm of, 158. Stature, in Hopewellians, 259-260. in Middle Mississippians, 261. of Plains tribes, 264. Steed, C. A., viii, 63. Steed-Kisker burial ground: burials, orderly arrangement of, 91. burials, types of, 88-90. comparison with Middle Mississippi culture burials, 212. excavation methods, 87. location and description, 87. physical type of people, 189. pottery, 95-97, 211. relation to nearby village, site, 91. shell (Busycon) artifact, 98. (see Alabama; Ken- INDEX Steed-Kisker burial ground—Continued. stone artifacts, 98. stone slabs, use of, 90. Steed-Kisker skeletons: comparisons with Madisonville, 273. condition of, 88, 247, 260. measurements of, 260-261, 270-272. pathology of, 260. Steed-Kisker skulls: anomalies in, 255. comparison with other groups, 270. eondition of, 254, 269. deformation in, 255. frontal curvature, 255-256. measurements of, 257-258, table 16. sex of, 254. teeth of, 254. Steed-Kisker village site: antler and bone artifacts, 79. cache pits, 66. chipped stone, 82-84. comparison with Middle Mississippi culture sites, 211-214. food remains, 71-73. ground stone, 84-85. house 1, 66-71. location and description, 62. midden 1, 64. pottery, 73-79, 211. résumé of, 188. shell hoe, 81. textile remains, 86. Sterling, Il]., mounds near, 170. Sterns, F. H., cited, 213. Stevenson, C. W., cited, 160-161. Stewart, T. D., viii, 222. cited, 250, 252, 254, 257, 262. on skeletal remains from Platte and Clay Counties, Mo., 245-265, Stockton, J. L., site on farm of, 101- 102. Stone vaults (see Mounds, stone-cham- bered). Stratification of cultures, at Ash Hol- low Cave, Nebr., 216. at Salt Creek, Kans., 216. at Sterns Creek, Nebr., 216. at Whitnah village site, Illinois, 216. in Wisconsin, 217. Strong, W. D., cited, 178, 191-192, 195- 196, 210, 213-214, 216, 222-2238, 257, 262, 263. Sunflower seeds, from’ Steed-Kisker site, 71-72. from other sites, 72. Suture closure, in mound series skulls, 249, table 14. in Steed-Kisker series skulls, 254, table 17. Swanton, J. R., and Dixon, R. B., cited, 9. Sylvid population, probably basic to Hopewellian peoples, 219. 283 Syphilis, absence of in Shell Mound Temains, 264. in Hopewellian skeletons, 259. in Middle Mississippi skeletons, 260. in mound series skulls, 248. discussion of late appearance North America, 264. Tampico culture remains, Illinois, 183- 184. Tchefuncte culture remains, Louisiana, 207, 218-219. Teeth, comparisons of in Hopewellian and Middle Mississippi groups, 254-255. of mound series skulls, 249. rodents’, marks of on bone, 246, 248, in of Steed-Kisker series skulls, 254. Tempering materials for pottery, Renner site, 30, 32-34. Steed-Kisker site, 74, 95, 97. Textile remains, Steed-Kisker site, 86. rush matting in Shepherd mound, 139. Third trochanters, in Hopewellians, 259. in Middle Mississippians, 261. Thomas, Cyrus, cited, 171, 172, 200. Thwaites, R. G., cited, 5, 6, 8. Tiffany, A. S., cited, 158. Time perspective of sites examined, 214-217. Titterington, P. F., cited, 206, 209, 212. Tobacco, modern cultivation near Kan- sas City, 7. Tobias site, Rice County, Kans., 194. Toe bone of deer, dressed, 48, 80, 187, 196. Transcontinental & Western Air, viii. Trappist focus, of Middle Mississippi, 2138. Trempealeau culture remains, Wiscon- sin, 172, 200, 219. Tremper mound, Ohio, 204. Trophy skulls with burials, Steed-Kisker site, 90. Trowbridge, H. M., viii, 98, 100, 135. Trowbridge collection, 98. Trowbridge site, Wyandotte County, Kans., specimens from, 41, 98, 196, 199, 204. Trowels, pottery, 212, 214. Turkey remains from Renner site, 28. Turner site, Ohio, 202-204, 219. Turner skulls: anomalies of, 249. breadth of forehead in, 252-253. deformity in, 250, 252. pathology in, 259. teeth of, 249. Turtle carapace receptacles, from Trow- bridge site, Kans., 100. Turtle remains, from Renner site, 28. Uffman mound, Missouri, 167. University of Chicago, collections from Illinois Valley examined, 198. 284 Upper Republican culture, 104, 191, 198, 195, 215-217. three-quarter grooved axes reported from, 195. beaming tool from, 196. celts from, 195, Vaults, stone (see Mounds, stone-cham- bered). Veazey mound, deformity in skulls from, 250 significance of deformity in skulls from, 265. syphilis in bones from, 259. Vernon County, Wis. artifacts from sites in, 200. Vessel shapes, from Renner site, 31-34. from Steed-Kisker site, 76-78, 95-97. from other sites in Platte and Clay Counties, 99-105. Waldron, Mo., 106, 181. Walker-Gilmore site, Nebr., shells from, 72. pierced animal toe bones from, 196. Wallace mound (Nebr.) crania, not of Siouan type, 222. beng mound skulls, comparisons with, 57. deformity in, 257. Walnuts, from Steed-Kisker site, 72. Wapiti, 27. ees Landing, Wis., mound near, 200. eens, Mo., mounds near, 160, 180. Water bottles, pottery, from Platte and Clay Counties, Mo., 78, 147, 211. Watkins, J. C., cited, 168, 182. Wedel, W. R., cited, 32, 36, 68, 145, 181, 192, 194, 195, 207, 211, 215, 222, 245- 247, 262. Wedel, W. R., and Trowbridge, H. M., cited, 100. Wehe, Henry, viii. West, E. P., cited, 12, 18, 151. Westport Landing, Mo., 11. Wetmore, Alexander, viii. White Cloud, Kans., mound near, 159. pumpkin BULLETIN 183, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Whiteford, G. L., on bone beaming tool from Ottawa County, Kans., 196. Whiteside County, I1., mounds in, 170. Whitnah village site, DWlinois, culture stratification, 216. Wichita Indians, remains in Kansas provisionally identified, 194. Wied, Maximilian, Prince of, cited, 61. Williams, H. U., on syphilis in Hopewell skeleton, 259. Williamson, Roy, Hopewellian site on farm of, 102. Willoughby, C. C., and Hooton, E. A., cited, 202-204, Wilsons Knob, Mo., mounds on, 168. Winnebago Indians, 9. Wisconsin Hopewellian skulls, deformity in, 250. Wolfden (Wolf Den) Ridge, Mo., mound on, 155. Woodland culture, 37, 182, 184, 196, 203, 207, 216-217. affiliations of remains in Missouri stone-chambered mounds, 183-184. earliest known pottery horizon in central Great Plains, 192. chert arrowpoint associated with in Great Plains, 194. remains from Doniphan County, Kans., 159. in eastern Kansas, 221. ae ian from Lane County, Kans., 15. remains from Nebraska area, 215. skulls, comparisons with,/ 250-252. Woodlawn Cemetery, Kansas City, Kans., site near, 101. Wright Pawnee site, Nebraska, 72, 194. Wyandotte County, Kans., remains in, 12, 14. Young, W. W., viii, 132. Young mound 1, Missouri, 182. male cranial indices from, sumima- rized, 188. skeletal remains from, 246, tables 14, 20. Young mounds 2 and 8, 186. multichambered O SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES “IOUT 3 9088 01421 2674