: we ae : : : - lod ee a a ,, me | tes Lb a : yar a i) y 7 es! cal : ft . ie oi J Lt uP 4 : 3 ih. iy - ; B 7 ; See 4 ca iMG ae 1 iv oa i ~ . PO ea’ ng ahve tS he pol yy LT Salton SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Butvetin 202 FISHES OF THE MARSHALL AND MARIANAS ISLANDS BY LEONARD P. SCHULTZ AND COLLABORATORS: WILBERT M. CHAPMAN, ERNEST A. LACHNER, AND LOREN P. WOODS VOLUME 2 Families from Mullidae through Stromateidae UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1960 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. = Price $2.25 (paper) ADVERTISEMENT The scientific publications of the National Museum include two series known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. The Proceedings series, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers based on the collections of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and re- visions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. The series of Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, contains separate publications comprismg monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogs of type speci- mens, special collections, and other material of similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances. In the Bulletin series appear volumes under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum. The present work forms No. 202, volume 2, of the Bulletin series. RemMIncTON KeE.ioea, Director, United States National Museum. II CONTENTS Authorship of sections prepared by collaborators other than Leonard P. Schultz is indicated after the name of the group for which they are responsible. The appearance of my name as second author indicates that I furnished the ecological data and assisted in other ways but did pot write major portions of the manuscript. Page ETO CUC CLOTS ee eee nee ee eee oe ee eee ees ae eee VIII Phylum Chordata—Cont., vol. 1 Subphylum Craniata—Cont., vol. 1 Superclass Gnathostomata—Cont., vol. 1 Class Osteichthys—Cont., vol. 1 Subclass Teleostom—Cont., vol. 1 Superorder Teleosteica—Cont., vol. 1 Order Percomorphida—Cont., vol. 1 Suborder Percomorphina—Cont., vol. 1 Family Mullidae (by Ernest A. UACHINER) eee oa ee oma 1 Genus Upeneus Cuvier & Valenciennes-_----- 3 Genus Parupeneus Bleeker 2252455252. 6 Genus Maulloidichthys Winhitley a2 2sseseo— 36 Family Pomacentridae (by Loren P. Woops and Lronarp PO SCHULTZ) Seen eae 47 Genus Amphiprion Bloch and Snyder-_-_-_ 47 Genus Dascyllus Cuv- LOT ey es ao ee ces 61 Genus Chromis Cuvier- 66 Genus Abudefduf Fors- Kile tat oT SaaS 79 Genus Pomacentrus acepedes - 5225-5222 104 Family, Labridaee. =.=. = 121 Genus Choerodon Bleekers-2 4 wes 125 Genus Pteragogus Petersaa sewer a eee 126 Pseudocheilinops, new PenUS esse sss 128 Genus Cirrhilabrus Temminck and Schle- Pele mets es 131 IV CONTENTS Phylum Chordata—Continued Subphylum Craniata—Continued Superclass Gnathostomata—Continued Class Osteichthys—Continued Subclass Teleostomi—Continued Superorder Teleosteica—Continued Order Percomorphida—Continued Suborder Percomorphina—Continued Family Labridae—Continued Genus Cymolutes Giin- Genus Epibulus Cuvier_ Genus Wetmorella Fow- ler and Bean________ Genus Xyrichthys Cuv- ION suse Poe eee Genus IJniistius Gill. - Novaculops, new genus_ Genus Hemipteronotus Lacepéde_._.......- Genus Cheilinus Lacepéde_2- 2 22S Genus Pseudocheilinus Genus Labrichthys Bleeker a. 22 soaees Genus Labroides Bleeker. 222 eee Genus Cheilio Lacepéde_ Genus Coris Lacepéde_-_ Genus Thalassoma Swainsow. 202524 as Genus Gomphosus Genus Macropharyngo- don Bleeker________- Genus Stethojulis Gtnther=- 3 -- ae Genus Hemigymnus Giuther 2.2 see Genus Anampses Quoy and Gaimard_______- Genus Halichoeres Ruppells 22a. bee Family Scaridies:22.00 22. ae Subfamily Scarinae________ Genus Chlorurus swain- Genus Scarus Forsk&al__ Page 133 136 138 142 143 143 146 153 163 170 171 176 Waid 183 199 203 206 217 219 223 239 241 242 243 CONTENTS v Page Phylum Chordata-—-Continued Subphylum Craniata— Continued Superclass Gnathostomata—Continued Class Osteichthys—Continued Subclass Teleostomi—Continued Superorder Teleosteica—Bontinued Order Percomorphida—Continued Suborder Percomorphina—Continued Family Scaridae—Continued Subfamily Sparisomatinae-. 250 Genus Calotomus Gil- berks 2c eee us sone 250 Genus’ Leptoscarus Swainson! ease eee 251 Family Cirrhitidae: 220-222 3222 251 Genus’ Cirrhitoidea eri ksir) Sea 255 Genus Cirrhitus Lace- Pedewsc sao one ees 259 Genus Gymnocirrhites Srart ieee seen 262 Genus Paracirrhites Bleeker 2 w es eee 263 Family Mugiloididae__--------- 266 Genus Parapercis Bleckersans Svar a ats 268 Family Trichonotidae---------- 273 Genus Limnichthys AVR Gees crete any se 278 Genus Chalizodytes Sehuwitz7aeemee eae ae 280 Suborder Blenniinags ss 2.2 wee 281 Family: Glinidag. 25 2 281 Subfamily Tripterygiinae__._ 281 Genus Tripterygion Rissol 222 2 ae eee 283 Genus Helcogramma McCulloch and Waites 2.) vee ee 294 Hamily Blenntidaes =====2 === 301 Subfamily Salariinae (by LronarD P. ScHuuttTz and WiusBert M. CHapMANn)-. 302 Genus Exallias Jordan and Evermann.-_--_-_ 305 Genus Cirripectes Swain- SOT yeeros ee ee 307 Genus Rhabdoblennius Wihitley sue eos 319 VI CONTENTS Phylum Chordata—Continued Subphylum Craniata—Continued Superclass Gnathostomata—Continued Class Osteichthys—Continued Subclass Teleostomi—Continued Superorder Teleosteica—Continued Order Percomorphida—Continued Suborder Blenniina—Continued Family Blenniidae—Continued Subfamily Salariinae—Cont. Genus Entomacrodus Giles te ees ee Genus Istiblennius Wititleys = 522. ee Genus Salarias Cuvier_ Fallacirripectes, new PEN Gee eee yee eee Genus Alticus Cuvier and Valenciennes________ Praealticus, new genus_- Subfamily Blenniinae__ ____ Genus Petroscirtes Riip- Genus Aspidontus Quoy and Gaimard________ Genus Runula Jordan and Bollman_______- Genus Suborder:Ophidinas-< <_< -ese a ee Family Brolutidae_____________ Subfamily Brotulinae______ Genus Brotula Cuvier - Subfamily Brosmophycinae_ Brosmophyciops, new Family Carapidaes. 22-5 -- 2222 Genus Jordanicus Gil- bertis: 2355-782 a See Genus Encheliophis Willers (22252 ese Genus Carapus Rafin- CSQUGy So .= eee eee Suborder Schindleriina_________________ Family Schindleriidae__________ Genus Schindleria Gil- Page 327 344 361 362 366 368 373 374 375 379 381 382 382 383 383 384 384 388 390 391 392 393 396 396 396 CONTENTS VII Page Phylum Chordata—Continued Subphylum Craniata—Continued Superclass Gnathostomata—Continued Class Osteichthys—Continued Subclass Teleostomi—Continued Superorder Teleosteica—Continued Order Percomorphida—Continued suborder Callionymina: o- =... 22-22 397 Family Callionymidae_________-_ 397 Genus Diplogrammus GU a ge a are 399 Genus Callionymus Lin- TU ELOUS cree eles apene et pa 402 Genus Synchiropus Gill, 404 SuborderiScombring: = 25222 62 bee 410 Family Scombridae__________-_- 410 Genus Grammatorcynus Gr Se eA 411 Genus Acanthocybium Guile ae es 412 Genus Katsuwonus Ki- shinouyetes aaa 413 Genus Neothunnus Kishinowuyess: 202 -. 414 Genus Euthynnus Liit- Kemet s Smee ee ee 415 Genus Gymnosarda Gill_ 416 suporder Stromateinas.+ Jee oo ee eee 418 Family Stromateidae___________ 418 Genus Psenes Cuvier and Valenciennes__~__ 418 aie a A ~ ~ a x OS a a Veoh ‘ . o Tne opi onl 9 amr wap ps wae BEEIRAARED wots ts aca o ieee. drt faites i araANeon o Gouritiaons mE tn aarti ty 7 tenant ee! qe niglay coits Medapchad AM : 7 ae . bose ar Ray, RRLMNOgUe . on 1 mh h—svdsdointe ages s civ Ah hres bdomit aot x spree gre hee an » | a a - pring) WE: och eae” ry eet enieltta’) hae ae si awning! ne . Toa 7 xe ta .) re {ts ake te hui prey SPOS eilnut eheriy) Ag ite, Z eehaes : Prathur iOS ie oellalint tone. zane t ba ‘Mt sratiy: my ary OY eeraiy 1 au i, < alll ad es x vafoninneaes sss) rc tay awa Sh bee eile fits cL pineal Tice SED aha oe = es rn se euicyitele wae Akay a z arn ee AUS aati xine! eee a ee and wy Wy vayiien } wih agcitehy ; = aes aitints aieiriart ‘ elon bh bail eo aie Alstninostt rndtionet Sa HUD eaves eptde | war? wet eyrvala 7 ke ; : ji 1 mn heed bag its lef Pe op aE, rhe sito ® eta INTRODUCTION By LEONARD P. SCHULTZ This is the second volume of U. S. National Museum Bulletin 202, “Fishes of the Marshall and Marianas Islands.” The first volume was published on December 15, 1953. The third volume is in preparation. A list of fish collecting stations, maps, and other information perti- nent to the use of volume 2 were published in volume 1. A few errors have been noted that we wish to correct: p. 108, 3d paragraph last line should read 1949, not 1948 p. 166, since Euleptorhamphus is neuter the species name is viride, not viridis . 259, figure 39, M. dunckeri is figure ‘a’ and M. brevirostris is figure “d” . 279, add p. 576 to Walbaum reference . 314, in section 5a, 4th line from bottom should read scales cycloid or etenoid . 869, synonymy, Forsk&l, not Fosk&l . 386, ocellata, not ocellatus . 387, last line, soft, not saft dorsal . 407, 4th paragraph first line, Marston not Marsden . 537, Monotazxis, not Montazis ‘pl. 26, A, name should be Epinephelus horridus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). reser ar FOIE to CSS Except for the families by Ernest A. Lachner, I have supplied and mounted all the illustrations, and written the legends for them. If any errors were made, my collaborators should not be blamed. 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Ws: ae Pa ny x3} toa fall dig aie & srltiye ‘whe oye vurld 1 ite - . mi bre ab a Z Sal rae Pi i a NE Api chi sgt Bist ate Wi. ces 7 = 7 ae il Ais ‘ “ig idk Lid ‘ban a tifa) sa i Atvingerag Hi ae ; in 7 a ity int whit “atin vi as: are re naa? soca Dg | i oS - ul iF - ah 5 wi AY ie . ni ie oo a? bs arity ‘sat sh, oa hina tae fae, Aw i we SBM oe Ge if on i” an a "ges WP atcha ah (ce be bg 0 Se 7 spn Bios sellegw bere, aia me 7: qucrgy Sas rik eo a | oe a - . _ 7 / i / aoe une mar - 7 : Eto jalan vue Tink ie “ett ners, oe dys als oc) tr aeaii zoster la yh, ve ail iy aon nae TT T ur me hom a 1) a an - . : | Oe ba) 2h ah / | : i an iV ink ) : / ifs Lorn i - So a 9. ies | Re is : i De : ‘a ad we 7 oy +L UO - ait a ye : : > ne i 4 nee - / - i it e 7 ot \ " 7 7 : -— a = p ’ a | ! . i ’ , : ay =a = ; ; ie aA ee S| / ree . : a a y 7 4 - hy : - t on d - alt - rou oF ” 7 ; vel eA aN ee fe io re PA aio: Lt ot eee, nee : : g - = / . : } “Fe “a yu .| =< i 7 ; i hs - . 7 iL : ays ' : / - a G vs o a - ‘ } i i ' - 1. a 7 7 ey - uy p - wih oat LP Pais i) ; * im on - Be Sens) De ; ae 4 7 corynes - a »°* oo i atin / Un 7 a a 7 me ei eri] ?. en : 1 ae) ; : ; i a ; a a ( 7 ” oO ‘pic rg an ’ f ' 7 i _— : 7 - 0 P - gen as ay a - | - 7 , 7 - "= y ; 4, ‘ ne: - _ ae FISHES OF THE MARSHALL AND MARIANAS ISLANDS Volume 2 Family MULLIDAE: Goatfishes By Ernest A. LACHNER Members of the family Mullidae are readily recognized by the two long, unbranched barbels below the chin, their bodies being moderately elongate and often brilliantly colored. Goatfishes are mainly inshore, bottom forms, of small size, occurring in tropical and semitropical marine waters. The meat is sweet and is relished as a delicacy. This report reviews all forms found in Oceania. The Mullidae of various areas of the Indo-Pacific other than Oceania have been reviewed by several authors, such as the early report by Bleeker (Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 15, pp. 1-40, 1875) and the more recent studies by Herre and Montalban (Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 95-136, pls. 1-6, 1928), Weber and de Beaufort (Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 6, pp. 361-408, figs. 75-79, 1931) and Fowler (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, pp. 258-344, figs. 19-32, 1933). A revision of the genus Upeneus was published by Lachner (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 103, No. 3330, pp. 497-532, pls. 13 and 14, 1954). The many closely related but wide ranging species in the family, particularly those in the genus Parupeneus, and the incomplete nature of the collections from the area under study, necessitated a review of the species occurring in a broader geographical area. The result is a more reliable appraisal of the species. Many species show differentiation only in coloration, such as the presence or absence of a spot or color mark, or its shape or location. There are few meristic and other morphological characters that aid in the separation of the species. We thus find, as a result of the numerous closely related species and their great range over the Indo-Pacific area, a confusing nomenclature. Many nominal forms have been described from the various insular and subfaunal areas of this vast region. Progress toward a stable nomenclature can be attained only in an appraisal of all forms in the family, including an evaluation of all types in extant. Hl) 2 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 The primary characters forming the basis for the natural groups in the family are the differentiation of the dentition and the presence or absence of scales on the soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins. These differences are tentatively summarized in the key to the genera and in the discussion under the generic accounts. The critical characters most useful in distinguishing the species are given in the keys to the species under each genus and in the discussions in the descriptive accounts of the species. The genera Upeneus, Mulloidichthys, and Parupeneus are reported for the Marianas, but only the latter two were taken in the Marshall Islands. The following tabulation shows the number of species in each genus from the three geographical areas: Marshall Marianas Islands Islands Oceania Unericuse ae eas. Chee SOAP ES 0 if 4or5 Miillovdichtliysee ee eae 3 1 4 Pariipeneus® .--bss2 2252 x tyes 5 4 15 The range of the data given for the following characters is common to all species reported herein for Oceania: Dorsal rays VIII-i,8 (Upeneus VII or VIII-i,8), anal rays IJ,i,6; pectoral rays 12 to 18; pelvic rays I,5; caudal rays, upper lobe-lower lobe, i,7-+6,1; vertical scale rows 27 to 39; scale rows above lateral line 3, rarely 2; scale rows below lateral line 5 to 7; scale rows around narrowest portion of caudal peduncle 14 to 16 (14 only in Parupeneus); total number of gill rakers on first right arch 19 to 42; scales ctenoid, with 4 to 9 radii; lateral line complete. In order to determine the extent of infraspecific divergence the wide-ranging species were studied from areas other than Oceania when collections were available. The coloration, proportional, and meristic characters were recorded for each species. Wherever the data may be significant or of interest it is tabulated, segregated by locality, and included under the descriptive account of the species. The specimens studied are listed by geographical areas. In general, there is very little infraspecific differentiation among the wide-ranging species in the numerous, scattered populations from the Red Sea to the Hawaiian Islands. Some divergence on a low racial level is exhibited by several species which differ mainly in the total number of gill rakers. KEY TO THE GENERA OF MULLIDAE la. Dentition complete, teeth on vomer, palatines, and on both jaws. Upeneus Cuvier and Valenciennes 1b. Dentition incomplete, the palatines and vomerine teeth, or the palatines, or those of the upper jaw, absent. FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER 3 2a. Upper jaw toothless. omer and palatines form a broad palatal patch. Mullus ! Linnaeus 2b. Upper jaw with teeth. 3a. No teeth on palatines or vomer. 4a. Teeth in jaws uniserial, large, stout, blunt-tipped, widely spaced, and arranged more or less in a regular row.__-_-_- Parupeneus Bleeker 4b. Teeth of upper jaw almost always in two rows anteriorly, the teeth of the outer row numbering 1 to 3 on each side, curved and directed posteriorly; teeth in lower jaw almost always in two or more rows; teeth stout, blunt-tipped, and rather widely spaced. Pseudupeneus ? Bleeker 4c. Teeth of jaws small, in a villiform band anteriorly. . Mulloidichthys Whitley 3b. Vomer with a few blunt teeth; none on palatines; jaws with stout, blunt teeth arranged uniserially laterally, and in two or three irregular TOWS ANteTIOL yee ke eee ee eee Upeneichthys ? Bleeker Genus UPENEUS Cuvier and Valenciennes Upeneus Cuvier and VaLencriennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 448, 1829 (type species, Mullus vittatus Forsk&l, designated by Bleeker, Arch. Néerl. Sci. Nat., vol. 11, pt. 2, p. 333, 1876.) Hypeneus Acassiz, Nomenelatoris zoologici index, p. 190, 1846 (type species, Mullus vittatus Forsk&l, corrected orthography). Upeneoides BunEexer, Verh. Bataviaasch Gen., p. 64, 1849 (type species, Mullus vittatus Forsk&l, designated by Jordau, Genera of fishes, pt. 2, p. 240, 1919). This genus is characterized in having the dentition complete, an irregular or triangular patch of small villiform teeth on vomer, an elongate band of such teeth on palatines and in bands of narrow to moderate widths on both jaws. Caudal fin with dark, oblique bars in many species. Body elongate, somewhat compressed, and attain- ing a small size compared with other members of the family. Several characters were common to all the species listed in the key below but may not be distinctive generically for they may apply to others in the family: Dorsal spines, VIII-i,8 (also VII-i,8 in three extralimital species), the first spine is minute and likely to be overlooked (see Lachner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, p. 499, 1954); scale rows around caudal peduncle 16; scales ctenoid, with 4 to 7 radii; scales on soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins; first elongate 1 Mullus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 299, 1758(type species, Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, designated by Bleeker, Arch. Néerl. Sci. Nat. vol. 11, p. 334, 1876). This genus is limited to the Atlantic ocean. 2 Pseudupeneus Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 14, p. 134, 1862 (type species, Upeneus prayensis Cuvier and Valenciennes). This genus is found in the Atlantic Ocean and in the eastern Pacific waters of the Americas, 3 Upeneichthys Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 2, p. 7, 1855 (type species, Upeneus porosus Cuvier and Valenciennes). This genus is represented by several species in the warmer waters of Australia and New Zealand and probably extending into Polynesia. 4 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 spine of dorsal fin flexible. Of the 9 species in the genus 4 or possibly 5 are known from Oceania. One species is known from the Hawaiian fauna, U. arge Jordan and Evermann, and one, U. vittatus (Forskal), from the Marianas Islands but not reported as yet from the Marshall Islands. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF UPENEUS FROM OCEANIA la. Total number of gillrakers range from 26 to 32; pectoral rays number 15 to 18; peritoneum brown to black. 2a. Caudal fin without dark bars; chin barbels long, 58 to 82 percent of head length in large specimens over 85 mm.; barbel usually extends pos- teriorly beyond vertical drawn through posteriormost point of pre- opercle; plate 75,A______-_- U. sulphureus ‘ Cuvier and Valenciennes 2b. Caudal fin with oblique dark bars on upper lobe; chin barbels short, 46 to 66 percent of head length; barbel when extended posteriorly not reaching vertical drawn through posteriormost point of preopercle. 3a. Lower lobe of caudal fin transparent to dusky, without dark, oblique bars; a pale to yellow median horizontal stripe on side of body, often faintly developed or obscure; plate 75,B. U. moluccensis 5 (Bleeker) 3b. Lower lobe of caudal fin with 2 or 3 dark oblique bars, the outer bar widest and more intensely colored; a light colored median and dorsolateral, horizontal stripe on body usually present. U. vittatus (Forsk&l) 1b. Total number of gillrakers range from 19 to 25; pectoral rays number 12 to 15; peritoneum silvery to transparent, sometimes with scattered, fine brownish spots. 4a. Seales smaller, 36 to 38 vertical rows on body; a faint, tan median and dorsolateral horizontal stripe on body, often completely faded; head and body lacking dark spots; tip of spinous dorsal fin without dark Spots plate: 75 aiys iy ples/seee es os eis U. arge ® Jordan and Evermann 4b. Seales larger, 28 to 32 vertical rows on body; a conspicuous dark brown median stripe on body; head and body with numerous dark brown spots, sometimes faded; outer portion of spinous dorsal fin with a large dark brown to black irregular spot; plate 75,E. U. tragula 7 Richardson 4 Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, p. 450, 1829 (type locality, Antjer Straits of Sundra). Occurs from East Africa through East Indies, Philippines and certain islands of western Oceania (Fiji, Lachner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, p. 513, 1954); New Hebrides, Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Series, vol. 21, p. 210, 1936) but not yet known from the Marshall or Marianas Islands. 5 Upeneoides moluccensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 8, p. 409, 1855 (type locality, Amboina). Reported from India through East Indies-Philippine area, northward to southern Japan and southward to Australia. Lachner (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 108, p. 515, 1954) doubtfully reports it from the Samoan Islands. 6 Upeneus arge Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 187, 1903 (type locality, Honolulu). Reported from the Hawaiian, Phoenix, Palmyra, Caroline, and Gilbert Islands. 7 Upeneus tragula Richardson, Rep. Fifteenth Meet. British Asso. Adv. Sci., p. 220, 1846 (type locality, Canton). This species is reported to be common in the western Indo-Pacific. It occurs from East Africa eastward through the Philippines to the Pelew and Solomon Islands, and from southern Japan to New South Wales, Australia. FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER 5 UPENEUS VITTATUS (Forskal) PLATE 75,C Mullus vittatus ForsK&u, Descriptiones animalium .. ., p. 31, 1775 (type locality, Djedda, Red Sea).—Lacrrzpe, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 382, pl. 14, fig. 1, 1802——Suaw, General zoology, vol. 4, pt. 2, p. 616, pl. 89, 1803. Mullus bandi Suaw, General zoology, vol. 4, pt. 2, p. 615, 1803 (type locality, Vizagapatam). Upeneus vittatus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 448, 1829.—Buenxer, Atlas ichthyologique . . ., vol. 9, pl. (2)392, fig. 3, 1877.—Fow er, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, p. 334, fig. 31, 1933; Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 12, No. 2, suppl. 3, p. 95, 1949.—-SmirTH, Sea fishes of South Africa, p. 228, pl. 27, fig. 561, 1949. Upeneus bitaeniatus Benner, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc., vol. 1, p. 59, 1831 (type locality, Mauritius). Hypeneus vittatus CANToR, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, p. 1017, 1850. Upeneoides vittatus GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 1, p. 397, 1859.—Day, Fishes of India, p. 120, pl. 30, fig. 2, 1878.— SauvaGE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, in Grandidier, Histoire . . . de Madagascar, vol. 16, p. 219 (not pl. 27, fig. 2), 1891.—HerRreE and MonTALBAN, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 36, No. 1, p. 105, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1928. Upeneoides caeruleus Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 194, 1868 (type locality, Madras) ; Fishes of India, p. 121, 1878. Upeneoides vittatus Kuunzinaur, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, pt. 1, p. 741, 1870 (error). Upencoides philippinus Fowurr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 70, p. 37, fig. 15, 1918 (type locality, Philippines). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 2 lots, 7 specimens, 74 to 155 mm. in standard length. In addition 50 lots totaling 143 specimens were studied from Zanzibar, East Africa, eastward through the Philippines to the Low Archipelago and Marquesas Islands (see Lachner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, p. 516, 1954). Description —The following counts and measurements were taken from the seven specimens from Guam. Dorsal rays VIII-i,8, the first spine minute; pectoral rays ii,14 to ii,15; vertical scale rows 34 to 36; scale rows above lateral line 3; scale rows below lateral line 7; total number of gillrakers 27 to 29; length of longest raker in longest filament averages about 1.2. Peritoneum dark brown to silvery brown; preorbital scales absent; barbels extend beyond eye but not beyond preopercular margin; barbel length in percent of head length 51 to 58; third dorsal spine equal to or slightly greater than second. Color in alcohol.—Head and body light tan to golden tan, darker above and lighter tan to silvery below; two or three faint, dark horizontal stripes dorsolaterally above middle of body. Spinous dorsal fin with two blackish horizontal bars, one on outer and one near middle of fin; outer bar passes through outer third of second to fifth spines, and is colored an intense black; a whitish bar 6 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 between the two black bars; soft dorsal with three dusky to black bars, a short one near the posterior basal area, a long horizontal bar at middle of fin and a narrow dusky tip on the first to third rays; caudal fin with oblique, dusky to black bars, 3 or 4 on the upper lobe and 2 or 3 on the lower; tip of longest (outer) rays of the upper lobe are slightly touched in black; outer bar on lower lobe with more intense black and twice as wide as other bars on caudal; this particular bar never at tip of lower lobe; two, nearly horizontal bars extend from area near fork of caudal fin to areas just above and below mid-base of fin; pectorals, pelvics and anal fins transparent. Range.—From the Red Sea, East Indies and Philippines eastward in the islands of Oceania to the Low Archipelago, and from Japan southward to Australia but not reported from the Hawaiian Islands. Genus PARUPENEUS BLEEKER Parupeneus BLEEKER, Versl. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 2, p. 344, 1868 (type species, Mullus bifasciatus Lacepéde). Dentition incomplete; teeth in the jaws uniserial, stout, blunt- tipped and widely spaced, arranged in a more or less regular row; no vomer or palatine teeth; scales around narrow portion of caudal peduncle 14. The following characters were common to all species of Parupeneus and may apply to some of the other genera in the family: Scales on caudal fin, absent on dorsal and anal fins; dorsal fin rays VITI-i,8, the first spine small; pectoral rays 14 to 18; scales above lateral line 3; scales below lateral line 5 to 7; second dorsal spine (first elongate spine) of spinous dorsal fin either flexible or rigid near tip. This genus inhabits the warm littoral marine waters of the Indo- Pacific region from the African east coast eastward to Easter Island. It is absent in the Atlantic fauna and the eastern Pacific region of the Americas. Five species were taken in the Marshall Islands and four from the Marianas. There are probably more than 15 species in the area of Oceania. The following specimens of Parupeneus, representing at least three species almost all taken at night, were not specifically identified, as the coloration typical of the adults was not developed: Bikini Atoll: 8 stations, 368 specimens, 20 to 59 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 149 specimens, 21 to 55 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 158 specimens, 33 to 58 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 5 specimens, 32 to 35 mm. The critical characters useful in distinguishing the species of Paru- peneus occurring in Oceania are given in the key. Several of the meristic and proportional characters are summarized and tabulated in tables 59 through 62. Several characters differ in their increase rate of development with increase in body length, notably the length FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER i of the head, barbel, and snout. A regressive development occurs in the diameter of the eye; it decreases with an increase in body length. These regressions are shown in the frequency distributions in the descriptive accounts of the species P. barberinus, tables 65 and 67; P. bifasciatus, tables 69 and 70; P. trifasciatus, tables 72 and 73; P, pleurostigma, tables 74 and 75; and P. cyclostomus, table 77. T his difference in rate of development has lead to much of the confusion in species recognition. Many of the nominal forms are size variants, the very large specimens of several species look, superfically, totally unlike their respective subadults. TasBLE 59.—Number of gill rakers in species of Parupeneus from various Indo- Pacific localities Total number of gill rakers Species 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30} 31 | 32 | 33] 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 28 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 War beriniesee =) een | eee Aiea | SLA Heed Len | feed Feil LD ia oh ee ere een eS eelee us Pe (ae | ee pleunotaentas 2 |eo ssa ale see pees eee he on) La Ieee ee ee ooo esa [memo mn fea Onentaliguce nee | Sete eee a ee eee ee a hae Apia Bi pie aot S fs fee oe eee AACE OTETIUELA oes | ea ets |e |e |e oan eel | | cs 3s Ae Set | RS = OR{ OS CUTIES a ee | ees |e |e eel eed ee a Eee Ta Sue elOm hehe aaalieeot Saale eae MIVA DBCARUILS eae ee fee | eee | te | ee eae ee 2h bikOe |) v6nlaaes 1 TAS SCICIUS eee ee eee | eee | eee ee eae ee eee 2 3] 9} 23} 19 | 27} 28) 11 4 barberinoides eas |p 225) =| a TUS ASS Hees Sel ese tab | el a pera 3 Sue sce eee DIUT OSG EGS ses |e ee | eel eles (PO) | eLOL | Sal ee eee S ee fae eeee Ui CUS =e Da | ieee Leta Oo) oases eme | eel| e t B By 2 ca ee cyclostomus_._____|----|----|---+ Te Selon ett. | Lea e bE eas Tinteiig ies ee eee 2 Ware ae See Queue ok RAE Se ce we Sakis | Pee DOTDRYTCUS ssa |S eas | oee eee eee ol od 9 a1 lar a Sf eee tes ee See CUT SONETINUG = eee | beens | ee eee ee eee | aoe ae ily: 4on | ie Tm Pee es et eet a fle eee crassilabrig= = 20s tae Sa alee lee ee es ie OE EN ie |) 2 | SR 1 1 oh ee an Tape 60.—Total number of pectoral fin rays in species of Parupeneus from various Indo-Pacific localities Pectoral fin rays Species 14 15 16 17 18 barberints. = 22-2 ee eo ot ee eR 1 15 15 pleurotaenia.. =<. == -- ss eses hae hee cee as [eee eee ee es 1 4) {|Pow ete | SERS coe OVLORLLIS So ee Se oe i (| | el | ee 8 AIG LOT OTC TIVES a a ce re ee | eae ee 3 Bil ee eR CN (Red aT YS pe ees ee el ee eS 4 Ot eee eee al ee eee ee AVILES CLOLU Soe ee Ma ee eS ee a NES |e ae ae 1 13 Die ees PrifCSCtOiUs ene oo cee ARN ee oe enh ee ta 5 Don iene ean sens cee OarDertzO Ides kae en ae i Siar ea! Was cae 2 be Re LPL Bs 13 TUL fae ey ne | eae Re DICUT OSLO ING a mee eee eee ee AU ewe Ge oe ean, 2 14 Dye ec Aes RIDUACUS eo ee ae es eS eS eS ee tk 2 FL7 pees ee | ee ee CUCLOSTO MUG ans tc NS nse Ak, heen ore eth Ae aes eps See ea 26 Oi eee eee ULE CAG se eS BR eNO ee ees Ouse e oe te ees DOrDnyr esi ce on Rae OLE = Se 2 41 sho] ears eee | Cts oa ee CUTUSONE TUS ea ee ee a ee 2 {Ohi | aces en | bebe ee ChISSILROTIS’ cae ae an ee RS ee ea eA epee os | er gee eS es eh SE 1) fy | beset narra EERE EREREREE EERE 422142—60——_2 Vol. 2 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 I Zz L cl 9 I eae ali aaa |i | Sec ee Reol| Seas She 9 6 6 8 I Sig SS Malis aag|t Seal ane oe ae snwuojsozaho tea lei cal amas | esas Eee Or FI I sia | cea al | paral eel lhe mae sa | Gee EP Oe Bo SF ardlleccnet| scat allns ae ean imermnp ammeea TOTO DIE Ser a5|-nn===|nanns-|ao-=We|--22-~ Tees he aint Ome iCeeeier, miisceen| ses eetee one he eel gro Qe RG. 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I ------] ] z ; Se ee el es aoe eee alge ioe at 7 Te lessee eos as | SS-=5 oo e ome ena woul Se eal Peete ee S| wr eee | gat |e ie © I Se ele ce tga esp feels | eee | tam ome rie [eee een HOnO oreo ea | eee eee and eee te lee oer eee nc F I Bago | pena | ocean aaa | sa ebe ease rece (smoke Ce Nea aie li aera eaten een a me DENT A OL TOAD Bena |SoSe ries teria [one eo z zI|st |8 Set [Pas (Ey AES Pe al BTS OLED. Ae Me: P| ome A eos | es ane ge ae mere pg Lang LE-9E | SEE | SE-ZE | TE-0E | 62-82 | LZ-9Z | SZ-F2 | €S-ZZ | I-Z0Z | BI-8T | ZI-9T | ST-4FT| 68 | BE | Ze | 98 | Se | FE | Ge | Ze | Te | Of | 62 | 82 | soyoodg [equeg peo $1j1]090] dYfravq-opuy snoiipa wouf sneuednivg fo saizads ut yjbua) pavpunjs fo abvzuaosad p sp jaq.ng pun poay fo yjbuaT— 19 ATAV], FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER eS ee ea ee Sa SSeS Sec = 5 | Fae tibe es L 6 9 L € I eas eh Ca at| cons Males tea So q| ae LES Soret sale hs |e € € 9 € v ¥ I I are alll Fa aoe Sell ee (a Jd SA Ma I eel or & z ci SS MA Basal |e © on) Ve g Pe eA as 8 T3552 3|F eer Tee oe £ (8 fee lacks ee |e a | ee eee wale ale lel Slee) ee I aa sled T T OL IL 9 6 oe alee ae be cal oP € Seat are cam en G ol ee Sle ear lees z 8 ¥ ae | ae | Se one ae | ee ond fai sg | eas ora | ee ete ||” er ll peel Soe Sale “epee > aaa z € Il él 6 9 G a Vag (ae | ee || ae Be pa KC) FL cer |e ee Saal ae T € z z oer aa (Pes aaa eae | pet = | eae Sa Ee | ee || Se ae |e ees es I ee ES Ne eats eee Ae an ps a | a oe | in Oo oe ae ee a oe ee a ee me | | ---- Ste ee ceeds le oto oe aa owe alt ee T Soe ieee Teo Gliceet e| > a oul ec |) | ae | ee IT — Tiersen (PS ace 2 z £ 8 ra L ¥ Be aail| aes I G € ees es I g OT €% GG IZ 0% 61 8T LI oT ST FI €1 él Il Or Il I 6 8 re cee oe en eee ee ee SS SS ynoug $92}1]D90) 8 ZI 6 1 eles ae ae eee snULoj8ojI ho L OL Tecate =< a) am See Ses 2 ae snoipuy FI F Tee tos aa Ss Ss pubysosnayd ly ee scale sl ee ee eee 89p10U119Q1Dq 8 SL tl ye ae lee ses alee ee snynvospfr4 : 8 Time Ga asral ase aac cea SnyDisvfry Vi 2 Tie | eee lee eee ee snqviaspfiq Bs pee a \ ge eee lee | eee ee cams snUmauosnU =. 5 (Seon I See ae Sania ee ee oe eee ee STINT AU) slop Oe [epee el ee le ae ees ee Diuanjoinayd 6 (es = seo ae SS 811199409 sopoedg ayfroevg-opuy snoriva wouf sneusdnieg fo sazvads ut yj6ua) pavpunps fo abnyuaoiad v sp nous fo yp5ua] pup afia fo sajauv1gq—Z9 ATV I, 10 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Populational divergence on a racial level is evident in three wide- ranging species, P. cyclostomus, P. trifasciatus, and P. bifasciatus. The East Indies and Philippine populations of these species have a lower number of gill rakers than specimens from Oceania (see tables 68, 71, and 78 in descriptive accounts). No other meristic, propor- tional or color character showed any perceptible divergence in the various subfaunal areas of the Indo-Pacific region, but larger and more adequately distributed collections are needed for many of the species. KEY TO SPECIES OF PARUPENEUS FROM OCEANIA, INCLUDING CLOSELY RELATED EXTRALIMITAL FORMS la. Body with dark or light horizontah stripes; total number of gill rakers range from 26 to 36, fewer than 34 in all but one species. 2a. Peritoneum dark brown to black; second dorsal spine flexible near tip, not pungent; gill rakers range from 26 to 31; a conspicuous, black hori- zontal stripe passing from snout through eye, on dorsolateral portion of body, and ending on upper portion of caudal peduncle; a large, circular black spot at base of caudal fin, its diameter more than % that of eye, with the lateral line passing nearly through its center. P. barberinus (Lacepéde) 2b. Peritoneum pale, light to silvery. 3a. Second dorsal spine flexible near tip in the adults, not pungent; gill rakers fewer, range from 29 to 31; barbel of average length, extend- ing to margin of preopercle; a median and a dorsolateral light stripe on body; a light or pale saddle posterior to dorsal fin, followed by a dark brown saddle, which is occasionally divided into two dorsolateral spots; body depth in standard length about 3.1 to 3.3 in-edults2o2 et eee a ee P. pleurotaenia ® (Playfair) 8 Mullus pleurotaenia Playfair, in Playfair and Gtinther, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 41, pl. 5, fig. 3 (not fig. 4), 1866 (type locality, Zanzibar). Mullus dispilurus Playfair, in Playfair and Gunther, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 41, pl. 5, fig. 4 (not fig. 3), 1866 type locality, Zanzibar, Island of Pemba) (questionable allocation). Upeneus dispilurus Day, Fishes of India, p. 125, pl. 31, fig. 3, 1878 (questionable allocation). Pseudupeneus fraterculus Fowler, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, p. 302, fig. 25, 1933. Five specimens (USN M 138602 to 138605 and 138651, Albatross) taken at Cataingan Bay and Jolo Market, Philippine Islands, were examined. The nomenclatorial problems concerning this species are complicated, and the application of Mullus pleurotaenia Playfair, is tentative. Playfair (1866) confused his descriptions of pleuroteenia and dispilurus with his figures, probably by assigning the incorrect figure numbers. Day (1878) examined Playfair’s types and remarked that faint light horizontal stripes were visible on dispilurus as well as pleurotaenia. On the strength of Day’s observation I have placed Mullus dispilurus Playfair in the above synonymy, but as & questionable allocation. The color description that Day gave for his specimens from ‘“‘Sind,” such as the small spots on the scales and the absence of light horizontal stripes, suggests that he had still another species. Sauvage (Histoire naturelle des poissons, in Grandidicr, Histoire . . . de Madagascar, vol. 16, p. 225, pl. 27, fig. 3, 1891) placed Mudllus pleurotaenia Playfair in the synonymy of Upeneus fraterculus Cuvier and Valenciennes (Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 524, 1831, type locality, Mahé Island, Seychelles Island, Indian Ocean) and Fowler (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, p. 302, fig. 25, 1933) followed this procedure. However Sauvage’s figure 3 shows 2 dark dorsal] saddles on the body which is totally unlike the species in question. His figure closely resembles P. bifasciatus (Lacepéde). Fowler’s figure 25 is fairly characteristic of our specimens. The collections listed above represent those reported on by Fowler from Cataingan Bay and Jolo Market. The inclusion of Upeneus fraterculus Sauvage in the synonymy of P. fraterculus by Fowler is certainly erroneous. Further, there is no validity in applying the name Upeneus fraterculus Cuvier and Valenciennes to our specimens, as no evidence is presented by them that their speci- mens possessed light stripes on the body. Pseudupeneus ischyrus Snyder (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 32, p. 90, fig. 2, 1907, type locality, Tokyo, Japan) may also represent this species. Snyder’s specimen was undoubtedly considerably faded for he indicates and illustrates remanents of a dark and light dorsolateral body stripe. FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER tt 3b. Second dorsal spine not flexible, pungent; gill rakers numerous, 36; barbel short, almost extends to posterior margin of eye; 8 or 9 narrow dark horizontal stripes on body; light post-dorsal fin saddle very faint; body deep, depth in standard length about 2.6 in adults; faint traces of 5 dark dorsal blotches on body; plate 78,E__P. orientalis ® (Fowler) 8c. Second dorsal spine flexible near tip, not pungent; gill rakers range from 31 to 33; barbel of average length, extends beyond posterior margin of eye, almost reaching margin of preopercle; a conspicuous black horizontal stripe from snout through eye to dorsolateral portion of caudal peduncle; a distinct round spot dorsolaterally on caudal peduncle, about % diameter of eye, the lateral line just touching its lower margin; a light, post-dorsal fin saddle sometimes visible, followed by a small faint brown saddle; body depth in standard length about 3.4 to 3.8 in adults____P. macronemus ” (Lacepéde) 1b. Body with wide, moderate to intensely developed, dark vertical bands or saddlelike bars, sometimes encircling body; gill rakers numerous, range from 34 to 42. 4a. Three widely spaced blackish transverse bands over dorsal portion of body and extending ventrally to belly but not encircling it; anterior band extends from about the anterior half of the base of the spinous dorsal fin, middle band passes through base of soft dorsal fin, and posterior band passes over caudal peduncle just anterior to procurrent rays of CELUI Chet teers eae hie ee Ree far ee sages a SRE eo ee cio P. bifasciatus (Lacepéde) 4b. Four blackish transverse bands nearly encircling the body; first, and anterior- most, widest, passes over body dorsally between occiput and origin of spinous dorsal fin and extends ventrally through base of pectoral fin; second is separated from third by a scale or two and passes between the spinous and soft dorsal fins; third passes through anterior half of soft 9 Pseudupeneus orientalis Fowler, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, p. 294, fig. 23, 1933 (type locality, Cooks Bay, Easter Island). Pseudupeneus multifasciatus Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 35, p. 122, 1912 (based on holotype of P. orientalis). Upeneus multifasciatus Fowler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 19, p. 228, 1928 (that portion based on Kendall and Goldsborough, 1912). This species is known by the holotype, USNM 65639, taken by the Albaiross at Cooks Bay, Easter Island. 10 Mullus macronemus Lacepéde, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, pp. 383 and 404, 1802 (type locality not given). Mullus auriflamma Lacepéde, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 400, 1802. Upeneus lateristriga Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 463, 1829. Upeneus lateristriata Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Régene animal . . ., ed. 4, page opp. pl. 19, 1836. (spelling error). Upeneus lateristriga Valenciennes, in Cuvier, Régne animal . . ., ed. 4, pl. 19, fig. 3, 1836. Parupeneus macronema Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, p. 24, 1875; Atlas ichthyologique . .., vol. 9, pl. 391, fig. 3, 1878. Apogon amherstinus Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, p. 124, 1878 (a manuscript name; = barberinus?). Eight specimens (USNM 47602, 49329, 147587, and 147538) from the Red Sea were examined. Although this species has been reported from the Red Sea to the Hawaiian Islands, I cast doubt on its presence east of the East Indies and Philippine Islands. Fowler (Copeia, No. 112, p. 83, 1922) merely listed it from Hawaii. No one has since reported on this material. Poorly preserved specimens of this species may easily be confused with P. barberinus. Vaillant (Bull. Soc. Philomath., Paris, ser. 7, vol. 11, p. 69, 1866) reported macronemus from Tahiti, but his description is also inadequate and he may have had one of Several species. Day’s (1878, p. 124, pl. 31, fig. 1) description and illustration of macronemus lacks the necessary details to determine with assurance what he had. His fig. 1 resembles barberinus not macronemus. His confusion is illustrated by his statement, ‘‘The similarity between this species {[barberinus| and U. macronemus is so great that I have not considered it necessary to figure both.” Thus, Apogon amherstinus on his page 124, probably a manuscript name of Blyth’s, may either represent macronemus or barberinus. 12 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 dorsal fin; fourth band or saddlelike mark, is present just before base of caudal fin, passing dorsally over peduncle; plate 77,B. P. multifasciatus 1! (Quoy and Gaimard) 4c. Five black, transverse bands over dorsal portion of body and extending ventrally to area of belly but not encircling it; first is located just anterior to spinous dorsal fin; second, wider than first, passes through middle of spinous dorsal fin; third passes between spinous and soft dorsal fins, and is the narrowest; fourth more intensely black than those anterior to it, passes through anterior portion (5 anterior rays) of soft dorsal fin; fifth band passes over caudal peduncle just before base of Gada fink ee eee sehen ay eaters P. trifasciatus (Lacepéde lc. Body with a large (larger than several scales) conspicuous dark or (and) light spot, or patchlike mark, on side; gill rakers range from 24 to 32. 5a. Gill rakers more numerous, total from 27 to 32; peritoneum light, trans- parent or slightly silvery. 6a. Side of body with a very large, somewhat rectangular, patchlike dark mark extending from end of head to a vertical drawn ventrally from origin of soft dorsal fin, where it abruptly ends; a small spot or W- shaped mark about the size of the eye on caudal peduncle just above lateral line and below area posterior of soft dorsal fin; barbel longer, extending beyond posterior margin of preopercle; pectoral rays usually 15 (table 60); plate 77,D_.-_P. barberinoides ” (Bleeker) 6b. Side of body below end of spinous dorsal fin with a black, somehwat cir- cular, spot about 4 scale rows in diameter; this black spot followed posteriorly by an elongate oval light spot below and slightly anterior to base of soft dorsal fin, its horizontal length about equal to length of base of soft dorsal fin; barbel shorter, not extending to posterior margin of preopercle; pectoral rays usually 16 (table 60). P. pleurostigma (Bennett) U Mudlus multifasciatus Quoy and Gaimard, Voyage autour du monde. . . sur, . . . 1’ Uranie et la Physi” cienne, Zoologie, p. 330, pl. 59, fig. 1, 1824 (type locality, Hawaiian Islands). Parupeneus bifasciatus Weber and de Beaufort, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 6, p. 386, 1931 (in part). Pseudupeneus multifasciatus Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 23, 1903, part 1, p. 256, pl. 22, 1905.—Fowler, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, p. 300, 1933. Upeneus velifer Smith and Swain, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, p. 130, 1883 (type locality, Johnston Island). Nine lots, totaling 28 specimens, from the Hawaiian Islands and 2 specimens (USNM 26822, type of Upeneus velifer, and 157360) from Johnston Island were studied. This species is apparently confined to the Hawaiian and Johnston Islands. The various authors that dis- tinguished trifasciatus and bifasciatus from multifasciatus also report the latter species only from these Islands. Fowler (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monogr. 2, p. 284, 1938) listed it from Tahiti, Society Islands, but gives no specific data or source of material (one specimen, Parwpeneus trifasciatus, USNM 82966 taken at Tahiti by the Wilkes exploring expedition was misidentified as multifasciatus previous to this report). P. multifasciatus appears to replace almost completely trifasciatus and bifasciatus in the Johnston and Hawaiian fauna (see discussion of range under trifasciatus and bifasciatus). It does not seem logical to apply any other name to this species, in view of its restricted distribution, especially when it is compared with such closely related forms, trifasciatus and bifasciatus. However, the figure of multifasciatus by Quoy and Gaimard is crude and their description is incomplete. 12 Upeneus barberinoides Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, p. 263, 1852 (type locality, Wahai, northern Ceram).—Herre and Montalban, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 36, No. 1, p. 120, pl. 4, fig. 3, 1928. Parupeneus barberinoides Bleeker, Neder]. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 1, p. 234, 1863; Atlas ichthyologique . . . vol. 9, pl. (2) 392, fig. 5, 1877. Pseudupeneus barberinoides Fowler, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, p. 276, fig. 20, 1933. Thirteen lots were examined: Philippine Islands, USNM 138639 to 138649, 22 specimens, Albatross; Oki- nawa, USNM 71734, 2 specimens, Albatross; Tonga Islands, USN M 65995, 3 specimens, Albatross. This species has been reported from the East Indies, Philippines, southern Ryukyu Islands and several Island groups of Oceania. FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER 13 5b. Gill rakers fewer, total from 24 to 27; peritoneum dark brown in adults, silvery brown in small specimens; a light oval spot about 7 scale rows in length below end of soft dorsal fin, the lateral line passing through its lower portion; a distinct circular black spot on caudal peduncle anterior to caudal fin and more of it above lateral line than below, and its diameter greater than orbit; barbel long, extending beyond posterior margin of preoperele; plate 76,A~ 2) 22h ok P. indicus ® (Shaw) 1d. Sides of body chiefly plain, lacking conspicuous stripes, bands, spots or marks; at most, scales may have small light spots or the caudal peduncle may have a light or dark saddle (weak dark saddles through the dorsal fins present in one species); gill rakers, range from 27 to 39. 7a. Second dorsal spine flexible near tip, not pungent; gill rakers fewer, range from 27 to 32; barbels long, extending beyond posterior margin of preopercle. 8a. Seales lacking light circular spots; a prominent light spot dorsally on caudal peduncle posterior to soft dorsal fin, its length more than twice diameter of eye (spot present in about 50 percent of speci- mens, faded in others); head longer, 32 to 37 percent of standard length; barbels very long, extending to posterior margin of head; snout longer and pointed, eye smaller, eye in snout 2.2 to 5.1 in specimens larger than 75 mm______---- P. cyclostomus (Lacepéde) 8b. Seales on the body with a light circular spot, slightly smaller than pupil, these forming about 5 faint horizontal rows; light spot on caudal peduncle absent; head shorter, about 30 to 32 percent of standard length; barbels shorter, not extending to end of head; snout shorter 13 Mullus indicus Shaw, General zoology, vol. 4, pt. 2, p. 614 (type locality, Indian Seas) (on Rahtee goo- livinda Russell, . . . Fishes collected at Vizagapatam on the coast of Coromandel, vol. 2, p. 42, pl. 157, 1803, Vizagapatam). Upeneus indicus Gunther, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum .. . , vol. 1, p. 406, 1859.—Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 28, 1865; Fishes of India, pt. 1, p. 126, pl. 31, fig. 4, 1875.—Herre and Montalban, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 36, No. 1, p. 115, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1928. Parupeneus indicus Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 15, p. 27, 1875; Atlas ichthyologique ... , vol. 9, pl. 394, fig. 5, 1878.— Barnard, Ann. South African Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, p. 589, 1927.—Weber and de Beaufort, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 6, p. 394, 1931. Pseudupeneus indicus Fowler, U.S. Nat. Bull. 100, vol. 12, p. 287, fig. 22, 1983.—Smith, Sea fishes of southern Africa, p. 230, pl. 27, fig. 567, 1949. Upeneus russelli Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 465, 1829 (on Rahtee yoolivinda Russell, 1803). Upeneus waigiensis Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 466, 1829. Upeneus malabaricus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 467, 1829 (type local- ity, Malabar). Parupeneus malabaricus Weber and de Beaufort, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 6, p. 395, 1931.—Schultz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 130, 1943. Upeneus griseofrenatus Kner, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 58, pt. 1, p. 305, pl. 3, fig. 7, 1868 (type locality, Fiji). The following 32 USNM lots totaling 55 specimens were examined: East Indies, 1 specimen; Philippines, 23 lots, 40 specimens; China, 1 specimen; Japan and Okinawa, 8 lots, 4 specimens; New Guinea, 1 specimen; Admiralty Islands, 1 lot, 4 specimens; Fiji Islands, 1 specimen; Samoa, 1 lot, 3 specimens. This species is widely distributed from the east African coast eastward to islands of Oceania. An examination of the coloration, size, and location of the light body spot and dark caudal spot, meristic characters (tables 59 and 60), and body proportions (tables 61 and 62), did not indicate that more than one species may be present in our material. Such differences as the location of the eye and length of snout and barbel considered by Weber and de Beaufort (Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 6, p. 397, 1931) to distinguish between indicus and malabaricus can be attributed to individual variation or differences in stages of development, a condition exhibited in most of the species of Parwpeneus. Alcoholic specimens 40 to 50 mm. in length have developed the adult coloration, but the eye is larger and the snout considerably shorter than in larger specimens. An inspection of the data in table 63, as well as the data for other species, reveals that as the body increases in length. the eye proportionately decreases in size and the snout increases, thereby considerably altering the position of the eye in respect to head length. Vol. 2 NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 U.S. 14 qnoug oA poquvg sdnoib e218 fig paynbaubas ‘sa1z17090) 91f.90 q-Opuy snopa wo4f snotpul snousdnivg ut yjbua) pinpunjs fo abvjuaoiad v sv ‘atia fo sajaunip pun Ynous pun Yaquvg ‘poay fo yjbuaT—'EQ TIAV I, a--Eenn| esr 75|22-2 611-001 “--"66 -08 ‘wm Uy qysu9 piuepurig FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER LS TaB Le 64.— Total number of gill rakers in Parupeneus indicus, by locality Gill rakers Locality 24 25 26 27 Basteindteseee i. LoS 08 seer es eh ee eee he EE | ee See Aes eR ee IPH lip pines ese 2 2 ah A PD OE EDEL EE AO ASA, Fae 1 2 8 6 © nize Se ee oe ee eC ER Dee Daler up et Mee IMM RE TE ul Live Leet eae ae el 1 Tapan-OKIN aw ae oe ere EA ee OS Re we eA Dee dat ce Sapo tse see PACT rea yee eh ee te RP URE ey Bee Oh Dead a np 1 2 1 IRE ener, RUE UE Re Wa MOEA EME WEEE RRP ee SE LINE Me ROR SS Ame Se LE eS Le fel Verea Ue hee Sammons eee eS) Bete Se Eh Ee CENA EO Spore Se ET eee COE de ue ot ee 2 and rounded, eye larger, eye in snout 1.9 to 2.4 in specimens larger than 87 mm.; plate 76,C____P. luteus “ (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 7b. Second dorsal spine not flexible near tip, pungent; gill rakers intermediate in number, ranging from 31 to 35; barbels either short, extending to about the posterior margin of eye, or long, nearly reaching end of head. 9a. Barbels shorter, extending to posterior margin of eye or slightly beyond; pectoral rays almost always 15 (table 60); a light spot or saddle on caudal peduncle just posterior to soft dorsal fin, slightly larger than eye; light spot partially or completely divided into halves along the dorsal midline in some specimens; a dark saddle usually posterior of light spot; three weak bars through dorsal fins in some specimens; a faint dark stripe through eye, faded on body; a small dark spot just behind eye; body coloration generally pale or dusky. P. porphyreus § (Jenkins) 9b. Barbels longer, extending clearly beyond posterior margin of preopercle, nearly reaching end of head; pectoral rays usually 16 (table 60); a light area dorsally on caudal peduncle followed by a faint to moderately developed dark saddle; head and body otherwise uni- formly light golden or pale; plate 76,D. P. chrysonemus # (Jordan and Evermann) 14 Upeneus luteus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des polssons, vol. 7, p. 521, 1831 (type locality, Mauritius).—Day, Fishes of India, p. 125, pl. 31, fig. 2, 1878.—Herre and Montalban, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 36, No. 1, p. 114, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1928. Mullus luteus Playfair, in Playfair and Giinther, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 41, 1866. Parupeneus luteus Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 15, No. 3, p. 32, 1875; Atlas ichthyologi- que... , vol. 9, pl. (4) 394, fig. 1, 1878.—Weber and de Beaufort, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archi- pelago, vol. 6, p. 401, 1931. Pseudupeneus luteus Fowler, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, p. 313, 1933. Five specimens (USNM 138599 to 138601) from the Philippine Islands were examined: This species has been reported from the east African Coast to the Philippines and New Guinea. I have seen no specimens or convincing records of its occurrence in Oceania. 18 Pseudupeneus porphyreus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22, p. 454, fig. 22, 1903, (type locality, Honolulu, holotype, USNM 50705, examined).—Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol, 23, pt. 1, p. 262, fig. 110, 1905.—Fowler, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, p. 310, fig. 26, 1933. Upeneus porphyreus Fowler, Mem. Bishop, Mus., vol. 10, p. 228, pl. 20,A, 1928 Fourteen lots, totaling 72 specimens, from the Hawaiian Islands were examined. This species may be endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. 16 Pseudupeneus chrysonemus Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm., vol. 22, p. 186, 1903 (type locality, Hilo; Honolulu; 6 cotypes, USNM 50676, 126548-9, were examined).—Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm., vol. 23, pt. 1, p. 258, pl. 21, 1905.— Fowler, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, p. 312, 1933. Upeneus chrysonemus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 648, 1930. Upeneus taeniatus Fowler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 229, 1928 (based on type). Ten lots (USNM 126548, 126549, 50676), totaling 12 specimens, from the Hawaiian Islands were studied. This species appears to be restricted to the Hawaiian Islands. 16 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 7c. Second dorsal spine not flexible near tip, pungent; gill rakers numerous, about 37 to 39; barbels intermediate in length, extending to posterior margin of preopercle; body pale, margins of fins dusky, soft dorsal and anal with dark spots on basal half, with about 4 faint narrow, dark bars on outer portion__-_--- P. crassilabris (Cuvier and Valenciennes) PARAPENEUS BARBERINUS (Lacepéde) PuatE 78,D Mullus barberinus Lacrr®pE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 406, pl. 13, fig. 3, 1802 (type locality, near Moluccas). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 6 stations, 22 specimens, 32 to 175 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 34 to 169 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 5 specimens, 66 to 109 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 specimen, 162 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 specimen, 132 mm. Guam: 3 lots, 24 specimens, 37 to 146 mm. In addition 54 lots totaling 153 specimens were examined from: East Indies and Philippines, 41 lots, 124 specimens; Okinawa, 2 lots, 2 specimens; Caroline Islands, 2 lots, 12 specimens; New Guinea, 1 specimen; Solomon Islands, 2 lots, 3 specimens; Gilbert Islands, 1 specimen; Samoan Islands, 1 specimen; Admiralty Islands, 1 lot, 7 specimens; Tuamotu Islands, 1 specimen; Pacific Ocean, 2 lots, 2 specimens (Wilkes exploring expedition). Description.—The following counts and measurements were taken from 8 of the specimens from Bikini Atoll, 65 to 144 mm. in standard length (other counts and measurements in tables 65-67): Dorsal rays VIII-i,8; anal rays 11,6; pectoral rays ii,14 to 16 (30 specimens); vertical scale rows 28 to 29; scale rows above lateral line 3, below lateral line 6. Body depth 3.5; head length 2.8 to 3.0; length of caudal peduncle 3.6 to 4.1; length of longest pectoral ray 4.1 to 4.7; all in standard length. Eye 4.6 to 5.5; length of upper jaw 3.0 to 3.4; depth of caudal peduncle 2.5 to 3.2; length of snout 1.8 to 2.2; length of barbel 1.4; all in length of head. Eye in snout 2.4 to 3.3 Gill rakers, including rudiments, 6 or 7+-1+-20 or 21, total (89 specimens) 27 to 29, longest raker about two-thirds longest filament, 2 to 2.3 in eye. Teeth of upper and lower jaws stout, blunt tipped, and in a single row; no teeth on vomer or palatines; small scales on caudal fin, absent on dorsal and anal fins; cheek and opercle scaled; barbels reach vertical drawn touching posterior edge of preopercle; first dorsal spine minute, second spine about nine-tenths length of third spine; tip of second spine of spinous dorsal flexible in adults; peritoneum dark brown to black; scales ctenoid, with about 4 to 8 radii on the anterior field. Color in alcohol.—Head and body light or whitish on cheeks, oper- cles, and area on body below horizontal stripe, but the scales in some FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER Vz specimens are bordered in dusky; dorsal portion of snout, head, and body above horizontal stripe light tan to dusky tan; a blackish hori- zontal stripe faintly developed from tip of snout, on each side, to eye, well developed from eye through anterior portion of lateral line and extending to upper portion of caudal peduncle, where it ends just beyond soft dorsal fin; width of horizontal stripe about two-thirds diameter of eye; a large, circular, black caudal spot, located at mid- base of caudal fin; the posterior margin of spot reaching end of hypural; lateral line passing through middle of spot; some dusky pigment on midportion of membrane of soft dorsal fin, forming a faint horizontal streak; some dusky pigment on membrane of spiny dorsal fin; remainder of fins transparent. Color in life —The following color notes were taken from a Koda- chrome transparency of a specimen about 12 inches in total length, loaned to the writer by Dr. Donald Strasburg, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, Hawaii. Head and body light silvery; lips and lower cheeks orange; black stripe from snout through eye dorso- laterally to area below middle of soft dorsal; area above black dorso- lateral stripe yellowish; a black basicaudal spot; spinous dorsal fin bluish-orange near base, bluish outer portion; soft dorsal fin light bluish; base of pectoral fin rose; pectoral fin transparent; pelvic fins light orange; anal fin light dusky to blue; caudal fin ight blue; barbels pale blue; iris orange to light silvery. Range.—This species is widely distributed. Our material extends from the East Indies to the Low Archipelago, but it has been reported frequently in the literature from the Red Sea eastward to the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks.—No measurable differentiation was found in populations from several major island groups of the Indo-Pacific region. Interesting and important phenomena in the morphology of this species are the change and rate of change in length of the head, barbel, eye, and snout, with increase in body length. Although specimens about 30 mm. in length have a coloration typical of the adults, the head, barbel, and snout are considerably shorter. Small specimens, 30 to 50 mm., show a rapid increase in the length of head, barbel, and snout in respect to body length, whereas in specimens greater than 50 mm. this differential rate of development is reduced almost completely except in the length of snout, which increases steadily with increase in body length. The diameter of the eye shows an interesting regres- sion when related with length of body for it decreases uniformly with increase in body length. These data demonstrate how the large specimens may look com- pletely ornate; with their small eye and extremely long snout; espe- cially so in specimens having the coloration faded. Specimens such 18 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 as these may represent several of the nominal species of Parupeneus considered in the doubtful status. P. barberinus superficially resembles macronemus but the dark spot on the peduncle is much larger and located at the midbase of the caudal fin rather than dorsolaterally on the caudal peduncle. The characters given by Smith (Sea fishes of southern Africa, p. 229, 1949) to distinguish between these species, such as the elongation of the last rays of the soft dorsal and anal fins, is completely erroneous for this condition represents an age character in both species. His illu- stration of macronemus (fig. 565), lacks detail and accuracy in the size and location of the caudal spot. TABLE 65.—Length of head and barbel as a percentage of standard length in Paru- peneus barberinus from various Indo-Pacific localities, by size group Standard Head length Barbe] length length in Se es a pe arn oe ae || ae J mm, 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39: |,18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24.) 26 || 26 30- 49_..___ 2 2 obese i a | es al a 2 1 1 2 DR ah ee ee SOR; 69-2 22s FSi Sea ee | es 1 3 5 Dyes. Ele ee (BSE eee 1 1 2 4 2 1 OU OO eee |e eee per ee ee | eee ee 2 A ed bere be) ee fe eee | Mo een ek = sas 90-109). - == 2 |e = 1 2 Bees ee ee tes | eee | ee | ek | 1 3 1 1 Resa es PIQSIZOF ee steel ee ] Ai Se € 3) Bie ok es BS coe SRI. oe EE | See Cae Se Sse sn Ee ae TAQ S49 a See se ee eee 1 4 4 re é aaaee canoe ae 1 2 3 2 ee 1 - 5 O10 Pee ele | ee ee ots | ee | ee | eee | ee Co 1 is Ie sao W7OFI89 + BS sees Sah. SAN eee 2 |S Be Sess | Soo See ee eee BS = Djs Se 190-209-2225 2 eo he eS eae Sa ae 2 ee ae ee a eee ee ee Be Sees 220 ee A | Eee cape eee | eee | nl | mene ae ee |e | eee eee ees ee ee eee eee |p P30 24g Eee pL eS | SERS eee eee Lien eae ee 1p] E sae Ee | Pe er ae ee Lassa e224 1 | TaBLE 66.—Numober of gill rakers in Parupeneus barberinus, by locality Upper limb Lower limb Total ! Locality Pcs eee ee ee | eee 6 7 8 19) |) SO 21 3) 226 23) 26 2c |) 28) 298 sO) | a East Indies, Philippinesi< 222232 11/}) 25 1 2 32) EON) WS 5 1 3 7 6 | 10 6 Okinawa\sland= 522-22 = 2|5. 222 “Pg = sift a tl a a a 1 eee 2 aes Lig sat ee es eee Marshall Islands_-_._-_____ 14 deliss eases 8 6] 10 Di | eae | ee 4 10 45) | ort A | ee Marianas Islands__.._-__- 20 LP pA Soe eas 8 5) Ag oy |e eee 5 11 Boe a RARE Solomon Islands_________- Tipe Seen fos eal ie at | AE cel le Peete RS oe eee alae 8 Vighie 4 LCs 2 GilbertiIslands22- = 2.2.22 Lon| Scced | CR Se ates G1) | ee Pe ce |S | a Jul ee ges > eel eee Samoan Islands____________ Dv eee) [three UR eee Memes Ae pete lh pe Paws) 2 sees | 0 al ee Tuamotu Archipelago_____ Dy |e Sa |e = ol Dy staal Oo ee rele J le eet |S ae 1 Raker at the angle of the arch was included only in the total count. FAMILY MULLIDAE—-LACHNER 19 TABLE 67.—Diameter of eye and length of snout as a percentage of standard length in Parupeneus barberinus from various Indo-Pacific localities, by size groups Standard Eye Snout length inmm., PARUPENEUS BIFASCIATUS (Lacepéde) PLATE) 77,A Mullus bifasciatus LacErrD®, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, pp. 383 and 404, pl. 14, fig., 1802 (no locality). Parupeneus andrewsii Reaan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 403, pl. 65, 1909 (type locality, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean). Parupeneus bifasciatus WEBER and DE Bravurort, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 6, p. 386, 1931 (in part).—Scnuurz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 130, 1943. Pseudupeneus bifasciatus Fowuier, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, No. 1513, p. 291, 1933; Mem. Bishop Museum, vol. 12, No. 2, p. 95, 1949. Upeneus bifasciatus Herre and MonrauBan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 36, No. 1, p. 118, pl. 6, fig. 2, 1928. Upeneus semifasciatus Macunay, Proc. Linnean Soc. New South Wales, vol. 8, 1883, p. 263, 1884 (type locality, Hood Bay, New Guinea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 1 specimen, 59 mm. in standard length. Rota Island: 1 specimen, 142 mm. In addition 43 lots totaling 91 specimens were examined from: East Indies and Philippines, 33 lots, 57 specimens; Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 8 lots, 32 specimens; Society Islands, 2 lots, 2 specimens. Description.—The following counts and measurements were taken from the two specimens from the Marianas Islands (those taken of certain critical characters from specimens other than the Marianas Islands are listed in tables 68-70): Dorsal rays VIII—i, 8; anal rays I, i, 6; pectoral rays ii, 14; vertical scale rows 28; scale rows above lateral line 3, below lateral line 7, around caudal peduncle 14. Body depth 2.9 and 3.3, head length 3.1, length of caudal peduncle 3.6, 3.7; length of longest pectoral ray 4.2 and 5.0; all in standard 20 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 length. Eye, 4.2 and 4.9, length of upper jaw 2.6 to 3.0, depth of caudal peduncle 2.7 to 2.8, length of snout 1.8 and 2.3, interorbital width 3.5 and 4.0, length of barbel 1.7 and 1.9; all in length of head. Eye in snout 1.7 and 2.6. Interorbital width in eye 0.7 to 1.0. Gull- rakers, 8+1-+28, total 37; longest raker about 1.2 to 1.3 in longest filament. Teeth of the upper and lower jaws uniserial, blunt, and spaced a moderate distance apart; no teeth on vomer and palatines; scales on caudal fin, absent on dorsal and anal fins; barbels extend to about the posterior margin of eye, sometimes reaching just before posterior margin and sometimes extending beyond this margin; second dorsal spine about 1.3 in length of third dorsal spine, second dorsal spine pungent, the tip not flexible; peritoneum transparent, lateral line complete; scales ctenoid, with about 5 to 7 radii in the anterior field ; last rays of soft dorsal and anal fins slightly elongated. Color in alcohol._—Head and body light tan to dusky; 3 dark saddles or traverse bands on body: The anterior saddle extends from about the anterior half of the base of the spinous dorsal fin to the ventro- lateral portion of the belly; the middle saddle, a bar, extends from the base of the soft dorsal fin almost to the base of the anal fin; the posterior saddle extends from the dorsal portion of the caudal pedun- cle, just before the procurrent rays of the caudal fin, to just below the lateral line; these saddles, especially the anterior one, may be greatly faded in some specimens. The spiny dorsal fin is transparent, with some dusky near the tip; the soft dorsal is marked with 5 to 6 alter- nating transparent and dusky horizontal stripes; the caudal is dusky to transparent; the pectoral is transparent; the pelvic fin is trans- parent to dusky, with the outer margin of the fin white; the anal fin is light to dusky, with more dusky located near the tips of the rays, and traces of possibly 3 dusky stripes. Range.—This species has been reported from Madagascar (Sauvage, Histoire naturelle des poissons, 7n Grandidier, Histoire . . . de Mada- gascar, vol. 16, p. 221, 1891) eastward through the Indian Ocean, East Indies, Philippines and island groups of Oceania east to the Society Islands and northeast to the Hawaiian Islands (Fowler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 227, 1928). It has not been reported from Japan. Since bifasciatus has been considerably confused with irifasciatus and multifasciatus by various authors, the specimens in- volved in the reports of Sauvage and Fowler should be reexamined. These localities represent certain east and west extremes in the distribution, and the material may involve different species. Remarks.—The snout and barbel elongate considerably with in- crease in body length and the eye becomes proportionately smaller. FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER Dit There may be a tendency for specimens from Oceania to have a greater number of gillrakers than those from the East Indies and Philippines. TaBsLeE 68.—Number of gill rakers in Parupeneus bifasciatus, by locality Upper limb Lower limb Total ! cality 718 | 9 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30] 31 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 East Indies-Philippines_---| 9 | 28 1 510) 6 6 AMS ied Sa o0F | 12 5 2 lee ee ee Manianasislands=s==-4--—-|".-= 20) eee Ewe 2/222 S Qe] see eee oe Aa ae Pil eel bs Ate ele Phoenixaisiandasssoe-— sean = 3 hg eater ale gs Zale 2a ee oe eee eee ee aye 3 SS | es Samoantislands: =—2= 2445 Sel nee | ee ae rata BA ie | ae By lse2idl aes 1 sa ee Bacletylslandsses===2—== as |=-=—|—==— Di | nate Alec etre [a = 1 Mere Steels we Pea | eee 1 1 1 Raker at the angle of the arch was included only in the total count. TABLE 69.—Diameter of eye and length of snout as a percentage of standard length in Parupeneus bifasciatus from various Indo-Pacific localities, by size-groups Standard Eye Snout length |_ par bie: = in mm, TaBLe 70.—Length of head and barbel as a percentage of standard length in Paru- peneus bifasciatus, from various Indo-Pacific localities, by size groups Standard Head length | Barbel length length me == in mm. 605792 = 1 1 Seesaw 3 Vy peo 1 2 4 1 Li Rese | ees ae ee 80-092 set ien see 1 3 5 To leeooe J ease 6 1 2p eee see tae wee BUH 100 ©) sete | renee Oren | seen sete | cas | nce | cue | fo | ete eee | trae ear | sneer A201 SQees = S| Benen | eeT ee 1 BD Sy ek | a ee SES eee 1 Le eee ee eee 140-159 REE Ee oa 1 2 Te ae a ee 1 2 SD hee ee ee LOOSE Obeen en |e 1 3) |aseo= Dees eae acces |ereeaean ae 1M eee 2 2 eae TSO—L9922 = 2 | SESE SESE 2 3 AS See eee eee ee ee ee 1 Gy zee 1 ANY 21 See nee eee eee 1 2 eee | ee eee | Pe es | ee eee | 2 Dao se ASO eee | eee ree | ere | ee Sf | es | ee | ee ee ee eee eee ee ee On| sean A025 OES ames ee eee ete | en 1 1 | aaa | ae | ee | | ee ee ee 2 29 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 PARUPENEUS TRIFASCIATUS (Lacepéde) PuatE 77,C Mullus trifasciatus LacEPEpDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, pp. 383 and 404, pl. 15, fig., 1802 (no locality). Parupeneus trifasciatus WEBER and DE BEaAvurort, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 6, p. 382, 1931.—Scuuutz, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 130, 1943. Pseudupeneus moana JorRDAN and SxEAuxg, Bull. U. 8. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 274, 1906 (type locality, Apia, Samoa).—Snyper, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 32, p. 89, fig. 1, 1907. Pseudupeneus trifasciaius FowuER, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, No. 1513, p. 295, fig. 24, 1933. Mem. Bishop Museum, vol. 12, No. 2, p. 95, 1949. Upeneus atrocingulatus Kner, in Steindachner and Kner, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 61, p. 443, 1870 (type locality, Savay). Upeneus moana HrrrE and Monta.san, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 36, No. 1, p. 124, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1928. Upeneus trifasciatus GUNTHER, Journ. Museum Godeffroy, vol. 2 (Fische der Siidsee, pt. 3), p. 59, pl. 44, fig. B (not C), 1873. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 24 stations, 72 specimens, 43 to 184 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 92 and 106 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 specimen, 112 mm. Likiep Atoll: 2 lots, Univ. Washington, 2 specimens, 81 and 90 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 6 stations, 30 specimens, 46 to 150 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 5 stations, 31 specimens, 45 to 146 mm. Rota Island: 1 lot, 2 specimens, 164 and 193 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 3 specimens, 49 to 53 mm. Saipan: 1 specimen, 52 mm. In addition, 49 lots totaling 110 specimens were examined from: East Indies and Philippines, 37 lots, 54 specimens; Japan and Ryukyu Islands, 2 lots, 4 specimens; Formosa, 1 specimen; China, 1 specimen; Caroline Islands, 1 specimen; Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 4 lots, 46 specimens; Society Islands, 3 lots, 3 specimens. Description.—The following counts and measurements were taken unless indicated otherwise, from 5 specimens from the Marshall Islands, ranging in length from 47 to 162 mm. (Counts and measure- ments of specimens from other Indo-Pacific localities are also included in tables 71-73): Dorsal rays VIII-i,8; anal rays 1,16; pectoral rays (28 specimens), ii,13 and 11,14; vertical scale rows, 22 specimens, 27 to 29; scale rows above lateral line, 3, below lateral line 6, around caudal peduncle (16 specimens), 13 and 14. Body depth 3.5 to 4.3; head length 2.9 to 3.3; length of caudal peduncle 3.8 to 4.1; length of longest pectoral ray 3.9 to 4.6; all in standard length. Eye, comparatively larger in smaller specimens, 3.6 to 5.8; length of upper jaw 2.4 to 3.0; depth of caudal peduncle 2.9 to 3.3; length of snout 1.8 to 2.8; interorbital width 3.8 to 4.7; length of barbel 1.3 to 1.6; all in length of head. Eye in snout 1.3 FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER 23 to 3.3. Interorbital width in eye 0.7 to 1.1. Gillrakers, 8 to 10+1-+28 to 31, total 37 to 42 in 25 specimens from the Marshall Islands; longest raker about 1.2 to 1.3 times longer than longest filament. Teeth of the upper and lower jaws uniserial, blunt, stout, and spaced a moderate distance apart; those in the upper jaw number about 20 to 24, in the lower jaw, 18 to 23; no teeth on vomer and palatines; scales on caudal fin, absent on dorsal and anal fins; barbels extend beyond eye, reaching posteriormost (upper) portion of margin of preopercle; second dorsal spine about 1.4 in length of third dorsal spine, pungent, the tip not flexible; peritoneum transparent; lateral line complete; scales ctenoid, with 5 to 7 radii in anterior field; last ray of dorsal fin greatly elongate, about 1.5 to 2.0 times longer than other rays of fin, last ray of anal fin about 1.3 times longer than other rays of fin. Color in alcohol.—Head and body light tan to dusky; barbels tan; a diffuse dark brown stripe from snout to eye, often completely faded, ends just posterior to eye in the form of a dark brown spot or blotch; the characteristic color pattern of this species is the presence of 4 to 5 dark brown to black dorsal saddles on the body, each extending from the middorsal area below the lateral line to the ventrolateral portion of the body; the two anterior saddles are often greatly faded and almost obscure; the first saddle (anteriormost), is located just before the spinous dorsal fin and is about 1 to 1.5 times wider than eye; the second saddle is wide, about 1.5 to 2.0 times diameter of eye, and passes through middle of spinous dorsal fin; the third saddle is narrow, slightly less than diameter of eye, and passes between spinous and soft dorsal fins; the fourth saddle, darker and more conspicuous than those anterior to it, passes through the anterior portion (first 5 rays) of the soft dorsal fin and is slightly wider than diameter of eye; the fifth saddle (posteriormost) passes over caudal peduncle just before base of caudal fin, its width is about 1.3 times greater than eye and it, too, is dark and conspicuous; a white saddle, located between the fourth and fifth dark saddles, is present on caudal peduncle; this white mark is variable in size, extending usually to the lateral line, but in some specimens extends below the lateral line to ventral portion of peduncle; pectoral fin transparent; spinous dorsal with margin of first spine dusky, remainder transparent; soft dorsal with a black bar just above and parallel to base, but extending to tip of membrane of last ray, remainder of fin transparent; margin of outer ray of pelvic fin slightly dusky, remainder of fin transparent ; anal fin with 3 narrow light tan stripes on outer half and parallel to base, remainder of fin transparent; outer margins of caudal fin edged with black, remainder of fin slightly dusky to transparent. 422142—60—_3 24 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Although great variation exists in the intensity of color on the body, the pattern is uniform. Color in life-—From kodachrome transparency, snout brown to pupil, with 3 or 4 blue lines from eye to tip; one blue line passes through iris of upper part of eye and ends just posterior to eye; opercle with a brownish purple patch; bar from snout to eye very diffuse and dusky; spot behind eye black and conspicuous; base of pectoral fin purple brown; saddles gray to black; scales with diffuse light blue margined in yellow, the bluish becoming circular spots towards base of caudal fin; pectoral fin light yellow; spinous dorsal light orange near base, becoming light yellow towards tips; basal half of spinous dorsal with black rays; the membrane dusky with dashes of yellow; upper half of fin with 4 narrow yellow stripes parallel to base, remainder of fin transparent; pelvic fin with 3 or 4 alternating blue and yellow stripes, the base of fin orange and its outer edge tipped in black; anal fin with 3 yellow wavy stripes on outer hali more or less parallel to base, the basal half with yellow stripes broken into irregular spots; basal portion of anal fin with purple background, outer part transparent; rays of caudal yellow, yellow to purple near base; outer margin of lobes black, the membrane of fin transparent. Range.—This species has been reported from the Indian Ocean and ranges eastward through the East Indies, Philippines, and Islands of Oceania to the Society and Tuamotu groups. It is known from southern Japan and southeastern China. It has not been reported in the Hawaiian Islands. Fowler (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia Monogr. 2, p. 284, 1938) reported it from Johnston Island, but his specimen should be reexamined, for it possibly may represent P. multifasciatus. Remarks.—In applying the name trifasciatus to this species, I have followed the reasoning of Weber and de Beaufort (1931, pp. 384-385) wherein trifasciatus (Lacepéde, 1802, p. 404, pl. 15) is distinguished from bifasciatus (Lacepéde, 1802, p. 404, pl. 14). However, the crude manner in which Lacepéde’s figures of these two species were com- pleted and his inadequate description certainly invites suspicion concerning this distinction. Jordan and Seale (1906, p. 274) were so positive Lacepédes species were identical that they described their Samoan specimens as a new species Pseudupencus moana, which is here placed in the synonymy of trifasciatus. No evidence was found from examination of specimens over a wide area of the Indo-Pacific to support the naming of subspecies of trifasciatus on the basis of color pattern, as Weber and de Beaufort have done. A significantly lower number of gill rakers was found in specimens from the East Indies and Philippine Islands (average about 37) than in those from the Islands of Oceania (average about FAMILY MULLIDAE—-LACHNER 25 39). These data only suggest racial differentiation, for the overlap in the frequency distributions of the gill raker counts from these two general areas (see table 71) is too great to recognize them as subspecies. TABLE 71.— Number of gill rakers in Parupeneus trifasciatus, by locality Upper limb Lower limb Total ! Locality 7 | 8 | 9 | 10} 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31-] 32 | 35} 36.) 37 | 38 | 39} 40 | 41 | 42 East Indies-Philip- PINES: — S85 re ee Se 6 | 31 Bee Le LOR ELO Deel eeel oS 9 | 18 8 3 1 | ese ees= Japan-Ryukyu NSInNOSae eee. ee | ase Oy ecko Oh eee NE I tage ie al eee ae aE 1 1 Lasse Formosa-Hong Kong-|_---] 2 |_---|_---]---- TAA ERS SE oil | Sees | alee te eS Lei ete fF Ee oe eee ee BoninWslandsee2- 22222) 2-2 1 ee eB ee | ee PR ea oe EE ot Ay pees eee @arolinedisiands).--=_|2---|--2— Ms] ee eee |e Dp} | Uf Pe EN A |S SR le dO |e Seo a Marshall Islands_.__-_|__-- Tay LEU lie tS es | aN ek OO athe Dee ose |e ee De ASE OVE | Bele. 1 Marianas Islands--_-__|__-_|-_-- Dre ie |e ee PA ee eal ed | (emer poser Ue tle a 2 | ese es Samoan Islands.-_____|--_-- NST R24 a) | ees | ee Dy) DD i5 |Z kn awe eee eee | een eee TAASE PLE eo 2 Society Islands------.}----|---- AN Ee See | Pie ee Ses a eee ee ee | a eee ei) 2 1 Narcuesaspls am cds saa= |i glee | ee eens een ee CAV |e | ace en ef Lee [re | eee S| ee ees 1 Raker at the angle of the arch was included only in the total count. TaBLe 72.—Diameter of eye and length of snout as a percentage of standard length in Parupeneus trifasciatus from various Indo-Pacific localities, by size growps Standard Eye Snout length in ews mim, 5 6 7 8 9 10 | eA Dy tS plan |e eek eel fall Sine |e 20 lara AQ FORE a Se | eae 2 A: oe ee 3 | | eae | Wee weer | rene) Aol ares yce| JONOS A AS el Oa Pa 60=) 79. 4 hee se ea 6 Orlin Ss ieee | es Eee 5 ON eee Te eg a aie SO POO ees i] Sh els mea 3 Di eee se Sete |e alleen ee 2 2 1 ee tee ne eee SCS OST eee cla | Pi FBS a aD la Bl fa ge | ol ph a pepe 8 P20=139 2302 | kee 2 ‘Weis | Cee ees ee ae le es Se a AYRES Sek 2 1 1 Ly [see eee 140-159____}_---_-_ 2 oy Re ee Map ee BR Se a el 2 Pee Se ee 1GO=1 7 Oo) ees 8 OS es ea se le | |W | 5 | Reka een 180=109..25 -|L2e FS) | Saag VS Mee Re (We OU te 1 (a 2 1 1 1 200-219____ 1 DV | pesme Ne Ta Nee | a eA ae NID ge ce | Ae es ee | Re Sblsaoee seco TABLE 73.—Length of head and barbel as a percentage of standard length in Paru- peneus trifasciatus from various Indo-Pacific localities, by size groups Standard Head length Barbel length length pea sche Jb 5 in mm, 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34] 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 40-50 ee na A ELA tee) ees ees SLi | 2eS PM De || ron | eee eco ces| wrlon i eeeseee | a pare ee ee ae GOSTO2 ESE SAL ea bale 28 UAE RQ fe esa sees |S eet | ee | ara ef a We SP eae el Or aal eeel eo ale ae fol Utada le Ss Sal bee Boce|esoh epee es ees eee | ee | ee |e el ee te Zee ioe |e eel ae | eee ALE HL epee | PLES Ie ON TA a ee ARE AE ek Ee | ee Sa ae eee 120-1 3OE ase | pee BR ca eee ee Re hk Se ee Al DE SeA Aye ee N40 150 8- — a2 |eecn| = 2s De Pe gD ee a a ef en eee I Sees | bs ees 1 TGOTI(GEe 4322 | sees rome WG OF |e | ER) ke ES ee A Beer Cee 2 Ee |e | a 2 TS0=100 Sees eee |e Th S39] ee EES So De eS ee eee Lil, ayia 1 26 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 PARUPENEUS PLEUROSTIGMA (Bennett) Puate 77,E Upeneus pleurostigma BENNETT, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 1, p. 59, 1831 (type locality, Mauritius) Herre and Montrasan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 36, p. 122, pl. 5, fig. 2, 1928. Mullus pleurostigma PLAYFAtR, in Playfair and Giinther, Fishes of Zanzibar, p. 40, 1866. Parupeneus pleurostigma BubEKeR, Atlas ichthyologique ... , vol. 9, pl. 393, fig. 3, 1878.—Werser and pe Beravrort, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 6, p. 398, 1931. Pseudupeneus pleurostigma JeNKtNs, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., vol. 22, p. 456, (1902) 1903.—SnypxEr, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., vol. 22, p. 527 (1902) 1904.—Jorpan and EverMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., vol. 23, pt. 1, p. 260, fig. 108 (1903) 1905.—Fow er, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, p. 275, 1933. Upeneus brandesi BuerKerR, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 2, p. 236, 1851 (type locality, Banda Neira). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 9 stations, 44 specimens, 48 to 169 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 85 specimens, 49 to 104 mm. In addition, 10 lots totaling 19 specimens were examined from the following localities: Philippine Islands, 2 lots, 5 specimens; Okinawa, 1 lot, 2 specimens; Hawaiian Islands, 7 lots, 12 specimens. Description —The following counts and measurements were taken from 6 specimens unless indicated otherwise, all from the Marshall Islands and ranging in standard length from 80 to 151 mm. (counts and measurements of specimens from other areas of the Pacific are also included in tables 74-76): Dorsal rays VIIJ-i,8; anal rays I,i,6; pectoral rays ii,13 to ii,15(18 specimens) ; vertical scale rows 28; scale rows above lateral line 3; scale rows below lateral line 6; scale rows around caudal peduncle 14. Body depth 3.7 to 3.9; head length 2.9 to 3.0; length of caudal peduncle 3.7 to 3.9; all in standard length. Eye 4.5 to 5.3; length of upper jaw 2.8 to 3.1; depth of caudal peduncle 3.5 to 3.9; length of snout 1.9 to 2.1; width of interorbital 4.5 to 5.1; length of barbel 1.4 to 1.7; all in length of head. Gill rakers 6 or 7+1-+21 to 23, total 29 to 32 (18 specimens); longest raker only slightly smaller than longest filament. Teeth of the upper and lower jaws uniserial, blunt, stout and widely spaced; those in upper jaw about 32 and in lower jaw about 26; no teeth on vomer or palatines; scales on caudal fin, absent on dorsal and anal fins; barbels extend beyond vertical, touching posterior margin of eye but do not reach vertical touching posteriormost edge of preopercle; first dorsal spine about one-sixth length of second spine, second spine about three-fourths length of third spine, its tip not flexible; peritoneum light; lateral line complete; scales ctenoid, with FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER 27 4 to 6 radii in anterior field; pectoral fin pointed, posterior branch of last ray of soft dorsal fin slightly elongate, that of anal conspicuously elongate, about one-third longer than length of sixth anal ray. Color in alcohol.—Head and body tan, dusky to dusky tan above, light below; barbels light; the characteristic color mark is a blackish irregular to rectangular spot or blotch located on the midbody area below the end of the spiny dorsal, or its center at a point where the longest ray of the pectoral fin touches the lateral line, this spot almost divided into halves by the lateral line, sometimes twice as deep as wide, greatest depth equal to length of snout; located immediately posterior to dark spot is a very light spot extending from half a scale row below base of soft dorsal fin to about half a scale row below lateral line; this light spot equal to or slightly longer than length of base of soft dorsal fin; a diffuse, dusky saddle is located posterior to last two rays of soft dorsal fin, extending to one scale row below lateral line and half the distance to end of caudal peduncle, very faint or completely obscure in some specimens; basal third of soft dorsal fin is black, remainder of fin light or transparent; all other fins are light or transparent. The young in transformation stages, taken at night, are dusky to blackish with only a faint dorsolateral spot (see remarks below). Color in life-—The following color notes were taken from a koda- chrome transparency photographed by Dr. Donald Strasburg from a specimen about 6 inches in total length: Head and body light silvery, suffuse with orange-red on lips, snout, operculum, and dor- sally on head, and in lesser amounts dorsolaterally on body; a black spot dorsolaterally below end of spiny dorsal fin; spiny dorsal reddish; soft dorsal with an intense black basal bar on lower half of fin, the upper portion dusky to pale tinted with some orange; anal fin dusky, with some orange; caudal fin light orange at base, becoming lighter toward outer portion; barbels light; iris orange with some black, pupil deep black. Range.—P. pleurostigma is a wide-ranging species that has been reported from the east African coast eastward to the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks.—As is characteristic in several species of Parupeneus, the length of snout and barbel in pleurostigma increase with growth and the eye becomes smaller. The most abrupt change occurs at a length of 40 to 60 mm., probably associated with the transformation from the pelagic stage. The color of 81 specimens, 49 to 56 mm. in length, from Rongelap Atoll, taken July 1, 1946, at night, is dusky to blackish, with the fins transparent to dusky. The black, dorsolateral spot on the body is faint, barely discernible in many of the specimens. The spot varies a8 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 in size, just developing in some specimens. Another 157 specimens, chiefly smaller in size but ranging from 33 to 58 mm. in length, were taken with the above collection and are similar in coloration and morphological characters but lack the distinctive dark dorsolateral spot on the body. These are probably also pleurostigma, representing a stage just prior to the formation of the spot. TasiLe 74.—Diameter of eye and length of snout as a percentage of standard length in Parupeneus pleurostigma, from the Marshall and Hawaiian Islands, by size groups Standard Eye Snout Jength in mm, 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 40-50 Re eA e Sa ee 4) she Bee 5 te ee Nie Se een ol ee ee | ee no ae ee ees 60=/9 22-22 |SssSa | 1 | Ste eee ee eee ea ee 2 Sse eae 1 Dae Leyte. Veen 8 ee lh ee 8000 bee Seem same 1 DI a here eee eS | ee | ee | cee | 2 A) ee A ee eee | ee 1OOH11 9S | aes oes 2 2 1 Se es | Eee See ee ee | See eee ee 2 eS | ee ek ees L20-139EE S| 2 oe ered 3 3a sb Se ern Ss Se Sa ees ees Soe | eee ee 1 4 Jes _ 2 eee 140-159. . .|---.- 2 i ee NC ee ied ee eS Se Soa oes oie, |e 2 Dale Se |e ae T60=HN/ Ose o See a sles Eee aS ea me eck aw ela epee cree ee cee ewe ale tae erp 9 |e eee 180-199___ Dy | ah ek ea ee eee eee yell oe ee a eee | Sa e eeee Ea) Se i eess =| rsa! ze ee 200-219 _ . . Dope aA Sa ee |e | SO Se ein eee ee Lo) ee eee 220-239 Ss a|C ee Dy eee ees ee ae ea bn ce JS SSS Re ee Sere aesee |e ose scene eee | ane 1 TaBLe 75.—Length of head and barbel as a percentage of standard length in Paru- peneus pleurostigma, from the Marshall and Hawaiian Islands, by size groups Standard Head length Barbel length length ade ee Se 2S in mm. | | 98 | 29} 30!) 3 || 32 | 33: | 341 835 |) 15) 16) 17) 18 | 19") 20°} 20.) 22) 23 [324 sobs) 26 40-592 3522225) 1 |e (Dye te are et ea 3 1 ie Po | eR SS et | ees CORO eas ia se ae eileen ew 1 Pe Eee cee te a a 2.) eee Ee pees aes ee 80-09 Ss ee es See sy se mete > a Naan ied tiem cee fee Ue at a De Se i] Seen |eecel soem LOOK OSes 25 3S Pe ale Ae tee ra eA Rig | te ee | eet ae | ee 2 TA Se ec ee ieee L20-1S9k Ss = te ees ale eS 2 S80 2a Salad 2 3422S) E- Sea a eee es 1 1 2 1 hl zeud 40-1592 se See eee (Bees | al eee Re De hs ee | BP ee eas 1 1 1 | en SS |e NGO=U7 92 S32 252s ees pce ere al Bae SEA See ot ew Sa ee ee | ae |e 1) | 222 Esa Eee | aoe 180-199. 228) 22) eesti eee Mee all eee at Sel” See Bal | Se Sea eam hs by (ee fess fs ml ee 200-21 Os sees |e eee ea ek2 ol a ea ee AS SE ee ee eS | ee | Pf St a Ste Se Se 20 LOO eee eee |e eee | eee eens, ||| ee | | ee a] Ee a I a ea | ae ieee ee He | eee 1 Tasie 76.—Numober of gill rakers in Parupeneus pieurostigma, by locality Upper limb Lower limb Total 1 Locality ee 6 7 8 21 22 23 28 29 30 31 382 Okinawa Islands--._- 1 1 Ws |e as Dic ee lc Bicones 1 L222 22 | eee Se Marshall Islands- --_- 4 13 1 1 8 9 Ese Ss - 4 6 7 1 Hawaiian Islands_-_-__- 3 4) eae 1 4 2 1 1 4 1A ooo ee 1 The raker at the angle of the arch was included only in the total count. FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER 29 PARUPENEUS CYCLOSTOMUS (Lacepéde) Puiate 76,B Mullus cyclostomus Lacerkp®, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, pp. 383, 404, pl. 14, fig. 3, 1802 (type locality not given). Upeneus cyclostomus Cuvinr and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 472, 1829.—Hurre and Montaxzan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 127, pl. 6, fig. 3, 1928. Pseudupeneus cyclostomus JonpAN and Seaxe, Bull. U. 8. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905) p. 275, 1906.—Fow.esr, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, p. 304, 1933.— Smrru, Sea fishes of Southern Africa, p. 230, 1949.—Fow.erR, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 12, No. 2, supp. 3, p. 95, 1949. Mullus chryserydros LAcePmpE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, pp. 384, 406, 1802 (type locality, Mauritius). Upeneus chryserydros Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 470, 1829.—Herre and MontaBan, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 127, pl. 5, fig. 3, 1928. Upeneus chryserythrus GUNtaER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 2 (Fische der Siidsee, pt. 3), p. 60, pl. 45, fig. A, 1873. Parupencus chryserydros BLEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique . . ., vol. 9, pl. 393, fig. 2, 1878.—Wepser and pr Beavrort, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 6, p. 404, 1931—Scuutrz, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 180, 1943. Pseudupeneus chryserydros JoRDAN and EvprMAnn, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., vol. 23 (1903), pt. 1, p. 255, 1905.—Jorpan and Sate, Bull. U. 8. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 275, 1906. Uneneus oxycephalus Bueexur, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 1, p. 45, 1856 (type locality, Manado, Celebes). Parupeneus zanthospilurus BuerKker, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 15, No. 3, p. 37, 1875 (type locality, Amboina). Upeneus saffordi SEALE, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 1 (1900), No. 3, p. 71, 1901 (type locality, Guam). Pseudupeneus aurantiacus Smaue, Oce. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 4, No. 1, p. 48, fiz, 14, 1906 (type locality, Tubuai, Austral Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 11 stations, 13 specimens, 47 to 270 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 111 to 194 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 8 specimens, 51 to 89 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 59 and 77 mm. Rota Island: 1 specimen, 172 mm. In addition 20 lots totaling 28 specimens were examined from the following localities: East Indies and Philippines, 8 lots, 14 specimens; Admiralty Islands, 1 specimen; Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 3 lots, 4 specimens; Johnston Island, 1 specimen; Marquesas Islands, 2 lots, 2 specimens; Hawaiian Islands, 5 lots, 6 specimens. Description.—The following counts and measurements were taken from 7 specimens, unless otherwise indicated (counts and measure- ments of specimens from other localities are also included in tables 77 and 78); dorsal rays VIII-i,8; anal rays I[,i,6; pectoral rays 11,14 to ii,15 (29 specimens); vertical scale rows 27 to 29, scale rows above 30 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 lateral line 3; scale rows below lateral line 7; scale rows around caudal peduncle 14. Body depth 3.6 to 4.0; head length 2.8 to 3.0; length of caudal peduncle 3.6 to 4.1; length of longest pectoral rays 4.1 to 4.7; all in standard length. Eye, highly variable with size, comparatively smaller in the larger specimens, 4.9 to 7.1; length of upper jaw 2.3 to 3.4; depth of caudal peduncle 3.0 to 3.3; length of snout 1.7 to 2.0; width of interorbital 3.8 to 5.1; all in length of head. Eye in snout 2.4 (in smallest specimen) to 4.2 (in largest). Width of interorbital in eye, variable, 0.5 to 1.0. Length of barbel in length of head 1.1. Gill rakers, including rudiments, 6 to 8+-1+22 to 24, total 29 to 32 in 16 Marshall Islands specimens; longest raker about 1 to 1.2 in long- est filament. Teeth of upper and lower jaws stout, blunt tipped, widely spaced, and in a single row; no teeth on vomer or palatines; scales on caudal fin, absent on dorsal and anal fins; cheek and opercle scaled; barbels long, reach end of head or to base of pelvic fins in most specimens; first dorsal spine minute, second dorsal spine almost as long as third, flexible at tip; peritoneum transparent; lateral line complete; scales ctenoid, with 5 to 6 radii in anterior field; last rays of soft dorsal and anal fins somewhat elongate. Color in alcohol.—Body and head pale to light tan in most of the smaller specimens, and tan with some dusky in the larger ones. Fins are transparent in smaller specimens, transparent to slightly dusky in larger ones. Barbels are colored light tan. Body, head, and fins of 2 smaller specimens darker, dusky to brown. Light blotch on dorsal portion of the caudal peduncle posterior to soft dorsal fin present in about 40 percent of the specimens from the Marshall Islands. This spot is conspicuously developed in 2 specimens, faint in 2 specimens, questionable in 2, and not perceptible in all others; when present, its size is variable, usually extending half distance from end of base of soft dorsal to procurrent caudal rays, in smaller speci- mens, to about three-fourths of this distance, in larger ones. Color in life—A brownish blue and a yellow color phase have been observed in life by Strasburg who recently collected in the southern Marshall Islands. These color phases correspond with the dusky (dark) and light color phases observed in some of our smaller preserved specimens. It cannot be determined at this time whether these phases are associated with size and maturity, or sex, or reproduction, or whether perhaps two distinct forms are involved. All our larger specimens have a uniform dusky to tan coloration. The following color description taken in life at Wake Island by John E. Randall, University of Miami, from a specimen 313 mm. in length (USNM 167602) tentatively referred to this species: Body FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER Si brilliant irridescent blue; head olivaceus, with an olivaceus area extending back from the head a short distance on the body; occasional olivaceus spots on body, especially posteriorly; a concentration of olivaceus blotches dorsally on caudal peduncle; these definitely not appearing as yellow in life, in the water or out; bright blue lines radiating from red eye; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins yellowish with lengthwise bright blue lines. Range.—This species has an extensive geographical range, having been commonly reported as far west as the Red Sea and Hast Africa. Our material was taken from the East Indies eastward to the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks.—This species represents one of the most complex specific problems among the Mullidae, owing to ontogenetic changes in certain morphological structures, such as the length of snout and the size and location of the eye, and to the probable color forms. The length of the snout and the size of the eye show the greatest change with increase in body length, the snout becoming relatively longer and the eye smaller (table 77). The larger specimens thus look quite different. The light spot, or saddle, just posterior to the soft dorsal fin is variable in its size and intensity of development in the adults, and sometimes it is not discernible. Certain specimens from the same locality also may represent two color forms, one having a darker body (bluish in life) and another having a light body (yellowish in life). Consequently the six nominal species in the above synonymy may represent different growth stages or different color forms of one stage. The possibility that more than one of the nominal forms may represent a species is not yet satisfactorily ascertained, since sufficient comparative material was not available from some of the critical areas of the Indo-Pacific, such as the Indian Ocean and Madagascar. Additional data from living specimens are also needed from all areas of the Indo-Pacific to determine exact color and color patterns, so that possible specific differences may be detected. The literature referring to this problem is confusing, because the names of two or more of the nominal species have been freely inter- changed, the descriptive accounts are not critical, the illustrations are often poorly drawn, and few attempts have been made to develop a concept of the probable mode of differentiation. Interesting dis- cussions concerning various nominal species have been presented by Giinther (1873, p. 60), Weber and deBeaufort (1931, p. 406), and Fowler (1933, p. 306). Lacepéde (1802) originally described two of the most controversial nominal species, cyclostomus and chryserydros. Subsequent interpre- tations of these forms, coupled with the descriptions of additional ones, has lead to a confusion in the interpretation of possible valid species. 32 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 The figure of cyclostomus by Lacepéde (1802, pl. 14, fig. 3) shows no light spot dorsally on the caudal peduncle. Bleeker (1878, fig. 2) recognized chryserydros as a species with an elongate light spot or saddle extending from the posterior base of the soft dorsal to the procurrent caudal rays, whereas he illustrated (1878, fig. 5) the nominal form Pseudupeneus xanthospilurus with a light spot extending only half this distance. He also illustrated his chrys- erydros with a shorter snout, bluish horizontal stripes on the head, and gold and blue stripes on the soft dorsal, whereas the figure of zanthospilurus has a longer snout and lacks the color markings. Both Schultz, who collected many of our Marshall Island specimens, and Strasburg, observed no stripes on the head or any other outstand- ing color markings on the head or body in live specimens, but Stras- burg did observe a dusky and a reddish color phase. From the same subfaunal area from which Bleeker’s specimens were taken, Weber and de Beaufort (1931, pp. 404, 407) recognized chrys- erydros and cyclostomus as probable species, but had no specimens of the latter. In an adjacent area Herre and Montalban (1928, pp. 123, 127) recognized from the Philippines cyclostomus and chryserydros as distinct forms based on two specimens of each. They illustrate cyclostomus as yellow-orange and lacking the light caudal saddle and chryserydros as having a purplish body. Fowler (1933, p. 304) lists all his material from the Philippines under cyclostomus, but regarded (p. 309) one specimen (disposition not stated) as zanthospilurus. He also recognized (p. 309) the nominal species chryserydros from Mauri- tius, but he had no specimens. Sauvage (Histoire naturelle des poissons, in Grandidier, Histoire ... de Madagascar, vol. 16, p. 226, pl. 26, figs. 3 & 4, 1891) dis- tinguished the two nominal forms cyclostomus and chryserydros but illustrated no light dorsal saddle on the caudal peduncle. Smith (1949), who recently has carried out considerable collecting in an area adjacent to Madagascar, recognized only cyclostomus. One or two forms have also been recognized from areas of Oceania. Jordan and Seale (1906, p. 275) noted two species from Samoa, chryserydros and cyclostomus; the general color of the latter was observed as “clear red without markings” and a “pale saddle on the tail.’ From the same area Schultz (1943, p. 130) recognized one species. Jordan and Evermann (1905, p. 255) reported one form in the Hawaiian fauna and Fowler’s more recent list of fishes of Oceania (1949, p. 95) also reports only one form. The nominal species Upeneus orycephalus Bleeker, U. saffordi Seale, and Pseudupeneus aurantiacus Seale, are only tentatively con- sidered as synonyms of cyclostomus. 33 FAMILY MULLIDAE—-LACHNER ee rr a eee SOSREEEESTT FUESESEEIET GREET TEESEENEEDT BERGER [CSSESET TEENY [RESET] (GUEST Pee aera eee al | eae ee ie seis le oa ia Aa eae ea Si sae lees acel sqealie | elie I |-77--]---7"]-~ 668-098 eee | ara leee seen nema meal occa [aac ie eeee lps nate mee ge eee ee ed oie aie fal aan lie gl) eee el ealioge le 2 al Bee lle eae ga 698-028 Ber ieee [esis Sele ee ee | ae eee Toe | es we eaten a eee lee nin le aalee, cle see ie cal ee lee al a I |--77-|--618-082 Saee (peal ese elena loose |Pee" (ser ale Senco a Vee ere es tal ber les elise aes Toda Seer ee ee cE oe [egies aoe I |-77-7]""622-08% Foo ee lle ca oe | ee ee Te Qe lone (Go | pee Ten Ale ra a Fe foil? 235| me saliegee|, esl ee Ta go sol ee Ts alles | nee -00e Toma BOs at Were Seir seal cies oie aes Co USapl te lel ee [cane Se te Mt el ates |S eee ea lees aah lees aes 2 |@ |. |---7-|-766t-09r Tose staal fatale ceca || ale Ose ep lige soe aoe sclera SM BP ae ae ES el faa TSho| es TE \oieslaee ai = [-209T-0er ong | ees peale seme ele es lame al Paes) lee (prea ele (ee [oe lod a (aT lear [realises ea nie eee NIC eee Netra e608 Ties os less tometer =" [seer lapy sales |e osle ees eae ee eee A eee pee ek — | ee Teele |e mee a Tee [ec RIT pte tieal ‘TU UT 339] qnoug oA poqued peoH prepueyg sdnoib az1s fig vvwna0g fo spunjsr pun saurddywyd ay} wouf snwioysopso snousdnieg u2 yjbua) punpunys fo abnjuaosad v sp 11910 fo dajawnryp pun jnous pup “aging ‘poay fo yybuaT—'}) ATAV I, 34 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 The number of gill rakers in East Indies and Philippine specimens averaged less than those from Oceania; and the light pedunclar saddle was conspicuously developed in all specimens from the East Indies and Philippines, whereas this was true of only 40 percent of the specimens from the Marshall Islands. These data suggest that the divergence between these two geographical areas is on a racial level. These differences could not be correlated with the dark and light color phases discussed above. A species, P. chrysonemus, with a superficial appearance of the cyclostomus complex and known only from the Hawaiian Islands, is distinguished from the latter mainly by its comparatively shorter snout, larger eye, and higher number of gill rakers (see tables 59 to 62). TaBLe 78.—Number of gill rakers in Parupeneus cyclostomus, by locality Upper limb Lower limb Total! Locality ae 5 6 it 8 DN ire 22) | P23, Wo 24s 27 eon 200 | OO olen mos East Indies- Philippinesssoss=2 2 252 1 11 2) 4 4 Giulia sae 1 2 4 de eee eae Marianas Island= 2.2 2252 )22222 15 |e Sa ae | eee | Paes Di) 2 OE oe | ee eee Pesce Marshall Islands---------- 1 8 6 1 ees 3 8 yj] eel ees 1 3 10 2 Samoan Islands----------- ae 1 Golesees esse 1 3 1 | | eee 1 | ease Johnstoniisland ==. 22-2222. |= aS o8 Dyce stissese LN Seca ees eS eC eee ae dieses eee Hawaiian Islands_......---|----- 3 Be feessa} ste 1 3 2h | eee ae eee 3 2 1 1 Raker at the angle of the arch was included only in the total count. PARUPENEUS CRASSILABRIS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Puate 76,E Upeneus crassilabris Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 523, 1831 (type locality, New Guinea).—Smirx and Swany, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, p. 129, 1882.—Jorpan and EverMann, Bull. U. 8. Fish. Comm., vol. 23 (1903), pt. 1, p. 259, 1905. Pseudupeneus crassilabris FowuLER, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 12, p. 315, 1933. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 1 specimen, 203 mm. in standard length. In addition, 1 specimen (USN M 26824), 265 mm. in length, from Johnston Island, was also examined. Description.—The following counts and measurements refer to the specimen collected at Bikini Atoll, those in parentheses refer to the Johnston Island specimen: Dorsal rays VIII-i,8 (VIII-i,8); anal rays 1,i,6 (1,i,6); pectoral rays ii,14 (ii,15); vertical scale rows 28 (27); scale rows above lateral line 3 (3), below lateral line 7 (7), around caudal peduncle 14 (14). FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER 35 Body depth 2.9; head length 3.2 (8.0); length of caudal peduncle 3.8 (4.4); length of longest pectoral ray 4.0; all in standard length. Bye 5.3 (5.1); length of upper jaw 2.6 (2.3); depth of caudal peduncle 2.3 (2.8); length of snout 1.8 (1.7); length of barbel 1.5 (1.5); width of interorbital 3.2 (3.5); all in length of head. Eye in snout 2.9 (2.9). Interorbital width in eye 6.1 (6.8). Gill rakers 0, 8+1+26, 2 (0, 9+1+27, 2), totaling 37 (39); longest raker about 0.9 length of longest filament. Teeth of upper and lower jaws uniserial, blunt, stout and widely spaced; no teeth on vomer or palatines; scales on caudal fin, absent on dorsal and anal; cheeks and opercles scaled; barbels reach vertical touching posterior margin of preopercle; first dorsal spine small, about one-seventh length of second spine; second dorsal spine about four- fifths length of third, tip not flexible; peritoneum transparent; lateral line complete; scales ctenoid, with 4 to 9 radii in anterior field; last ray of soft dorsal fin slightly elongate, that of anal same length as other rays of fin. Color in alcohol.—Head and body dusky to dusky tan. A diffuse blackish mark or stripe on each side of snout from middle of eye to middle of upper jaw. Some diffuse brownish coloration on chin, cheek, and opercle. An irregular light tan to brown coloration en- circles spiny and soft dorsal and is broken in various places, forming irregular spots. The pectoral fin is transparent; the spiny dorsal is transparent, tipped with black; the soft dorsal is transparent, with about 6 dusky to blackish horizontal streaks; the 3 streaks near base of fin formed by nearly circular spots; the tip of the soft dorsal bor- dered with blackish color; the caudal is dusky, the outer ray edged in white; the anal fin is similar to soft dorsal except the spots and streaks are not so pronounced; pelvic fin light near base, dusky towards tips, the outer edge of first ray and tips of first three rays edged in white. Barbels dusky near base, light brown near tips. The Johnston Island specimen has a barbel blackish from base to tip. Remarks.—This species has been considered synonymous with Upeneus luteus Cuvier and Valenciennes (Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 521, 1831, type locality, Mauritius) by several authors. The problem is partially reviewed by Weber and de Beau- fort (Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 6, p. 404, 1931). Certain facts from my data and from the literature lead me to disagree with this contention. First, the characteristic dusky to blackish coloration of the specimens from Bikini and Johnston Island has not been reported by other authors for specimens of luteus; and second, the number of gill rakers in these specimens is much higher than that reported in published accounts of luteus. Weber and de Beaufort (1931, p. 401) found 20 gill rakers, including rudiments, on the lower 36 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 limb of lutews, and merely listed crassilabris, quoting the account of Cuvier and Valenciennes (1831, p. 523), since they had no specimens. Our specimens of crassilabris have 28 and 29 rakers (table 59) on the lower limb. From my study of the variability of gill rakers in various species of Parupeneus, the differences of counts of 20 and 28 to 29 for the lower limb are so great as to warrant the statement that our speci- mens certainly cannot be compared with those reported on by Weber and de Beaufort. Fowler (1933, p. 313) listed luteus but had no specimens from the area studied, and his single specimen of crassilabris was that specimen cited above from Johnston Island. Day’s illustration of luteus (Fishes of India, p. 125, pl. 31, fig. 2, 1878) resembles our specimens of crassilabris in general body form but the dark margins of the fins, characteristic of our specimens, was not shown. Bleeker’s figure of luteus (Atlas ichthyologique . . ., vol. 9, pl. (4) 394, fig. 1, 1877) shows numerous light spots on the body, arranged in about 8 horizontal rows; these spots are not present on our specimens of crassilabris. Fowler (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monogr. 2, pp. 124, 201, and 285, 1938) lists the distribution of crassilabris as Johnston, Jarvis, Christmas, and Apataki Islands. It has not been reported from the Hawaiian Islands. A specimen, USNM 71651, 130 mm. in standard length, taken by the Bureau of Fisheries off Japan, might represent P. luteus: Its head and body are brownish and the fins dusky; the scales have a dark brown spot located near the center and slightly smaller than the pupil; and these spots, which form about 8 to 9 horizontal lines on the side of the body, are more evident on the caudal peduncle. Otherwise, this specimen resembles the darker specimens of P. cyclostomus in our collection. The following counts and measurements were also taken: Vertical scale rows 28; scales around caudal peduncle 14; dorsal rays VIII-i,8; anal rays 1,1,6; pectoral rays 1,14; head length 3.0, length of caudal peduncle 4.0, both in standard length; eye 6.0; length of upper jaw 2.9, length of snout 1.7, interorbital width 4.3, length of barbel 1.1, all in length of head. Gill rakers 1,5+1-+-18,5, totaling 30. Genus MULLOIDICHTHYS Whitley Mulloidichthys WuitLEy, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 17, No. 3, p. 122, 1929 (type species, Mullus flavolineatus Lacepéde). (Mulloidichthys Whitley, proposed to replace Afulloides Bleeker.) Mulloides (not Richardson, Rep. Fifteenth Meet. British Assoc. Adv. Sci., p. 16, 1846) BLeEKerR, Verh. Bataviaasch Gen. vol. 22, p. 6, 1849 (type, Mullus flavolineatus Lacepéde). The characters that best define the genus are associated with the teeth: dentition incomplete; teeth in the jaws in villiform bands, widest anteriorly, where they are in several irregular rows, and FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER 37 tapering posteriorly to one or two more or less irregular rows; no vomerine or palatine teeth. The following characters were common to all species of Mulloi- dichthys studied and apply to some of the other genera in the family: Scales on caudal fin, absent on dorsal and anal fins; dorsal fin rays VIII-i,8 the first spine minute, pectoral fin rays 16 to 18; scales above lateral line 3, below lateral line 6 or 7, around narrow portion of caudal peduncle 15 or 16; first elongate spine of spinous dorsal flexible near tip. This genus inhabits the tropical and subtropical littoral marine waters of the Indo-Pacific, Eastern Pacific, and Western Atlantic regions. At least four species are known from Oceania, three from the Eastern Pacific and one from the Western Atlantic regions. Three species were taken in the Marshall Islands and one from the Marianas. Characters useful in distinguishing the species are summarized in tables 79 and 80. No appreciable population divergence was found when comparing various meristic counts, measurements, color, or color pattern in those species where sufficient specimens were available for study from various subfaunal areas. The data comparing the total number of gill rakers showed a tendency toward an East to West gradient when a few specimens were compared, but this was insignificant when larger samples (see descriptions of samoensis and auriflamma) were available. Several species reported from Oceania are so little known that their generic allocation is even doubtful. Pseudupeneus eutaematus Fowler (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 96, p. 170, fig. 21, 1944, type locality, New Hebrides) may represent a species of Mul- loidichthys, for his statement, “Teeth minute, uniform close-set, form an apparent row in each jaw, none on palate,’”’ comes closer to describing the dentition of Mulloidichthys. He may have examined only the villiform tooth patch, which tapers to a row or two of small teeth posteriorly in both jaws. Otherwise eutaeniatus could only be referred to the genus Parupeneus. His count for the total number of gill rakers (18) is considerably lower than for any species known from Oceania, other than certain Upeneus where the lowest count was found to be 19. This may suggest that eutaeniatus may represent a species of Upeneus. The small palatal teeth in this genus can be easily overlooked. Pscudupeneus eutaeniatus Fowler, is known only by the type, which was not available for this study. Another species which may be referred to the genus Mulloidichthys is Upeneus bilineatus Fowler (Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Bull. 38, p. 17, fig. 2, 1927, Palmyra Island). Fowler listed the dentition as, 38 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 “teeth small, simple, conic, uniform, form two rows above anteriorly and five below anteriorly; none on palate or tongue.”’ Herre (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., publ. 353, vol. 21, p. 213, fig. 11, 1936) reported it from Nuku Hiva Island, Marquesas Islands, as Paru- peneus bilineatus. He commented on his generic allocation (p. 211) referring bilineatus to species with teeth arranged uniserially in the jaws. Fowler (Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 233, fig. 47, 1928) cites the original description of bilineatus by Cuvier and Valenciennes (Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 394, 1831, type locality, Amboina), pointing out their reference to the uniserial conic jaw teeth and smooth palate, and erroneously places his Palmyra record with it without mention of his previous statement on the dentition. TaBLE 79.—Number of gill rakers and vertical scale rows of Mulloidichthys from various Indo-Pacific localities Totai number of gill rakers Vertical scale rows Species : pe | A eee 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 samoensis.—=22--_ 1 fe Sie Pi es) less ed te Ul De? 27a We Sa TA SAT) PR | 1 7} 15} 30 | 12 2s DUTACOLETIS I Sane ena | ee 2 ae hat DTN | s Sull eel ee all ee | ee Sale Sale | aaa 1 DAUGETR rae ee eae ee eee 1 1 | es SSS Ee | eer et eee ees |e ed | ee ees 25 gee CUPL Fos oe he) eae eee Oe |e 1 4 818s | 2251200), 16i|e eee 6 |S Say l2i heb e2ee TABLE 80.—Measurements of several characters in four species of Muiloidichthys In percent of standard length Species Length of head Depth of body 26-27 | 28-29|30-31 |32-23) 34-35] 36-37) 18-19) 20-21) 22-23) 24-25} 26-27 | 28-29] 30-31| 32-33 SAIMOeNSIS! 22) eee ad 1 15] 2 4 1h) tes 9 3 9 Dae se ee 1 Vanicolensis22— 22.4 3-2 23 9 Dj fcsk | ee eee 2 11 ais see EE see ee eee DAU ger ea ae ee ele Bi Se a ee | ee ee ee 2 Lo Bere Se aes gurifiammsa = oan Bee eee 2 14 14 2 | ee eee 2 2, 1 11 6 De s=25 In percent of head length Species Length of barbel Interorbita! width SAINIOCTISIS! Soe nae eo: ae | |e cee 2 mek i Bianco ee 10] 138 4a see 1 VANICOIENSIS2 eee 2 16 Gxizeee hee alee ci Sarah eee eel ee See A 10 12 1 Pin eerie s oe we oe Pe ee eee a 1 2 eases ee | | 1) |e auriflamima: = ose eet eee eae ae 1 8 11 9 4 eneee | hae ae 1 FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER 39 TABLE 80.— Measurements of several characters in four species of Mulloidichthys— Continued In percent of head length Species Length of upper jaw Diameter of orbit 26-27 28-29130-31 32-33/34-35 36-37|38-29] 20-21 | 22-23 | 24-25) 26-27| 28-29|30-31/32-33 SAMOECNSIS2 2 Ja 4 220-- 2 eo 1 9 10 PS ieee eee 1 3 5 13 5 Dien Vvanicolensis2a-22-22-255—.4 1 10 LO ip =F | ae i ee 1 7 14 2 ese ee SEA CES er ae eee eee ee Wee 2 1 1 dee ee ae eee eres SUniamma ee oe ee ce eae oes 1 9} 15 5 1p fo e S 1 Seal 10 10 Species 30-33 34-37 38-41 42-45 46-49 50-53 54-57 58-61 Samoensis:© 3545) ee ee aa eee ee 8 8 19 5 1 1 VaEMiCOlORSISS s=-o 2-220 epee sen 15 ORE ee SER C he eae See aR ee a oe pilueeriea-- =e Aes eee RHE ees A etal ele on 2 Abe Nir a ie SSeS | or arcs aurifiammavsss-22-22-5— 20 1 3 16 10 5 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MULLOIDICHTHYS FROM OCEANIA la. Peritoneum dark, dark brown to black. 2a. Black spot on side of body below spinous dorsal fin sometimes present; black blotch or spot on inner side of operculum bordering pseudo- branchiae usually present; fins pale or transparent; total number of gill rakers range from 24 to 31, modally 28; snout long and moderately rounded, 38 to 58, eye small 21 to 30, barbel intermediate in length 55 to 72, all in percent of head length; head length 29 to 36 in percent of standard length; vertical line touching end of jaw clearly in front of MAreins.OF ONOMb Les 2 ah M. samoensis (Giinther) 2b. No black spot on body nor on inner side of operculum; fins pale to trans- parent; total number of gill rakers range from 29 to 35, modally 33; snout short and round, 33 to 48, eye large, 25 to 33, barbel long, 65 to 80, all in percent of head length; head 28 to 34 in percent of standard length; vertical line touching end of jaw nearly touches orbit. M. auriflamma (Forsk&l) 2c. No black spot on body nor on inner side of operculum; striations on soft dorsal and anal fins usually blackish, creating a net-like appearance; total number of gill rakers 27 to 30, modally 29; snout short and pointed, 35 to 39, eye 23 to 28, barbel short, 48 to 55, all in percent of head length; head short, 26 to 29 in percent of standard length. M. vanicolensis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 1b. Peritoneum light, transparent to silvery-white; body and fins with uniform coloration, lacking prominent pigmentation; total number of gill rakers 422142—60—-4 40 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 27 to 29; snout 43 to 46, eye 21 to 24, barbel 64 to 67, all in percent of head length; head length; 30 to 31 in percent of standard length; plate (oe, Ce emeeere eae ee ee M. pflugeri (Steindachner) MULLOIDICHTHYS SAMOENSIS (Giinther) PuaTE 78,A Mulloides samoensis GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 2 (Fische der Stidsee, pt. 3), p. 57, pl. 43, fig. B, 1873 (type locality, Apia, Samoa). Upeneus preorbitalis Smirn and Swatrn, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, p. 132, 1882 (type locality, Johnston Island; holotype USNM 29662 examined). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 29 stations, 188 specimens, 77 to 238 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 8 stations, 81 specimens, 74 to 222 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 11 stations, 171 specimens, 75 to 210 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 6 stations, 53 specimens, 80 to 190 mm. Guam: 7 lots, 18 specimens, 72 to 240 mm. In addition, 63 lots totaling 283 specimens were examined from the following localities: Red Sea, 2 lots, 3 specimens; East Indies and Philippines, 22 lots, 34 specimens; New Guinea, 1 specimen; Bonin Islands, 2 lots, 2 specimens; Fiji Islands, 1 specimen; Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 14 lots, 76 specimens; Society Islands, 4 lots, 19 specimens; Fanning Islands, 1 specimen; Johnston Island, 3 lots 23 specimens; Hawaiian Islands, 13 lots, 123 specimens, Description.—Counts and measurements were taken from 10 speci- mens, all from the Marshall and Marianas Islands unless indicated otherwise, ranging in length from 77 to 242 mm. (additional counts and measurements, including specimens from other localities, are con- tained in tables 80-82): Dorsal rays VIII-i,8; anal rays I,1,6; pectoral rays 16 or 17; vertical scale rows (67 specimens), 33 to 38; scale rows above lateral line 3, below lateral line 6 or 7, around caudal peduncle 16. Body depth 3.6 to 4.7 (23 specimens); head length 2.8 to 3.5 (44 specimens); length of caudal peduncle 4.1 to 4.3; length of longest pectoral ray 4.7 to 5.0; all in standard length. Eye, 3.3 to 4.5 (28 specimens); length of upper jaw, 2.7 to 3.6 (22 specimens); depth of 17 Mulloides pflugeri Steindachner, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 70, p. 485, pl. 3, fig. 4, 1901 (type lo- cality, Honolulu).—Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Bur. Fish, vol. 23 (1903), pt. 1, p. 251, 1905.—Jordan and Snyder, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., vol. 26 (1906), p. 214, 1907. Mulloides flammeus Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. 8S. Fish. Comm., vol. 22 (1992), p. 186, 1903 (type local- ity, Kailua).—Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm., vol. 23 (1903), pt. 1, p. 251, fig. 104, 1905. Our collections total 3 specimens, USNM 55516, Hawaii; USNM 151522, Honolulu; and USNM 188601, Awmboina, East Indies. The latter specimen is tentatively referred to this species. Although it agrees closely with the Hawaiian specimens in respect to counts, measurements and coloration, there is a possi- bility it may represent a distinct form. Several species in the family which appear to be similar in alcohol have characteristically different life colorations. M. pflugeri has been reported only from the Hawaiian Islands. FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER Al caudal peduncle 3.4 to 4.0; length of snout, 1.7 to 2.6 (42 specimens) ; interorbital width 3.0 to 4.3 (28 specimens); length of barbel 1.4 to 1.8 (40 specimens); all in length of head. Eye in snout 1.3 to 2.1. Interorbital width in eye 1.0 to 1.4. Gill rakers 7 to 9+1+16 to 21, total 24 to 31 (150 specimens); longest raker about 1.4 to 2.0 in longest filament; peritoneum black; second dorsal spine flexible near tip; barbels extend posterior of verti- cal through eye but rarely reaching preopercular margin. Color in alcohol—Head and body pale, darker above and usually light silvery below. Faint traces of a light median horizontal stripe from eye to base of caudal fin. A black spot or blotch on side of body below spiny dorsal fin sometimes present, often faint or obscure. Fins pale or transparent. A black blotch on inner side of operculum bordering pseudobranchiae usually present, sometimes faded. Color in life-—These color notes were taken from a kodachrome loaned by Dr. Strasburg, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu: The specimen was 5% inches in total length. Cheek, operculum and dorsal portion of head blackish; snout diffuse orange-red; remainder of head silvery; body light silvery below, becoming dark above; spinous dorsal, soft dorsal, and caudal fins dusky to orange; pectoral fins reddish orange; pelvic fins dusky to black near base, orange on outer portion; anal fin with black spot near base, remainder reddish orange; barbels light blue at base, remainder light orange; iris orange to silvery; pupil black. Range.—The extensive geographic range of M. samoensis parallels that of M. auriflamma, occurring from the Red Sea eastward through the East Indies, Philippines, and the islands of Oceania through the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks.—This species is very closely related to Mf. auriflamma with which it can be easily confused, especially the smaller specimens or those poorly preserved. The black blotch present only on the inner side of the operculum of samoensis is a good character to dis- tinguish between most specimens of the two species but it is sometimes faded. The black spot on the midside of the body is often completely faded. The diagnostic characters most useful in differentiating these species are the presence of these two spots in combinations with differ- ences in the number of gill rakers, length of barbel, size of eye, the length of snout. No significant differences were found in an analysis of populations from several localities throughout the Indo-Pacific on the basis of comparing color, meristic counts, and proportional measurements. 42 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 TaBLE 81.—Number of gill rakers in Mulloidichthys samoensis, by locality Upper arch! Lower arch ! Total Locality dil neat 7 8 9 | 16] 17] 18] 19 | 20 | 21 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30] 31 Red Stal ste areloe eee ee Sold e le Tea Meo es sole Oe fae, Bic cea LA 23 =2ee eee a ae | ee Basti Indilesit-c222s-ceseee Le ABs cer eae 1 G5 Cease | A ee ole oe 2a) oa eee ee Philippines:- 3.222252 3 | 18 PF Sea eet ALS eee el a ees 5 | 11 Sere se ade (eet New; Guinea <2. - 222 = se Sele See Dieses eee Gabe 2) ca ee a a See Mey aictee [lee Bonin=s 2222s. se ee |e 1 he eee aoe 1 U1)| psec ae | ee | ee 1 ee ees Marianas Islands_-_------- Sq ones eeee (eel 4! 3 te] 2 Poor Lay Ss 1 5 1 1 Py eee Marshall Islands_.--__-_-- 4] 15 5 Je eset 44) 16 2 aes ined 1 4/14 2 2) eae GS eee ae ee ease le a1 | rata | ee es | U8 | eee ce | | a | ee | TA eesa| es sal eeoe Phoenix and Samoan Is- Jandss) Fis eek 3 | 16 Beie===1. 55 6 | 12 Di free ees 2 4 7 6 4 Wot Society Islands_-___...---- 37 |e Salen sass ese De Salet oat | ee | eee | ee 25 \CoL ol Soa 1 Hanning Tslands. 2-22 4 ee Le See ae ees DA Oa] AS eee | ES ee Ee TSE ate gohnston Island #=.2- 222-2 Hy -13) | Se eeealy La POs SSS Bish eee ees Dy Lule dail we Seaheaten| eee Hawaiian Islands-...------ Qh | a0 | pees ace OE L251 OU, 2 6 | seen | Sees | aoee Sul Loy eee 1 1 Gill raker at the angle of the arch was included in the total count only. TABLE 82.—Change in length of snout with increase in body length in specimens of Mulloidichthys samoensis from 81 to 290 mm. in length Length of snout in percent of head length Standard length (mm.) 38-41 42-45 46-49 50-53 54-57 58-61 essithans100f22- es cee eee 8 5 Bul cees sees 2 eon ees ee | ee eee MOO-}4 Oe oo am ee ote cas eee Se eesee 3 4 Lae. 2 | See T5O=1 99 Ue oat 2 I ee eee FOS se 12 2. sete eee 1 200=200 she 2 2s 2h) Seas ee Ae Se | ee 4 Daa aed MULLOIDICHTHYS AURIFLAMMA (Forskal) PuatE 78,B Mullus auriflamma Forsk&u, Descriptiones animalium ... , p. 30, 1775 (type locality, Djedda, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 9 stations, 41 specimens, 89 to 225 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 specimen, 170 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 21 specimens, 93 to 117 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 3 specimens, 99 to 112 mm. Thirty lots totaling 93 specimens were examined from the following localities: East Indies Islands, 6 lots, 14 specimens; Philippines, 1 specimen; New Guinea, 1 specimen; Bonin Islands, 1 specimen; Phoenix and Samoan Islands, 14 lots, 67 specimens; Tuamotus, 1 specimen; Johnston Island, 2 lots, 2 specimens; Hawaiian Islands, 4 lots, 6 specimens. Description.—Counts and measurements were taken from 10 speci- mens, all from the Marshall Islands unless indicated otherwise, ranging in length from 89 to 225 mm. (additional counts and measure- FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER 43 ments including specimens from other localities are contained in tables 80 and 83): Dorsal rays VIII-i,8; anal rays I,i,6; pectoral rays 16 or 17 (15 specimens); vertical scale rows, 35 to 38 (30 specimens) ; scale rows above lateral line 3, below lateral line 7, around caudal peduncle 15 and 16. Body depth 3.3 to3.8 (23 specimens) ; head length 3.0 to 3.6 (32 speci- mens) ;length of caudal peduncle 4.3 to 4.6 ; length of longest pectoral ray 4.5 to 4.8; all in standard length. Eye 3.1 to 3.9 (385 specimens); length of upper jaw 2.6 to 3.3 (31 specimens) ; depth of caudal] peduncle 3.0 to 3.7; length of snout 2.1 to 2.8 (35 specimens); interorbital width, 3.4 to 4.0 (22 specimens); length of barbel 1.3 to 1.6 (83 speci- mens); all in length of head. Eye in snout 1.4 to 1.6. Interorbital width in eye 1.0 to 1.3. Gill rakers 7 to 10-++-1+20 to 25, total 29 to 35 (79 specimens); longest raker about 1.2 to 1.6 in longest filament; peritoneum deep black; second dorsal spine fairly flexible near tip; barbels extend to preopercular margin or slightly beyond. Color in alcohol.—Head and body pale, or light to slightly golden brown, often dusky dorsally. Head and body in some specimens with irregular dark blotches. Fins pale to transparent. Our specimens show no remains on the body of the median yellow horizontal stripe present in life. Range.—This species has an extensive geographic range. Originally described from the Red Sea, it has been found from the East African coast (Smith, Sea fishes of Southern Africa, p. 231, 1949) eastward through the East Indies, Philippines, Islands of Oceania, and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks.—The color and morphological characters of populations of this species in various geographic localities appear homogeneous. Taste 83.—Number of gill rakers in Mulloidichthys auriflamma, by locality Upper arch ! Lower arch 1! Total Locality ee SS ee a 718 19 | 10 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 Mast Mdiesssoe-o ees ceee eae SL Genas 2 OMe On aces =e ace TOA econ acon eae | ete IPHilippinestsss. ses ee alee eeee Ms ee DRA AE T8 ee Hs eee a eee i ee Se FIs ee New, Guinea oi... S. 2] oe SAE of eC I es Pe a oe oe OL a | all a AESOTIMPES LAT CLS sere aera eran | eee ea fae Hs | ees ae ce Ea ese | errs | ees eee [eee [bers 1 Marshall Islands-_-_------- TP SH QE, KMGK See Sess Balezouenre LEO) Peete ae: SAR Be. 5 Phoenix and Samoan | Wslandst 2222s ese eet a ass 4 8 1 1 2 6 | 2 Se Foak 1 2 2 4 2 Muamotuesland assess === | pee |= LG | es | ee | ee ee 15] DR Ree hae eel eee SEES eT 1 Johnnstonwsland=s =e) 22) se ee eee Ss a a te oe aN aa eS 2 Hawaiian Islands_...------|---- De a a ee Zales ee eee Qe | ode ly, ok 1 ee a rrnrannn TEETER EEEEREEEEEEREEIEEEREETEEEEERED 1 Gill’raker at the angle of the arch was included in the total count only. 44 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 MULLOIDICHTHYS VANICOLENSIS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Upeneus vanicolensis Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 521, 1831 (type locality, Vanicolo, Santa Cruz Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 8 stations, 26 specimens 77 to 96 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 53 specimens, 77 to 92 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 15 specimens, 79 to 93 mm. Description.—Counts and measurements were taken from 7 speci- mens all from the Marshall Islands, unless indicated otherwise, rang- ing in length from 84 to 95 mm. Dorsal rays VITI-i,8; anal rays I,1,6; pectoral rays 16 or 17; vertical scale rows 35 to 39 (21 speci- mens) ; scale rows above lateral line 3, below lateral line 6 or 7, around caudal peduncle 15 or 16. Body relatively elongate and slender, body depth 4.5 to 5.2; head length 3.5 to 3.9; length of caudal peduncle 3.5 to 3.9; length of longest pectoral ray 5.8 to 6.5; all in standard length. Eye, 3.5 to 4.2; length of upper jaw 3.4 to 3.7; depth of caudal peduncle 3.0 to 3.2; length of snout 2.6 to 3.0; interorbital width 3.6 to 3.9; length of barbel 1.8 to 2.1; all in length of head. Eye in snout 1.1 to 1.3; interorbital width in eye 1.0 to 1.2. Gill rakers 7 or 8+1+18 to 21, total 27 to 30 (25 specimens) ; longest raker about 1.7 to 2.0 in longest filament. Second dorsal spine flexible near tip; barbels short almost reach vertical through posterior margin of eye. Color in aleohol—Head and body dusky to dark brown above and silvery below, lacking any conspicuous color or color mark, some specimens more uniform light brown or tan; peritoneum black; fins transparent, caudal fin and to a lesser extent soft dorsal more con- spicuous in having dusky striations in most specimens. Color when alive —Schultz recalls that many of the above specimens, especially those collected at night, had a reddish brown coloration when taken from the water. None showed any evidence of stripes or spots as is found on samoensis or auriflamma. Range.—This species has been reported from the East Indies, the Philippines, and various islands of Oceania. The references are listed by Fowler (Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 234, 1928) and Herre and Montalban (Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 36, No. 1, p. 135, 1928). I suspect that more than one species was involved in these reports and one should be cautious in the application of these data. Remarks.—The following arguments were considered in the use of the name vanicolensis: 1. It seemed most logical to apply some available name in order that the specimens may be referred to and found by future workers, although I am not confident of the accuracy of this application. Of FAMILY MULLIDAE—LACHNER 45 the names available, the description of Upeneus vanicolensis Cuvier and Valenciennes best fits my specimens. The type locality is Vanicolo Island, Santa Cruz Islands, a locality not faunistically different from the Marshall Islands in respect to the Mullidae. Characters listed by subsequent authors for this species agree fairly closely with those of mine, although I have no positive assurance of this, since the material studied by them was often not listed nor was it available for examination. 2. It is conceivable that the material may represent the young or juvenile form of some well known species. All were of a juvenile size, 77 to 96 mm. in standard length. On the basis of the material collected, the species was most active at night, for 73 specimens were taken in 11 collections at night with the aid of lights and only 4 collections totaling 21 specimens were taken during the daylight hours when most of the collecting was done. Specimens of M. samoensis and M. auriflamma were taken with vanicolensis in the same net hauls. The greater number of gill rakers, larger eye, and longer barbels of auriflamma and the light peritoneum of pjflugeri eliminate any possibility of associating these species with my speci- mens of vanicolensis. On the basis of certain meristic counts and measurements, samoensis is the species most closely related (see table 80) to specimens of vanicolensis; however, my specimens have these pronounced differences from samoensis: Most specimens were reddish brown in life and in preservation the striations of the caudal fin are dusky, and no specimen had a dark spot or yellow stripe on the body as in samoensis; at com- parable sizes the body is slenderer, the snout more pointed, and the mouth more horizontal; certain morphological structures, such as the shorter head, wider interorbital, and shorter snout in vanicolensts, show differences that do not appear to be associated with young or with a transforming stage. The barbel is significantly shorter, although this difference might be associated with transformation, as the young may be pelagic and may not require the barbels as do the bottom-feeding adults. In several species of Parupeneus, the adults of which equal or exceed in total length that attained by any species of Mulloidichthys, the young have acquired the definitive adult characters at a much smaller size, 40 to 50 mm., than my specimens of vanicolensis. The absence of intermediate specimens lead me to drop the theory that my specimens represent an early stage. Life history studies are needed. 3. The last possibility is that these specimens represent a new species. In view of the fact that we do not have a clear understanding just what form Upeneus vanicolensis Cuvier and Valenciennes may 46 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 represent, and also that we know so very little of the life history, habits, and life coloration of most of the species of Mullidae (items quite important to the taxonomic understanding of the family), I hesitated to proceed with the viewpoint that these specimens are new. Family POMACENTRIDAE: Damselfishes By Loren P. Woops and Lreonarp P. Scuuttz No attempt was made to revise this large complicated family consist- ing of very numerous species, some of which are closely related, of small size, and generally difficult to identify. This latter is especially true if few species are available for comparison. The family is characterized by having II anal spines, X to XIV dorsal spines; teeth small, conical to compressed, mostly adapted to feeding on algae; a single nostril each side of snout. Since the pelvic rays normally are I,5 and branched caudal fin rays 7 or 8+6 or 7, usually 7+6, these are omitted in descriptions. KEY TO THE GENERA OF POMACENTRIDAE FROM THE NORTHERN MARSHALL AND MARIANAS ISLANDS la. Transverse scale rows more than 50; suborbital and preopercle margins serrate; opercle, subopercle, and interopercle with radiating striae and strong serrations; snout naked; teeth of jaws in single row; dorsal spines X, Tare ly Me to hae ea ede aS ed Amphiprion Bloch and Schneider 1b. Transverse scale rows less than 40; dorsal spines XII to XIV. 2a. Teeth of jaws conical, biserial, outer row larger, more widely spaced than teeth of inner row, which are often villiform, usually forming a. band near front of jaws; 2 or 3 short free spines at base of caudal fin above and below. 3a. Suborbital margin, preopercle, and subopercle serrate; body ovate, its greatest depth 1.40 to 1.55 in standard length; angle of upper profile with lengthwise axis of body 60 to 80 degrees___-_Dascyllus Cuvier 3b. Suborbital margin entire when free, usually poorly defined and sometimes not evident; subopercle entire, preopercle entire, or crenulate, some- times finely serrate; body elliptical, its greatest depth 1.70 to 2.0; angle of anterior upper profile with lengthwide axis of body 40 to 50 CLE PTOCS re aoe Rated ep 2 fa ome aire nape gee een ae Meee CUS Ena) Chromis Cuvier 2b. Teeth of jaws not conical but compressed at tips, incisiform (at least at front of jaws) or long and slender with tips pointed or rounded, in one or two rows but second row close against outer and not forming a band; base of caudal without any free spines. 4a. Preopercular margin serrate; suborbital serrate or entire. Pomacentrus Lacepéde 4b. Preopercular margin entire, suborbital margin always entire. | Abudefduf Forsk&l Genus AMPHIPRION Bloch and Schneider Amphiprion BLocu and ScHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae. . . , p. 200, 1801 (type species, Lutjanus ephippium Bloch).—Schultz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, pp. 187-201, pls. 9 and 10, 1953. 47 48 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Prochilus (on Klein, 1775) BuerKer, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maatsch., No. 6, ser. 3, vol. 2, p. 20, 1877 (type species, Lutjanus ephippium Bloch). Actinicola Fow.er, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 533, 1904 (type species, Lutjanus percula Lacepéde). Phalerebus WuittEY, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 9, pt. 3, p. 216, 1929 (type species, Prochilus akallopisos Bleeker). Paramphiprion Wane, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, vol. 15, zool. ser., No. 6, p. 89, 1941 (type species, Paramphiprion hainanensis Wang = A. polymnus (Linnaeus)). Descriptions and analyses of species referable to the genus Amphi- prion have been based on so few specimens, usually only one or two, that the problem of variability or constancy of the color pattern has been neglected. For most of the few hundred species, among more than 50 families studied in detail by Leonard P. Schultz, the basic color pattern has been observed to be fairly constant. It is of utmost importance in recognizing species, especially in the genus Amphiprion. Weber and de Beaufort (Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 8, pp. 330-348, 1940) recognized 8 species, whereas we have dis- tinguished 15 species in the tropical Indo-Pacific, and there may be others recognizable when larger series are compared and additional characters studied. During December 1953 Schultz had the good fortune to be able to study specimens of Amphiprion in the British Museum. As the result of these studies certain nomenclatorial changes are necessary in regard to his (1953) revision of this genus. Especially important was the discovery that his new A. mauritiensis is a synonym of A. fusciventer Bennett. Fin ray counts were made on various species, including those ex- amined by Schultz in the British Museum, are recorded in table 84. Except for original descriptions no attempt was made to include ail references to species referable to the genus Amphiprion. Whenever figures of species were found it has been possible to include these species in the synonymy, but most species descriptions are not in sui- ficient detail for them to be assigned without an examination of the specimen on which the records were based. The members of this genus normally live a commensal life in sea anemone. In the revision by Schultz (1953) of Amphiprion, A. letezonatus Waite (pl. 79,A) was omitted. This valid species has been added to the following key after Schultz (1953, p. 189) modified in sections 6a and 6b. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AMPHIPRION la. A white band (sometimes indistinct) along middorsal line from snout to dorsal origin or beyond along base of dorsal fin; total pectoral rays 17 to FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 49 19; next to last dorsal spine about 1.3 to 1.5 in longest dorsal spine; no notable emargination in dorsal fin; scales on dorsal surface of head extend forward to a line between front of orbits. 2a. No vertical pale bars; dorsal rays about X,18 or 19; anal about II,12 or 13; DECLORAL Tl OTA) ery aes eae ee ee ee A. akallopisos"® Bleeker 2b. A single vertical pale bar about 2 scales wide from nape to subopercle; dorsal rays about X,16; anal about II,12 or 13; pectoral 17. A. perideraion Bleeker 1b. No white band along middorsal line. 3a. Caudal fin with pale or dusky roundish center posteriorly edged with black; outer edges of caudal fin white; second pale or white bar from rear of spiny dorsal fin to anus with a triangular anterior projection under depressed pectoral fin; tips of pelvics black; a broad white color bar on head and on caudal peduncle always present. Dorsal fin deeply indented at rear of spiny part, next to last dorsal spine contained three times in longest dorsal spine; scales on dorsal surface of head do not extend forward of nape; plate 81,D. A. percula ” (Lacepéde) 3b. Color not as in A. percula. 4a. Central part of caudal fin black; outer edges of caudal fin broadly or narrowly edged with white; second pale bar, if present, without any projection anteriorly; pale bar on head present; next to last dorsal spine contained 1.2 to 2.0 times in longest dorsal spine; no notable emargination in dorsal fin. 5a. Second pale bar represented dorsally on body by an ovate white area that continues anterodistally on soft dorsal fin; this white area does not extend below midlengthwise axis of body and never to anus; first pale bar 10 to 12 scales wide; anal fin black, except distally edged with white; spiny dorsal black; pelvics black; pectoral pale, except basally it is blackish; next to last dorsal spine contained about 1.2 to 1.5 in longest dorsal spine; 18 4mphiprion akallopisos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 4, p. 281, 1853 (type locality, Sumatra, type examined BM1862.2.28.68).—Schultz, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, pp. 190-191, pl. 9,A, 1953. Prochilus akallopisus Bleeker, Atlas ichthyologique . . ., pl. 400, fig. 1, 1878. 19 Lutjanus percula Lacepéde, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, pp. 194, 239, 240, 1802 (type locality, New Britain). Amphiprion tunicatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 399, pl. 182, fig. 2, 1830 (type locality, Vanicolo).—Lesson, Voyage . . . la Coguwille . . . , zoologie, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 192, pl. 25, fig. 3, 1830 (Port Praslin, New Ireland; Doreh, New Guinea). Prochilus percula Bleeker, Atlas ichthyologique . .. , vol. 9, pl. 400, fig. 2, 1878. Anthias polymna var. (non Linnaeus) Bloch, Naturgeschichte der ausliindischen Fische, vol. 6, p. 103, pl. 316, fig. 3, 1792. Amphiprion percula Giinther, Journ. Mus. Godeftroy, vol. 15 (Fische der Stidsee, pt.7), pl. 124, fig. A, 1881 (Samoan Islands).—Day, Fishes of India, vol. 2, p. 379, pl. 80, fig. 4, 1878 (Andamans).—Montalban, Bur. Sci. Manila Monog. 24, p. 14, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1928 (Philippine Islands).—Schultz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 108, p. 191, pl. 9,C, 1953. Actinicola percula Aoyagi, Coral fishes, Tokyo, pl. 37, fig. 2, 1943 (Kakure-Kumanomi); Biogeographica, Trans. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan, vol. 4, No. 1, p. 175, pl. 9, fig. 2, 1941 (Japan). Amphiprion bicolor Castelnau, Proc. Zool. Acclim. Soe. Victoria, p. 92, 1873 (Port Darwin). Actinicola bicolor (Castelnau) Whitley, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 9, pt. 3, p. 215, pl. 27, fig. 2, 1929 (Port Darwin). 50 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 no notable emargination in dorsal fin; scales on dorsal surface of head extend forward to a line between rear of orbits. A. laticlavius 2° Cuvier and Valenciennes 5b. Second pale bar continuous from dorasl part of body to region of anus. 6a. (see also 6b and 6c) Second pale bar very broad about 16 to 18 scales wide at level of lateral line (its width there greater than width of second black bar at level of lateral line) from whence it continues ventrally becoming much broader, including the region from just behind the pelvic bases to the beginning of the last third of the base of anal fin; white bar across caudal peduncle present; basal 34 of caudal fin blackish, distal }4 whitish. A. latezonatus 2! Waite 6b. Second pale color bar broad, about 7 to 14 scales wide at level of lateral line (its width there contained about 2 times in width of second black bar at level of lateral line) from whence it continues posterodorsally on soft dorsal fin, also ventrally it is about same width as at lateral line; pelvies dusky to blackish; spiny dorsal blackish; anal blackish at least basally; scales on dorsal surface of head extend forward to a line between rear of orbits. 7a. Caudal peduncle with broad white bar; pectoral fin pale distally, basally dusky_-_-_---- A. chrysogaster Cuvier and Valenciennes 7b. Caudal peduncle black; no white bar; black coloration of posterior part of body continuous on central part of caudal fin; pectoral finiduskyseou0 oe fee oe Sees A. polymnus ” (Linnaeus) 6c. Second pale bar narrow, about 2 to 6 scales wide at level of lateral line, its width there contained 5 or more times in width of second black bar at level of lateral line; caudal fin black, narrowly edged with white; anal fin pale to blackish; scales on dorsal surface of head extend forward to over rear half of pupil; pelvics and pec- torals pale; soft dorsal black, edged with white. 8a. Second and third (peduncular) white bars about 2 or 3 scales wide, their width at level of lateral line contained 7 to 10 times in width of third black bar at level of lateral line; second white bar not extending to distal edge of dorsal fin, ending on basal half of last dorsal spine; posterodorsal part of body blackish; anterior and ventral parts of body pale; spiny dorsal light dusky. A. tricinctus Schultz and Welander 20 Amphiprion laticlavius Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 394, pl. 132, fig. 1, 1830 (type locality, New Guinea).—Schultz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, p. 193, pl. 9,D, 1953. Amphiprion bifasciatus (non Bloch) Montalban, Bur. Sci. Manila Monog. 24, p. 15, pl. 3, fig. 1, 1928 (Philip- pine Islands). Amphiprion bifasciatus annamensis Chevy, Travaux Inst. Oceanogr. Indochine, Mem, 4, pt. 1, Poissons, p. 99, pl. 39, 1932 (type locality, Sud-Annam). Prochilus bifasciatus (non Bloch) Bleeker, Atlas ichthyologique . . . , pl. 400, fig. 4, 1878. Amphiprion polymnus (non Linnaeus) Aoyagi, Coral fishes, Tokyo, pl. 36, fig. 2, 1943 (Toaki-Kumanomi); Biogeographica, Trans. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan, vol. 4, No. 1, p. 178, pl. 12, fig. 4, 1941 (Japan). Amphiprion unimaculatus (non Meuschen) Okada and Ikeda, Biogeographica, Trans. Biogeogr. Soe. Japan, vol. 3, No. 2, p. 202, fig. 28, 1939 (Itoman, Okinawa). The following specimens were examined in the British Museum: BM1860.3.14.884, 2 specimens from India; BM1933.3.11.426 or 427, 1 specimen from the Philippines. 21 Amphiprion latezonatus Waite, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 3, No. 7, p. 201, pl. 34, 1900 (type locality, Lord Howe Island). 22 Perca polymna Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 291, 1758 (type locality, ‘‘Indees’’). Anthias bifasciatus Bloch, Naturgeschichte auslindischen Fische, vol. 6, p. 103, pl. 316, fig. 2, 1792. FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 51 8b. Second and third (peduncular) white bars 4 to 6 scales wide, their widths at level of lateral line contained from 4 to 6.5 times in width of third black bar at level of lateral line; second white bar extends into distal half of dorsal but not quite to the edge of that fin; dorsal and posterior half of body blackish; antero- ventral part of body pale; spiny dorsal dusky to blackish; plate OAT RRR OIE eRe) 2 CARNE TE ee ane eee A. fusciventer # Bennett 4b. Caudal fin plain pale or plain dusky, no black central blotch edged with white posteriorly; first pale bar on head present. 9a. Second pale bar broad, about 7 to 13 scales wide at level of lateral line, and continuing to distal edge of spiny dorsal fin, thence posteriorly along distal edge of soft dorsal; caudal fin pale; caudal peduncle black, without the third pale bar, at least on adults; spiny dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins black; pectoral fin pale; next to last dorsal spine contained about 1.5 in longest dorsal spine; scales on dorsal surface of head extend forward to a line between rear of orbits. A. sebae Bleeker 9b. Second pale bar, if present, not continuing to distal edge of dorsal fin; next to last dorsal spine contained 0.8 to 1.2 in longest dorsal spine; scales on dorsal surface of head extend forward to lines between rear edge of orbits to center of pupil. 10a. First two pale bars typically present on adults. lla. First two pale bars broad, each about 5 to 7 scales wide at level of lateral line; third (peduncular) pale bar represented by a white bar, posteriorly edged with darkish, or the dark body color on anterior part of caudal peduncle may end abruptly, the white continuing on caudal fin; spiny dorsal black, dusky, or pale; soft dorsal and anal fins pale to black; pelvics pale to black, sometimes edged with black anteriorly; pectoral pale; next to last dorsal spine about 1.2 in longest Prochilus bifasciatus Bleeker, Atlas ichthyologique . . ., vol. 9, pl. 400, fig. 5, 1878. ? Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 399, 1830 (type locality, Sumatra). ? Amphiprion melanurus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 400, 1830 (type locality, Sumatra). Lutjanus jourdin Lacepéde, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, p. 191, 235, 1802 (type locality ,Amboina). Coracinus seu Sciaena wnimaculata Meuschen, Index Zoophyl. Gronow, Pisces, No. 227, 1781 (based on Gronow 1763). Coracinus vittatus Gray, Catalogue of Fish collected and described by L. T. Gronow, p. 57, 1854 (on Gronow No. 227). Amphiprion intermedius Schlegel and Muller, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Overz. Bezitt. Zool., p. 18, 1839-1841 (ref. copied). Paramphiprion hainanensis Wang, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soe. China, zool. ser., vol. 15, No. 6, p. 89, 1941 (type locality, Hainan Island, China). Amphiprion polymnus Schultz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, p. 194, pl. 9,J, 1953. Amphiprion polymnus (Linnaeus) has been confused almost since the day it wasnamed. Weber and de Beaufort (Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 8, p. 344, 1940) discuss the confusion between polymnus and bicinctus, the former name having been used for the species currently called bicinctus. The follow- ing were examined in the British Museum: BM1852.4.21.144-144, from Amboina; 1871.7.20.121 from Manado. 23 Amphiprion fusciventer Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 1, p. 165, 1831 (type locality, Mauritius; holotype BM1856.2.15.10). Amphiprion mauritiensis Schultz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, p. 196, pl. 9,1, 1953 (type locality, Mauri- tius). 52 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 dorsal spine___--_- A. xanthurus * Cuvier and Valenciennes 11b. First two pale bars narrow, second usually narrower than first, the latter 3 to 4.5 scales wide and the first 3 to 6 scales wide at level of lateral line; caudal peduncle blackish, without third pale bar on adults, sometimes pale bar is present on young; dark color of caudal peduncle gradually fading into pale color of caudal fin; spiny dorsal pale to dusky, soft dorsal pale; anal fin pale; pectoral pale; pelvics pale, except anterior edge black; second from last dorsal spine contained from 1.0 to 1.2 times in longest dorsal spine. A. bicinctus Riippell 10b. First pale bar usually present on head, about 4 to 6 scales wide at level of lateral line; second pale bar lacking, except sometimes on small young specimens. 12a. Anal fin pale or partly pale; pelvics with some pale area. 13a. Anal fin pale, except distally edged with fine black line; pelvics pale, except anterior edge black; breast pale; dorsal spines X, soft dorsal rays usually 17; plate 80,A,C. A. ephippium ” (Bloch) 13b. Anal fin pale or distally pale with basal half (or less) dusky to blackish; pelvies pale distally and blackish ventrally, or inner rays pale and outer rays broadly blackish, except distal tips, which are pale; dorsal spines IX or X (more often IX than X), soft dorsal rays usually 17 or 18. A. frenatus 2° Brevoort 12b. Anal and pelvic fins black, no pale areas anywhere; dorsal spines X, soft dorsal rays usually 17. A. melanopus Bleeker #4 Amphiprion ranthurus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 402, 1830 (type locality, Ile de France).—Schultz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, p. 198, pl. 9,G, 1953. Amphiprion clarckii Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 9, p. 504, 1833 (amended spelling on Bennett). Anthias clarkii Bennett, Fishes found upon the Coast of Ceylon. Ed. 2, p. 29, pl. 29, 1834 (type locality Ceylon). Sparus milii Bory de St. Vincent, Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle, vol. 17, p. 130, pl. 113, fig. 2, 1831 (type locality, China Sea). Prochilus polymnus (non Linnaeus) Bleeker, Atlas ichthyologique . . ., vol. 9, pl. 400, figs. 7, 8, 1878. Anthias polymna (non Linnaeus) Bloch, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, vol. 9, p. 89, pl. 316, fig. 1, 1792. Amphiprion bicinctus (non Riippell) Aoyagi, Coral fishes, Tokyo, pl. 37, fig. 1, 1943 (Kumanomi); Biogeog- raphica, Trans. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan, vol. 4, No. 1, p. 169, pl. 9, fig. 1, 1941 (Japan). Amphiprion polymnus (non Linnaeus) Okada and Ikeda, Biogeographica, Trans. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan, vol. 3, No. 2, p. 204, fig. 30, 1939 (Riu Kiu Islands).—Montalban, Bur. Sci. Manila Monog. 24, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1928 (Philippine Islands). Amphiprion chrysopterus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 401, 1830 (no locality given). Amphiprion japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Pisces, p. 66, 1843 (type locality, Japan). Amphiprion chrysargyrus Richardson, Rep. Fifteenth Meet. British Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 15, p. 254, 1846 (type locality, Seas of China and Japan). Amphiprion boholensis Cartier, Verh. Phys.-Med. Ges. Wiirzburg, new ser., vol. 5, p. 96, 1874 (type locality, Bohol). Amphiprion melanostolus Richardson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 390, 1842 (type locality, Depuch Island). Amphiprion snyderi Ishikawa, Proc. Nat. Hist. Dep. Tokyo Imp. Mus., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 11, pl. 5, 1904 (type locality, Bonin Island). FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—-WOODS AND SCHULTZ 53 TaBLe 84.—Fin ray counts recorded for certain species of Amphiprion Dorsal Anal Pectoral (total rays) IX| X | XI| 14] 15 | 16} 17 | 18 | 19 | 2 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17] 18 | 19 | 20} 21 ephippium north Australia, near (DarwiWes-se 52s |e LOI eeos eel tO Omens eee koalas death nO commas ence Sr LOM eM | eee melanopus Marshall Is- } yao pe eee eS TOME eecst wy eee S: eee ete (<3)p| sees WS His eu oe] (a pe Gi biuleses Samoan, and Paumoto Is- jandssOur- . 5832/2 22 Ay ies Se ee Aires EL Sree sk 2 3) eRe [Ese Splaly [ea eelee LOLClOpiUes > eee 3 | Pe fs A | es |e ese 4 1 2 ABP ec seein 1 4 Bhi fonsn| US frenatus hilippine Is- Wandss se eene eS Zon elO| aes | eens | eee 2h Oe 2 eG ees TG ence ees |e Sahezenlheei|oses Okinawa, and Japanieeeees a2 2h oes ee Es eee seers 1 Te EL es | 2h ee ea ee | ees | | 1 Sole eS ROMO DISOSsea eee = A Aes Ee a eee oles 3 i 4 1 yy) rN Bee te 2) 2 Tee MEridendiOnss 2-2 |= = Ohi] ea pe hy tg eRe te | kn || Cis ea ee a Ges esl | yd fever Pe chrysogaster__-_----|---- Gulinen || eed Dye Db eG: irri [oak Bp. 7 eee see Lee Onl aS Bicimetis a2 Sea Saris | Bees a EA earch [tates | oeesees | en eer Na Oe erin eae Se 1 Mains SAUSCIDETILET wee at tee |e LON heeds 9 Se | ee TN fe ee cx RE, [Es RR LL TAS) potas SAS eS i S| eee 12 GRICTTUCLULS = 32 Soe ee he | es S| ee | See My eee | Se 8) USS Ee ee Bo | eee sees eS LOLEZONOIMIG tooe 2 eee ee 2 eee lee OL ek a ee 2 1 1 eo eo | eee ee CUS ees | eae 2h eee TOTEUT Sos eee |e ALD) eases | aE Sui] Ale Paes | ee. 12/2 Bale DM|| WAR Ses | See Cee eam Mercula: se Ae! ees |Eees Upon eeee Aalto: tooo eer lene alee Olek pa Se - Tig| me Se EAE (EE cea CURE a eee Dil Pes aE 1 A) abe 2) aee 1 Pt ates | Eker ee 2s eee 2 1 Counts recorded by Waite and from a specimen in British Museum, 25 Lutjanus ephippium Bloch, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen fische, vol. 4, p. 121, 1790 (ref. not seen); Ichthyologie, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 7, p. 98, pl. 250, fig. 2, 1792 (East Indies). Amphiprion ephippium Day, Fishes of India, vol. 2, p. 378, pl. 80, fig. 1, 1878.—Schultz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, pp. 199-200, pl. 10,B,C, 1953. Amphiprion monofasciatus Thiolliére, in Montrouzier, Essai sur la faune de 1’Ile de Woodlark ou Moiou, Ann. Sci. Physic. Nat. Agri. Indust., vol. 8, p. 476, 1856 (type locality, Woodlark Island). Amphiprion tricolor Giinther, Catalogue of the fisbes in the British Museum, vol. 4, p. 8, 1862 (type locality, Port Essington, South Australia; types examined, BM1844.1.13, BM1847.7.21.56, 1855.9.19.564-7). Amphiprion rippelli Castelnau, Proc. Zool. Acclim. Soc. Victoria, vol. 2, p. 91, 1873 (type locality, Port Darwin). Amphiprion frenatus (non Brevoort) Day, Fishes of India, vol. 2, p. 378, pl. 80, fig. 2, 1878. Prochilus ephippium Bleeker, Atlas ichthyologique .. . , vol. 9, pl. 401, figs. 1, 9, 1878. Amphiprion rubrocinctus Richardson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, p. 391, 1842 (type locality, Depuch Is- land [probably young]). 28 Amphiprion frenatus Brevoort, Notes on some figures of Japanese fish, in U. S. Japan Exped. Nat. Hist., Washington, p. 263, pl. 6, fig. 4, 1856 (type locality, Lew Chew [Okinawa]).—Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 24, p. 597, 1902.— Montalban, Bur. Sci. Manila Monog. 24, p. 12, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1927 (Philippine Islands).—Aoyagi, Biogeographica, Trans. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan, vol. 4, No. 1, p. 167, 1941 (Japan).—Okada and Ikeda, Biogeographica, Trans. Biogeogr. Soe. Japan, vol. 3, No. 2, p. 203, fig. 29, 1939 (Riu Kiu Islands).—Schultz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, p. 201, pl. 10,D, 1953. Prochilus polylepis Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 11, p. 185, 1877; Atlas ichthyologique ..., vol. 9, pl. 401, fig. 6, 1878. Amphiprion polymnus (non Linnaeus) Montalban, Bur. Sci. Manila Monog. 24, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1928 (Philippines). 54 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 AMPHIPRION PERIDERAION Bleeker PuaTE 79,B Amphiprion perideraion BuerKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 9, p. 437, 1855 (type locality, Obi Major).—Monvra.pan, Bur. Sci. Manila Monogr. 24, p. 16, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1928 (Philippine Islands).—ScuutrTz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, p. 191, pl. 9,B, 1953. Prochilus perideraion BLEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique . . ., pl. 400, fig. 1, 1878. 2?Amphiprion rosenbergi BureKnr, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 6, p. 16, 1859 (type locality, New Guinea); Atlas ichthyologique . . ., vol. 9, pl. 402, fig. 2, 1877. Amphiprion nigripes Recan, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, zool., vol. 12, p. 230, pl. 24, fig. 2, 1908 (type locality, Maldives, BM 1908.3.23.101, holotype examined). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 39.5 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 23 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays X,15 or 16; anal II,13; pectorals ii,15; scale rows 50, with 5 or 6 rows between lateral line and base of dorsal, 19 between origin of anal and lateral line; perforated scales in lateral line 35. Depth of body 2.14; length of head 3.3; both in standard length. Snout 3.43; eye 3.25; preorbital width 7.5; length of upper jaw 2.8; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.8; interorbital width 3.25; depth of caudal peduncle 1.88; length of pectoral fin 1.29; length of pelvic fin 1.41; length of 3rd dorsal spine 2.61; length of middle caudal rays 1.02; all in length of head (tip of snout to tip of longest opercular spine). Angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 61 degrees; snout profile convex. Body oblong, preorbitals and suborbitals with strong spines, pre- opercle serrate, spines far apart; opercle and subopercle with strong radiating spines. Anterior spines of dorsal distinctly longer than posterior, so dorsal appears notched, soft dorsal and anal low, rounded, caudal rounded. Color in alcohol.—Head and back light yellowish brown or reddish brown; sides and belly dirty grayish; a vertical chalky white line, narrower than eye but broader than pupil, extending from temporal region across anterior part of opercle, ending at lower margin of subopercle; a dark reddish brown median line from interorbital area to origin of spiny dorsal; all fins pale yellowish. Remarks.—This species has been reported from the East Indies, Philippine Islands, and Palau Islands but not previously from Micro- nesia. It is best recognized by the narrow white band on the mid- dorsal line of head, beginning between front of eye and extending to dorsal origin, along with a narrow white vertical bar on rear of head behind eye. Four specimens were studied: USNM 141032, 141033 FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—-WOODS AND SCHULTZ 55 and 147129 from the Marshall Islands and Borneo, and MCZ 33409 from Amboina. Schultz examined the type of A. nigripes in the British Museum and found the pectoral fin to have 19 rays, which number is 2 more than for western Pacific specimens of perideraion. Thus A. nigripes may be a valid species close to A. perideraion. The type has faded so that now it is light brown with an indistinct pale streak along base of dorsal fin, a broad pale band along midside, and probably one below, from lower edge of pectoral base to ventral edge of caudal peduncle. A series of specimens with distinct color patterns is needed to work out the relationship of these two forms. AMPHIPRION CHRYSOGASTER Cuvier and Valenciennes PLATE 81,C Amphiprion chrysogaster CuvieER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 400, 1830 (type locality, Ile de France).—Lrsson, Voyage ... 1a Coquille . . ., zoologie, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 191, pl. 28, fig. 3, 1830 (Ile de France).—Scuvuutz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, p. 193, pl. 9,E, 1953. Amphiprion percula (non Lacepéde), Okapa and IkEpa, Biogeographica, Trans. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan, vol. 3, No. 2, p. 200, pl. 6, fig. 1, 1939 (Riu Kiu Islands). Amphiprion trifasciatus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 595, 1830 (type locality, Moluccas). Prochilus bifasciatus (non Bloch) BurEKer, Atlas ichthyologique .. ., vol. 9, pl. 400, fig. 6, 1878. SPECIMENS STUDIED Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 21.7 mm. in standard length. Description.—Dorsal rays X,16; anal 11,14; pectorals 11,18; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of middle caudal rays 49, with 5 rows between lateral line and base of dorsal, 19 between lateral line and origin of anal. Depth of body 2.0; length of head 3.0; both in standard length. Snout 4.24; eye 2.25; preorbital width 12.0; length of upper jaw 2.76; postorbital part of head 2.76; interorbital width 3.3; depth of caudal peduncle 2.05; length of pectoral fin 1.0; length of pelvics 0.76, length of third dorsal spine 1.8; length of middle caudal rays 0.9; all in length of head (tip of snout to tip of longest opercular spine). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.6; angle of snout profile with length- wise axis of body 45 degrees; snout profile convex. Body oblong, suborbital entire, preopercle serrate on lower half of posterior margin, opercle with two diverging groups of spines, subo- percle and posterior part of interopercle with spines; spiny dorsal fin with 9th spine shortest, so fin is deeply notched though spiny dorsal is connected with soft dorsal; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal rounded; pelvics long, one reaching to and one past origin of anal (perhaps a juvenile characteristic). 42214260 —_5 56 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Color in alcohol.—Snout and chin pale yellowish white, body pale grayish brown; head and body with three black-bordered white transverse bars as wide as or wider than diameter of eye, first on pos- terior part of head running from nape across opercles just behind eye, second from the 9th dorsal spine and third soft dorsal ray to anus and origin of anal fin, and third, black-bordered on its anterior margin only, across the posterior % of caudal peduncle; second bar straight on its anterior margin, without forward projecting loop or point; spiny dorsal dusky brown except for last 2 spines, which are white; soft dorsal white on first 2 or 3 rays, rest of fin dusky brown; caudal fin white basally and distally, also on outer rays, rest of fin dusky brown; anal dusky blackish; one of pelvic fins pale, the other faintly dusky on tip; pectoral pale. Remarks.—This species, with three broad white bars, has the cen- tral part of the caudal fin black and the outer edges white; the second white bar is continuous on the distal part of the soft dorsal fin. We have examined (in USNM) 1 specimen each in lots from Mauri- tius (USNM 61690), the Marshall Islands (USNM 141034), and the Philippines (USNM 147127); (in MCZ) 3 specimens from Zanzibar, Africa, and also 1 from Apiang, Kingsmill Island (Marshalls), col- lected by Andrew Garrett; and (in BM), bearing the name A. inter- medius, 1 specimen each from the following numbers: BM 1852.11.4. 12, Molluccas; BM 1938.12.6.12, Mombassa; and BM 1862.2.25.1.9, from Dr. Bleeker’s collection. AMPHIPRION TRICINCTUS Schultz and Welander PuaTE 79,E Amphiprion tricinctus Scnuttz and WELANDER in Schultz, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, p. 195-196, pl. 9,H, 1953 (type locality, Bikini Atoll). Amphiprion ephippium (non Bloch) var. chrysopierus (non Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Ginruer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 15 (Fische der Sudsee, pt. 7), pp. 224-225, pl. 122, fig. C, 1881 (Kingsmill Island). SPECIMENS STUDIED Holotype USNM 152929, Bikini Atoll, Amen Island, lagoon, August 21, 1947, Univ. Washington, Staff of Applied Fisheries Laboratory, standard length 75 mm. Description —Dorsal fin rays X,17; anal IJ,14; pectoral i1,17,i— ii,16,ii; vertical scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin 54, with 5 scales between lateral line and base of first soft dorsal ray, 20 between lateral line and anal origin; 36 pores in lateral line; predorsal scales 19 or 20; gill rakers 5--1+13. Detailed measurements were made on the holotype and these data are expressed in thousandths of the standard length, 75 mm.: Greatest depth 560; length of head 272; snout 99; eye 95; preorbital width 35; FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 57 length from snout tip to rear edge of maxillary 101; postorbital length of head 147; interorbital width 100; depth of caudal peduncle 160; length of caudal peduncle from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin 192; length of longest ray of pectoral 287, pelvic 313, upper caudal fin 307, lower lobe of caudal fin 300, spiny dorsal 160; length of next to last dorsal spine 160; width of white part of first pale bar, at level of lateral line, 73, of second 40, of last, or peduncular, 20. Depth of body 1.7; head 3.4; both in standard length. Snout 3.2; eye 3.1; preorbital width 8.0; upper jaw 2.8; postorbital part of head 2.0; interorbital width 3.0; depth of caudal peduncle 1.8. Length of pectoral fin 1.0; pelvic 0.9; second dorsal spine 23; upper caudal rays 0.9 to 1.0; all in length of head. Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.2. Angle of upper profile of head with lengthwise axis of body about 50 degrees; profile of head convex. Teeth in both jaws in a single row, nearly conical, a little compressed forward, pointed; interorbital space scaled forward to a line connect- ing between middle of pupils; 4 or 5 rows of scales on cheeks; gill cover with a few scales; scales occur part way out on all median fins; preorbital with 3 spines, and suborbital with 10 to 12 smaller spines. Color in alcohol.—Background coloration of body from about fifth dorsal spine posteriorly and dorsally to midlengthwise axis of body blackish, the anteroventral part of body pale light brown, becoming paler ventrally; spiny dorsal dark brown, soft dorsal black, caudal fin black, except edged with white posteriorly; pectoral and pelvic fins pale or very light tan, anal pale or light tan and distally edged with a black line; first white bar from a little in front of dorsal origin just behind eye, ending on lower edge of subopercle; second white bar begins on last dorsal spine and base of first soft ray in lower third of fin, thence extends ventrally, meeting its fellow in narrow space between anal origin and anus; third white bar, about half width of second, or narrower than width of pupil, crosses caudal peduncle just in front of caudal fin base. Remarks.—This species may be recognized by the narrowness of the three white bars, especially the second and third, the black caudal fin narrowly edged with white posteriorly. Named tricinctus in reference to the three white bars. AMPHIPRION SEBAE Bleeker PLATE 81,B Amphiprion sebae BieEKER, Nat. Tijdsch. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 4, p. 478, 1853; (type locality, Batavia); Atlas ichthyologique . . ., vol. 9, pl. 400, fig. 9, 1878.—Day, Fishes of India, vol. 2, p. 378, pl. 80, fig. 3, 1878 (Andamans).— Oxapa and IKepa, Biogeographica, Trans. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan, vol. 3, No. 2, p. 200, fig. 27, 1939 (Isigaki and Irimote Islands).—Scuuutz, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. 103, p. 197, pl. 9, F, 1953. 58 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Amphiprion papuensis MAacuBAyY, Proc. Linnean See. New South Wales, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 271, 1883 (type locality, New Guinea).—Wu1tLEy, Mem. Queens- land Mus., vol. 9, pt. 3, p. 210, pl. 27, fig. 1, 1929 (on holotype). SPECIMENS STUDIED Arno Atoll: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 16 mm. in standard length. Description.—See table 84 for fin ray counts. Color in alcohol_—This species is close to A. zanthurus but differs in having the second white bar continue to the distal edge of the dorsal fin, whereas in A. zanthurus the second white bar is interrupted by a blackish or brownish distal edge on the dorsal fin. Remarks. As a result of his study of additional specimens of Amphiprion, and his study of the figure of A. papuensis by Whitley (1929), Schultz removes that species from the synonymy of A. bicinctus and now places it as a synonym of A. sebae. In addition to those listed in his review the following were examined in the British Museum: BM 1844.2.21.54, Sumatra; BM 1887.11.11.265, Muscat, Arabia; BM 1888.11.6.34-35, East Coast of Madras; BM 1901.12.31.80, Maldives. AMPHIPRION BICINCTUS Riippell PiatTE 79,C Amphiprion bicinctus Rtprrny, Atlas zu der Reise im nérdlichen Afrika . . Fische des Rothen Meers, p. 189, pl. 35, fig. 1, 1828 (type locality, Red Sea; 3 types examined BM 1845.10.29.89; and BM 1860.11.9.78-9).— Scuuttz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, p. 199, pl. 10,A, 1953. Amphiprion arion De Vis, Proe. Linnean Soc. New South Wales, vol. 8, p. 450, 1884 (type locality, South Seas). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 4 stations, 4 specimens, 25 to 99 mm. in standard length. Description.—Dorsal fin rays X,16 or 17; anal IJ,14; pectoral 11,16 to 18; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of middle caudal rays 52 to 55, with 6 or 7 between dorsal base and lateral line, 17 to 23 between lateral line and origin of anal; gill rakers on first arch, 7+1+13, total 21. Depth of body 1.83 to 1.94; head 2.84 to 3.36; both in standard length. Snout 3.18 to 3.6; eye 2.81 to 3.43; preorbital width 6.57 to 10; length of upper jaw 2.68 to 3.21; postorbital part of head 2.09 to 2.88; interorbital width 2.58 to 3.21; depth of caudal peduncle 1.8 to 2.0; length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.17, of pelvic fin 1.1 to 1.8, of third dorsal spine 1.97 to 2.42, of upper caudal rays 0.78 to 0.96; all in length of head (tip of snout to tip of longest opercular spines). FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—-WOODS AND SCHULTZ 59 Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.02 to 1.16; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 62 to 72 degrees. Body deepest between origin of dorsal and insertion of pelvics; preorbital with 1 or 2 large spines, suborbitals serrate, preopercle entire on 99-mm. specimen, a few teeth wide apart on one 78 mm., and serrate on smallest (27 mm.); opercle, subopercle, and interopercle with long spines, free only near tips; dorsal spines subequal, the last not much shorter than second and third; soft dorsal and anal rounded; caudal with rays of upper angle longest pointed, caudal slightly forked, lower angle rounded. Color in alcohol.—Lips, chin, lower part of cheeks, and breast pale whitish or yellow; interorbital light brown; body to middle of caudal peduncle dark brown; 2 bluish white, black-bordered transverse bands, the first from nape (where it may or may not join its fellow) ventrally across posterior margin of preopercle and anterior half of opercle to posterior tip of interopercle, this band as broad as diameter of eye at its broadest point, the second band only 3 scale rows in width, extending from between bases of 9th and 10th dorsal spines to about 2 scale rows anterior to anus, but not quite reaching anus, narrowing to a point ventrally; in 27-mm. specimen this band is narrow at base of 10th dorsal spine, where it commences, broadest on lateral line thence narrowing ventrally (it is also somewhat curved forward in the middle); caudal peduncle on anterior half light brown color gradually becoming lighter on posterior half; spiny dorsal dusky brown with narrow dark brown margin; soft dorsal dusky brown on basal %, pale on distal %; anal pale yellowish with narrow dark brown margin (in 27-mm. specimen anal entirely dusky brown); caudal dusky yellowish in large specimens, pale in small; pelvics yellowish or whitish in two large specimens, dusky brown in 27-mm. one; pectoral pale yellowish. Remarks.—This species has the first two white bars but lacks the peduncular one; the anterior edges of the pelvics are black and the caudal fin is pale. Six lots, containing 7 specimens, were studied: USNM 61679 from Suva, Fiji; 141030 and 141031 from the Marshall Islands; 3 uncata- loged specimens, 1 from the Paumotus and 2 without data; also one from Bikini in the University of Washington collection. Among these specimens, 4 adults, 82 to 99 mm. in standard length, have a pale anal fin, whereas 2, 26 and 27 mm. long, have a black anal and one, 25 mm. long, has a dusky anal fin. The caudal peduncle varies from pale dusky to black or brownish. The key gives the essential color pattern of this species. 60 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 AMPHIPRION MELANOPUS Bleeker PuiatE 80,D Amphiprion melanopus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, p. 561, 1852 (type locality, Amboina).—Scuuurz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, p. 201, pl. 10,E, 1953. Prochilus melanopus BuEEKeER, Atlas ichthyologique .. ., pl. 401, fig. 7, 1878. Prochilus macrostomus BLEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique .. ., pl. 401, fig. 5, 1878. Amphiprion ephippium (non Bloch) Ginruur, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 15 (Fische der Siidsee, pt. 7), pl. 122, fig. D (var. melanopus on p. 225), 1881. Amphiprion mccullochi Wurrtey, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 9, pt. 3, p. 213, 1929 (type locality, Lord Howe Island). Amphiprion macrostoma (non Bleeker) Curvy, Travaux Inst. Oceanogr. Indo- chine, Mem. 4, pt. 1, Poissons, p. 102, pl. 40, 1932 (Annam). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 8 specimens, 36 to 67 mm. in standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 10 specimens, 30 to 72 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays X,16 or 17 (rarely XI,15); anal II,13 or 14; pectoral 11,17 (rarely 11,18); scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 47 to 54 (usually 49 to 51), from base of dorsal to lateral line 4% plus 2 on sheath, from lateral line to origin of anal 20 to 22; gill rakers 5+1-+138. Depth of body 1.7 to 1.9; head 3.0 to 3.2; both in standard length. Snout 2.7 to 4.3; eye 2.5 to 3.8; preorbital width 5.3 to 9.4; length of upper jaw 2.7 to 3.0; postorbital part of head 2.6 to 2.8; interorbital width 2.9 to 3.0; depth of caudal peduncle 1.8 to 1.9; length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.2; of pelvic fins 1.0 to 1.2, of second or third dorsal spines 2.2 to 2.5, of middle caudal rays 0.96 to 1.15; all in length of head (tip of snout to tip of longest opercular spine). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 0.9 to 1.2; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 53 to 60 degrees, snout profile convex. Body deepest between origin of dorsal and insertion of pelvic fins; preorbital, suborbital, and preopercle all serrate, opercle and sub- opercle with strong radiating spines; interopercle with spines only in posterior angle; spines of dorsal fin subequal, fin not deeply notched, soft dorsal and anal somewhat pointed at angle, caudal truncate, its outer angles rounded; scales on top of head occur forward to middle of interorbital area. Color in alcohol.—Lips and chin yellowish or light brown, nape and interorbital area usually darker brown; a broad white band, slightly wider than eye diameter, extending from origin of spiny dorsal across anterior part of opercle and posterior part of preopercle to posterior part of interopercle, this band narrowly bordered by black; breast FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 61 light tan; back and sides dark blackish brown, posterior half of caudal peduncle pale yellowish; spiny dorsal dusky, soft dorsal dusky basally, pale on distal half; caudal pale yellowish, anal blackish; pectorals pale whitish or yellowish; pelvics black. Remarks.—This species is characterized by the single white bar on the head; plain black body; pale soft dorsal, caudal, and pectoral; but black pelvics and anal. Genus DASCYLLUS Cuvier Dascyllus Cuvier, Régne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 179, 1829 (type species, Chaetodon aruanus Linnaeus). KEY TO SPECIES OF DASCYLLUS FROM THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS AND ADJOINING REGIONS la. Dorsal rays XII,12, the second spine % the length of the third; head and body with 3 broad transverse black bands, first from origin of dorsal fin through eye to chin, second from about middle of spinous dorsal through base of pectorals to pelvics, third from anterior soft dorsal rays to anal rays, spaces between bands whitish or brownish; caudal fin entirely pale or slightly dusky basally; anal rays II,12 or 13; pectoral ii,15 or 16; gill rakers on first arch 23 or 24___------------ D. aruanus (Linnaeus) 1b. Dorsal rays XII,14 to 16, the second spine subequal to third, pectoral rays 11,18 or 19. 2a. Body with a narrow brown vertical bar extending from origin of dorsal through pectoral base to base of pelvics (young specimens 14 to 16 mm. with a second vertical dark band from soft dorsal to anterior part of anal); general body color light yellowish, each scale with a narrow brown submarginal line; dorsal rays XII,14 to 16 (usually 15); anal 11,13 or 14; gill rakers on first arch 27 or 28. D. reticulatus (Richardson) 2b. Body without dark vertical bar but with a white spot on sides below 7th to 11th dorsal spines; sometimes with a small white nuchal spot (in young). 3a. White spot on sides small or rarely absent, only slightly larger than pupil (in specimens of all sizes), situated in or just above 11th to 13th lateral line scales; general body color brown; each scale with dark submarginal line; dorsal rays XII,15; anal II,14; gill rakers on first anchi23: tOUl0 he nse oe ee D. trimaculatus (Riippell) 3b. White spot on sides larger than eye (in specimens of all sizes); extending from base of dorsal to below lateral line, or in specimens under 25 mm. white spot usually a wedge-shaped bar narrowing ventrally; indistinct but still evident in large specimens (75 to 85 mm.); general body pattern reticulated in large specimens the scales with pale centers and dark submarginal line, blackish in smallest specimens; head usually very dark brown; dorsal rays XII,16 (rarely 15); anal 11,15 or 16; gill rakers on first arch 25. (Not yet found in Marshall Talands§c2 201 sion LOL RS wal ho ee D. albisella Gill 62 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 DASCYLLUS ARUANUS (Linnaeus) PuatEe 80,B Chaetodon aruanus LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 275, 1758 (type locality, Indies). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 11 stations, 192 specimens, 7 to 35 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 34 specimens, 23 to 60 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 9 stations, 147 specimens, 10.5 to 54 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 37 to 40 mm. Likiep Atoll: 1 lot, Univ. of Washington, 37 specimens, 23 to 58 mm. Guam: 6 lots, 88 specimens, 20 to 53 mm. Saipan: 2 lots, 30 specimens, 6.5 to 39 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XII,12; anal rays JI,12 or 13; pectoral rays 11,15 or 16; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 26 to 29, from base of dorsal to lateral line 4, from lateral line to origin of anal 10; gill rakers 6 or 7+1+15 to 17, totaling 23 or 24, Depth of body 1.5 to 1.7; head 2.6 to 4.0; both in standard length. Snout 3.15 to 5.2; eye 2.4 to 3.0; preorbital width 6.6 to 6.7; upper jaw 3.2 to 3.4; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.75 to 3.4; interorbital width 2.6 to 2.95; depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 to 2.1; length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.2, of pelvics 0.8 to 0.9, of 3rd dorsal spine 1.4 to 1.9, of upper caudal ray 0.8 to 1.0; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior tip opercular spine). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.0 to 1.9; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 63 to 67 degrees, upper profile convex. Shape of body nearly round in young, oval in adults; preorbital, suborbital, preopercle, and subopercle serrate, opercle serrate near upper edge of gill opening and with a, flat triangular spine; scales on snout anterior to nostrils; anterior rays of dorsal and anal longest, these fins angular; caudal with two free spines near base above and below, tips of lobes pointed, fin slightly forked. Color in alcohol.—Head and body with three broad transverse black bands, the first from origin of dorsal through eye to chin, covering anterior part of head, except for yellowish interorbital area, lips blackish; the second from about middle of spinous dorsal through base of pectoral to pelvics; the third from anterior soft dorsal rays to anal rays; interspaces whitish, scales with white centers, brown margins, or entirely brown; anus black; spiny dorsal membranes black; tips of soft dorsal rays white, posterior rays of soft anal with white tips; caudal peduncle and caudal fin pale; pectoral rays pale, pelvics black. Color when alive.—As described for preserved specimens, except that interorbital area and lips are grayish, spaces between first and second black bars silvery, base of caudal dusky. FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 63 Remarks.—D. aruanus should not be confused with D. melanurus Bleeker, which is illustrated in plate 81,E. DASCYLLUS RETICULATUS (Richardson) PuaTE 82,B,C Heliases reticulatus Ricnarpson, Rep. Fifteenth Meet. British Assoc. Adv. Sci., p. 245, 1846 (type locality, China, Japan). Dascyllus marginatus FowLEeR and Brean (not Riippell) U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 7, p. 17, 1928 (part, see remarks). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations, 11 specimens, 14 to 50 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 16 mm. Likiep Atoll: 1 lot, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 25 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XIJ,14 to°16 (usually 15), anal II,13 or 14 (usually 14); pectoral ii, 18 or 19; scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 27 or 28, with 4 between base of dorsal and lateral line and 11 between lateral line and origin of anal; gill rakers 7 or 8-++-1+19 totaling 27 or 28. Depth of body 1.5 to 1.6; head 2.7 to 3.3; both in standard length. Snout 3.5 to 3.9; eye 2.0 to 2.8; preorbital width 6.5 to 8.4; length of upper jaw 2.3 to 3.3; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.5 to 3.0; interorbital width 2.5 to 3.9; depth of caudal peduncle 1.8 to 2.0; length of pectoral fin 0.97 to 1.1, of pelvics 0.8 to 0.9, of second dorsal spine 1.1 to 1.3, of upper caudal ray 0.8 to 0.9; all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.2 to 1.4; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 60 (young) to 76 (adult) degrees. Shape of body oval-elliptical, preorbital and suborbital, preopercle finely serrated, opercle entire except a flat rounded spine on upper half, scales on snout to tip; first dorsal spine about ¥% length of second, second spine somewhat curved, subequal with 3rd; teeth in outer row large, conical, widely spaced, inner row numerous fine, close-set. Color wn alcohol.——Ground color light yellowish brown, margins of scales darker brown on specimens 14 to 16 mm. with dark brown vertical bar, slightly broader than pupil running from origin of dorsal through base of pectorals to base of pelvics, a second vertical bar from soft dorsal to anterior part of anal; in specimens 20 to 50 mm. the posterior bar disappears leaving only anterior one which becomes paler and narrower; in 60 mm. specimens the anterior bar has also disap- peared leaving only the reticulated pattern of the scales; in specimens of all sizes the spiny dorsal membrane is dark brown or blackish, base of soft dorsal dusky; anal dark brown on basal \ or entirely dark brown or black; caudal dusky brown on basal %; pelvics dark brown or 64 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 black; pectorals pale; small round intensely black spot on upper edge of pectoral base not extending below the base of third ray (more dis- tinct in specimens of 40 to 60 mm. than in smaller ones). Remarks.—This species has been considered a synonym of D. marginatus (Riippell, Atlas zu der Reise im nérdlichen Afrika . Fische des rothen Meers, p. 38, pl. 8, fig. 2, 1828) by many authors (see Fowler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 306, 1928, Fowler and Bean, 1928, Montalban, Bur. Sci. Manila Monogr. 24, p. 24, 1927, Weber and Beaufort, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 8, p. 465, 1940), but we conclude it is distinct (see pl. 81,A). We have carefully compared specimens from the Marshall and Philip- pine Islands with those of comparable size from Zanzibar, as well as with Riippell’s figure, and find them to be distinctly different in coloration. D. marginatus does not possess a dark vertical bar from dorsal origin through pectoral base to pelvic base, but instead has a large dark area (this may be lacking in some preserved specimens) covering entire nape and upper anterior sides downward and back- ward, fading behind pectoral, as clearly shown in Rippell’s figure though not in that of Cuvier and Valenciennes (Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 437, pl. 133, 1830); pectoral base blackish except opposite lower 2 or 3 rays; furthermore, the general ground color of our specimens from Zanzibar is dark greenish brown as stated by Cuvier and Valenciennes and these specimens have small brown dots in middle of scale bases, the scales are not dark margined as in D. reticulatus. Giinther (Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 4, p. 14, 1862), who had specimens of marginatus from Riippell’s collec- tion, noticed these differences and separated the two species, discussing one under D. zanthosoma Bleeker and including a discussion of Heliases reticulatus Richardson pointing out that the type specimens of the latter appear to be lost. DASCYLLUS TRIMACULATUS (Riippell) PLATE 82,A,E Pomacentrus trimaculatus Ri prevy, Atlas zu der Reise im nordlichen Afrika .. . Fische des rothen Meers, p. 39, pl. 8, fig. 3, 1828 (type locality, Massaua, Red Sea). Dascyllus trimaculatus KENDALL and GoLpsBoroucH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. 26, p. 298, 1911 (Jaluit, Marshall Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 57 mm. standard length. Jaluit Atoll: Albatross, 1 specimen, 93 mm. Arno Atoll: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 44 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen. FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 65 Description—Dorsal fin rays XIJ,15; anal rays II,14; pectoral rays ii,18 or 19; scale rows, upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 27 or 28, base of dorsal to lateral line 4; lateral line to origin of anal 10 or 11; gill rakers 7+1+-15 to 17 totaling 23 to 25. Depth of body 1.5; head 3.3; both in standard length. Snout 3.2 to 3.7; eye 2.4 to 2.9; preorbital width 6.2 to 7.6; upper jaw 3.0 to 3.3; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 3.1 to 4.0; interorbital width 2.6 to 2.7; depth of caudal peduncle 1.6 to 1.8; length of pectoral fin 0.9 to 1.0, of pelvics 0.7 to 0.8, of second dorsal spine 1.2 to 1.3, of upper caudal rays 0.9; all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin opercle). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.0 to 1.15; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 78 to 80 degrees, snout profile slightly concave, interorbital convex, upper profile convex. Shape of body oval in young, anterior profile much steeper in adults; preorbital, suborbital, and preopercle very finely serrated; opercle with broad flat triangular spine, its apex somewhat rounded, lower portion of opercle serrated; scales on snout to tip; first dorsal spine short, about half the length of second, second and third subequal, fifth or sixth dorsal and anal soft rays longest, soft dorsal outline some- what pointed, anal less so; upper caudal lobe longer than lower, caudal fin slightly forked, caudal with two free spines, above and below near its base. Color in alcohol.—Dark reddish brown to brownish black in large specimens, lips blackish, a small white spot about size of pupil on and just above eleventh to thirteenth lateral-line scales, this spot usually fainter and sometimes absent in large specimens; a white nuchal spot about same size as lateral spot sometimes present; spiny dorsal mem- branes and spines blackish; soft dorsal black where covered with scales, naked portion pale; pelvics, anal, and caudal entirely black; pectorals black basally, usually with small, very black spot just above upper edge of base, rays light tan, membranes hyaline. Remarks.—Small specimens from the Philippines (19 to 39 mm.) were found to resemble the adults in having the white spot on the sides no larger than the pupil. The general body color was somewhat lighter, the scales having pale centers and dark brown margins, lips dark brown, fins as described in adults. These young of D. trimacu- latus are not at all like the 3 specimens of comparable size in the type series of D. albisella Gill from Honolulu (USNM 6274), which have the head and breast paler than the back and the sides with a large white spot or bar 6 to 8 scales wide (much larger than the eye), and in which the scale margins are pale with bases dark. Specimens of trimaculatus from the Marshall, Gilbert, Phoenix, and Samoan Islands have the naked part of the soft dorsal fin white or 66 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 pale, whereas that area is dark brown or blackish in specimens from the East Indies to the Red Sea and Mauritius. We believe the speci- mens from the central tropical Pacific may represent a distinct sub- species. D. albisella from Honolulu, plate 82,D, is a distinct species. The detailed relationships of this group of species and subspecies re- main to be worked out. Genus CHROMIS Cuvier Chromis Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 1, p. 393, 1815 (type species, Sparus chromis Linnaeus). KEY TO SPECIES OF CHROMIS FROM THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS la. Preopercle finely serrate; scales of nape and back with small basal auxiliary scales; lower margin of suborbital partly free; upper parts dark brownish; sides and belly lighter; pelvics dusky, anterior portions soft dorsal and anal dark, posterior rays pale; outer caudal rays dusky, median rays pale; dorsal rays XII,11 or 12; anal II,11; pectoral ii,16. C. lepidolepis Bleeker 1b. Preopercle entire or vrenulate; no basal auxiliary scales on nape or back. 2a. Soft dorsal and anal bases naked, outer row of teeth of lower jaw directed outward near symphysis; margin of suborbital obscure, hidden by scales; soft dorsal and anal membranes hyaline; outer caudal rays dusky; pelvies pale or slightly dusky; dorsal rays XII,10 (sometimes 9); anal II,10 (rarely IT,9). 3a. Pectoral rays usually ii,15 or 16 (occasionally 17); pectoral axil dusky but not completely black._..__ C. caeruleus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 3b. Pectoral rays usually ii,17 or 18 (occasionally 16 or 19); pectoral axil blgckie2 4. ees Sees C. atripectoralis Welander and Schultz 2b. Soft dorsal and anal bases scaled; outer row of teeth of lower jaw not directed outward. 4a. Pectoral base with a large black spot, pectoral axil black; suborbital margin free, distinct; caudal peduncle and caudal fin pale yellowish; pelvics black. 5a. Head and body dark purplish brown; caudal peduncle abruptly pale, soft dorsal dark brown on bases of first 2 or 3 rays, the rest entirely pale or white; dorsal rays XII,12; anal II,12; pectorals ii,15; tubular scales in upper part of lateral line 17 or 18; gill rakers CSTE rh eae US a> pe RN ea ae a NS ee a C. dimidiatus (Klunzinger) 5b. Head light yellowish brown, back, sides, and caudal peduncle, light purplish brown; soft dorsal with first four rays entirely brown, the rest dark basally, pale distally; dorsal rays XII,13; anal II,12 to 14 (usually 13); pectorals ii,14 or 15 (usually 15); tubular scales in upper part of lateral line 15 or 16 (usually 15); gill rakers 8 or 9-+1-+-21sor 2231 oF 322 26 asst See C. leucurus Gilbert 4b. Pectoral base without large black spot; pectoral axil pale; suborbital adnate, its margin not evident; broad distinct brown lengthwise band on upper and lower caudal rays; pelvics pale; dorsal rays XII,11; anal IT,11; pectorals ii,15 or 16__..C. ternatensis (Bleeker) FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 67 CHROMIS LEPIDOLEPIS Bleeker PLATE 83,A Chromis lepidolepis BLEEKER, Versl. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 10 (1876), p. 389, 1877 (type locality, Timor). Dascyllus pomacentroides KenpALL and GoLtpsporoucH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, p. 298, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1911 (type locality, Taritari, Gilbert Islands, holotype USNM 65812 studied). Serrichromis pomacentroides Fowuer, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 14, part 2, pp. 77, 78, 1943. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 50 to 55 mm. in standard length; Univ. of Washington, 1 lot, 1 specimen, 46 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XII,11 or 12; anal rays II,11; pectoral rays ii,16; transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 27, with 2 between lateral line and origin of dorsal, 9 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 16 or 17 tubular scales; gill rakers 8+-1+ 20, totaling 29. Depth of body 2.1; length of head 3.3 to 3.4; both in standard length. Snout 3.9 to 4.1; eye 2.7; least preorbital width 12.3 to 12.5; length of upper jaw 2.9 to 3.0; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.8 to 3.0; interorbital width 2.8 to 3.0; depth of caudal peduncle 2.0 to 2.1; length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.2, of pelvic fin 0.8 to 0.9, of 3rd dorsal spine 1.8 to 2.0, of upper caudal rays 0.7 to 0.80, of lower caudal rays 0.8 to 0.9; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.4 to 1.5; angle of upper pro- file with lengthwise axis of body 43 degrees. Teeth of jaws in 2 rows, those of outer row heavy, conical, widely spaced, those near median line enlarged, inner row teeth smaller; snout short, scaled to a point just anterior to nostrils; preorbital and suborbital scaled, the latter with lower margin partly free; preopercle with posterior margin finely serrate, lower margin entire; some scales of body particularly of nape and upper anterior sides with small basal scales, bases of soft dorsal and anal scaled, soft part of these fins angular; caudal lobes pointed. Color in alcohol—Lips dusky, upper part of head dark reddish brown, lower part paler; back and upper sides reddish brown, lower sides paler yellowish brown with faint lengthwise reddish brown lines following scale rows; spiny dorsal dusky, edges of membranes black; anterior dorsal rays blackish, posterior rays dusky, membranes clear ; soft anal with anterior half black, posterior half pale; outer caudal rays dark brown or blackish; middle caudal rays lighter but dusky; 68 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 pelvic rays grayish, membranes clear, pectoral similarly colored, base of pectoral dark reddish brown, minute black spot on base of upper ray. Remarks.—A careful examination of the type of Dascyllus pomacen- troides reveals 2 or 3 scales, with small basal scales. Most of the scales are missing from the nape, back and anterior sides. The type has the same number of fin rays as specimens of Chromis lepidolepis from the Philippines and as two specimens from Bikini; also, it has similar jaw teeth, serrated preopercle, body and fin shape, and color- ation (although faded). Fowler has made Dascyllus pomacentroides the type of a new genus Serrichromis, ‘distinguished by its serrated preopercle, strong den- tition in combination with other characters.’ These characters, held in common with C. lepidolepis, certainly serve to separate this species from others of the genus Chromis, but Fowler has already proposed the subgeneric name Lepidochromis Fowler and Bean (U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 7, p. 58, 1928), for this species. We propose, in spite of the differences noted above, to leave this species as a subgenus of Chromis, at least for the present, because its jaw teeth, though heavier, are definitely of the same kind as the genus Chromis, as are its oblique mouth, with its long upper jaw, and its general body shape. CHROMIS CAERULEUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) PiaTE 84,B Heliases caeruleus CUvIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 497, 1830 (type locality, New Guinea; Ulea). Heliases lepisurus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 498, 1830 (type locality, New Guinea). Heliases frenatus CuvieER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 498, 1830 (type locality, Guam).—Savuvace, Histoire naturelle des poissons, in Grandidier, Histoire . . . de Madagascar vol. 16, p. 436, pl. 28, fig. 1, 1887 (Madagascar). Chromis lepisurus BLEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique ..., vol. 9, pl. 403, fig. 7, 1877; Nat. Verh. Holl. Maatsch. Wetensch., vol. 2, No. 6, p. 164, 1877 (East Indies; Zanzibar; Andamans; Guam; Ulea). Heliastes lepidurus GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 4, p. 63, 1862 (type locality, Amboina, emended spelling for H. lepisurus Cuvier and Valenciennes).—Day, Fishes of India, vol. 2, p. 389, pl. 82, fig. 1, 1877 (Andamans).—GtnruEr, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 15 (Fische der Siidsee, pt. 7), p. 238 (in part), pl. 128, fig. D, 1881. Glyphisodon anabatoides Day (non Bleeker), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 696, 1870. Glyphisodon bandanensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 2, p. 248, 1851 (type locality, Neira; Banda). Chromis caeruleus (in part), JonpAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. vol. 25 (1905), p. 290, 1906 (Samoan Islands; in a letter cited on p. 291, to Dr. Jordan from Dr. Vaillant, who examined the types of caeruleus, frenatus, and lepisurus, all three are referred to a single species by him).—Aoyaa1, Bioge- FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 69 ographica, Trans. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan, vol. 4, No. 1, p. 186, fig. 14, 1941 (Japan). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 8 stations, 132 specimens, 11 to 75 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 21 specimens, 29 to 63 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 9 specimens, 36 to 56 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 117 specimens, 10 to 68 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 specimen, 34 mm. Guam: 3 lots, 121 specimens, 28 to 59 mm. Saipan: 3 lots, 170 specimens, 8 to 22 mm. The following lots were distributed to other museums before the new species was sorted out, and thus may contain specimens of aéripectoralis: Bikini Atoll: Reer Island, northwest side, lagoon reef, August 12, S-46-332, Herald and Brock, 2 specimens, 45 and 46 mm.; Cherry Island, ocean reef, August 15, S-46-361, Herald, 4 specimens, 44 to 75 mm.; Bikini-Amen reef, July 21, 1947, S-46-442, Brock, Hiatt and Schultz, 2 specimens, 48 to 54 mm. Rongelap Atoll: Eniaetok Island, north end, lagoon reef, June 17, S-48-215, Schultz, 3 specimens, 38 to 53 mm.; Mellu Island, lagoon reef, June 19, S-46—220, Schultz and Herald, 3 specimens, 26.5 to 33 mm.; Eniaetok Island, north end, Lomuilal Island, lagoon reef, August 1, S-46-306, Herald, 3 specimens, 48.5 to 56 mm, Rongerik Atoll: Bock Pass, dip net under light at night, June 2, 1946, N-3, Marr, 1 specimen, 41 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XII,10 (sometimes XII,9); anal IT,10 (rarely II,9); pectoral ii,15 to 17 (usually 16); transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 25 to 27 (usually 26), with 2 between lateral line and origin of dorsal, 9 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 15 or 16 tubular scales; gill rakers 7 to 9+1-+21 to 24, totaling 30 to 32. Depth of body 2.0 to 2.3; length of head 3.0 to 3.3; both in standard length. Snout 3.3 to 4.1; eye 2.6 to 3.5; preorbital width 6.7 to 7.5; length of upper jaw 2.1 to 2.4; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.3 to 2.4; interorbital width 2.7 to 2.9; depth of caudal peduncle 2.2 to 2.3; length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.3; of pelvic fin 1.2 to 1.5, of second dorsal spine 1.9 to 2.0, of upper caudal rays 0.6 to 1.0, of lower caudal rays 0.7 to 1.1; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior margin of opercular mem- brane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.2 to 1.3; angle of upper profile with lengthwise axis of body 31 to 47 degrees, profile straight to convex. Teeth of jaws conical, widely spaced, an outer row of enlarged teeth in lower jaw, these projecting anteriorly near symphysis, a few flaring outward and curving somewhat posteriorly at sides of sym- physis; inner teeth minute, few in number and in a single row in upper jaw, forming small patches of very minute teeth on either side of symphysis in lower jaw; snout scaled to tip, line from eye, including nostril and along upper edge of preorbital, naked; preorbital and suborbital scaled, lower margin of latter almost entirely obscured; 70 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 preopercle produced at angle, its posterior margin entire, with some irregular crenulations observable at angle in many specimens; no scales on bases of soft dorsal and anal; upper and lower caudal rays filamentous, 3 free spines on upper and lower caudal base; profile angle (measured with one side of angle along closed lower jaw to snout and the other side from snout to nape above gill opening) 75 to 83 degrees. Oolor in alcohol.—Head and upper half of body bluish gray or brown- ish; lower sides and belly lighter, pale to silvery; along naked area from eye just under nostril toward middle of snout, a narrow dark to bluish line; lips dusky, especially at tips of jaws; iris faintly bluish; spiny dorsal membrane dusky basally, dusky to clear hyaline distally, spines dusky; soft dorsal and anal rays dusky, membranes dusky to clear, hyaline; upper and lower caudal rays brownish, middle rays dusky basally, pale distally; pelvics pale to dusky; pectorals pale except at base, where upper rays are usually dusky, axil of pectoral pale to dusky, never dense black. Color when alive—Dorsally bright bluish green, ventrally paler or grayish white; a blue-green line across upper part of eye to snout and a second line from anterior margin of eye just below nostril to snout; upper and lower caudal rays greenish, outer margin dusky, middle rays greenish on scaled portion; small round blue-green spots sometimes present on head and on each scale of body. CHROMIS ATRIPECTORALIS Welander and Schultz PiatTe 85,A Chromis atripectoralis WELANDER and Scuuttz, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. vol. 41, No. 3, p. 107, fig. 1, 1951 (type locality, central and western tropical Pacific). Chromis caeruleus (in part), JoRDAN and Sraue, Bull. U. 8. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 290, ? pl. 46, fig. 1, 1906 (Samoan Islands; color descriptions for specimens numbered 2, 4, and 6, with pectoral axil black, appear to be this species).—MonrTaLBAN, Bur. Sci. Manila Monog. 24, p. 35, pl. 8, fig. 2, 1927 (Philippine Islands). Heliastes lepidurus GintTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 15 (Fische der Siidsee, pt. 7), p. 238 (in part), pl. 128, fig. C, 1881. SPECIMENS STUDIED The following list includes holotype, paratypes, and nontype specimens: Bikini Atoll: 2 stations, 25 specimens, 22 to 76 mm. in standard length. Univ. Washington, 5 lots, 21 specimens, 36 to 83 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 13 specimens, 23 to 49 mm., 1 lot, Univ. Washing- ton, 1 specimen, 28 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 44 specimens, 30 to 70 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 8 specimens, 28 to 67 mm., 2 lots, Univ. Washington, 2 specimens 47 to 53 mm. Likiep Atoll: Univ. Washington, 1 lot, 11 specimens, 27 to 52 mm. Guam: 3 lots, 85 specimens, 9 to 60 mm. FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 71 Description.—Dorsal fin rays XII,9 or 10 (usually 10); aaal II,9 or 10 (usually 10); pectorals 11,16 to 19 (usually 17 or 18); transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 24 to 27, with 2 between lateral line and origin of dorsal, 9 between lateral line and origin of anal; dorsal lateral line with 15 or 16 tubular scales; gill rakers 6 to 9-+1-+19 to 22, totaling 28 to 31. Depth of body 2.0 to 2.2; length of head 3.1 to 3.6; both in standard length. Snout 3.5 to 4.0; eye 2.8 to 3.3; preorbital width 7.0 to 8.0; length of upper jaw 2.5 to 2.9; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.2 to 2.5; interorbital width 2.9 to 3.1; depth of caudal peduncle 2.0 to 2.3; length of pectoral fin 1.2 to 1.3, of pelvic fin 1.2 to 1.3, of second dorsal spine 2.0 to 2.3, of upper caudal rays 0.6 to 1.0, of lower caudal rays 0.7 to 0.9, all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.1 to 1.4; angle of upper profile with lengthwise axis of body 33 to 48 degrees, profile straight to convex. Teeth of jaws conical, widely spaced, an outer row of enlarged teeth, in lower jaw projecting anteriorly near symphysis, a few teeth at sides near tip of lower jaw curve out posteriorly; inner teeth minute and in single row in upper jaws, forming small patches of very minute teeth on either side of symphysis in lower jaw; snout scaled to tip, line from eye, including nostril and along upper edge of preorbital, naked; pre- and sub-orbitals scaled, lower margin of latter almost entirely obscured; preopercle produced at angle, its posterior margin entire with some irregular crenulations observable at angle in many specimens; no scales on bases of soft dorsal and anal; upper and lower caudal rays filamentous, 3 free spines on upper and lower caudal base; profile angle, measured with one side of angle lying along closed lower jaw to tip of snout and the other side from snout to nape directly above gill opening, 80 to 96 degrees. Color in alcohol.—Head and upper half of body bluish gray to brown; lower sides and belly lighter, pale to silvery; a narrow dark to bluish line from eye along naked area just under nostril toward middle of snout; iris faintly bluish; spiny dorsal membrane more or less dusky, this sometimes accentuated basally and distally, spines dusky; lips, especially at tips of jaws, dusky to black; soft dorsal and anal rays dusky, membranes lighter; upper and lower caudal rays brownish, middle rays dusky basally, pale distally; pelvics pale to dusky; pec- torals pale except at base, where upper rays are dusky to blackish, axil of pectoral with large black blotch, this broadest on dorsal por- tion and usually not extending to lower rays; in young of less than 40 mm. standard length axil of pectoral dusky to black. 422142606 72 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Color when alive-—Top of head and back bright bluish green; a narrow blue-green line across upper part of eye to snout and a second line from anterior margin of eye just below nostril to snout; lower half of head, sides of body, and belly pure white or grayish white; spiny dorsal smoky purplish; soft dorsal and anal rays dusky, mem- branes faintly yellowish; upper and lower caudal rays greenish, outer margins blackish, middle rays greenish on scaled portion, yellowish on naked portion, pelvics grayish; pectorals clear hyaline, except upper ray dusky. Remarks.—This species may be differentiated from C. caeruleus on the basis of two striking characters: The black axil of the pectoral fin and the greater number of branched pectoral rays (see table 86), usually 17 or 18 in atripectoralis, whereas caeruleus usually has 15 or 16. The pectoral axil of caeruleus is pigmented with black dots that form a dusky area only along the dorsal part, thence fading ventrally, where no pigment cells occur, or only a few, whereas atripectoralis has a black axil and the individual black pigment cells are not isolated when viewed under magnification, the outer edge of this black axil sharply contrasts with the pale distal part of the axil. On specimens shorter than about 30 mm. in standard length the axil is not quite as black as in longer specimens. We note that the distal margin of the spiny dorsal fin of atripectoralis may have a dusky to blackish line whereas that of caeruleus is pale. Although most of the descriptions in the literature for these blue- green damsel fishes fail to mention the colorations of the pectoral axil; some do, and show the spiny dorsal fin with a dark margin. We have listed a few such references in the synonymy. Fowler and Bean (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 7, pp. 31, 61, 1928) have proposed the subgenus Hoplochromis for C. caeruleus, characterized by having the ‘front edge of lower jaw with 6 short conic teeth flaring outward.” Tables 85 and 86 present detailed measurements and counts for certain species of Chromis related to C. airipectoralis. CHROMIS DIMIDIATUS (Klunzinger) Plate 83,B Heliastes dimidiatus KuuNzIncER, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wein, vol. 21, p. 529, 1871 (type locality, Red Sea). Chromis dimidiatus margaritifer Fowter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 98, p. 140, figs. 9, 10, 1946 (type locality, Riu Kiu Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Arji Island, 100 yards off shore, lagoon coral area at depths from 0 to 40 feet, poison and spear, Aug. 7, S-46-308, Brock and Herald, 4 specimens, 27.5 to 47.5 mm. FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ ta TaBLE 85.—Measurements, in thousandths of the standard length, for three species of Chromis atripectoralis leucurus caeruleus (Bikini | Character (Bikini Atoll) Atoll) Bikini Atoll Guam Para- | Para- | Para- |Holo-|Para- type | type | type | type | type Standard length in mm_} 60.5 31} 45.8 | 30.2] 45.0] 58.7] 31.1] 46.1] 52.3 67 | 41.5 Depth of body_.-_------ 590 500 | 542 464 449 477 462 475 470 455 | 458 Length of head___--____- 297 316 | 310 301 298 303 309 293 311 314 | 313 Length of snout_------_- 7 68 | 72 79 84 83 73 76 79 87 | 80 Diameter of eye--------- 104 129 | 112 96 96 85 112 93 101 100 | 113 Least preorbital width___| 29 29 | 28 20 24 29 29 24 36 31] 31 Length of upper jaw----- 89 103 | 101 99 113 114 116 117 122 112 | 120 Postorbital part of head_| 122 123 | 125 129 120 126 119 121 127 136 | 137 Interorbital width______- 114 113 | 114 86 84 99 103 91 105 90 | 101 Least depth of caudal peduncle. *te5o-5 ee 164 155 | 158 129 122 131 138 143 137 130 | 142 Length of pectoral fin_.__| 345 35 365 242 249 256 270 269 249 251 | 265 Length of pelvic fin_____- 366 426 | 393 268 240 267 251 256 281 230 | 251 Length of 3rd to 6th dor- salispines! ose) -- == 25 23 137 184 EAs 162 140 150 132 154 135 149 | 147 Length of upper caudal NAV Seen os oe oe oe eek 627 Bol, Meee 5 inn Set Se S60 [-535585 298 | 362 Length of lower caudal PAVS=s- oo. eet oe AN 484 Jaa 252)]/}D68 SOL fas 5 a 310 338 321 324 403 | 386 Length of caudal pe- Guncles: s2eoee tr 184 206 | 190 145 160 170 170 182 183 221 | 222 Description.—Dorsal fin rays XJI,12; anal II,12; pectoral ii,15; tranverse scale rows 27 or 28 from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays, 3 between lateral line and origin of dorsal; upper part of lateral line with 17 or 18 tubular scales; 9 between lateral line and origin of anal; gill rakers 8+-1+19, totaling 28. Additional counts are recorded in table 87. Depth of body 1.9 to 2.0; length of head 3.1 to 3.2; both in standard length. Snout 4.0 to 4.6; eye 2.4 to 2.8; preorbital width 10.7 to 12.4; length of upper jaw 3.1 to 3.2; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.6 to 3.2; interorbital width 3.0 to 3.1; depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 to 2.0; length of pectoral fin 0.9 to 1.0, of pelvic fins 0.8 to 0.9, of 5th dorsal spine 1.7 to 1.9; of upper caudal rays 0.5 to 0.6, of lower caudal rays 0.5 to 0.7; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior margin of opercular mem- brane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.1 to 1.3, angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 43 degrees. Teeth of jaws biserial; females with teeth of outer row enlarged, widely spaced, conical, inner row smaller, conical, in 3 irregular rows near median line, single row laterally; males with teeth of outer row small, even, close-set, conical, inner row minute, in single row, close Vol. 2 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 74 Teese g L ¥ T cI | T Or | é& T 8 Or | It | F é Gras isen eG sips oes ReL Looe 02 | 6f | TI OG | ieennnn cme sleek: ae peeacece theese a | a gt | cael ma ge | eae | gen aes mt eeses| eke = fees IE Piers | a eae ca z z F Po lee. a | = Se SPUISE uvouleg pus xtus04 dg a a cae eae apie lin adele || eae igen |i ree || ae [to aac s Site. be 8 QP seamless) OT lliecwel nme |e neal me |e | Son mee DECISOUTAC tien ers | eer emer rye syed cea hana | oe oe cing [Pea mmission i) On i 2 Ti Gliscaiaas lel sneel umn Gece | cen | Re ee al | Eanes PUSS TL SBLUS NT eer” ie £ L v IT oEe it or | & T ZL OF OLS Fy ir TGs EE kGn aa\iea| eee: Sea te sae OTe ei ab 9T |-~~~ spurs] [eysreyAl $1701079001.470 IT z 8 Dine peek | ated 81 | 2% CL P= Sle 8 Gla RS paaee ones cee Z co |. ¢L | 88 | 8 | Tt F | 0 | F 1G |5 Seay es [810.L I T z Ga lippeaie pean 9 T Qe Aasea|c2 so Peawls ies |iaselt ees | te lek calor z T & 9 I 9 g I Ok | eer ges spue[st uvoureg pus xTuoOY a aaa a cece ea | ge (dead eee | oy gen 05 acetal fg toga ml nw sock ne mC T SE Ake OL) |aaaselsee aca alle tae |e leaa| a aC DEC OTNOUTCO TE eed aaoas| pao ol pee pera o ania Sen lec sess Toler rama ai em sat oso tea a ¥ gr |. 8 GG asus aes SES cele lcme ph el | eS RURST SSUES IN: oie I 9 Gamo tian es|eok jo LZ Fetal es GLO |i laaeelee = acS ce | 8 Chie | een Sh te Or s: 8I |---7 spurs] [[eysivyAy snajnsavo opsue: Q[sue AVO[og. VW | o[sue 9A0q Vy [810}99g [eay [esi0qd oul [B1e}B] SUTSSOID SMOL B[VIS [VI]Z10 A sot qore 4SIg WO SIoyeI [TTD sAvl UL eee Se $9141)090) IYftwv J-Opuy snoripa sof StuoIGD fo sarvads on} UO sjuNnojD—'9gy AIAV TL, FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 75 to teeth of outer row. Snout scaled to nostrils, which are close to tip, preorbital and suborbital scaled; the latter narrow, with margin free; margin of preopercle slightly crenulate; 5th to 7th dorsal spines long- est, subequal; soft dorsal and anal pointed, rays of caudal lobes filamentous; pelvics with outer ray filamentous reaching to first anal ray; pectorals angular. Color in alcohol.—Lips gray, head light brownish or purplish brown above, lower part of head light brown; opercle with 3 indistinct dark wavy radiating lines, posterior margin of opercle blackish in some specimens, interopercle and subopercle blackish in others; body dark reddish brown posteriorly to first dorsal soft rays and posterior base of anal fin, caudal peduncle and caudal fin yellowish white; spiny dorsal fin dark brown or black, soft dorsal dark at bases of first 2 or 3 rays, rest of rays pale; anal spines and first 6 rays dark reddish brown or black, rest of rays dark basally, pale distally; caudal fin pale yellowish with trace of dusky along upper and lower rays; pelvics dark brown or black; pectoral membranes pale, rays outlined by black color, entire base of pectoral black both on scaly base and extending on base of rays. Remarks.—This is the first species of this genus in which we have observed the jaw teeth to be different in the two sexes. We know nothing of the breeding habits of this species but suggest the differences in teeth are correlated with breeding rather than feeding. We have re-examined the types of Chromis leucurus Gilbert (pl. 84,A) from the Hawaiian Islands and Chromis iomelas Jordan and Seale from Samoa, and believe these two species to be different from C. dimidiatus from the Northern Marshalls and the Philippines, as shown by differences in color and in the number of soft rays in the dorsal and anal fins. C.iomelas is dark brown on the anterior half of TaBLE 87.—Counts for three closely related species of Chromis Dorsal soft rays Anal soft rays Pectoral rays Species il 12 13 14 11 12 13 14 15 ii,14 ii,15 dimidiatus Marshall Islands. __|__.____ APRN ee | ae ee | eee ee AI |S MA Sele Eee ee ©: remem ell We aioe 4 Red Sea (Klun- ZINE ON) eee a ee ee |e PN Oe es PRI 1 | eS. | SS Soe. | eat |e aaa eee eck SE Philippines_________ 1 6 I ee eee 6 2p | eee erences 2 6 leucurus VOuNSLOn Island ee eee eee ees Dee S| a OE ee Se BS Liles eine 1 1 Ha walle. sss2seeo tata ee ale ce eee | ee ee fee ees | ee ee 1 Mi aoe Marshall Islands- --_|_______|__.__-_ Die ee ee tee 2 16 Bu eee res 4 19 iomelas 76 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 the body the dark coloring ending at the sixth or seventh dorsal spine and anus, the rest of the body and fins back of this line are pale yellowish white. C. iomelas has dorsal fin rays XIJ,13; anal II,13; pectoral 11,15. C. lewcurus is dark brown almost to tip of caudal peduncle; the dorsal and anal fins are entirely dark except for the tips of the last 6 rays. Figure 91.—Chromis leucurus Gilbert, USNM 141157 from Rongelap Atoll. Drawn by A. M. Awl. CHROMIS LEUCURUS Gilbert Fiaure 91; Puate 84,A Chromis leucurus GiLBERT, Bull. U. 8S. Fish Comm., vol. 23 (1902), pt. 2, p. 620, pl. 77, fig. 2 (1905) (type locality, Avone Channel off Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, holotype studied). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 25 specimens, 31 to 61 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 5 specimens, 36 to 43 mm. In addition 2 specimens from Johnston Island were studied. Description.—Dorsal fin rays X1II,18; anal II,12 to 14; pectoral ii,14 or 15; transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays, 25 to 27, with 3 or 3% between lateral line and dorsal origin, 9 or 10 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 15 or 16 tubular scales; gill rakers 8 or 9+1+21 or 22, totaling 31 or 32 (4 counts). Depth of body 1.7 to 2.0; length of head 3.2 to 3.4; both in standard length. Snout 3.8 to 4.7; eye 2.4 to 2.9; preorbital width 9.6 to 10.9; length of upper jaw 3.0 to 3.1; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.4 to 2.6; interorbital width 2.5 FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ at to 2.8; depth of caudal peduncle 1.8 to 2.0; length of pectoral fin 0.8 to 0.9, of pelvic fin 0.7 to 0.9, length of 3rd dorsal spine 1.7 to 2.2, of upper caudal ray 0.5, of lower caudal ray 0.5 to 0.6; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.1 to 1.3; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 44 to 50 degrees. Body ovate; teeth of jaws biserial, conical, teeth of outer row larger, more widely spaced than those of inner row, which form a narrow irregular band; snout scaled almost to tip; preorbital and suborbital scaled, the latter very narrow, with its margin free and entire; pos- terior edge of preopercle crenulate; opercular margins entire, covered by scales; opercular membrane narrow; dorsal spines increasing in length to third, the 4th to 6th subequal; soft dorsal and anal pointed; upper and lower caudal rays filamentous, 2 free spines above and below on caudal base; pelvics with outer ray filamentous, pectoral long. Ecology.—This species was usually taken around coral heads in depths greater than 20 feet. Only 2 specimens out of the total of 31 were collected from shallower water. Color in alcohol.—Lips light gray, interorbital area, cheeks, and opercles golden brown, a narrow dark brown vertical line along posterior margin of preopercle, fading ventrally between subopercle and interopercle, opercular membrane dark purplish brown, showing through scales on upper portion of opercle; nape, back and sides, and caudal peduncle light purplish brown, scale margins pale, centers with dark brown spot, this character quite distinct on some specimens, appearing as lengthwise bands; breast and belly brownish with yellowish tinge; spiny dorsal membrane dark brown, soft dorsal with first 4 rays dark brown, the rest with bases dark brown and distal portion white; anal with first 7 rays entirely dark brown, the rest with base dark and distal portion pale; caudal fin yellowish basally, pale distally, some specimens with faint dusky color on upper and lower portions and some with entire caudal faintly dusky; pelvics dark brown or black; pectoral pale, its rays outlined by very fine black lines, a large intensely black spot covering entire pectoral base and axil. Remarks.—William A. Gosline and the authors have discussed the possibility that these specimens along with others may represent a distinct species. To prove that they do, requires more material than is available at present. Gosline states in a letter to us: ‘These plain brown-bodied speci- mens with a black blotch at the pectoral base are here identified as a color form of the black and white Chromis leucurus. Comparison of the same two forms from Hawaiian material provides the following 78 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 information: (1) the black and white and the brown specimens differ little in morphological features or in counts; (2) ripe individuals of both sexes occur in both color forms; and (3) though the two color forms overlap in size ranges, the plain brown form is represented only by specimens 47 to 70 mm., in standard length, whereas black and white specimens range from 17 to 57 mm. In life both forms may be seen over the same coral head.”’ CHROMIS TERNATENSIS (Bleeker) PuLatTEeE 83,C Heliases ternatensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 10, p. 377, 1856 (type locality, Ternate). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 60.5 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 41.5 mm, Description.—Dorsal fin rays XII,11; anal rays II,11; pectorals ii,15 or 16; transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays, 26, with 2 or 24% between lateral line and origin of dorsal, 9 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 16 tubular scales; gill rakers 74-1+-21. Depth of body 1.9 to 2.0; length of head 3.1 to 3.2; both in standard length. Snout 3.4 to 3.6; eye 2.6 to 2.9; preorbital width 7.0 to 7.7; length of upper jaw 3.0 to 3.2; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.8 to 3.0; interorbital width 2.9 to 3.1; depth of caudal peduncle 2.1 to 2.2; length of pectoral fin 0.9 to 1.0, of pelvics 0.9 to 1.1, of 3rd dorsal spine 2.2 to 2.3, of upper caudal rays 0.6 to 0.7, of lower caudal rays 0.6 to 0.8; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior margin of opercular flap). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.4 to 1.5; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 48 degrees. Body deep, compressed; teeth of jaws in 2 rows, outer row enlarged, conical widely spaced near symphysis, closer laterally, inner row smaller, close set, forming band at symphysis; snout scaled to tip; preorbital and suborbital fully scaled, the former wide, the latter adnate, its margin not distinct, preopercular margin entire, posterior margin not straight but slightly sigmoid; upper branch of lateral line ending beneath 3rd dorsal soft ray, bases of soft dorsal and anal scaled; pectoral fin as long as or longer than head; 2nd anal spine shorter than first anal ray; soft dorsal and anal fins pointed; caudal lobes filamentous. Color in alcohol—Top of head and back dark brownish; cheeks, throat, and breast yellowish brown, sides light grayish brown or yel- lowish brown; scales of back and sides with broad dark brown margin, centers of scales paler; spiny dorsal membranes blackish; soft dorsal FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 79 dusky basally, pale distally; anal slightly dusky grayish; upper and lower caudal lobes intensely black or brownish, middle caudal rays pale, line of demarcation distinct; pelvics pale or slightly dusky; pectoral pale except upper edge of upper ray with thin black line, no dark spot at base of pectorals. Genus ABUDEFDUF Forskal Abudefduf Forskal, Descriptiones animalium . . . , p. 59, 1775 (type species, Chaetodon sordidus Forskal, assumed through common name). We have examined examples of all the species of this genus available in the U. S. National Museum and find that they fall readily into three groups as defined in the key. Bleeker has recognized Glyphidodon, Amblyglyphidodon, and Stegastes as subgenera of Abudefduf but has removed the species here grouped under Chrysiptera into a separate genus, Glyphidodontops based on the two rows of teeth in the jaws, the absence of scales on the inter- orbital and prenasal area and the elongate form of the body. We do not consider the Chrysiptera group sufficiently distinct to require a separate genus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ABUDEFDUF FROM THE NORTHERN MARSHALL AND MARIANAS ISLANDS la. Dorsal spines XIII. 2a. Teeth of jaws in a single row (see 2b for description of inner row) tips com- pressed, incisiform, truncate or biscuspid, at least at front of jaws; body deep, compressed; snout, preorbital and suborbital naked or scaled. Subgenus ABupEFDUF ForskAl. 3a. Body and head uniform light brownish yellow when alive, with some blue scales on head; spiny dorsal dusky; dorsal rays usually XIII,12; anal II,14; pectoral I,i,14; scales 26 or 27; gill rakers 7+1+19. A. aureus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 3b. Sides of body with 4 to 6 dark vertical bars. 4a. Dorsal rays XIII,15 or 16; anal rays II,14 or 15; snout, preorbital and suborbital naked; jaw teeth tricuspid in young, bicuspid in half-grown, truncate in adults; body with 5 or 6 transverse dark bars, obscure in adults, a large black spot on dorsal surface of caudal peduncle in specimens of all sizes, a small black spot on dorsal edge of pectoral base; pectoral rays ii,17; upper part of lateral line with 22 tubular scales; gill rakers 11+1+15=27. A. sordidus (ForskAl) 4b. Dorsal rays XIJII,11 to 13; anal II,11 to 13. 5a. Preorbital naked; suborbital partly scaled, often nearly naked in adults; snout or top of head scaled forward to interorbital area or to nostrils. 6a. Top of head scaled forward to nostrils; 5 transverse black bands on body; young with pattern similar to that of adults; snout 4.0 to 5.6 in head; dorsal rays XIII,11 to 13; anal II,11 or 12; pectoral ii,17, lateral line with 20 to 21 tubular scales; gill rakers 7 or 8+1+17=25 to 26___--- A. saxatilis (Linnaeus) 80 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 6b. Top of head scaled forward to least interorbital width; 6 trans- verse black bands on body; young with black saddle on dorsal surface of caudal peduncle and black spot on anterior dorsal spines, disappearing with age; snout 3.1 to 3.6 in head; dorsal rays XIII,12 or 13; anal II,12 or 13; pectorals 1i,15 to 17; lateral line with 20 to 22 tubular scales; gill rakers 8 to 10+ 1+14=23 to 25. A. septemfasciatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 5b. Preorbitals and suborbitals scaled; snout scaled in front of nostrils. 7a. Caudal lobes with lengthwise brown band, middle rays pale; body with 4 or 5 broad transverse brown bands from base of dorsal narrowing ventrally; transverse scale rows (upper edge of gill opening to base of middle caudal rays) 29; upper part of lateral line with 21 tubular scales; dorsal rays XIII,12 or 13; anal rays 11,12; pectorals ii,16; gill rakers 7+ 1+18=26. A. sexfasciatus (Lacepéde) 7b. Caudal lobes without lengthwise band, only outer edge of outer rays dusky brown; back sooty brown to lateral line, 3 vertical brown or black bars extending ventrally from brown back, another above pectoral base and one on caudal peduncle; transverse scale rows (from upper edge of gill opening to base of middle caudal rays) 24 to 26; upper part of lateral line with 16 tubular scales, followed by 2 or 3 with pores; dorsal rays XIII,12 (rarely 13); anal II,13 (rarely 12); pectorals ii,14 or 15; gill rakers 7+1+19 to 21=27 to 29. A. curacao (Bloch) 2b. Teeth of jaws in two rows, long, slender, curved, and cylindrical; tips compressed to rounded; teeth of inner row smaller fitting between teeth of outer row; body elongate, robust; never with dark transverse bars; snout, preorbital and suborbital naked. Subgenus CHRYSIPTERA Swainson, 8a. Opercle with a pale spot. 9a. A black spot at dorsal edge of base of caudal fin prominent at all ages; a narrow blue stripe from snout passes along dorsal edge of eye, widening behind eye and continuing to base of soft dorsal, where it surrounds a large oblong black spot; upper sides brownish, lower sides pale yellowish, belly white; pelvics, anal, and caudal fin pale hyaline; no dusky color on distal portion of caudal fin; dorsal rays, XIII,12 (rarely 13); anal II,12 (sometimes 13); pectoral rays ii,17 (rarely 16); gill rakers 8+-1+12 to 14=20 to 23. A. leucopomus (Lesson) 9b. Entire basal third of caudal black; no broad blue stripe from eye to dorsal; body brown, usually with a narrow white transverse bar from 5th to 7th dorsal spines to anus and a second white ring around anterior part of caudal peduncle, area behind pectoral pale; these two bars may be absent but pale pectoral area always evident; pelvics and anal dark brown or black; tips of middle caudal rays dusky; dorsal rays XIII,11 or 12 (usually 12); anal 11,12; pectorals ii,16 or 17; gill rakers 6 or 7+1+12 to 13=19 to 21. A. amabilis (De Vis) FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—-WOODS AND SCHULTZ 81 8b. Opercle plain brownish. 10a. Body plain pale grayish tan, bluish or whitish lower sides with 2 faint inverted V-shaped pale areas; anus black, sharply contrasting with surrounding area; anal fin pale basally with a dusky marginal band; pelvics pale; young with narrow bluish line from snout across top of eye along base of dorsal, breaking up into blue dots, disappearing with age; dorsal rays XIII,12; anal rays II,12; pec- toral ii,15 to 17; gill rakers 7 to 9+1+14=22 to 24. A. glaucus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 10b. Body brownish to blackish, with or without white wedge-shaped trans- verse bar under 5th to 7th dorsal spines; lower sides and belly brownish; anus dark but not contrasting with surrounding area; anal fin dusky brown or black; pelvics dark grayish brown to black; back with large black ocellus (in most specimens except large adults) just below base of last 4 dorsal spines and a second smaller black spot at base of posterior dorsal rays; specimens 20 to 50 mm, with narrow pale blue lines from snout across top of eye along dorsal base to ocellus, these sometimes absent; dorsal rays XIII, 13; anal 11,13; pectorals ii,15 or 16; gill raker 8 or 9+1+415 Onn G —— 2A G02 Oe ee eee ae A. biocellatus (Quoy and Gaimard) 1b. Dorsal spines XII; teeth of jaws in single row; body deep, compressed; pre- orbitals naked or partly scaled; suborbitals scaled. Subgenus Nrcoste- GASTES Whitley. lla. Anal rays [1,15 to 17; lips thick, plicate, finely fimbriate; background color of young pale to dark purplish brown, with diagonal dark lines along scale bases; often a large blackish vertical band on side just in front of caudal peduncle, between soft dorsal and anal fins; fins pale in young, sometimes dusky or black in adults; dorsal rays XII,18 (rarely 19); pectoral ii,17; gill rakers 2 or 3+1+11=14 or 15. A. johnstonianus (Fowler and Ball) 116. Anal rays II,11 to 14. 12a. Color of body pale. 13a. Color pale, margins of scales with narrow dark marginal bar appear- ing as fine diagonal lines; a black crescent-shaped band 4 or 5 scale rows wide, originating on anterior soft dorsal rays and ex- tending to tips of anterior anal rays; dorsal rays XII,17 or 18; anal II,14 (rarely 13); pectorals ii,15 to 17 (usually 17); gill TAkKerape et lt ANOT Nae OL! Lae ee A. dicki (Liénard) 136. Color plain pale to light grayish or brownish; no spots, stripes, or dark markings except faint short curved lines on bases of scales above lateral line; fins generally all pale and transparent, some specimens with spiny dorsal membranes faintly dusky; black spot on eye between pupil and dorsal edge; dorsal rays II,15 (rarely 14); anal II,11 (rarely 12); pectoral ii,17 to 19 (usually 18); gill rakers 1 or 2+1+8 or 9=10 to 12. A. imparipennis (Vaillant and Sauvage) 12b. Color of body light brown to dark brown. 14a. Body dark reddish brown to purplish black; scales of head, back and upper sides with scattered small blue spots (often obscure in alcohol) ; posterior part of caudal peduncle usually pale yellowish; aD U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 caudal fin pale; dorsal, anal, and pelvics dusky or black; a black spot on pectoral base; dorsal rays XII,16 or 17; anal 11,13 or 14; pectoral ii,18; gill rakers 9 or 10+1+11 to 14=21 to 23. A. lacrymatus (Quoy and Gaimard) 14b. Body light brownish to uniform dark brown, or with white transverse bars or stripes; scales without pale blue spots. 15a. Body light to dark brown; scales of sides with dark marginal line forming fine diagonal lines; small specimens usually with white transverse bar under base of 4th to 6th dorsal spines, a large black ocellate spot on base of last dorsal spines and a small black spot at base of last dorsal soft rays on edge of caudal peduncle; large black spot on upper pectoral base in specimens of all sizes; dorsal rays XII,14 to 16 (usually 15); anal II,11 to13 (usually 12); pectoral ii,18 or 19; gillrakers 3 or4+1+411 CO td — al mbm nape eee A. leucozona (Bleeker) 15b. Body dark brown to almost black with 3 or 4 white transverse lines, the first from nape across opercle, the second from 6th dorsal spine, the third from origin of soft dorsal to base of middle of anal, and the fourth on anterior part of caudal pe- duncle (first and last of these sometimes indistinct); caudal peduncle with a broad black ring; soft dorsal usually with a black spot near tips of 4th to 8th soft rays; caudal fin yellowish or whitish; a dark crescent-shaped spot on base of pectorals; dorsal rays XIT,16 or 17; anal 11,13 or 14 (usually 14); pec- toral ii,18 or 19; gill rakers 3+1-++10=14. A. phoenixensis Schultz ABUDEFDUF AUREUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Puate 84,D Glyphisodon aureus CUviER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 472, 1830 (type locality, Java). SPECIMENS STUDIED Kwajalein Atoll, Kwadak Island, lagoon, depth 10 feet, Sept. 6, 1951, John Randall, 1 specimen, 91 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,12; anal II,14; pectoral I,i,14; scales 26, with 1% between lateral line and scaly sheath of dorsal fin and 10 between lateral line and anal origin; gill rakers 74+-1+19. Depth of body 1.7; head 3.3; both in standard length. Snout 3.6; eye 2.7; preorbital width 10; length of upper jaw 3.3; postorbital part of head 3.0; interorbital width 2.5; depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 to 2.0; length of pectoral fin 0.8, of pelvic fin 0.6, of fifth dorsal spine 1.3; all in length of head. Angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 50 to 60 degrees, snout profile convex. Teeth of jaws conical at sides but incisiform, with truncate tips at front of jaws; preorbital and suborbital naked; top of head scaled to in front of nostrils. FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—-WOODS AND SCHULTZ 83 Color in alcohol.—Light brownish; spiny dorsal with blackish membranes distally. Color when alive.—Bright golden yellow; dorsal fin dusky distally. ABUDEFDUF SORDIDUS (Forskal) PLaTE 86,D Chaetodon sordidus ForsK&u, Descriptiones animalium..., pp. xxiii, 62, 1775 (type locality, Djedda, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 13 stations, 22 specimens, 19 to 146 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 3 stations, 6 specimens, 84 to 149 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 8 specimens, 20 to 130 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 4 specimens, 20 to 34 mm. Guam: 4 lots, 5 specimens, 18 to 75 mm. Saipan: 2 lots, 3 specimens, 17 to 28.5 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XII1,15 or 16 (usually 15); anal rays II,14 or 15; pectoral rays ii,17 (rarely i,18); scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 28 or 29 (usually 28), with 3% between scaly dorsal sheath and lateral line, 14 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 22 perforated scales; gill rakers 11-++-1+15 (2 counts). Depth of body 1.6 to 1.9; head 2.7 to 3.0; both in standard length. Snout 3.0 to 3.8, eye 2.9 to 4.15; preorbital width 6.2 to 9.7; length of upper jaw 3.6 to 3.7; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.9 to 3.0; interorbital width 2.8 to 3.6; depth of caudal peduncle 1.8 to 2.0; length of pectoral fin 1.0 to 1.2, of pelvic fin 0.9 to 1.1, of fifth dorsal spine 1.8 to 2.2, of upper caudal ray 0.8 to 1.0; of lower caudal ray 0.9 to 1.0; all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin of opercular flap). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 0.8 to 0.9; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 50 to 60 degrees; snout profile convex. Teeth of jaws long, cylindrical at base, flattened, truncate, tips entire in specimens over 100 mm., slightly notched in specimens 50 to 60 mm. and trifid in young; preorbital and suborbital entire, naked; preopercle entire, its posterior and ventral lines not scaled; opercle with distinct broad, flat, triangular spine, head scaled on interorbital to front margins of eyes; chin naked; interorbital flat in young, strongly convex in largest specimens; width of preorbital increasing with length of body; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal lobes rounded, pectoral angular, pelvics pointed. Color in alcohol.—Lips pale, naked portions of snout greyish, back and sides with 10 alternating bands of light reddish brown and dark reddish brown or uniformly dark reddish brown; young specimens up 84 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 to about 80 mm. usually with distinctly contrasting bands, though these absent in some; specimens of all sizes with small black spot at upper edge of pectoral insertion and broad intense black saddle, about as wide as diameter of eye, on upper part of caudal peduncle just behind soft dorsal fin; vertical fins all dark or dusky in largest specimens, distal half of dorsal pale in middle-sized specimens and soft rays of dorsal, anal, and caudal, pale in specimens under 50 mm.; specimens 18 to 35 mm. with a large round black spot in anterior portion of spiny dorsal reaching from third to 7th spines; pectoral fins pale in specimens under 100 mm., dusky on basal portions in larger ones; pelvics entirely dark or with broad median portion dark in largest specimens, inner rays pale in specimens under 50 mm., with only outer ray black. Color when alive——Lips pale whitish, preorbital and suborbital whitish in some specimens, grayish in others; opercular membrane pale; iris yellow, body dark grayish brown with alternating light and dark bands, indistinct in some specimens, with general body color very dark or bands contrasting white and dark grayish brown; black spot on upper pectoral base; broad black saddle on top of caudal peduncle just behind soft dorsal; spiny dorsal fin with scaly sheath dark grayish, spines and membranes light grayish or light tan, soft dorsal dark on basal %, with broad yellowish margin on posterior rays; anal blackish; caudal with blackish base, a broad yellowish sub- marginal band, and with tips of rays black, or caudal completely black; pectorals dusky basally, pale distally, pelvics blackish. ABUDEFDUF SAXATILIS (Linnaeus) PLATE 85,B Chaetodon saxatilis LinNanus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 276, 1758 (type locality, India). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam Island, Tumon Bay, Jan. 8, 1946, Gressitt and Ingram, 48 specimens, 41 to 61 mm.; Guam Island, Tumon Bay, Nov. 29, 1945, Gressitt, 2 specimens, 53 and 54 mm.; Guam Island, Nov. 25, 1945, D. G. Frey, 1 specimen, 69 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XIII,12 (rarely 11 or 13); anal 11,12 (rarely 11); pectoral ii,17; transverse scale rows 27 or 28, with 3% between end of lateral line and scaly dorsal sheath, 11 between lateral line and anal origin; upper part of lateral line with 20 or 21 tubular scales; gill rakers 7 or 8-+1-+17, totaling 25 or 26 (3 counts). Depth of body 1.7 to 1.9; head 2.8 to 3.1; both in standard length (tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening). Snout 4.1 to 4.6; eye 2.5 to 3.1; preorbital width 9.7 to 10.9; length of upper jaw 3.3 to 3.4; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening 2.7 to 3.1; interorbital width 3.0 to 3.2; depth of caudal FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—-WOODS AND SCHULTZ 85 peduncle 1.8 to 2.1; length of pectoral fin 0.9 to 1.0; of pelvics 0.9 to 1.5, of 4th dorsal spine 1.7 to 2.0, of upper caudal ray 0.8 to 0.9, of lower caudal ray 0.9; all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.1; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 42 to 49 degrees. Teeth of jaws flattened, truncate, bicuspid or entire; gill rakers long (about as long as diameter of pupil), slender; preorbital not notched, naked; suborbitals narrow, scaly; preopercle entire, scales not covering its posterior margin; opercular spine small, flat, triangular, head scaled anteriorly to nostrils, interorbital space slightly convex; third and 4th dorsal spines longest, about equal in length to 12th dorsal spine; soft dorsal and anal fins pointed; caudal lobes angular; first pelvic ray filamentous. Color in alcohol.—Lips dusky brownish or grayish; top of head, dark grayish or brownish; back and sides with 5 broad dark grayish or blackish bars alternating with slightly broader pale whitish or light dusky grayish areas, dark bars narrowing and fading ventrally; spiny dorsal membranes dusky grayish; soft dorsal with large black basal area, anterior rays dusky, posterior rays with distal half pale; anal with anterior rays dusky, posterior rays pale; caudal with basal por- tion and outer rays dusky, median rays pale; pelvics dusky; pectorals pale with distinct small dark brown or blackish spot on base of upper rays. ABUDEFDUF SEPTEMFASCIATUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) PuatTe 86,B Glyphisodon septemfasciatus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 463, 1830 (type locality, Isle de France). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 7 staticns, 29 specimens, 15 to 133 mm. in standard length. Kniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 110 to 143 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 7 specimens, 16 to 130 mm. Guam: 7 lots, 19 specimens, 19 to 141 mm. Saipan: 3 lots, 5 specimens, 13 to 24 mm. Rota Island: 2 lots, 6 specimens, 22 to 72 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,13 (rarely 12); anal II,12 (rarely 13); pectoral rays i1,16 (rarely 15 or 17); scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 27 or 28 (usually 27), with 3% between end of lateral line and scaly dorsal sheath, 11 or 12 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 20 to 22 perforated scales; gill rakers 8 to 10+1-+14, totaling 23 to 25 (2 counts). Depth of body 1.8 to 2.1; head 2.5 to 3.1; both in standard length. Snout 3.1 to 3.6; eye 2.5 to 5.9; preorbital width 6.2 to 11.0; length of 86 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 upper jaw 3.5 to 4.0; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.9 to 3.5; interorbital width 3.0 to 3.4; depth of caudal peduncle 1.7 to 2.1; length of pectoral fin 1.0 to 1.1, of pelvic fin 0.9, of third dorsal spine 1.7 to 3.0, of upper caudal ray 0.8 to 0.9, of lower caudal rays 0.8 to 0.9; all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 0.8 to 1.0; angle of snout profile with length- wise axis of body 53 to 60 degrees, snout profile convex, steeper in large specimens. Teeth of jaws cylindrical on basal %, tips flattened, truncate or rounded, entire in adults, 1 or 2 notches in young; preorbital and sub- orbital entire, naked; preopercle entire, margins not scaled, 3 rows of scales on cheeks; scales on head only to narrowest part of interorbital, opercle with broad, flat, triangular spine, interorbital convex; pre- orbital width increasing with size of specimens; soft dorsal and anal fins angular, spiny dorsal spines increasing in length to 3rd, 4th, or 5th (which are subequal), then decreasing to 12th, 13th about as long as third; caudal lobes angular. Color in alcohol.—Lips pale or dusky on sides only, membrane on maxillary black; head dark brownish, sometimes preorbital and sub- orbital grayish and naked portion of preopercle whitish; opercular membrane blackish, dusky brown, or pale; body with 7 light grayish or yellowish transverse vertical bars alternating with 6 dark brownish or blackish bars of about equal width; spiny dorsal fin membranes grayish with narrow black margin, soft dorsal usually dark basally, paler distally, anal entirely dark, or same as dorsal; caudal dusky, usually tips of rays blackish and sometimes upper and lower margins dusky, pelvics dark grayish; pectorals pale, a small black spot on pectoral base at its upper insertion. Young specimens (under 50 mm.) same as adults, with similar number of transverse bars but with a large black spot on anterior dorsal spines and a black saddle across dorsal part of caudal peduncle, just behind dorsal fin. Remarks—Young (under 50 mm.) of this species and of A. sordidus are similar in color pattern; they can be distinguished readily by the number of dorsal and anal fin rays, A. sordidus having 15 dorsal and 14 or 15 anal rays. ABUDEFDUF SEXFASCIATUS (Lacepéde) PuiatE 85,C Labrus sezfasciatus Lacerhpre (on Commerson), Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, pp. 430, 477, pl. 19, fig. 2, 1802 (type locality, the “Great Ocean”). SPECIMENS STUDIED Saipan Island, coral reefs, June 1945, F. B. Shroyer and T. 8S. White, 4 speci- mens, 10 to 35 mm.; Guam, 1945, D. G. Frey, 2 specimens, 60 and 63 mm. FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 87 Description.—Dorsal fin rays X1II,12 or 13; anal rays II,12; pec- torals ii,16; transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 29, with 3}; between end of lateral line and scaly dorsal sheath, 11 or 12 between lateral line and anal origin; upper part of lateral line with 21 tubular scales; gill rakers on first gill arch 7+1+18 totaling 26 (2 counts). Depth of body 1.8 to 2.0, length of head 2.9 to 3.0, both in standard length (tip of snout to base of caudal rays). Snout 4.0 to 4.5; eye 2.8 to 2.9; preorbital width 9.4 to 15.0; length of upper jaw 3.4 to 3.5; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 3.0 to 3.2; interorbital width 2.9 to 3.3; depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 to 2.2; length of pectoral fin 0.9 to 1.1, of pelvic fin 0.9 to 1.0, of fifth dorsal spine 1.7 to 2.1, of upper caudal ray 0.8 to 0.9, of lower caudal ray 0.8 to 0.95; all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin of opercular membrane); depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.0 to 1.2; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 40 to 46 degrees, upper profile nearly straight. Teeth of jaws cylindrical, flattened, bent, bicuspid or truncate; preorbital straight without notch; preorbital and suborbital scaly; opercular spine very short, inconspicuous; head scaled to tip of snout, interorbital shghtly convex; 4th to 8th dorsal spines subequal, dorsal and anal soft rays pointed, lobes of caudal angular; first pelvic ray filamentous. Color in alcohol.—Lips blackish; upper half of head blackish or dark brown; body with 5 dark brown or black vertical bars alternat- ing with slightly wider light bars, both sets extending onto scaly dorsal sheath, the dark bars narrowing and fading ventrally; lower sides of breast and belly with distinct narrow lengthwise lines extend- ing along intersections of scales, centers of scales pale; spiny dorsal membrane dusky; soft dorsal with large dark spot on basal portion, dusky distally, anal similarly colored; caudal with outer ray dusky, then two broad lengthwise black bands, middle caudal rays pale; pectorals pale, a small black spot on base of upper rays; pelvics dusky on basal half, rest of fin pale. ABUDEFDUF CURACAO (Bloch) Piate 86,A Chaetodon curacao Buocu, Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische, pt. 3, p. (79) 106, pl. 212, fig. 1, 1787 (type locality, Southern America, Curacao Island but this is an error as pointed out by Giinther, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 4, p. 43, 1862). Abudefduf curacao KENDALL and Gotpssoroucu, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, No. 7, p. 297, 1911. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll, Arji Island, 100 yards off shore, lagoon coral area at depths from 0 to 40 feet, poison and spear, August 7, S-46-308, Brock and Herald, 2 specimens, 71.5 and 75.5 mm. 42214259 7 88 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Rongelap Atoll: Kabelle Island, north end, lagoon reef, June 20, S-46-231, Schultz and Herald, 1 specimen, 59 mm. Jaluit Atoll: USNM 65718, January, February, 1900, Albatross, 5 specimens, 71 to 94 mm. Likiep Atoll: Univ. Washington, August 20-22, 1949, 22 specimens, 46 to 63 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XIII,12 (rarely 13); anal 11,13 (rarely 12); pectorals ii,14 or 15 (usually 15); scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 24 to 26, with 3 between lateral line and dorsal origin, 1% between end of lateral line and scaly dorsal sheath, 10 between origin of anal and lateral line; upper part of lateral line with 16 tubular scales and usually 2 or 3 scales with pores follow- ing; gill rakers 7+1+19 to 21, totaling 27 to 29 (2 counts). Depth of body 1.6 to 1.8; head 3.15 to 3.3; both in standard length. Snout 3.5 to 3.8; eye 2.4 to 2.8; preorbital width (measured at notch) 10.0 to 11.0; length of upper jaw 3.2 to 3.3; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.9 to 3.3; inter- orbital width 2.6 to 2.9; depth of caudal peduncle 2.0 to 2.1, length of pectoral fin 0.8 to 1.0, of pelvic fin 0.7 to 0.8, of 6th dorsal spine 1.3 to 1.5, of upper caudal rays 0.7 to 0.8, of lower caudal rays 0.8; all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin of opercular flap). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.0 to 1.2; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 58 degrees. Teeth of jaws short, cylindrical, only slightly compressed at tips, truncate; preorbital notched; suborbitals notched, both preorbital and suborbital scaly, though latter with naked margin, preopercle with scales covering its posterior but not its ventral margin; opercular spine small, inconspicuous, head completely scaled to tip of snout except area close around nostril, some of head scales with basal accessory scales, interorbital slightly convex; 5th, 6th, and 7th dorsal spines longest, subequal, dorsal and anal soft rays pointed, lobes of caudal pointed or filamentous, first pelvic ray filamentous. Color in alcohol.—Lips pale or dusky; snout, interorbital, and upper part of head and back dark reddish brown or blackish, lower half of head and body light tan or yellowish; sides with 3 vertical broad dark bands reaching almost to belly, narrowing slightly ventrally, alternat- ing with 3 pale areas; caudal peduncle dusky; spiny dorsal fin mem- branes yellowish basally, dusky distally, soft dorsal anterior rays dusky, rest of fin pale; anal with anterior rays dusky, rest of fin pale; outer caudal rays dusky, median rays yellowish basally, pale distally; pectorals with upper edge of upper rays dusky, rest of fin pale; outer edge of pelvic spine dusky, rest of fin pale. Color when alive.—Lips blackish; iris white; top of head and back sooty gray, lower half of head and breast silvery white; belly white; sides with 2 distinct broad vertical bars; ground color bluish green FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 89 just below lateral line, yellowish about middle; posterior part of body from insertion of soft dorsal and anal rays blackish, vertical bars and dark posterior part made up of vertical oval shaped spots on base of each scale, anterior dorsal and anal soft rays black; upper and lower caudal margins black, middle portion of caudal pale; pelvics pale. ABUDEFDUF LEUCOPOMUS (Lesson) PLATE 89,C Glyphisodon leucopomus Lesson, Voyage. . . la Coquille. . . , Zoologie, p. 189. 1830 (type locality, Oualan, Caroline Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 6 stations, 23 specimens, 16 to 47 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 4 specimens, 23 to 31 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 5 stations, 9 specimens, 20 to 40 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 42 to 45 mm. Guam: 10 lots, 85 specimens, 13 to 46 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,12 (rarely XIII,13 or XIV,12); anal II,12 (sometimes 13); pectoral rays ii,17 (rarely 16); transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 25 to 27 (usually 26), with 2% between lateral line and origin of dorsal, 8 or 9 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 17 to 19 (usually 18) tubular scales; gill rakers 8-+1+12 to 14, totaling 21 to 23 (2 counts). Depth of body 2.2 to 2.3; head 3.1 to 3.4; both in standard length. Snout 3.8 to 4.0; eye 2.6 to 3.2; preorbital width 9.7 to 12.0; length of upper jaw 3.2 to 3.4; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.5 to 2.8; interorbital width 3.8 to 4.2; depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 to 2.1; length of pectoral fin 1.2 to 1.3, of pelvic fin 0.9 to 1.0, of 13th dorsal spine 1.7 to 1.9, of upper caudal rays 1.0, of lower caudal rays 1.0 to 1.1; all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.2 to 1.3; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 58 to 63 degrees, snout profile convex. Teeth of jaws in a double row those of inner row with their tips fitting into spaces between teeth of outer row, teeth with flattened, rounded tips, scales of interorbital region extending forward on snout almost to nostrils; preorbital and suborbital naked; both margins of preopercle naked; opercle with two flat triangular spines, the lower much larger than upper; dorsal spines subequal after 4th, last only slightly longer than 5th; soft dorsal and anal outlines angular, caudal lobes rounded, pectoral rounded; pelvics with outer row filamentous. Color in aleohol—Specimens of all sizes with a broad blue band (almost as wide as eye) extending from upper margin of eye along upper sides to base of anterior half of soft dorsal; lips dark brownish, 2 90 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 narrow blue lines on preorbital to lips, these lines sometimes evident on eye also; narrow blue line extending forward on dorsal surface of snout almost to tip, where it meets its fellow; suborbital and dorsal row of preopercular scales with faint blue lines; head dark brown or blackish except for opercle, which has a broad white vertical band; opercular membrane with black spot between spines; body dark brown on back and upper sides, contrasting with pale yellowish white on lower sides, breast, and belly; a dark ocellus, as large as eye, on back just below base of 11th to 13th soft dorsal rays; dorsal surface of caudal peduncle dark blue, silvery, or blackish expanding into a large, intense black spot on the dorsal base of the caudal fin; scales of upper part of sides with 1 or 2 small oblong or round blue spots (these often indistinct in preserved specimens); spiny dorsal membrane dusky basally, distal half pale, a narrow black line on its margin, free flaps black or bicolored; soft dorsal dusky basally on anterior portion only, rest of fin pale; caudal base dusky, outer edges of outer rays with thin brown or blackish line; anal entirely pale or with anterior margin dusky, anus black; pelvics pale except outer edge of spine and first ray dusky brown; pectoral pale with small dark brown or black axillary spot and usually a narrow dark line on dorsal half of its base. Remarks.—This species is evidently very closely related to Abudefduf amabilis De Vis but may be readily separated from it by the color pattern. No intergrading individuals were noted among the several hundred examined. ABUDEFDUF AMABILIS (De Vis) PLATE 89,D Glyphidodon amabilis De Vis, Proce. Linnean Soc. New South Wales, vol. 8, p. 452, 1884 (type locality, South Sea Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 14 stations, 79 specimens, 13 to 55 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 5 stations, 46 specimens, 32 to 61 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 14 specimens, 19 to 49 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 11 specimens, 23 to 50 mm. Guam, 8 lots, 92 specimens, 14 to 54 mm. Rota Island, 10 specimens, 31 to 50 mm. Description—Dorsal rays XIII,11 or 12 (usually 12); anal rays I1,12; pectorals ii,16 or 17; transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 26 or 27, with 2% scales between lateral line and origin of dorsal, 9 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 17 to 19 tubular scales; gill rakers 6 or 7+1-+12 or 13 totaling 19 to 21 (4 counts). ° FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 91 Depth of body 2.2 to 2.4; head 3.2 to 3.4; both in standard length. Snout 3.8 to 4.1; eye 3.2 to 3.3; preorbital width 9.1 to 11.3; length of upper jaw 3.3 to 3.4, postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.4 to 2.6; interorbital width 3.6 to 4.5; depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 to 2.2; length of pectoral fin 1.2 to 1.3, of pelvic fin 0.9 to 1.0, of 13th dorsal spine 1.8 to 2.0, of upper caudal rays 0.9 to 1.0, of lower caudal rays 1.0 to 1.1; all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.1 to 1.3; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 63 to 66 degrees, snout profile slightly concave in large examples but upper profile strongly convex. Teeth of jaws crowded, long, slender, curved, basally cylindrical, tips flattened and rounded, in two rows, teeth of inner row slightly smaller and fitting between teeth of outer row near tips; scales of interorbital region not extending as far forward as nostrils; snout and preorbital naked; suborbital naked, both margins of preopercle naked; opercular spines 2, the ventral one largest, both flat, triangular; dorsal spines subequal after 3rd, soft dorsal and anal outlines angular, caudal lobes rounded, pectoral rounded. Color in alcohol.—Light reddish brown to dark grayish brown or black; opercle pale, membrane black between spines, dusky below spines; body with 3 pale transverse diagonal bars, the first from upper posterior edge of opercle behind pectoral axil to near pelvic insertion, the second from below 5th to 7th dorsal spines to anus, the third across caudal peduncle just behind last soft dorsal rays, the second and third bars may be indistinct or absent and the body uniformly black, except area behind pectoral usually pale; very dark brown or black bar across pectoral base; spiny dorsal membrane brownish with black submarginal line and tips of membranes pale, soft dorsal basally dark brown or black and distal half of soft rays pale; anal entirely dark brown or black; posterior part of caudal peduncle and base of caudal fin intense black (in young the black is confined to upper part, the remainder being merely dusky) rest of caudal fin pale, except that some specimens have outer edges of upper and lower rays dusky and tips of median rays dusky, pelvics dark brown or black, pectorals pale. Remarks.—Only very few specimens from the Marshalls bore the middle transverse bar, several had the anterior part of the caudal peduncle pale; all possessed the pale opercle and light area behind the pectoral; in our numerous examples from the Marianas the ratio was reversed, nearly all specimens having the 3 transverse bars and only a few being uniformly dark colored; when all specimens were carefully compared, intermediate color patterns were observed. 92 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 ABUDEFDUF GLAUCUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) PuatTr 87,A Glyphisodon glaucus CUvIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 475, 1830 (type locality, Guam). Abudefduf antjertus (not Kuhl and Van Hasselt) KpenpALL and GoLpsBoROoUGH Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, p. 297, 1911. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 13 stations, 189 specimens, 13 to 84 mm. in standard length. Tniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 54 specimens, 44 to 87 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1388 specimens, 20 to 59 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 12 specimens, 17 to 60 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 56 mm. Arno Atoll: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 31 mm. Rota Island: 2 lots, 59 specimens, 12 to 72 mm. Guam: 18 lots, 376 specimens, 13 to 58 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 21 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XIII,12; anal rays II,12; pectorals 1,15 to 17 (usually 16); transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays, 26 to 28 (usually 27), with 2% between lateral line and origin of dorsal, 8 or 9 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 17 or 18 (usually 18) tubular seales; gill rakers 7 or 8+1-+-14, totaling 22 to 24 (4 counts). Depth of body 2.0 to 2.4; head 3.0 to 3.4; both in standard length (tip of snout to base of caudal rays). Snout 3.4 to 4.5; eye 2.0 to 3.4; preorbital width 7.8 to 12.6; length of upper jaw 3.3 to 3.6; post- orbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.6 to 3.2; interorbital width 3.3 to 5.0; depth of caudal peduncle 1.8 to 2.3; length of pectoral fin 1.2 to 1.4, of pelvic fin 1.0 to 1.2, of 13th dorsal spine 1.8 to 2.0, of upper caudal rays 0.9 to 1.0, of lower caudal rays 1.0 to 1.1; all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.1 to 1.5; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 56 to 58 degrees, snout profile convex. Teeth of jaws, crowded, long, slender, slightly curved, rounded basally, flattened, rounded tips, in two rows, inner row smaller, tips of teeth fitting between teeth of outer row; scales of interor- bital region extending to anterior margin of eye, snout and area around nostrils naked; orbital bones and both margins of preop- ercle naked; opercular spines 2, broad, flat, small, scarcely evident in large examples; dorsal spines subequal efter 4th; soft dorsal and anal outlines angular, caudal slightly forked, lobes rounded, pec- toral rounded. Color in alcohol.—Lips pale dusky brown to grayish, head, back and upper sides uniform light reddish brown, grayish brown or pale FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 93 whitish, on some specimens dark grayish usually a faint light, narrow vertical bar across posterior edge of opercle and 2 faint but usually evident pale extensions from light belly dorsally into brown of sides, the first about even with anus the second vertical from anterior ¥ of anal fin; anus black; spiny dorsal fin membranes dusky, soft dorsal usually pale though sometimes light dusky brown; anal usually pale basally with a dusky marginal band; caudal pale basally, the middle rays usually dusky, outer rays pale or dusky; pelvics always pale; pectoral pale yellowish, no basal axillary spot. Young with a narrow bluish line running from middle of snout along upper margin of eye and along base of dorsal where, as fish grows larger, the stripe breaks up into bluish dots; upper part of caudal peduncle pale silvery or bluish, sometimes bluish or black lines from anterior margin of eye across upper lip. Remarks.—The coloration of young specimens (and some larger ones up to 50 mm.) is very similar to that of A. antjerius except that antjerius has a black ocellus in the spiny dorsal and black spot in the soft dorsal; these are never present in glaucus. ABUDEFDUF BIOCELLATUS (Quoy and Gaimard) Puates 84,C; 85,D Glyphisodon biocellatus Quoy and Gaimarp, Voyage autour du monde... sur... lUranie et la Physicienne, Zoologie, p. 389, 1824 (type locality, Guam). Glyphisodon zonatus Cuvinr and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 483, 1830 (Coast of New Guinea; Vanikolo). Glyphisodon antjerius Kuni and Van Hasseit in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 481, 1830 (Antjer, Java). Abudefduf zonatus KENDALL and GotpsBporoucH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, p. 297, 1911 (Jaluit). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 14 stations, 453 specimens, 15 to 83 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 5 stations, 142 specimens, 20 to 83 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 37 specimens, 20 to 60 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 4 stations, 23 specimens, 24 to 67 mm. Jaluit Atoll: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 69 mm. Likiep Atoll: 1 lot, Univ. Washington, 1949, 1 specimen, 55 mm. Guam: 9 lots, 20 specimens, 17 to 57 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XIII,13; anal IJ,13; pectoral rays ii,16 (rarely 15); transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 25 to 27 (usually 26), with 2% between lateral line and origin of dorsal, 8 or 9 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 16 to 19 tubular scales; gill rakers 8 or 9+1+15 or 16, totaling 24 to 26 (4 counts). 94 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Depth of body 2.1 to 2.2; length of head 2.7 to 3.4; both in standard length. Snout 3.4 to 4.6; eye 2.5 to 3.7; preorbital width 7.6 to 12.2; length of upper jaw 3.3 to 3.5; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.5 to 2.8; interorbital width 3.2 to 4.1; depth of caudal peduncle 1.8 to 2.4; length of pectoral fin 1.2, of pelvic fin 0.9 to 1.1, of 13th dorsal spine 1.9 to 2.7, of upper caudal rays 0.9 to 1.0, of lower caudal rays 1.0 to 1.1; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.0 to 1.1; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 52 to 63 degrees, snout profile slightly concave in large specimens, upper profile convex. Teeth of jaws in two series, those of inner row smaller, crowded between those of outer row, which are larger, teeth slender, cylindrical basally, tips flattened, rounded; snout, preorbital and suborbital, and ring around eye naked; both margins of preopercle naked; opercular spines 2, broad, flat, triangular, lower spine larger than upper; dorsal spines subequal after 4th, soft dorsal and anal outlines angular, caudal lobes rounded, pectoral rounded, pelvics pointed in large specimens, outer ray filamentous in small. Color in alcohol—In specimens over 50 mm., general body color light reddish brown to dark reddish, grayish or blackish brown; lips dusky grayish to pale grayish, naked suborbital and preorbital and naked margins of preopercle often paler than scaly portion of pre- opercle and opercle, which are dark brown; a white or yellowish V-shaped vertical bar on upper sides from below 5th to 7th dorsal spines to a point even with lower pectoral base, often indistinct or absent; caudal peduncle pale yellowish except on largest and darkest specimens; breast and belly lighter than back and sides, sometimes yellowish; some specimens with an indefinite white or pale spot below white bar; most specimens with a large black spot below the base of the last 3 dorsal spines and a spot behind last dorsal soft rays ex- tending onto rays, these spots more or less disappear with age, the anterior spot disappearing first (however, some specimens of about 40 mm. lacked both spots, whereas both were evident in specimens of 76 mm.); spiny dorsal membrane dusky brown its margin and free flaps black; soft dorsal dusky basally, distal % pale; anal usually dark brown or black basally and on distal portion of anterior rays, last 3 or 4 rays paler; caudal usually pale yellowish, with distal 4 dusky but sometimes entire caudal is dusky; pelvics black or dusky brown, inner ray usually slightly paler; pectoral pale, with a small dark brown or black axillary spot. In specimens 20 to 50 mm. head with 2 narrow pale blue lines extending from eye along dorsal base to large black ocellus on base of 10th to 13th dorsal spines, and anteriorly converging near tip of FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 95 snout; usually a narrow blue line across eye below pupil, thence across preorbital to upper lip, and a narrower line below eye to rictus; upper part of head and back dark brown, sometimes with tiny blue dots on each scale, sides below lateral line becoming paler ventrally, lower sides light dusky brown with faint lengthwise lines, belly yellow- ish, caudal peduncle pale yellowish with faint brownish dots on bases of some scales; dorsal dusky with a large black ocellus on last 3 rays and a black spot on last soft rays extending along dorsal surface of caudal peduncle in some specimens; distal portion of last dorsal rays pale but with faint fine brownish barring; anal dusky basally anteriorly, a narrow black line along ventral margin, sometimes a faint barred line across middle of pale posterior rays; caudal pale hyaline, outer edges of upper and lower rays with narrow black line; pelvics pale or dusky, if pale the outer edge of spine and first ray have narrow black line; pectoral pale a small brown spot on base of upper rays. Color when alive-—A 55-mm. specimen has the back and sides purplish brown or blackish; breast and belly light brown; prominent black spots about as large as eye below last dorsal spines and at posterior base of soft dorsal; chin and opercle yellowish; preopercle brownish; iris yellow; wedge-shaped bar light purplish brown flecked with white; spiny dorsal orange, with distinct narrow black marginal line; soft dorsal bright yellow; caudal yellowish orange, anal blackish; pelvics black; pectoral bright yellow. Remarks.—We have examined over 700 specimens, ranging in size from 15.5 mm. to 83 mm., many of these were intermediate between typical biocellatus and typical zonatus. The size at which the juvenile colors are no longer evident varies from about 25 to 50 mm. ; specimens as small as 33 mm. had partially assumed the darker colors of adults and nearly lost the blue lines on the head while these were retained in some as large as 47 mm. This species shows considerable variation in color pattern, and between all extremes and varieties our large series contain some intermediate forms. ABUDEFDUF JOHNSTONIANUS (Fowler and Ball) Puiates 86,C; §8,A Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Fowter and Bau, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci Philadephia, vol. 76, p. 271, 1924 (type locality, Johnston Island). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Univ. Washington, 1946, 1 lot, 2 specimens, 45 to 68 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 3 specimens, 41.5 to 49 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 5 specimens, all 21 mm, Johnston Island: August 1947, 9 specimens, 56 to 77 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XII,18 (rarely 19); anal [1,15 to 17 (usually 16); pectoral rays ii,17; transverse scale rows from upper 96 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 27 to 30 (usually 29), with 4 between lateral line and origin of dorsal fin, 11 or 12 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 21 or 22 tubular scales; gill rakers 2 or 3+-1-+11, totaling 14 or 15 (4 counts.). Depth of body 1.7 to 1.8; length of head 2.9 to 3.7; both in standard length. Snout 3.2 to 3.7; eye 3.1 to 3.8; preorbital width 5.7 to 6.9; length of upper jaw 3.7 to 3.9; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.6 to 2.8; interorbital width 2.9 to 3.2; depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 to 2.1; length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.2, of pelvic fin 1.1 to 1.2, of 13th dorsal spine 1.6 to 1.9, of upper caudal rays 1.0 to 1.1, of lower caudal rays 1.0 to 1.1; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior margin of opercular mem- brane); depth of caudal peduncle in its length 0.7 to 1.0; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 53 degrees. Teeth of jaw uniserial, long, slender, curved, blunt-pointed or rounded, scales extending forward on snout to beyond nostrils; preorbitals only partially scaled, suborbitals sealed; preopercular margins scaled, scales on opercle extending beyond opercular margin to posterior edge of opercular flap, which is narrow, opercular spine not evident; lips thick, plicate, finely fimbriate; dorsal spines gradu- ally increasing in length to last; soft dorsal and anal rounded in young, angular or pointed in largest specimens; caudal lobes angular; pelvics pointed; pectoral angular. Color in alcohol—Head and body purplish brown, lower parts somewhat paler, upper fins all dusky in largest specimen (77 mm.); medium sized individuals (50 to 65 mm.) with narrow dark vertical lines along scale bases, appearing as a cross-hatching upon a light yellow background; top of head and back dark brown or blackish; fins all blackish, except pectoral which is dusky, usually an indistinct dark brown blotch across posterior part of body just anterior to caudal peduncle or posterior part of body from insertion of anterior dorsal] and anal soft rays; caudal posterior to end of scaly portion blackish; smaller specimens (40 to 50 mm.) may have posterior part of body pale yellowish, or with a very distinct dark blotch smaller than described above; in these specimens the dorsal fin is dusky blackish and the rest of the fins completely pale or with dark edging. Backs of post-larvae (21 mm.) brownish with large black spot under the soft dorsal base, underparts silvery, spiny dorsal black-edged, a trace of dusky coloring on distal portion of upper pectoral rays, remaining fins pale. Ecology.—The post larvae, 21 mm. in standard length, are pelagic. Remarks.—Fowler and Ball have made this species the type of a separate genus, Plectroglyphidodon, “distinguished from Abudefduf by the plaited lips.” It is true that the lips are thick, ridged, and FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 97 fringed, but in other respects, e. g., scalation of orbital and opercular bones, number of dorsal fin spines, spiny dorsal outline, large number of dorsal and anal fin rays, low number of gill rakers (especially on upper branch), shape of body, and form of teeth of jaws, this species resembles the other members of the subgenus Negostegastes. ‘‘Plectro- glyphidodon” is intermediate in lip form between Negostegastes and Cheiloprion Weber. Cheiloprion labiatus Day is thus related to the Negostegastes group, but in that species the lips are very much thick- ened, curled back, and fringed, in this species the jaw teeth are finer than those in species of Negostegastes. Although both Cheiloprion labiatus and ‘‘Plectroglyphidodon”’ johnstonianus may be distinguished on the basis of their thickened lips, nearly all the rest of their external characters are similar to Abudefduf (Negostegastes) leucozona Bleeker, the type species of this subgenus. If we recognize the genera Cheiloprion and Plectrogly- phidodon we lose sight of the close relationship to Negostegastes and if we do not recognize them we perhaps do not sufficiently emphasize their specialization. However, because of the relatively large number of species involved it seems best to group these species in as large natural groups as possible rather than separate each species that shows some slight aberrance or specialization. ABUDEFDUF DICKI (Liénard) PuLate 86,E Glyphisodon dickii LibNarp, Soc. Hist. Nat. Maurice, 10™¢ Rapp. Ann., p. 35, 1839 (type locality, Mauritius). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 6 stations, 10 specimens, 33 to 71 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 5 specimens, 41 to 48 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 58 to 66 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station 6 specimens, 31 to 56 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 30 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XIJ,17 or 18; anal II,14 (rarely 13); pectoral rays ii,15 to 17 (usually 17); transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 27 to 29 (usually 29), with 3% or 4 between end of lateral line and scaly dorsal sheath, 12 between lateral line and anal origin; upper part of lateral line with 20 to 22 tubular scales; gill rakers 2+1-+12 or 13, totaling 15 or 16 (2 counts). Depth of body 1.7 to 1.9; head 2.7 to 3.3; both in standard length. Snout 3.3 to 3.5; eye 2.3 to 3.7, preorbital width 6.4 to 11.3; length of upper jaw 3.6 to 3.8; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.7 to 2.9; interorbital width 2.7 to 3.3; depth of caudal peduncle 1.8 to 2.4; length of pectoral fin 1.0 to 1.3, 98 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 of pelvic fin 0.9 to 1.2, of last dorsal spine 1.4 to 2.1, of upper caudal rays 0.8 to 1.2, of lower caudal rays 0.9 to 1.3; all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin of opercular flap); depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.0 to 1.1; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 47 to 59 degrees, upper profile convex. Teeth of jaws long, slender, cylindrical, curved, close set, numerous, produced, their tips only slightly flattened, entire, rounded, pale brown; lips, thick, curled back but not fimbriate or rugose; preorbital not notched, naked, suborbital scaled; scales on top of head anterior to nostrils, many with basal accessory scales; interorbital convex; pre- opercular margin entire, opercular spine not evident, hidden by scales; gill rakers on lower branch of first arch short, wedge-shaped, the 2 of upper branch close to angle, rest of upper branch of arch smooth, en- larged and fleshy; dorsal spines gradually increasing in length to last, soft dorsal rounded in small specimens 30 to 40 mm., and in largest (72 mm.) anterior rays of both dorsal and anal produced and fila- mentous; caudal lobes angular, pelvics with outer ray filamentous though not much elongated; pectoral short and rounded. Color in aleohol.—Lips dark grayish brown, top of head reddish brown or dark brown; margins of scales of back and sides with narrow, vertical, dark brown bar and pale yellowish bases, so that body has appearance of many fine diagonal lines following the transverse scale rows and slanting upward and slightly posteriorly; lower sides and belly light reddish brown; black crescent-shaped band 4 or 5 scale rows wide on posterior part of body, originating on anterior dorsal rays and extending to tips of anterior anal rays; caudal peduncle and caudal fin bright yellow or pale whitish, outer edges of upper and lower caudal rays with thin black line basally; scaly sheath of spiny dorsal reddish brown, membrane and spines dusky grayish or blackish, anterior dorsal rays dark gray or blackish, posterior rays pale; anal almost entirely black but last 4 or 5 rows lighter, sometimes pale; pelvics with outer rays dusky brown, inner two pale; pectoral fin pale, its base bright or pale yellowish. ABUDEFDUF IMPARIPENNIS (Vaillant and Sauvage) PLATE 87,E Glyphisodon imparipennis VAILLANT and SauvaGs, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 3, vol. 3, p. 279, 1875 (type locality, Honolulu). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll, 11 stations, 91 specimens, 29 to 45 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 44 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 4 specimens, 38 to 44 mm. Rongerik Atoll, 2 stations, 5 specimens, 38 to 45 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays usually XII,15 (rarely 14 or 16); anal rays II,11 (rarely 12); pectorals ii, 17 to 19 (usually 18); transverse FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 99 scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 28 (rarely 27), with 2% between end of lateral line and scaly dorsal sheath, 10 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 20 tubular scales; gill rakers 1 or 2+1-+8 or 9, totaling 10 to 12 (4 counts). Depth of body 2.1 to 2.3; head 3.0 to 3.1; both in standard length. Snout 3.6 to 3.8; eye 2.8 to 3.2; preorbital width 6.9 to 10.4; length of upper jaw 3.6 to 4.4; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.6 to 2.9; interorbital width 3.6 to 3.9; depth of caudal peduncle 2.2 to 2.4; length of pectoral fin 1.2 to 1.3; of pelvic fin 1.1 to 1.3; of second dorsal spine 1.7 to 2.0, of upper caudal rays 1.0 to 1.1, of lower caudal rays 1.2 to 2.0; all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.4; angle of snout profile with length- wise axis of body 50 degrees, snout profile convex. Teeth of jaws slender, curved, round-tipped, close set, in a single row and somewhat protruding, preorbital with shallow notch, naked, suborbital with 2 or 3 large very thin widely spaced scales; scales on top of head anterior to front margin of eye but not reaching nostrils; interorbital convex; preopercular margin naked; opercular spine rela- tively strong, sharp; gill rakers weak, widely spaced, the 1 or 2 on upper arch close to angle, rest of upper arch smooth, enlarged, fleshy; second or third dorsal spine longest, next 2 or 3 subequal then grad- ually decreasing in size to last, which is not set closely against soft rays; soft dorsal outline angular, anal rounded, caudal lobes rounded, pelvics with outer ray filamentous though not much elongated, pectoral rounded. Color in alcohol.—Generally whitish, with dorsal part of head light dusky; lower lip pale, upper lip and tip of snout dusky; top of head dark grayish or grayish brown; eye with intense black spot between pupil and upper margin; sides above lateral line dark grayish brown, the bases of the scales with dark curved line margins pale; dorsal edge of caudal peduncle with a narrow dark line or at least darker than sides below lateral line; body generally uniformly pale yellowish, though some specimens show thin vertical brown lines following scale rows, these formed by darker basal lines on scales; fins generally all pale transparent, though some dark specimens with spiny dorsal membranes faintly dusky. Specimens 30 mm. and shorter may have a small dusky spot at rear base of soft dorsal fin. Remarks.—Fowler (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 93, p. 266, fig. 7, 1941) has made this species the type of a separate genus, Oliglyphisodon, ‘distinguished from Abudefduf chiefly by its reduced gill rakers.”’ In his description the number of gill rakers is given as 7 on the lower branch. We have found 8 or 9 in four specimens ex- 100 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 amined. In the various other species of the subgenus Negostegastes Whitley, into which imparipennis fits (by virtue of its XII dorsal spines, the outline of the dorsal fin, shape of body, and kind of teeth), the number of gill rakers on the lower part of the first gill arch ranges from 10 to 14. We do not believe this slight difference is sufficient to warrant placing imparipennis in a separate genus. ABUDEFDUF LACRYMATUS (Quoy and Gaimard) PuaTE 87,B Glyphisodon lacrymatus, Quoy and Gatmarp, Voyage autour du monde... sur... l’Uranie, et la Physicienne, Zoologie, p. 388, pl. 62, fig. 7, 1825 (type locality, Guam). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 17 stations, 207 specimens, 15 to 78 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 62 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 7 stations, 171 specimens, 17 to 75 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 45 specimens, 23 to 76 mm. Likiep Atoll: Univ. Washington, 1 lot, 19 specimens, 48 to 68 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XII,16 or 17; anal rays 11,13 or 14; pectoral rays 11,18, scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of middle caudal rays 26, with 3 from lateral line to base of dorsal (not counting those of dorsal fin sheath), 10 from lateral line to origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 19 to 22 tubular scales; gill rakers 9 or 10-+1-+11 to 14, totaling 21 to 23. Depth of body 1.8 to 1.9; head 2.8 to 3.3; both in standard length. Snout 3.3 to 4.38; eye 2.6 to 3.5; least preorbital width 6.8 to 11.2; length of upper jaw 3.4 to 3.9; postorbital part of head 2.5 to 2.7; interorbital width 3.0 to 3.3; depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 to 2.0; length of pectoral fin 0.9 to 1.1; of pelvics 0.8 to 1.0; of longest dorsal spine (12th) 1.5 to 2.3; of upper caudal ray 0.7 to 0.8, of lower caudal ray 0.9 to 1.0; all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin opercle). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.0 to 1.1; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 50 to 60 degrees, snout profile convex. Teeth of jaws in single row long, slender, close set, compressed, truncate, those of middle of jaws with shallow dent; bones of orbital and opercle all entire; preorbital naked, suborbital scaled; spines of dorsal fin gradually increasing in height, with the last being longest; angles of soft dorsal and anal pointed; caudal forked, lower lobe angular, shorter; upper lobe pointed, longer. Color in alcohol.—Lips, top of snout and interorbital area blackish, body light brown, dark brown, or blackish with numerous small, rounded, usually black-bordered white or bluish spots scattered over posterior part of head, back, and upper sides (these spots sometimes indistinct); scales usually with very dark narrow borders, center of FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 101 scale lighter on light specimens, giving appearance of transverse dark lines or crosshatching; caudal peduncle usually pale yellowish or light reddish brown in small specimens, but may be same color as rest of body (usually as dark as body in specimens over 70 mm.). Spiny dorsal blackish; soft dorsal blackish anteriorly and on scaly base, naked part of posterior half usually smoky grayish or whitish; anal fin completely blackish, or black basally and marginally with lighter middle part; caudal usually yellowish or pale whitish, in some speci- mens caudal is dusky and in some black basally, with middle rays and posterior quarter pale grayish (all gradations from white to black present in series studied); pectorals pale with very narrow black lines along rays, base black; pelvies very dark brown to black. Color when alive—Iris yellow; very dark brown or purplish head and body; scale margins darker, scale centers lighter; nuchal area and upper part of sides with numerous scattered small blue dots; naked portion of soft dorsal yellow, posterior half of caudal peduncle light brown; caudal fin light yellowish brown basally, pure yellow distally; pelvics and anal fin blackish. Ecology—This was the most abundant species of Abudefduf on the shallow parts of the reefs. Hundreds of specimens were discarded. ABUDEFDUF LEUCOZONA (Bleeker) PuaTE 87,C,D Glyphisodon ieucozona BuuEKeR, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 19, p. 339, 1859 (type locality, Karangbollong, Java). Abudefduf corneyi JoRDAN and DicKkERsON, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, p. 613, fig. 5, 1908 (type locality, Suva, Fiji). Abudefduf behnii JonDAN and Suwatz (not Bleeker), Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., vol. 25, p. 285, 1906. (Apia, Samoa.) SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 specimens, 52 to 53 mm. in standard length. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 specimen, 34 mm. Guam: 9 lots, 78 specimens, 13 to 71 mm. Rota Island: 2 lots, 5 specimens, 68 to 87 mm. Saipan: 3 specimens, 17 to 46 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays X11,14 to 16 (usually 15); anal rays II,12 (rarely 11 or 13); pectoral rays ii,18 (sometimes 19); transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 27 to 29 (usually 28), with 3% from lateral line to dorsal origin, 10 or 11 from lateral line to anal origin; upper branch of lateral line with 20 tubular scales; gill rakers 3 or 4+1-+11 to 13, totaling 15 to 17 (4 counts). Depth of body 1.8 to 1.9; length of head 3.0 to 3.2; both in standard length. Snout 3.4 to 3.6; eye 2.8 to 3.6; preorbital width 5.8 to 6.3; 102 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 length of upper jaw 3.3 to 3.8; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.6 to 2.8; interorbital width 3.1 to 3.3; depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 to 2.0; length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.2, of pelvics 1.0 to 1.1, of longest dorsal spine (3rd, 4th or 5th) 1.8 to 1.9, of upper caudal rays 0.9, of lower caudal rays 1.0 to 1.5; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.0 to 1.2; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 59 to 64 degrees, snout profile convex. Teeth of jaws in single series, long, curved, expanded basally, flat- tened distally, tips truncate; scales extending onto snout to about even with nostrils, rest of snout and preorbital naked; suborbital scaled; vertical margin of preopercle scaled, lower horizontal margin naked; opercle with one flat triangular spine, opercular membrane narrow, only slightly wider than opercular spine is long; dorsal spines increasing in length to 3d, 4th and 5th subequal, the rest successively very slightly shorter; soft dorsal angular in young, rounded in largest specimens; anal angular; upper caudal lobe angular, lower rounded, pelvics with outer ray filamentous, pectoral angular. Color in alcohol_—Lips pale, tip of snout and chin sometimes dark brownish, sometimes pale yellowish; black ring around margin of eyeball, most intense dorsally, opercle plain yellowish or with several (6 to 8) white spots slightly smaller than pupil; sometimes smaller white spots on preopercle and sometimes margins of preopercle dark reddish brown; ground color of head and back rich brownish or blackish, scales of sides with thin vertical dark brown marginal line, giving appearance of fine crosshatching, ground color of sides hight yellowish; small specimens usually with a white transverse bar under the base of 4th to 6th spines extending toward anus, fading on belly; this bar is usually lost in largest specimens over 60 mm., but may be retained indistinctly by some (sometimes bar is indistinct or absent in small specimens 30 to 40 mm.), a black ocellus as large as eye at base of last dorsal spines present in young, becoming indistinct in specimens over 50 mm. and usually disappearing in those over 60 mm.; a small black spot present on base of last soft dorsal rays; a large distinct black spot on base of upper rays of pectoral fin, growing larger and more distinct with age; dorsal fin dark brown or blackish, except tips of dorsal rays, which are paler; caudal dusky or blackish basally; anal blackish; pelvics dark brown or blackish; pectorals pale. Remarks.—Abudefduf behnii Bleeker has XIII dorsal spines and belongs in a different subgenus. We have examined the type (USNM 61678) of A. corneyi Jordan and Dickerson and find it to be identical with our specimens of A. leucozona from Guam. This species varies considerably in color pattern from young to adult stages but our FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 103 fairly large series contains intermediate sizes and shows the transitions of color pattern in all stages. Ficure 92.—Abudefduf phoenixensis Schultz, holotype, USNM 115782 from Enderbury Island. Drawn by A. M. Awl. ABUDEFDUF PHOENIXENSIS Schultz FIGURE 92 Abudefduf phoenixensis Scuuutz, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 190, fig. 15, 1943 (type locality, Enderbury Island, Phoenix Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 6 stations, 35 specimens, 20 to 63 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 8 specimens, 48 to 57 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 6 specimens, 48 to 52 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XII,16 or 17; anal rays II,13 or 14 (usually 14); pectoral rays ii,18 or 19; scale rows (upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays) 27 to 29 (usually 28), with 3 between scaly dorsal sheath and lateral line, 10 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper parts of lateral line with 21 or 22 perforated scales; gill rakers 3-+-1-++10 (2 counts). Depth of body 1.9 to 2.1; head 2.8 to 3.0; both in standard length (tip of snout to base of middle caudal rays). Snout 3.4 to 4.1; eye 2.8 to 3.6; preorbital width 6.9 to 8.6; length of upper jaw 3.6 to 3.9; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.7 to 2.8; interorbital width 3.2 to 3.7; depth of caudal peduncle 2.1 to 2.6; length of pectoral fin 1.0 to 1.1, of pelvic fin 1.0 to 1.3, of 12th dorsal spine 2.2, of upper caudal rays 0.9 to 1.0, of 422142608 104 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 lower caudal rays 1.0 to 1.1; all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin of opercular flap). Depth of caudal peduncle into length of caudal peduncle 1.25 to 2.0; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 47 to 50 degrees. Bones of preorbital and suborbital, preopercle, opercle, subopercle, and interopercle all entire, though some specimens with preopercle crenulate; spines of dorsal fin gradually increasing in length, with 12th the longest; angles of soft dorsal and anal pointed, caudal forked, lobes angular, upper rays longer than lower. Teeth of jaws in single row, long, slender, slightly curved, tips bluntly pointed or rounded; head scaled to a point even with nostrils, chin and preorbital not scaled. Color in alcohol—Head and body light grayish brown to dark chocolate brown, snout and breast usually paler than back and sides; body with 3 or 4 narrow transverse vertical white bars, the first from nape across opercle to a point even with pectoral base, sometimes indistinct, in some specimens this band represented on opercle only by white spots, second bar from midway on 6th dorsal spine, curving slightly anteriorly then slightly posteriorly toward anus, but usually fading on belly before reaching anus, the third white bar from the origin of soft dorsal to base of middle of soft anal fin; caudal peduncle with broad black ring bordered anteriorly by prominent white line and posteriorly, usually, with faint white line, the latter often in- distinguishable from pale caudal fin; scaly sheath of dorsal brownish, spiny dorsal membranes grayish brown, with narrow dark brown or blackish margin; a black spot (ocellus in young) near outer margin of 4th to 8th dorsal soft rays; anal fin very dark brown or blackish; caudal yellowish or whitish with outer edges of upper and lower rays blackish basally; pelvics dark grayish brown; pectorals pale grayish with black basal bar on crescent-shaped spot; axil of base of pectoral blackish. Color when alive-—As described for preserved specimens except transverse vertical bars light tan and caudal white. Genus POMACENTRUS Lacepéde Pomacentrus LacrrrprE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, p. 505, 1803 (type species, Chaetodon pavo Bloch). KEY TO THE SPECIES OF POMACENTRUS FROM THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS AND ADJOINING REGIONS la. Dorsal spines XII; teeth of jaws uniserial. 2a. Preorbital wide, its least width nearly equal to eye in adults; no black spots on upper part of pectoral base or base of last dorsal rays; dorsal fine rays Tbh anal Pils oes eee P. lividus (Bloch and Schneider) 2b. Preorbital narrower, its least width 4 to % eye in adults; black spot present on pectoral base and on base of last dorsal rays though latter some- what obscured. FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 105 3a. Snout scaled anterior to nostrils but not to tip of snout; lower margin of preopercle scaled (at least in adults); dorsal fin rays XII,16 (sometimes 15 or 17); anal rays II,13 (sometimes 14, rarely 12). P. nigricans (Lacepéde) 3b. Snout naked anterior to nostrils, scales barely reaching line drawn between nostrils; lower margin of preopercle naked; dorsal fin rays XII,15 (sometimes 14, rarely 16); anal rays II,12 (rarely 11 or 13). P. albofasciatus 2? Schlegel and Miller 1b. Dorsal spines XIII. 4a. Teeth of jaws uniserial, dorsal rays XIII,16 (rarely 15 or 17), preorbital naked, no enlarged horizontal or curving spines on lower posterior part; suborbital scaled, finely serrate; scales of sides with pale centers and broad dark brown margins, forming diagonal transverse lines; no black spot on opercle or on dorsal; a small black spot on base of upper pectoral rays, and axil black; anal rays II,13 (rarely 14). P. jenkinsi Jordan and Evermann 4b. Teeth of jaws biserial at least in part, sometimes the inner row of teeth found only in center of jaws, or on sides, represented as small teeth between the larger ones. 5a. Preorbital with one or two large, posteriorly directed curved spines; opercle with a black spot; orbital ring naked. 6a. Dorsal rays XIII,15 or 16; anal II,16 (rarely 14 or 15); small black spot on base of upper pectoral ray; large black spot, sometimes white-bordered, on base of 7th to 12th soft dorsal rays. P. vaiuli Jordan and Seale 6b. Dorsal rays XIII,13 (rarely 14); anal II,13 (rarely 14); no black spot on base of upper pectoral ray; no black spot on base of soft dorsal rays; scales of body with short vertical blue or pale bar and dark base and margin, these forming alternating light and dark lines; a blue or white streak or line from dorsal edge of eye to tip of SEE UU ee ee renee ote eee eee se Se Pu P. pavo (Bloch) 5b. Preorbital entire, without a posteriorly directed spine on its lower posterior margin, 7a. Opercle without a black spot; greatest depth 1.9 to 2.2. 8a. Dorsal rays XIII,11 (rarely 10 or 12); anal II,12; suborbital narrow, scaled; a black spot about size of eye on bases of last 3 dorsal spines and one on first two anal rays; anus black; caudal peduncle yellow; head and body light reddish brown; small indistinct blue dots on head and anterior part of body. P. traceyi, new species 8b. Dorsal rays XIII,14 or 15; anal II,13 or 14; suborbital narrow, naked, except possibly a scale or so on melanopterus. 9a. Middle dorsal spines 5th to 7th longer than last; no black spot on base of pectoral; body ground color pale yellowish with a black band on nape narrowing ventrally to opercles, a second wider band between 6th dorsal spine and first soft ray, narrowing ventrally and fading about middle of sides; soft portions of vertical fins, pectorals, and pelvics pale; dorsal rays XIII,14 or 15; anal II,14_______P. bifasciatus Bleeker 27 Not yet found in Northern Marshall Islands. 106 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 9b. Dorsal spines gradually increasing in length to last; large black spot across entire pectoral base; body ground color dark reddish brown; vertical fins all dark, except posterior half of anal, pelvics dark, pectoral pale; dorsal rays XIII,14; anal Shas. ees See ee P. melanopterus Bleeker 7b. Opercle with a small black spot, sometimes obscured by blackish background coloration; orbital ring (preorbital and suborbital) naked, and without spines; greatest depth about 2.5 in standard length. 10a. Dorsal rays usually XIII,14; anal II,15; background coloration dark brown dorsally (pale spots on head and on scales indistinct or absent) from rear of base of soft dorsal forward, including head, then abruptly whitish or pale posteroven- trally from level of lower edge of pectoral base posteriorly, including caudal peduncle and caudal fin; spiny dorsal dark brown; soft dorsal pale; anal fin pale, except distal edge has a) black line s 220 4ee aS aes P. coelestis Jordan and Starks 106. Dorsal rays usually XIII,13; anal II,13 or 14, usually II,14; background coloration light brown with vertically elongate white streaks on scales and posteroventrally, body not abruptly pale or white; caudal peduncle dusky; caudal fin) palevorswhitishs se a= sss P. caeruleus 78 (Bloch) POMACENTRUS LIVIDUS (Bloch and Schneider) PLATE 89,A Chaetodon lividus BLocu and SCHNEIDER, Systema ichthyologiae ..., p. 235, 1801 (type locality, Pacific Ocean). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: Point Oea, December 25, 1945, Gressitt, 1 specimen, 84.5 mm. in standard length. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XI1,15; anal rays I1,13; pectoral 11,16; transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 27, with 2% between lateral line and origin of spiny dorsal, 10 be- tween lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 18 tubular scales; gill rakers 8+-1+ 14. Depth of body 2.0; length of head 3.2; both in standard length. Snout length 2.8; eye 3.8; preorbital width 3.9; length of upper jaw 3.4; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.95; interorbital width 2.9; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.9; length of pectoral fin 1.1, of pelvics 1.0, of 13th dorsal spine 1.6, of upper caudal rays 1.0, of lower caudal rays 1.1; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior margin of opercle). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.3; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 68 degrees. 28 Not yet found in Marshall Islands, FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—-WOODS AND SCHULTZ 107 Teeth of jaws uniserial, close together, curved, truncate or rounded ; scales on top of head not extending on snout anterior to nostrils; pre- orbital naked, wide (almost equaling width of eye), its lower posterior margin serrate; suborbital scaled, serrate; preopercular margins naked, vertical limb finely serrate; membranes between dorsal spines with simple, entire margin, not incised or lobed, soft dorsal outline rounded; caudal lobes rounded; soft portion of anal angular; outer pelvic ray long and filamentous; pectorals short, rounded. Color in aleohol.—Back reddish brown; lips dark brown; naked part of snout, preorbital, and top of head blackish; cheeks dark brown, opercle blackish; breast and belly dark reddish; scales of back and sides with very dark brown or blackish submarginal line, scale bases reddish brown; vertical fins black basally, gradually becoming brown- ish distally, margins grayish brown; pelvics dark grayish brown; pectorals light grayish brown, no black spot on pectoral base, axil of pectoral reddish brown. Color when alive-—Yellowish orange below, brownish dorsally; fins yellowish; sides below lateral line with about 8 series of lengthwise rows of blue spots, one on each scale; brown spot at rear base of soft dorsal. POMACENTRUS NIGRICANS (Lacepéde) PuaTE 90,C Holocentrus nigricans Lacerzps, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, p. 332, 367, 1803 (type locality, none given). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 7 stations, 20 specimens, 26 to 75 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll, 3 stations, 136 specimens, 17 to 91 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 6 stations, 23 specimens, 21 to 90 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 26 specimens, 36 to 86 mm. Likiep Atoll: 1 lot, Univ. Washington, 53 specimens, 39 to 85 mm. Guam: 4 lots, 93 specimens, 24 to 87 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XII,15 to 17 (usually 16); anal rays II,12 to 14 (usually 13); pectoral rays ii,17 (rarely 18); scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin 27 to 29 (usually 28), with 3 between lateral line and origin of spiny dorsal, 11 between lat- eral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 18 or 19 tubular scales; gill rakers 10+1-+15. Depth of body 1.7 to 2.1; length of head 2.7 to 3.0; both in stand- ard length. Length of snout 3.1 to 3.7; diameter of eye 2.6 to 3.5; preorbital width 5.8 to 9.7; length of upper jaw 3.2 to 3.7; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.8 to 3.0; interorbital width 3.4 to 4.4; depth of caudal peduncle 2.0 to 2.4; length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.3, of pelvic fin 0.9 to 1.0, of last dorsal spine 1.5 to 2.1, of upper caudal rays 0.9 to 1.1; of lower caudal rays 1.0 to 1.3; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior edge of opercu- 108 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 lar membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle into length of caudal peduncle 0.9 to 1.1; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 58 to 64 degrees. Teeth of jaws in a single series, long, curved, cylindrical basally, tips flattened and somewhat truncate; scales extending on snout anterior to nostrils but not to tip of snout; preorbital naked serrate (only in large specimens) on its lower posterior corner; suborbital scaled, serrate in specimens over 40 mm., entire in smallest specimens; preopercular margin scaled, vertical limb finely serrate; spines of dorsal fin gradually increasing in length to last; soft dorsal and anal outlines angular; caudal lobes rounded, pectoral rounded. Color in alcohol.—Head and body color varies from light brown to blackish brown; snout and interorbital darker brown than lips and chin; some specimens with a white line on suborbital and round pale spots on cheek and opercle; all with black spot on base of upper pec- toral rays, a black or black-edged scale just above anterior lateral line scale; a black spot larger than pupil but smaller than eye on base of last 3 or 4 soft dorsal rays; scales of sides with dark brown basal spot and dark brown margin, intervening area pale, sometimes white; very often 2 or 3 rows of white spots, above anterior part of anal fin, extending onto scaly sheath of anal between second spine and first soft ray; spiny dorsal membranes dark brown with distal edge black; soft dorsal dark brown basally, distal portion of rays grayish brown, caudal dark brown or black basally, distal portion lighter (specimens under 85 mm. with caudal entirely pale); anal usually entirely black, though sometimes posterior rays are pale; pelvics dark brown; pectoral pale with black basal spot, axil of pectoral dark brown to black. Remarks.—We have included with this species those specimens, with a white line under the eye and white spots on side of head and above anterior part of anal, which were called P. taeniops by Cuvier. We have found no meristic or proportional differences in specimens of this coloration and we have many specimens which show these markings very faintly, thus intergrading between typical black nigricans and spotted taeniops. POMACENTRUS ALBOFASCIATUS Schlegel and Miiller Puates 88,B; 90,D Pomacentrus albofasciatus SCHLEGEL and Miiuer, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Zool., Leiden, vol. 2, p. 21, 1839-44 (type locality, northeast coast of Celebes). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 11 lots, 59 specimens, 16 to 74 mm. in standard length. Rota Island: 3 lots, 18 specimens, 15 to 63 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XII,14 to 16 (usually XJI,15); anal rays II,12 (rarely II,11 or 13); pectoral rays ii,17 or 18 (usually 18); FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 109 scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 26 to 28 (usually 27), with 3 or 3% between lateral line and origin of spiny dorsal, 10 or 11 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 19 tubular scales; gill rakers 11-+-1+14. Depth of body 1.9 to 2.0; length of head 2.8 to 3.2; both in standard length. Snout 3.3 to 4.2; eye 2.7 to 3.5; preorbital width 5.4 to 9.0; length of upper jaw 3.2 to 3.6; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.6 to 3.1; interorbital width 3.3 to 4.0; depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 to 2.3; length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.2, of pelvic fin 0.9 to 1.1, of 12th dorsal spine 1.6 to 2.0, of upper caudal rays 0.9 to 1.0, of lower caudal rays 1.0 to 1.1; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle into length of caudal peduncle 1.0 to 1.1; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 59 to 70 degrees. Teeth of jaws in a single series, long, curved, cylindrical basally, tips flattened and truncate;scales on snout extending anteriorly to nostrils; preorbital naked, serrate on its lower posterior angle; sub- orbital scaled serrate, serrations becoming more numerous and stronger with age; preopercle strongly serrate on vertical limb, both lower and vertical limbs naked; opercle with a flat triangular spine; spines of dorsal gradually increasing in length to last; soft dorsal and anal outlines angular; caudal lobes angular, caudal moderately forked, pelvics pointed; pectoral rounded. Color in alcohol—Head and body color varies from dark brown to light brown; tip of snout dark grayish black, chin yellowish gray, some specimens with small white spots, smaller than pupil, on opercles; light and dark specimens have dark brown submarginal line on each scale of back and sides, base of scale light brown, tan, or even white; a black spot about the size of pupil to size of eye in base of last soft dorsal rays, sometimes with faint pale area before it or surrounding it; some specimens with scaly sheath of spiny dorsal black; spiny dorsal membranes black between first to fourth spines, rest of mem- branes and anterior half of soft dorsal dark brown; caudal pale gray to black, some specimens with a black horizontal chevron mark across fin about middle of rays; anal black basally, anterior rays dark brown, tips of posterior rays light brown or pale; outer pelvic rays dark brown, inner pale brown, pectoral pale a black spot on base of upper 3 or 4 rays, pectoral axil dark brown or black on upper half. Remarks.—None of these specimens has a definite white area anterior to black spot on posterior soft dorsal rays, as has been described as characterizing Pomacentrus eclipticus, and is still clearly shown in the types of that species. Although some of our specimens, espe- cially pale individuals or small ones, do have a pale area around the 110 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 spot it is not distinct and is considered to be not sufficiently striking to include any of our specimens from the Marianas in the species eclipticus. POMACENTRUS JENKINSI Jordan and Evermann PLATE 90,B Pomacentrus jenkinsti JORDAN and EvERMANN, Bull. U. 8. Fish. Comm., vol. 22, p. 189, 1902 (1903) (type locality, Honolulu). Pomacentrus inornatus Scuuurz (Non De Vis) U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 184, 1943 (Swains Island; Samoa). Pomacentrus atrilabiatus Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 98, p. 146, figs. 15, 16, 1946 (type locality, Riu Kiu Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 26 stations, 429 specimens, 17 to 90 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 5 stations, 27 specimens, 15 to 78 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 7 stations, 107 specimens, 23 to 77 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 4 stations, 25 specimens, 30 to 83 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 4 specimens, 51 to 65 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XIII,15 to 17 (usually 16); anal rays 11,13 (rarely 14); pectoral 11,16 to 19 (usually 18); transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 28 or 29, with 3% or 4 between lateral line and dorsal origin, 12 or 13 between lateral line and anal origin; upper part of lateral line with 20 (rarely 21) tubular scales; gill rakers 7 to 9+1-+12, totaling 20 to 22. Depth of body 1.8 to 2.0; length of head 3.1 to 3.3; both in standard length. Snout 3.3 to 3.5; eye 2.9 to 3.6; preorbital width 6.7 to 8.9; length of upper jaw 3.5 to 3.8; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.4 to 2.6; interorbital width 2.9 to 3.5; depth of caudal peduncle 1.8 to 2.0; length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.2, of pelvic fin 0.9 to 1.0, of 13th dorsal spine 1.6 to 2.1, of upper caudal rays 0.8 to 0.9, of lower caudal rays 0.9 to 1.1; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior margin of opercular mem- brane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 0.9 to 1.0; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 55 to 63 degrees. Teeth of jaws uniserial, truncate, even, close together; scales not extending on snout anterior to nostrils; preorbital naked, suborbital scaled and finely serrate; posterior margin of preopercle naked, ventral margin of preopercle naked and entire, opercle scaled to edge, opercular membrane narrow; dorsal spines gradually increasing in length to last; soft dorsal and anal outlines angular; caudal shallowly forked, upper lobe angular, lower rounded; pectorals angular, pelvics with outer ray long and filamentous. Color in alcohol.—Dorsal part of head, back and sides dark reddish brown; tip of snout blackish; posterior part of lips blackish, cheeks, opercle, and breast light brown; scales of sides with pale centers, FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—-WOODS AND SCHULTZ EL broad blackish margins forming diagonal transverse lines fading on belly and caudal peduncle; caudal peduncle often light reddish brown but usually the same color as body; scaly sheaths of vertical fins dark blackish brown; membranes of spiny dorsal blackish, soft dorsal and anal very dark brown anteriorly and basally, lighter posteriorly and distally; caudal fin dark blackish brown er dark brown on basal %, paler on distal 4; intensely black spot on base of upper pectoral rays; pectoral light grayish brown, axil black; pelvics black. Young with head and body paler than adults but with diagonal transverse lines on sides; posterior half of body light yellowish brown; caudal fin pale yellowish; large black spot covering almost entire scaly basal portion of pectoral. Color when alive-—Head and body dark purplish brown, almost blackish, tip of snout and chin blackish, lips pale, sides with distinct narrow transverse lines following margins of scales, scaly bases of vertical fins dark purplish black; distal portion of spiny dorsal mem- branes brown; distal margins of soft dorsal and caudal fins pale, anal fin blackish, except distal tips of posterior soft rays; pelvics black; black spots on pectoral base. Remarks.—This species has been confused with Pomacentrus inorna- tus De Vis but on the basis of Whitley’s redescription of the holotype it is certainly distinct; P. genkinst has a scaly suborbital and one or more soft rays in the dorsal fin than P. znornatus. POMACENTRUS VAIULI Jordan and Seale PLATE 89,B Pomacentrus vaiuli JoRDAN and Sraue, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 280, pl. 40, fig. 2, 1906 (type locality, Apia and Pago Pago, Samoa). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 19 stations, 107 specimens, 24 to 64 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 7 specimens, 43 to 74 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 8 stations, 71 specimens, 25 to 63 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 specimens, 29 to 31 mm. Likiep Atoll: 1 lot, Univ. Washington, 3 specimens, 60 to 62 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,15 (sometimes 16); anal II,14 to 16 (usually 16); pectorals ii,15 or 16; transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 25 to 28 (usually 27 or 28), with 3 between lateral line and origin of dorsal fin; 9 or 10 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 17 or 18 tubular scales; gill rakers 7-++-1+14 (3 counts). Depth of body 1.8 to 2.1; length of head 2.9 to 3.3; both in standard length. Snout 3.4 to 4.5; eye 2.4 to 3.3; preorbital width 9.2 to 16.2; length of upper jaw 3.2 to 3.4; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.4 to 2.9; interorbital width 3.5 112 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 to 3.9; depth of caudal peduncle 2.0 to 2.2; length of pectoral fin 1.0, of pelvic fin 0.9 to 1.0, of last dorsal spine 1.6 to 1.8, of upper caudal rays 0.9, of lower caudal rays 0.9 to 1.1; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior margin of opercle). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 0.9 to 1.0; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 45 to 48 degrees. Teeth of jaws in double series at least in front, teeth cylindrical basally, compressed, tips rounded or bluntly pointed, inner row of teeth smaller, finer, sharply pointed; scales extending forward on snout to just in front of nostrils, preorbital and suborbital naked; posterior margin of preopercle naked, opercle scaled to edge; suborbital with strong spines; 1 or 2 enlarged curved spines on posterior edge preorbital just above corner of mouth; preopercle with strong spines; opercle with a single, flat, triangular spine; dorsal spines gradually increasing in length to last; soft dorsal and anal outlines angular; caudal with shallow fork, upper rays longer, lower lobe rounded; pelvics pointed, outer ray filamentous; pectorals angular. Color in alcohol.—Head and back light reddish brown; breast and belly pale brownish yellow; head with numerous fine blue lines extend- ing from snout and hind margin of eye posteriorly, these breaking up on back into lengthwise rows of larger blue dots, sides of head and cheeks with small blue dots; a round black dot only slightly smaller than pupil at upper edge of opercular opening; each scale on back and sides with (near base) one, two, or three blue dots forming lengthwise lines and a reddish brown margin forming oblique narrow lines; caudal peduncle pale yellowish, blue spots appearing brownish here, smaller and fading posteriorly; soft dorsal with a black spot slightly smaller than eye on base of 7th to 12th rays; caudal fin pale yellowish; anal dark brown except for tips of last 3 or 4 rays; pelvic rays brown, membranes pale; pectorals pale yellowish, a distinct small brown spot at base of upper rays, axil pale. Young with head and anterior part of body pale yellowish; belly and lower sides dark reddish brown; 2 broad brown stripes from tip of snout to dorsal origin; a broad line from upper edge of eye to under middle of spiny dorsal; lines on sides of head and body brownish; black spot on soft dorsal with pale ring; caudal peduncle and fin dusky. Color when alive——Lips yellow; iris yellow, eye with bright blue lines joining blue lines on snout; lengthwise lines on body iridescent blue; base of pectoral reddish orange; posterior % of body purplish brown; spiny dorsal dark basally; membranes orange distally with black margins; black spot on soft dorsal surrounded by blue ring; caudal fin bright golden yellow. FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 113 POMACENTRUS PAVO (Bloch) Plate 88,D Chaetodon pavo Buocn, Naturgeschichte der aiislandischen Fische, pt. 3, p. 6, pl. 198, 1787 (type locality, East Indies). Pomacentrus pavo KENDALL and GotpsBorouGH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, p. 295, 1911 (Tari Tari, Gilbert Islands, 2 specimens studied). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 1 station, 12 specimens, 34 to 61 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 3 specimens, 38 to 57 mm. Description Dorsal rays XIII,13 (rarely 14); anal 11,13 (rarely 14); pectoral ii,14 to 16 (usually 15); transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 27 to 29, with 3 between lateral line and origin of dorsal, 9 or 10 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 16 to 18 tubular scales; gill rakers 7-+-1-++14. Depth of body, 2.3 to 2.5; length of head 3.3 to 3.6; both in standard length. Snout 4.4 to 4.9; eye 2.7 to 3.4; preorbital width 10.6 to 17.0; length of upper jaw 3.2 to 3.4; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.2 to 2.6; interorbital width 3.4 to 4.1; depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 to 2.1; length of pectoral fin 1.1 to 1.2; of pelvic fin 0.9 to 1.0; of 13th dorsal spine 1.8 to 2.0; of upper caudal rays 0.6 to 0.7; of lower caudal rays 0.7 to 0.8; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.1 to 1.4; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 45 to 53 degrees, snout convex. Teeth of jaws biserial, outer row cylindrical basally, flattened and curved distally, with rounded tips, inner row small teeth fitting close against spaces of outer row, flattened, pointed; scales on snout ex- tending forward to nostrils; preorbital and suborbital naked, former with a single horizontal curved spine at its lower posterior margin, latter smooth on lower margin of anterior %, strongly serrate on posterior %; posterior margin of preopercle naked, strongly serrate; opercle with flat triangular spine; dorsal spines gradually increasing in length to last; soft dorsal, anal and caudal lobes pointed; pelvics pointed; pectoral rounded. Color in alcohol—Head yellow or brown with numerous narrow blue lines converging at tip of snout, on cheeks, and on subopercle, these broken into rows of round white dots; a black spot about size of pupil on opercular margin near upper edge of gill opening; scales of body with dark brown base and usually brown margin, and with short vertical blue bar across middle joining with bars on scales above and below to form alternating light and dark bars; spiny dorsal membrane 114 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 dark brown; soft dorsal pale, except anterior 3 or 4 rays brownish to tips; caudal dusky basally, the dusky area sometimes extending along lobes a short distance, outer and middle rays with colorless tips; anal dusky brown basaily, usually pale distally; anus black: pelvics and pectorals pale. Ficure 93.—Pomacentrus traceyi, new species, holotype, USNM 141310, from Rongelap Atoll, Marshall Islands. Drawn by A. M. Awl. POMACENTRUS TRACEYI, new species FIGuRE 93 Holotype—USNM 141310, Rongelap Atoll, Rongelap Island near north end, lagoon coral head at depth of 18 feet, July 25, S-46-286, Brock, Herald, and Kohler, 36 mm. Paratypes—USNM 141309, same data as holotype, 10 specimens, 27 to 36.6 mm.; USNM 141308, Bikini Atoll, Arji Island, 100 yards off shore, lagoon coral area at depths 0 to 40 feet, poison and spear, Aug. 7, S-46-308, Brock and Herald, 1 specimen, 40 mm. Description —Counts and measurements of the holotype are given first, followed by the range of variation noted in the paratypes (see table 88 for measurements expressed in thousandths of standard length): Dorsal fin rays XIII,11 (XIII,10 to 12); anal rays 11,12 (11,12); pectoral rays ii,14 (0,13 or 14); scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays, 26 (26), with 3 (2% or 3) between lateral line and origin of spiny dorsal, 9 (9) between lateral FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—-WOODS AND SCHULTZ 115 line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 14 or 15 (14 to 16) tubular scales; gill rakers 6-4+-1+14 (1 paratype). Depth of body 2.1 (2.08 to 2.1); length of head 3.16 (3.0 to 3.2); both in standard length. Snout 4.57 (4.3 to 4.6); eye 2.65 (2.4 to 2.7); preorbital width 13.5 (12.5 to 13.8); length of upper jaw 3.17 (3.0 to 3.2); postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.72 (2.7 to 3.2); interorbital width 3.57 (3.9); depth of caudal peduncle 2.08 (1.95 to 2.1); length of pectoral fin 1.07 (1.0 to 2.6), of pelvic fin 0.93 (0.9 to 0.94), of 6th dorsal spine 2.08 (1.8 to 2.0), of upper caudal rays 0.91 (0.9 to 1.0), of lower caudal rays 0.97 (1.0 to 1.2); all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 0.85 (0.8 to 0.9); angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 47 (45 to 49) degrees. Teeth of jaws biserial, those of outer row large, cylindrical basally, flattened distally, with rounded tips, those of inner row smaller and more slender, sharply pointed, fitting closely into spaces between teeth of outer row; snout scaled forward to nostrils, which are close to lip, so that only tip of snout is left naked; preorbital naked, with concave lower edge; suborbitals scaled; cheek with 3 rows of scales; preopercle with posterior margin naked and very finely serrate (some specimens show serrations only near angle and in all the serrations are so small they may be seen only with difficulty, unless magnified); opercle with flat, triangular spine (curved downward in type); spines of dorsal increasing in length to 6th or 7th which are longest, then decreasing in length only slightly to last, soft dorsal and anal outlines rounded, caudal angular, very shallow fork; pelvics pointed; pectorals rounded. Color in alcohol—Head and body dark reddish brown, each scale on head and back with a round blue spot on base, scales of sides with a narrow vertical blue basal bar, sometimes this bar constricted, form- ing 2 oval spots; a squarish intensely black spot about size of eye on basal portion of last 3 dorsal spines and first 2 soft rays and on back above lateral line; anus and genital papilla intensely black; caudal peduncle bright yellow; spiny dorsal membranes dusky brown, with narrow black distal margin; soft dorsal and caudal fin pale or pale yellow; anal fin dusky brown on spines and anterior rays, posterior rays pale, colorless; pelvics brown; pectoral pale, its base not darker than rest of body; no dark axillary spot. Remarks.—This species differs from all others of the genus Poma- centrus by its few dorsal rays, the large black spot on last 3 dorsal spines, entirely colorless caudal, and lack of black pigment on pectoral base. Named traceyi after Dr. Joshua I. Tracey, of the U.S. Geologica Survey. 116 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 TABLE 88.—Measurements of Pomacentrus traceyi in thousandths of standard length. Characters FATA’ TOSRAE ‘os tee 141310) 141309) 141309) Standard Jenethi inm me 55 Se ae eee 36 27.4 39. 7 Mepthiol DOdYs-222 == ae = ee eee ee eee ene 472 474 482 eam g thy OfsNea Gs ee ee ee ee ee 348 329 315 Wenet hol Shoutsss=s2e-e as = — a one eae ene eee 69 77 68 Wength Of Cy Osssc sen = a ee 119 139 118 Widthiotpreorbitaleces= 2s s ane omen eee ee 24 24 25 Heng th onl Denia Wiese sea ene ee eee 100 102 103 Tength of POStoLpital teas sere ae cena ee ee 117 120 98 Wid th. of interor bite let ae ee ee ee 89 84 81 Depthio caudslipeduncles-ses=s=2 aaa eee nee a eee 153 157 161 Lengthiof pectoral fin’: 2— <3 22 = fe Sen tos oe =e O02 aesee ase ee reas 307 bane thot pelvic fitts. 22 os 2= eae eee eee ee 342 362 338 Length) of:sixth dorsal'spine:----—=_-~--------=-- See ee 153 168 171 Tength of upper caudalirays-—2= === === == ep ee 349 318 343 eneth oflower caudal TayS. 22-223 no mae 328 285 310 Iseneth of caudal peduncles: 222 222 - === een ee ee 181 172 201 POMACENTRUS BIFASCIATUS Bleeker PLATE 88,C Pomacentrus bifasciatus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié vol. 6, p. 330, 1854 (type locality, Larantuka, Flores). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 2 specimens, 19 and 31.7 mm. in standard length. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,14 or 15; anal IJ,14; pectoral u,15 or 16; transverse scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays 28, with 3 between lateral line and origin of spiny dorsal, 10 between lateral line and origin of anal, upper part of lateral line with 16 tubular scales; gill rakers 9+1-+19. Depth of body 2.1 to 2.2; length of head 1.6 to 3.0; both in standard length. Snout 3.3 to 4.0; eye 2.6 to 2.9; preorbital width 10.7 to 18.0; length of upper jaw 3.1 to 3.3; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 2.9 to 3.0; interorbital width 3.5 to 4.0; depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 to 2.3; length of pectoral fin 1.2, of pelvic fin 0.9 to 1.4, of 6th dorsal spine 1.9 to 2.3; caudal rays broken on both specimens; all in length of head (tip of snout to hind margin of opercular bone). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 0.9 to 1.0; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of body 45 to 47 degrees. Teeth of jaws biserial, those of outer row larger, pointed, inner row smaller, fitting closely into spaces between teeth of outer row; scales on top of head covering interorbital area, not extending farther for- ward than anterior margin of eye, not reaching nostrils, snout naked; preorbital and suborbital narrow (less than diameter of pupil), naked, FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ AZ entire; both inferior and posterior margins of preopercle naked; dorsal spines gradually increasing in length to 5th, 6th, and 7th, which are subequal, then decreasing slightly to last; soft dorsal and anal outlines angular, caudal apparently only slightly forked, pelvics pointed, pectoral rounded. Color wn alcohol.—Pale yellowish pink with two black saddles; snout dusky; interorbital with indistinct dusky band, a black band about equal in width to diameter of eye on nape before first dorsal spine, narrowing ventrally and becoming indistinct on upper portion of opercle, or dividing and descending along anterior portion of opercle and on preopercle to cheek; second band extending from distal portion of membranes between 6th dorsal spine and first soft dorsal ray, narrowing and fading ventrally to about middle of sides, anus black, fins all pale or sometimes slightly dusky basally. Remarks.—Bleeker has stated in a description of this species that one band descends from the nape and the other from the soft dorsal (Nat. Verh. Holl. Maatsch. Wetensch. ser. 3, vol. 2, p. 89, 1877). His figure (Atlas ichthyologique. . . , vol. 9, pl. 401, fig. 3) shows the second band descending from the middle of the soft dorsal rather than from the posterior part of the spiny dorsal. It may be that our specimens represent a different species but they have been called P. bifasciatus because they possess the other features that Bleeker gave as characteristic of this species: Lower limb of preopercle without scales, interorbital region scaled, and median spines of dorsal longer than posterior spines. We have not found this combination of characters in any of the other banded species of Pomacentrus. POMACENTRUS MELANOPTERUS Bieeker Puate 90,A Pomacenirus melanopterus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 3, p. 562, 1852 (type locality, Amboina). SPECIMENS STUDIED Rongelap Atoil: Rongelap Island near north end, lagoon coral head at depth of 18 feet, July 25, S-46-286, Brock, Herald & Kohler, 1 specimen, 75 mm. Description.—Dorsal fin rays XIII,14; anal rays II,13; pectorals 1,16; transverse scale rows 27 from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal rays, with 3% between lateral line and origin of spiny dorsal, 10 between lateral line and origin of anal; upper part of lateral line with 18 tubular scales; gill rakers 6-+1-+15. Depth of body 1.9; length of head 3.5; both in standard length. Snout 4.1; eye 3.2; preorbital width 10.7; length of upper jaw 3.0; postorbital part of head (hind margin of eye to upper edge of gill opening) 3.7; interorbital width 2.95; depth of caudal peduncle 1.8; length of pectoral fin 0.85, of pelvics 0.9, of 13th dorsal spine 1.5; of 118 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 upper caudal rays 0.8, of lower caudal rays 0.8; all in length of head (tip of snout to posterior margin of opercular membrane). Depth of caudal peduncle in its length 0.96; angle of snout profile with lengthwise axis of bedy 57 degrees. Teeth of jaws biserial, those of outer row larger, rounded or bluntly pointed, those of inner row small, slender, curved, pointed; snout scaled to a point just anterior to nostrils; preorbital and suborbital naked, suborbital narrow, about half width of preorbital; scales extending to margin of preopercle, which is finely serrate; dorsal spines increasing in length to last, which is longest; soft dorsal and anal outlines angular; pectoral long, rounded tip. Color in alcohol.—Lips blackish, top of head dark brown, cheeks, opercles, breast grayish brown, scales of back and sides with broad dark brown membrane and distinctly paler base, so that fish appears crosshatched and with indistinct lengthwise lines on posterior sides and caudal peduncle; spiny dorsal membranes dark brown basally, the free parts of distal portion blackish; soft dorsal black basally, distal portion of anterior half of fin dark brown, posterior rays brown, membranes pale; anal similarly colored, the last 6 rays paler; caudal black basally, becoming gradually paler brown distally, rays brown to tips; pelvics dark purplish brown; pectoral with large intensely black spot across base, then a pale whitish area, distal portion of rays brown, membrane clear, inner pectoral base also black, axil dark brown. Remarks.—Bleeker’s figure of this species (Atlas ichthyologique .., vol. 9, pl. 402, fig. 6) shows the suborbital serrated but in his remarks on this species (Nat. Verh. Holl. Maatsch. Wetensch., ser. 3, vol. 2, p. 56, 1877) he states that the suborbital! is not serrated. POMACENTRUS COELESTIS Jordan and Starks Puate 83,D Pomacentrus coelestis JORDAN and Srarks, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci., 3rd ser., Zool., vol. 2, pp. 383-384, pl. 21, 1901 (type locality, Wakanoura in Kii, Japan). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Ion Island, August 7, 1946, Univ. Washington, 14 specimens, 21.5 to 40 mm.; Bikini or Rongelap or Kwajalein Atolls, August 17 to Sept. 28, 1946, Bradley and Carter, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 49 mim. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,13 to 15, usually XIII,14; anal 11,15, rarely 11,16; pectoral rays ii,15 to 16, rarely ili,16; scale rows FAMILY POMACENTRIDAE—WOODS AND SCHULTZ 119 from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin 28 or 29 (usually 28), with 3 scales from lateral line to dorsal origin, 8 or 9 (usually 9) from lateral line to anal fin origin; gill rakers 6-+-1-++-14 or 15 (2 counts); pores in lateral line 17 or 18, usually 17. Depth of body 2.5 to 2.8; length of head 2.9 to 3.4; both in standard length. Snout 4.0 to 4.3; eye 2.8 to 3.0; least preorbital width 14 to 15; snout tip to rear edge of maxillary 2.9 to 3.0; postorbital part of head 2.1 to 2.2; interorbital width 3.2 to 3.3; depth of caudal peduncle, 2.1 to 2.5; length of pectoral fin 1.2 to 1.3, of pelvic fin 1.2 to 1.3, of last dorsal spine 1.8 to 2.2, of longest upper caudal ray 0.8 to 1.1, of lower caudal ray 0.8 to 1.1; all in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle in its length 1.1; angle of snout profile with length- wise axis of body 50 to 55°. Teeth of jaws biserial forward, conical, compressed, the inner row represented by small teeth between the larger ones; scales extend for- ward to a line between front of orbits; orbital ring naked, suborbital and preorbital smooth-edged, no spines; preopercular margin scaled ventrally, probably naked posteriorly; dorsal spines gradually in- creasing in length to last. Color in alcohol.—Background coloration dark brown dorsally from rear of base of soft dorsal anteriorly (including head) and ventrally to about level of lower edge of pectoral base; this dark brown colora- tion may contain very indistinct pale spots, about one on each scale; below the dark brown coloration lower sides and body ventrally are abruptly white or pale, this extending posterodorsally to include caudal peduncle, caudai fin and soft dorsal fin distally; a small black spot on opercle, sometimes indistinct on blackish brown specimens; spiny dorsal dark brown; anal fin white or pale with distal margin edged with black line; pectoral pale or white, basally dark brown; pelvics light dusky or whitish. No blue or white lines on head. Remarks.—This species is closest to Pomacentrus caeruleus, which has naked orbital ring, no spines on preorbital or suborbital, and an elongate body (depth about 2.5 to 3.0 in standard length). In colora- tion coelestis is dark brown anterodorsally and white posteroventrally, these colors contrasting distinctly; whereas, in caeruleus the ventral parts are dusky and on the head there are numerous blue or white reticulated lines absent in coelestis. The soft rays of both dorsal and anal fins average about one ray more in coelestis than in caeruleus, see table 89. 422142—60—_9 Vol. 2 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 120 eee 3 8 Re eee a eS ee T 6 eae | coma gk leans ss I 9 hc egies tea | pe T “> 6 € foras ap eo Slee les ¥ Basti alma ee |e I Gia ee eeaconlarecpea| mee dl oot L Gite 1S etl ae oe ty i, £ 6 oe | oh at g ie aes ok: ot ee) Valse T pega eal May ol E anes el ee al a Spe aia pe ml oaa | 8 z Phe alee: 9 Se wags. |(aeern | eal ge 08 62 8% LG 61 81 LT 9T 9T FI uy [epneo Jo oseq 0} Suyuodo [3 Jo espe seddn w0,y sepvog sfel [610409 sXel [Puy snajyusoeul0g fo savvads ULD}199 WO apoU SJUNO)—'68 alav | or €I II al OL FI T Ot II ST Ob. Ae ee eee | eae cae SpuLvysy [[BYSIB IAL OL Pee econ Glee al ees spurs] ourddipyd Oi, alee I Gas tle lene a spuvisy Uvomles oavd eee see I eI ~~" =") --""-SpuRisy [[BYsIB vy Sos oen| een n|emamenea ti es area | pana ae aas, (ad A40[0q jo oin3yg uo) usder 919891200 giles essa 6 Toone alles sourddyigd snaynsavo | &1 ra ATX | MITLX |e TIS sopoedg sAel [eSIOq Family LABRIDAE By Lronanrp P. Scuuttz This large and variable family was represented in the Marshall and Marianas Islands by numerous genera and species. Since the number of pelvic rays are always I,5, they are not recorded for the species. In counting pores in the lateral line, the abrupt arch opposite the rear base of dorsal fin is represented in the formula by a middle figure, for example, 18-+2-+6, with 18 pores in dorsal lateral line, 2 pores in arch, and 6 in peduncular lateral line. The number of pores in the lateral line may not represent the number of vertical scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin, since in those forms with an interrupted lateral line there may be some overlapping of lateral lines. The pores were counted to the base of the caudal fin. Scales above lateral line were counted to the base of the first soft dorsal ray and below to anal fin origin. The following key is intended only to distinguish those genera found in the Marshall and Marianas Islands. KEY TO THE GENERA OF LABRIDAE la. Preopercular edge denticulate posteriorly, the edge is free posteriorly as much as ventrally; gill membranes joined across isthmus, forming a broad free fold. 2a. Lateral line continuous not interrupted. 3a. Lateral line gently sloping to midlengthwise axis of caudal peduncular region; branched caudal rays 6+6; pores in lateral line 27 to 35; pectoral rays ii,13 to 16; 2 pairs of canines in each jaw; sides of head and bases of median fins scaled. 4a. Dorsal rays XII or XIII,6 to 8; anal III,8 to 10; pores in lateral line 27 to 29, with 2 scales above and 8 or 9 below it. Choerodon Bleeker 4b. Dorsal rays XII,9 to 11; anal III,10 to 13; pores in lateral line 29 to 35, with 3 or 4 scales above and 10 to 13 below it. Bodianus ” Bloch 3b. Lateral line with abrupt drop or curve to midlengthwise axis of caudal peduncle; dorsal rays IX to XI,9 to 12; pectoral i or ii,10 to 12; branched caudal rays 5+5; pores in lateral line 15 or 16+2+6 or 7, with 2 scales above and 6 below lateral line__._._Pteragogus Peters 2b. Lateral line interrupted; branched caudal rays 6+5; anal III,8 to 10; scales above lateral line 1 or 2 and 6 or 7 below it. 5a. Dorsal rays [X,11; pectoral ii,12 or 13; pores in lateral line 14 or 15+5 to 7; enlarged canines at tips of upper and of lower jaws in two pairs, outer pair of upper jaw somewhat hooked backward. Pseudocheilinops, new genus * Bodianus Bloch, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, vol. 4, pp. 31, 33, 1790 (type species, Bodianus bodianus Bloch=Labrus rufus Linnaeus) 121 122, U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 5b. Dorsal rays XI or XII,8 to 10; pectoral ii,13 or 14; pores in lateral line 16 to 18+5 to 7; a single pair of enlarged canines at tip of lower jaw and 8 pairs near tip of upper jaw, outer pair hooked backward. Cirrhilabrus Temminck and Schlegel 1b. Preopercular edge if free, not denticulate; instead it is smooth. 6a. Lateral line interrupted; gill membranes free from isthmus forming a broad free fold across it. 7a. Pores in lateral line 49 to 68+5 to 22; dorsal rays VIII to X,12 to 15, first two spines flexible; pectoral ii,9 to 11; branched caudal rays 5-+5; tip of both jaws with one pair of enlarged canines; preoper- cular edge free as much posteriorly as ventrally. Cymolutes Giinther 7b. Pores in lateral line 14 to 22+ 5 to 9. 8a. Lower jaw greatly elongate, the dentaries reaching posteriorly to behind gill membranes, and both jaws excessively protractile; cheek and opercle fully scaled, no free edge to preopercle; dorsal rays IX or X,9 or 10; anal III,8; pectoral ii,10; pores in lateral line 14 or 15++8 or 9; 1 or 2 pairs of canines at front upper jaw and 1 pair at front of lower jaw_------------- Epibulus Cuvier 8b. Dentaries normal, not as in 8a. 9a. Operculum and cheek fully scaled, no free preopercular edge; 2 rows of scales below eye, 2 or 3 large scales covering opercle and interorbital covered with a few big scales; dorsal rays IX or X,9 or 10; anal III,8; pectoral ii,9 or 10; branched caudal rays 6+5; pores in lateral line 13 to 15+6 or 7, with 2 scales above lateral line and 6 below it; 2 or 3 pairs of small canines at front of both jaws, nearly vertical and opposing Cachtother ates ue wen eee Wetmorella Fowler and Bean 9b. Operculum and cheek not fully scaled, preopercular edge free posteriorly as much as ventrally. 10a. Anal rays ITI,12 or 13; dorsal rays [X,12 to 14; pores in lateral line 20 to 22++5 or 6, with 2 scales above and 9 to 11 below lateral line; a single pair of enlarged canines at front of both jaws, the lower pair fitting between upper when mouth is closed. lla. First two dorsal spines flexible; spines III to IX pungent. 12a. Membrane between all dorsal spines connected near their tips and membrane between dorsal spines II and III not incised; first 2 dorsal rays may be elongate and bannerlike or as short as the pungent spines. Xyrichthys Cuvier 12b. Membrane between dorsal spines II and III deeply in- cised, usually to base of spine III, or the first two flexible spines are completely separated from spines III to IX. 13a. Membrane between dorsal spines II and III incised to basevof third _ === 2223- Hemipteronotus Lacepéde 13b. First two dorsal spines flexible, elongate, forming a distinct fin, completely separated from third spine. Iniistius Gill 11b. First dorsal spine flexible; spines II to IX pungent. Novaculops, new genus FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 123 10b. Anal rays III,8 or 9; branched caudal rays 6+-5; lateral line with 2 scales above and 6 below it. 14a. Anal rays III,8; pectoral ii,10; dorsal rays IX or X,8 to 10; pores in lateral line 14 to 16+6 to 9; a single pair of enlarged canines at tip of lower jaw and 1 or 2 pairs near tipROt Upper Maweea2 poses ae ee Cheilinus Lacepéde 14b. Anal rays III,9; pectoral ii,i1 to 15; dorsal rays IX,11 or 12; pores in lateral line 14 to 18+5 to 7; small canines at front of upper jaw in 2 or 3 pairs directed obliquely forward and the outer one greatly enlarged and hooked backward; a single pair of canines at front of lower jaw. Pseudocheilinus Bleeker 6b. Lateral line continuous; dorsal spines VIII to X; branched caudal fin rays 6+ 6. 15a. Preopercular edge scaled over, no free edge; entire head scaled except area around mouth; lips very thick, plicate; dorsal rays IX,11; anal III,10; pectoral ii,11 to 13; pores in lateral line about 18 to 20+2+5 or 6, with 3 or 4 above and 10 or 11 below lateral line; the pair of canines widely spaced at front of both jaws; gill mem- branes joined to isthmus.-...-20.--------- Labrichthys Bleeker 15b. Preopercular edge not completely scaled over, at least part of it free. 16a. Lower lip with a broad and deep concavity, on each side of which is a forward projecting fleshy lobe; lips not plicate or folded outward with median incision as in Hemigymnus; side of head scaled; preopercular edge free at the posteroventral angle only; dorsal rays IX,11; anal III,10; pectoral ii,11; pores in lateral line 20 to 40+5 to 138; the pair of canines at front of both jaws widely spaced, the upper pair fitting between lower when mouth ISyClOSCC 23 Sant Se tye alee Oe aes Se Labroides Bleeker 16b. Lower lip normal, not incised as in 15a. 17a. Gill membranes joined to each other, free from isthmus, forming a broad free fold; pores in lateral line totaling 45 to 48, with 6 or 7 above and 10 to 14 below it; the lateral line running a straight course, without an abrupt bend, to caudal peduncle; preopercular edge free posteriorly nearly as much as ven- trally; dorsal rays IX (rarely VIII),11 to 13; anal rays III,11 Onl? ipectoraluraysmi LO see Ses See Cheilio Lacepéde 17b. Gill membranes joined to the isthmus with or without a narrow free fold posteriorly over isthmus. 18a. Anal rays II,9 or 10; preopercular edge free posteriorly but not ventrally; dorsal rays 1X,9 or 10; pectoral ii,11; pores in lateral line about 30-+-2+7, with 6 scales above and 13 below it; both lips thick anteriorly, somewhat plicate; head scaled posteriorly from behind eye__Diproctacanthus * Bleeker 186. Anal rays III,10 to 13 (rarely 9 or 14); sometimes the first anal spine is minute, but it is not absent. 19a. Pores in lateral line 33 to 54+3 to 7+9 to 15; dorsal rays IX,11 or 12; pectoral ii,11 or 12; anal III,11 or 12; pre- opercular edge free posteriorly about as much as ven- trally; head naked; dorsal and anal fins without scaly bases. 30 Diproctacanthus Bleeker, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 415, 1861 (type species, Labroides ranthurus Bleeker). 124. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 20a. Canines project nearly straight forward, the pair in upper jaw flattish, with outer forward edge straight, incisor- like; pores in lateral line 33 to 34+4 to 6+10 or 11 with 6 or 7 scales above and about 19 below it; gill membranes joined to isthmus without a free fold. Pseudanampses *! Bleeker 20b. Canines in upper jaw conical, in one or two pairs, curving anteroventrally, not incisorlike, the single pair in lower jaw curving anterodorsally; pores in lateral line 36 to 54+3 to 7+8 to 15 with 4 to 7 scales above and 19etossZebeloweits= = ase some Coris Lacepéde 19b. Pores in lateral line fewer than 32. 21a. Dorsal rays VIII,12 to 14; pectoral rays ii,12 to 15; pores in lateral line 19 or 20+1 or 2+5 or 6, with 3 or 4 above and 8 to 10 below it; preopercular edge free posteriorly but not ventrally. 22a. A single pair of forwardly curved canines at front of upper jaw; lower jaw with 1 or 2 pairs, the middle pair fitting between middle pair in upper jaw when mouth is closed; snout normal, not tubular. Thalassoma Swainson 22b. Canines in both jaws in 2 or 3 pairs, that oppose each other; snout elongate and somewhat tubular. Gomphosus Lacepéde 21b. Dorsal rays 1X,10 to 12; pores in lateral line 18 to 20+2+4 tov. 23a. Canines in both jaws in 2 pairs, the outer pair of upper jaw strongly hooked outward and backward; free part of preopercular edge restricted to the postero- ventral: cornerL_-=-—= Macropharyngodon Bleeker 23b. Canines in both jaws not projecting much if any beyond other teeth or those in upper jaw in 1 or 2 pairs, and a single pair of canines in lower jaw; none of the canines hooked outward and backward; gill mem- branes joined to isthmus, sometimes with a free fold posteriorly. 24a. Teeth at front of both jaws small, not caninelike, not projecting obliquely forward, but nearly vertical, opposing each other; first anal spine minute, visible on dissection; head naked. Stethojulis Giinther 24b. Canines or enlarged teeth at front of both jaws project- ing obliquely forward; first anal spine not minute but notably shorter than second. 25a. Lips very thick, lower one split in the middle form- ing 2 lobes; gill membranes broadly joined to isthmus, restricting gill opening. Hemigymnus Giinther 31 Pseudanampses Bleeker, Atlas ichthyologique. . ., vol. 1, p. 101, 1862 (type species, Anampses geograph- icus Cuvier and Valenciennes, designated by Whitley, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 18, No. 3, p. 114, 1931, and by Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. 48, p. 162, 1946). Ampheces Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 24, p. 628, 1902 (type species, Anampses geographicus Cuvier and Valenciennes). FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 125 25b. Lips normal not incised. 26a. Canines at front of both jaws directed nearly straight forward the pair in lower jaw curved a little downward, the pair in upper jaw incisorlike, the outer margin straight or nearly so and forming a “cutting edge’; scales below lateral line 10 or 11. Anampses Quoy and Gaimard 26b. Canines not greatly enlarged, directed or curved obliquely forward and ending in a point, without straight edge; scales below lateral lineagisisors (Oger srt Halichoeres Riippell Genus CHOERODON Bleeker Choerodon BuEEKER, Natuur- en Geneesk. Arch. Ne€rl.-Indié, vol. 4, p. 10, 1847 (type species, Labrus macrodontus Lacepéde). This genus may be distinguished by the following characters: Branched caudal fin rays 6+6; gill rakers about 14 to 18; dorsal rays XII or XIII,6 to 8, anal III,8 to 10; pectoral ii,13 to 16; pores in lateral line 27 to 29, the lateral line continuous, with 2 scales above to base of first soft dorsal ray and 8 or 9 below to anal origin; cheek with small scales partially embedded and in several rows; large scales on opercle and a row of scales on interopercle; interorbital, snout, and ventral side of head naked; dorsal and anal fins with a sheath of elongate scales basally; preorbital wider in adults than in the young; two pairs of enlarged canines at front of both jaws, the outer pair flaring a little outward and posteriorly, sometimes worn down to short stubs; sides of jaws with a uniserial row of teeth; gill membranes broadly joined, forming a broad free fold across isthmus; preopercular edge finely dentate in young, becoming less so in adults; preopercular edge free posteriorly and ventrally about equally. CHOERODON ANCHORAGO (Bloch) PLATE 92,C Sparus anchorago Buocu, Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Fische, vol. 5, p. 108, pl. 276, 1791 (no locality given). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 1945, P. G. Frey, 6 specimens, 34 to 107 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,7; anal ITI,9; pectoral 11,13, rarely ii,14; branched caudal rays 6+6; pores in lateral line 27 or 28, with two scale rows above lateral line to base of first soft dorsal ray and 8 or 9 scales to anal origin; gill rakers on first gill arch about 16. Head 2.4 to 2.7; greatest depth 2.4 to 2.5; longest pectoral ray 3.8 to 4.0; snout tip to anus 1.6; snout to dorsal origin 2.3 to 2.4; all in the standard length. Snout 2.3 to 2.8; eye 3.4 to 4.7; postorbital 126 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 length of head 2.0; fleshy interorbital space 3.5 to 4.3; longest pectoral ray 1.4 to 1.7; least depth of body 2.2 to 2.4; all in length of head. Dorsal profile of snout forming an angle of 75 to 85 degrees with ventral contour of head; pectoral fin reaches to opposite 13th lateral line pore; first and second outer rays of pelvics longest, not reaching past anal origin; distal margin of caudal fin rounded in young, truncate in adults; dorsal spines all pungent. Color in aleohol.—Background brownish, with a wedge-shaped white bar from area behind pelvic bases dorsally to lateral line; dorsal part of caudal peduncle pale; pectoral base blackish or dark brown. In the young there are three whitish bars across body, and the dorsal and anal fins are barred with dusky; pelvics dusky basally. Genus PTERAGOGUS Peters Pteragogus Perers, Arch. Naturg. vol. 21, p. 261, 1855 (type species, Cossyphus opercularis Peters). Duymaeria Burexsr, Act. Soc. Indo-Néerl., vol. 1, p. 52, 1856 (type species, Crenilabrus aurigarius Richardson, designated by Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 24, p. 623, 1902). Labrastrum GutcHeNnot, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 152, 1860 (type species, Ctenolabrus flagellifer Cuvier and Valenciennes). This genus may be recognized by the following characters: Branched caudal fin rays 5+-5; lateral line continuous, pores 15 or 16+2-+6 or 7, with 2 scales above lateral line to base of first soft dorsal ray and 6 scales below to anal origin; about 23 or 24 vertical scale rows to base of caudal fin; dorsal rays IX to XI,9 to 12; anal III,8 to 10; pectoral i or ii,10 to 12; 2 rows of scales below eye on cheek and 1 row on interoperculum; a row of elongate scales on basal part of dorsal and anal fins; opercle scaled; jaws equal, upper and lower jaws each with 2 pairs of enlarged canines, posterior pair hooked a little outward and backward; usually 1 to 4 canines at rear of toothed part of upper jaw, these canines lacking on juveniles; sides of jaws with a uniserial row of conical teeth; gill membranes free from isthmus, with a broad fold across it; posterior edge of preopercle finely toothed, the edge free posteriorly as much as ventrally; caudal fin rounded. The distinguishing of species referable to this genus is difficult and uncertain because of sexual dimorphism and change in color pattern from juvenile to adult. Counts of fin rays, pores in lateral line, and measurements did not indicate differences of sufficient magnitude to permit more than 4 species to be recognized. All four species when adult, have from 1 to 4 canines at the corner of the mouth on the upper jaw, but these are absent in the young. A study of the number of dentae on the preopercular edge, table 90, indicates clearly that for P. flagellifera the dentae increase in number with increase in size. Thus one must conclude that the FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 127 number of dentae is a character that is not useful in the distinguishing of species in this genus. TasBiE 90.—Correlation between dentae on edge of preopercle and standard length in Pteragogus flagellifera Num- Standard length in mm. ber of dentae 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 | 91-100 | 101-110 | 111-120 | 121-130 | 131-140 47-50 1 2 43-46 1 39-42 1 i 1 35-38 1 5 1 31-34 2 1 1 27-30 1 1 2 1 23-26 1 2 2 18-22 1 3 2 TABLE 91.—Counts for Pteragogus flagellifera and P. guttatus Fin rays Species ape Dorsal Anal Pectoral (total rays) IX x 10 ll 4 Il 8 9 12 13 14 ULQELLUT Cn me ne SON ees ase et | Soca ase 39 39 1 38 1 50 2 guilatuse 2. #2. 2.84] _ 52. 11 10 1 Dee il 2 18 1 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PTERAGOGUS la. Dorsal rays IX,11; opercle and cheek with narrow light and dark reticula- tionsssplate. Ol Dee ae P. flagellifera ®? (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 1b. Dorsal rays X,10 (rarely X,11). See table 91. 2a. White bar at base of caudal fin; 5 round dark spots or blotches on side of body but absent in juveniles; no dark bar with white edge below eye. P. guttatus (Fowler and Bean) 2b. No white bar at base of caudal fin; no spots as in 2a; a distinct dark bar with white edges below eye and one on side of snout. P. taeniops ® (Peters) 1c. Dorsal rays X1I,9 or 10; opercle with dark ocellate spot. P. opercularis 34 (Peters) ® Ctenolabrus flagellifera Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 13, p 240, 1839 (no locality given). Probable synonyms are: Ctenolabrus aurigarius Richardson 1844, and C, rubellio Richardson 1844; Creni- labrus nematopterus Bleeker 1851; C. enneacanthus Bleeker, 1853; C. spilogaster Bleeker, 1854; Cossyphus filamentosus Peters, 1855; Duymaeria japonica Bleeker, 1856; D. amboinensis Bleeker, 1856; D. caeruleomacu- lata Giinther, 1862. 88 Cossyphue taeniops Peters, Arch. Naturg., vol. 21, p. 262, 1855 (type locality, Mossambique). 44 Cossyphus opercularis Peters, Arch. Naturg., vol. 21, p. 261, 1855 (type locality, Mossambique). 128 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 PTERAGOGUS GUTTATUS (Fowler and Bean) PLATE 92,A Duymaeria guitata FowLer and Bran, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 13, p. 218, 1928 (type locality, Philippines, holotype (USNM 89969) examined). SPECIMENS STUDIED Rongelap Atoll, two miles west of Bush Island, dredge, depth 180 feet, June 21, 1946, S-46-232, W. R. Taylor, 1 specimen, 20 mm. Description —Dorsal X,10; anal III, 9; pectoral ii,11-ii,11; pores in lateral line 16+2+6, with 2 scales above and 6 scales below lateral line; dentae on preopercle 13. Head 2.5; greatest depth 2.7; snout tip to anus 1.6; snout tip to dorsal origin 2.3; all in the standard length. Snout 3.7; eye 3.1; postorbital length of head 2.1; fleshy interorbital space 5.7; least depth of body 6.2; all in length of head. Color in alcohol.—Background pale to whitish; a dark spot between dorsal spines I and II, and another at rear end of soft dorsal base; 3 or 4 dark spots just behind nape on back and a spot one scale row below dorsal origin; opercle with dusky blotch. Remarks.—My identification of this small specimen is uncertain because of variability in color pattern and sexual dimorphism for the species referable to this genus. Although the lateral line appears to be interrupted, by means of a jet of compressed air, it was possible to note its continuation. One of the paratypes of P. guttatus also has an interrupted lateral line on one side, but can be traced by compressed air. I have studied 11 specimens of this species and find the dentae on the preopercular edge vary from 13 to 25, with an increase in number of dentae on the larger specimens. PSEUDOCHEILINOPS, new genus Type species.—Pseudocheilinops ataenia, new species. This new genus is most closely related to Pseudocheilinus but differs as indicated in the following key: la. Preopercular edge smooth; 2 or 3 pairs of small canines between the enlarged hooked pair near front of upper jaw; a single pair of enlarged canines at tiprofMlower qawSsn sees oes. oe eee Pseudocheilinus Bleeker 1b. Preopercular edge finely serrate; a single pair of small canines between the enlarged hooked pair near front of upper jaw; two pairs of canines at tip of lower jaw, the outer pair largest__._._Pseudocheilinops, new genus Remarks.—Named in reference to its similiarity to Pseudocheilinus. FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 129 TABLE 92.—Counts for species of Pseudocheilinus and Pseudocheilinops on —————————————————— Fin rays Pores in lateral line Species Dorsal Anal Pectoral Anterior part Pedun- cular IX] 11 | 12 | III] 9 | 10] ii | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 }14)15)16)17)18) 5| 6| 7 Pseudocheilinus: herataenia___----.- ART | ee akin ee ce A eee TOT y ea eae D4 SES AR aD eee octotaenia__-------- 15 | 14 1 | 15 | 14 1 | 32 1 | 30 Papsoe cee ecb eas SHOn Ones tetrataenia, new species__-_-.--__- 205 See ecONhcOnaeae oleae eee BON ds | Pees 2}5|8|4)4]| 7 evandiss L shai sits. Bo RNS) Seen PRS aise me LOM PomeN Ow lts Ite eee ff eea eee Bers Ese Pseudocheilinops: ataenia, new species. - 22225. BaD yee | eres | mt ees LONG LO | eee | eet ee moe | Dn Ae |e ee | ee | fe Oca a Ficure 94.—Pseudocheilinops ataenia, new species, holotype, USNM 135555 from Talisse Island, Celebes. Drawn by A. M. Awl. PSEUDOCHEILINOPS ATAENIA, new species Ficure 94 Pseudocheilinus hexataenia (in part) Fowi»r and Bran, U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 7, p. 341, 1928 (Philippine Albatross silk tag Nos. 2039 and 2094). Holotype —USNM 135555, Celebes, Talisse Island, Nov. 9, 1909, Albatross (silk tag No. 2039), standard length 41 mm. Paratypes—USNM 153396, Celebes, Talisse Island, Nov. 9, 1909, Albatross, 2 specimens, 38.7 to 39 mm.; USNM 153394, locality not given, Albatross Philippine Expedition 1907-8, 2 specimens, 25 to 36 mm.; USNM 153397, Molluccas, Gillolo Island, Gane Road, 130 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 December 1, 1909, Albatross, 1 specimen (silk tag No. 2094), 33.5 mm. Description.—Counts made on the holotype and paratypes are recorded in table 92. Precision measurements were made on the holotype and one para- type and these data are expressed in thousandths of the standard length, respectively. Standard length 41 and 39 mm. Length of head 378 and 380; greatest depth 454 and 397; least depth of caudal peduncle 166 and 167; length of snout 139 and 131; diameter of eye 105 and 105; fleshy interorbital space 102 and 97; postorbital length of head 166 and 156; distance between anterior and posterior nostrils 17 and 13; preorbital distance 49 and 49; length of caudal peduncle 188 and 155; snout tip to anus 683 and 680; snout tip to dorsal origin 407 and 398. Length of longest ray of pectoral fin 210 and 216; of pelvic 207 and 185; length of first dorsal spine (longest) including fleshy filament 163 and 177; length of bony part of anal spine (longest) 173 and 185; length of longest ray of caudal 293 and 295, of soft dorsal 198 and 197, of soft anal 207 and 180. Head 2.6 to 2.8; greatest depth 2.5 to 2.6; longest pectoral ray 3.9 to 5.1; snout tip to anus 1.5; snout tip to dorsal origin 2.4 to 2.6; all in standard length. Snout 2.8 to 3.1; eye 3.4 to 3.5; postorbital length of head 2.3 to 2.5; fleshy interorbital space 3.5 to 3.7; longest pectoral ray 1.8 to 1.9; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.1 to 2.3; all in length of head. Eye in fleshy interorbital space 0.8 to 1.0. Dorsal profile of snout forming an angle of 60 to 68 degrees with ventral contour of head; pectoral fin reaches to opposite lateral line pore 8; first and second pelvic soft rays longest; caudal rounded; all spiny dorsal rays pungent, with short filaments at tips; second and third anal spines strong, of equal length; all anal spines with short filaments at tips. A single pair of small canines at symphysis of upper jaw between enlarged hooked canine at each side; two pairs of canines at tip of lower jaw, the outer pair largest; inside of canines occurs a couple of rows of conical teeth, sides of jaws with a uniserial row of small conical teeth; preopercular edge finely serrate. Color in alcohol—Body light tan; spines in all fins blue-green; a black spot near tips of inner soft pelvic rays; a brown spot on upper lip on each side of tip of snout; a few brown specks on body and brownish wavy lines in front of pectoral base and on lower sides anteriorly; opercular apparatus with a brownish line at rear edge of preopercle. Color when altive-—(From Albatross silk tag 2094): “Dull wine red with narrow sulphur stripes. Dorsal spines indigo membranes hyaline wine, rays slightly dusky. Caudal rays pale indigo, mem- FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 131 branes hyaline pink. Anal same as dorsal. Ventral spines indigo, indigo blotch across outer half of fin, tip pink. Pectoral hyaline pink. Tris scarlet.” Remarks.—This new species with ii,11 pectoral fin rays differs from all other closely related species all of which have more than 1,12 pectoral rays. The dark spot on the pelvic fins does not occur in any related species, all of which may be distinguished by means of the key. Named ataenia in reference to the absence of the dark streaks on the upper sides. Genus CIRRHILABRUS Temminck and Schlegel Cirrhilabrus TEMMINCK and ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, pt. 4, p. 167, pl. 86, fig. 3, 1845 (type species, Cirrhilabrus temminckit Bleeker, designated by Bleeker, Verh. Bataviaasch. Gen., vol. 25, p. 17, 1853). Cheilinoides BuEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 2, p. 71, 1851 (type species, Cheilinoides cyanopleura Bleeker). This genus may be recognized by the following characters: Branched caudal rays 6+5; dorsal rays XI,9 rarely X or XII, and rarely 8 or 10; anal JII,9 rarely 8 or 10; pectoral rays 11,13 rarely 11,14; lateral line pores 16 to 18+5 to 7, with 2 scales above lateral line (usually second scale extends on dorsal fin) to base of first soft dorsal ray and 6 or 7 below to anal origin; cheek with two rows of scales; interorbital space convex; posterior edge of preopercle finely denticulate and edge free as far posteriorly as ventrally; mouth oblique; 2 pairs of small canines at front of upper jaw, with an enlarged canine each side that is hooked posteroventrally ; lower jaw with a pair of enlarged canines on each side of symphysis; the pair of canines in lower jaw fits between pairs 1 and 2 in upper jaw when mouth is closed; sides of both jaws with a uniserial row of small conical teeth becoming biserial at front of jaws behind canines; gill membranes free from isthmus, with a broad free fold across isthmus; basal part of median fins with a row of elongate scales. TABLE 93.—Counts recorded for species referable to Cirrhilabrus Fin rays Pores in lateral line Species Dorsal Anal I} XII} 8 | 9 | 10 | TT | '8 9 10 temmincki-__| 15 LSet | 4s | eo Giles 14 2 4 By | Sa t2 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 CIRRHILABRUS TEMMINCKI Bleeker PLATE 93,F,G Cirrhilabrus temminckii BLEEKER, Verh. Bataviaasch. Gen., vol. 25, p. 17, 1853 (type locality, Japan; on Cirrhilabrus Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, pt. 4, p. 167, pl. 86, fig. 3, 1845). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 26 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 12 specimens, 18 to 46 mm. Philippines: 3 specimens (USNM 153284 and 153285). Description.—Counts made on certain species of Cirrhilabrus are recorded in table 93. Head 2.3 to 3.0; greatest depth 3.4 to 3.7; longest pectoral ray 4.7 to 5.0; snout tip to anus 1.5 to 1.8; snout tip to dorsal origin 2.4 to 2.7; allin standard length. Snout 3.5 to 3.7; eye 3.2 to 4.0; postorbital length of head 2.0 to 2.1; fleshy interorbital space 3.6 to 3.4; longest pectoral ray 1.7 to 2.0; least depth of body 2.4 to 2.5; all in length of head. Eye in fleshy interorbital space 0.7 to 1.0. Dorsal profile of head forming an angle of 45 to 52 degrees with ventral contour of head; pectoral fin reaches to a point opposite lateral line pores 9 or 10; second soft ray of pelvics short in young, elongate in adults; distal margin of caudal fin rounded; all rays of spiny dorsal pungent; second and third anal spines of about equal length and strength. Color in aleohol.—Background coloration light tan; dorsal edge of pectoral base blackish; spines bluish. Adults (longer than 35 mm.): scales in dorsal part of body with little white lengthwise lines; row of scales above lateral line may have 6 white spots, sometimes an additional light spot on each scale; each scale in row just below peduncular lateral line with white spot; some of the other scales may have a white spot; a dusky streak near middle of anal and dorsal fins is present or absent. Young (40 mm. and shorter): Background light tan without white spots on scales or dusky streaks on median fins; a dark spot occurs at dorsal edge of caudal peduncle at base of caudal fin; dark spot at upper edge of pectoral base prominent. Ecology.—This little understood species was taken most frequently below the tidal zone in water as deep as 40 feet, where it preferred coral heads. Specimens between 46 and 72 mm. were mature. Remarks.—1 am unable to construct a satisfactory key to the species of Cirrhilabrus because of the lack of a series of specimens that might represent the described species, C. cyanopleura (Bleeker) ; C. lyukuensis Ishikawa; C. solorensis Bleeker; C. heterodon Bleeker and C. jordani Snyder. Among these species, specimens of which I have studied indicate that cyanopleura differs from temmincki in FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 133 having the scales behind the pectoral on side of body with black edges. C. jordani may be distinguished from temmincki and cy- anopleura by its very elongate soft dorsal and anal rays, with a blackish edge on anal fin. The problem concerning the elongate nature of the second pelvic ray cannot be solved by a study of the specimens available to me at present. In temmincki the following relationship occurs: Length of Standard second pelvic lengthin mm. rayin mm. Ser 39 6 2 43 10 a 46 10 J 73 23 2 This indicates an increase in length of the second pelvic ray with age. Genus CYMOLUTES Giinther Cymolutes Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. London, ser. 3, vol. 8, p. 387, 1861 (type species, Julis praetextata Quoy and Gaimard). This genus deviates from most of the other labrid genera in having 5-+5 branched caudal fin rays instead of the usual number of 6+6 or 6+5. Other characteristics are: Gill rakers on first gill arch 5 to 7+1-+9 to 12; dorsal rays normally [X,12 to 15, occasionally VIII or X, the first two spines flexible, others pungent; anal IT or II (usually III), 11 to 13, first anal spine small, sometimes absent; pectoral 11,9 to 11, usually 10; body compressed; lower lip with a fold of tissue on the side; dorsal profile of head strongly convex; interorbital space convex; nostrils small, anterior one a minute short tube; jaws equal, a pair of enlarged canines at front of each jaw, the pair in lower jaw fitting be- tween those of upper jaw (canines in both jaws exposed) when mouth is closed; conical teeth in a band at sides of both jaws, with the outer row largest; corner of jaws without the posterior canine tooth; gill membranes free from isthmus, with a wide free fold across it; posterior edge of preopercle free posteriorly as much as ventrally; head naked ; bases of all fins, except caudal, naked. Only a single species in the genus Cymolutes is recognized in most of the general contributions on the labrid fishes of the tropical Indo- Pacific oceans. My present study of the specimens referable to this genus in the U. S. National Museum clearly indicates that, on the basis of the number of fin rays and color pattern, at least 3 distinct species are distinguishable. They are analyzed in tables 94, 95 and in the following key: 1a. Anal rays III,12, rarely 11 or 13; dorsal rays IX,13 rarely 12. C. praetextatus (Quoy and Gaimard) 134 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 1b. (See 1c.) Anal rays II or III,12; dorsal rays 1X,12. C. torquatus %5 (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 1c. Anal rays III,13; dorsal rays usually IX,14 or 15. C. lecluse *6 (Quoy and Gaimard) TABLE 94.—Comparison of certain characters for the species of Cymolutes Species Character AL praetertatus lecluse torquatus Black bar just behind head_______________- AD Sen pee = eee ADSON Geass 2 ee oe Present. Small black ocellate spot just below lateral | Absent__________- Present on adults, | Absent. line opposite about lateral line pores 22 probably lack- or 23. ing on young. Black line on membrane between dorsal | Present.__-_-___- iPresentenee = ae Absent. spines I and II. Black spot at dorsal edge of base of caudal | Present on those Usually present Absent. fin. shorter than 80 on all sizes. mm. standard length. Dark brown vertical lines on sides over anal | Absent___________- ASDSeEN bes: eee Present on young fin. and half grown. Number of soft anal rays (normally)______- [Ze See Re Oe Peg ene Lote a eee 12, Number of soft dorsal rays (normally) -_____- 1 Sear eee eee eet en eee 12. CYMOLUTES PRAETEXTATUS (Quoy and Gaimard) PLATE 92,1 Julis praetextata Quoy and Garmarp, in Voyage de . . . l’ Astrolabe . . . , Zool- ogie, vol. 3, p. 712, pl. 15, fig. 4, 1834 (type locality, ‘‘Mauritius’’). Cymolutes praetextatus (non Quoy and Gaimard), BLEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique -.., Vol. 1, p. 146 (in part), pl. 31, fig. 1, 1862—-Day, Fishes of India, vol. 2, p. 409 (in part), pl. 90, fig. 1, 1878. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 1 station, 18 specimens, 39 to 90 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, both 44 mm. Description.—Certain counts are recorded in table 95. Head 2.8 to 3.2; greatest depth 3.6 to 3.7; longest pectoral ray 5.6 to 5.8; snout tip to anus 1.8 to 1.9; snout to dorsal origin 3.4 to 3.5; all in standard length. Snout 2.2 to 2.7; eye 4.0 to 4.9; postorbital 35 Xyrichthys torquatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 14, p. 54, pl. 392, 1839 (type locality, ‘‘Surinam”’ [East Indies]}). Cymolutes tateyamaensis Sakamoto, Journ. Imp. Fish. Inst., vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 11-13, fig. 1, 1930 (type locality, Tateyama Bay, Japan). Probably Xyrichthys novaculoides Bleeker and Novacula ryrichthyoides Bleeker are synonyms of this species. Plate 392 of Cuvier and Valenciennes shows 1 more soft ray in dorsal and anal fins than are given in the text. The presence of only II anal spines in the plate follows closely my counts. 36 Xyrichthys lecluse Quoy and Gaimard, Voyage autour du monde...sur...1’ Uranie et la Physicienne, Zoologie, p. 284, pl. 65, fig. 1, 1824 (type locality, Hawaiian Islands). Xyrichthys microlepidotus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 14, p. 52, 1839 (type locality, Oahu). Novacula microlepis Vaillant and Sauvage, Rev. Mag. Zool., vol. 3, p. 284, 1875 (type locality, Hawailan Islands). 135 SCHULTZ FAMILY LABRIDAE a ee ee ee COG beet eel ais Saal Soar oles ages eee T Se oP ae oe nee Selle ca al ee | Seles opal lige eae lies =| ae ; Coan esaael lalisdall limes cal bes Bl eel ee cl ee er ----ueder Tas | SS aN ening |e mili ess | eel =| mage tr Gear | Ree 2 Cees len ee 1S aliens | sees ee sper 2s - || Sapa et Same | Tied eae lee ='|lae 5 alo peel eat em Sees SO IvqIZUbZ Seen | oer Pes |e leseal= aoe I TEES Eee |"= = SS oes ee sl exon? pel Se (Seca eae (6 C. ot Wel Mee (eee eee Gosh | sete ills eral adm alee || eee pans |= Salk ~---spuvjsy ourddirqd SSNJDND 40 4 Sage li eee ee || one le me |e § Pigagel pee I SS Seer Te lee les. Cara el ELH ee Ea ee ieee [a 6 |G eal comet SpUBIST [TBYSIVIT Saeoleay ee eee | ae I T T € Grp tl eee the cme tN ant St | Sen Gee || aes Alias Pe Sealers |i A all ee aa aac es Et eae ies (ee ce pUBysy Vso], Fa ee gl ele |e Se | = yet el eget T ape lsen ial celine ae Tie lien tN SalI ne ase | Same aa ears es |e ||| | “Tos pues] XTmMe0Yy I Segre see ses De leer (1 Tegel pc alae = pleco real oe > lien ae Ee | cet (Pa | se | 2 ol eel a ere mroajomm-|-===) @ [o> --spueysy oarddyry d isnjojzajapsd easearl peeee le Gk orem ie = € I I Ge CIES al oe Vaile es: TE Towle Te Me ees eGee eae |e a eee ealeOeen peel eae Sema || ones Seen SDUGCST OSE Ne Ey 738njvaq 76 | 26 | 06 | 88 | 98 | #8 | 2B | 08 | BL | OL | FL | SL 89 | 99 | #9 | 29 | 09 | 8S | 9S | FE | 29 | OF 26 | 16 | 68 | 28 | ss | ¢8 | 18 | 62 | 22 | o2 | G2 | TL | 2) 12] 02 | 6T | SI | AT | OT | ST | 29 | 99 | 9 | 19 | 62 | 49 | oo | eG 1g | 6P qred rvjnounpog qied JI0}I0j0y soyoodg SMOI 9[BOS [BOTJIOA OUT] [b19438] WI Selog ae alee |n----- pa sae = eel ae ee all ose |heg ces [Eee EEE ae ote! cee Beh Ae lp ee Sle sas |e (Lobe Dialer in. aa | aa Sere Seem TOD =e lig all eae G Sj T ga Stl 5h elalrS T F parte HO gt me I | ieetanal || ole lai |. Oa calc te o eeaer Oe T T Gi tial ae Pe er TE £ (lh oie | eee Sage en ie Bi eed | Ee ara aoe eee eal g G Ser epee ea Pea ile > ae Fate |e ell ~“spuvjsy omddrigd | 19nqonb.103 ies T Sa ah ae iP stapes: eae I Cae eae 23 €1 Z CU Bee fea L [ Sie al zee ieee aca |r| eae a aN = ee | |e SpUBIST [TEYSIVIAT BGT Sa eee eee || ee a> eo [ee a ge ee ae ae G cs eed iG oes al i ae 0 eee | cal co Saat ae 0 Bee |cal 777777 | 777“ SpUBIsy 800.1, 5 tage | ie os T T j T T agar |G FI z $I “ST OF 7 ae |! aerial ene ale Culeas |) oan (Ooi gmemes|isnes. GSPUSIST: SIMo0U =e ee oa on Si G Gr IP ae [eer ae 3 LL Gas en 61 T it. ihe a Oe: 5 | Bara ecee Resale Sal ral ally aoe Sealer ~-"-spuvysy ourddryrgd 18n}0).14aj9D La eae G ¥ T L b CA "|e aa eet 91 Seo =7|, OV Clears Sslee CL lee T Ta as Sees |S comet IT I ~~" ""SpuUBys] UeyeMey J28njoay 61 II Oo 6 T Z 9 g II OL 6 W St aI Il lil STET Gs | STs Vso | ides no | Xi | IIIA o[sue a[sue MOTE VW o[suv 9AOG VY [8109997 jeuy [es10g soedg ole 4IsIg WO sIeyeVI [IIH SABI UL See ee ee ee ee ee eS Se ‘ORGI OJOUTBALY srsuavwolajy} saynpowAD Jo WorydrJosep [VUys110 WIOLT 1 soynjousy fo sarveds sof papsooas syUNOD—'¢6 ATAV I, ee ee —————— 60——10 422142 136 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 length of head 2.1 to 2.2; interorbital space 5.0 to 5.5; longest pectoral ray 2.0 to 2.1; least depth of body 2.8 to 2.9; all in length of head. Eye in fleshy interorbital space 0.8 to 1.0. Dorsal profile of snout forming an angle of 60 degrees, in young, and 85 degrees, in adults, with ventral contour of head, the profile becoming more arched and steep on the largest specimens; pectoral fin reaches to opposite the 24th to 26th lateral line pores; outer soft rays of pelvic fins longest; distal margin of caudal fin truncate or a little rounded. Color in alcohol_—Background coloration whitish ventrally, slightly dusky dorsally; sides over anal fin with about 11 to 13 alternating white and light dusky narrow bars, the width of the hghter bars about equal to diameter of pupil; back with traces of about 6 or 7 dusky saddles, these sometimes not present; a small black dot at base of upper caudal fin rays in specimens shorter than 80 mm.; a black line on membrane between dorsal spines I and II; peritoneum black. Ecology.—This species was observed living over sandy bottoms, often hiding in shallow holes or burrows. The bottom sand was soft with areas of gravelly coral debris of a very porous nature. This fish was not observed in close association with growths of corals or of algae. The short intestine indicates a diet of animal food. Genus EPIBULUS Cuvier Epibulus Cuvier, Regne animal, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 264, 1817 (type species, Sparus tnsidiator Pallas). y Ee. ‘ = eh) Se r wr: liek: \ REA NS oN 4 fg Bas a x . ey ON LT LEI See Ficure 95.—Epibulus insidiator (Pallas), drawing from Wilkes Exploring Expedition. FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 137 EPIBULUS INSIDIATOR (Pallas) FiGurE 95 Sparus insidiator Pauuas, Spicilegia zoologica, vol. 8, p. 41, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1770 (type locality, Java). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 3 specimens, 123 to 200 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 92 to 108 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 110 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 11 specimens, 21 to 215 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays usually [X,10 occasionally X,9; anal rays III,8; pectoral ii,10; pelvics I,5; branched caudal fin rays 6+-5; dorsal lateral line with 14 pores (rarely 15) and peduncular lateral line with 8 or 9 pores; vertical scale rows 21, with 2 scales above lateral line to base of last dorsal spine and 6 from lateral line to anal origin; gill rakers on first gill arch 5+ 12; 3 rows of scales on cheek. Head 2.4; greatest depth 2.1 to 2.2; longest pectoral ray 4.7 to 4.8; snout tip to anus 1.5 to 1.6; snout to dorsal origin 2.2 to 2.3; all in standard length. Snout 2.7 to 3.2; eye 4.5 to 6.2; postorbital length of head 2.0; interorbital space (bony) 5.6 to 6.0; longest pectoral fin ray 1.8 to 2.0; least depth of body 2.4 to 2.5; all in length of head. Distance between anterior and posterior nasal openings 6 or 7 in snout; eye 0.9 to 1.5 in interorbital space. Body strongly compressed; snout short; dorsal profile of head con- cave in front of eyes, convex at occiput; interorbital space strongly convex; nostrils minute, anterior one in a minute tube; upper jaw rather long, the maxillary reaching to a vertical line through pupil, dentary excessively elongate, reaching posteriorly past gill membranes on underside of head; jaws greatly protractile, capable of being thrust far forward; teeth, short, conical, in a single row in both jaws, the anterior pair in both jaws enlarged canines curving forward; some- times 2 pairs are enlarged in upper jaw; gill membranes joined across isthmus to form a broad free fold; head scaled, except snout, preorbital, and jaws; body scaled, bases of median fins in a scaly sheath; paired fins naked; lateral line interrupted, dorsal lateral line follows dorsal contour of body and ends near rear part of base of soft dorsal fin, then begins again two scale rows below on midlengthwise axis of body; pectoral fin reaches to opposite seventh lateral line scale and the sec- ond branched ray from dorsal edge is longest; pelvics reach to or past anus in young, and in adults the outer rays are greatly elongated, reaching at least to base of first soft anal ray; in large adults the soft rays of dorsal and anal fins are greatly elongate, reaching to opposite rear tips of shortest caudal fin rays; outer rays of caudal fin on large adults elongated and filamentous; rear margin of caudal fin of young truncate, that of large adults lunate. 138 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Color in aleohol—Background coloration brown, fins blackish or dark brown; pectoral fin blackish, except broad distal edge, which is clear or white on specimens longer than 200 mm., or in young and half grown the pectoral fin is pale or clear; each scale on upper parts of body with a vertically elongate dark spot; peritoneum pale. On specimens 77 and 80 mm. in standard length the caudal peduncle and caudal fin are abruptly paler than brownish body forward of a vertical line through rear edge of bases of dorsal and anal fins. The two Marshall Island specimens, 200 and 215 mm., have a iarge light brown blotch in front of dorsal origin that extends below base of dorsal fin to lateral line thence gradually fades as it extends posteriorly to below base of soft dorsal; a broad dark brown band behind eye, and a narrow dark line forward on snout in front of eye; posterior margins of scales blackish; dorsal fin with dark edge distally, then submar- ginally white, with a transverse or lengthwise narrow dark band through middle of fin, basal third of dorsal pale or light brown; dark blotch on membrane between first and third dorsal spines. The two specimens 35 and 37 mm. in standard length have traces of four vertical bars, whereas the five smaller ones, 21 to 30 mm., have four distinct narrow white vertical bars with brown edges, the first from front of spiny dorsal behind pectoral base then behind pelvic bases, second from front of soft dorsal base to front of soft anal, third between rear edges of dorsal and anal bases, fourth at base of caudal fin; three black spots in dorsal, one in anal, one in each pelvic fin; five narrow white streaks, with dark edges radiating from eye, one on snout, one across interorbital space, two behind eye, and one below across cheek, meeting its fellow ventrally on underside of head; another white streak with dark edges from pectoral base across breast in front of pelvics. Color when alive-—Dark brown or blackish. Ecology.—This species was not common on the shallow reefs and seemed to prefer deeper water associated with coral growths. Genus WETMORELLA Fowler and Bean Wetmorella Fow.LerR and Bean, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 7, p. 211, 1928 (type species, Wetmorella philippina Fowler and Bean). Schultz and Marshall (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, pp. 439-447, figs. 52-54, pl. 12, 1954) published a review of this genus and described as new two species and one subspecies. Their study indicates, with- out doubt, that Fowler (p. 358, 1931) and Weber and de Beaufort (Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 8, p. 82, 1940) were in error in referring Wetmorella philippina to the synonymy of Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch). FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 139 The genus Wetmorella is characterized by dorsal rays 1X or X,9 or 10; anal III,8; pectoral ii,9 or 10; branched caudal rays 6+5; lateral line interrupted with 13 to 15-+6 or 7 pores to base of caudal fin. Jaws equal or nearly so; premaxillary protractile; teeth short, conical, in a single row in both jaws, those near front of both jaws becoming gradually enlarged, the two pairs nearest tip of jaws largest; gill mem- branes broadly joined across isthmus, forming a free fold; head with a distinctive scale pattern composed of large characteristically shaped scales, arranged in a pattern similar to that shown in figure 96. The chief variation in scales on the head is that there may be 2 median scales on the snout instead of 1; cheek with 1 or 2 rows of scales, below which on subopercle may occur another row and a single scale below that; 2 or 3 rows of scales behind eye, including the gill cover; a row of large scales occurs above dorsal lateral line, then a second row along spiny dorsal fin, mostly covering the spines except tips, becoming much smaller along soft dorsal rays, almost disappearing on base of last ray; anal fin with a similar sheath of scales; basal half of caudal fin enclosed in large scales; axillary pelvic scale present, short; interorbital space flattish and a little convex; dorsal profile of head nearly straight, forming an angle of 40 to 55 degrees with ventral contour of head; maxillary covered by preorbital when mouth is closed. A blackish ocellate spot in pelvics, and at rear of soft dorsal and anal fins; white bar behind eye and one on caudal peduncle. Counts for the species of Wetmorella are recorded in table 96. Ficure 96.—Sketch of the arrangement of the scales on the head of the holotype of Wetmorella philippina bifasciata Schultz and Marshall. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF WETMORELLA la. Greatest width of white bar between rear of bases of soft dorsal and of soft anal fins across caudal peduncle is contained about 2.0 to 4.7 times (3.8 to 4.7 in Red Sea specimens) in least depth of caudal peduncle; white bar on caudal peduncle completely encircles it; young only, with white bar from front of spiny dorsal through pectoral base, thence to pelvic bare; white bar behind eye meets its fellow near occiput. 140 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 2a. Caudal fin plain dusky, except in smallest specimens there occur 2 narrow black cross bars, remainder of fin pale or white; some of the scales on the middle of the sides have black dots; greatest depth about 2.4 to 2.5' in standard, length__ 22 = ae" W. ocellata Schultz and Marshall 2b. Caudal fin with a few black spots on middle rays at about three-fourths their length distally; greatest depth 2.4 to 3.0. 3a. Greatest width of peduncular white bar 2.3 to 3.4 in least depth of caudal peduncle; no white bar in front of ocellate spot in soft dorsal and in front of spot in soft anal fins; plate 93,C. W. philippina philippina Fowler 3b. Greatest width of peduncular white bar 3.8 to 4.7 in least depth of caudal peduncle; white bar present in front of ocellate spot in soft dorsal and in front of spot in soft anal fins. W. philippina bifasciata Schultz and Marshall 1b. Greatest width of white bar on caudal peduncle between rear of bases of soft dorsal and of soft anal fins contained about 6 to 10 times in least depth of caudal peduncle; greatest depth about 2.8 to 2.9. 4a. A white bar from behind ocellate spot on soft dorsal passes in front of ocel- late spot in soft anal fin; a white bar from bases of third and fourth dorsal spines passes behind pectoral base, thence to just behind pelvic base; posterior third of caudal fin with a black band, but rear margin of caudal fin is edged with white; the white bar on caudal peduncle oc- curs as a saddle ventrally and does not extend on dorsal part of caudal peduncle; plate 93,D__--_---- W. albofasciata Schultz and Marshall 4b. No white bar passing between ocellate spot in soft dorsal and that in soft anal; a narrow white bar extends from in front of ocellate spot in soft dorsal to in front of that in soft anal fin; caudal fin plain dusky, edged with white distally; a white bar between orbits in the interorbital space? plate 93, —----.--.2- W. triocellata Schultz and Marshall TABLE 96.—Counts recorded for species of Wetmorella. Fin rays Lateral line pores Branched caudal Species Dorsal Anal Pectoral Dorsal | Ventral Upper Lower lobe lobe EXE XS) 970 10) |) Se 9 | 0 6 5 137) 4 oR Gs iz philippina philippina.--| 3| 1] 1] 3] 4] 4] 7] 1] 6 4 Se eae 2 philippina bifasciata__._| 2 |----|---- Qi) 2) 229) ee eee a es 2 2527 |as | eae 2) eae Ocellata. 2202522223. =. ADgie Ls | ees VQ Ds) LQ) 127) 22—- | 2 3 35225] 8) pee) (3 4 albofasciata___---_------ 1 Ses [pee |e DA Poe Eee ae 1 Pee ss|eee Sees 1 trioceliata-<.~ = 2.5. - ===! Aijee ee TEL LaLa LAS 2 1 1h eae ee DA ey =so5 WETMORELLA OCELLATA Schultz and Marshall PLATE 93,A,B Wetmorella ocellata ScuuttTz and MarsHALL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, p. 444, pl. 12,D,E, (type locality, Rongelap and Bikini Atolls, Marshall Islands). FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 141 SPECIMENS STUDIED USNM 112368, holotype, Rongelap Atoll, Kieshiechi Island, lagoon, depth 20 feet, July 24, 1946, S-46-285, Brock and Herald, standard length 38.5 mm. USNM 112369 to 112372; paratypes, Bikini Atoll, 10 specimens, 23 to 57 mm., Univ. Washington, paratype, Bikini Atoll, Amen Island, 1 specimen, 43 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays [X,10; anal III,8; pectoral ii,10; pelvics 1,5; branched caudal fin rays 6+5; pores in lateral lines 14 or 15+6 or 7; scales above lateral line 2, below lateral line to anal origin 6; vertical scale rows 20 or 21; gill rakers on first arch about 6+ 9. Certain measurements made on the holotype and two paratypes, expressed in thousandths of the standard length, are recorded in table 96. Body compressed, the greatest depth opposite middle of spiny dorsal base; snout normal; dorsal profile of head straight or nearly so, forming an angle of 40 to 46 degrees with ventral contour of head and body; interorbital space slightly convex; nostrils small, the anterior one tubular; a vertical line through rear nasal opening passes through front edge of eye; jaws approximately equal; maxillary reaches to a vertical line through front nostril; maxillary covered by preorbital when mouth is closed; dentary normal; premaxillary protractile; teeth short, conical, in a single row in both jaws, those near front of both jaws becoming gradually enlarged, the 2 pairs nearest tip of jaws largest, and when mouth is closed, those of lower jaw fitting between the two opposite teeth in upper jaw and not by pairs of teeth; gill membranes broadly joined across isthmus and forming a free fold; head with a distinctive scale pattern composed of large scales with definite shapes as follows: Cheek with a single row of enlarged scales, below which on subopercle is another row, and a single scale below the latter; 3 rows behind eye, including gill cover; dorsal surface of head scaled forward to snout just in front of orbits, the 2 anteriormost scales median in position, then 3 in middle of interorbital space, followed by 2 larger ones between rear of orbits, then about 5 scales to dorsal fin origin; above dorsal lateral line is a row of large scales, then a second row along spiny dorsal fin, mostly covering the spines except tips, the row becoming much smaller along soft rays and almost dis- appearing on base of last ray; anal fin with a similar sheath of scales; basal half of caudal fin enclosed in large scales; axillary scale of pelvic short; pectoral fin reaches to opposite about 7th scale of lateral line; lateral line interrupted, beginning again 2 scale rows below on caudal peduncle; 4th pectoral ray usually longest; pelvics reaching or nearly reaching anus; caudal fin rounded. Color in alcohol.—Background coloration light brownish to brown- ish, with a brown-edged white bar across caudal peduncle just behind rear of bases of soft dorsal and soft anal fins, and another brown- 142 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 edged white bar just behind eye from side of head to nape; three prominent black ocellate spots, one at front of soft dorsal, another at front of soft anal, and the largest occupying each pelvic fin and the underlying part of the body opposite the pelvic fins; no white bar across interorbital space; middle of upper lip dark barred. The two smallest specimens, 23 and 25 mm., probably represent a juvenile color pattern: In addition to the white bar behind the ocellate spots there is in front of them another white bar that extends from bases of last dorsal spines to bases of anal spines; another white band ex- tends from first two dorsal spines just behind pectoral base to pelvics; caudal fin white with two narrow cross bars, the distal margin of fin white. Ecology.—This interesting labrid was taken only at depths of about 20 to 40 feet in the lagoon among coral heads. It was not seen in the intertidal zone of the reefs. Remarks.—The closest relative of this species is W. philippina from which it differs in lacking black pigment spots in the caudal fin; ocellata has a plain dusky caudal fin in the adult, and none of the specimens of ocellata has even a trace of black spots in the caudal fin. After studying several hundred species of fishes of the tropical Indo-Pacific in numerous families we place a great deal of confidence in the color pattern differences such as occur in the Chaetodontidae, Labridae, Serranidae, and other families. Larger series will make it possible to determine the exact status of these forms. Among our 12 specimens of ocellata there is little variation in color pattern except that which normally occurs between small (young) specimens and the large (adult) specimens. Genus XYRICHTHYS Cuvier Xyrichthys Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 1, pp. 317, 329, 355, 1815 (type species, Xyrichtys cultratus Cuvier = Coryphaena novacula Linnaeus). Novacula Cuvier, Regne animal, ed., vol. 2, p. 265, 1817 (type species, Coryphaena novacula Linnaeus). Amorphocephalus Bowpicu, Excursions in Madeira and Porto Santo .. ., p. 237, 1825 (type species, Amorphocephalus granulaius Bowdich=Coryphaena nova- cula Linnaeus). Novaculichthys BureKer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 414, 1861 (type species, Labrus taeniourus Lacepéde). Dimalacocentrus Gitu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 15, p. 223, 1863 (type species, Novacula kallasoma Bleeker). Semachlorella Fowuer and Began, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 7, p. 367, 1928 (type species, Julis bifer Lay and Bennett=Novacula kallasoma Bleeker= Labrus taeniourus Lacepéde). FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 143 KEY TO THE GENERA RELATED TO XYRICHTHYS la. First two dorsal spines flexible and spines III to IX pungent. 2a. Membrane between all dorsal spines connected near their tips and mem- brane between dorsal spines II and III not incised; first two dorsal rays may be elongate and bannerlike or as short as the pungent spines, Use TO Nes Sea oS ee eee Xyrichthys Cuvier 2b. Membrane between dorsal spines II and III deeply incised, usually to base of spine III, or the first two flexible spines are completely separated from the pungent spines III to IX; preorbital distance 1.0 to 1.8 in postorbital length of head. 3a. Membrane between dorsal spines II and III incised to base of third. Hemipteronotus Lacepéde 3b. First two dorsal spines, flexible, elongate, forming a distinct fin com- pletely separated from the third spine.__---------- Iniistius *” Gill 1b. First dorsal spine flexible, spines II to IX pungent; vertical line through front of eye behind rear corner of mouth, least preorbital distance 2 to 2.5 in postorbital length of head_-_-_--- Novaculops, * new genus 37 Iniistius Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 14 (1862), p. 143, 145, 1863 (type species, Xyrichthys pavo Cuvier and Valenciennes). I have studied all the specimens of this genus in the U. S. National Museum and am able to distinguish 4 species. All recent authors have considered I. pavo (Cuvier and Valenciennes) and I. pavoninus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) as synonymous; however, as is usually the case, closely related species from Mauritius and from the Hawaiian Islands are distinct. The original description indicates the chief difference; pavo has 2 or 3 rows of scales on the cheek, whereas pavoninus has only a single row under the eye. The following key distinguishes the 4 species studied by me: KEY TO THE SPECIES OF INIISTIUS la. Cheek below eye with 2 or 3 rows of scales; blackish dorsal spot in oblique scale row passing lateral line pore 8; no groove across cheeck posteriorly from corner of mouth (Mauritius)......... [. pavo ® (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 1b. Cheek below eye with a single row of scales. 2a. Blackish dorsal spot in oblique scale row passing lateral line pore 8; no groove across cheek posteriorly from corner of mouth. 3a. Body with 4 broad dark vertical bars, separated by paler interspaces; dorsal fin with or without 1 to 3 black spots. I. pavoninus > (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 3b. Body and head very dark brown or blackish, no bars; fin blackish (Hawaiian Islands). ..1. n1cgr © (Steindachner) 2b. Blackish dorsal spot in oblique scale row passing lateral line pore 7; a distinct but shallow linelike groove posteriorly across cheek from corner of mouth; body not barred (Japan)........--.++0+> I. pza 4 (Temminck and Schlegel) A paurienhas pavo Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 14, p. 61, pl. 394, 1839 (type locality, Isl e France). One specimen from Mauritius (USNM 130976), studied by me. b Xyrichthys pavoninus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 14, p. 63, 1839 (type locality, Hawaiian Islands). Novacula tetrazona Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 17, p. 169, 1858-59 (type locality, Bali), Atlas ichthy- ologique . . ., vol. 1, p. 149, pl. 30, fig. 1, 1862. Iniistius mundicorpus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 145, 1862 (type locality, Cape St. Lucas, Mexico; neotype (USNM 7338), Cape St. Lucas, collected by J. Xantus). Iniistius leucozonus Jenkins, Bull. U. 8. Fish. Comm., vol. 19 (1899), p. 54, fig. 11, 1901 (type locality, Hawaiian Islands). Iniistius cacatua Waite, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 4, p. 41, pl. 7, 1901 (type locality, Lord Howe Island). © Novacula (Iniistius) nigra Steindachner, Anz. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1900, No. 16, p. 176, 1900 (type locality, Honolulu); Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 70, p. 505, pl. 4, fig. 2, 1900 (Honolulu). Iniistius verater Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., vol. 19 (1899), p. 55, fig. 12, 1901 (type locality, Hawaiian Islands) d Xyrichthys dea Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, pt. 4, p. 171, pl. 87, 1845 (type locality, Japan). 38 Type species, Novaculichthys woodi Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., vol. 19 (1899), p. 52, fig. 8, 1900 (type locality, Honolulu). N. entargyreus Jenkins (Bull. U. 8. Fish. Comm., vol. 19 (1899), p. 53, fig. 9, 1900) from Honolulu is a synonym of N. woodi; diagnosis based on 7 specimens in the U.S. National Museum. 144 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 This genus may be recognized by the following characters: Branched caudal fin rays 6+6, the outer branched ray weakly divided, and in very small specimens sometimes unbranched; gill rakers on first gill arch about 5 to 8+1+10 to 13; dorsal rays [X,12 to 14, the first two spines flexible, sometimes elongate, bannerlike, connected by membrane with third dorsal spine; anal III,12 or 13; pectoral rays ii,10 or 11; a row of scales under eye and usually 2 scales on upper part of opercle; body compressed; lower lip with a broad fold of tissue on the side; dorsal profile of head steep, convex; interorbital space strongly convex; nostrils small, anterior one a minute tube; jaws equal; a pair of enlarged canines at front of each jaw, the pair in lower jaw curved dorsally and fitting between the pair in upper jaw when mouth is closed; canines of upper jaw curving downward; an outer row of enlarged conical teeth at side of each jaw and a narrow inner band of smaller ones; no posterior canine at corner of mouth; gill membranes free from isthmus, with a broad free fold across isth- mus; posterior edge of propercle free posteriorly as much as ventrally; bases of fins except caudal, naked. The two species referable to this genus in the central and western tropical Indo-Pacific may be distinguished by the following key: la. Dorsal rays I1X,13 occasionally IX,14; anal III,13; pectoral rays ii,10; first two dorsal spines of normal length; background coloration pale, with brownish blotches or spots along midlengthwise axis of side, whitish and brown bands extend behind eye, and one forward from eye to snout; pelvics pale; plate" 94) Doerr ere sess X. macrolepidotus (Bloch) 1b. Dorsal rays IX,12; anal III,12; pectoral ii,11, rarely ii,10; first two dorsal spines flexible, elongate and bannerlike in young, becoming of normal length in adult; color of young whitish with irregular dark brown lines, and 8 or 9 brown lines radiating from eye, these reduced to 4 from posterior side of eye of adult; head whitish; adults with broad white bar at base of caudal fin, distal half dark; each scale with whitish center, otherwise dark; pelvics dark brown; dorsal and anal fins barred; some- times a blackish bar in axil of pectoral fin. XX. taeniourus (Lacepéde) XYRICHTHYS TAENIOURUS (Lacepeéde) Puate 94,A,B,C Labrus taeniourus LAcEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, pp. 448, 518, pl. 29, fig. 1, 1802 (type locality, ‘‘Great Equatorial Ocean’’). Labrus hemisphaerium Lacerérpe, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, pp. 53, 160, 1802 (type locality, “Great Equatorial Ocean”). Julis vanikolensis Quoy and GaIMaRD, in Voyage de... ]’Astrolobe.. ., Zoologie, vol. 3, p. 704, pl. 20, fig. 1, 1834 (type locality, Vanikoro), Novacula hoedti Burexer, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neérl., vol. 1, p. 59, 1856 (type locality, Amboina; ref copied). FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 145 Julis bifer Lay and Brnnert, Fishes in Zoology of Captain Beechey’s voy- age ..., p. 64, pl. 18, fig. 2, 1839 (type locality, Oahu). Novacula kallasoma BuEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neérl., vol. 8, p. 51, 1860 (type locality, Amboina). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 93 to 163 mm. in standard length; 3 lots, Univ. Washington, 4 specimens, 43 to 191 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 59 and 114 mm.; 1 lot, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 39 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 44 and 73 mm.; 1 lot, Univ. Washing- ton, 2 specimens, 56 and 108 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 158 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 3 specimens, 42 to 58 mm. Description.—Counts are recorded in table 97. Head 2.8 to 3.0; greatest depth 2.8 to 3.0; longest pectoral ray 5.0 to 5.2; snout tip to anus 2.0 to 2.1; snout to dorsal origin 3.8 to 3.9; all in standard length. Snout 2.8 to 3.8; eye 4.2 to 6.5; postor- bital length of head 1.8; fleshy interorbital space 5.3 to 5.8; longest pectoral ray 1.8 to 2.0; least depth of body 2.0 to 2.2; all in length of head. Eye in fleshy interorbital space 0.8 to 1.5. Dorsal profile of snout forming an angle of 80 to 86 degrees with ventral contour of head; pectoral fin reaches to opposite tenth or eleventh lateral line pores; outer rays of pelvics sometimes elongate; distal margin of caudal fin a little rounded; the first two spiny dorsal rays are elongate and bannerlike on the young, but begin to shorten as the adult color pattern develops between lengths of 45 to 60 mm.; some specimens 95 mm. in length still have the first two rays elongate. The following measurements indicate this change: Length (in mm.) Length (in mm.) Standard of longest first Standard of longest first length or second dorsal length or second dorsal (mm.) spine (mm.) spine 39 17 96 22 42 18 100 12 43 19 107 14 44 19 108 15 45 16 108 15 47 26 110 13 49 14 114 22 56 15 128 13 58 13 158 We 59 26 160 17 64 28 163 25 73 10 167 18 93 12 190 23 95 22 146 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Oolor in alcohol.—Adult (standard lengths of 73 to 163 mm.) background coloration of body brownish, that of head whitish; center of each scale white; head with two white bordered brown streaks curving downward across operculum, one from lower edge of eye to rear corner of preopercle and the other from rear edge of eye across opercle toward base of pectoral; two other white-bordered brown streaks extend obliquely posterodorsally from rear of eye; a white bar on basal half of caudal fin; distal half barred with brown; black on membranes between dorsal spines I to III; dorsal and anal fins barred with brown spots on a white background; tips of anal rays white; base of pectoral fin brown, distally white; a black bar in axil of pectoral; pelvics dark brown; breast whitish. The transition from the juvenile color pattern (bifer) to that of the adult occurs at lengths of from about 45 to 60 mm. Immature (standard lengths of 38 to 59 mm.) background colora- tion whitish, with about 8 or 9 brown lines, radiating from eye; body with several vertically arranged brown lines; pelvics light brownish; distal half of caudal fin slightly dusky. Three specimens, 56 to 59 mm. in standard length, still have 9 brown lines radiating from eye, the long bannerlike first two dorsal spines, but the scales are outlined with brown lines, the dorsal and anal fins are becoming brownish; pelvics dark brown; base of caudal white, distally brownish. A 73 and a 95 mm. specimen have the adult color pattern, except for two extra short brown bars at lower front corner of eye. Color when alive.—In adults the head is whitish tinged with pinkish yellow, the light spots on center of scales are creamy-white; light bar across base of caudal fin whitish, tinged with yellow; breast pink; light areas on dorsal fin light yellowish white, and light areas on anal whitish; the dark colors are dark brown to blackish; iris orange. The bar in axil of pectoral is black. Ecology.—This is an uncommon species and was not taken frequently at any station. It preferred areas of abundant coral and algal growths. Remarks.—It should be noted that the series of specimens before me clearly indicates that the juvenile state (described as bifer and kallasoma) changes to the adult taeniourus color pattern at lengths from about 45 to 60 mm. Genus HEMIPTERONOTUS Lacepéde Hemipteronotus LAcEPEDE, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol, 3, p. 214, 1802 (type species, Hemipteronotus quinque-maculatus Lacepetde=Coryphaena pentadactylus Linnaeus). FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 147 My study of the specimens referable to this genus has indicated a considerable amount of misunderstanding about the species, especially the limits of variability in color pattern and the scales on the cheek. The analysis of the various species of the tropical Indo- Pacific indicates that at least three of these species described from the Hawaiian Islands are distinct from those species recognized elsewhere in the tropical Indo-Pacific. For each species studied, the dark dorsal spot appears to be fixed in location with little variability, although its size has limited variation. The white patch on the side (red when alive) is not always well preserved in alcohol but seems to be present on most of the species. There is no notable variation in number of fin rays or scales for any of the species referable to this genus. This genus may be recognized by the following characters: Branched caudal fin rays 5 or 6-+-5 or 6, the outer ray weakly divided or not divided; gill rakers on first gill arch 5 to 7+-1+-10 to 14; dorsal rays ITX,12, the first two spines flexible, the second spine connected to third by a deeply incised membrane; anal III,12; pectoral rays ii,10 rarely ii,11; lateral line pores 20 to 22+-5 or 6 (usually 5); 2 (sometimes a third, smaller) scales above lateral line to base of first soft dorsal ray and 9 to 11 (usually 10) scales from lateral line to anal origin; cheek with from one row of scales under eye to a patch extending all the way to corner of mouth; 2 or 3 scales on upper part of opercle; body compressed; lower lip with a broad fold of tissue on the side; dorsal profile of head steep, almost vertical in adults, convex; inter- orbital space strongly convex; front of head with fleshy keel; nostrils minute, anterior one a minute tube; jaws equal; a pair of enlarged canines at front of both jaws, these nearly vertical and curving out- ward a little; when mouth is closed the lower pair of canines fits between the upper pair; each jaw with an outer enlarged row of conical teeth and a narrow band of teeth anteriorly inside the outer row; gill membrane free from isthmus with a broad free fold across isthmus; posterior edge of preopercle free posteriorly and nearly as much ventrally; bases of all fins except caudal naked. H. copei Fowler was described through error from Oahu, but Fowler (Mem. Bishop Mus. vol. 10. p. 366) refers it as a synonym of Xyrichthys psittacus (Linnaeus) of the western Atlantic. Counts are recorded in table 97 for the species of Hemipteronotus and Xyrichthys. 148 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 TABLE 97.— Counts recorded for species referable to Hemipteronotus and Xyrichthys. Fin rays Pores in lateral line Genus and species Dorsal fin Anal fin Pectoral fin Anterior | Peduncular part part Hemipteronotus: melanopus....---=+-=- Al 7a moet ee SNe Oe | 14 Ee oe eee Gye ee JENKINS eee eee 1 Blas 1 TREES SPA esa Qh ese e ith) ee i] 5 |e eee AMOTUAtU see ee 1 ibe ee res 1 Pps Dl ee el A can | eee Tis) eee HL | aes pentadactylus_________ Sy Ata oes eee om Se aee |) Bree Sa] yOu Nena sede | ae BSE SS hypospilus, new species... + -2-=---22 1 Yj. Ais ee 1 We Fee 2 Coee 2 Le Ol SR Eee ee Dae cs minetatua on) es Sion cee eee Si leo Oil ee cy ee) Fa | | [er Gi eee Si) eee aneiltensis=- 22 2 Qe ADM es) 2 ee 2 eet Dp EOC AA] ake 2 Di ie Lea celebicug ae 1 Sees eee 1 1) OA HIE Oe Leer 1 |e See ee 1 Xyrichthys: LCETAOUTULS ee TSH lS seas soe 13a Sa Saeed eee Sei ed Gee eee 16) sas macrolepidotus..------ 7 | 2226) | eet 2 eee ie ACN eee Sa SG | ee ee 5 1 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HEMIPTERONOTUS OF THE TROPICAL INDO-PACIFIC OCEAN la. Patch of scales below eye reaching to opposite rear corner of mouth or below corner of mouth. Large cream-colored (red when alive) blotch behind pectoral fin usually present. 2a. Dark dorsal blotch (occasionally absent in preserved specimens) located on or opposite lateral line pores 8 to 10, sometimes extending farther below lateral line than above, this spot 1 to 3 scales wide and 2 to 5 scales high; adult males, sometimes females, with black spots on last two soft rays of anal or dorsal fins or on both; sometimes a dusky streak occurs along middle of side_____- H. melanopus ** (Bleeker) 2b. Dark dorsal blotch located above and opposite lateral line pores 15 or 16, covering’ about) *2! or 3 ‘scales = s22e_ eres H. jenkinsi 4° Snyder 2c. Dark blotch located on or below lateral line or wholly below lateral line. 3a. Dark blotch notably large, located on and below lateral line pores 7 to 11, covering 4 to 6 vertical scale rows and 6 or 7 lengthwise scale 89 Novacula melanopus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 2, p. 82, 1857 (type locality, Amboina); Atlas ichthyologique .. ., vol. 1, p. 152, pl. 29, fig. 3, 1862. Novacula spilonotus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 2, p. 83 (type locality, Amboina); Atlas ichthy- ologique .. ., vol. 1, p. 151, pl. 30, fig. 3, 1862. Novacula twistis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl].-Indié, vol. 10, p. 381, 1856 (type locality, Ternata); Atlas ichthyologique . . ., vol. 1, p. 152, pl. 29, fig. 1, 1862 (Ternata). Novacula stockumi Reuvens, Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 16, p. 131, 1894 (type locality, Paternoster Islands). Hemipteronotus evides Jordan and Richardson, Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol. 4, p. 196, pl. 72, 1909 (type locality, Formosa). Hemipteronotus nigromaculatus Herre, Copeia, No. 1, p. 20, 1933 (type locality, Jolo, Philippine Islands). Hemipteronotus baldwini Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm., vol. 22 (1903), p. 192, 1904 (type locality, Honolulu, T. H.). The holotype (USNM 50644) and 6 paratypes (USNM 55359 and 12658) of H. baldwini along with other specimens from the Hawaiian Islands have been studied. 40 Hemipteronotus jenkinsi Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., vol. 22 (1903), p. 530, pl. 10, fig. 10, 1904 (type locality, Puako Bay, T. H.). Diagnosis based on holotype (USNM 50879). FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 149 rows; posterior edges of scales in the black blotch whitish, and the whitish areas usually extending all the way to the anal region. H. umbrilatus ‘! Jenkins 3b. Dark blotch small, covering 2 or 3 vertical scale rows and 2 to 4 length- wise scale rows, this dark blotch entirely below lateral line; white blotch behind pectoral usually present. 4a. Dark blotch opposite lateral line pores 7 to 9 and in front of tips of appressed pectorals; white spots, (red when alive) one on each scale, numbering from 1 to 14 along lateral line, usually only 4 or 5 at anterior part of lateral line, these spots may preserve as brownish; cheek scales in 8 to 11 rows; opercular scales usually 3; Midbe 9GiA os egy ee ek H. pentadactylus * (Linneaus) 4b. Dark blotch below lateral line pores 9 to 11, located on middle of side, about 2 or 3 scale rows in diameter, and opposite tips of ap- pressed pectoral fins; the scales forming the margin of dark blotch each have a white spot; cheek scales in 8 rows; opercular SCALES! iD ae Late Be Sh Se H. hypospilus, new species 1b. Patch of scales below eye notably not reaching to opposite rear corner of mouth. 5a. -= Lp aee es ess oes 15); |) Won) 1) 42 Zale lS sac 2 |b Hoos 1 eae marginatus... -------- Sy leeeee eres eres 8 S| £2 222|So22 Sijeosee Snes — | eal od eee KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HALICHOERES FROM THE MARSHALL ISLANDS| AND TO ALLIED SPECIES FROM OTHER AREAS la. Patch of scales on upper part of opercle; dorsal rays usually IX,11; anal III,11; pectoral ii,12 or 13 (occasionally ii,13). 2a. A small patch of scales above and behind eye and another behind and below eye, or if these scales have not developed in young, a large dark ocellate spot occupies almost all the first 4 or 5 soft dorsal rays. 3a. Adults: Background coloration pale; dorsally each scale with two small black dots (sometimes connected with blackish pigment) and lower FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 225 sides each scale with one black dot; a whitish area on back opposite dorsal spines III to V, another on back opposite dorsal soft rays 4 to 6, and a third on dorsal edge of caudal peduncle; the areas between blackish. 4a. A dusky spot, size of pupil, near dorsal base of caudal fin rays; plate 104,E. (Red Sea; Mauritius; Madagascar.) H. centriquadrus (Lacepéde) 4b. No dark spot on caudal fin rays_--------- H. hortulanus (Lacepéde) 3b. Young: A large black ocellate spot on first 4 or 5 soft dorsal rays; back- ground coloration pale, with three broad darkish or blackish bars composed of blotches, first on head, second at middle of length, and third on caudal peduncle. Two dark streaks on head, the lower one meeting its fellow on under side of lower jaw. H. hortulanus (Lacepéde) 2b. No patches of scales around eye as in 2a. 5a. A large blotch or silvery spot on dorsal side of caudal peduncle; each scale with a vertically elongate dusky bar, except those ventrally. H. trimaculatus (Quoy and Gaimard) 5b. No dark blotch on caudal peduncle; centers of scales with elongate silvery bars; sometimes a series of dusky spots along upper sides. H. scapularis (Bennett) 1b. No patch of scales on opercle and none around eye; head naked except at occiput. 6a. Dorsal and anal soft rays normally 11, rarely 10 (see table 105). 7a. Pectoral rays normally ii,11 rarely ii,10 or ii,12; background coloration pale or whitish, sides variably blotched with dark shades; a small black spot between dorsal spines I and IT. 8a. Anal fin distinctly spotted with dark dots on posterior sides of each ray; soft dorsal fin with similar dark spots; the black ocellate spot between soft dorsal rays 1 to 3 occupies their basal two-thirds; abdomen under pectoral fin to pelvic fin with a white bar on each row of scales, the posterior edge of each bar opposite each scale with a posteroventrally projecting short triangular white point; plate 104, Cas alee 22 H. miniatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 8b. Anal fin without dark dots; abdomen without white spots as in 8a. 9a. Cheek below eye with elongate pale and dark lengthwise streaks; dorsal fin transversely barred, these often enclosing roundish white spots; the black ocellate spot on soft dorsal rays 1 to 3 is a little closer to distal edge of rays than their base. H. margaritaceus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 9b. Cheek below eye with a pale and dark concentric marking; dorsal fin transversely barred; the black ocellate spot on dorsal soft rays 1 to 4 occupies the basal two-thirds of the rays; plate 104,A. H. nebulosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 7b. Pectoral rays normally ii,12; pectoral base with a dark bar; sides with 6 or 7 dusky bars; middorsal line of head with a white streak; pale and dark marks on lower sides of head arranged as lengthwise streaks. H. binotopsis (Bleeker) 6b. Dorsal and anal soft rays usually 12 or 13, rarely 11. 10a. Dorsal soft rays 12, rarely 11 or 13. lla. Soft dorsal fin with 2 dark ocellate spots, first on rays 1 to 3 and second on rays 9 to 11; branched pectoral rays 11; a prominent 926 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 pale or whitish streak behind head just above level of pectoral bas@ws: tte se ee ae ee ot et H. biocellatus, new species 11b. Soft dorsal fin with a single dark ocellate spot or none, branched pectoral rays usually 12, occasionally 11 or 13. 12a. Coloration consisting of 9 to 12 alternating pale and brownish streaks, the brownish ones as wide as or wider than pale ones; greatest depth 3.1 to 3.4; a black spot may occur on caudal fin base about halfway between lateral line and dorsal edge. 13a. A black spot basally between dorsal spines I and IT; a black spot in basal half of soft dorsal rays 1 to 4. H. hoeveni (Bleeker) 13b. No black spot in dorsal fin-_-_----- H. kallochroma (Bleeker) 12b. Coloration not as in 12a; no dark bar on base of pectoral fin; center of each scale with dusky-bordered pale or whitish (probably blue when alive) spots; 14a. Pale spots or streaks on the scales below pectoral fin on abdomen (blue when alive); distally the middle rays of caudal fin blackish; an oblique dusky streak extending from below eye to under rear of lower jaw, then behind it 2 pale blotches, one below orbit, the other on lower part of operculum, separated by a vertically extending dusky streak; plate 104. Bases ee eee H. argus (Bloch and Schneider) 14b. Scales below pectoral fin in front of anus margined with white line; pale and dark marks on lower sides of head arranged as lengthwise streaks; usually several prominent pearly white specks on sides of body; plate 105,D H. leparensis Bleeker 10b. Dorsal soft rays normally 13; pectoral rays ii,12. 15a. Background coloration brown to dark brown with few to many lengthwise alternating pale and dark streaks; dorsal and anal fins barred or mottled with darker shades; a small black ocellate spot basally between dorsal spines I and II, and a second one between soft dorsal rays 2 to 5; caudal fin varying from whitish in young to blackish in subadults, with the distal edge whitish. Young; known as H. notopsis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). H. marginatus Riippell 15b. Background coloration blackish to dark brown with center of each scale darker; dorsal and anal fins blackish with numerous light spots; margin of these fins white; scaled part of caudal fin black basally, central portion abruptly whitish or light brown, then with a broad new-moon-shaped black cross bar, distally whitish. Aduiltss2 22.2 22 ne see eee H. marginatus Rippell HALICHOERES HORTULANUS (Lacepéde) PuatTeE 103 Labrus hortulanus LAcerépe, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, pp. 449, 518, pl. 29, lower figure, 1802 (type locality, “Great Equitorial Ocean” = Indo- Pacific). Julis (Halichoeres) notophthalmus Buruxer, Verh. Bataviaasch Gen., vol. 22, p. 20, 1849 (type locality, Batavia). Hemitautoga notophthalmus BLEEKkeER, Atlas ichthyologique . . ., vol. 1, p. 140, pl. 21, fig. 1, 1862 (Java, Celebes, Goram, Timor, Nova-Guinea). FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 225 Halichoeres hortulanus SEALE, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 1, no. 3, p. 88, 1901 (Guam). Halichoeres nigrescens (non Bloch and Schneider) FowusEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 98, p. 166, fig. 33, 1946 (Riu Kiu Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 16 stations, 57 specimens, 27 to 170 mm. 3 lots, Univ. Washing- ton, 3 specimens, 26.5 to 50 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 4 specimens, 7 specimens, 70 to 126 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 55 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 5 specimens, 49 to 139 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 34 mm. Description.—Certain counts are recorded in table 105. Pores in lateral line 19 or 20+2-++5 or 6. Head 2.5 to 3.0; greatest depth 2.9 to 3.0; longest pectoral ray 4.3 to 5.0; snout tip to anus 1.7 to 1.9; snout to dorsal origin 2.5 to 2.8; all in standard length. Snout 2.5 to 3.3; eye 3.4 to 6.5; postorbital length of head 2.0 to 2.1; interorbital space 3.8 to 4.5; longest pectoral ray 1.5 to 1.9; least depth of body 2.0 to 2.3; all in length of head. Distance between anterior and posterior nasal openings 5 to 8.5 in snout. Eye 0.8 to 1.6 in fleshy interorbital space. Dorsal profile of head forming an angle of about 60 to 70 degrees with ventral contour of head; pectoral fin reaches to opposite about tenth or eleventh lateral line pores; pelvics with outer soft ray some- what elongated; distal margin of caudal fin slightly rounded, nearly truncate. Color in alcohol.—Adult background coloration whitish or pale, each scale of body with two small black dots, sometimes connected with blackish pigment; below level of middle of pectoral base scales with one blackish dot, none ventrally; a whitish area on back opposite the dorsal spines III to V, the area on back opposite V to IX dorsal spines blackish, then dusky to the second white spot opposite the fourth to sixth soft rays; third white spot on dorsal edge of caudal peduncle just behind rear of dorsal fin base; anal, caudal, pectoral, and pelvic fins plain pale; dorsal usually with round pale spots, bordered with dusky basally; dorsal edge of pectoral fin base with black spot; axil of pectoral fin base whitish, a dusky spot in whitish area. A specimen 55 mm. long has the adult color pattern except that the ocellate dorsal spot is present. Background coloration of young (55 mm. and shorter in standard length) whitish or pale, with three broad darkish or blackish bars composed of blotches, first across head to breast, second across middle of length, and third on caudal peduncle. Head with dark streak from snout tip through eye to tip of operculum, another from under side of lower jaw below eye to base of pectoral, this bar V-shaped, 228 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 since it meets its fellow on under side of lower jaw; two dark spots on dorsal surface of head between nasal openings. The following variation in color connects the juvenile color pattern with that of the adults, (all measurements of length refer to the standard length): At lengths of 26.5, 27, 34, 42, 45, 47, 49, 50, 55, 57, and 59 mm. the dark ocellate spot in the soft dorsal fin on the first 4 or 5 rays is distinct, whereas at lengths of 57, 67, 70, and 73 mm. this ocellate spot has almost blended into the adult color pattern (round whitish areas surrounded by dusky pigment) of the dorsal fin. The three blackish bars are distinct (middle one contains the dark ocellate spot) at lengths of 16, 26.5, 27, 34, 42, 45, and 50 mm. At lengths of 42, 45, and 50 mm., the dark bars are becoming less distinct and the dark spots on the scales are beginning to form. The black spots on the scales are well formed at lengths of 47, 49, 50, 55, 57, and 59 mm., and on all larger specimens; at these sizes the round whitish spots on dorsal fin are distinct. A black spot at base of first dorsal spine is distinct at lengths of 42, 45, and 55 mm. There are black spots or blotches at base of each pelvic fin, on ventral side of body in front of anus, at front of soft rays of anal fin, and at ventral side of caudal peduncle just behind rear of anal fin base at lengths of 26.5, 27, 34, and 42 mm. The second white area on back next to base of dorsal fin begins to appear at lengths of 50, 55, 58, 59, and 60 mm. The third white one at dorsal edge of caudal peduncle just behind rear of dorsal fin base appeared faintly at lengths of 55, 73, and 80 mm. The brown stripes on the head characteristic of the young, were changing into whitish streaks at lengths of from 60 to 75 mm. Color when alive.-—Background color of body whitish; dorsal, caudal, anal, and pelvic fins golden yellow; 3 light areas along back, yellow; light round spots on dorsal fin yellow; base of pectoral yellow; light spots on body in front of dorsal origin and above pectoral fin, pinkish to orange; light streaks on head pinkish bordered with purplish; lower part of head yellowish; dark spots on scales purplish-black; eye orange; dark pectoral spot purplish black or dark blue; dark spot in axil of pectoral base brownish red. Ecology.—This species was common in the intertidal zone of the reef where ample growths of corals and algae occurred, and it occurred in lagoon to depths of at least 30 feet. Remarks.—There occurred in the series of specimens of this species collected in the tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans sizes intermediate between the adults recognized as H. centriquadrus (Lacepéde) by authors, and the juveniles recognized as H. notophthalmus (Bleeker). The specimens to which I refer are the “young” described under “Color in alcohol.’’ They show a complete color pattern change from the dark barred pattern of notophihalmus to that of the FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 229 adult hortulanus. The most remarkable change is that of the dark ocellate spot in the soft dorsal fin which breaks up to help form the light round spots surrounded with dusky pigment in the basal half of the dorsal fin. In attempting to straighten out the nomenclature as the result of the discovery that notophthalmus is the young stage of hortulanus, specimens were examined from numerous localities in the Indo- Pacific. It was observed that our specimens from Mauritius differed from those of the tropical Pacific in having a small but distinct dark caudal spot, beautifully illustrated by Riippell (Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abysinnian gehérig, Fische, p. 16, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1835) under the name Halichoeres epimius, for a Red Sea specimen. Since Lacepéde was the first to describe Labrus centriquadrus (Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, pp. 437, 493, 1802; type localities, Mada- gascar, Mauritius, Reunion) I herewith restrict the species to the form with the dark spot in the dorsal part of the caudal fin base, on the basis of 3 specimens from Mauritius, USNM 19994 and 130984. The two species, centriquadrus and hortulanus may be distinguished by the key on p. 224. The smallest specimen I have seen of this species is 16 mm. long, from MorotailIsland. It has the same coloration as those 26 to 27 mm. HALICHOERES TRIMACULATUS (Quoy and Gaimard) Puates 102,E; 106,C Julis trimaculata Quoy and GatmarD, Voyagede .. .1’ Astrolabe. . . , Zoologie, vol. 3, p. 705, pl. 20, fig. 2, 1834 (type locality, Vanikolo). Giintheria trimaculata BLEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique .. ., vol. 1, p. 138, pl. 32, fig. 1, 1862 (Cocos, Celebes, Sangi, Flores, Buru, Amboina, Haruko, Banda, Goram, Letti). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 25 stations, 385 specimens, 10 to 130 mm. in standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 5 stations, 31 specimens, 20 to 118 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 6 stations, 77 specimens, 16 to 98 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 13 stations, 216 specimens, 26 to 219 mm. Likiep Atoll: 1 lot, Univ. Washington, 6 specimens, 30 to 53 mm. Guam: 6 lots, 67 specimens, 28 to 93 mm. Rota: 2 lots, 13 specimens, 20 to 58 mm. Description.—Certain counts are recorded in table 105. Head 2.7 to 3.0; greatest depth 3.2 to 3.3; longest pectoral ray 4.3 to 5.0; snout tip to anus 1.7 to 1.8; to dorsal origin 2.8 to 3.1; all in standard length. Snout 2.7 to 3.6; eye 4.1 to 6.0; postorbital length of head 1.9 to 2.0; interorbital space 4.7 to 5.6; longest pectoral ray 1.6 to 1.7; least depth of body 2.0 to 2.1; all in length of head. Dis- tance between anterior and posterior nasal openings 5 to 8 in snout. Eye 0.8 to 1.4 in interorbital space. 230 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Dorsal profile of head forming an angle of 65 to 70 degrees with ventral contour of head; pectoral fin reaches to opposite ninth or tenth lateral line pores; pelvics with outer rays elongate, reaching nearly to anus; distal margin of caudal fin rounded. Color in alcohol.—Background coloration light grayish to yellowish; specimens about 45 mm. and longer usually with a vertically elongate dusky bar on each scale, these dusky bars may be much darker on middle of sides in certain areas to form broad barlike markings; belly plain pale; caudal, pelvics, and pectoral fins plain pale; dorsal base of pectoral fin with black spot; beginning in axil of pectoral an oblique dusky bar that extends behind pelvic base; a blackish peduncular spot occurs above lateral line, and 1 or 2 more may occur, anterior most on the fifth and sixth lateral line scales, (another indistinctly visible on an occasional specimen (1 specimen among all listed above) just below eleventh or twelfth lateral line scales); dorsal part of head blackish to light dusky; abruptly whitish ventrally from corner of mouth along a line a little below eye; dusky areas on rear of opercle, on subopercle, front of isthmus, and adjoining area; lips whitish, lower jaw whitish. Oolor when alive.-—Background coloration light bluish-green to light yellowish; dusky bars on each scale bluish, except some of those near head, which may have pink centers bordered with blue; dusky bar below pectoral composed of bluish scales or blue-bordered pinkscales; head greenish with pinkish or bluish bands or streaks of characteristic shape; one from tip of snout below eye curving across opercle thence downward and forward to isthmus, this streak irregular and some- what broken into separate parts; caudal, pectoral and pelvic fins light yellowish; dorsal and anal fins yellowish with 2 pinkish lengthwise streaks in dorsal and one in anal fins; eye orange to yellowish. Ecology.—This is one of the most abundant species of fishes living in the coral-algae reefs of the tidal zone and to depths of at least 45 feet. Remarks.—The figure of trimaculata by Quoy and Gaimard shows 3 black spots on upper part of body, whereas Bleeker’s figure shows two dark spots, one at about fifth or sixth lateral line scale and the other on dorsal part of caudal peduncle, just behind rear of base of soft dorsal. The third spot, just below lateral line and about halfway between the other two, occurs occasionally in preserved specimens. Anterior and posterior dark spots occur frequently. The peduncular dark spot is of regular occurrence. FAMILY LABRIDAE—-SCHULTZ Zo HALICHOERES MARGARITACEUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Ficure 103; Puate 102,D Julis margaritaceus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 13, p. 484, 1839 (type locality, Vanicolo). Platyglossus opercularis GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 4, p. 148, 1862 (type locality, Fiji and Amboina); in Playfair and Gin- ther, The fishes of Zanzibar, p. 95, pl. 12, fig. 1, 1866 (Johanna Island). Halichoeres daedalma JoRDAN and SEALE, Buli. U. 8. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 301, pl. 47, fig. 2 (male), 1906 (type locality, Apia and Pago Pago, Samoa). Halichoeres opercularis Saux, Occ. Pap., Bishop Mus., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 89, 1901 (Guam).—Jorpan and Sxate, Buil. U. 8. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 302, pl. 47, fig. 3 (female), 1906 (Apia and Pago Pago). Halichoeres nofae TANAKA, Journ. College Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 23, No. 7, p. 36, pl. 2, fig. 3, 1908 (type locality, Misaki, Japan), Halichoeres poecilia BuEEKER, Atlas ichthyologique . .., vol. 1, pl. 39, fig. 4, 1862. Halichoeres nebulosus (Non Cuvier and Valenciennes) Sxaue, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 88, 1901 (Guam). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 15 stations, 152 specimens, 20 to 100 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 15 specimens, 35 to 89 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 36 specimens, 18 to 79 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 10 specimens, 22 to 76 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 9 specimens, 45 to 74 mm. Guam: 12 lots, 116 specimens, 20 to 72 mm. Rota: 1 lot, 18 specimens, 43 to 80 mm. Description.—Certain counts are recorded in table 105. Pores in lateral line 20+2-++5, gill rakers usually about 8-++-1+-9 to 11. Head 2.5 to 3.0; greatest depth 3.0 to 3.3; longest pectoral ray 4.5 to 4.6; snout tip to anus 1.8; snout to dorsal origin 2.7 to 3.0; all in standard length. Snout 2.5 to 3.2; eye 3.3 to 5.5; postorbital length of head 2.0; interorbital space 4.8 to 5.0; longest pectoral ray 1.7 to Ficure 103.—Sketch by author of color pattern of head of Halichoeres margaritaceus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). 422142 —60—16 232 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 1.8; least depth of body 2.2 to 2.5; all in length of head. Distance between anterior and posterior nasal openings 4 to 8 in snout. Eye 0.5 to 1.1 in interorbital space. Dorsal profile of head forming an angle of 65 to 70 degrees with ventral contour of head; pectoral fin reaching to opposite about tenth lateral line pore; pelvics with outer rays elongate, reaching to or nearly to anus; distal margin of caudal fin rounded to truncate. Color in alcohol.—Background coloration whitish; dorsal fin more or less transversely barred, sometimes these bars interconnect to enclose roundish white spots; a black ocellate spot occurs between the first to third soft dorsal rays, this black spot is closer to distal edge of fin than the base; caudal fin plain pale, or with indistinct bars; sometimes these bars interconnect to enclose roundish white spots; a black spot, as small as or smaller than pupil occurs between the first and second dorsal spines, occasionally this spot extends a trifle on the membrane between the second and third spines. A specimen 20 mm. in standard length has traces of 3 dusky blotches on sides and the two dorsal dark spots are present; body otherwise pale except for a short dusky bar behind orbit; pelvic and pectoral fins plain pale or whitish. The color markings on the head are as illustrated in figure 103. The chief characteristics of these markings are: (1) the long dark streak across cheek; (2) the dark bar just below streak (1), curving ventrally on opercle between black opercular spot and the rear end of the streak (1) on cheek; (3) the characteristically shaped blackish bar just behind eye; (4) characteristic pattern of dark areas on dorsal surface of head. A white bar occurs on base of pectoral, and another bar in axil of pectoral extending from below black opercular spot and ending in a point just below axil; sometimes 3 narrow white bars are visible on lower sides under pectoral fin, these occur on rows of scales at eighth, ninth and twelfth lateral-line pores. On males, some of the scales on sides and back have the central basal part dark brownish, distal half whitish, the dark spots arranged in patches to form 4 or 5 blotches along sides and back; anal fin of adults 60 mm. and longer with a pale or white band through middle third, distal third dusky, basal third dusky, with whitish round area on each interradial membrane. On females, the darkish areas on scales are arranged so that a reticulated pattern occurs, giving the appearance of white spots sur- rounded by darkish, these following the lengthwise rows of scales; the darkish pigment is intensified in certain areas to form about 4 or 5 darkish blotches as in males; lower sides whitish or pale; anal fin plain pale or whitish, the narrow reddish bars occurring in living specimens disappear completely in alcohol. FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 238 The smallest specimens listed do not have any black spots on caudal peduncle, nor on base of caudal fin or basally on soft rays of anal or dorsal fins. Color when alive.—Based on kodachrome picture of female: Back- ground coloration light olive; dark areas on scales blackish to dark brownish; dorsal fin barred with brownish red; black spot in soft dorsal surrounded by a white band; caudal fin yellowish, narrowly barred with brownish red; anal fins with barred alternating narrow red and yellow bars, the red bars surrounded with a light bluish tinge; dark spots behind eye and on opercle surrounded with brownish red; dark streaks radiating from eye brownish, bordered with bluish and dark brown edges, band below eye light pinkish, surrounding the light brownish streak across cheek; snout pinkish. Ecology.—This labrid was observed in considerable abundance in the intertidal area of the reefs where ample growths of corals and algae occurred, as well as at depths to 45 feet. Remarks.—This is a small species of labrid and in our collections specimens as large as 100 mm. in standard length are rare. The sexual dimorphism in regard to color pattern is distinct, as illustrated in the photographs. Mature or nearly mature eggs were observed in speci- mens as short as 50 mm. The best characters for recognition of this species are (1) the light and dark streaks on the head, (2) ocellate dark spot on soft dorsal notably nearer distal edge of fin than its base, (3) anal fin not barred with brown dots as in H. miniatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes), and (4) pectoral rays usually ii,11. HALICHOERES BIOCELLATUS, new species Figure 104 Holotype-—USNM 112940, Bikini Atoll, Arji Island, lagoon, depth 20 to 40 feet, August 7, 1946, S-46-308, Brock and Herald, 1 specimen, 63 mm. Paratypes.—Bikini Island, July 24, 1947, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 73 mm.; Rongelap Atoll; USNM 112941, Lomuilal Island, west side, lagoon reef, August 1, 1946, S-46-306, Herald, 1 specimen, 31.5 mm.; USNM 112942. Johnston Island, northern ocean reef, August 28-29, 1947, Schultz, 1 specimen, 41 mm. Description.—In all the type specimens, the fin-ray counts are: Dorsal TX,12; anal III,12; pectoral ii,11. Pores in lateral line 20-+-2++5, with 2 rows above lateral line and 9 below it to anus. 234. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Precision measurements were made on the holotype, and paratypes and these data are recorded in thousandths of the standard length, respectively. Standard length in mm. 63, 73, 41 and 31.5. Length of head 310; 318; 349; 375. Greatest depth 333; 329; 298; 336. Least depth of caudal peduncle 165; 153; 158; 159. Length of snout 102; 107; 98; 102. Least width of interorbital space 75; 81; 90; 89. Postorbital length of head 154; 156; 171; 178. Snout tip to anus 594; 534; 536; 564; and to dorsal origin 310; 340; 361; 384. Longest fin ray: pectoral 214; 199; 205; 216; pelvic 187; 181; 159; 152; second anal spine 79; 82; 90; 133; caudal 249; 253; 229; 254; soft dorsal 143; 144; 134; 127; and soft anal 143; 137; 110; 127. Length of first dorsal spine 60; 60; 59; 44; and of last dorsal spine 1382; 112; 110; and 133. Least preorbital width 54; 52; 41; 44. Ficure 104.—Walichoeres biocellatus, new species, holotype, USNM 112940, from Bikini Atoll. Drawn by A. M. Awl. Head 2.9 to 3.2; greatest depth 2.9 to 3.2; longest pectoral ray 4.2 to 5.0; snout tip to anus 1.7 to 1.8; snout tip to dorsal origin 2.7 to 3.2; all in standard length. Snout 2.9 to 3.5; eye 3.3 to 4.7; post- orbital length of head 2.0 to 2.1; interorbital space 3.9 to 4.7; longest pectoral ray 1.4 to 1.7; least depth of body 2.0 to 2.3; all in length of head. Distance between anterior and posterior nasal openings 5 to 7 in snout. Eye 0.8 to 1.2 in interorbital space. Dorsal profile of head forming an angle of 55 to 65 degrees with ventral contour of head; pectoral fin reaches to opposite ninth or tenth lateral line pore; pelvics with outer rays elongated reaching two-thirds to three-fourths the way to anus. Color in alcohol—Background coloration light brownish to brown- ish, with head and anteroventral part of body pale or whitish; ven- trally body is pale on two smallest specimens; a narrow pale median streak on body extending to caudal fin, this streak is broad on the two largest specimens and extends from behind head to middle of length, where it changes to brown of body; largest specimen has FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 235 two dusky streaks near ventral part of pectoral base that extend posteroventrally a short distance; dusky bar behind eye prominent; the most characteristic mark are two ocellate black spots in the soft dorsal fin, the first mostly between soft rays 1 to 3, and the second between soft rays 9 to 11; the rest of the dorsal fin is marked with pale and dusky area; in the largest specimen the black ocellate spots are less distinct than in the others and might disappear on still larger specimens. The smallest specimen has, in addition to the median streak, 2 pale streaks above it and two below. The anal fin has a median dusky streak, then distally the edge is pale with a submarginal dusky line. Color when alive.—Pale areas yellowish. Remarks.—This new species differs from all other species referred to the genus Halichoeres in having 2 ocellate spots in the soft dorsal fin. It is distinguished from them in the key, page 224. Named biocellatus in reference to the 2 ocellate spots in the soft dorsal fin. HALICHOERES HOEVENI (Bleeker) PuateE 106,B Julis (Halichoeres) hoevenii BuerKer, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 2, p. 250, 1851 (type locality, Neira, Banda). Platyglossus hoevenit BuerKer, Atlas ichthyologique .. ., vol. 1, p. 111, pl. 42. fig. 3, 1862 (Java, Bawean, Sumatra, Nias, Banka, Solo, Ternate, Buru, Amboina, Haruko, Guam, Goram, Banda). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Amen Island, lagoon, depth 30 feet, August 4, 1946, S-46-308, Herald and Brock, 3 specimens, 41 to 46 mm. Likiep Atoll: Likiep Island, August 22, 1949, Univ. Washington, 11 specimens, 44 to 67 mm. Description.—Certain counts are recorded in table 105. Head 3.0 to 3.2; greatest depth 3.1 to 3.4; longest pectoral ray 5.3 to 5.6; snout tip to anus 1.7 to 1.8; snout tip to dorsal origin 2.9 to 3.1; all in standard length. Snout 3.1 to 3.2; eye 3.9 to 4.5; postor- bital length of head 2.1 to 2.2; interorbital space 4.0 to 4.1; longest pectoral ray 1.6 to 1.7; least depth of body 2.0 to 2.1; all in length of head. Distance between anterior and posterior nasal openings 5 to 6 in snout. Eye 0.9 to 1.1 in interorbital space. Dorsal profile of head forming an angle of 60 to 65 degrees with ventral contour of head; pectoral fin reaches to opposite eighth or ninth lateral line pore; pelvics with outer rays elongate, extending from half to three fourths way to anus; distal margin of caudal fin rounded to nearly truncate. Color in alcohol.—Background coloration light tan or whitish; 10 to 12 alternating whitish and brownish streaks on body and on 236 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 head, usually brownish streaks are as wide or wider than whitish ones; black spot basally between dorsal spines I and II; an ocellate black spot in basal half of soft dorsal between rays 1 to 4, often con- fined to rays 2 and 3; a blackish ocellate spot on caudal fin base about halfway between lateral line and the dorsal edge; a short darkish bar just behind the eye; soft dorsal and anal fins with alternating dusky and whitish streaks; a dark spot at dorsal edge of pectoral fin base and a small dark spot in front of eye on side of snout variably present or absent; paired fins and caudal fin plain pale or whitish. HALICHOERES KALLOCHROMA (Bleeker) Puate 104,D Julis (Halichoeres) kallochroma BuEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 4, p. 289, 1858 (type locality, Priaman, Sumatra). Platyglossus kallochroma Burexer, Atlas ichthyologique ..., vol. 1, p. 108, pl. 42, fig. 4, 1862 (Sumatra and Nias). Platyglossus flos-corallis JoRDAN and Satz, Bull. U. 8. Bur. Fish. vol. 25 (1905), p. 299, pl. 46, fig. 2, 1906 (holotype USNM 51744, Pago Pago, Samoa). SPECIMENS STUDIED Eniwetok Atoll: Eniwetok Island, July 27, 1948, Univ. Washington, 1 speci- men, 66 mm. Likiep Atoll: Likiep Island, August 22, 1949, U. Washington, 1 specimen, 60 mm. Description.—Certain counts are recorded in table 105. Head 3.0 to 3.2; greatest depth 3.2 to 3.3; longest pectoral ray 5.5 to 5.6; snout tip to anus 1.7, to dorsal origin 2.7 to 3.0; all in standard length. Snout 2.8 to 3.0, eye 4.5 to 4.8; postorbital length of head 2.0 to 2.1; interorbital space 4.2 to 4.3; longest pectoral ray 1.6 to 1.7; least depth of body 2.1; all in length of head. Distance between anterior and posterior nasal openings 5 to 6 in snout. Eye 1.0 to 1.2 in interorbital space. Dorsal profile of head forming an angle of 60 to 65 degrees with ventral contour of head; pectoral fin reaches to opposite eighth or ninth lateral line pore; pelvics with outer rays greatly elongated, reaching nearly to or to anus; distal margin of caudal fin rounded. Color in alcohol.—Background coloration light tan or whitish; about 10 to 12 alternating whitish and brownish streaks on body, some of these continued on head; the brown streaks a little wider than the white one; dorsal fin without any black spots, or ocellate spots; base of caudal fin with or without blackish spot, when present this spot occurs about halfway between lateral line and dorsal edge of caudal fin base; dorsal and anal fins with alternating dusky and light streaks; dorsal basal edge of pectoral fin with a black spot; outer or elongated rays of pelvics dusky; distal third of caudal fin blackish with distal edge whitish, the dark portion with rounded lighter areas; in both of FAMILY LABRIDAE—SCHULTZ 237 Marshall Islands specimens the streaks behind the pectoral fin are faint and a blackish blotch occurs in the axil of pectoral. HALICHOERES MARGINATUS Rippell PuatTe 105,A-C Halichoeres marginatus RitppeLy, Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abysinnien gehorig, Fische, p. 16, 1835 (type locality, Red Sea). Platyglossus marginatus BupEeKER, Atlas ichthyologique ..., vol. 1, p. 109, pl. 41, fig. 3, 1862 (Java, Sumatra, Batu, Amboina).—Gitnruer, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 8, No. 16, p. 271, pl. 143, fig. 3, 1909 (Society Islands; Samoa). Julis notopsis Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 13, p. 485, 1839 (type locality, Guam). Platyglossus notopsis BunnxKsnr, Atlas ichthyologique . . . , vol. 1, p. 111, pl. 41, figs. 1, 1862 (Java, Bawean, Sumatra, Batu, Biliton, Celebes). Platyglossus notopsis (non Kuhl and Van Hasselt) Fow tr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 98, p. 167, fig. 35, 1946 (Riu Kiu Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 22 stations, 55 specimens, 19 to 120 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 7 stations, 14 specimens, 17 to 105 mm, Rongerik Atoll: 4 stations, 5 specimens, 23 to 72 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 7 stations, 7 specimens, 9 to 50 mm. Guam: 3 lots, 14 specimens, 39 to 71 mm. Rota: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 44 mm, Description.—Certain counts are recorded in table 105. Head 2.7 to 3.7; greatest depth 2.5 to 2.8; longest pectoral ray 4.3 to 4.5; snout tip to anus 1.8 to 2.0; to dorsal origin 2.3 to 3.5; all in standard length. Snout 2.8 to 3.6; eye 3.1 to 5.3; postorbital length of head 1.9 to 2.1; interorbital space 3.6 to 4.0; longest pectoral ray 1.3 to 1.9; least depth of body 1.6 to 2.0; all in length of head. Distance between anterior and posterior nasal openings 3.5 to 7.0 in snout. Eye 0.7 to 1.5 in interorbital space. Dorsal profile of head forming an angle of 55 degrees in young to 75 degrees in adults with ventral contour of head; pectoral fin reaches to opposite ninth to eleventh lateral line pore; pelvics with outer rays longest reaching to or past anus but only two-thirds the way to anus in the young; distal margin of caudal fin rounded. Color in alcohol—Adult background coloration blackish or dark brown, with center of each scale darker; dorsal and anal fins blackish with numerous light spots; margin of these fins white; pectoral fin blackish basally paler distally, each ray blackish; pelvics dark brownish or blackish; caudal fin black basally (scaled portion only), then central portion abruptly whitish with a broad blackish new-moon-shaped cross bar bordered by whitish, this black and white area reaching dorsal and ventral edges of fin near its midlength; the distal posterior half of caudal fin margin dusky. 938 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 The two smallest specimens, 74 and 81 mm., have 15 to 17 alter- nating pale and dark brown streaks on the head, anterior part of body and dorsally along upper sides and back; posteroventrally the light streaks fade into the general brownish color. The streaks on the head are irregular. Background coloration of young brown to dark brown with few to numerous alternating pale and dark streaks mostly on head in larger ones and on head and on body in small young; dorsal and anal fins blackish or brownish, always darker in color than brownish body; dorsal and anal fins barred or mottled with darker shades; a small black ocellate spot basally between dorsal spines I and II, a second black ocellate spot between soft dorsal rays 2 to 5, this spot sometimes extending a little beyond rays 2 and 5; pectoral fin whitish; pelvics brownish; caudal fin varying from whitish in small ones, to dusky or blackish in larger young, the distal edge of caudal fin narrowly edged with whitish. There is considerable variation in the number of pale and dark streaks from young to adult. From 16 to 25 mm. in standard length, 6 or 7 alternating pale and dark brown streaks occur on head and body; 4 brown ones on dorsal surface of head; 2 from behind eye; 1 below eye through pectoral base, 1 below pectoral, and 2 on ventral surface of breast in front of pelvics. At 28 mm. the same brown and pale streaks occur, except that the center of each brown streak is somewhat paler. Between lengths of 36 to 39 mm. the pale interspaces become narrower and the pale centers of the brown streaks wider and more prominent; however, some specimens between 32 and 37 mm. retain the juvenile color pattern; whereas between 35 and 40 mm. the number of alternating pale and brown streaks number 12 to 15 on the head and begin to disappear posteriorly on the body, the caudal fin is white, becoming abruptly dark brown basally. On larger sizes the pale and dark streaks may be discernible only on the head, and dorsally on the body. Remarks.——This species is recognizable by its deep body, dark brownish coloration with pale and dark streaks in combination with the large ocellate spot between the second to fifth soft dorsal rays, and whitish to dusky caudal fin. The adult, which is uncommon, differs from the young in lacking ocellate spots; it has instead a blackish new-moon-shaped cross bar in middle of caudal fin. Randall, while studying fishes in the U. S. National Museum in December 1954, pointed out to me the probability that notopsis of Cuvier and Valenciennes represents the young of H. marginatus; in this opinion I agree. FAMILY SCARIDAE—SCHULTZ 239 Family SCARIDAE: Parrotfishes By Lreonarp P. Scuuutz This family may be recognized by the following combination of characters: Teeth coalesced, forming two dental plates in each jaw, each pair separated at the middle by a suture; externally canines or incisorlike teeth present or absent; gill membranes broadly joined to the isthmus, with or without a free fold across isthmus; scales on cheek in 1 to 4 rows; median predorsal scales 3 to 8; lateral line follows contour of back to below rear edge of base of dorsal fin then drops 1 or 2 scale rows, continuing along midaxis of caudal peduncle, the number of pores being rather constantly 17 to 20 in dorsal lateral line and 5 to 7 in peduncular lateral line (the usual number of pores is 18+5 or 6); dorsal rays IX,10; anal III,9, the anal spines slender, the first one weakly developed; pectoral rays ii,11 to 11,15; branched caudal rays 6+5; fins naked, except that basal part of median fins may have a row of scales; upper pharyngeal bones paired, each dentigerous surface with 1 to 3 rows of molarlike teeth; lower pharyn- geal bone single, bearing rows of molarlike teeth; vertebrae always 25. Since the family Scaridae was reviewed by me (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 214, 1958) I am shortening this report by not duplicating here the material presented in that bulletin, except the generic and sub- generic keys and the family and subfamily diagnoses. ‘The identi- fication of species of parrotfishes is so difficult that to distinguish species one needs all the information presented in Bulletin 214, which includes a list of synonyms for each species and other important references. Subsequent to publication of Bulletin 214 (see p. 48) it has been determined that Scarus ovifrons Temminck and Schlegel (Fauna japonica, poissons, p. 173, pl. 88, 1846, type locality, Japan) should replace Scarus oedema (Snyder), the latter being a synonym of 5S. ovifrons. KEY TO THE GENERA AND SUBGENERA OF SCARIDAE la. Cheek with 2 to 4 (4 in one Atlantic species) rows of scales below eye, second row may be represented by one scale; teeth fully coalesced into a parrot- like beak, with median suture at symphysis of each jaw; edge of dental plate of lower jaw included in that of upper jaw when mouth is closed; pectoral rays normally ii,12 to ii,15; dentigerous surface of lower pharyn- geals longer than broad; gill membranes broadly joined to isthmus without a free fold across isthmus. Subfamily ScaRINAkE. 2a. Each upper pharyngeal bone (pl. 108, D) with a single enlarged row of teeth, no rudimentary row along base of the enlarged row except on small specimens of subgenus Xenoscarops; gill rakers of first gill arch 6 to 21421 to 38. (Indo-Pacific.)_._--- Genus Scarops Schultz 240 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 1b. 3a. Three rows of scales on cheek. (East, Central, and West Pacific.) Subgenus Scarops Schultz 3b. Two rows of scales on cheek. (East Pacific.) Subgenus Xenoscarops Schultz 2b. Each upper pharyngeal bone (pl. 108, A, B) with two enlarged rows of teeth, and along the outer base of the outer enlarged row occurs a rudimentary row; 3 rows of scales on cheek; gill rakers 4 to 9+11 todlbsen (indo=Eacitic:)\s5ss a= sae Genus Chlorurus Swainson (p. 242) 2c. Each upper pharyngeal bone (pl. 108, E) with a single enlarged row of teeth, and along the outer base of this row occurs a rudimentary row; 2 to 4 rows of scales on cheek; gill rakers 12 to 30+25 to 40. (Atlantic; Mimdo-Pacific.) 2 - 2c. Ss2e Genus Scarus Forsk&l (p. 248) 4a. Median predorsal scales 8. (West Pacific.) Subgenus Ypsiscarus Schultz 4b. Median predorsal scales 4. (Central and West Pacific, Indian Ocean.) Subgenus Scarus Forsk&l 4c. Median predorsal scales 5 to 8. (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Ocean.) Subgenus Hemistoma Swainson Check below eye with 3 to 6 scales in a single row; front edge of dental plate of upper jaw included within that of lower jaw when mouth is closed, or edges of the dental plates oppose each other; teeth more or less coalesced into a parrotlike beak or some of the teeth making up edge of dental plate with free or almost free or distinct edges, or there may be present externally pointed incisorlike teeth more or less imbricated and in rows; pectoral fin rays ii,11; gill rakers coarse, 2 or 3+1-+6 to 12, the raker at angle of arch may be difficult to distinguish from those on ventral part of arch; upper pharyngeal bones with 3 rows of teeth on each side, plate 108; dentigerous surface of lower pharyngeals broader than long. Subfamily SpARISOMATINAE, 5a. Median predorsal scales 4. 6a. Gill membranes broadly joined to isthmus, without a free fold across isthmus. 7a. Dorsal spines pungent. 8a. Free, imbricate, incisorlike teeth present externally on both jaws; inner lip not free at symphysis. (Hawaiian Islands.) Genus Scaridea Jenkins 8b. No free, imbricate incisorlike teeth present externally on lower jaw, teeth coalesced into a beak much as in the Scarinae, but edges of the dental plates have more distinct but fused teeth; when mouth is closed, edge of dental plate of upper jaw included within that of lower jaw; inner lip free across snout; anterior nasal opening with a cirrus, multifid at tip; canine teeth usually present on upper jaw. (Atlantic.) Genus Sparisoma Swainson 7b. Dorsal spines flexible. 9a. Free, imbricate, incisorlike teeth present externally on both jaws; 6 or 7 teeth in the middle rows of lower pharyngeals (pl. 108, C), the seventh or outer tooth usually rudimentary; inner upper lip not free across symphysis of snout; upper jaw with canines at sides hooked out and somewhat backward. (Cen- tral and West-Pacific, Indian Ocean.) Genus Calotomus Gilbert FAMILY SCARIDAE—SCHULTZ 241 9b. No free, imbricate, incisorlike teeth present externally on jaws; teeth coalesced into a plate with external canines on upper jaw of adult males, absent on young and absent on adult females. 6 teeth present in middle rows of lower pharyngeals (pl. 108, F), the outer one on one side or the other rudimentary; lower jaw fits over tips of teeth of upper jaw when mouth is closed. (West Pacific, Indian Ocean.)..-Genus Leptoscarus Swainson 6b. Gill membranes broadly jointed to isthmus, with a free fold (sometimes very narrow) across isthmus; dorsal spines flexible; pointed, in- cisorlike teeth present externally on both jaws; canines on outside of upper jaw present or absent. 10a. Dermal cirrus absent on anterior nostril, edge mostly in the form of an elevated or raised rim; inner lip not free at front of snout; head notably pointed from lateral profile, angle between dorsal and ventral profiles about 40 to 50 degrees, snout profile may be slightly concave; external teeth slanting forward at front of both jaws, those of lower jaw more slanting; when mouth is closed tips of upper jaw meet teeth of lower jaw obliquely. (West Atlantic, Bermuda:)_22 22282222. 5% Genus Cryptotomus Cope 10b. Dermal cirrus on anterior nostril well developed but usually not reaching posterior nostril; inner lip free across tip of snout; head more rounded, becoming somewhat pointed in adults, angle between dorsal and ventral profiles about 70 to 80 degrees; tips of external teeth at front of mouth meeting, or those of lower jaw may be included; not notably oblique. (West Atlantic, East Pace.) 8s. aoc sew ascatceneteoace Genus Nicholsina Fowler 5b. Median predorsal scales 5; gill membranes broadly joined to isthmus; without free fold; dorsal spines pungent; no free imbricate teeth present on jaws; edge of upper jaw included in that of lower jaw when mouth is closed. (East Atlantic.) Genus Euscarus Jordan and Evermann Subfamily SCARINAE This subfamily is characterized by having the teeth fully coalesced into plates with a median suture, and the tip of lower jaw enclosed in upper jaw when mouth is closed; rows of scales on the cheek number 2 to 4, ventral row may be represented by one to several scales; upper pharyngeal bones with 1 to 3 rows of teeth, the outer or third row if present, rudimentary; lower pharyngeals with dentigerous surface notably longer than broad, with concave or flat surface; number of teeth in middle rows of lower pharyngeals 5, usually with outer tooth on one side reduced in size; if canines are present at side of jaws they are always behind middle of side of dental plate; anterior nostril with- out a dermal cirrus, or at most only a slightly raised rim; lateral line interrupted below rear end of base of dorsal fin, beginning again on second scale row below and extending along midbase of caudal pedun- cle; gill rakers on first gill arch vary from about 4 to 30 + 11 to 40; pectoral rays normally ii,12 to ii,15; dorsal spines flexible; median 242 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 predorsal scales 3 to 9; abdominal vertebrae 10 to 12, and caudal vertebrae 13 to 15, always totaling 25. Genus CHLORURUS Swainson Chlorurus Swanson, Natural history and classifications of fishes . . ., vol. 2, p. 227, fig. 61, 1839 (monotypic, Scarus gibbus Riippell; also as Chloregaster Swainson on p. 172 with no species listed and under the subfamily Labrinae as Chlorurus with no species listed, also another error). CHLORURUS BICOLOR (Riippell) Puates 108,A; 109,A Scarus bicolor RUpre i, Atlas zu der Reise im Nérdlichen Afrika . . . Fische des rothen Meers, p. 82, pl. 21, 1828 (type locality, Djedda). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 6 stations, 9 specimens, 127 to 270 mm. in standard length; 1 lot, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 200 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 40 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 4 specimens, 26 to 435 mm. Arno Atoll: 1 lot, 1 specimen 98 mm. Likiep Atoll: 1 lot, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 55 mm. Ecology.—The juveniles of this species occurred occasionally in the shallow tidal zone of the reefs, whereas the adults were taken below the low tidal level. At no time did this species appear to be an abundant inhabitant of the reefs. Remarks.—This species is characteristically colored at all sizes. The young have a dark ocellate spot at the front part of the dorsal fin and the larger fishes have black spots on the lower scales of the body. The median predorsal scales number 6 or 7; there are 3 rows of scales on the cheek, with 4 to 8 scales in the ventral (third) row; and there are usually i1,12 pectoral fin rays. CHLORURUS PULCHELLUS (Riippell) PuateEs 108,B; 109,B Scarus pulchellus Ritpret,, Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abysinnien gehorig, Fische p. 25, pl. 8, fig. 3, 1835 (type locality, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Lagoon, 4 miles Southwest of Bikini Island, July 11, 1946, S-46—247, 1 specimen, 375 mm. One large specimen taken at Enyu Island in 1946, was photographed but not preserved. Rongelap Atoll: Tufa Island, July 18, 1946, 1 specimen, 355 mm. Ecology.—This characteristic species was never seen over the inter- tidel zone of the reef, but it did occur in the deeper waters of the lagoon and along the deeper waters of the ocean side of the reefs. The smallest specimen seen by me was about a foot long. FAMILY SCARIDAE—SCHULTZ 243 Remarks.—This species is distinguished by its characteristic color pattern; the small number of gill rakers, about 6 or 7 + 12 to 15, totaling about 20 to 23; the 3 rows of teeth on each upper pharyn- geal bone; the 3 rows of scales on the cheek, with 5 or 6 scales in the ventral (third) row; 5 or 6 median predorsal scales, and ii,12 pectoral fin rays. Genus SCARUS Forskal Scarus Forsk&it, Descriptiones animalium..., p. 25, 1775 (type species designated as Scarus psittacus ® (not of Linnaeus) Forsk&al=Scarus harid Forsk&l by Jordan and Gilbert, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 16, p. 938, 1882; and by Swain, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 274, 1882). Subgenus SCARUS Forskal SCARUS MICRORHINOS Bleeker Scarus microrhinos BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 6, p. 200, 1854 (type locality, Batavia, Java, type examined in British Museum, Cat. No. 1862.2.28.54, standard length 300 mm.) SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 13 stations, 22 specimens, 60 to 450 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 5 stations, 16 specimens, 25 to 250 mm, Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 13 specimens, 100 to 240 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 7 specimens, 91 to 156 mm. Ecology.—This green parrotfish was one of the most abundant species on the outer margins of the reefs and in the lagoon where it was frequently taken or observed at depths of 10 to 25 feet or more. Remarks.—This species may be recognized by its 4 median predorsal scales, 3 rows of scales on the cheek, with 3 to 8 scales in the ventral row; usually ii,14 or ii,15 pectoral rays; and by its green color in con- junction with a protruding forehead on the adult, lower part of the head light green as contrasted with a darker coloration dorsally, and the green band on head extending from mouth to pectoral fin base. SCARUS HARID Forskal Scarus harid ForsK&u, Descriptiones animalium, pp. X,30, 1775 (type locality, Arabia). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 4 specimens, 180 to 305 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 49 mm. Arno Atoll: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 202 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 265 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 310 mm. Remarks.—This species may be recognized by having 4 median predorsal scales, 3 rows of scales on the cheek, with 3 to 5 scales in 88 Scarue psittacus Forskal from the Red Sea is a different species than Coryphaena psittacus Linnaeus, a labrid from the Atlantic. Among parrotfishes Scarus psittacus Forsk&l has been confused with ‘*Scarus psittacus (Linnaeus).”’ 244. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 the ventral row, usually ii,13 pectoral rays; white teeth covered by the lips; a broad preorbital distance, 2.5 to 3.1 times in head; and a broad naked space below the eye. Another characteristic is the concave space just in front of the eyes, which gives the snout a more or less narrow, or pointed, profile when viewed from a dorsal aspect. SCARUS LUNULA (Snyder) Callyodon lunula SnypER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 35, p. 99, 1908 (type locality, Naha, Okinawa; holotype USNM 62236); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, p. 509, pl. 66, fig. 2, 1913. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoil, lagoon 4 miles southwest of Bikini Island, spearing over sub- merged coral head, depth 45 feet, July 11, 1946, Brock, Herald and Kohler, S—46-247, 1 specimen, 270 mm. Ecology.—This rare species was captured but once by spearing in about 40 feet of water over a coral head 4 miles southwest of Bikini Island in the lagoon. It seems to be rare in the northern Marshall Islands and probably was not distinguished from other species when collected. Remarks.—This species is distinguished by 4 median predorsal scales, 3 rows of scales on the cheek, with 2 or 3 scales in the ventral row; ii,12 pectoral fin rays, white teeth, and by its coloration of three color streaks in the anal fin, edge of upper lip green, then pink, then a green streak from snout past lower edge of eye; especially notable is a green edge on operculum in front of pectoral fin base, and one or two green streaks connecting eyes across interorbital space. The dorsal part of body and the head is purplish brown. All of the speci- mens observed have a characteristic hump in front of and over the orbits. SCARUS FORMOSUS Cuvier and Valenciennes Scarus formosus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 14, p. 283, 1839 (type locality, Sandwich Islands; type examined in Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, No. 585). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Bikati, Makin, John Randall, 1 specimen, 160 mm. Arji Island, August 7, 1946, S-46-308, 1 specimen, 52 mm. In addition to the types several other specimens have been studied. Remarks.—This species is characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales, usually with a pair in front of the anteriormost median scale, 3 rows of scales on the cheek with 1 or 2 scales in the ventral row; white teeth and ii,12 pectoral rays. The color pattern in region of pectoral, posterior part of head below and behind eye dull yellowish tan grading to yellow ventrally and yellow orange antero- ventrally. Dorsal part of head bright green; upper lip yellowish green; irregular areas of turquoise blue on chin connecting with green FAMILY SCARIDAE—SCHULTZ 245 snout; three blue spots on midventral line in front of pelvics; dorsal and anal fins, each with 3 color streaks (basally green, center orange, distally blue). The young of S. formosus have dark and light streaks on the sides of the body. In the adult the forehead is enlarged giving to the head a strongly convex dorsal contour. SCARUS SCHLEGELI (Bleeker) Pseudoscarus schlegeli BhEEKER, Versl. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 12, p. 242, 1861 (type locality, Celebes); Atlas ichthyologique . . ., vol. 1, p. 48, pl. 12, fig. 2, 1862 (Celebes). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 5 specimens, 146 to 200 mm. in standard length; 1 lot, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 205 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 180 to 255 mm, Remarks.—This species has been confused with Scarus mutabilis, S. caudofasciatus, and S. zonularis, all of which represent a single species. It is easily distinguished from these by having only 4 median predorsal scales and only 2 rows of scales on the cheek, whereas all others that have been confused with species with vertical dark bars have 5 or 6 median predorsal scales and 3 rows of scales on the cheek, except S. venosus Bleeker and S. rhoduropterus Bleeker, but the latter lacks a dark spot at base of upper pectoral rays and the lips are separated by an angle greater than 65 degrees. S. venosus differs in having 5 dark vertical bars. S. schlegeli, may be recognized by its coloration: A black spot at the base of the upper pectoral fin ray, under soft dorsal fin 2 broad dark bars separated by a light bar, and pale colora- tion anterior to the first dark bar. SCARUS TAENIURUS Cuvier and Valenciennes Scarus taeniurus CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 14, p. 257, 1839 (type locality, Mauritius; type examined, Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, No. 554) SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 16 stations, 75 specimens, 24 to 190 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 6 stations, 10 specimens, 59 to 195 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 8 specimens, 102 to 220 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 5 stations, 20 specimens, 69 to 151 mm, Jaluit Atoll: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 128 mm. Likiep Atoll: 1 lot, Univ. Washington, 1 specimen, 57 mm, Guam: 4 lots, 31 specimens, 29 to 195 mm. Rota: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 145 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 3 specimens, 145 to 225 mm. Remarks.—S. taeniurus belongs in the group of parrotfishes with 2 rows of scales on its cheek, 4 median scales in front of dorsal origin, and the pectoral rays are usually ii,12, with occasional exceptions. It is characterized by a rounded caudal fin in the young, becoming at most truncate in adults, with the distal margin marked with a fine 246 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 white line in alcoholic specimens of all sizes and not with a broad dusky margin as in forsteri. The black spot at base of upper pectoral rays is evident at all ages. The edges of both lips are dark in alcohol, not pale. In the brown phase a dark spot sometimes occurs basally between dorsal spines I and II. Ecology.—The brown color phase is abundant on the shallow parts of the reefs. SCARUS FORSTERI Cuvier and Valenciennes Scarus forsteri Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 14, p. 275, 1839 (type locality, Tahiti). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 117 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 152 to 190 mm. Jaluit Atoll: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 180 mm. Arno Atoll: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 142 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 5 specimens, 180 to 230 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 3 specimens, 200 to 260 mm. Remarks.—This species may be recognized by a combination of characters: 4 median predorsal scales, 2 rows of scales on the cheek; pectoral rays usually ii,12; a black spot at base of pectoral, usually well developed; lips almost covering whitish teeth; canine teeth, usually numbering on upper jaw 1+1, 142 or 2+2, and on lower jaw 1-++1 or 2+2; the important color marks are the green edges of the lips, the dark line submarginally along distal edge of caudal fin, and broad pale edge (green when alive) of anal fin, and the dorsal fin set off submarginally by a dark line. SCARUS SORDIDUS Forskal Scarus sordidus ForsK&1, Descriptiones animalium, pp. x, 30, 1775 (type locality, Arabia). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll. 22 stations, 226 specimens, 14.5 to 240 mm. in standard length; 1 lot, Univ. Washington, 5 specimens, 120 to 145 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 10 stations, 133 specimens, 12 to 145 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 4 stations, 19 specimens, 17 to 210 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 6 stations, 66 specimens, 41 to 185 mm. Likiep Atoll: 1 lot, Univ. Washington, 23 specimens, 35 to 80 mm. Guam: 4 lots, 34 specimens, 16 to 240 mm. Rota: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 13 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 180 mm. Remarks.—This species is characterized by having 4 median pre- dorsal scales, 2 rows of scales on the cheek; pectoral rays usually i1,13; teeth white in young, becoming green in adults in green color phase. The immature are brownish or reddish brown with a pale (pink when FAMILY SCARIDAE—SCHULTZ 247 alive) caudal area in which is a roundish dark blotch at base of caudal fin; lips pale, yellowish to pink when alive. When it has attained the greenish stage of adult life the characteristic green and pinkish streaks or bands around the mouth are useful along with the broad green band distally on anal fin and narrow band distally on dorsal, as follows: Blue-green band above pale (pink when alive) edge of upper lip that extends to the eye; the broad green band on lower jaw just behind pale (pink when alive) edge of lower lip extends to eye, joining the green band from upper lip at corner of mouth, these green bands more or less fade posterioventrally without a distinct edge. Ecology.—This parrotfish was the most abundant species in the intertidal zone of the reef and occurred at depths down to 45 feet, and probably deeper, but that zone was not investigated thoroughly. Wherever algae and coral grew, this species was found. The intestinal tract was filled with algal-coral debris. SCARUS JONES! (Streets) Pseudoscarus jonesi StREETS, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 7, p. 80, 1877 (type locality, Palmyra Island; 4 cotypes, USNM 19221). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 19 stations, 87 specimens, 19 to 330 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 6 stations, 19 specimens, 77 to 375 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 6 stations, 19 specimens, 19 to 134 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 21 specimens, 95 to 300 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 18 and 19 mm. Remarks.—This species is characterized by having 4 median pre- dorsal scales, 2 rows of scales'on cheeks, usually ii,13 pectoral rays, and characteristic green markings on front of head as shown in fig- ure 12 of U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 214 (p. 39, 1958). Subgenus HEMISTOMA Swainson SCARUS GLOBICEPS Cuvier and Valenciennes Scarus globiceps CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 14, p. 242, 1839 (type locality, Tahiti; type examined in Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, No. 1732). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations. 2 specimens, 195 and 235 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 185 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 200 mm. Remarks.—This species is characterized by having 5 or 6 median predorsal scales, 3 rows of scales on the cheek, usually with 2 or 3 in the ventral row, 11,12 pectoral fin rays, whitish teeth; tiny green (pale or dusky in alcohol) spots, usually a few to several on the antero- dorsal part of the body, the black ocellate spot near the bases of 4221426017 248 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 dorsal spines III or IV may be lacking on large adults; the blackish pectoral base darker dorsally; the pale line from middle of snout to lower edge of eye, thence posteriorly, separates the pale color of lower part of head from the darker color dorsally; another pale streak forward from middle of eye to middle of snout. Ecology.—This rare species was taken on the ocean reef. SCARUS BREVIFILIS (Ginther) Pseudoscarus brevifilis GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 8, pt. 16, p. 327, pl. 161, 1909 (type locality, Tahiti, and Apamana, Gilbert Islands; type from Apamana examined in British Museum, Cat. No. 1873.4.3.106, standard length 215 mm.). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 18 stations, 28 specimens, 30 to 315 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 175 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 84 to 87 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 8 stations, 18 specimens, 15 to 118 mm. Arno Atoll: 1 lot, 5 specimens, 23 to 150 mm. Remarks.—This species is characterized by having 5 to 7 median predorsal scales, 3 rows of scales on the cheek, with 1 to 3 scales in the ventral row; usually 11,13 pectoral fin rays; green teeth. In the young, the color pattern is mottled or almost barred, but in adults the background coloration is reddish brown, with a few scat- tered white spots posteriorly, and usually the first soft dorsal ray is a little elongate. Ecology.—This species was abundant on the reef in the intertidal zone and in the deeper waters along the edges of reefs. SCARUS GHOBBAN Forskal Scarus ghobban ForsxKA&t, Descriptions animalium. . ., p. 28, 1775 (type locality, Djedda, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Marianas Islands: Saipan, August 14, 1952, School of Tropical and Preventive Medicine, 1 specimen, 181 mm. Remarks.—This species is characterized by having 5 or 6 median predorsal scales, 3 rows of scales on the cheek, with 1 to 3 scales in ventral row; usually 11,13 pectoral rays; the background coloration very light orange or yellowish, marked with bright blue spots in center of scales, these blue-spotted scales arranged to form 5 bars that are 2 or 3 scales wide; base and outer margins of dorsal and anal fins blue edged; dorsal and ventral margins of caudal fin blue edged; edge of upper lip pale, then dorsally a blue blotch; lateral edge of lower lip blue, this color continues as a blue band to lower edge of eye; a blue band joins both eyes across interorbital space and other FAMILY SCARIDAE—SCHULTZ 249 blue marks radiate from eye dorsoposteriorly; base of pectoral pink- ish, not blue; dorsal edge of pectoral fin blue, the fin tinged with yellowish. These color notes are from a kodachrome taken by John Randall, University of Hawaii, and from a painting in the Albatross Philippine collection. SCARUS CHLORODON Jenyns Scarus chlorodon Jenyns, Zoology of the voyage of H. M. 8S. Beagle, pt. 4, Fish, p. 105, pl. 21, 1842 (type locality, Keeling Island, Indian Ocean; type exam- ined in British Museum, skin, Cat. No. 1918.1.31.12, standard length 345 mm.). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 7 specimens, 185 to 390 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 240 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 275 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 4 specimens, 295 to 330 mm. Remarks.—This species is characterized by 6 or 7 median predorsal scales; 3 rows of scales on the cheek, with 1 to 3 scales in the ventral row, usually ii,13 pectoral fin rays; green teeth; dorsal and anal fins with distal fifth blue or green, basal four-fifths dark, these colors separated by a dark line. In green color phase it has characteristic light orange and dark green bars and bands on the head, upper lip pale with a dark bar dorsally, green dash on lower lip at its side and rear corner, otherwise pale, then bordered below by a broad green band that continues (sometimes broken) to lower border of eye, thence a short distance behind eye. Other characteristics are the elongate first soft dorsal ray of large adults, the yellowish to orange posterior margin of the caudal fin, and the green border on the dorsal and ventral edges of that fin. SCARUS AERUGINOSUS Cuvier and Valenciennes PuateE 108,E Scarus aeruginosus CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 14, p. 257, 1839 (type locality, Red Sea; type examined in Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, from Pondicherry; Leschenault). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 12 specimens, 81 to 215 mm. in standard length. Arno Atoll: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 74 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 19 specimens, 38 to 205 mm. Saipan: 2 lots, 2 specimens, 137 to 182 mm. Ecology.—This parrot fish was rather scarce on the intertidal zone of the reefs. When taken it was found mostly on the ocean side and in areas of strong wave action. Remarks.—This species is characterized by having 5 or 6 median predorsal scales; 3 rows of scales on the cheek, with 1 to 3 scales in 250 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 the ventral row; usually ii,12 pectoral rays; whitish teeth; and a plain brownish or grayish background coloration with usually 3 pale streaks, one on each scale now of belly. There is no black spot at base of pectoral fin. Subfamily SPARISOMATINAE This subfamily is characterized by having the teeth incompletely coalesced into 4 plates, sometimes with pointed incisorlike teeth externally on the platelike structures; one row of scales with 2 to 4 scales on the cheek below eye; upper pharyngeal bones each with 3 rows of teeth; lower pharyngeal bone with dentigerous surface notably broader than long; number of teeth in middle rows of lower pharyngeals vary from 6 to 7, counting all rudiments; anterior nostril with a distinct cirrus, or dermal flap; lateral line interrupted below rear end of base of dorsal fin, than beginning again one row lower and continuing along midside of caudal peduncle; gill rakers 2 or 3-+1+6 to 12; pectoral rays normally ii,11; dorsal spines flexible or pungent; median predorsal scales 4; abdominal vertebrae 9, caudal 16, always totaling 25. Genus CALOTOMUS Gilbert Calotomus GitBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 13, p. 70, 1890 (type species, C. xenodon Gilbert). CALOTOMUS SPINIDENS (Quocy and Gaimard) Puates 108,C; 109,C Scarus spinidens Quoy and Gaimarp, Voyage autour du monde... sur... l’Uranie et la Physicienne, Zoologie, p. 289, 1824 (type locality, Vaigiou). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 10 stations, 13 specimens, 56 to 162 mm. in standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 118 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 142 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 5 stations, 10 specimens, 65 to 142 mm. Arno Atoll: 1 lot, 4 specimens, 54 to 77 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 42 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 159 mm. Ecology.—This species is commonly taken on the reefs, but never abundantly. It feeds on coralline algae and corals; what appear to be mature eggs occur in specimens as short as 150 mm. Remarks.—This species is characterized by having the background mottled gray and brown; fins grayish; radiating from eye are bands, two of which are more prominent, that extend from below eye to rear of mouth; snout more or less crossbarred; the color around the FAMILY CIRRHITIDAE—SCHULTZ 251 head somewhat variable; a dark blotch on membrane between dorsal spines I and II. At standard lengths of 148 to 158 mm., caudal fin with posterior margin broadly white edged (this white margin has a sub- marginal brownish line at standard lengths of 190 mm.), outer half of anal fin dusky, basal half pale, somewhat pale spotted; some scales on sides may have pale or white centers, but most of the scales are outlined with brown, rest of scale pale or scales may have pale mot- tlings; base of last 3 soft dorsal rays may have a black spot; anus blackish under scaly sheath; base of pectoral dark brown in specimens shorter than 130 mm., extremely dark brown or blackish in those shorter than 75 mm. Genus LEPTOSCARUS Swainson Leptoscarus Swainson, Natural history . . . Fishes, vol. 2, pp. 172, 226, 1839 (type species, Scarus vaigiensis Quoy and Gaimard). LEPTOSCARUS VAIGIENSIS (Quoy and Gaimard) Puates 108,F; 109,D,E Scarus vaigiensis Quoy and GarmarD, Voyage autour du monde... sur. . V’Uraine et la Physicienne, Zoologie, p. 288, 1824 (type locality, Vaigiou). SPECIMEN STUDIED Guam, Nov. 26, 1945, D. G. Frey, 1 male specimen, 205 mm. Remarks.—This species, though abundant in the Philippine Albatross collections, was not seen or collected in the Northern Marshall Islands. Family CIRRHITIDAE By Lronarp P. Scuuttz Since publishing on this family in 1943 (U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, pp. 131-137), I have seen additional specimens, and these have caused me to alter considerably my opinion concerning the generic relation- ships within this family. The key presented here is based on the type species of each genus, with additional species admitted in a few cases. In the footnotes I have listed under each genus additional species examined. Certain species not examined by me are included on the basis of descriptions and figures. Neocirrhites Castlenau (Proc. Zool. Acclim. Soc. Victoria, vol. 2, p. 101, 1873; type species, N. armatus Castlenau) appears to be related to Hughichthys Schultz but differs in having the dorsal fin ‘received in a scaly sheath of the back in which the spines lay alter- nately, forming two rows.” I have not seen a specimen, and the description is too incomplete to permit me to allocate the genus. 202, U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 The absence of fine scales on the gill membranes of small specimens, may indicate that these scales have not yet formed. Because of that possibility I have not placed as much value on that scale charac- ter as I did in 1943. Smith (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, vol. 4, pp. 625-652, figs. 1-3, 1951), in his revision of the fishes of this family occurring in the Western Indian Ocean, attaches too much value to the scaly gill membranes; his Cirrhitus mossambicus, for example, lacks such scales and it was based on 2 specimens 32 and 52 mm. in total length, about the same size as my types of Cirrhitops hubbardi (Schultz) which also lacked such scales. Gymnocirrhites arcatus lacks scales on the gill membranes at 48 mm. but at 100 mm. in standard length they are well developed. Counts are recorded in table 106 for the genera and species of Cirrhitidae. KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE CIRRHITIDAE la. Seales ctenoid, about 33 to 36 from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin; dorsal rays X,15 to 19; anal III,7; jaws with a few canines; bases of median fins scaly. 2a. Dorsal rays X,15; scales 33 or 34; upper jaw with a pair of canines, none on. lower jaw) JUL Aner ev dA Yas) bas 2a Isobuna © Jordan 2b. Dorsal rays X,19; scales 36; lower jaw with a pair of canines, none on LIPPeL yaw se acoso ne eae en eee Serranocirrhitus ® Watanabe 1b. Scales cycloid. 3a. Head acutely pointed, anterior profile of head forming an angle of about 20 to 25 degrees; dorsal rays X,13 with 1 or 2 cirri on membrane behind tip of each spine; anal III,7; pectoral i or ii,7,v or vi; 3 rows of enlarged scales on cheek; premaxillaries with 2 rows of minute teeth anteriorly along inner edges of middorsal line; gill membranes over isthmus naked; no palatine teeth; upper lip with broad lobe opposite front of premaxillaries; no scales on mandible; no canine teeth. Oxycirrhites ®! Bleeker 3b. Head not so acutely pointed, anterior profile of head forming an angle of 40 to SO degrees; anal rays III,6; no teeth in a backwardly extending row inside of mouth along middorsal line of premaxillary. 4a. Anterior profile of head forming an angle of 40 to 60 degrees; pectoral fin rays i,7,V or i,8,v; dorsal rays X,11 or 12, with a tuft of cirri on dermal membrane behind tip of each spine; scales on mandible and on gill membranes over isthmus; 4 to 7 rows of enlarged scales on cheek, usually bordered above and below by some minute ones. Cirrhitoidea Jenkins 8 Jsobwna Jordan in Jordan and Herre, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 158, 1907 (type species, Para- cirrhites japonicus Stcindachner and Déderlein); Smith, Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist., ser. 12, vol. 4, p. 626, 1951, Paracirrhites Steindachner and Déderlein (not of Bleeker), Denkschr. Acad, Wiss. Wein, vol. 48, p. 25, 1883 (type species, P. japonicus Steindachner and Déderlein, preoccupied by Paracirrhites Bleeker). 60 Serranocirrhitus Watanabe, Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan, vol. 14, No. 2, p. 17, fig. 2, 1949 (type species, Serranocirrhitus latus Watanabe; from off Itoman, Okinawa-Honto). 61 Orycirrhites Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 2, p. 389, 1857 (type species, O. typus Bleeker). Two other species referable to this genus are O. morrisi Fowler (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1933, vol. 85, p. 359, Jan. 20, 1934, holotype USNM 93172, Palawan, P. I.) and O. seftoni Bohlke and Briggs (California Fish and Game, vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 375-380, figs. 1-3, 1953, off Palmilla Point. Baja California). FAMILY CIRRHITIDAE—SCHULTZ 253 4b. Anterior profile of head forming an angle of 60 to 80 degrees; pectoral rays not i,7,v or i,8,v. 5a. Cheeks with fine scales, no rows of enlarged scales; vertical scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin about 38 to 44. 6a. Pectoral rays i,6,vii; dorsal usually X,11 rarely X,12, with a tuft of dermal cirri on edge of membrane behind tip of each dorsal spine; palatine teeth feebly present or absent; mandibles naked; both jaws with short canine teeth________ Cirrhitus Lacepéde 6b. Pectoral rays, i,7,vi; dorsal X,13 with a simple cirrus on edge of membrane behind tip of each dorsal spine; palatine teeth present; mandibles with fine scales; canine teeth present only On WO Wen AW ates eye Hughichthys ® Schultz 5b. Cheeks with 3 to 7 rows of enlarged scales and sometimes additional tiny scales dorsally below eye, bordering the large scales. 7a. First 2 pectoral rays simple or unbranched; one or more cirri on edge of membrane behind tip of each dorsal spine; both jaws with a few short canines; cheek with 5 to 7 rows of enlarged scales and sometimes additional small ones bordering these large scales above or below; preopercle with fine, numerous dentae. 8a. Dorsal rays X,14; pectoral ii,6,vi___._____- Cirrhitops ® Smith 8b. Dorsal rays X,11 or 12. 9a. Pectoral rays ii,7,v; body with 5 broad dark bars and with a narrow dusky one between them, Amblycirrhitus * Gill 9b. Pectoral rays ii,6,vii; body with a lengthwise pale band dorsally. Gymnocirrhites Smith 7b. First pectoral ray simple, followed by branched rays. 10a. Dorsal rays X,16 or 17 probably a few cirri on membranous edge behind tips of each dorsal spine; scales about 45; palatine teeth absent; 3 rows of enlarged scales on cheek; dentae on preopercular edge coarse; pectoral rays i,6 or ep WA Se ae 2 Seba tae hk es Cyprinocirrhites ™ Tanaka 106. Dorsal rays X,11 or 12 rarely X,10 or X,13. lla. Anterior profile of head forming an angle of about 60 to 65 degrees; lower lip deeply incised at tip of chin but the incision not completely separating lower lip; upper lip with a shallow incision each side of tip; mandible finely scaled posteriorly, naked anteriorly; cheek with 4 rows of en- 62 Hughichthys Schultz, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 136, 1943 (type species, Cirrhites melanotus Giinther). % Cirrhitops Smith, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, vol. 4, p. 637, 1951 (type species, Cirrhitus fasciatus Bennett=Cirrhitus cinctus Giinther 1860). In addition to the species listed above I refer Amblycirrhitus hubbardi Schultz to this genus. I have com- pared it again with C. fasciatus and still believe it is distinct from that Hawaiian Island species. In this family most of the species in each genus have the same number of fin rays. C. fascictus and C. hubbardi have distinctive color differences but these might become the same at equal sizes. 6 Amblycirrhitus Gill, Proc.-Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 105, 1862 (type species, Cirrhitus fasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes 1829, pl. 47 (not of Bennett 1828), preoccupied, replaced by Amblycirrhitus indicus Fowler 1938). 65 Cyprinocirrhites Tanaka, Dobutsugaku Zasshi (Zool. Mag.), vol. 29, no. 347, p. 265, 1917; Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan, No. 180, p. 507, pl. 137, fig. 384, 1918 (type species, C. ui Tanaka). I refer to this genus Cirrhitichthys polyactis Bleeker and Cyprinocirrhites stigma Fowler. Smith indicates that C. wi is a synonym of polyactis: 254 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 larged scales, without additional small scales above or below the enlarged ones; preopercular edge with coarse dentae; pectoral rays i,7,vi; dorsal rays X,12 rarely X,13, the edge of membrane behind tip of each dorsal spine with a tuft of cirri or as few as 1 or 2 posteriorly. Cirrhitichthys ® Bleeker 11b. Anterior profile of head forming an angle of about 75 to 80 degrees; no incision at front of upper or of lower lips; pectoral rays i,6,vii. 12a. Cheek with 4 rows of enlarged scales, but no small scales bordering these above or below; dorsal rays X,12, with a tuft of cirri on membranous edge behind each dorsal spine; mandible with coarse scales; small canines in each jaw; palatines with teeth.___.Cirrhitopsis © Gill 12b. Cheek with 5 or 6 rows of enlarged scales, bordered above and below with numerous minute ones; dorsal rays usually X,11, with a single simple cirrus on membrane behind tip of each dorsal spine; scales about 46 to 50; mandible minutely scaled; canines in both jaws; pala- tines toothless or with very feeble minute teeth; preopercular edge finely denticulate. Paracirrhites Bleeker TaBLE 106.—Counts recorded for certain genera and species of Cirrhitidae. Fin rays Genus and species Dorsal Anal Pectoral Xe LO 27 Sa 67 ES BO 7 Belk wes pavd vd Cirrhitus: nigropunctatus____-- By Ses On ees eee oe 6 6h |e i eke ee es gp | ete | eae eee 7 albopunctatus_____-- 2h) ses Dee | Senn |e lies |e 4 se Sea A i\aee seals 4 spilotoceps: ------- LOG) Pe aA OE eS 8 Eee aoe LON bh OM | Geos 1620) | eames 20), | See eee |e ola el alternatus_- == 25. - Deter 2 eee oe Be ak | eee Ailes | eee A eA Hy a Se 4 pinnulatus_--_------ Gl es} Ga Sooo eas | Soe ub hom ase 5 SS A OB Se ol MS Ne aie 5 Cirrhitoidea: UNUMACU Es ene oe 1S el | ee Ee |e | a laf Seay Be |e ceel eee ee AEP ea ae sete ea sexfasciata_._------- ibs 2 | ges 2) pS See eae ee Ls (eee ere | eee See | els poten |e a bimaciulaies == et gt ate ieee alee tl gid Sa Sy |(22e= |e ee ee LS? | 35a s | eze= Cirrhitichthys: OnGlish2 2 ene Ba as=o) eee yeas | ee Bu Du |e selene Bi See alee On feeee ODPrinUsec= 22 3s. ee Bese |o25* Seo tee as | Oe elle So] se aeee eae § }eesale-=4 8) |E22- Corallicola.-2-_ = === 3 eee 3) ee es eee Dy goiter |e |e Stl saes| oe Shibees Paracirrhites: hemistictiuss-= === —= Sila FU esa | ee | eet a Soa Rees | cee DU eee (Pe 23 See. | eee eee eee 2 fOTELCTE ase ee aoe OH | eee oat | meee [ereeeras | een mere eres cee |e) eee | eee OM) she ees eee 1 9 Amblycirrhitus: (NCCU eee see dee pee eee os ee a feos ee Mile Seal 1 Jesse} eile le Gymnocirrhites: QnCAtUeb. == ee LZ | SLES | LZ te eee es 22 ee ZOU 20 i Sees |e ee oe es | ea 20 Cirrhitops: asciatuses = cf A CS a | | |v 4a) a ees ee Sle = 8 =e |e! Silas Rubvar die Bin es ee ee ee RST ON ene as | ees | am Girl eset eng eee Be eee ON eee 68 Cirrhitichthys Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Néerl., vol. 2, p. 89, 1857 (type species, Cirrhitus graphidopterus Bleeker=C,. aprinus Cuvier and Valenciennes). Acanthocirrhitus Fowler, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 85, p. 50, 1938 (type species, Cirrhifus orycephalus Bleeker). In addition to the type species I refer to this genus Cirrhitichthys corallicola Tee-Van and C. analis Fowler. Probably C. calliurus Regan and Cirrhitus murray: Regan belong here too; I have examined a paratype, USNM 157375 of the latter species. 87 Cirrhitopsis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 105, 109, 1862 (type species, Cirrhitus aureus Temminek and Sehlegel), FAMILY CIRRHITIDAE—SCHULTZ 255 Genus CIRRHITOIDEA Jenkins Cirrhitoidea JENKINS, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. vol. 22 (1902), p. 489, 1903 (type species, C. bimacula Jenkins; Honolulu). Pseudocirrhites MowsBray in Breder, Bull. Bingham oceanogr. coll., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 48, 1927 (type species, P. pinos Mowbray; Isla de Pinos, Cuba). KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CIRRHITOIDEA la. Dorsal rays X,12 (rarely X,13). 2a. Two black ocellate spots, one on opercle, the others just below rear part of base of soft dorsal fin; vertical dark brown bars about 9, vertical scale rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin 37 to 39, C. bimacula Jenkins 2b. No black ocellate spots; vertical dark brown bars about 9 or 10 and more or less incomplete and broken in spots on caudal peduncle; vertical FS OLETIVEUNU GON AIRC 40) sue Ue erie ip ge st ges C. oxyrhynchos ® (Bleeker) 1b. Dorsal rays X,11. 3a. Vertical scale rows about 42. 4a. About 6 broad dark vertical bars with a distinct black spot, larger than eye, just below rear part of base of soft dorsal fin; a black bar across caudal: peduncles2 22232). 2YS_ i eo. tee oes kt ©. pinos Mowbray 4b. Six dark brown broad vertical bars, separated by pale interspaces; no large black spots anywhere; all fins and head dark brownish. C. sexfasciata, new species 3b. Vertical scale rows 50. ... =. 83 Notoclinus ® Gill % Forsterygion Whitley and Phillipps, Trans. Roy. Soc. New Zealand, vol. 69, No. 2, p. 236, 1939 (type species, Blennius varius Bloch and Schneider= Tripterygion nigripenne Cuvier and Valenciennes, probably= Tripterygion capito Jenyns, Zoology of the voyage of H. M.S. Beagle, pt. 4, Fish, pp. 94-95, pl. 19, fig. 1, 1842 (Bay of Islands, New Zealand). %5 Notoclinus Gill, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. vol. 6, pp. 95-124, 1893 (type species, Tripterygion fenestratum= Blennius fenestratus Bloch and Schneider). Gill based the genus Nofociinus on a large specimen of fenestratum in the U. S. National Museum from New Zealand, USNM 39672, which measures 180 mm. in standard iength. Dr. Richard Rosenblatt, who is revising this subfamily, In a letter dated August 1, 1957, informed me that this genus should be referred to the subfamily Clininae. FAMILY CLINIDAE—SCHULTZ 283 3b. Lateral line concavely curved downward behind pectoral fin, separated by 4 to 8 scales from base of second spiny dorsal fin, thence con- tinuing along midlengthwise axis of body, the last scales sometimes notched posteriorly ------- Helcogramma McCulloch and Waite 1b. First dorsal of III or IV spines, separated from following spines by a notably wider than usual space, but membrane continuous, forming a single spiny dorsal fin; no cirri on eye or on nape; dorsal rays about III, XIV- 12; anal II,17; head naked, about 7 scales in a row from lateral line to middle of base of spiny dorsal; lateral line curving downward behind pectoral fin, thence extending along midlengthwise axis of body. Lepidoblennius Steindachner Genus TRIPTERYGION Risso Tripterygion Risso, Histoire naturelle des principales productiones de |’Europe Meridionale . . ., vol. 3, p. 241, 1826 (type species, Tripterygion nasus Risso= Blennius tripteronotus Risso 1810). Enneapterygius RUprE LL, neue Wirbethiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehérig, Fische, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1835 (type species, Enneapterygius pusillus Ruppell). Enneanectes JoRDAN and EvERMANN in Jordan, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 501, pl. 53, 1895 (type species, on pl. 53, ““Enneanectes carminalis”’ not of Jordan and Gilbert=Gillias sexmaculatus Fowler 1941; T'ripterygium carminale Jordan and Gilbert, holotype USNM 120946, was found by me with the types of Gobiesor zebra in 1944 and belongs to the genus Helco- gramma, as indicated in this study). Gillias EvVERMANN and Marsu, Rep. U. 8S. Comm. Fish., vol. 25 (1899), p. 357, 1900 (type species, Gillias jordant Evermann and Marsh). Trianectes McCuttocy and Warre, Rec. South Australian Mus. vol. 1, No. 1, p. 53, 1918 (type species, T'rianectes bucephalus McCulloch and Waite). Notoclinops WuittEy, Mem. Queensland Mus. vol. 10, No. 1, p. 20, 1930 (type species, Tripterygion segmentatum McCulloch and Phillips). Verconectes Wuittey, Australian Zool. vol. 6, No. 1, p. 324, 1931 (type species, Tripterygion bucephalus McCulloch and Waite; proposed to replace Tria- nectes, said by Whitley to be preoccupied but is not). Vauclusella WuittEy, Australian Zool. vol. 6, No. 4, p. 324, 1931 (type species, Tripterygion annulatuin Ramsay and Ogilby). Hubbs and Springer (Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 346-350, 1954) have determined the status of Gobioclinus Gill, type species, Clinus gobio Cuvier and Valenciennes. Longley (in Longley and Hildebrand, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 535, p. 257, 1941) selected the Labrisomus specimen as the lectotype of Clinus gobio and he considered the other four types to represent Tripterygion jordant (Evermann and Marsh). Thus Gobioclinus is a synonym of Labrisomus, not Tripterygion as first supposed by Clark Hubbs (Stanford Ichthyol. Bull. vol. 4, No. 2, p. 102, 1952, and Zoologica, New York Zool. Soc., vol. 38, p. 114, 1953). % Lepidoblennius Steindachner, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 55, p. 3, 1867 (type species, Lepidoblennius haplodactylus Steindachner). U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 284 Seer ie area perl aise] se NR Xie Eel | ea eee | HUD | ene | oe | pment | Al gst fe gue | es gameng eS fhe |e we (amt | ay mel | eo eee es eee OOTY ODL Sees | aaa ea alee rie i a Benoa ne Eo ee | Ce aa Oe Ss alle eek geal em | Oo egal sacs] ease cae | ame it asses | eee al aeamed| ecm Tee IML [lec th ite cimeenl eee PROUD EL SekE a | eepcen | PERE | ee ane [Pores |e ee (GWA Wee AKG Las] PPS MOM NRG. AIS Seee te tn cocm| oer emanate a pee |ew ho llaeee eatin ee d[encalling emule IMCe si G ans metre aR TLQTUEL SALE, ear erent cael! e Ip. = Gore Va | LOos eon tHE een eens nce ata eames eS omen leer Mensa ty Smeal ee alee ke lfriguanteesioa lly et cen | he eel oa | ae armen s DIDS ELL OY Su0hsajqisy, eh | ch | Ih | OF | 68 | 88 | 2ZE |} 98} SE} FE} SE | CE} TE} OF | Gs} TS | OZ | BT |} SI | LT | OT | ES} 22] 1% | Of | GL | ST | AL | OL | SL} FE} SE | St | IL aul] [e104R] OUI] [Bd] Vl PAOQB Sa[VBOS JO SMOI [BOTFIOA [BJO], 101104800 UT Sareos paydjION OUl[ [B10] V] [GSIOPO19} UB UT So1Og pre ee oe el fo |e | y lasss|oossleess|-se Te leeses Teele leases Sess | sames| pees Tn eee oe | Ey paeeda| | aero (eal > ae fae Teal sees mae sydaphyoniq VE lena ae Cia eaves eGrat|nOy-\lonardligcomlme saline Gil Beale Lae | Oe | nae |e | eee Grist its | a 2G | nae aaa | ad 6 EAC On eal | ee Sle aaa ma SUD 9 Gass See on Cee Ge Qual Ss ome Pm a iat cs | aml iaee yee z ESTs] Seon | era | eae aN ores ie Gil Oa eral cage a z SE QE SS es ea ST | Sage eer rare sear SnINUtUL ol I erie ales ee Bers e ce oaet| tee | asl | ice Tee Pe SO eer eco | aan $3 Lean | eae ae | Ti be sie ieee coe SI Prime aes cle CG. Saas SDpaUiway lu0bhsajais 7, It] OL} 6 | 8 |AX| AIX | IUTX |ITX)1IX]| X |} AT] II PITY 10 4fos puodes ISAT t ee Conese ee eee | a a Se ea a ee ee ee ee eae sepoeds pus snusp [e10}00g [euy [eso shel ULT uorskseydiry, fo savvads snoispa Uo appt sjUN0I UIDj42Q—SOL AIAV FAMILY CLINIDAE—SCHULTZ 285 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TRIPTERYGION OF THE MARSHALL AND MARIANAS ISLANDS la. Head and pectoral fin base without scales, breast naked. 2a. Pores in anterodorsal lateral line 16 to 19, with 16 to 19 notched scales in posterior lateral line; one small cirrus on each eye. T. hemimelas Kner and Steindachner 2b. Pores in anterodorsal lateral line 11 to 14, with about 19 to 21 notched seales in posterior lateral line. 8a. Pectoral fin with 3 or 4 small brownish pigment spots; males with lower parts of head dark and dark pigment cells generally behind head on body and on pectoral fins_------------- YT. minutus Gunther 3b. Pectoral fin without pigment spots; males with lower parts of head blackish, but body behind pelvies is unpigmented; females unpig- mented _2Uless 2 ae sate ob ERIE DO eee oe T. nanus, new species 1b. Scales on preopercle, cperele, pectoral fin base, and on area of abdomen in front of anus; dorsal rays IV-XIV-—9; anal II,19; pores in anterior lateral line 14+22 in posterior one; 8 scales in a zigzag row around caudal peduncle; a broad orbital tentacle on each eye. T. brachylepis, new species Ficure 109.—Tripterygion hemimelas Kner and Steindachner, female, USNM 50719, after Jordan and Seale. TRIPTERYGION HEMIMELAS Kner and Steindachner Fiaure 109 Tripterygium hemimelas KNER and STEINDACHNER, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 54, pt. 1, p. 371, 1866 (type locality, Samoan Islands). Enneapterygius cerasinus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 419, fig. 100, 1906 (type locality, Apia, Samoa; USNM 51802, a female). Tripterigion atriceps JuNKINS, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 505, fig. 46, 1903 (type locality, Honolulu; holotype USNM 50719, a male, and par- atypes USNM 51165 and 126693). Enneapterygius fuligicauda FowueEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 98, p. 188, fig. 52, 1946 (male; Riu Kiu Islands; ANSP 72062-64, types studied). Enneapterygius macrobrachium Fow Er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 98, p. 189, fig. 53, 1946 (female; type locality, Riu Kiu Islands; ANSP 72065, holotype, studied). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 5 stations, 9 specimens, 12 to 20 mm. in standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 4 specimens, 19.5 to 21 mm. 286 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 2 specimens, 18 to 25 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 6 specimens, 19 to 27 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 18 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays IIJ—XII or XIII-9 or 10; anal J,17 to 20; pectoral 11 to iv,4 to 7,vi or vii; pores in lateral lines 16 to 19-+16 to 19; pelvies I,2; branched caudal rays 5+4 or 5; 3 scales between upper lateral line and middle of base of second dorsal and usually 5 scales between anal origin and lateral line; one small cirrus on each eye, dorsally; one small cirrus on dorsal edge of anterior nostril. Head 3.0 to 3.2, greatest depth 4.0 to 4.2, longest pectoral ray (tenth or eleventh from dorsal edge of fin) 3.1 to 3.4; snout to anus 2.0 to 2.1; all in standard Jength. Snout 3.4 to 3.5; eye 3.0 to 3.9; postorbital length of head 2.0 to 2.1; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.0 to 3.3; greatest depth 1.3 to 1.4; all in length of head. Bony interorbital space 2.0 to 3.0 in eye. Body scaled, head naked, no scales on fins; base of pectoral naked; breast naked; two lateral lines, upper about 3 scale rows below base of spiny dorsal and ending about opposite base of last dorsal spine, posterior lateral line of smaller pores along midlengthwise axis of body; gill membranes free from isthmus and broadly connecting across it; three dorsal fins, first two of spines, last of soft rays; inner ray of pelvic fin longest; first unbranched and a little enlarged; lower pectoral ray longest, net quite reaching to rear end of dorsal lateral line; last dorsal and last anal ray membranously free from caudal peduncle; vertical line through first dorsal origin passes in front of pectoral base and through rear edge of pelvic base; vertical line through anal origin passes through base of about fifth from last dorsal spine; maxillary reaching to under front edge of eye; snout pointed; small teeth in a band on both jaws, with an outer row of somewhat enlarged teeth; teeth in a triangular-shaped patch on vomer; a few teeth anteriorly on palatines; females may be recognized by the presence of a short and minutely papillate anal organ projecting a very short distance. Color in alcohol.—Males brownish on underside and lower sides of head, on pectoral fin base and region of isthmus, including pelvic bases, and on caudal fin. Females plain pale, occasionally a few brown pigment cells dorsally on body, but not on head. Ecology.—This species occurred in those collections made in the ocean surf and where the wave action was strong at the outer edge of the reef, TRIPTERYGION MINUTUS Giinther Fiaures 110, 111 Tripterygium minutum GitnrnerR, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 4, pt. 13, p. 211, pl. 118, fig. D, 1877 (type locality, Apia, Samoa). FAMILY CLINIDAE—SCHULTZ 287 Ficure 110.—Tripterygion minutus Gunther, female, USNM 51801, after Jordan and Seale. Enneapterygius tutuilae JORDAN and Sear, Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 418, fig. 99, 1906 (type locality, Pago Pago; holotype, USNM 51801, 2 females). Enneapterygius tusitalae JORDAN and Seaxe, Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 416, fig. 97 (type locality, Pago Pago and Apia, Samoa; holotpye, USNM 51800). Enneapterygius pardochir JORDAN and SEax®, Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 417, fig. 98 (type locality, Pago Pago, Samoa; holotype, USNM 51799, paratype, USNM 126235). Enneapterygius punctulatus Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser., vol. 18, No. 12, p. 432, 1935; and vol. 21, p. 397, fig. 37, 1936 (type locality, Vala Islands, New Hebrides). Ficure 111.—Tripterygion minutus Ginther, male, USNM 51799, after Jordan and Seale. SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 7 specimens, 15 to 21 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 13 to 19 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 1 station, 8 specimens, 13 to 20 mm. Description.—Additional counts not summarized in table 108 are here recorded: Pelvics 1,2; scales between upper lateral line and middle of base of second dorsal 2, and between anal origin and I8s U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 lower lateral line 4; one cirrus on each eye; one small nasal cirrus on dorsal edge of anterior nostril. Head 3.3 to 3.5; greatest depth 5.0 to 5.2; longest pectoral ray (about ninth from dorsal edge) 2.7 to 2.9; snout to anus 2.3; all in standard length. Snout 3.5 to 3.7; eye 3.3 to 3.8; postorbital length of head 2.0 to 2.1; least depih of caudal peduncle 3.5 to 4.0; greatest depth 1.5 to 1.6; all in length of head. Bony interorbital space 2.7 to 3.0 in eye. Body sealed, head, breast, fins, and pectoral base naked; two lateral lines, upper one about 2 scale rows below base of spiny dorsal and ending about opposite base of third or fourth from last dorsal spine; posterior lateral line of notched scales along midlengthwise axis of body; gill membranes free and broadly connected across isthmus; three dorsal fins, last of soft rays; mner pelvic ray longest; first unbranched and enlarged lower pectoral ray longest and notably reaching past dorsal lateral line to about opposite rear of base of second dorsal; last dorsal and anal ray membranously free from caudal peduncle; vertical line through dorsal origin passes through pelvic base; vertical line through anal origin passes through bases of fifth or sixth from last dorsal spine; rear edge of maxillary a little behind a vertical line through front of eye; small teeth in a band on both jaws with outer row a little enlarged; teeth in an angular patch on vomer and some small teeth on palatines; females have a short, minutely papillate anal organ projecting a short distance. Color in alcohol.—Males have lower part of head moderately pig- mented with brown and remainder of body more sparsely so; caudal fin dark brown or blackish, sometimes with a few cross bars; other fins dusky; pectoral fin with 3 or 4 small dark brown pigment spots. Females are usually plain pale with 3 or 4 small brown pigment spots on pectoral fin. Ecology.—This tiny blenny was not abundant in the reefs and when taken usually occurred in areas where the wave action was strong. Remarks.—I have reexamined the Phoenix and Samoan Islands specimens, including the types of Jordan and Seale, several of which were not available at the time of my Phoenix Island report (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, 1943), and again I refer that material to this species. Jordan and Seale described males and females as separate species. TRIPTERYGION NANUS, new species Figure 112 Holotype—USNM 142233, Eniwetok Atoll, Rujoru Island, lagoon reef, June 2, S-46-195, Schultz, standard length 16 mm., male. Paratypes—USNM_ 142247, Bikini Atoll, lagoon reef halfway between Bikini and Amen Islands, July 21, 1947, S-46-442, Brock, FAMILY CLINIDAE—SCHULTZ 289 Hiatt, and Schultz, 4 specimens, 10 to 18 mm.; USNM 142246, Bikini Atoll, Bikini Island, western end, lagoon, August 18, 1947, S 42-533, Brock and Schultz, 1 specimen, 15 mm.; USNM 142245, Bikini Atoll, May 1946, Johnson, 2 specimens, 15 to 17 mm..; USNM 142237, Eniwetok Atoll, Rigili Island, lagoon reef, May 30, S-46-189, Schultz, 2 specimens, 16 mm.; USNM 142234, Eniwetok Atoll, Rujoru Island, lagoon reef, June 2, S-46-195, Schultz, 7 specimens, 10 to 18 mm.; USNM 142235, Eniwetok Atoll, Teiteiripucchi Island, lagoon reef, June 1, S—46-197, Schultz, 4 specimens, 12 to 17.5 mm.; USNM 142236, Eniwetok Atoll, Aaraanbiru Island, ocean reef, June 3, S-46-198, Schultz, 2 specimens, 16 to 17 mm..; USNM 142244, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Island, ocean reef, June 27, S-46-237, Schultz and Herald, 4 specimens, 16 to 18 mm.; USNM 142248, Rongelap Atoll, Arbor Island, June 16, S-46-213, Schultz, 1 specimen, 19 mm. ; Ficure 112.—Tripterygion nanus, new species, holotype, USNM 142233, from Eniwetok Atoll. Drawn by A. M. Awl. USNM 142239 Rongelap Atoll, Eniaetok Island, lagoon reef, June 17, S-46-215, Schultz, 3 specimens, 14 to 16 mm.; USNM, Rongelap Atoll, Enybarbar Island, ocean reef, high tidal channels, June 18, S-46-216, Schultz, 1 specimen, 15 mm.; USNM 142238, Rongelap Atoll, Enybarbar Island, isolated tidal pools, June 18, S-46-217, Schultz, 2 specimens, 18 mm.; USNM 142240, Rongelap Atoll, Kabelle Island, lagoon reef, June 20, S-46-231, Schultz and Herald, 1 specimen, 15 mm.; USNM 142241, Rongelap Atoll, pass between Eniaetok and Erapuotsu Islands, lagoon reef, July 20, S-46-267, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 14 mm.; USNM 142242, Rongelap Atoll, Rongelap Island, lagoon coral head, depth 18 feet, July 25, S-46-286, Brock, Herald and Kohler, 4 specimens, 14 and 15 mm.; USNM 142243, Kwajalein Atoll, Ennylabegan Island, lagoon reef, Sept. 1, S-46-397, Herald, 1 specimen, 7 mm. Description.—Detailed measurements were made on the holotype and one female paratype and these data, expressed in thousandths 290) U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 of the standard length are recorded, respectively: Standard length in mm. 16 and 19.2. Length of head 344 and 302; greatest depth 200 and 172; least depth of caudal peduncle 87 and 73; snout 94 and 89; eye 87 and 89; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 106 and 99; bony interorbital space 25 and 26; postorbital length of head 131 and 135; snout tip to dorsal origin 244 and 240, to anus 456 and 453, to pelvic insertion 238 and 208. Longest ray of first dorsal 100 and 89, second dorsal 144 and 130, third dorsal 119 and 115, pectoral 319 and 297, pelvics 250 and 224, anal 125 and 110, caudal 219 and 219. Counts on the holotype and one female paratype were respectively: Dorsal IJI-XII-9 and III—-XII-10; anal I,16 and I,18; pectoral iv,4,vii-iv,4,vii and iv,4,vi-iv,4,vi; pelvics always 1,2; branched caudal fin rays 5-+4 and 5+4; scales in dorsoanterior lateral line 11 and 12 and in posterior lateral line 19 and 19; vertical scale rows 30 and 31; zigzag scales around caudal pedunele 8 and 8. Additional counts not summarized in table 108 are: Pelvics I,2; branched caudal fin rays usually 5+4 or 5; scales between upper lateral line and middle of base of second dorsal 2, and between anal origin and lower lateral line 4; one cirrus on each eye; one small nasal cirrus on dorsal edge of anterior nostril. Head 3.1 to 3.2; greatest depth 4.6 to 4.8; longest pectoral ray (about eighth from dorsal edge) 2.6 to 3.0; snout to anus 2.1 to 2.3; all in standard length. Snout 3.5 to 3.6; eye 3.5 to 4.2; postorbital length of head 2.2; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.2 to 3.6; greatest depth 1.5; all in length of head. Bony interorbital space 2.2 to 2.3 in eye. Body scaled, head and breast naked; no scales on fins or base of pectoral; two lateral lines; upper one about 2 scale rows below base of spiny dorsal and ending about opposite base of fifth or sixth from last dorsal spine; posterior lateral line along midlengthwise axis of body; gilli membranes free from isthmus, broadly connecting across isthmus; three dorsal fins, first two of spines, last of soft rays; inner ray of pelvics longest, first unbranched and enlarged lower pectoral ray longest, notably reaching past rear end of dorsal lateral line; last dorsal and last anal ray membranously free from caudal peduncle; vertical line through first dorsal origin passes a trifle in front of pectoral base and through rear edge of pelvic base; vertical line through anal origin passes through base of about sixth from last dorsal spine; maxillary reaching a trifle past a vertical line through front of eye; snout pointed; small teeth in a band on both jaws, with outer row a little larger; teeth in an angular patch on vomer and a few teeth on palatines; females have a short, minutely papillate anal organ projecting a short distance. Color in aleohol.—Males have lower part of head and pectoral base and isthmus, including pelvic bases, brownish; caudal fin not brown- FAMILY CLINIDAE—-SCHULTZ 291 ish, but sometimes with very faint dusky bars; no dark spots on pectoral fins. Females are everywhere plain pale, with no dark spots on pectoral fin. Ecology.—This reef-inhabiting species was taken in areas of strong wave action, down to a depth of 18 feet and in high isolated shallow tidal pools. Our longest specimen measures 19 mm. Mature females measure about 14 to 19 mm. in standard length and contain about a dozen eggs rather large for such a tiny species. Remarks.—This new species is most closely related to 7. minutus but differs in coloration and in other characters. TJ. minutus has a few brown pigment spots on the pectoral fins of females whereas the females of nanus have plain unspotted pectoral fins. The males of nanus have the lower parts of the head with dark pigment (ending on base of pelvics), whereas in minutus the entire body may have numerous scattered pigment cells. Pectoral fins of males of nanus are unpigmented, whereas those of minutus have dark pigment usually arranged to form spots or transverse bars. The females of nanus at lengths of 14 to 19 mm. have about a dozen mature eggs, whereas females of minutus mature at a larger size and contain 2 or 3 dozen much smaller mature eggs. Named nanus in reference to the dwarf size of this species. Ficure 113.—Tripterygion brachylepis, new species, holotype, USNM 142253. Drawn by A. M. Awl. TRIPTERYGION BRACHYLEPIS, new species Figure 113 Holotype-—USNM 142253 Bikini Atoll, lagoon at eastern end, coral head at depth of 20 to 25 feet, March 26, S-46-42, Brock and Schultz, 1 specimen, 25.5 mm., female. Description —The following measurements, made on the holotype, are expressed in thousandths of the standard length, which is 25.5 mm.: Length of head 333; greatest depth 180; least depth of caudal peduncie 71; length of snout 82; diameter of eye 110; tip of snout to rear edge of 292 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 maxillary 133; bony interorbital space 27; postorbital length of head 157; snout tip te dorsal origin 243, to anus 474, to pelvic insertion 259; longest ray of first dorsal 137, second dorsal 137, third dorsal 157, pectoral 325, pelvics 251, anal 145, caudal 235. The following counts were made: Dorsal IV—XIV-9; anal II, 19; pectoral iii,6,vi; pelvics 1,2-I,2; branched caudal rays 5+4; pores in lateral lines 14+ 22, and vertical scale rows 36; scales in a zigzag row around caudal peduncle 8; orbital tentacles 1 on each eye; 2 scales between lateral line and base of second dorsal, and 3 scales between posterior lateral line and front of base of anal fin. Head 2.9; depth 5.5; longest pectoral ray (tenth from dorsal edge) 2.9; snout tip to anus 2.3; all in standard length. Snout 4.1; eye 3.1; postorbital length of head 2.1; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.5; greatest depth 1.9; all in length of head. Bony interorbital space 3.5 in eye. Body scaled; scales on head behind orbits, on preopercle, opercle, base of pectoral, and on breast in front of anus; no scales on median fins except a few at base of caudal; two lateral lines, upper one 2 scale rows below base of spiny dorsals and ending opposite bases of fourth or fifth from last dorsal spines; posterior Jateral line begins in second scale row below rear end of anterodorsal lateral line and continues as notched scales along midlengthwise axis of body; gill membranes free from isthmus, broadly connecting across isthmus; three separate dorsal fins; inner ray of pelvics longest; first unbranched and enlarged lower pectoral ray longest, notably reaching nearly to rear base of second dorsal; last dorsal and last anal rays membranously free from caudal peduncle; vertical line through first dorsal origin passes through base of pelvics; vertical line through anal origin passes through base of eighth spine of second dorsal; maxillary reaches a little past a vertical line through front of pupil; snout somewhat pointed as viewed from the side but rounded as viewed from dorsal side; small teeth in a band on both jaws, with outer row a little enlarged; vomer with a A- shaped narrow band of villiform teeth and some on palatines. Color in alcohol.—Six brownish bars on upper side, becoming irreg- ularly doubled on lower sides and continuing on anal fin as 9 narrow transverse bars; about 4 faint dusky bars on caudal fin; base of first dorsal dusky, tips dusky, but middle white; second spiny dorsal with a few transverse brown bars; soft dorsal with 4 brownish transverse bars; pectoral damaged, but probably with light dusky bars; pectoral base dusky; 1 dark bar below eye and 2 others extending forward from eye on snout; the broad-based and short orbital tentacle on each eye dark brown. Ecology.—The only specimen of this species came from a coral head at a depth of 20 to 25 feet in Bikini lagoon. FAMILY CLINIDAE—SCHULTZ 293 Remarks.—After considerable hesitation and reluctance, because of the confusion occasioned by the number of species referred to Trip- terygion, it was found necessary to add yet another species to this inadequately defined group. T. brachylepis, new species, with IV spines in first dorsal, with scales on head and on base of pectoral, differs from the following species of Tripterygion, which have III spines in first dorsal and naked head and no scales on the breast: annulatum Ramsay and Ogilby 1887 ; atriceps Jenkins 1903; atrogulare Gtinther 1873; callionymi Weber 1909 and 1913; clarker Morton 1888; cerasinus Jordan and Seale 1906; elluott Herre 1944; etheostoma Jordan and Snyder 1902 (partly scaled breast); fasciatum Weber 1909 and 1913; hemimelas Kner and Stein- dachner 1866; minutus Giinther 1876; pardochir Jordan and Seale 1906; punctatus Herre 1935; pusillus Riippell 1835; segmentatum Mc- Culloch and Philipps 1923; sermaculatus Fowler 1941; tusitalae Jordan and Seale 1906; tutwilae Jordan and Seale 1906; waigiensis Herre 1935. Slastenenko (Compte Rend. Acad. Sci. U. R.S.S. vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 153-156, 1936) refers the following species, which are also 7ripterygion, to the synonymy of tripteronotus Risso 1810: nasus Risso 1826; mela- nurus Guichenot 1850; melanocephalum Cocco 1829; nikolskii Maxi- mov 1909. The following species of Tripterygion have III spines in first dorsal (but nothing is said about scales on head, breast or pectoral base, and it is assumed there were none): obtusirostre Klunzinger 1871; striaticeps Ramsay and Ogilby 1888. The following species of Trypterygion with III spines in first dorsal, have scaly breasts but no scales on head or pectoral fin base: bapturum Jordan and Snyder 1902; bucephalus McCulloch and Waite 1918; and etheostoma Jordan and Snyder 1902 (breast only partly scaled). Trip- terygion macleayanum Lucas 1891 has III spines in first dorsal and a scaly head, but no mention is made of scales on breast or pectoral base. Gillias jordant Evermann and Marsh 1899=Enneapterygius pectoralis Fowler 1941; and Enneapterygius corallicola Kendall and Radcliffe, has scales on head, breast, and pectoral fin bases but only III spines in the first dorsal fin. This leaves but two species normally with IV spines in the first dorsal fin. Both of these, from New Zealand, 7. bucknilli Griffin 1926 and 7. segmentatum McCulloch and Phillipps 1923, have naked heads, breast and pectoral fin bases. Thus we are unable to find any named species referable to this genus with IV spines in first dorsal, scaly head, breast and pectoral fin base. The species closest to T. brachylepis are corallicola, jordani, and probably macleayanum; but jordani has only 6 or 7 soft dorsal rays, 294 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 corallicola has 13 or 14, and macleayanum has 12, whereas brachylepis has 9. Named brachyleptis in reference to the scales on pectoral fin base. Genus HELCOGRAMMA McCulloch and Waite Helcogramma McCuuuocn and Warrr, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol. 1, p. 51, 1918 (type species, Helcogramma decurrens McCulloch and Waite). Axoclinus FowuEr, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monogr. 6, p. 288, 1941 (type species, Azoclinus lucillae Fowler=storeyae Brock=Enneanectes carminale JorDAN and GiLBERt, of which the holotype, USNM 120946, was found by Schultz with the types of Gobiesox zebra and not lost as stated by Fowler (1941) and by Brock (Stanford Ichthy. Bull., vol. 2, No. 1, 1940); genus misspelled as typographical error by Fowler on p. 888, fig. 242, Azochnus). The genus Helecogramma has been revised by Richard H. Rosen- blatt*’ as part of his study of the family Tripterygiidae. Two species of this family occur in the Marshall Islands, and inasmuch as he does not contemplate publication of the full generic revision for some time, he has very kindly contributed for publication here his descriptions, with key, of these forms, which are new. Heleogramma, in the sense used here, is restricted to those triptery- glid species possessing an axial lateral line composed of pored and unpored scales, one anal spine, palatine teeth, and two pelvic rays connected by a membrane for a part of their length. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HELCOGRAMMA OF THE NORTHERN MARSHALL ISLANDS la. Sealation much reduced, 0 (rarely 1) scales between lateral line and third spine of second dorsal, and 1 (rarely 0 or 2) scale between lateral line and fifth anal soft ray; maxillary short, ending at or before midpoint of eye (.098-.122 of standard length); eye small, .070-.092 of standard length; head short, .252-.301 of standard length; dark area on head of mature males restricted to lower parts, not extending above lower marcin Ofeyes a= = ae Se ee meee Helcogramma, chica, new species 1b. Scalation less reduced, 3 (occasionally 2 or 4) seales between lateral line and third ray of second dorsal, and 2 or 3 scales between lateral line and fifth anal soft ray; maxillary longer, ending behind midpoint of eye (.145- -181 of standard length); eye larger, .090-.106 of standard length; head longer, .308-.340 of standard length; dark pigment on head of mature males not restricted to lower parts. Helcogramma capidata, new species HELCOGRAMMA CHICA Rosenblatt, new species Fraure 114 Enneapterygius hudsoni (not of Jordan and Seale), Scuuutz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, 1948, p. 286 (in part). Holotype—USNM 115516, Phoenix Islands, Hull Island, Ocean Reef, July 12-15, 1939, L. P. Schultz, male, 20.9 mm. standard length. 7 University of California at Los Angeles. FAMILY CLINIDAE—SCHULTZ 295 Paratypes.—USNM 175256, same locality and bearing the same data as the holotype, 21 specimens, 11.5 to 20.0 mm. standard length, USNM 115514, Phoenix Islands, Enderbery Island Reef, May 15-19, 1939, L. P. Schultz, 19 specimens, 12.0 to 21.0 mm. standard length; USNM 115515, Phoenix Islands, Hull Island, July 7-17, 1939, L. P. Schultz, 5 specimens, 13.5 to 18.5 mm. standard length; USNM 142252, Bikini Atoll, northeast corner of Namu Island, April 4, 1946, L. P. Schultz, 1 specimen, 21.4 mm. standard length; SNHM 52016, Caroline Islands, Kapingamarangi Atoll, outer reef flat, surge chan- vels and surf zone at extreme west end of atoll, July 14, 1954, R. R. Harry, 10 specimens, 16.6 to 21.0 mm. standard length; SNHM 52015, Caroline Islands, Kapingamarangi Atoll, surf zone and outer corraliferous terrace at Tapatuaitu, July 21, 1957, R. R. Harry, 8 specimens, 13.5 to 19.9 mm. standard length. Ficure 114.—Helcogramma chica, new species, holotype, male, USNM 115516, drawn by Dorothea B. Schultz. Additional material studied —-USNM 115517, Samoa, Tutuila Island, reef at Alofau, June 3, 1939, L. P. Schultz, 1 specimen, 10.6 mm. standard length; USNM 115513, Samoa, Rose Island, June 11-14, L. P. Schultz, 1 specimen, 14.1 mm. standard length; George Vanderbilt Foundation High Island Atoll Project, Station 112, Palau Island, about 2 miles south-southwest of Urukthapel Island, Aug. 19, 1955, Harry, Fehlman, and Pierce, 1 specimen, 17.5 mm. standard length. Description.—Based on the material listed above. Mean values are recorded, followed by data in parentheses giving the range for the entire sample. A sample of 32-34 was utilized for the counts, and one of 15-18 for all measurements except the length of the third dorsal soft ray, where the sample size was 10. Measurements are expressed as thousandths of the standard length. Counts and measurements on the holotype are tabulated on p. 298. 4221426020 296 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Dorsal rays III-XV-9.8 (III-XIV to XVI-9 to 10); anal rays J,19.3 (1,18 to 20); pectoral rays 16.0 (15-17); 21.4 pored plus 18 un- pored scales in lateral line (20-23 plus 17-19); total lateral line scales 39.4 (38-41); scales between lateral line and third spine of second dorsal .26 (0-1); scales between lateral line and fifth anal soft ray 1 (0-2) ; head length 280 (252-301) ; postorbital length of head 136 (127— 145); depth of head between occiput and isthmus 174 (162-200); greatest width of head 185 (171-194); snout length 97 (91-103); length of maxilla 108 (98-122); eye diameter 81 (70-92); length of second dorsal base 365 (343-397); length of third dorsal base 185 (171-211); length of anal base 439 (418-459); distance from pelvic origin to base of anal spine 289 (259-321); length of caudal peduncle 138 (120-155); least depth of caudal peduncle 79 (70-83); length of first dorsal spine 84 (70-91) ; length of second dorsal spine 83 (75-96) ; length of third dorsal spine 74 (57-86) ; length of third spine of second dorsal 138 (126-151); length of third ray of third dorsal 125 (114-145). Movth narrow, muzzle protruding, giving head a pointed appear- ance; outline of snout abruptly descending before eyes, profile of snout slightly convex to almost vertical; anterior nostril with a short tube which bears a lobate tentacle, posterior nostril with a raised rim; no orbital tentacle; mouth small, maxillary ending at or before midpoint of eye; chin with a median pit just behind mandibular symphysis; head bones smooth, except for a feeble development of spination along the path of the mucous canals of the frontals and the superficial bones enclosing the supratemporal canal of the lateral line system; teeth in both jaws conical, slightly recurved, arranged in bands, outermost teeth of upper jaw somewhat enlarged; vomer with a V-shaped patch of teeth; a small patch of teeth at head of palatine; soft rays of dorsal and anal simple, except for the ultimate ray, which is branched to the base; principal caudal rays branched; pectoral formula typically ii,7,vii or i,8,vui, first unbranched ray longest, lower 7 pectoral rays thickened; pelvic rays two, inner ray the longer; pelvic rays bound together by a membrane for about % the length of the outer ray and somewhat more than 4 the length of the inner ray; first dorsal spines not graduated, third spine the shortest; outline of second dorsal even, first spine almost as high as longest (third or fourth), spines subsequent to the fourth or fifth gradually decreasing in height; third dorsal soft ray longest; anal spine about 15 as long as first anal ray; scales ctenoid, scalation much reduced; no scales on head, nape, belly or pectoral base; upper sides with at most one row of scales above lateral line back to level of middle of second dorsal base, scalation becoming more complete back of this point; upper sides seldom completely scaled at any point before end of third dorsal; lower sides never completely scaled, lower surface of caudal peduncle naked. FAMILY CLINIDAE—SCHULTZ 297 Sexes alike in body and fin proportions, differing only in color; male with a small conical urogenital papilla, female with a broader, rugose urogenital papilla; size at maturity small, largest adult 21.4 mm. standard length, smallest mature specimen 15.1 mm. standard length. Color in alcohol.—Males with body ground color translucent pink, throat and lower parts of head dark brown to black, this coloration re- stricted to the portion of the head below the level of the lower margin of the orbit; the dark coloration of the head is continued onto the pectoral base as a dark triangle, the apex of which encroaches on a few of the middle pectoral rays; and all unpaired fins clear. Females and juvenile males with entire body a clear pink, no dark pigment present. Remarks.—Helcogramma chica is in many respects quite similar to Helcogramma fuscipectoris (Fowler) (=Enneapterygius fuscipectoris Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 98, 1946, p. 186, fig. 50-51). Hnneapterygius personatus Fowler (ibid. p. 185, fig. 48-49) is here regarded as a synonym of Helcogramma fuscipectoris (Fowler). I have examined the holotypes of both of Fowler’s species, and have the paratypes before me. H. chica agrees remarkably well with Z. fuscipectoris in body proportions, fin ray formula, and certain details of coloration. It differs from that species, however, in several im- portant respects: H. fuscipectoris has a well developed orbital tentacle, the unpaired fins and the sides are dusted with melanophores which tend to be arranged in faint bars, and there are three scales between the lateral line and the third spine of the second dorsal. Helcogramma chica is distinguished from its Marshall Island congener, H. capidata in the discussion of that species. The trivial name of this form, which is taken from the Spanish ad- jective meaning little, refers to the small size at maturity. HELCOGRAMMA CAPIDATA Rosenblatt, new species PLATE 121,C Enneapterygius hudsoni (not of Jordan and Seale), Scautrz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, 1948, p. 286 (in part). Helcogramma sp., RANDALL, Atoll Res. Bull. No. 47, p. 216, 1954. Holotype-—SNHM 52010, Caroline Islands, Kapingamarangi Atoll, Prosipai region of Saratokmalel reef flat in Teawaiua Ship Pass, Aug. 14, 1954, R. R. Harry, male, 33.1 mm. standard length. Paratypes—SNHM 52011, same locality and bearing the same data as the holotype, 1 specimen, 29.8 mm. standard length; SNHM 52013, Caroline Islands, Kapingamarangi Atoll, lagoon reefs bordering outer reef flat at Tiutua, midway between Ship Pass and west end of atoll, July 13, 1954, R. R. Harry, 21 specimens, 18.0 to 30.5 mm. standard length; SNHM 52012, Caroline Islands, Kapingamarangi Atoll, Polim reef flat region next to Tipongowakaram Pass in Ship Pass, 298 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Aug. 12, 1954, R. R. Harry, 4 specimens, 17-25 mm. standard length; SNHM 52014, Caroline Islands, Ifaluk Atoll, outer reef edge at surf line on south side of Falalap Islet, Oct. 22, 1953, R. R. Harry, 7 specimens, 26.0-31.1 mm, standard length; USNM 175255, Phoenix Islands, Hull Island, ocean reef, July 12-15, 1939, L. P. Schultz, 2 specimens, 22.5-25.8, mm. standard length; USNM 142249, Rongelap Atoll, Rongelap Island, near north end, July 25, 1946, Brock, Herald and Kohler, 1 specimen, 27.5 mm. standard length; USNM 142250, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Island, June 27, 1946, Schultz and Herald, 2 specimens, 22.5-25.8 mm. standard length. Additional material examined.—George Vanderbilt Foundation Caroline Islands Expedition, Kapingamarangi Atoll, Station 143, Tihatukira region of Saratokamungeia reef flat in middle of Ship Pass, Aug. 13, 1954, 1 specimen, 29.3 mm. standard length; George Vanderbilt Foundation High Island—Atoll Project, Palau Islands, Station 25, lagoon edge of Barrier reef 8 miles northwest of Koror island, July 19, 1955, 4 specimens, 24.0-30.4 mm. standard length; George Vanderbilt Foundation High Island—Atoll Project, Palau Islands, Station 232, Barrier reef 8 miles northwest of Koror Island, Oct. 16, 1955, 3 specimens, 25.9-28.5 mm. standard length. Tabulated below are counts and measurements in millimeters made on the holotypes of the two species of Helcogramma. Figures in parentheses are the resulting proportions, expressed as thousandths of the standard length. FT. chica FT. capidata Characters (USNM 115516) (SNHM 52010) bo Standard length 0.9 33.1 Head length 6.2 (297) 10.7 (334) Postorbital length of head 2.5 (139) 4.5 (136) Head width 4.0 (191) 6.9 (208) Head depth at occiput 3.5 (168) 6.4 (198) 9 > 5 Maxillary length .5 (120) 6.0 (181) 0 Snout length (96) 3.8 (115) Kye diameter 1.8 (86) 3.2 (97) Length of second dorsal base 7.9 (380) 10.6 (320) Length of third dorsal base 4.4 (211) 6.3 (190) Length of anal base 9.6 (459) 14.9 (450) Pelvic origin to anal origin 5al (273) 8.0 (242) Caudal peduncle length 2.5 (120) 3.9 (118) Caudal peduncle depth LO CGia) 2.6 (78) Length of fin rays: First dorsal spine 1.9 (91) 4.4 (138) Second dorsal spine 2.0 (96) Ooh GhZ) Third dorsal spine Lay OP) 3.0 (91) Third spine of second dorsal 3.0 (144) 5.5 (166) Third ray of third dorsal 2.5 (120) 4.6 (139) Longest pectoral ray 6.2 (297) 9.5 (287) Longest pelvic ray 4.9 (234) 7.0 (211) FAMILY CLINIDAE—SCHULTZ 299 H. chica H. capidata Characters (USNM 115516) (SNHM 52010) Counts: Dorsal III-XIV-10 ItI-XIV-11 Anal 1,19 1,21 Pectoral (left) 16 16 Lateral line scales 22+17 23+17 Scales between third spine of second dorsal and lateral line 1 4 Scales between fifth anal soft ray and lateral line 1 3 Description.—Based on the material listed above. Mean values are recorded, followed by data in parentheses giving the range for the en- tire sample. A sample of 27-28 was utilized for the counts, and one of 13-17 for the measurements. Measurements are expressed as thousandths of the standard length. Counts and measurements on the holotype are tabulated above. Dorsal rays III-XIV-10.8 (III-XIII to XIV-10 to 12); anal rays 1,20.8 (1,20-21); pectoral rays 15.7 (15-16); 22.6 pored plus 16.8 unpored scales in lateral line (21-25 plus 15-18); total lateral line scales 39.4 (38-40); scales between lateral line and third spine of second dorsal 3 (2-4); scales between fifth anal soft ray and lateral line 2.8 (2-3); head length 326 (308-340); postorbital length of head 147 (125-149); depth of head between occiput and isthmus 185 (177-196); greatest width of head 207 (193-216); snout length 102 (92-115); length of maxilla 160 (145-181); eye diameter 99 (90-106); length of second dorsal base 313 (269-336); length of third dorsal base 151 (139-164); length of anal base 417 (392-450); distance from pelvic origin to base of anal spine 292 (242-334); length of caudal peduncle 126 (117-141); least depth caudal peduncle 76 (70-84); length of first dorsal spine 124 (104-142); length of second dorsal spine 106 (88-119); length of third dorsal spine 84 (73-91); length of third spine of second dorsal 157 (137-170); length of third ray of third dorsal 157 (141-164). Mouth wide, lips thick, front of head blunt; outline of snout gradually descending, profile of snout slightly concave before eyes; anterior nostril with a short tube which bears a lobate tentacle, posterior nostril with a raised rim; no orbital tentacle; maxillary ending behind mid- point of eye; chin with a median pit just behind mandibular symphy- sis; head bones smooth except for a feeble development of spination along the path of the mucous canals of the frontals and the superficial bones enclosing the supratemporal canal of the lateral line system; teeth in both jaws conical, recurved, arranged in bands, outermost teeth of upper jaw largest; vomer with a V-shaped patch of teeth; a small patch of teeth at head of palatine; soft rays of dorsal and anal simple except for the ultimate ray, which is branched to the base; 300 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 principal caudal rays branched; pectoral formula variable, typically i1,6,vii, but often 11,7,vil or iv,5,vil; first unbranched pectoral ray long- est, lower 7 thickened; pelvic rays two, inner ray the longer; pelvic rays bound together by a membrane for approximately % the length of the outer ray and somewhat more than ¥ the length of the inner ray; spines of first dorsal graduated, lower than second dorsal; outline of second dorsal even, first spine almost as high as longest (third or fourth), rays subsequent to fifth gradually decreasing in height; third dorsal soft ray longest; anal spine slightly less than % as long as first anal ray; scales ctenoid, scalation reduced, no scales on head, nape, belly or pectoral base; a wide naked band under first and second dorsals, narrowing gradually, so that upper sides are completely scaled only back of the second dorsal; a naked band above anal continuing the length of the fin, but ending at last ray of anal, so that lower surface of caudal peduncle is scaled. Some sexual dimorphism of body proportions is present in this species. The dorsal fins of males are, on the average, slightly higher than those of females. More important, however, is the dimorphism in the length of the belly and the anal base. The distance between the pelvic and anal origins is greater in females (average for 9 females 312, average for 12 males 280), while the anal base is shorter (average for 9 females 405, average for 11 males 426). The number of anal rays appears to be the same in both sexes. On the basis of the material available to me, the maximum size attained by this species is about 31 mm. The smallest mature male in my material is 25.5 mm. standard length, and the smallest mature female 25.0 mm. All specimens below this size are clearly immature. Coior in alcohol.—Male with body a clear translucent pink with only a few scattered melanophores, mostly below the lateral line on the anterior part of the sides. Pectoral base dark, pigment most concentrated on lower % of pectoral base, forming a triangular black spot which encroaches on the pectoral rays. Sides and lower surface of head dark, as is the throat back to the pectoral base. Interorbital and top of head pink with a few scattered melanophores. Pelvic rays dark for about % the length of the inner ray. Margins of dorsal fins dark, anal dusky, this coloration more intense at the margin. Caudal clear. Female and juvenile male with body pink; head, breast and pectoral base with a few scattered melanophores; fins clear, or with a few scattered dusky spots. Remarks.—In addition to the characters mentioned in the key, FH. capidata differs from H. chica in size at sexual maturity and maxi- mum size, coloration of vertical fins, number of rays in second and third dersals, number of anal rays, and number of pored scales in lateral line. The name refers to the hooded appearance of the dark-headed males. FAMILY BLENNIIDAE—SCHULTZ 301 Family BLENNIIDAE: Scaleless Blennies Dr. Wilbert M. Chapman during 1947 turned over to me copies of his manuscript on the Blenniidae, along with 62 original drawings of the salariine blennies. He gave me permission to use his studies and data in this report and as a result I have placed Dr. Chapman as co-author of the subfamily Salariinae. Observations and notes made on type specimens by Dr. Chapman in European and American museums greatly aided the early completion of my study of the Salariinae. Photographic copies were made of the original illustrations loaned to me and these are on file in the U.S. National Museum. The originals were returned, as he hopes to complete his studies. Dr. Chapman and J define the tropical blennies, family Blenniidae, as follows: Scaleless; elongate fishes; teeth in jaws usually in a single, crowded series; often with a posterior canine in lower jaw; canines occur in postlarvae and juveniles at symphysis of jaws (they are lost at transformation); vomerine teeth absent, except present in Hnto- macrodus; palatine teeth lacking; dorsal fin long, consisting of flexible spines and articulated rays, the spinous and soft rayed parts usually of nearly equal extent and separated by a notch or indentation; caudal fin free or fused with dorsal and anal fins; anal fin long, with or without a few flexible spines anteriorly, and articulated soft rays posteriorly, the two portions not separated by an indentation; all dorsal and anal rays may be flexible spines or articulated rays; pec- torals present, pelvics jugular in position (inserted anterior to base of pectorals), with a hidden spine and 2 to 4 soft rays; gill membranes free or restricted, sometimes gill opening restricted to sides; cirri present or absent on head. The correct identification of the salariine blennies requires very careful and detailed observations of specimens under proper magni- fication. In order to comprehend certain difficult characters and to understand the importance of them, one should have an extensive blenny collection at hand for comparative purposes. This com- plicated group is so widely distributed that identifications made on the basis of a limited faunal area are unsatisfactory. Norman (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11, vol. 10, p. 794, 1943) defined the two subfamilies under the family Blenniidae as follows: la. Premaxillary with a marked bony crest, forming a groove for the reception of the upper lip, the pedicel usually feeble; teeth, except in Rhabdoblen- nius, very small, implanted in the skin of the lips, and freely movable Salariinae (p. 302) 1b. Premaxillary without a bony crest above the upper lip, the pedicel usually strong; teeth large or of moderate size, more or less firmly attached to the bone and usually immovable---------------- Blenniinae (p. 373) Subfamily SALARIINAE By Lronarp P. Scuutrz and Witpert M. CHapMaAn This complicated and wide-ranging group of tropical scaleless blennies is well represented in the Northern Marshall and Marianas Islands, where most of the species are abundant in the shallow waters of the reefs. In this subfamily, the length of the head is measured from the tip of the snout or front of the upper lip to the rearmost part of the gill cover; sometimes, especially in EHesenius, the upper lip is not as far forward as the forehead. Unless ample magnification is used, when counting the dorsal spines, the last one may be overlooked, because it is very small and sometimes somewhat embedded. ‘The anal spines of the males are usually distinct; the first anal spine on females is minute and may be and usually is completely embedded, whereas the second usually is evident. Each fin ray with a separate base is counted as one ray. The dentition of the jaws consists of very numerous small “scraping” teeth that are movable, except in Rhabdoblennius and in the lower jaw of Ecsenius. On each side of the lower jaw and weil back from the front, in many species, occurs a strong, curved, conical, posterior canine, which is sometimes small or absent. Probably most of the salariian blennies pass through a postlarval pelagic state known as Ophioblennius, which Norman (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 11, vol. 10, p. 794, 1943) included in the subfamily Ophioblenniinae. The lower jaw of these pelagic forms has about 2 pairs of canine teeth that point or are hooked outward. Reid (Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 373-384, 1943) reviewed the genera related to Ophioblennius, and we have been able to assign some of these ‘“Ophioblennius” stages to the adult of the currently recognized species; thus the subfamily Ophioblenniinae iepresents a postlarval stage of other scaleless blennies. KEY TO SOME GENERA OF THE SUBFAMILY SALARIINAE la. A fringe of 20 to 60 cirri in a transverse row across nape. 2a. A pair of barbels on underside of throat, each side of middle of chin; teeth in upper jaw very numerous, fine, flexible, those in lower jaw numerous, moderately flexible, about twice as broad as those in upper jaw and about one-third as many; no canines; least distance between eye and nuchal fringe contained 214 or more times in postorbital length of head; soft dorsal rays i2 or 13, anal 14 or 15; upper lip with short) barbels=2-22 2=essu 2. Heo Exallias Jordan and Evermann 302 BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 303 2b. No barbels on underside of head; teeth in both jaws very numerous, fine, flexible, and of approximately the same size; one or two canines present each side of lower jaw; least distance between eye and nuchal fringe contained fewer than 2 times in postorbital length of head; soft dorsal rays 14 to 16, anal 15 to 17; upper lip crenulate or nearly so. Cirripectes Swainson 1b. No transverse fringe of cirri across nape. 2c. Teeth in lower jaw, excepting any canines that might be present, firm and mostly fixed in position (i. e., not freely movable); pelvics I,2 or 1,3; last dorsal and anal rays membranously attached to caudal peduncle; no teeth on vomer, except sometimes 2 or 3 on Rhabdoblen- nius; lateral line incomplete, ending under spiny dorsal fin; edges of both lips smooth. 4a. Teeth in upper jaw 40 to 50, fixed or firm, not freely movable but similar to those in lower jaw, also numbering 40 to 50; branched caudal fin rays normally 5+4, except in young; nuchal, orbital, and nasal cirri, if present, always simple; pectoral rays normally 14; angle of snout profile from vertical to a backward slant of about 5 degrees Rhabdoblennius Whitley 4b. Teeth in upper jaw freely movable; no caudal fin rays branched, even in adults; nuchal and orbital cirri always absent; nasal cirrus always present, simple; pectoral rays normally 13 to 15; angle of snout profile with a notable backward slant of from 15 to 45 degrees. Ecsenius McCulloch 3b. Teeth in both jaws very numerous, freely movable. 5a. Vomer with a row of minute conical, blunt teeth across it (these are difficult to observe without adequate magnification); pelvics I,4 (last soft ray usually difficult to observe without adequate magnifi- cation); branched caudal fin rays normally 5+4, except in young; orbital and nasal cirri present, usually with multifid cirri on edges; nuchal cirrus present or absent, if present, always small and simple; pectoral rays normally 14; lateral line arched over pectoral then descending about opposite tip of pectoral fin to midlengthwise axis and usually ending opposite middle third of anal base or con- tinuing to caudal base as a series of isolated pores; angle of snout profile from nearly vertical to a forward slant of up to about 15 degrees; dorsal rays XIII,13 to 18, anal IT,14 to 18. Entomacrodus Gili 5b. No teeth on vomer. 6a. A prominent cup-shaped sucking disk or appendage behind lower lip; pelvies 1,4; none of caudal fin rays branched; no nuchal cirrus; orbital tentacle with cirri; nasal cirrus simple; pectoral rays 15; last anal ray membranously attached to caudal peduncle, last dorsal ray free from caudal peduncle; lateral line absent; both lips with crenulate edges; dorsal rays XIV to SOVIET to-20: anal 11,23 to 25. (Philippines; Indo-Australian Archipelago; Andamans; Christmas Island of Indian Ocean.) Andamia ® Blyth ® Andamia Blyth, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 27, p. 270, 1858 (type species, Andamia exrpansa Blyth= Salarias heteropterus Bleeker). 304 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 6b. No sucking appendage behind lower lip. 7a. Pelvies 1,2 or 3; lateral line incomplete. 8a. Dorsal fin without notch or emargination over last dorsal spine; last dorsal spine about same length as next to last; no minute spine just in front of first soft dorsal ray; last anal ray wholly or partly membranously attached to caudal pe- duncle; last dorsal ray membranously attached as far posteriorly as base of upper caudal fin rays. 9a. Pectoral rays normally 15 or 16 without lower rays enlarged or swollen; dorsal rays X,20 or 21; anal about II,19; middle caudal fin rays elongate and no caudal ray branched; orbital, nuchal, and nasal cirri, single and simple; upper lip with little lappetts as long as wide. (Hast Indies and Philippines to Red Sea.)_----- Atrosalarias ® Whitley 9b. Pectoral rays normally 14 or 15; lower rays somewhat swollen, dorsal rays about XIJI,18 to 20, anal about IJ,17 to 19; middle caudal rays not notably elongate; branched caudal rays 5+4, except in young; orbital tentacle simple or with cirri on edges; nuchal tentacle broad based, palmate, with cirri distally; nasal cirri multifid; upper lip smooth edged. Salarias Cuvier 8b. Dorsal fin with a deep notch or notable emargination over last dorsal spine; last dorsal spine short or minute, notably much shorter than first soft dorsal ray; dorsal spines XII to XV,15 to 23; anal II,16 to 24; pectoral rays normally 14 and lower 4 or 5 rays swollen; caudal fin truncate to rounded with branched rays 5+4 except in young; orbital tentacle simple or multifid; nuchal cirrus present or absent, variable; nasal cirri multifid; upper lip crenulate or smooth edged, but no lappetts. 10a. Last anal ray without membranous attachment to caudal peduncle; anal ray of male notably elongate. Istiblennius Whitley 10b. Last anal ray wholly or partly membranously attached to caudal peduncle; first soft anal rays of male much longer than others; orbital, nuchal, and nasal cirri simple, single. Negoscartes ! Whitley 7b. Pelvies I,4, the inner ray small but evident under magnification; last anal ray membranously free from caudal peduncle. lla. Dorsal rays XIJ,10 or 11; anal II,11 or 12; caudal fin normally with 5+4 branched rays except in immature; nuchal cirrus simple, single on each side; no orbital cirrus; nasal cirrus simple; pectoral rays normally 15; lateral line with a few pores over pectoral fin; edges of both lips smooth; angle of snout profile from nearly vertical to a forward slant of as much as 30 degrees_.___----- Fallacirripectes, new genus % Atrosalarias Whitley, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 19, p. 93, 1933 (type species, Salarias phalosoma Bleeker=S. fuscus Riippell). 1 Negoscartes Whitley, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, p. 20, 1930 (type species, Salarias guttatus Cuvier and Valenciennes). Crenalticus Whitley, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, No.1, pp. 20-21, 1930 (type species, Salarias crenulatus pallidus Whitley). BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—-SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 305 11b. Dorsal rays XII,17 to 23; anal II,19 to 27; orbital tentacle usually with cirri on its edges or basally. 12a. Pectoral rays normally 14; caudal fin normally with 5+4 branched rays, except in young; last dorsal fin ray mem- branously attached to caudal peduncle; nasal flap multi- cirrate; nuchal cirri in 1 or 2 patches, or a broad-based palmatelike cirrus; lateral line complete; edge of upper Jip with distinct papillaelike lappetts that are as long as broad; lower lip smooth edged; snout profile with a for- ward slant of from 20 to 30 degrees; dorsal rays about XII,17 or 18 and anal II,18 or 19; dorsal fin notched. Scartichthys? Jordan and Evermann 12b. Pectoral rays normally 15; none of the caudal fin rays are branched even in adults; last dorsal fin ray membra- nously free from caudal peduncle; lateral line incomplete; snout profile rounded, with a slight forward slant. 13a. Lateral line represented by about 1 to 3 pores; dorsal rays XIV,21 to 23; anal [1,24 to 27; edges of both lips cren- ulate ones oo eee Alticus Cuvier and Valenciennes 13b. Lateral line ending under middle of length of dorsal fin base; dorsal rays XIIJ,17 to 21; anal II,19 to 21; edges of both lips smooth or crenulate. Praealticus, new genus Genus EXALLIAS Jordan and Evermann Exallias JorpAN and EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 23 (1903), p. 503, 1905 (type species, Salarias brevis Kner). Gloriella Scuuurz, Copeia, No. 1, p. 17, 1941 (type species, Cirripectes caninus Herre). EXALLIAS BREVIS (Kner) PuatEe 113,A Salarias brevis Knur, Sitzb, Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 58, p. 42, pl. 6, fig. 18, 1868 (type locality, Savaii, Samoa).— WEBER, Siboga-Expeditie, vol. 57, p. 537, 1913 (Karakelang Island). Cirripectes brevis Fowuer, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 432, 1928 (Hawaii; Marshall Islands). Salarias leopardus Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 518, 1869 (type locality, Ceylon). Blennius leopardus Day, Fishes of India, vol. 2, p. 328, pl. 68, fig. 5, 1876 (Ceylon). Cirripectes leopardus Scuvuirz, Copeia, No. 1, p. 19, 1941 (Oahu); U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180 pp. 272-273, 1943, (Oahu and Rose Island).—CHAPMAN 2n de Beaufort and Chapman, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 9, pp. 247-249, fig. 43, 1951 (Moluccas, Talaut, Marshalls, Hawaiian, and Samoan Islands). 2 Scartes Jordan and Evermann, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish, vol. 21 (1895), p. 471, 1896 (preoccupied). Scartichthys Jordan and Eyermann, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3, p. 2395, 1898 (type species, Salarias rubropunctatus Cuvier and Valenciennes; replaces Scartes).—Cohen, Copeia, No. 4 (1956), pp. 246-248, 1957 (on synonymy of Scartichthys gigas Steindachner. 306 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Cirripectes caninus HERR=, Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 59, No. 2, p. 284, 1936 (type locality, Ternate Island, Moluccas); and vol. 70, No. 4, p. 342, 1939 (Ternate Island). Gloriella canina Scuuurz, Copeia No. 1, p. 18, 1941 (Ternate Island). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 8 stations, 12 specimens, 58 to 92 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 65 to 71 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 2 specimens, 27 to 28 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XJIJ,12 or 13; usually 13; anal 11,13 or 14, usually 14; pectoral 15 with lower 6 rays thickened; pelvics I,4; branched caudal rays 5+4; cirri in band across nape 30 to 36; nasal cirri 4 to 7, more cirri on larger specimens, orbital cirri 6 to 9. Head 2.6 to 2.9; greatest depth 2.6 to 2.7; longest dorsal spine 4.0 to 4.5; longest thickened pectoral ray 3.4 to 3.5; all in standard length. Eye 3.2 to 4.7; snout 2.2 to 2.5; interorbital space 6.0 to 8.0; post- orbital length of head 1.7 to 2.0; least depth of body 2.7 to 3.1; greatest depth of body 0.9 to 1.1; preorbital width 4.6 to 4.8; all in length of head from tip of snout to rear of fleshy tip of gill cover. Orbital tentacle flattish, with slender peduncle basally, its distal edge with 5 to 10 minute cirri; nuchal band of cirri, simple, those near middorsal line notably longer than lateral ones; nuchal band of cirri curving posterioventrally so that the distance between vertical lines through ventrolateral tip and anterodorsal edges is contained 3 to 3.5 times in postorbital length of head; ventral tip of nuchal band of cirri reaches to about opposite upper edge of eye, or not quite to it; snout profile nearly vertical; upper lip with 17 to 24 short papillae; lower lip plicate; a pair of cirri on pores on each side of midline just behind lower lip; lateral line arched over pectoral fin, then curving to meet lengthwise axis of body and ending at base of caudal fin; a vertical line through dorsal fin origin passes just behind lower tip of nuchal band of cirri and just in front of pelvic insertions; pectoral fin reaches a little past anal origin; anal spines (two) with swollen blackish and convoluted pads in adult males; first anal spine of female concealed in genital pad; no canines; teeth in both jaws very numerous, more in upper than in lower, movable; sixth pectoral ray from lower- most edge of fin longest; posteriorly caudal fin is a little rounded. Color in alcohol._—Background pale or strawcolor; profusely covered with small black or dark brown spots, usually but not always arranged in groups of 4 to 10 spots more or less forming 5 or 6 double bars; all fins black spotted; in several specimens the black spots are evenly scattered and not arranged in groups or bars. The two smallest specimens recorded herein have the black spots larger and fewer in number, indicating an increase in number of black spots with increase in size; anal fin sometimes dusky; the two anal spines of adult males BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 307 have an enlarged convoluted black dermal band distally; peritoneum blackish; black spots on pectoral and caudal usually forming transverse rows. Color when alive-—Background color pale, tinged with yellowish; dorsal and caudal fins light yellowish; dark spots blackish, usually surrounded by brownish. Ecology.—This rare species was found living mostly in the outer edge of the reefs where the surf was strong and a Lithothamnium “ridge” occurred. Remarks.—The pelagic Ophioblennius stage is black spotted and is represented by Cirripectes caninus Herre. Genus CIRRIPECTES Swainson Cirripectes Swainson, Natural history and classification of fishes . . ., vol. 2, pp. 182, 275 (Cirripectus on pp. 79-80), 1839 (type species, Salartas variolosus Cuvier and Valenciennes).—BLEEKER, Vers]. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 2, p. 278, 1868.—Wesmr, Siboga-Expeditie, vol. 57, p. 539, 1913..-McCuLLocn and McNett, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 12, pp. 21-23, 1918.—Scnu.tz, Copeia No. 1, p. 18, 1941. Cirripectus Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11, vol. 10, p. 810, 1943 (type species, Salarias variolosus Cuvier and Valenciennes).—CHApPMAN, in de Beaufort and Chapman, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 9, p. 246, 1951.—Srraspure and Scuuntz, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. vol, 43, No. 4, p. 128, 1953. The problem of the valid spelling of this genus has arisen perhaps as the result of Norman’s use of the spelling ‘‘Cirripectus” in 1948. Previous to that date most authors spelled the genus Cirripecies. The rules of zoological nomenclature adopted by the 14th Inter- national Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, recommend in paragraph 71 (laii) that, where more than one original spelling occurred, the spelling used by the ‘first subsequent user” should be the ‘valid original spelling.”’? Under Article 28, paragraphs 123 and 124, the rule of the first reviser is reinstated and is rigidly construed (paragraph 1242), i. e., the first reviser must state that he is selecting one of the names to the exclusion of others, when two or more spellings occur for the same taxon. Although both Schultz (1941) and Norman (1943) in a broad sense revised the genus, neither stated that they were selecting one spelling and excluding the other. Schultz used ‘‘Cirripectes’” because the diagnosis actually appeared together with the description of the type species on page 275, and because that spelling had been used since 1868. Norman apparently used “Cirripectus” because it had page priority. In a still earlier revision of the genus McCulloch and McNeil (1918) selected the spelling ‘‘Cirripectes” and placed “Cir- ripectus”’ as a synonym. 308 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 If that does not fix the valid spelling then one must go back to the “first subsequent user’; this appears to be Bleeker (1868), who used the generic name as a subgenus when he described as new “‘Salarias (Cirripectes) polyzona.”’ Bleeker (Versl. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 7, p. 37, 1873) used this same name again. Hence, the correct spelling is Cirripectes and not Cirripectus. KEY TO SPECIES OF CIRRIPECTES FROM THE MARSHALL AND MARIANAS ISLANDS (Modified after Strasburg and Schultz, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 129-130) la. Body and pectoral fins everywhere covered with dark spots on paler back- ground; nuchal cirri 47 to 62; dorsal rays XII,14; anal IT,15. C. fuscoguttatus Strasburg and Schultz 1d. Body and pectoral fins not marked as in la; dark spots, if present, do not uniformly cover the body and pectoral fins; nuchal cirri 43 or fewer. 2a. Anterior half of body pale, with darker spotting; posterior half of body blackish, with pale spotting; supraorbital cirrus slender and simple; dorsal rays XII,15; anal 11,15 or 16 (rarely 15); length of snout 0.7 to 0.8 in least distance from eye to nuchal fringe; figure 115. C. jenningsi * Schultz Figure 115.—Cirripectes jenningsi Schultz, holotype, USNM 115486, from Swains Island. Drawn by A. M. Awl. 2b. Color pattern not as in 2a, 3a. Color of head and body plain tan to dark brown, sometimes with scattered pale spots or dots on snout, cheeks, and upper lip; fins brown to blackish except sometimes anterodorsal part of spinous and soft dorsals and upper lobe of caudal fins pale or whitish. 4a... Nuchal cirri totaling 24 to 30; dorsal rays XII (rarely XIII),14 or 15; anal I1,15 or 16; first dorsal spine notably elongate in adults of both sexes (as short as 45 mm. in standard length). C. filamentosus ‘4 (Alleyne and Macleay) 8 Cirripectes jenningsi Schultz, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, pp. 273-275, fig. 27, 1943 (type locality, Swains Island). 4 Salarias filamentosus Alleyne and Macleay, Proc. Linnean Soc. New South Wales, vol. 1, p. 337, pl. 14 fig. 1, 1877 (type locality, Cape York). BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—-SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 309 4b. Nuchal cirri totaling 29 to 37; dorsal rays XII,14; anal II,14 or 15; first dorsal spine elongate only in adult males, C. variolosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 3b. Head and body not colored as in 3a. 5a. Dorsal rays XII,13 or 14; anal 11,14 or 15; background coloration light tan to dark brown; Young, lengthwise dark stripe from behind eye to caudal fin base, sometimes broken into series of elongate blotches; Adults with 5 to 12 vertical dark brown bars and throat, cheeks, and opercles usually with numerous roundish pale spots, the size of pupil, enclosed in reticulated brown lines that resemble a honeycomb, sometimes the brown pigment so extensive that pale spots appear to be on a dark background. C. sebae (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 5b. Dorsal rays XII,13 to 16 (rarely 13 or 14); anal I1,15 to 17 (rarely 15). 6a. Head and body tan to dark brown, with 8 to 15 vertical dark bars and frequently speckled with tiny black and white dots; narrow dark bar below center of eye, another behind lower rear edge of eye, the latter extending across lip and meeting its fellow on underside of head; narrow transverse dark streak across gill membranes on underside of head; streaks may be diffuse on large specimens; nuchal cirri 25 to 36; length of snout 1.0 to 1.3 in least distance from eye to nuchal fringe. C. quagga (Fowler and Ball) 6b. Head and body dark brown or blackish; no vertical dark bars or streaks near eye or across gill membranes; color pattern con- sisting of conspicuous roundish pale spots, size of pupil, en- closed in reticulated brown lines that resemble a honeycomb, sometimes brown pigment is so extensive that pale spots appear to be on a dark background; in males, this pattern is confined to throat, breast, and sides of head, but in females it sometimes extends posteriorly as far as the fifth or sixth soft dorsal ray; large males have the posterior half or two-thirds of side of body with numerous white markings varying from round white dots or small spots to elongate ones or white lines that extend vertically, obliquely, or horizontally; some of elongate lines may run together; posteriorly both sexes may have scattered pupil-sized blackish spots or short lines on dark background; nuchal cirri 32 to 42. C. stigmaticus Strasburg and Schultz CIRRIPECTES FUSCOGUTTATUS Strasburg and Schultz PLATE 113,B Cirripectus fuscoguttatus StrrasBuRG and Scuurz, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 43, No. 4, p. 130, fig. 1, 1953 (type locality, Rongerik Atoll; holotype USNM 113634). Cirripectes brevis (non Kner) Scuuurz, Copeia, No. 1, pp. 19-20, 1941; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, pp. 272-273, 1943 (Enderbury and Tutuila Islands).— CuapMan, in de Beaufort and Chapman, Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 9, p. 249 (note), 1951. 310 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 SPECIMEN STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 9 stations, 49 specimens, 19 to 99 mm. in standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 12 specimens, 21 to 81 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 36 specimens, 22 to 100 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 72 mm. The above specimens represent the holotype and paratypes. Description.—Dorsal rays XII,14; anal IJI,15 (first anal spine embedded in females); pectoral 15 (with lower 5 or 6 thickened) ; pelvics I,4; branched caudal 5+-4; fringe of cirri on nape 47 to 62; nasal cirri 4 to 12 and orbital cirri 8 to 18 (more cirri on large adults). Head 3.0 to 3.2; greatest depth 3.2 to 3.5; longest dorsal spine 4.8 to 5.7; longest thickened pectoral ray 3.7 to 4.0; all in standard length. Eye 3.0 to 5.0; snout 2.3 to 2.8; interorbital space 7.0 to 9.0; postorbital length of head 1.6 to 1.7; least depth of body 2.6 to 3.0; ereatest depth of body 1.0 to 1.2; preorbital width 4.5 to 6.0; all in length of head. Orbital tentacle with a broad flattish base, its distal edge somewhat folded, with numerous long cirri, more in adults; nuchal band of simple cirri, those at middorsal line about same length as those laterally, band curving posteroventrally so that distance between vertical lines through ventrolateral basal tip and anterodorsal edge is contained 4.6 to 5.6 times in postorbital length of head; ventral basal end of nuchal band of cirri blackish, notably swollen even in young and extending ventrally to opposite pupil; snout profile nearly vertical; edge of upper lip with numerous very short papillae (or crenulate in young) ; lower lip shallowly plicate; no cirri on chin; lateral line arched over pectoral fin then curving to midlengthwise axis of body, ending at caudal fin base; a vertical line through dorsal origin passes just behind lower tip of base of nuchal fringe and just behind pelvic bases; pectoral fin reaches a little past anal origin; anal spines 2, in females, except juveniles, first embedded, in adult males, both are grayish, crenulate and convoluted, swollen dermal pads; a canine tooth present on each side of lower jaw; teeth in both jaws very numerous, of equal size, and movable; sixth pectoral ray from lowermost edge of fin longest; distal edge of caudal fin a little rounded. Color in alcohol.—Background color brown to light brown; body and head profusely covered with roundish black spots, usually absent from all fins except basally on pectorals; all fins very dark brown or blackish. The color pattern changes with size as follows: From 19 to 30 mm. in standard length the black spots are barely discernible and few in number, the background color is chiefly plain brownish, and dark and light bands on the head are becoming developed. In those 30 to 40 mm. there is on front of snout a prominent V-shape brown mark which is separated by a narrow white band from next BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 311 black band extending from below eye across upper lip to meet its fellow on chin, there forming a triangular spot; just behind this is a wide white band extending from behind eye across cheek through rear of maxillary, meeting its fellow under head; this pale band is set off sharply by dark brown color of rear of head. From 40 to 55 mm. the large black spots on head and body are prominent, and the pale and dark bands on head are still discernible. Between the length of 55 to 70 the black bands on head begin to break up into dark spots and in those longer than 70 mm. the bands are no longer distinct, having broken into roundish to oblong spots. The nuchal fringe consists of black cirri, with a swollen basal area at lateral tips, very blackish, even in the 19-mm. specimen; the two anal spines on adult males have swollen dermal pads light grayish in color. Color when alive—Background color dark brown, spots blackish; eye crimson (iris); upper edge of caudal fin orange. Ecology.—This moderately common species was taken in the Lithothamnium ridge area where the surf was strong. Remarks.—Cirripectes ‘“leopardus” of Day, of Schultz, and of Chapman is Evallias brevis (Kner) and for the synonymy of brevis see Strasburg and Schultz (1953). The statement by Chapman (1951) that “leopardus’’ and “brevis” (now fuscoguttatus) occur side by side in the Marshalls, Hawaii, and Samoa is incorrect. C. fuscoguttatus has not been collected in the Hawaiian Islands or at Johnston Island. CIRRIPECTES VARIOLOSUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) PuiateE 116,D,E Salarias variolosus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 11, p. 317, 1836 (type locality, Guam). Salarias nigripes SEALE, Occ. Pap., Bishop Mus., vol. 1, No. 3, p. 127, 1901 (type locality, Guam). Cirripectes reticulatus Fowuer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 98, p. 173, fig. 39, 1946 (type locality, Riu Kiu Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 17 stations, 124 specimens, 18 to 82 mm. in standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 18 specimens, 36 to 65 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 6 specimens, 34 to 69 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 3 stations, 22 specimens, 26 to 75 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 7 specimens, 49 to 58 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XII,14 or 15, usually XII,14; anal IT,15 or 16 usually II,15; pectoral 15, with lower 5 or 6 thickened; pelvics 1,4; branched caudal 5+-4; nuchal fringe with 26 to 39 simple cirri; nasal flap with 3 to 6 simple cirri; orbital flap with 3 to 5 simple cirri. Head 3.2 to 3.5; greatest depth 3.3 to 3.8; longest dorsal spine 2.9 (male) to 5.3; longest thickened pectoral ray 3.5 to 4.2; all in standard 422142 6021 312 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 length. Eye 3.6 to 4.8; snout 2.7 to 3.3; interorbital space 10 to 13; ) postorbital length of head 1.5 to 1.6; least depth of body 2.3 to 2.7; , greatest depth of body 0.9 to 1.1; preorbital width 5.4 to 5.8; all in length of head. Orbital tentacle with cirri arising from a fleshy base; nuchal fringe | with cirri, at middorsal line interrupted (one or two cirri usually lack- ing), its base nearly vertical, curving posteriorly only a little; ventral end of base of fringe of cirri not notably swollen and ending opposite | upper part of eye; snout profile nearly vertical; upper lip with numerous | very short papillae or crenulate; lower lip shallowly plicate, more or less | nonplicate near middle of lower lip; no cirri on chin; lateral line arched | over pectoral fin, then curving to midlengthwise axis of body, ending a little in front of caudal fin base; a vertical line through dorsal origin | passes just behind lower tip of base of nuchal fringe and scarcely be- hind pelvic base; pectoral fin reaches just to or little past anal origin; anal spines II, first embedded, both tips with grayish, convoluted and swollen dermal pads (in adult males); one canine tooth on each side of rear lower jaw; teeth in both jaws very numerous, about equal in size in both jaws and movable; fifth or sixth pectoral ray from lowermost edge of fin longest; distal edge of caudal fin rounded; first dorsal spine of male (adults) notably elongate. Color in aleohol_— Background color of body dark brown, head dark brown or light brown; no dark spots anywhere; usually a few lighter spots more or less visible on preorbital and cheek; fins all brown and anal blackish, upper edge of caudal and distally the anterior part of spiny dorsal, white or clear; no dark vertical bars on body. Peri- toneum black. Color when alive-—Purplish brown to chocolate brown; upper edge of caudal fin orange to yellow; cheeks with crimson spots, tips of dorsal spines and tips of lower pectoral rays, red. Eeology.—This was the most abundant species of Cirripectes en- countered on the reef. It occurred in surf and near surf conditions along the Lithothamnium ridge and in coral heads subject to wave action. Remarks.—C. variolosus is close to C. jenningst Schultz but may be separated from it by the latter having only a single simple cirrus over each eye. A restudy of several of the collections made and reported upon by Schultz from the Phoenix and Samoan Islands as C. variolosus contain specimens of C. sebae and C. jenningsi. The large amount of material in the 1946-47 Bikini collections has made possible the sep- aration of these related species. Ophioblennius vanderbilti Fowler is the young of this species and Cirripectes reticulatus Fowler an adult. BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 313 CIRRIPECTES SEBAE (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Puate 114,A,B Salarias sebae CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 11, p. 323, 1836 (type locality, East Indies). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 12 stations, 63 specimens, 18 to 99 mm. in standard length. Eniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 122 specimens, 18 to 64 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 7 specimens, 18 to 80 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 51 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays X11,14; anal IJ,15; pectoral 15, with ‘ower 5 thickened and 6 thickened in adults; pelvics 1,4, occasionally 1,3; branched caudal 5+4; nuchal fringe with 33 to 42 cirri; nasal flap with 4 to 11 cirri; orbital tentacle with 4 or 5 cirri. Head 3.1 to 3.7; greatest depth 3.1 to 3.5; longest dorsal spine 3.5 to 5.0; longest thickened pectoral ray 3.7 to 4.4; all in standard length. Eye 2.9 to 5.2; snout 2.5 to 2.9; interorbital space 8.0 to 9.5; postorbital length of head 1.5 to 1.7; least depth of body 2.5 to 2.7; ereatest depth of body 0.9 to 1.0; preorbital width 4.9 to 5.1; all in length of head. Orbital tentacle with cirri arising from fleshy base; nuchal fringe with simple cirri, those at nape about same length as laterally base of this fringe curving a little posteriorly, so that the distance between vertical lines through ventrolateral tip of base and anterodorsal edge is contained 5.5 to 7.0 times in postorbital length of head; ventral basal tip of nuchal fringe opposite upper edge of eye to upper edge of pupil; snout profile nearly vertical; upper lip crenulate or with very small papillae; lower lip somewhat plicate laterally, smooth mesially; no cirrus on chin; lateral line arched over pectoral fin, thence along midlengthwise axis, ending a little in front in base of caudal fin; a vertical line through dorsal fin origin passes just behind lower tip of base of nuchal fringe and just behind base of pelvics; pectoral fin reaches to or a trifle past anal origin; anal spines 2, with swollen convoluted pads in adult males; first anal spine concealed; a strong canine tooth posteriorly on each side of lower jaw, curved posteriorly; teeth in both jaws very numerous, and of about equal size in both jaws, movable; fifth or sixth pectoral ray from lowermost edge of fin longest; posterior edge of caudal fin a little rounded. Color in alcohol.—Since the color pattern changes remarkably with increase in size, the various stages are described separately: OPHIOBLENNIUS STAGE, 19 and 20 mm.: All cirri dark; background color light brownish, with vertical bands barely discernible; a tiny blackish spot at rear of lower lip on lower jaw. 314 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Youne, 18 to 34 mm.: Background color light tan, with a dark brown band about width of pupil extending from upper end of gill opening to caudal fin base, then fading posteriorly; sometimes black band with roundish black spots, from which vertical bars develop; black spot over pectoral base usually more intense than other spots; upper part of spiny dorsal clear, basal two-thirds dusky. YOUNG AND HALF GROWN, 25 to 50 mm.: First trace of round white spots on throat observed at 25 mm. standard length, these white spots occur in largest adults; black band replaced by 10 to 12 dark brown bars on sides; at a length of 35 mm. one specimen had the black band and vertical dark brown bars; usually the light spots become distinct at 36 to 40 mm. and from 42 to 45 mm. occur on sides of head, at 36 to 55 mm. the vertical bars are very distinct; usually the pectoral spot is distinct at lengths up to 40 mm.; at 45 or 46 mm. the convoluted dermal pads on first two anal spines begin to develop and are grayish in color; from 50 to 60 mm. this stage overlaps with the next. . Over 55 mm.: Background color very dark or blackish; vertical bars obscured or absent; white spots, size of pupil occur on throat, breast, side of head, behind pectoral base; sometimes these markings are marbled; adult males, beginning at about 75 mm., have tiny silvery white spots or short lines on the sides; pelvics dark, distal edge of spiny dorsal pale; dorsal part of caudal fin pale; first dorsal spine of adult males elongate, white; distal part of caudal pale or clear. Ecology.—This species was commonly taken in the Lithothamnium ridge area in the surf or where wave action was strong. Remarks.—Salarias (Cirripectes) polyzona Bleeker is referred as a synonym of C. sebae since it represents the barred stage of coloration. C. variolosus and C. sebae occur together in the collections made at Bikini; they are distinguished by the 33 to 42 cirri in sebae and 29 to 37 in variolosus and by the differences in color pattern—chiefly the lack of vertical bars, white spots, and black band in variolosus. CIRRIPECTES QUAGGA (Fowler and Ball) PuatEeE 116,A—C Rupiscartes quagga FowuerR and Batt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 76, p. 273, 1924 (type locality, Wake Island). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 10 stations, 163 specimens, 25 to 67 mm. in standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 34 specimens, 25 to 29 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 4 stations, 105 specimens, 27 to 60 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 specimen, 31 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XII,15, rarely XIJ,14; anal I1,16, rarely II,15; pectoral 15, with 5 lowermost thickened in young and BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 315 6 thickened in larger adults; pelvics I,4; branched caudal 5+-4; nuchal fringe with 25 to 31 cirri; nasal flap with 1 to 5 cirri; and orbital flap with 2 to 4 cirri. Head 3.6 to 3.8; greatest depth 3.7 to 4.0; longest dorsal spine 2.7 (males) to 5.3; longest thickened pectoral ray 4.2 to 5.1; all in standard length. Eye 3.7 to 4.0; snout 2.8 to 2.9; interorbital space 8 to 10; postorbital length of head 1.5 to 1.6; least depth of body 2.4 to 3.0; greatest depth of body 1.0 to 1.1; all in length of head. Orbital tentacle with cirri arising from fleshy base; nuchal fringe with simple cirri, all about same length; base of nuchal fringe not curving, or only curving a little posteriorly, usually not enough to make the usual measurement; ventral basal tip of nuchal fringe about opposite upper part of eye; snout profile nearly vertical; upper lip crenulate or with small papillae; lower lip a little crenulate, not notably plicate; no cirrus on chin; lateral line broadly arched over pectoral fin, thence slanting to midlengthwise axis and ending more or less in front of base of caudal fin; a vertical line through dorsal fin origin passes notably behind tips of nuchal fringe, through upper edge of gill opening, and behind base of pelvics; pectoral fin usually not quite reaching to anus; anal spines of adult male each with a swollen convoluted dermal pad; first anal spine of females concealed ; a strong canine tooth posteriorly on each side of lower jaw, curved posteriorly; teeth in both jaws fine, very numerous, movable, and of equal sizein both jaws; fifth or sixth pectoral ray from lower most edge of fin longest; distal edge of caudal fin truncate or nearly so. Color in alcohol.—The Ophioblennius stages among the specimens have a standard length of 25 to 31.5 mm.; are light brown, with indications of darker brown bars on sides, with the dark brown streaks and spots on head becoming evident; fins dusky, rear of each lip with a brown spot. Adult stages, which range in length 25 to 67 mm., are colored as follows: Background color of head light brown to brown, usually with a distinct narrow blackish streak below center of eye, extending on upper lip; another just behind lower rear edge of eye extending on lip then interrupted and continuing as a narrow bar on lower lip and on underside of head, sometimes meeting its fellow; behind this dark streak, on gill membranes on underside of head, is a narrow transverse streak sometimes meeting but usually separated from the anterior one; front of snout with 3 to 5 black spots, two of which are usually on upper lip, and in the largest speci- mens these spots form a V-shaped dark streak from nostrils to tip of upper lip; usually there are about 15 dark brownish vertical bars evident on sides, the first as a saddle just behind nuchal fringe; on large specimens the bars and dark streaks on head may become 316 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 diffuse; first dorsal spine of adult males elongate, and usually whitish; fins all dusky except dorsal part of caudal and pectorals. Ecology.—C. quagga, like its relatives in the Marshalls, typically occurs in the surf in the Lithothamnium ridge. CIRRIPECTES STIGMATICUS Strasburg and Schultz Puate 113,C-E Cirripectes stigmaticus StRaAsBURG and Scuutrz, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 43, No. 4, p. 182, fig. 2, 1953 (type locality, Rongerik Atoll; holotype USNM 164962). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 93 to 99.5 mm. in standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 4 specimens, 62 to 82 mm. Arno Atoll: 2 lots, 5 specimens, 45 to 81 mm. The above specimens represent the holotype and some of the paratypes. Description—Certain counts are recorded in table 109. Dorsal rays XII,14 to 16, rarely 14 or 16; anal II,15 or 16, rarely 15 (first anal spine embedded on females); pectoral 14 to 16, rarely 14 or 16 (with lower 5 or 6 thickened); pelvics I,4; branched caudal rays 5+-4; fringe of cirri on nape 382 to 42, generally 35 to 42; nasal cirri 4 to 6; supraorbital cirri 4 to 10 (more cirri on large adults). Head 2.9 to 3.1; greatest depth 3.1 to 3.3; longest dorsal spine (first elongate in adult males) 1.9 to 2.9; longest thickened pectoral ray 2.1 to 2.6; all in standard length. Eye 3.5 to 4.7; snout 2.4 to 3.1; interorbital space 7.7 to 13.3; postorbital length of head 1.5 to 1.7; least depth of body 2.5 to 3.0; greatest depth of body 0.87 to 0.96; all in length of head. Orbital tentacle with a broad flattened base, its distal edge with numerous long cirri, more in adults; nuchal band of cirri simple, those at middorsal line about same length as those laterally, nuchal band of cirri curving posteroventrally so that the distance between vertical lines through ventrolateral basal tip and anterodorsal edge is contained 4.6 to 6.5 times in postorbital length of head; ventral basal end of nuchal band of cirri is notably swollen and flattened even in young; it is blackish and bears the lowermost 8 or 9 cirri, and ex- tends ventrally to about upper edge of pupil; snout profile nearly vertical; edge of upper lip with numerous short papillae or crenulate in young; lower lip with mesial third smooth, lateral third on each side somewhat plicate; no cirri on chin; lateral line arched over pec- toral fin then curving to midlengthwise axis of body, ending at caudal fin base; vertical line through dorsal origin passes just behind ventral tip of nuchal fringe base and just behind pelvic bases; pectoral fin reaches a little past anal origin; anal spines 2, first embedded on fe- males past the Ophioblennius stage, both free on males; adult males have crenulate and convoluted spongy masses on these spines; a 317 SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN BLENNIIDAE ‘el[eajsny UJoyyIoU ‘puvy Weyusy WO suoujdeds U0 opvUl S}UNOD ITV z ‘sjun0d ol} UT popnjoul PURIST 9YvAA UIO0.1} suotmpoeds OMT, 5 “Spuvs] ULTeMey, “SPURIST [[BUSIeJA OY} UT WOH} JON ¢ ey} pue pues] UojsuUYyor WO suoumdeds g] UO opeUr S}JUNOD spNfoul v}ep eset.L 1 =-|--l--|=-|=-l--|=-|=-lp Ir le la trelenle (alloc lade Ie IES SE --|--|--|--Lr lev fe [-f-eh Beal colo (| | SGor| she 8 ae snoyoubys sa esse Needs | | | |e Sl pal | ott HAT Toes eal | Oe | Pa | ee | [Jc J =-lo lrg |p It |--l6r 1% |7|E [Pale | J62|__|4ejE |T | | 62a: ae ee ~~, pbbvnd ee ee ee ae aa ee ee aia eames (eels lopl salle beeleal aleal cain [en lGe 0) (A, | S46 tee |oale [eet oe == lyre eel 2 lH | al || | ne | ole | ee ~~, wburuual Sele ale fee =oles lee) =ate|an|=ale-| olqolg: logieaic, leal cals |isa| ee | (male lime lS Veale | aie g letiz jz |t9 |¢ |% |~~|9e16 |~-|g@)7~\9e\O0) |" |r PGs cae ee ~-, snsojuamopy --|--|--|--|--|--|--|--l--|--lp ler|teleriselgalttle |7)2 7] 7 (||| 98 Felpelitle |--|-7|" |" {8 |8OUlF | _|__|__|&8% CQlinales|S8icu| tn ean ne CRgaliaeee ee eee ~~anqgas a=|==|>-|==|--|--|==|-=|==|2=|7 =-lplg lpelet| im | 1 || 1) fo lo a, \ocleate-lecl® sal TTT WV seh ema ea ca |e GAN | OSS Ne a) OS | al fa O8Sh| =e ie ee ~~ $NS0}001D0 parle leele aelesle We VesleNe I le ele acl@al AE Eait)S ORIESIG 169), Nae lan| 2 al aie | heen |e Soars lta |p| 0G el | ea fe Oe | OGies| Sa SS- ~snyoynboosnf $899ad111t,.D ~-\--Iq [--I-cIt IL |F [9 JOTI IPTG 9 |e) | | --|--|=-|--|--|--|==|--]--|--|--|--|--le Joris fe [7th |e 2668] == |9G\P, |e enn 6Gey| "at wee ~ 1 820919 SDIIDIY €9|T9/6¢|2¢|¢¢|E9|TS|6F|ZF|Sh|Sh| Ih 6e|ZE SE /ee 1E)66 2 9c STIZTIOTISTIPIISTISTIIT/OT]/6|8}2)9)9) Fh) 81%) 129/09 2 say OF FF ar prises FE Gee Sea 9T) ST ae plies FLT Boer ETS] TITX |X Teqyquovsdng reqouN [e10400g [euy [es10q sofoads pure snuey) ee ae ee SS eS ee PS er Cee Se ee lao sAvl UT spupjsy unowng pun ‘xvwaoy “P49q)Y) “PYSLDIT 2%? wouf seITexg pun seyoodtuniy fo sazoads Lof papsovas syUNoD—'G60OT FTIVL 318 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 canine tooth present on each side of lower jaw; teeth in both jaws very numerous, of about equal size, and movable; fifth or sixth pectoral ray from lowermost edge of fin longest; distal edge of caudal fin a little rounded. Color in alcohol—Background color brown to blackish; vertical fins dark and unmarked except for anterodorsal part of the spinous dorsal, the distal tips of the first few soft dorsal rays, and the upper lobe of the caudal, which may be pale or whitish; anal somewhat darker than body or other fins, pelvics dusky, pectorals dusky ven- trally, paler dorsally. The color pattern changes with size as follows: The smallest speci- men available (35.8 mm. in standard length) has the background color brown, with the cheeks, opercles, and sides of the body pos- teriorly to the tip of the depressed pectoral overlaid with round pale spots about the size of the pupil. Posterior to the pectoral tips these spots are enlarged so much that the surrounding brown areas have the appearance of irregular lines on a pale background. The vertical fins of this specimen are pale brown basally becoming almost transparent in their distal half to two-thirds. The spinous dorsal is marked with a dusky lengthwise stripe along its basal third; this demarks the distal pale area mentioned above. In specimens above 40 mm. in standard length the characteristic, although somewhat variable, adult color pattern has been attained. The roundish pupil-sized pale spots are much more distinct, sometimes they are enclosed in reticulated brown lines that resemble a honey- comb, and sometimes the brown pigment is so extensive that the spots appear to be on a dark background. The nuchal fringe consists of black cirri with a swollen, very blackish basal area laterally. The distribution of the spots and other markings varies with sex as follows: Mauss: Spots on preorbitals and suborbitals, cheeks, opercles, entire under side of head and throat, and extending posteriorly on the pectoral bases. The posterior one-half to two-thirds of the sides of the body are covered with numerous white markings that may vary from round white dots or small spots to elongate ones or white lines that extend vertically, horizontally or obliquely; some of these lines may run together. There may be a few blackish pupil-sized dots or irregular markings on the sides of the caudal peduncle. The dermal pads on the anal spines of males are grayish to blackish. Frmaues: Pale spots as in males; these may extend as far pos- teriorly as the fifth or sixth dorsal soft ray. Posterior to this the spots give way to plain dark color or there may be irregular blackish dots or short lines on a dark background. BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 319 Color when alive-—Background color brown to blackish, anterior spots pale brown, sides of males covered with bright red dots or | elongate spots or lines; anterodorsal tip of first and second dorsals and upper lobe of caudal reddish orange to white. Ecology.—This rather uncommon species was taken in the Litho- thamnium ridge area or areas of Acropora and Pocillopora corals where the surf was moderate to strong. Genus RHABDOBLENNIUS Whitley Rhabdoblennius Whitley, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, p. 20, 1930 (type spe- cies, Blennius rhabdotrachelus Fowler and Ball). Nixiblennius Whitley, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 10, p. 20 (type species, Blen- nius snowi Fowler). Antennablennius Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 83, p. 245, 1931 (type species, Blennius hypenetes Kitinzinger). Scartoblennius Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 98, p. 174, 1946 (type species, Blennius ellipes Jordan and Starks). This genus is best characterized by its lower-jaw teeth, which are scarcely movable or not movable, in contrast to the freely movable lower-jaw teeth of Salarias and Istiblennius. The species of Rhabdo- blennius from the Marshall and Marianas Islands, as represented by collections in the U. S. National Museum, are separated by the following key: la. Upper posterior part of opercle with a dark spot; under side of head plain dusky or with a broad paler transverse area across its middle; back- ground coloration pale, with 2 or 3 rows of brown spots on sides repre- senting the vertical bars; midbase of caudal fin with light dusky spot; head usually with several small bright white spots__R. snowi (Fowler) 1b. No dark opercular spot; side and lower side of head usually with 3 dusky transverse streaks, one behind corner of lower lip, second from pre- opercular edge; third along rear edge of gill membranes, these dark streaks extend on under side of head but do not meet along midventral line, that area is unpigmented; vertical bars represented by faintly pig- mented area a little above lengthwise axis; no dark spot at midbase of Cac fi ee R. rhabdotrachelus (Fowler and Ball) RHABDOBLENNIUS SNOWI (Fowler) Puate 115,A Blennius snowi Fow.Ler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, p. 431, fig. 71, 1928 (type locality, Strong’s Island, Caroline Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 9 stations, 94 specimens, 18 to 42 mm. in standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 4 specimens, 27 to 32 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 3 stations, 12 specimens, 19 to 40 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 145 specimens, 13 to 46 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 3 specimens, 32 to 33 mm. Northern Marshall Islands: 1 lot, 17 specimens, 33 to 46 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 5 specimens, 33 to 44 mm. 320 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Description.—Dorsal rays XII,18 or 19; anal II,19 to 21; pectoral 14 with lower 5 rays swollen; branched caudal fin rays 5+4; pelvics 1,3; orbital cirrus simple; no nuchal cirrus; nasal cirrus simple. Head 3.9 to 4.2; greatest depth 5.1 to 5.5; longest pectoral ray 4.1 to 4.8; snout tip to anus 2.3; anal fin base 2.2 to 2.3; all in standard length. Eye 3.1 to 3.2; snout 2.8 to 3.0; postorbital length of head 1.6 to 1.7; greatest depth of body 1.3; least depth 2.9 to 3.1; longest pectoral ray 1.1 to 1.2; longest dorsal spine 1.9 to 2.1; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.5 to 3.0 in eye. Orbital tentacle simple, slender, a little flattened in cross section, its length from a third to four-fifths eye diameter; no nuchal cirrus; nasal cirrus very short, simple, thin, broader than thick; snout profile nearly vertical; edge of both lips smooth; lateral line over pectoral fins, not descending to midlengthwise axis, ending about opposite three- fourths the length of pectoral; vertical line through dorsal origin passes through base of pelvic fins; dorsal fin with a very slight emargination over last dorsal spine; last soft dorsal ray with membrane attaching it to dorsal edge of caudal peduncle; anal fin with membrane attaching last ray to ventral edge of caudal peduncle; anal fin origin about under base of second from last dorsal spine; pectoral fin reaching to anus; anal spines small, first embedded in female; first anal rays of adult males not notably swollen at tips; posterior canines present in lower jaw; teeth small, numerous, fixed in both jaws; vomer with a few short conical teeth; distal margin of caudal fin a little rounded; no cephalic crest. Color in alcohol—Background coloration whitish to light tan, with 7 or 8 blackish or brownish blotches representing vertical bars on body, these intensified along midlengthwise axis, where they form dark spots, and anteriorly a smaller dark spot occurring between the larger ones; the vertical dark bars continue faintly to anal base; a dark spot or blotch in upper part of opercle, another at midbase of caudal fin, totaling usually 14 dark blotches along middle of sides; the vertical dark bars on sides continue dorsally as double dark blotches and extend onto basal two-thirds of dorsal fin; underside of head dusky anteriorly; whitish posteriorly; head often with scattered small bright white spots, finely edged with a brown line; pelvics and pectoral pale. Ecology—This species occurred mostly on the ocean reef and in shallow pools left at low tide on the flat parts of the reef or in pools near the high tidal level where wave action was strong; in the lagoon it occurred where wave action was strong on the reef. The species was more abundant if crevices were present in pools in the beach rock or if other protection occurred. BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 321 Remarks.—The darkly pigmented spots on this species occurred along the midlengthwise axis, whereas in R. rhabdotrachelus the dark pigment spots were a little above that axis, especially posteriorly; the dark spot at midbase of caudal fin was persistent even in the smaller specimens. RHABDOBLENNIUS RHABDOTRACHELUS (Fowler and Ball PuaTE 115,B Blennius rhabdotrachelus FowieR and Batt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 272, 1924 (type locality, Wake Island). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 15 stations, 257 specimens, 12 to 39 mm. in standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 2 stations, 11 specimens, 16 to 31 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 4 stations, 164 specimens, 12 to 41 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 27 specimens, 10 to 34 mm. Guam: 4 lots, 43 specimens, 16 to 34 mm. Saipan: 1 specimen, 28 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XII,18 or 19; anal II,20 or 21, pectoral 14 with lower 5 rays swollen; branched caudal 5+4; pelvics I,3; orbital cirrus single; no nuchal cirrus; nasal cirrus single. Head 4.0 to 4.4; greatest depth 5.0 to 5.8; longest pectoral ray 4.1 to 4.7; snout tip to anus 2.4 to 2.5; anal fin base 1.9 to 2.1; all in standard length. Eye 3.5 to 4.2; snout 3.1 to 3.5; postorbital length of head 1.6; greatest depth of body 1.3 to 1.4; least depth 3.0 to 3.2; longest pectoral ray 1.0 to 1.1; longest dorsal spine 2.0 to 2.1; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 3.3 to 3.6 in eye. Orbital tentacle simple, slender, rounded in cross section, its length from half to nearly as long as eye diameter; no nuchal cirrus; nasal cirrus simple, short, snout profile with a slight backward slant of about 5 degrees from the vertical; edge of both upper and lower lips smooth; lateral line arched over axil of pectoral, descending to near midlengthwise axis of body opposite last third of length of pectoral fin and ending opposite tip of pectoral fin, notably in front of a vertical line through anus; vertical line through dorsal origin passes through base of pelvic fins; dorsal fins without an emargination over last dorsal spine; last soft dorsal ray with a mem- brane attaching it to dorsal edge of caudal peduncle but not to caudal fin base; last ray of anal fin with a membrane attaching it to ventral edge of caudal peduncle; anal fin origin under base of second or third from last dorsal spine; pectoral fins reaching to anus; anal spines small, in females the first embedded; first anal rays of adult males not notably swollen at tips; posterior canine on lower jaw present; teeth small, numerous, fixed in both jaws; vomer with some short conical teeth; distal margin of caudal fin rounded; no cephalic crest. ole U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Color in alcohol.—Background coloration whitish to light tan, with about 7 or 8 vertical bars represented by areas of slightly darker pigment, mostly above midlengthwise axis of body, especially posteriorly; dorsal fin dusky in areas corresponding to dusky vertical bars on body but edge of dorsal fin white; anal fin dusky; pelvics and the basal area nearby dusky, especially on adult males; often three dusky transverse streaks occur on each lower side of head, one be- hind corner of lower lip, second from preopercular edge and third along rear edge of gill membranes; these dark streaks do not meet along midline of under side of head, that area being unpigmented. The dark areas are a small faint blotch on the young specimens and are absent or only very faint in those about 13 to 15 mm. in standard length. Ecology.—This common species was encountered on reefs exposed to strong wave action and in the high tidal solution channels, where surflike conditions also occur. At low tide, members of this species remained in the solution channels or appeared on the exposed flat parts of the reefs where water was a few inches deep. Genus ECSENIUS McCulloch Ecsenitus McCutuocg, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 14, p. 121, 1923 (type species, Ecsenius mandibularis MeCulloch).—Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11, vol. 10, p. 810, 1948. This genus was revised by Chapman and Schultz (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 102, pp. 507-528, figs. 90-96, 1952). The following key was modified from that study. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ECSENIUS la. (See also 1b and 1c) Pectoral with 15 rays and no dark spot around anus. 2a. Color of head, body and vertical fins a rich, uniform brown, with no mark- ings; dorsal rays XII,19; anal II,20. (Red Sea.) E. frontalis > (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 2b. Color of head and body light tan with no markings other than a few scat- tered black specks on upper part of caudal peduncle; a jet black band as wide as eye diameter running along base of both spinous and soft dorsal, outer part of fin hyaline; top and bottom of caudal fin jet black to end of long rays, rest of fin hyaline; anal fin colorless; dorsal FAys Denil s-vanal LT .20: 5 s22oee Jee es See E. gravieri ® (Pellegrin) 1b. Pectoral rays 13 to 15, usually 14; anal rays II,18 or 19; a distinct dark spot around anus; a large black spot on base of caudal fin; dark brown line from lower edge of eye backward across gill cover; dorsal rays XII,16 or Iie) * CR blip pines!) 2 ae hae eee E. stigmatura’” Fowler 5 Salarias frontalis Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 11, p. 328, 1836 (type locality, Massuah, Red Sea). Ecsenius frontatis Chapman and Schultz, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 102, p. 512, 1952. 6 Salarias gravieri Pellegrin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 12, p. 93, 1906 (type locality, Djibouti). Ecsenius gravieri Chapman and Schultz, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 102, p. 513, 1952. 1 Ecsenius stigmatura, Fowler in Chapman and Schultz, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 102, p. 514, fig. 90, 1952 (type locality, Philippine Islands; holotype USNM 99379, paratypes USN M 111878 and 122444). This species was found by Schultz among specimens studied by H. W. Fowler, and which Fowler had labeled as a new species of Salarias. It was described with his permission. BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 323 lc. Pectoral with 13 or 14 rays (rarely 12); if area around anus is black anal rays are IT,13 or 14. 3a. Nasal cirrus simple and single. 4a. Dorsal with 19 or 20 soft rays; anal with 21 or 22; a dark band along base of dorsal. (Western Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.) 5a. Body evenly brown, without markings (female). E. pulcher (Murray) 5b. Head, throat and body to level of sixth dorsal ray rich, light brown (paler below), without markings; rest of body to caudal abruptly pale, crossed by 5 or 6 equally spaced narrow, sharply defined vertical bars, reaching from dorsal to ventral edge of body (male). E. pulcher ° (Murray) 4b. Dorsal with 12 to 14 soft rays; anal with 13 to 17 soft rays; no dark streak along base of spinous dorsal and streak never sharply defined if present on soft dorsal. 6a. Spinous and soft dorsal separated by shallow notch in young but no notch at all in adults; sharply defined black spot, half the area of eye, around anus, set off from rich brown body by light peripheral band; no other markings on head, body or fins; dorsal with 12 or 13 soft rays; anal with 13 or 14 soft rays. (Solomon Islands.) E. lividanalis ® Chapman and Schultz 6b. Spinous and soft dorsal separated by a deep notch reaching nearly to base of fin; last dorsal spine minute, nearly hidden in basal fin membrane; no dark spot around anus; well defined dark streaks, bars, or spots on body; dorsal with 13 to 16 soft rays; anal with 15 to 18 soft rays. 7a. A row of 6 or 7 small teeth laterally on ridge of dentary; anal with 16 to 18 soft rays; double row of small, dark, roundish spots along side of body, but no bars or bands. (Queensland, Aus- Craigs) i: Se NeN euthay E. mandibularis ! McCulloch 7b. One or 2 tiny teeth posterolaterally on the dentary, but never more; anal with 15 soft rays; no dark spots on body, but dark bars or bands present on sides; two pale horizontal bands, each as wide as pupil, running full length of body, one from upper corner of opercle, the other from under pectoral. 8a. Dorsal with 14 soft rays; a dark band as wide as pupil extending back from eye to opercle edge; no vertical dark bars on body; nasal cirrus about a third the diameter of eye in length; membrane from last dorsal ray covering first 3 or 4 small caudal rays; pectoral shorter than head by diameter of eye; § Salarias pulcher Murray, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 2, p. 47, 1887 (type locality, Kurrachee Manora Rocks, India); Indian Ann. Mag. Nat. Sci., vol. 1, p. 23, 1887 (Kurrachee). Salarias phantasticus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 20, p. 422, 1897 (type locality, Mekran Coast, Persia). Salarias anomalus Regan, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 16, pp. 327-331, pl. B, fig. 4, 1905 (type local- ity, Persian Gulf; Mekran Coast, Karachi); Journ. Zool. Soc. London, p. 406, 1909 (on type material). Ecsenius pulcher Chapman and Schultz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 102, p. 515, 1952. 9 Kesenius lividanalis Chapman and Schultz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 102, p. 517, fig. 91, 1952 (type locality, Munda, New Georgia, Solomon Islands; holotype USNM 144723, and paratype USNM 144291). 10 Hesenius mandibularis McCulloch, Ree. Australian Mus., vol. 14, No. 2, p. 122, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2, 1923 (type locality, Masthead Island, off Port Curtis, Queensland, Australia)—Chapman and Schultz, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 102, p. 518, 1952. 324 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 pelvies shorter than post orbital length of head by about one-third the diameter of eye. (Solomon Islands.) E. pro-oculis }! Chapman and Schultz 8b. Dorsal with 13 soft rays; dark band from eye extending beyond opercular edge onto body to a vertical from middle of spinous dorsal; 8 or 9 narrow, dark, vertical bars on body extending to base of dorsal, where 2 or 3 may be divided; nasal cirrus about half the diameter of eye in length; membrane of last dorsal ray not covering first few caudal rays; pectoral shorter than head by less than half the diameter of eye; pelvics longer than post-orbital length of head by nearly half the diameter of eye. (Marshall Islands.) E. opsifrontalis Chapman and Schultz 3b. Nasal cirrus always double, ventral one may be bifid or double; dorsal with 16 to 20 soft rays; anal with 19 to 21 soft rays. 9a. Head and anterior part of body evenly dark with no markings; posterior part of body and adjacent vertical fins often abruptly pale (bright golden in life) with no markings. 10a. Dorsal with 16 or 17 soft rays; anal with 8 to 20 soft rays. (Eastern Indian Ocean; Christmas Island; Timor; New Hebrides Islands.) E. bicolor (Day) 10d. Dorsal with 20 soft rays; anal with 21 soft rays. (Formosa.) E. namiyei ® (Jordan and Evermann) 9b. Middle of side of body with 5 to 7 short but distinct white bars evenly spaced; a dark spot behind eye; middle caudal fin rays dusky to blackish; body plain olive to light greenish brown, undersides pale oliver tiqure, i622) sess. E. hawaiiensis * Chapman and Schultz Ficure 116.—E£csenius hawatiensis Chapman and Schultz, holotype, USNM 112293, from Pearl Harbor. Drawn by A. M. Awl. N Eesenius pro-oculis Chapman and Schultz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 102, p. 519, fig. 92, 1952 (type locality, Munda Lagoon, New Georgia, Solomon Islands; holotype USNM 144722). 12 Salarias bicolor Day, Supplement to the fishes of India, p. 798 (on Tickell ms.) 1888 (type locality, Saddle Island, Kyoukphyoo Aracan); in Blanford, fauna of British India . . ., Fishes, vol. 2, p. 323, 1889 (on type material).—Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, vol. 57, p. 533, 1913 (eastern tip of Timor). Salarias furcatus (non de Vis 1884) Johnstone, Report of Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries, vol. 2, no. 15, p. 213, pl. 1, fig. 4, 1904 (type locality, Chilam Paar, Ceylon).—Whitley, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. 17, no. 3, p. 136, 1929). Salarias burmanicus Hora and Mukerji, Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, vol. 38, p. 34, 1936 (type locality, Maung Magan, Tavoy District, lower Burma). Ecsenius bicolor, Chapman and Schultz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 102, p. 522, fig. 94, 1952. 13 Salarias namiyei Jordan and Evermann, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 362, fig. 25, 1902 (type local- ity, Pescadores Islands. Ecsenius namiyei Chapman and Schultz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 102, p. 525, fig. 95, 1952. 4 Ecsenius hawaiiensis Chapman and Schultz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 102, p. 526, fig. 96, 1952 (type locality, Oahu Island, Pearl Harbor; holotype USNM 112293; paratypes USNM 112294; it is possible that this species may have come from Guam). 320 SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN BLENNIIDAE (a erie | Wael! [I4jsou yore U0 Sofde}Ue} [eseg ST T FG 06 FI €1 [e10}00g oS |= S- 53) Soe Roar e LS Ses eee I ------|------| 7 eae |e | eel |f seer Met lenge ae ee L j 6 eee | eee al 3 eae (Caen G T = Sara (me | oa | cee elle cen paeetse |S Cece ae kat ae RE RRS | OS ee | ee a z --=----]------| 7 eas eee eel Sl IT OL To ee ae ae el ee 1 I 6 trie § 8 aaa ce S| lite ee ae eg TED I 9 aI 02 61 8T LT 91 ST FI I II 8I LI [cuy sfel UL sniuesoy fo savads urpj199 WO SJUNDJD—O[T BIAV], [esi0q Fp eee $17n00-01d ae od syDUDp1ary eee DIngoubuys Real s1jpquoLfisdo eae sisuatinDy ae = pore 401091 sojoodg 326 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Ficure 117.—Ecsenius opsifrontalis Chapman and Schultz, holotype, USNM 142065, from Rongelap Atoll. Drawn by Dorothea B. Schultz. ECSENIUS OPSIFRONTALIS Chapman and Schultz Ficure 117 Ecsenius opstifrontalis CHAPMAN and Scuutrz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 102, p. 521, fig. 93, 1952 (type locality, Rongelap Atoll, Marshall Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Rongelap Atoll: Holotype, USNM 142065, standard length 31 mm. Bikini Atoll: Paratype, USNM 142066, standard length 26.3 mm., Univ. Washington, 1 lot, 2 specimens, 33 to 35.5 mm. Description.—See table 110 for counts. Head (tip of snout or front of upper lip to end of gill cover) 3.5 to 3.6; greatest depth 4.6 to 4.8; longest pectoral ray 4.0 to 4.2; snout tip to anus 1.9; anal fin base 2.7 to 2.9; all in standard length. Eye 3.0 to 3.1; snout 3.1 to 3.4; postorbital length of head 1.4; greatest depth of body 1.3 to 1.4; least depth of body 2.5 to 2.6; longest pectoral ray 1.3; longest dorsal spine 1.8 to 1.9; all in length of head from tip of upper lip (snout) to rear of gill cover. Fleshy interorbital space 2.5 to 3.0 in eye. No orbital cirrus; no nuchal cirrus; a single, simple nasal cirrus arising on upper edge of nasal opening; snout profile with a notable backward slant of 30 to 45 degrees from the vertical; edges of both lips smooth; lateral line running a dorsal course over pectoral fin (with only a slight arch) and ending opposite anus without descending to midlengthwise axis; vertical line through dorsal origin passes just behind pelvic bases; a membrane attaches last dorsal ray to upper edge of caudal peduncle but not to base of caudal fin; anal origin opposite base of last or next to last dorsal spine; last anal ray with membrane attaching it to ventral edge of caudal peduncle; pectoral fins not reaching to anus; anal spines small, first embedded on female but not on male, tips of first anal rays not swollen; posterior canines on lower jaw present but minute and hidden; teeth in upper jaw fine, very numerous, movable; teeth in lower jaw about 50 in number, slightly larger, the last 2 or 3 lateral teeth notably broader and larger BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—-SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 327 than others in lower jaw; no vomerine teeth; posterior margin of caudal fin truncate or nearly so; no cephalic crest; a vertical line through front edge of upper lip passes through front edge of pupil, the eyes and forehead far forward; all fin rays unbranded. Color in alcohol.—Background coloration light brown; a dusky streak beginning about opposite middle of spiny dorsal base a little below lateral line and on level of pupil extends forward to rear edge of eye, midsides of body with 8 or 9 narrow dusky vertical bars that extend to base of dorsal fin, and some of them breaking up to form 10 or 11 dorsally; the last bar is V-shaped with the open end posteriorly and continuing a short distance out on base of caudal fin; edges of both lips dusky; anal fin submarginally with a dusky streak, tips of rays white. Ecology.—This species was found among coral heads in water from 18 to 25 feet depth. It was never taken in the tidal zone on the reefs. Genus ENTOMACRODUS Gill Entomacrodus Git, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 11, p. 168, 1859 (type species, Entomacrodus nigricans Gill). Salartichthys GuicuENot, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, vol. 13, p. 96, 1867 (type species, Salarias vomerinus Cuvier and Valenciennes). This genus is recognized by the row of very small short bluntly conical teeth on head of vomer. See table 111 for fin-ray counts of various species of the genus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ENTOMACRODUS FROM THE NORTHERN MARSHALL AND MARIANAS ISLANDS la. Orbital tentacle, single, simple, its length usually from 1.1 to 2 times diam- eter of eye, rarely with a single cirrus on inner edge; middle third of edge of upper lip crenulate, lateral third smooth; a dark spot on dorsal fin membrane between first two spines; posterior canines minute, barely piercing skin of jaw. 2a. Dorsal rays XIII,16 or 17; anal IJ,18; nasal flap without cirri. (Japan, Okinaway, Martanas))a2 = B2tw eee = E. stellifer (Jordan and Snyder) 2b. Dorsal rays XIII,15; anal II,16 or 17; nasal flap with a few cirri. (Singa- pores Amo, Chita ewes se bare ner, 20 OB E. lighti (Herre) 16. Orbital tentacle equal to or shorter than eye, its inner edge with from 2 to 7 cirri (in young, only 1), edge of upper lip not as above; posterior pair of canines in lower jaw well developed; no prominent black spot between first two dorsal spines. 3a. (See 3b and 3c) Edge of upper lip smooth throughout its length; orbital tentacle with 2 or 3 cirri on its inner edge, none on outer edge; nuchal cirrus small, sometimes absent but usually present; a small black spot a little behind eye; background coloration whitish or light tan with traces of dusky pigment forming a few faint spots along sides, the most persistent one opposite tips of pectoral rays. E. thalassinus (Jordan and Seale) 422142—60——22 328 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 3b. Middle third of upper lip smooth, outer third of each side crenulate; orbital tentacle single, inner edge with from 2 to 4 cirri, no cirrus on outer edge; nuchal pair of cirri present; no definite dark blotch behind eye. 4a. A black spot just above and behind pectoral fin base. (Christmas Island; Indian Ocean; Philippines; Tau and Swains Islands.) E. caudofasciatus (Regan) 4b. No black spot above and behind pectoral fin base. (Marshall, Mari- anas,,.Samoam Islands.) -....=-i- E. incisolabiatus, new species 3c. Entire edge of upper lip crenulate. 5a. (See 5b, 5c) Nuchal tentacle, single, rather broad based, and sometimes with 1 or 2 short cirri on its edges; orbital tentacles rather large, nearly as long as eye diameter, both edges multicirrate; nasal flap palmate with pedunculate base, then a broad thin fiap with nu- merous cirri distally; background color light gray to tan, head and body profusely blotched with dark brown, more or less arranged to form 6 double but highly irregular vertical bars; dorsal, anal, caudal, and pectoral fins barred with dark brown, pectoral base with brown bar; then whitish bar posteriorly on base; dusky bar below eye; dorsal rays XIIJ,17; anal II,17 to 19. E. decussatus (Bleeker) 5b. Nuchal tentacle, simple, single, without cirri on its edges; coloration not as above. 6a. Orbital tentacles with at least 2 or 3 cirri that arise basally and not from distal edges of a single main dermal cirrus; background coloration light tan or whitish with traces of some tiny patches of dark pigment cells dorsally; side of head with 3 lightly pig- mented dark streaks, first close behind eye, with an intensifica- tion of pigment forming a spot just behind eye, then a white streak followed by a dark streak, then a white streak followed by a thin line of dark pigment cells across opercle; dorsal rays XIII,13 or 14; anal II,15; (a small species, with adults 23 to 27 mm. in standard length)--_-___- E. cymatobiotus, new species 6b. Orbital tentacle with a single base, on its inner edge from 1 to 7 cirri, outer edge with or without cirri. 7a. Dorsal rays XIII,17, rarely XIII,16; anal II,18, rarely 11,19; orbital tentacle with from 1 to 7 cirri on both inner and outer edges, number of cirri increasing with size of specimen; background coloration light tan, with vertical bars represented by dark brown markings; along midside of specimens as long as 65 mm. a series of pale-centered dark brown spots, anterior and pos- terior ones sometimes not pale centered, or they are open ventrally; on lower sides, upper part of back, and extending on dorsal fin a series of double dark brown spots; adults 120 mm., have vertical bars indistinct and the head, body and fins are profusely covered with small dark brown spots and middle of sides with lengthwise brown streaks___E. aneitensis (Giinther) 7b. Dorsal rays XIII,15 or 16; anal rays II,15 to 17; underside of head with 3 or 4 V-shaped white and dark color marks; no dark shoul- der spot. BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—-SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 329 8a. Caudal fin with 4 to 7 narrow dark bars, notably narrower than white interspaces; front of snout plain dusky, except edge of upper lip with traces of several transverse, alternating, very narrow pale and dark streaks; background coloration light brownish to whitish, sides with numerous small dark brown spots characteristically somewhat grouped to correspond with 5 or 6 indistinct vertical bars; most characteristic mark an oblique black dash a little behind eye; head with brownish pigment and usually with numerous small white spots. Qa. Anal rays usually, 11,17, occasionally II,16; dorsal rays usually XIII,15 or 16, occasionally XIV,15. (Guam; Phoenix and Samoan Islands.) E. plurifilis plurifilis, new species and subspecies 9b. Anal rays usually II,16 or 17; dorsal rays usually XIII,15, often XIII,16. (Marshall Islands.) E. plurifilis marshallensis, new subspecies 8b. Caudal fin with 4 dark bars as broad as or broader than pale interspaces; front of snout, including upper lip, with numerous vertical, narrow, alternating pale and dark streaks; sides plain dusky, without dark spots on a light tan background; characteristic black dash a little distance behind eye; head without white spots E. niuafoouensis (Fowler) 5c. Nuchal flap multicirrate from broad base; orbital tentacle single, edges multicirrate; a dark dash behind eye. (Hawaiian Islands.) E. marmoratus (Bennett) TABLE 111.—Counts on certain species of Entomacrodus Fin rays Species Dorsal Anal | NK EXeve | Caza Lo aGn | la Hae ns: Grad, Sig plurifilis plurifilis: Phoenix and Samoan Islands-_-------- 16 dds Se es eal oat la Ha Elie (esa) eno lean | aa Marianasdislandss22- 232-25 S525. =o 4 1A see Re SOH PAR Tite ee TSA eS e || Crise Say ee plurifilis marshallensis_-__- ~~ ------------- 30s eee PRES | aR EO BLO) eel oo rete | eke sh On | creed | eee MAWOfOOUCN SIS La an ae ee eee ee Gui eee os TSS alle Qi tla Gyle==5|\ yds P oh as22 [eee SICISULQDIQLUS oan tae eee eee Pee Wea eon) ese 127 E210) 2 | eees Se CUUMOUSCIR(US ae eee ae eee eee 0 eae yee He Qe aU 1 14: [oral |, 12) || el Sees eese CUIMELOUIOUNS eno nanan nena nae eee Ba Kerem DA winless ole 4 Bia| Wei | ee | ae GECUSS OTH A eh tho A ke Grizsi ese ee ees eee 222) N6) 6S |eeSaly 3 2 LRGLISSIILIS ee eee cee en aneaeoee So | see 2 e292 Pees |e 32 | ef | seeea (pane | eee | GNCHENSIS Wu We Sh ee Fe Be ee Sul ee Seat eee Satie Da alO yh Tiybets ee] 10 1 1 Niuafoou Island and Guam. 2 Samoan, Marshall, Marianas Islands. 3 Swains and Tau Islands. 4 Phoenix, Samoan, Marshall, Marianas Islands. ENTOMACRODUS STELLIFER (Jordan and Snyder) PuaTE 115,C Scartichthys stellifer JonpaNn and SnypuR, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, p. 461, fig. 10, 1902 (type locality, Wakanoura, Japan). 300) U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 SPECIMENS STUDIED Saipan: October 1945, J. R. Simon, 1 specimen, USNM 132845, 39 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII, 16; anal II, 18; pectoral 14; pelvics I,4; branched caudal probably 5+4; a single, simple orbital and nuchal tentacle on each side; nasal flap single. Head 3.9; greatest depth 4.3; longest pectoral ray 4.2; snout tip to anus 2.0; anal fin base 2.5; all in standard length. Eye 4.0; snout 2.6; postorbital length of head 1.7; greatest depth of body 1.1; least depth 2.7; longest pectoral ray 1.1; longest dorsal spine 2.3; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 3.1 in eye. Orbital tentacle, single, simple, somewhat broad at base, tapering to a point, sometimes a single cirrus on inner edge, its length about 1% that of eye diameter; a single, simple, short nuchal cirrus on each side; nasal flap short, broad, without cirri; snout profile with a little forward slant; middle third of edge of upper lip crenulate, the outer thirds smooth; lower lip smooth edged; lateral line arched over pectoral fin, then descending to midlengthwise axis, ending about opposite the middle of length of anal fin base; vertical line through dor- sal origin passes through pelvic bases; dorsal fin with a deep notch over last dorsal spine; membrane attaching last dorsal ray to upper edge of caudal peduncle; anal origin under the base of third from last dorsal spine; last anal ray without posterior membrane; pectoral fins reach about to anus; anal spines small, first embedded on females; tips of first anal rays of adult males not swollen; posterior canines minute and scarcely projecting from membrane; teeth fine, numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; distal margin of caudal fin rounded; no cephalic crest. Color in alcohol_—Background coloration light brown, sides with 5 or 6 double dark brown bars; head and body mottled with tiny white or light tan specks and dark specks or short streaks; bases of pectoral similarly marked; orbital tentacle plain dark brown; a blackish spot distally between first and second dorsal spines; dorsal, anal, caudal, and pectoral fins plain light brown to dusky. ENTOMACRODUS THALASSINUS (Jordan and Seale) PuaTE 115,D,E Alticus thalassinus JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. 8. Bur. Fish., vol. 25 (1905), p. 425, fig. 103, 1906 (type locality, Apia, Samoa). Alticus musilae JoRDAN and SEALE, Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., vol. 25, (1905), p. 425, fig. 104, 1906 (type locality, Apia, Samoa). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 2 stations, 3 specimens, 16 to 25 mm. in standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 1 specimen, 21 mm. BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 331 Eniwetok Atoll: 1 station, 15 specimens, 21 to 31 mm. Saipan: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 22.56 mm. Guam: 1 lot, 4 specimens, 27 to 36 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII, 13 to 15, usually 14; anal II, 15 to 17, usually 16; pectoral 14; pelvics I, 4; branched caudal 5+4 (fewer on small specimens); orbital tentacle single, with 1 to 3 cirri on inner edge, none on outer edge; nuchal tentacle present or absent; nasal cirri 4 to 6. . Head 3.8 to 4.1; greatest depth 4.9 to 5.1; longest pectoral ray 4.5 to 5.0; snout tip to anus 2.2; anal fin base 2.2 to 2.3; all in standard length. Eye 3.9 to 4.4; snout 2.9 to 3.0; postorbital length of head 1.4 to 1.5; greatest depth of body 1.3; least depth 2.8 to 3.0; longest pectoral ray 1.1 to 1.3; longest dorsal spine 1.9 to 2.1; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.5 to 2.9 in eye. Orbital tentacle slender, with 1 to 3 cirri on its inner edge and none on the outer edge; its length about half eye diameter; a single simple short nuchal cirrus on each side, often absent on one or both sides (specimens from the Phoenix and Samoan Islands have a much better developed nuchal cirrus); nasal flap with 4 to 6 short cirri; snout profile rounded or nearly vertical; edges of both lips smooth; lateral line arched over pectoral fin then descending to midlengthwise axis of body and ending about opposite anal origin; vertical line through dorsal origin passes a little behind pelvic bases; dorsal fin with a deep notch over last dorsal spine; a membrane attaching last dorsal ray to upper edge of caudal peduncle; anal origin under base of fourth from last dorsal spine; last anal ray without membrane posteriorly ; pectoral fins reaching about to anus; anal spines small, first embedded on females; tips of anal spines of adult males swollen and the first two or three soft rays a little swollen; posterior canines strong on lower jaw; teeth fine, numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; distal margin of caudal fin rounded; no cephalic crest. Color in alcohol.—Background coloration pale to very light tan, with a few small patches along sides composed of some brown pigment cells, or there may be no indication of such pigment on sides, although nearly all the specimens have a small pigmented area about opposite tip of pectoral fin, some times represented by 1 to a few pigment cells; dorsal fin rather finely barred with small dark spots and caudal fin faintly so; anal fin dusky, swollen parts of anal rays of male white, and usually tips of all anal rays white; breast lightly pigmented; a transverse area across under side of head lightly pigmented with dark areas forward and aft unpigmented; a small black spot a little behind eye that is present in all our specimens; there is a tendency for the dark pigment on lower front and lower sides of head to be arranged in aon U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 several somewhat distinct streaks; in some specimens these pigment cells are arranged to form more or less distinct specks below eye. Ecology.—This species of blenny was taken on those reefs where the surf was strong. It appeared along the outer edge of the reef when the surf was poisoned with rotenone in the vicinity of the Lithotham- nium ridge. Remarks.—E. thalassinus is a small species, the longest specimen seen by us measures about 36 mm. in standard length. Figure 118—Entomacrodus inctsolabiatus, new species, holotype, USNM 142188, from Bikini Atoll. Drawn by Dorothea B. Schultz. ENTOMACRODUS INCISOLABIATUS, new species Figure 118 Holotype—USNM 142188, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, ocean reef and surf, southeast end, August 13, S-46-333, Herald, standard length 45 mm. Paratypes:—USNM 142189, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, ocean reef and surf, August 7, S-1019, Brock, Hiatt, and Schultz, 1 specimen, 37 mm.; USNM 111882, Saipan, June 1945, T. D. White and F. B. Shroyer, 1 specimen, 36 mm.; USNM 123934, Guam, Ritidian Point, July 12, 1945, M. H. Markley, 1 specimen, 27 mm.; USNM 111881, Guam, Frey, 1 specimen, 49 mm.; USNM 147654, Swains Island, 1939, Schultz, 1 specimen, 46 mm.; USNM 111883, Tutuila Island, Fagasa Bay, June 5, 1939, Schultz, 7 specimens, 15 to 31 mm.; additional specimen (not a paratype) Bikini Atoll, lagoon light at night, April 23, S-46-111, Schultz and Morrison, 1 specimen 16, mm., in Ophioblennius stage. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,14 to 16; anal II,16 or 17, usually 16; pectoral 14, with lower 4 rays enlarged; pelvics 1,4; branched caudal 5+-4; orbital tentacle single, with 2 to 4 cirri on inner edge and none on outer edge; nuchal cirrus simple; nasal cirri 4 to 7. Certain measurements were made on the holotype and one paratype from Tutuila Island and these data are recorded in table 112. BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 333 Head 3.5 to 4.1; greatest depth 4.2 to 5.1; longest pectoral ray 4.0 to 4.9; snout tip to anus 2.2 to 2.3; anal fin base 2.4 to 2.5; all in standard length. Eye 3.4 to 3.8; snout 2.7 to 2.8; postorbital length of head 1.5 to 1.7; greatest depth of body 1.2 to 1.3; least depth 2.5 to 3.0; longest pectoral ray 1.1 to 1.2; longest dorsal spine 2.0 to 2.1; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.5 to 3.0 in eye. Orbital tentacle slender, simple, with 2 to 4 short cirri on inner edge near base and none on outer edge; orbital tentacle about half to 4/5 diameter of eye in length, a single nuchal cirrus on each side; nasal flap short with about 4 to 7 short cirri; snout profile rounded, with a trifle forward slant; edge of upper lip with the middle third smooth and outer third on each side crenulate; lower lip with smooth edge; lateral line arched over pectoral fin, then descending to midlengthwise axis of body a little in front of tips of pectoral fins, ending over anterior third of anal fin base; vertical line through dorsal origin passes through pelvic bases; dorsal fin with a deep notch over last dorsal spine; mem- brane behind last soft dorsal ray is attached to upper edge of caudal peduncle; anal origin under base of third or fourth from last dorsal spine; last anal ray without free membrane posteriorly attaching it to caudal peduncle; pectoral fins reaching to anus; anal spines of female small, the first embedded, those of adult males enlarged and con- voluted at tips, the next three soft rays also swollen at tips; posterior canines on lower jaw distinct; teeth fine, numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; vomer with a row of small blunt teeth; no cephalic crest. Color in aleohol_—Background coloration whitish or light tan, mid- sides with about 6 or 7 double spots representing an intensification of faint bars; other evidence of bars is sometimes represented by a row of lightly pigmented areas along lower part of side; the dark pig- mented area above and just behind the pectoral base and below lateral line is no more intense than other dark spots along midside of body; oblong white spots, or short lengthwise white streaks, occur on some specimens, these arranged in rows along sides, one row just below midlengthwise axis and another along lower side, other small white spots occur but are not arranged in definite rows; the holotype lacks these white spots since it is somewhat faded, dorsal and anal fins dusky, with a transverse row of white spots about halfway out on both fins (another row of white spots at base of anal fin on one paratype); caudal fin barred with dusky; head a little dusky, with 7 narrow pale or white lines from front of snout and below eyes, cross- ing upper lip, one of these median at front of snout, and 3 on each side, a fourth one occurs on each side just behind corner of mouth, all these (except the median one) continue on under side of head, obliquely extending toward each other but not quite meeting at mid- 334 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 ventral line of head; no definite dark blotch behind eye; usually several dark spots evident through abdominal wall opposite intestines. Remarks.—This species is most closely related to EL. caudofasciatus (Regan) but may be distinguished from that species by lacking the greatly intensified dark spot just above and behind pectoral fin base. ENTOMACRODUS DECUSSATUS (Bleeker) PuaTE 116,F,G Salarias decussatus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indié, vol. 15, p. 230, 1858 (type locality, Western Biliton and Sangi Islands; in sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: Nov. 26, 1945, Frey, 6 specimens, 72 to 132 mm. in standard length. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,17; anal IJ,i7 to 19 usually IT,18 or 19; pectoral 14, with lower 5 or 6 rays swollen; branched caudal 5+4; pelvics I,4; orbital tentacle single with cirrate edges; nuchal flap single or with an extra cirrus basally; nasal cirri about 5 to 7. Head 3.7 to 4.0; greatest depth 4.0 to 4.2; longest pectoral ray 4.3 to 4.5; snout tip to anus 1.9 to 2.0; anal fin base 2.4 to 2.6; all in standard length. Eye 4.5 to 5.2; snout 2.7 to 2.8; postorbital length of head 1.6; greatest depth of body 1.0 to 1.1; least depth 2.2 to 2.5; longest pectoral ray 1.1; longest dorsal spine 2.2 to 2.5; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 1.7 to 2.1 in eye. Orbital tentacle single, thin, but broad at the base, tapering to a point distally, its edges with numerous cirri, and its length from % to % eye diameter; nuchal dermal flap usually single, broad at base but thin, rapidly tapering to a point, its edges with one to a few short cirri (especially on adults), its length about equal to pupil di- ameter; nasal flap, palmate, with pedunculate base, then a broad thin flap, with several cirri distally; snout profile rounded, with a slight forward slant from the vertical; edge of upper lip a little cren- ulate, that of lower lip smooth; lateral line abruptly arched over pectoral fin, then following a course along midlengthwise axis of body, ending over rear part of anal fin base; vertical line through dorsal origin passes just behind pelvic bases; dorsal fin with a moderately deep notch over last dorsal spine; a membrane attaches last dorsal ray to caudal peduncle as far back as base of caudal fin; anal origin about under bases of second or third from last dorsal spines; last anal ray without membrane posteriorly; pectoral fins not quite reaching to anus; anal spines small, embedded on females, first anal rays of adult males not swollen at tips; posterior canine in each side of lower jaw small, projecting laterally into mouth cavity; teeth fine, numer- ous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; vomer with a transverse series of short conical teeth; no cephalic crest. BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 335 Color in alcohol—Background color light gray to light tan, head and body profusely blotched with dark brown, this darker pigmenta- tion arranged to form 6 double but highly irregular vertical bars; dorsal, anal, caudal, and pectoral fins barred with dark brown or blackish; pectoral base with a brownish bar, then a whitish bar posteriorly on its base; a dusky bar below eye; pelvics white. TABLE 112.—Certain measurements on species of Entomacrodus, recorded in thousandths of the standard length incisolabiatus plurifilis plurifilis cy matobiotus plurijilis marshallensis Characters ia Holo- | Para- | Holo- | Para- | Holo- | Para- | Holo- | Para- type | type | type | type | type | type | type | type Standard length in mm______________ 45 31.4 60. 5 61.3 65. 5 57 26. 2 27.5 Wengthvofihesdes 2 eer 240 267 255 253 249 255 263 265 Greatest. depthass oe eae neae 188 197 189 204 175 209 199 200 Least depth of body________________- 96 83 99 101 102 91 92 87 Postorbital length of head___________ 142 | 153 165 168 159 f5aq| lbs 160 Diameter ofeyes st sees Fae 56 57 55 57 49 63 73 69 NOU fase es Ya ba Bind we eee ee 89 102 94 91 102 95 88 102 Interorbital space (fleshy)__- ________ 18 16 20 18 17 18 23 22 Length of orbital cirrus______________ 58 38 35 44 63 44 53 40 Longest dorsal spine___-_____________ 111 118 99 106 111 107 | 115 138 Longest soft dorsal ray_____________- 142 | 127 150 144 143 140 | 153 175 Hhonvestianaliray sss 257 she) yal 115 | 105 116 135 134 114| 118 95 Longest pectoral ray__--....__-______ 205 | 261 205 212 212 23%)\\ 237. 225 Longest pelvic ray__.______.__-___- fee 131 181 127, 131 133 144 | 145 145 Longest caudal ray.___._____..______ 211 | 235 222 240 237 251 | 210 218 Snoutitipitojanus +e sis seu eee 444 | 446 462 456 450 504 | 500 510 . Snout tip to dorsal origin me 218 255 215 217 224 233 256 262 Length of anal fin base_________ sey 418 385 426 434 423 365 382 392 Ficure 119.—Entomacrodus cymatobiotus, new species, holotype, USNM 142183, from Bikini Atoll. Drawn by Dorothea B. Schultz. ENTOMACRODUS CYMATOBIOTUS, new species Figure 119 Holotype—USNM 142183, Bikini Atoll, Eman Island, ocean reef in surf, July 19, 1947, S-46-441, Schultz, Brock, Myers, and Hiatt, standard length 26.2 mm., adult male. 336 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Paratypes —USNM 142182, Eniwetok Atoll, Mui Island, ocean reef in surf, May 28, S-46-186, Schultz, 4 specimens, 23 to 27 mm., 3 males and 1 female. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,13 or 14; anal 11,15; pectoral 14; branched caudal normally 5+4; pelvics J,4; orbital cirri 3 to 5; nuchal cirrus simple, single, on each side; nasal cirri 4 to 6. Certain measurements were made on the holotype and one female paratype from Eniwetok Atoll, and these data are recorded in table 112. Head 3.7 to 3.8; greatest depth 4.5 to 4.7; longest pectoral ray 4.2 to 4.4; snout tip to anus 2.0; anal fin base 2.6 to 2.7; all in standard length. Eye 3.8 to 4.0; snout 2.9 to 3.0; postorbital length of head 1.7; greatest depth of body 1.3; least depth 2.4 to 2.8; longest pectoral ray 1.2; longest dorsal spine 2.1 to 2.2; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.9 to 3.0 in eye. Orbital tentacle consisting of 3 to 5, slender, simple cirri arising from a common base, the outer cirrus usually longest, its length about % eye diameter; nuchal cirrus simple, single on each side; nasal cirri 4 to 6; snout profile rounded, with a forward slant from the vertical of about 10 to 15 degrees; edge of upper lip crenulate, that of lower lip smooth; lateral line arched over pectoral fin, then descending to midlengthwise axis of body and ending about opposite anal fin origin; vertical line through dorsal origin passes a little behind pelvic base; dorsal fin with a deep notch over last dorsal spine; membrane behind last soft dorsal ray attached to upper edge of caudal peduncle; anal origin under base of third or fourth from last dorsal spine; last anal ray without free membrane posteriorly; pectoral fins reaching to anus; anal spines of female small, first embedded, those of adult males with enlarged swollen tips, followed by 2 or 3 more with swollen tips; posterior canines on lower jaw distinct; teeth fine, numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; vomer with a row of small blunt teeth; caudal fin truncate distally; no cephalic crest. Color in alcohol.—Background coloration light tan, with traces of some tiny patches of dark pigment cells dorsally; pectoral fin lightly covered with black pigment cells; dorsal fin dusky, with distal edge or tips of rays white; soft dorsal with some dark specks; anal fin dusky; side of head with 3 lightly pigmented dark spots arranged to form bars; caudal fin barred with lightly pigmented dark streaks, first close behind eye has an intensification of pigment to form a spot just behind eye, then a white streak followed by a dark streak, then a white streak followed by a thin line of dark pigment cells across opercle, all three darkened streaks end ventrally about opposite mouth; base of pectoral with an unpigmented central area, the adjoining area lightly black pigmented. BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—-SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN Sat Ecology.—This species was taken with EH. thalassinus in the surf along the outer edge of the ocean reefs. Remarks.—This new species is closest to H. thalassinus, but differs in having the edge of the upper lip crenulate and in having 3 narrow dark streaks across side of head, with a dusky spot behind eye in the first dark streak; the orbital tentacle branches from the base, whereas the upper lip of thalassinus is smooth edged, the side of the head is plain light dusky with a black spot just behind the eye, and the orbital tentacle has cirri arising on the inner side of the dermal tentacle. ENTOMACRODUS ANEITENSIS (Giinther) Puates 114,C; 116,H Salarias aneitensis GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 4, pt. 18, p. 205, pl. 118, fig. A, 1877 (type locality, Aneiteum Island). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 13 specimens, 16 to 67 mm., Markley and Johnson. Saipan: 2 specimens, 34 mm., June 1945, White and Shroyer. Deseription.—Dorsal rays XIJJJ,17, rarely XIIJI,16; anal II,18, rarely 11,19; pectoral 14, with lower 5 rays enlarged; branched caudal 5+4; pelvics 1,4; orbital flap single, both outer and inner edges with from 1 to several cirri, the number appearing to increase with the size; a single simple nuchal cirrus on each side; nasal flap with 3 to 7 short cirri. Head 3.6 to 3.8; greatest depth 4.0 to 4.3; longest pectoral ray 4.0 to 4.4; snout tip to anus 2.0; anal fin base 2.4 to 2.5; all in standard length. Eye 3.1 to 4.2; snout 2.4; postorbital length of head 1.8; greatest depth of body 1.1 to 1.2; least depth 2.7 to 3.0; longest pec- toral ray 1.2 to 1.3; longest dorsal spine 2.2 to 2.3; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.2 to 2.5 in eye. Orbital tentacle thin, rather broad at base, tapering to a point, edges with from 1 to 7 short cirri, number increasing with size of specimen; length of orbital tentacle from half of to same as eye di- ameter; a single, simple nuchal cirrus on each side; nasal flap with 3 to 7 short cirri; snout profile rounded, with a little forward slant; edge of upper lip weakly crenulate, more obvious in middle third than outer thirds; lower lip smooth edged; lateral line arched over pectoral fin, then descending to midlengthwise axis of body, ending about op- posite middle of anal fin base; vertical line through dorsal origin passes through pelvic bases; dorsal fin with a deep notch over last dorsal spine; membrane behind last soft dorsal ray is attached to upper edge of caudal peduncle; anal origin under base of third from last dorsal spine; last anal ray without membrane posteriorly; pec- toral fins reach to anus; anal spines of female small, the first embedded, those of adult males not notably swollen at tips; posterior canines on 338 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 lower jaw distinct; teeth fine, numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; vomer with a row of small blunt teeth; no cephalic crest. Color in aleohol—Background color light tan, with the vertical bars represented by dark brown markings on specimens as long as 65 mm. in standard length, as follows: Along midside a series of pale-centered dark brown spots, anterior and posterior ones sometimes not pale centered ; lower side with a series of double dark brown spots; on upper part of back and extending onto dorsal fin a series of double dark brown spots. Dorsal, anal, caudal, and pectoral fins barred with dark brown; usually a small more or less distinct dark brown spot on upper part of opercle. Large adults 120 mm. in standard length have a somewhat different color pattern: The vertical bars are practically indistinct, being replaced by numerous scattered small dark brown spots on head and body, and fins; the sides have lengthwise brown streaks. Remarks.—This species is recognizable because of its ight tan back- eround on which is a sharply defined pattern of dark brown blotches or spots. Ficure 120.—Entomacrodus plurifilis pluripilis, new species and new subspecies, holotype? USNM 144720, from Tau Island. Drawn by A. M. Awl. ENTOMACRODUS PLURIFILIS PLURIFILIS, new species and new subspecies Ficure 120 Salarias marmoratus (not of Bennett) Scuutrz, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 283, 1943 (Phoenix and Samoan Islands). Holotype —USNM _ 144720, Samoan group, Tau Island, reef at Siulagi Point, June 27, 1939, Schultz, standard length 60.5 mm. Paratypes—USNM 115456, Tutuila Island, Fagasa Bay, 1939, Schultz, 5 specimens, 21.5 to 54 mm.; USNM 115457, Tutuila Island, Alofau reef, 1939, Schultz, 3 specimens, 47 to 54 mm.; USNM 115459, Tutuila Island, reef at entrance Pago Pago Bay, 1939, Schultz, 4 speci- mens, 40 to 47 mm.; USNM 52264,Samoa, Jordan and Kellogg, 1 speci- BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 339 men, 59 mm.; USNM 115450, Swains Island, 1939, Schultz, 13 speci- mens, 32 to 64mm.; USNM 115452, Tau Island, Siulagi Point, 1939, Schultz, 104 specimens, 22 to 73 mm.; USNM 115453, Canton Island, ocean reef, 1939, Schultz, 27 specimens, 23 to 60 mm.; USNM 115448, Canton Island, channel, 1939, Schultz, 1 specimen, 47 mm.; USNM 115451, Canton Island, lagoon, 1939, Schultz, 3 specimens; USNM 115455, Canton Island, channel, 1939, Schultz, 3 specimens, 41 to 49 mm.; USNM 124347, Rose Island, 1939, Schultz, 1 specimen, 21 mm.; USNM 115458, Rose Island, 1939, Schultz, 5 specimens, 36 to 48 mm.; USNM 115454, Hull Island, channel, 1939, Schultz, 5 specimens, 22 to 45 mm.; USNM 115449, Enderbury Island, reef, 1939, Schultz, 20 specimens, 38 to 73 mm. The following specimens from the Marianas Islands are identified as this species but are not considered as paratypes: Guam, Apra Bay, Nov. 19-21, 1907, Albatross, 1 specimen, 62 mm.; Guam, Oca Point, June 26, 1945, McElroy and Markley, 1 specimen, 39 mm.; Guam, Nov. 25, 1945, Frey, 20 specimens, 18 to 54 mm.; Tinian Island, July 10, 1945, Eugene Cypert, 4 specimens, 38 to 59 mm.; Saipan, June 1945, White and Schroyer, 6 specimens, 47 to 60 mm. Description.—Counts made on the holotype and one paratype are respectively: Dorsal rays XIII,16; XIJJ,16; anal 11,17; 11,17; pectoral always 14 with lower 5 rays enlarged; branched caudal 5+4; and pelvics 1,4. Orbital tentacle single with 4 to 8 cirri on inner edge and 2 to 4 on outer edge; a single nuchal cirrus on each side; nasal flap with 6-6 and 6~7 cirri. Measurements made on the holotype and one paratype are recorded in table 112. Head 3.6 to 4.2; greatest depth 4.8 to 5.2; longest pectoral ray 3.9 to 4.7; snout tip to anus 2.0 to 2.3; anal fin base 2.3 to 2.4; all in standard length. Eye 3.5 to 4.9; snout 2.5 to 2.8; postorbital length of head 1.5 to 1.6; greatest depth of body 1.3 to 1.4; least depth 2.4 to 3.0; longest pectoral ray 1.1 to 1.2; longest dorsal spine 2.0 to 2.6; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.3 to 2.5 in eye. Orbital tentacle single, thin, broad based, tapering to a point, with several cirri on inner edge but usually about 2 or 3, or occasionally 4 small cirri on outer edge; length of orbital tentacle from half of to equal to diameter of eye; a single nuchal cirrus on each side; nasal flap short, with several cirri; snout profile rounded but with a slight forward slant of about 10 degrees from the vertical; edge of upper lip crenu- late, that of lower lip smooth; lateral line arched over pectoral fin then continuing along midlengthwise axis and ending over middle third of length of anal fin base; vertical line through dorsal origin passes through pelvic fin bases; dorsal fin with a deep notch over last spine; membrane behind last soft dorsal ray attached to upper edge of caudal peduncle but not to caudal fin; anal origin under base of fourth from 340 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 last dorsal spine; last anal ray without membrane attaching it to caudal peduncle; pectoral fins reach to or nearly to anus; anal spines of female small, the first completely embedded, the second small, those of males distinct; first 5 or 6 anal rays of adult males a little swollen at tips; posterior canines on lower jaw distinct; teeth fine, numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; vomer with a row of small blunt teeth; cephalic crest undeveloped. Color in alcohol—Background coloration light brownish to whitish, sides with small dark brown spots, usually characteristically somewhat grouped to correspond with the 5 or 6 indistinct vertical bars; ven- trally plain whitish to light brown, sometimes a few patches of tiny pigment spots to correspond with the vertical bars; dorsal and caudal fins barred with black spots; anal fin dusky distally, some dark spots ventrally; pectoral and pelvic fins unspotted; the most characteristic mark is an oblique black dash a little distance behind the eye; head with brownish pigment and sometimes with numerous small white spots; brown pigment below eye sometimes intensified and indicating a short bar; no dark shoulder spot; underside of head with 3 pairs of white streaks, the middle pair V-shaped. Peritoneum dusky dor- sally, paler ventrally. Ecology —This common reef species occupied the flat areas on the reefs and was often taken in shallow tidal pools. Remarks.—Entomacrodus plurifilis is related to Salarias frenatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Salarias striatus Quoy and Gaimard, Salarias arenatus Bleeker, but differs from them in having short cirri on the outer edge of the orbital tentacle or in lacking the black spot above axil of pectoral. Entomacrodus marmoratus (Bennett) of the Hawaiian Islands differs from plurifilis and the other three species in having multicirrate nuchal dermal flaps. E. plurifiltis is most closely related to EL. niuafoouensis (Fowler), but differs, as indicated in the key, mostly in lacking blackish spots on sides and in lacking numerous narrow alternating vertical dark and pale streaks on front of snout. We have ruled out the possibility that plurifilis is the young stage of niuafoowensis on the grounds that plurifilis is mature at smaller size and, in addition, the dark bars on the caudal fin are narrower than the pale interspaces, whereas in niuafoouensis they are as wide or wider. Named p/urifilis in reference to the cirri on outer edge of orbital tentacte. Le SS Sa ESS eS eee a em =e BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 341 Figure 121.—Entomacrodus plurifilis marshallensis, new subspecies, holotype, USNM 142155, from Bikini Atoll. Drawn by Dorothea B. Schultz. ENTOMACRODUS PLURIFILIS MARSHALLENSIS, new subspecies Ficure 121 Holotype —USNM 142155, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, reef at entrance of channel, March 16, S-46-8, Schultz, Brock and Marr, standard length 65.5 mm. Paratypes.—USNM 142156, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, entrance to reef, March 16, S-46-8, Schultz, Brock and Marr, 29 specimens, 18 to 65 mm.; USNM 142157, Bikini Atoll, Erik Island, March 19, S-46-9, Schultz and Brock, 4 specimens, 33 to 43 mm.; USNM 142167, Bikini Atoll, Romuk Island, lagoon, April 2, S—46-48, Schultz, 21 specimens, 20 to 67 mm.; USNM 142159, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, tidal pool, April 3, S-46-49, Schultz, 1 specimen, 41.5 mm.; USNM 142160, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, ocean reef, April 4, S-46-51, Schultz, 1 specimen, 28 mm.; USNM 142162, Bikini Atoll, Cherry Island, high tidal pools, April 8, S-46-99, Schultz, 45 specimens, 15 to 64 mm.; USNM 142161, Bikini Atoll, Romuk Island, May 14, S-46-128, Schultz, 3 specimens, 26 to 45 mm.; USNM 142166, Bikini Atoll, Reer Island, lagoon reef, Aug. 12, S-46-332, Herald and Brock, 113 specimens, 18 to 63 mm.; USNM 142164, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, ocean reef, August 13, S-46-333, Herald, 3 specimens, 53 to 55 mm.; USNM 142163, Bikini Atoll, Cherry Island, ocean reef, August 15, S-46-361, Herald, 3 specimens, 21 to 56 mm.; USNM 142165, Bikini Atoll, Oruk Island, ocean reef, August 16, S-46-382, Herald, 5 specimens, 29 to 58 mm.; USNM 142158, Bikini Atoll, Boby Island, ocean reef, August 17, S-46-383, Herald, 1 specimen, 48 mm.; USNM 142171, Bikini Atoll, tidal pond between Eman and Reer Islands, ocean reef, July 18, 1947, S-46-422, Brock, Hiatt, Schultz, and Myers, 3 specimens, 24 to 50 mm.; USNM 142170, Bikini 342 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Atoll, Enyu Island, channel reef, August 1, 1947, S-46-483, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 1 specimen, 42 mm.; USNM 142168, Bikini Atoll, Bikini Island, western tip, August 18, 1947, S-42-533, Brock and Schultz, 2 specimens, 35 to 67 mm.; USNM 142169, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, ocean reef, August 7, 1947, S-1019, Brock, Hiatt, and Schultz, 1 specimen, 19 mm.; USNM 142178, Eniwetok Atoll, Eniwe- tok Island, ocean surf, May 20, S-46-159, Schultz, 8 specimens, 46 to 63 mm.; USNM 142181, Eniwetok Atoll, Mui Island, ocean reef, May 28, S-46-186, Schultz, 1 specimen, 20 mm.; USNM 142180, Eniwetok Atoll, Rigili Island, lagoon reef, May 30, S-46-189, Schultz, 5 specimens, 49 to 82 mm.; USNM 142179, Eniwetok Atoll, Aaraan- biru Island, ocean reef, June 3, S-46-198, Schultz, 13 specimens, 32 to 56 mm.; USNM 142177, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Island, ocean reef, April 24, S-46-113, Brock and Marr, 12 specimens, 23 to 71 mm.; USNM 142176, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Island, ocean reef, June 27, S-46-237, Schultz and Herald, 6 specimens, 32 to 56 mm.; USNM 142174, Rongelap Atoll, Arbor Island, June 16, S-46-214, Schultz, 39 specimens, 16 to 58 mm.; USNM 142175, Rongelap Atoll, Enybar- bar Island, ocean reef, June 18, S-46—216, Schultz, 178 specimens, 23 to 83 mm.; USNM 142173, Rongelap Atoll, Tufa Island, ocean reef, July 18, S-46-260, Herald and Brock, 5 specimens, 22 to 53 mm.; USNM 142172, Kwajalein Atoll, Ennylabegan Island, lagoon reef, Sept. 1, S-46-397, Herald, 2 specimens, 40.5 to 42.5 mm. Description —Counts made on the holotype and one paratype are, respectively: Dorsal rays XIII,15; XIII,15; anal I1,16; 11,16; pectoral always 14 with lower 5 rays thickened or enlarged; branched caudal 5+4; and pelvics I,4. Orbital tentacle single, with 3 to 6 cirri on inner edge and 1 to 3 on outer edge, except sometimes no cirri are developed in young 25 mm. or shorter; a single nuchal cirrus on each side; nasal flap with 6-8 and 6-6 cirri. Head 3.8 to 4.2; greatest depth 5.0 to 5.2; longest pectoral ray 4.3 to 4.7; snout tip to anus 2.2; anal fin base 2.3 to 2.4; all in standard length. Eye 3.5 to 5.0; snout 2.5 to 3.0; postorbital length of head 1.6 to 1.7; greatest depth of body 1.3 to 1.4; least depth 2.5 to 3.1; longest pectoral ray 1.0 to 1.2; longest dorsal spine 2.2 to 2.3; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.2 to 2.5 in eye. The characters of Entomacrodus plurifilis marshallensis, except for the number of soft rays in dorsal and anal fins, are the same as for E. p. plurifilis and need not be repeated here. Table 112 gives the counts made for both subspecies, and an examination of that data indicates a distinct population in the Marshall Islands. About 71 percent of the specimens of E. p. marshallensis have 15 soft dorsal rays and about 51 percent 16 soft anal rays whereas E. p. plurifilis, BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 343 respectively, have 70 percent with 16 soft dorsal and 83), percent with 17 soft anal rays. Color in alcohol.—No significant coloration differences exist between the two subspecies, plurifilis and marshallensis. Ecology.—This common species occurred in the shallow parts of both the lagoon and ocean reefs and in the isolated shallow tidal pools near the high tidal pools and channels just below high tidal level. It was more abundant where crevices and small coral growth offered protection. Remarks.—This new subspecies differs from E. p. plurifilis in having a lower number of both soft dorsal and anal rays. Named marshallensis in reference to the Island group in which it occurs. Figure 122.—Entomacrodus niuafoouensis (Fowler), holotype, USNM 91932, after Fowler. ENTOMACRODUS NIUAFOOUENSIS (Fowler) PiatE 114,D; Fiaure 122 Salarias niuafoouensis FowuEr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 81, art. 8, p. 7, fig. 3, 1932 (type locality, Niuafoou Island, Tonga group; holotype USNM 91932 and paratype USNM 138298). Salarias lacunicola Fowuer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 98, p. 178, figs. 41a, 42, 1946 (type locality, Riu Kiu Islands). SPECIMEN STUDIED Guam: Ypao Point, 1 female specimen, 57 mm., D. H. Johnson. Description.—Dorsal XITI,15; anal II,16; pectoral 14, branched caudal 5+4; pelvics I,4; orbital tentacle single on each eye, both with 4 cirri on inner edge and 1 cirrus on outer edge; nuchal cirrus simple on each side; nasal flap with 8 cirri. 4221426022 344 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Head 3.8, depth 4.4; longest pectoral ray 4.1; snout tip to anus 2.1; anal fin base 2.5; all in standard length. Eye 4.4; snout 2.7; postorbital length of head 1.7; greatest depth of body 1.1; least depth 3.1; longest pectoral ray 1.2; longest dorsal spine 2.3; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.2 in eye. Orbital tentacle as long as diameter of eye, single, with 4 cirri on inner edge, 1 cirrus on outer edge basally and tapering to a point; nuchal cirrus simple, single, on each side; nasal flap with about 8 cirri distally; snout profile with a little forward slant; entire edge of upper lip crenulate, that of lower lip smooth; lateral line arched over pectoral fin, descending to midlengthwise axis, then continuing posteriorly and ending about opposite middle of length of anal fin base; vertical line through dorsal origin passes a trifle behind pelvic fin base; dorsal fin with a deep notch over last dorsal spine; membrane behind last soft dorsal ray attached to upper edge of caudal peduncle; anal origin under base of third or fourth from last dorsal spine; last anal ray without membrane posteriorly; pectoral fins reaching about to anus; anal spines of female small, the first embedded, those of male distinct, without swollen tips on adults; posterior canines ou lower jaw distinct but small; teeth fine, numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws, vomer with a row of small blunt teeth; no cephalic crest. Color in aleohol—Background coloration plain light brown with scarcely any trace of vertical bars; no dark spots in middle of sides; a black dash a short distance behind eye, separated from eye by a whitish area; dorsal fin barred with darker; caudal fin with 4 dark bars as wide as or a little wider than paler interspaces; anal dusky, with tips of rays white; pectoral with a slight trace of dusky bars ventrally; underside of head with 3 or 4 V-shaped alternating light and dark bars, the dark bars outlined by a white line, which is bordered by a narrow line of dark pigment cells. Remarks.—E. plurifilis and E. niuafoowensis are very closely related; they are distinguishable by minor differences in their color pattern. We have considered the possibility that plurifilis represents the younger stage of niuafoouensis, but since numerous specimens of plurifilis are mature adults (females with large eggs) we conclude they are not. Genus ISTIBLENNIUS Whitley Istiblennius Wuittey, Australian Zool., vol. 10, p. 185, 1943 (type species, Salarias mulleri Klunzinger). Fowler (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 98, p. 177, fig. 41, 1946) described Salarias brevoorti from the Ryukyu Islands; an ex- amination of the holotype, a female, shows that it is a synonym of Istiblennius bilitonensis (Bleeker 1858). BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 345 See table 113 for counts recorded for the various species in this genus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ISTIBLENNIUS AND SALARIAS FROM THE MARSHALL AND MARIANAS ISLANDS la. Dorsal rays XIII (rarely XIV), 22 to 25; anal rays IT,23 to 25; nuchal ten- tacle absent; lower jaw without posterior canines; edge of upper lip crenulate, that of lower lip smooth; orbital tentacle simple, thin, and broad but with cirri on its edges; sides with distinct dark brown to blackish lengthwise lines, or they may be indistinct but always there are traces of these lines on caudal peduncle in the form of many black specks, except occasionally in young specimens shorter than 30 mm. I. lineatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 1b. Dorsal soft rays fewer than 22, soft anal rays fewer than 23 (or rarely 23); edge of lower lip smooth. 2a. Edge of upper lip crenulate; nuchal tentacle usually present, minute, sometimes absent on one or both sides; posterior canine present on each side of lower jaw. 3a. Orbital tentacle present, slender, simple, length about equal to eye di- ameter, or a little less; nuchal cirrus simple, always present; back- ground coloration dark brown to light tan, sides with 7 dark bars, each double ventrally, sometimes the dark bars are represented by 4 oblong dark spots on sides; a small dark opercular spot or silvery blue spot with black margins, and a pale oblique streak behind eye margined posteriorly with a dusky line is usually distinct; on middle of sides in the dark bars are 5 or 6 pairs of bright silvery to bluish white spots bordered by a black line__ I. paulus (Bryan and Herre) 3b. Orbital tentacle slender, but notably broader than thick, its tip with 2 to 4 cirri, and its length not quite equal to diameter of eye; nuchal cirrus very small, threadlike, usually present, occasionally present on only one side, or absent on both sides; background coloration of females pale tan, with traces of about 9 double bars, usually repre- sented by a few tiny spots or short vertical dark lines so arranged that the upper two spots are a little above the midsides and the lower pair are on lower part of sides, tip of each dorsal spine black; background coloration of males light tan to brown usually with a purplish tinge ventrally; a conspicuous purplish black spot, size of pupil to half eye diameter, on middle of side opposite base of about second soft dorsal ray; tip of dorsal spines black; white spots on dorsal surface of head as in females; usually a dark spot just behind Cye soe ay Pee Te ares Cie I. coronatus (Giinther) 2b. Edge of upper lip smooth. 4a. No posterior canines on lower jaw; nuchal cirrus present. 5a. Orbital tentacle single, simple, thin, much broader than thick, wider basally, tapering to a point distally, its length 4 to 34 eye di- ameter, and occasionally in adults 1 or 2 cirri, branching off the edge near the tip; nuchal cirrus on each side of nape, single, thin, much broader than thick basally, tapering to a point; a distinct notch in dorsal fin over last dorsal spine; dorsal rays XII (rarely) or XIII,19 to 21; anal 11,20 to 23, rarely 23; background colora- tion of females brown to pale tan, with or without 6 or 7 more or less double dark bars on sides; posterior part of body and dorsal fin finely speckled with dark brown specks or dots; back- 346 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 ground coloration of males brownish or light brownish, with or without 6 or 7 darker double bars; dorsal fin dusky distally with lengthwise narrow pale or whitish streaks; cephalic crest blackish; side of head sometimes with irregular pale markings; greatest depth 4.5 to 5.0, head 3.5 to 4.4, both in standard length. I. edentulus (Bloch and Schneider) 5b. Orbital tentacle composed of 1 to 3 (usually 1 in young) cirri branch- ing from base, their length 34 to % eye diameter; nuchal dermal flap broad and thin, with numerous cirri on its edges; dorsal fin without notable notch over last dorsal spine; dorsal rays about XII,19; anal II,19 or 20; background coloration light brown to brown, with 8 vertical, double, dark brown bars more or less connected, ending dorsally and ventrally at bases of median fins to form double dark spots; anterior part of body with round whitish spots from size of pupil to that of eye and with numerous lengthwise, short, parallel black lines more widely spaced on lower sides; anteriorly above pectoral fin, body and spiny dorsal finely spotted with black dots; underside of head with two trans- verse broad dark brown bands, edge of gill membrane brown; a broad transverse dark brown band through pelvic base and one across abdomen between pectoral bases, another about equi- distant between pelvic bases and anal origin; greatest depth 3.5 to 4.5; head 3.2, to 4.2, in standard length. S. fasciatus (Bloch) 4b. Posterior canine on each side of lower jaw; orbital tentacle simple, single; nuchal cirrus present or absent; anal rays II,19 to 21; dorsal rays XIII,18 to 20. 6a. No dark spot on dorsal membrane between first 2 spines; nuchal cirrus absent; background coloration of males plain light brownish to tan on body and head, with dorsal, anal, and caudal fins dusky to blackish, sides sometimes with 7 or 8 vertical darkish bars and sometimes with traces of 2 short lengthwise dark lines about opposite tip of pectoral fin, a very small dark spot just behind eye and opposite its upper edge, another behind lower rear edge of eye (both spots may be pale-centered with dark edges), and another on upper part of opercle; background coloration of females light tan, with 4 lengthwise black lines on sides beginning about opposite tip of pectoral fin, these breaking up into black dots posteriorly, the upper 3 lines are on midsides and evenly spaced, the fourth and ventralmost more widely spaced, dorsal and anal fins barred with small black spots. I. cyanostigma (Bleeker) 6b. Coloration not as above; a black spot on membrane between first 2 dorsal spines. 7a. Dorsal soft rays 19 or 20, usually 20; anal soft rays 20 or 21, usually 21 (see table for counts), nuchal cirrus absent; female coloration consists of distinctly reticulated dark lines and about 8 vertical bars usually in the form of double lines, most distinct on lower sides, underside of head evenly pigmented or with numerous small dark spots but with no transverse dark bars, dorsal and caudal fins speckled with black, front edge of lower lip dark brown; males with sides of body plain brownish, some traces of dark specks on head, and spiny dorsal fin with BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 347 dark blotches between spines on distal half. (Hawaiian Is- lands, abundant in tidal pools.) I. gibbifrons Quoy and Gaimard 7b. Dorsal soft rays 18 to 20, usually 19, rarely 20; anal 19 or 20; usually 20, rarely 21. 8a. Females with no dark reticulated lines on lower part of sides, distinct vertical double dusky lines representing dark vertical bars on sides, 2 or 3 transverse light brown bars on underside of head, the third next to rear edge of gill membrane and interrupted near midventral line, anterior 2 sometimes joined at midventral line or interrupted, front edge of lower lip dark brown; males with sides light tan with light brownish spots, these more distinct on head and becoming diffuse posteriorly, in outer 34 of spiny dorsal fin with dark streak composed of dark blotches. (Phoenix Islands, Swains Palani) ee eee eas I. afilinuchalis, new species 8b. Females with no dark reticulated lines, vertical bars represented by a series of faint double spots only along ventral side of body near anal fin base, underside of head diffusely pig- mented, rarely with traces of dark pigment spots and no dark bars, front edge of lower lip slightly darker than underside of head but pigment diffuse; males with sides light tan with light brown spots, these most distinct on head and becoming diffuse posteriorly, spiny dorsal fin with small dark spots somewhat arranged in rows. (Northern Marshall Islands.) I. rodenbaughi, new species TaBLE 113.—Fin ray counts for certain species of Istiblennius and Salarias from the Marshall and Marianas Islands Fin rays Species Dorsal Anal XII | XIII} XIV | 18] 19 | 20 | 21 | 22] 23] 24] 25} IL |19} 20 | 21 | 22 | 23/24) 25 Tt tineatugie sree e) 2 ee 8 11 16] 2 eee eee Gayl 4s | A eee oe 3/3) 6 ee cyanostigimo.. <2 == |S a sa see Le |S | eee pees ee | oe | ON | ee Wa aN a a ees | eel I. afilinuchalis 1_.__-_|_----- QOr|Ee ies HLF | EES 5 Shi See eS eG RES SSA SOME a lh 15] SB ees PES eae qs vodenbaughi_- 2-2. | 2.8 Die] ees ANA AG i) pi | eR RN OT Gal acl de, ee |e ee Tergibbifrons)s* ee iis seat Qt |Leme Ee Deh eS] PGF SSS pee aaa 8 25 O16 SECs ECS eee is pails ee oe 2 Qe 2 See |i LOR th | ae | Ee a ee Op eee ee Te edentuliigeeas a 3 1S) PoE SATA Saale OEE Re Se Oh ES eee Sh PTT eee RES USCOLOnGIUS= nen noe SS freee | Rae eh ES isp eas | a ale Si ee Se Guay [ee ee DS GSCIatUsse nee elon 4) SRS e es Eee ee ee Lene are aT ra de PSS a Pk eae a ERED eS 1 From Phoenix and Samoan Islands. ? From Johnston and Hawaiian Islands. ISTIBLENNIUS LINEATUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) PuaTE 117,A Salarias lineatus CUviER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 11, p. 314, 1836 (type locality, Java). Salarias multilineatus Fow er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 97, p. 68, fig. 14, 1945 (type locality, Saipan). 348 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 5 stations, 104 specimens, 20 to 118 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 2 specimens, 89 to 104 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 3 stations, 5 specimens, 47 to 98 mm. Rota Island: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 50 mm. Saipan: 2 lots, 5 specimens, 18 to 82 mm. Guam: 1 specimen, 24 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,22 to 25, rarely XIV; anal II,23 to 25; pectoral 14, with lower 4 rays, and sometimes 5, thickened; branched caudal 5+-4; pelvics 1,3; orbital tentacle single, with cirri on its edges; nasal cirri about 4 or 5; no nuchal cirrus. Head 4.3 to 5.2; greatest depth 5.1 to 5.3; longest pectoral ray 4.9 to 5.6; snout tip to anus, 2.4 to 2.5; anal fin base 1.9 to 2.1; all in standard length. Eye 3.7 to 4.5; snout 2.7 to 2.8; postorbital length of head 1.4 to 1.5; greatest depth of body 1.1 to 1.2; least depth 2.4 to 2.8; longest dorsal spine 1.0 to 1.1; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.0 to 2.1 in eye. Orbital tentacle single, thin, very broad, its length about 1% to 2 times its greatest width, usually the edges have several short cirri; length of orbital tentacle about equal to eye diameter or little shorter; no nuchal cirrus; nasal cirri short; snout profile with a backward slant from the vertical of about 10 to 15 degrees; edge of upper lip crenulate, lower lip smooth; lateral line arched over pectoral, ending at mid- lengthwise axis over anus; vertical line through dorsal origin passes a little behind bases of pelvic fins; dorsal fin with a deep notch over last dorsal spine; a membrane attaching last dorsal ray with upper edge of caudal fin base; anal origin under base of second or third from last dorsal spine; last anal ray without membrane attaching it to caudal peduncle; pectoral fins not quite reaching to anus; anal spines small, partly embedded in females; and first anal rays of adult males not swollen at tips; no posterior canines on lower jaw; teeth fine, numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; distal margin of caudal fin rounded; cephalic crest of males very well developed, its height often more than 1 eye diameter. Color in alcohol—Background coloration light tan to brown; sides with distinct dark brown to blackish lengthwise parallel lines, or lines may be obsolete, but always there are traces of them on caudal peduncle as a few to many black specks, they may be irregular and sometimes interconnect dorsally or run obliquely toward dorsal fin base; sides of head plain or with some vertical dark streaks; some- times 6 or 7 vertical dark double bars occur on sides of body; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins dusky, the dorsal fin with numerous transverse whitish and dark lines or streaks; pectoral base dusky with a vertical whitish bar. BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 349 Ecology —This characteristically marked blenny preferred the tidal pools with very shallow water near the high tidal level, frequently occurring in the crevices and solution channels of the beach rock. ISTIBLENNIUS PAULUS (Bryan and Herre) PLATE 117,B,C Salarias paulus Bryan and HERRE, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., vol. 2, No. 1, p. 136, 1903 (type locality, Marcus Island). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 22 stations, 515 specimens, 19 to 125 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 5 stations, 93 specimens, 51 to 127 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 3 stations, 37 specimens, 33 to 113 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 5 stations, 39 specimens, 39 to 121 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 5 specimens, 51 to 91 mm. Guam: 4 lots, 43 specimens, 29 to 98 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays usually XIII,20, rarely XIJI,21; anal IJ,21, rarely II,20; pectoral 14, with 5 or 6 of lower rays thickened; branched caudal 5+3 or 4; pelvics 1,3; orbital cirrus single, simple; nasal cirri 4 to 7. Head 4.0 to 5.2; greatest depth 5.3 to 7.0; longest pectoral ray 5.0 to 6.2; snout to anus 2.3; anal fin base 1.9 to 2.4; all in standard length. Eye 3.3 to 4.7; snout 2.3 to 3.0; postorbital length of head 1.4 to 1.5; greatest depth of body 1.2 to 1.3; least depth of body 2.0 to 2.2; longest pectoral fin ray 1.2 to 1.3; longest dorsal spine 1.7 to 1.9; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.2 to 2.7 in eye. Orbital cirrus slender, roundish, single, simple, length % to % eye diameter; nuchal cirrus single, simple; snout profile with backward slant of about 15 to 20 degrees from the vertical; upper lip crenulate; lower lip smooth; lateral line broadly arched over pectoral fin, curving to midlengthwise axis of body over region of anus and ending there; vertical line through dorsal origin passes through pelvic bases; dorsal fin with a deep notch at last spine, last soft ray with membrane at- tached to dorsal edge of caudal peduncle; anal origin about under base of second from last dorsal spine, last anal ray without membrane attaching it to caudal peduncle; pectoral fins reaching only about % the way to the anus; anal spines small without enlarged dermal pads in adult male; posterior canine tooth each side of lower jaw present; teeth fine, numerous, movable of equal size in both jaws; distal edge of caudal fin truncate to slightly concave; large adult males with low fleshy ridge or crest dorsally on head, this ridge not exceeding \% pupil diameter: small males and females with no trace of this ridge. 350 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Color in aleohol_—Background color of adult males light brown or light tan, more whitish ventrally, with 7 dark bars on sides and lower sides but absent or obscure dorsally, each bar double ventrally or A-shape; a small blackish spot or silvery blue spot with black margins on gill cover near its upper middle; a pale or whitish spot behind eye, margined posteriorly with a blackish line; nasal cirri usually pale or white; on middle of sides in the dark bars are 5 or 6 pairs of bright silvery to bluish white spots bordered by a black line; anal fin and lower part of caudal fin blackish; caudal fin white dorsally and on distal third, basally dark brown. Background color of females and smaller males light tan to whitish; the 7 double dark brown bars on sides sometimes represented more or less as 4 oblong dark spots; basal % of dorsal fin blotched or spotted with brown or the fin may be clear; the small dark opercular spot and the spot behind eye present or absent; underside of head whitish, dotted with brown pigment cells; the black-bordered silvery spots on sides usually distinct, but sometimes scarcely discernible, especially on the smallest specimens; basally the pectoral has fine black dots; ventral part of caudal fin dusky, dorsally white; tips of anal rays dusky, basally white. Color when alive.-—Background color of male light olive tan dorsally, white ventrally; bars on sides dark blackish brown; pale spots or oblong spots bright bluish silvery, margined with dark blue line; head and distal third of dorsal fin with tiny, very pale, pinkish dots; soft dorsal fin edged with pale orange; the bronze-colored spot behind eye is bordered posteriorly by light bluish silver, opercular spot bluish silver; and another bluish silver spot at corner of mouth on maxillary; base of pectoral blackish, rest of fin light tan; anal fin blackish. Caudal fin with rear edge light orange, middle and dorsal portion light yellowish, basal and ventral part blackish; iris with bronze bars. Ecology.—S. paulus is one of the commonest species of blennies on the reefs, and it prefers the higher tidal part where there are crevices and large loose blocks among which to hide. In some of the shallow tidal pools and small solution channels on the reefs, exposed at low tide or covered with only a few inches of water, dozens of these blennies may be seen in a characteristic pose—head a little elevated by means of the paired fins, tail curved to one side, and an alert expression in the eye; sometimes most of the fish is out of the water, and to catch it is difficult because with a slight flip this blenny is perched a yard or more away, or it flips from place to place and disappears at a distance of 25 feet or more into some unseen crevice. This species was more abundant where wave action was strong and BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 351 where an abundance of loose reef-blocks and crevices occurred. It was not encountered in the Lithothamnium ridge area. Remarks.—Two forms of this type of fish can be distinguished among specimens from the tropical Indo-Pacific; those from Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia differ from those in the East Indies and Indian Ocean in the following details: The small black dots on the body, pectoral base, so typical of females and somewhat developed in the males of I. periophthalmus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) from the Indian Ocean and western Pacific are completely absent in the form from Oceania, J. paulus; the dashes behind the eye are not united over the top of the head; the opercular spot is not strongly developed; the alternating dark and light bands over upper lip are poorly de- veloped or absent; and the bars on sides range from very strong to nearly absent. ISTIBLENNIUS CORONATUS (Ginther) Puate 117,D Salarias coronatus GintuEer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 10, p. 424, 1872; Fishes, in Brenchley, Jottings during the cruise of H. M. 8S. Curacoa. . . , p. 424, pl. 83B, 1873 (type locality, Solomon Islands). Salarias aureo-puncticeps Fow.Er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 98, p. 179, figs. 48, 44, 1946 (type locality, Riu Kiu Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 12 stations, 123 specimens, 22 to 96 mm. in standard length. Rongelap Atoll: 3 stations, 4 specimens, 70 to 107 mm. Rongerik Atoll: 4 stations, 10 specimens, 34 to 105 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 2 stations, 4 specimens, 54 to 97 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 1 station, 27 specimens, 40 to 91 mm. Guam: 1 specimen, 34 mm, Rota Island: 1 specimen, 17 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays usually XII,20, occasionally XII,21; anal usually II,21, occasionally I1,22; pectoral usually 14, rarely 15, with lower 5 rays (rarely 6) thickened; branched caudal 5+-4; pelvics 1,3; orbital tentacle with tip usually ed or sometimes with 3 or 4 “nate nuchal cirrus present or absent, always very minute, usually present on one side, absent on other; aaa flap with 4 to 6 cirri on its tip. Head 4.0 to 5.0; greatest depth 4.4 to 5.3; longest pectoral ray 5.3 to 6.0; snout to anus 1.9 to 2.2; anal fin base 2.0 to 2.2; all in standard length. Eye 3.3 to 4.5; snout 2.8 to 3.1; postorbital length of head 1.3 to 1.5; greatest depth of body 1.1 to 1.2; least depth of body 2.1 to 2.2; longest pectoral fin ray 1.2 to 1.3; longest dorsal spine 1.4 to 2.0; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.5 to 3.5 in eye. 352 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Orbital cirrus slender but notably broad, much broader than thick, even in the young, its tip with 2 to 4 cirri, its length about % to % diameter of eye, width same near tip as at base; nuchal cirrus very small, simple, threadlike, usually present on one side absent on the other, occasionally absent, and occasionally present on both sides; snout profile with backward slant of about 15 to 20 degrees from vertical; upper lip a little crenulate, lower lip smooth edged; lateral line arched over pectoral fin, incomplete, ending a little in front of a vertical line through anal origin; vertical line through dorsal origin passes through pelvic bases; dorsal fin with a deep notch at last spine; last soft dorsal ray with membrane attached to dorsal edge of caudal peduncle; anal origin about under base of second from last dorsal spine; last anal ray without membrane posteriorly; pectoral fins reach only % to % the way to anus; anal spines small, without enlarged dermal pads in adult males; posterior canine present on each side of lower jaw; teeth fine, numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; distal margin of caudal fin asymmetrical, lower branched rays a little longer, margin truncate or a little concave; large adult males with a very low fleshy ridge, scarcely more than a wrinkle, on dorsal side of head, small males and females without this ridge. Color in alcohol.—Background coloration of females pale tan with traces of about 9 double bars usually represented by a few tiny blackish or purplish brown spots or short vertical dark lines arranged so the upper two spots are a little above the midsides and the lower pair of spots on lower part of sides; in some of the larger females there are black specks scattered irregularly dorsally and posteriorly; tips of each dorsal spine black; tips of anal rays blackish in anterior half of fin; middle of pectoral fin with scattered brown or black specks; dorsal surface of head dusky with several roundish white spots size of pupil and smaller; peritoneum dark brown or blackish. Background coloration of males from light tan to dark brownish, usually with a purplish tinge ventrally and sometimes with purplish blotches on sides; usually a conspicuous purplish black spot the size of pupil to half eye diameter on middle of side opposite base of about second soft dorsal ray; tip of each dorsal spine blackish, and white spots on dorsal surface of head as in females; dorsal fin usually with brownish reticu- lated lines in distal parts, and margin of soft dorsal white; anal dusky to blackish; lower half of caudal fin dusky to blackish, dorsal half white; anterodorsal part of body sometimes with numerous fine brown specks, and sides with white specks showing on the dark brown; usually a small dark spot behind eye and one just behind rear tip of maxillary; underside of head with traces of brownish blotches more or less suggesting one or two cross bars. BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 353 Remarks.—The East Indian form of this species is I. chrysospilos (Bleeker). The Micronesian, Melanesian, and Polynesian form is I. coronatus. The male of the latter always has on middle of side a prominent dark spot, absent on females, whereas both sexes of the East Indian form have this dark spot. On J. coronatus there are dark crescents on the throat; 3 to 5 rows of sharply defined black specks across the pectoral; and the male has short, very narrow, horizontal white dashes on sides, not spots and vermiculations, as in the Kast Indian form. The terminology of the species has been confused since Giinther in 1877 figured the male as S. nitidus, whereas the true J. nitidus (Giinther 1861), from the China coast, is a species of Rhabdoblennius, similarly colored. Gunther previously described the female as J. coronatus. Jordan and Seale (1906) perceived Giinther’s error on the male and introduced the new name Alticus evermanni for the Polynesian form. McCulloch (1926) noted that the name S. belemnites De Vis had priority, for coronatus, but overlooked Bleeker’s species. He described the orbital cirrus as simple, but corrected this statement in his unpub- lished manuscript for the Atlas, stating the orbital tentacle was bifid at the tip. The small females of J. coronatus might be confused with J. paulus. The former has the orbital tentacle much broader than thick whereas that of paulus is slender, tapering to a point and roundish in cross- section without the tip being divided. ISTIBLENNIUS EDENTULUS (Bloch and Schneider) Puate 118,A,B Blennius edentulus BLocu and ScHNeEIpER, Systema ichthyologiae ... , p. 172, 1801 (type locality, Huahaine Island, Society Group). Salarias fluctuatus Fow.er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 97, p. 70, figs. 15, 16, 1945 (type locality, Saipan). Salarias personatus, Fowuer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 97, p. 71, fig. 17, (type locality, Saipan). Salarias atrimarginatus FowuiEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 98, p. 182, fig. 46, 1946 (type locality, Riu Kiu Islands). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 7 stations, 92 specimens, 19 to 112 mm. Rongelap Atoll: 9 specimens, 78 to 105 mm. Eniwetok Atoll: 8 specimens, 63 to 85 mm. Kwajalein Atoll: 5 specimens, 50 to 99 mm. Guam: 2 lots, 8 specimens, 16 to 80 mm. Saipan: 2 lots, 14 specimens, 18 to 68 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XII or XIII,19 to 21, rarely XII; anal 11,20 to 23, rarely 20 or 23; pectoral 14, with lower 5 rays thickened; 354 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 branched caudal 5+4 in adults but unbranched in young, branching beginning at about 27 mm. in standard length; pelvics I,3; orbital cirrus single, sometimes adults will have 1 or 2 cirri arising from sides at tip; nuchal cirrus single on each side rarely bifid; nasal cirri from 1 to 10, increasing in number with increase in size. Head 3.7 to 4.4; greatest depth 4.7 to 4.8; longest pectoral ray 4.2 to 4.9; snout tip to anus 2.0 to 2.2; anal fin base 2.1 to 2.2; all in standard length. Eye 3.0 to 5.0; snout 2.5 to 2.8; postorbital length of head 1.6 to 1.7; greatest depth of body 1.2 to 1.3; least depth 2.6 to 2.7; longest pectoral ray 1.1 to 1.2; longest dorsal spine 1.6 to 1.7; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.8 to 3.0 in eye. Orbital tentacle single, thin, much broader than thick, and wide basally, tapering to a point distally, its length about \% to % eye di- ameter; occasionally 1 or 2 cirri branch off the edge of the orbital tentacle near its tip; nuchal cirrus on each side of nape single, thin, much broader than thick basally, tapering to a point; snout profile with a backward slant of about 10 to 15 degrees from the vertical; both lips smooth edged; lateral line arched over pectoral fin, then continuing on midlengthwise axis of body as several isolated pores ending at about over middle of anal fin base; vertical line through dorsal origin passes through bases of pelvic fins; dorsal fin with a moderately deep notch between spiny and soft portions; dorsal fin with membrane attaching last ray to basal part of dorsal edge of caudal fin; anal origin under base of next to last dorsal spine, last anal ray without membrane attaching it to caudal peduncle; pectoral fins not quite reaching to opposite anus; anal spines small, embedded, without swollen fleshy tips, except in adult males (the first six soft anal rays on mature males greatly swollen and convoluted, the next 3 or 4 slightly so); no posterior canines; teeth fine, numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; distal margin of caudal fin rounded; cephalic crest well developed in males, absent in females. Color in alcohol.—Half grown, up to about 55 mm., are plain brown or blackish with traces of dark brown specks posteriorly on body of females and sometimes on dorsal fin; dorsal and anal fins dusky; cephalic crest blackish; vertical bars present or obsolete. Back- ground coloration of adult females brown to pale tan or whitish usually with or without 6 or 7 more or less double dark bars on sides, posterior part of body and dorsal fin finely speckled with dark brown specks or dots; caudal, pectoral and pelvic fins plain pale to light gray; anal fin light gray or dusky with tips of rays paler. Background coloration of adult males brownish or light brownish with or without 6 or 7 darker double vertical bars usually evident; dorsal fin dusky distally with lengthwise narrow pale or whitish streaks or light punctulations distally, dorsal fin lighter basally; cephalic crest BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 355 blackish; anal fin dusky, sometimes with narrow pale streaks; caudal fin dark brown; side of head sometimes with irregular pale markings. Ecology.—This species was found, but not abundantly, in high tidal pools or ponds or along the ocean reef where strong wave action predominated and where there were plenty of crevices in which to hide. It seemed to prefer the pools and solutions channels exposed along the high tidal zone. ISTIBLENNIUS CYANOSTIGMA (Bleeker) PuatsE 117,E Salarias cyanostigma BLEEKER, Verh. Bataviaasch Gen., vol. 22, pp. 5, 7, 18, 1849 (type locality, Pagatang, Soenda-Molukschen Archipelago). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 5 lots, 111 specimens, 25 to 73 mm. in standard length. Rota Island: 83 specimens, 22 to 74 mm. Saipan: 2 specimens, 52 and 63 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,19 or 20; anal II,20 or 21; pectoral 14, with 4 or 5 lower ones thickened; branched caudal 5+4; pelvics 1,3; orbital cirrus single over each eye; no nuchal cirrus; nasal cirri 2 or 3. Head 4.0 to 4.8; greatest depth 4.8 to 6.4; longest pectoral ray 4.4 to 5.5; snout tip to anus 2.0 to 2.4; anal fin base 2.3; all in stan dard length. Eye 3.0 to 4.4; snout 3.2 to 3.5; postorbital length of head 1.4 to 1.5; greatest depth of body 1.2 to 1.3; least depth 2.4 to 2.5; longest pectoral ray 1.2 to 1.3; longest dorsal spine 1.7 to 2.0; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 3.0 to 3.3 in eye. Orbital tentacle single, slender, tapering to a point, its length about equal to eye diameter; basal part of orbital tentacle notably broader than thick; no nuchal cirrus; nasal cirri very short; snout profile with a backward slant of about 10 to 20 degrees from the vertical; edges of both upper and lower lips smooth; lateral line arched over pectoral fin and ending near midlengthwise axis of body a little in front of a vertical line through anus; vertical line through dorsal origin passes through pelvic bases; dorsal fin with deep notch over last dorsal spine; a membrane attaching last dorsal ray with upper edge of base of caudal fin; anal origin opposite base of next to last dorsal spine; last anal ray without posterior membrane, or free from caudal peduncle posteriorly; pectoral fins not reaching to point opposite anus; anal spines small, in females mostly embedded; first anal rays on adult males not notably swollen; no posterior canines on lower jaw; teeth fine, numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; pos- terior margin of caudal fin rounded; cephalic crest very well developed on adult males, its height nearly equal to eye diameter, in females this crest is equal in height to pupil diameter. 356 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Color in alcohol—Body and head of males plain light brownish to tan, with dorsal, anal, and caudal fin dusky to blackish; caudal fin white edged distally; dorsal fin with light or white streaks distally; sides sometimes with traces of 7 or 8 vertical darkish bars, sometimes traces of 2 lengthwise dark lines about opposite tip of pectoral fin: sides with 2 or 3 rows of small pale-centered spots edged with dark, spaced as part of vertical bars; pectoral fin unspotted; just behind and at upper edge of eye a very small dark spot, another behind lower edge of eye, both may be pale centered with dark edges, in upper part of opercle another smail dark spot, all three of these rather tiny spots persistent in appearance but somewhat indistinct. Background color- ation of females light tan, with 4 lengthwise black lines on sides be- ginning about opposite tip of pectoral fin and breaking up into black dots posteriorly; the upper 3 lines are on middle of sides, evenly spaced, whereas the most ventral black line is more widely spaced and runs along lower part of side; dorsal and caudal fins distinctly barred with small black spots; anal fin dusky distally, with a row of spots or transverse dark line basally. Peritoneum blackish and edge of lower lip dusky in both sexes. Ecology.—This species was taken in shallow rocky tidal pools left during low tide. Remarks.—Day described this species as Salarias andamensis, S. andamanensis and S. striolatus; Giinther as S. caudolineatus. Ficure 123.—Istiblennius afilinuchalis, new species, holotype, USNM 115421, from Hull Island. Drawn by Dorothea B. Schultz. ISTIBLENNIUS AFILINUCHALIS, new species FIcureE 123 Salarias gibbifrons, Scuvuitz, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 284, 1943 (Enderbury, Hull, and Swains Islands). Holotype—USNM 115421, Hull Island, channel, July 7-17, 1939, Schultz, standard length 88 mm., male. Paratypes—USNM 115419, Hull! Island, reef, July 12-15, 1939, Schultz, 34 specimens, 24 to 61.5 mm.; USNM 111886, Hull Island, BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 357 channel, July 7-17, 1939, Schultz, 28 specrmens, 20 to 61 mm.; USNM 115420, Enderbury Island, reef, May 15-19, 1939, Schultz, 53 specimens, 38 to 80 mm.; USNM 115422, Swains Island, reef, May 3-9, 1939, Schultz, 90 specimens, 23 to 66 mm. The following counts were made on the holotype: Dorsal rays XIII,19; anal If,20; pectoral 14-14; branched caudal 5+4; pelvics 1,3-1,3; orbital cirrus single above each eye; no nuchal cirrus; nasal cirri 3-4. Additional counts were made on numerous paratypes and these data for dorsal and anal fins are recorded in table 113; for these paratypes the branched caudal rays are always 5+4; pelvics always 1,3; pectoral 14, with ‘ower 5 rays enlarged. Head 4.0 to 4.4; greatest depth 4.8 to 5.2; longest pectoral ray 3.8 to 5.3; snout tip to anus 2.0 to 2.1; anal fin base 2.4 to 25; all in standard length. Eye 3.0 to 3.9; snout 3.0 to 3.5; postorbital length of head 1.6 to 1.7; greatest depth of body 1.1 to 1.4; least depth 2.2 to 2.9; longest pectoral ray 1.0 to 1.1; longest dorsal spine 1.6 to 1.8; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.9 to 3.1 in eye. Orbital tentacle single, much broader than thick basally, tapering to a point distally, its length about % to 4% eye diameter; no nuchal cirrus; nasal tentacle with from 2 to 6 short cirri; snout profile with a backward slant of 10 to 20 degrees from vertical; both lips smooth edged; lateral line arched over pectoral, curving toward midlengthwise axis and ending about over anus; vertical line through dorsal origin passes through pelvic bases; dorsal fin with moderately deep notch over last dorsal spine; dorsal fin with membrane attaching last ray to upper edge of caudal peduncle but not to base of caudal fin; anal origin under base of next to last dorsal spine; last anal ray without mem- brane attaching it to caudal peduncle; pectoral fins not quite reaching to anus; anal spines small, embedded in females; first few soft anal rays of adult males with slightly swollen smooth tips; posterior canine present in lower jaw; teeth fine, numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; distal margin of caudal fin truncate, or nearly so, to slightly undulating; no cephalic crest developed in adult males. Color in alcohol—Background coloration of adult males light tan, with numerous light brown spots on head separated by whitish inter- connecting lines or streaks, those on body larger; lower sides of body with about 3 irregular rows of oblong pale-centered spots edged with diffuse brown pigment; underside of head plain light to dark brownish; spiny dorsal with one or two black spots distally between first to third spines, then the distal half blotched with brownish, basally plain pale; soft dorsal pale distally but basally dusky, and tips of first few soft rays blackish, anal plain dusky; caudal dusky in ventral part lighter dor- sally, sometimes with traces of a few darker spots; in front of pectoral base sometimes brownish spots, the fin unspotted, except sometimes 358 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 traces of spots basally. Background coloration of females light tan, with numerous small brownish spots on head and body separated by whitish interconnecting lines or streaks; lower sides with double or A-shaped bars; dorsal and caudal fins barred with small black spots; anal fin with dark pigment distally but tips of rays whitish and the membrane between every other anal ray dark brownish; lower lip usually edged with dark brown; under side of head with 3 transverse brownish bars, rear bar usually interrupted near midventral region and front bars more or less joined midventrally by diffuse brownish pigment. Color when alive-—The whitish lines or narrow spaces between the light brownish spots probably were reddish and in alcohol fade out to whitish. Ecology.—This species was taken on the open reef and in channels where wave action was strong. Remarks.—This species is closely related to J. gibbifrons and I. roden- baughi, new species, differing in certain details of color pattern as described and compared in the key, especially in regard to the brown transverse bars, not occurring on the other two species, which are found on females on under side of head. Named afilinuchalis in reference to the absence of the nuchal filament which often occurs in other species of the genus Jstiblennius. TaBLE 114.—Certain measurements on holotype and a paratype of Istiblennius rodenbaughi and I. afilinuchalis, expressed in thousandths of the standard length T. rodenbaughi, new T. afilinuchalis, new species species Characters Holotype | Paratype | Holotype | Paratype Standard length in mm. (frontmost part of head to base OL Cat Gall fit) pe ee eae ae een 79 75. 5 73 59. 5 ea ee le Ce Note CL ee Ee 222 226 214 227 Greatestidepthiobbody 22 oss) ==. 2s seaeee ene ase ee 165 199 168 175 Least' depth of: bod y2te2 28a ee ieee ee ease 92 105 100 84 Postorbital length of head: -=- 2 =- 22. == 3-222 eee 166 144 149 158 WYO ase eae eee eo eene eee 49 52 55 54 Snottsvse ste ee ses aeeae 67 72 79 77 Interorbital space (fleshy) ---- 18 15 14 17 Length of orbital cirrus __--_-- 42 28 42 42 Longest:dorsal:spinesa2 2-22 eee eee eee 120 117 116 124 ongest;sott dorsal. ray..- 2-222 =222 e eee 152 142 164 138 Tongestisofttanaliray 2 52 = seas eee ae Sones. 146 103 145 123 uongest pectoraliray:... - = 526 =. = sae me see Sasa 186 183 157 202 TON Gest PelViG TAYses see sae sae en eee ee 133 138 130 143 eongesticandaliray 2222 2) oslo ee ee nea 228 208 205 223 Snout tip 'to;anus-2322-< 2-2 eee en 494 496 452 474 Snotit tip:to, dorsal’ origin: 223% 2S ee ee 177 191 185 217 Heneth: of analifim base. 222. bat a seen eee ae eae 430 408 437 424 ISTIBLENNIUS RODENBAUGHI, new species PuaTe 117,F Holotype-—USNM 142067, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, ocean reef and surf, August 7, 1947, S-1019, Brock, Hiatt and Schultz, standard length 79 mm. BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—-SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 359 Paratypes—USNM 142074, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, reef at entrance, March 16, S-46-7, Schultz, Brock and Marr, 3 specimens, 32 to 82 mm.; USNM 142077, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, ocean reef, April 4, S-46-51, Schultz, 15 specimens, 37 to 72 mm.; USNM 142075, Bikini Atoll, Bokon Island, ocean reef and surf, April 15, S-46-94, Schultz and Brock, 3 specimens, 62 to 71 mm.; USNM 142076, Bikini Atoll, Airy Island, ocean reef and surf, April 16, S-46-96, Schultz, 10 specimens, 45 to 81 mm.; USNM 142078, Bikini Atoll, Cherry Island, high tidal pool, April 18, S-46-99, Schultz, 2 speci- mens, 27 to 43 mm.; USNM 142078, Bikini Atoll, 2 km. west of Bikini Island, ocean surf, May 1, S-46-120, Schultz, 23 specimens, 27 to 75 mm.; USNM 142072, Bikini Atoll, Reer Island, August 12, S—46-332, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 40 mm.; USNM 142079, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, ocean reef, August 13, S-46-333, Herald, 16 specimens, 50 to 89 mm.; USNM 142071, Bikini Atoll, Oruk Island, ocean reef, August 16, S-46-382, Herald, 2 specimens, 50 to 56 mm.; USNM 142069, Bikini Atoll, Eman Island, ocean surf and reef, July 19, 1947, S-46-441, Schultz, Brock, Myers, and Hiatt, 42 specimens, 33 to 99 mm.; USNM 142070, Bikini Atoll, Enyu Island, ocean reef at channel, August 1, S-46-483, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 1 specimen, 59 mm.; USNM 142068, Bikini Atoll, Namu Island, ocean reef and surf, August 7, 1947, S-1019, Brock, Hiatt, and Schultz, 13 specimens, 36 to 76 mm.; USNM 142080, Rongerik Atoll, Eniwetok Island, ocean reef and surf, June 29, S-46-241, Schultz and Herald, 21 specimens, 36 to 102 mm.; USNM 142082, Rongelap Atoll, Enybarbar Island, ocean reef in high tidal channels, June 18, S-46-216, Schultz, 3 specimens, 52 to 92 mm.; USNM 142081, Rongelap Atoll, Tufa Island, ocean reef, July 18, S-46-260, Herald and Brock, 2 specimens, 41 to 90 mm.; USNM 142083, Eniwe- tok Island, ocean reef and surf, May 20, S-46-159, Schultz, 2 speci- mens, 66 to 67 mm.; USNM 142084, Eniwetok Atoll, Mui Island, ocean reef and surf, May 28, S-46-186, Schultz, 7 specimens, 48 to 74 mm. Description —The following counts were made on the holotype: Dorsal rays XIII,19; anal II,20; pectoral 14-14; branched caudal 5-+4; pelvics 1,3 — 1,3; orbital tentacle 1-1; nasal cirri 2-3. Addi- tional counts were made on numerous paratypes and these data for dorsal and anal fins are recorded in table 113; for these paratypes the branched caudal rays are always 5-4, pelvics always I,3; pectoral 14, rarely 15, with lower 5 enlarged or swollen. Head 3.8 to 4.5; greatest depth 5.0 to 5.8; longest pectoral ray 4.3 to 5.2; snout tip to anus 2.2; anal fin base 2.4 to 2.5; all in standard length. Eye 3.5 to 4.0; snout 3.0 to 3.3; postorbital length of head 1.4 to 1.6; greatest depth of body 1.3 to 1.4; least depth 2.3 to 2.7; 4221426024 360 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 longest pectoral ray 1.0 to 1.2; longest dorsal spine 1.7 to 1.8; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.0 to 3.0 in eye. Orbital tentacle single, much broader than thick basally, tapering to a point distally, its length from 2/3 to a little more than eye diam- eter; no nuchal cirrus; nasal tentacle with from 2 to 6 short cirri; snout profile with a backward slant of about 10 to 20 degrees from vertical; both lips smooth edged; lateral line arched over pectoral fin, then ending above midlengthwise axis of body about opposite anal fin origin; vertical line through dorsal origin passes a trifle in front of pelvic bases; dorsal fin with moderately deep notch over last dorsal spine; dorsal fin with membrane attaching last ray to upper edge of caudal peduncle but not to base of caudal fin; anal origin under base of next to last dorsal spine; last anal ray without membrane attaching it to caudal peduncle; pectoral fin not quite reaching to anus; anal spines small, embedded in females; first few anal rays, in adult males with slightly swollen smooth tips; posterior canines present in lower jaw; teeth fine, numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; distal margin of caudal fin truncate to slightly rounded or a little undulating; no cephalic crest developed in adult males. Color in alcohol.—Background coloration of adult males light tan, with numerous brown spots on head separated by whitish intercon- necting narrow streaks or lines; those on body larger but not as dark; lower sides with 3 irregular rows of pale oblong spots edged with brown; underside of head light brownish to dark brown; spiny dorsal with numerous light brownish spots; soft dorsal pale distally but basally dusky or brownish and tips of first few rays blackish; anal plain dusky; caudal dusky in lower half, lighter in dorsal part and with traces of dark spots; pectoral dark spotted basally, sometimes the fin has indications of dark bars. Background coloration of females very light tan, with numerous faint but distinct light and dark spots on head and some on body, the latter when examined microscopically are made of groups of b'ackish pigment cells; lower part of side a little above anal fin base with a row of spots representing the obsolete vertical bars; dorsal and caudal fins barred with small black spots; anal fin with a dusky spot basally on membrane between every other anal ray and usually another one halfway out; anal fin distally with dark pigment but tips of rays are whitish; lower lip with diffuse dusky pigment; underside of head plain light brown. In both males and females each membrane between first three dorsal spines with black spots. Color when alive-—Based on two kodachromes taken in field, one of the holotype. Background coloration of males whitish below, tinged with light pinkish brown dorsally, the white interspaces in alcohol between the dark spots are light brick reddish, and form a reticulated BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 361 pattern; the three rows of pale spots on lower sides in alcohol are light bluish, edged with light brownish; dorsal fin tinged with pinkish distally. Ecology.—This new species was rather common along the open ocean reef in surf and surflike conditions, where the reef was flat and with little coral growth. The flat part of the reef usually was covered with a sand and algal carpet a few inches thick. Remarks.—This new species is closest to J. gibbifrons and I. afilinu- chalis, from which it may be separated by means of the key. Named rodenbaughi in honor of Dr. Frederick H. Rodenbaugh, Sr., who assisted us in many ways at Bikini in 1946-47. Genus SALARIAS Cuvier Salarias Cuvimr, Regne animal, ed. 1, vol. 2, p. 251, 1817 (type species, Salarias quadripennis Cuvier=Blennius fasciatus Bloch). Erpichthys Swainson, Natural history and classification of fishes . . ., vol. 2, pp. 79, 182, 275, 1839 (type species, Salarias quadripennis Cuvier.) SALARIAS FASCIATUS (Bloch) PuatE 118,C,D Blennius fasciatus Buocu, Naturgeschichte auslandischen Fische, vol. 1, p. 110, 1786 (East Indies). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 2 lots, 4 specimens, 30 to 76 mm. in standard length. Description. —Dorsal rays X1I,19; anal II,19 or 20, usually I,20; pectoral 14 or 15, usually 14; pelvics 1,2; orbital cirri 1 to 3; nuchal flap with 5 to 12 cirri on its edges; nasal cirri 1 to 4. See table 113 for additional counts. Head 3.2 to 4.2; greatest depth 3.7 to 4.3; longest pectoral ray 4.5 to 4.8; snout tip to anus 1.9 to 2.0; anal fin base 2.1 to 2.2; all in standard length. Eye 3.3 to 3.7; snout 2.5 to 3.0; postorbital length of head 1.7; greatest depth of body 1.0 to 1.1; least depth 2.5 to 3.0; longest pectoral ray 1.2; longest dorsal spine 1.7 to 2.1; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.0 to 2.1 in eye. Orbital tentacles branched to base, composed of 1 to 3 unbranched cirri, usually only 1 cirrus in young, its length about 2/3 to 3/4 eye diameter; nuchal dermal flap broad and thin, with numerous cirri on its edges; nasal cirri short; snout profile nearly vertical; edges of both lips smooth; lateral line over pectoral fin incomplete, ending about opposite anus above midlengthwise axis of body; vertical line through dorsal origin passes through pelvic bases; dorsal fin without notable notch over last dorsal spine; membrane attaching last dorsal ray to basal fifth of dorsal edge of caudal fin; anal origin under base of next to last dorsal spine; last anal ray with a small membrane posteriorly and basally connecting with caudal peduncle; pectoral fins not quite 362 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 reaching anus; anal spines embedded on females and tips of first anal rays of adult males not swollen at tips; posterior canines absent; teeth fine, numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; distal margin of caudal fin rounded; cephalic crest absent. Color in aleohol—Background coloration light brown to brownish, with 8 vertical, double, dark brown bars, more or less connected, ending both dorsally and ventrally at bases of median fins to form double dark spots; anterior part of body with round whitish spots from size of pupil to that of eye; anterior part of body with numerous lengthwise, short, parallel black lines, more widely spaced on lower sides of body, anteriorly above pectoral fin, the body and spiny dorsal finely spotted with black dots; posteriorly the body lacks the black lines; pectoral fin dark spotted; dorsal with round white spots; soft dorsal with a series of black spots submarginally; head plain brown with a few dark brown spots; underside of head with two transverse, broad, dark brown bands, edge of gill membrane brown; a broad transverse dark brown band through base of pelvics, another across abdomen between pectoral bases sometimes another across abdomen about equidistant between pelvic bases and anal origin; caudal fin dark spotted in basal two-thirds. FALLACIRRIPECTES, new genus Type species. —Fallacirripectes minutus, new species. This new genus of salariian blenny is characterized by having XII,10 or 11 dorsal rays; II,11 or 12 anal rays; 15 pectoral rays; 1,4 pelvics, a single pair of simple nuchal and nasal dermal flaps or cirri, no orbital cirrus; pair of posterior canines present on lower jaw, no nuchal crest; other characters are those of the type species. Fallacirripectes is intermediate between Cirripectes and Hntoma- crodus but is closest to Cirripectes, which it resembles in having XII dorsal spines, 15 pectoral rays, and no vomerine teeth; none of these are characteristic of Entomacrodus. All three genera are compared in table 115. TABLE 115.—Comparison of certain characters in three related genera of the Salariinae Characters Cirripectes Fallacirripectes Entomacrodus Nasal cirrus: 2-2-5255 =25 = multicirrate: 22.2.2. simples: =e: sete multicirrate. Orbital tentacle___________ simple or branched __-_-_-_- absentia. ties simple or branched. Nuchalicirriss 2223-2522) transverse row of 20 to | single, simple pair_-_-_-- single, simple, pair ab- 60 cirri. sent occasionally. Vomerine teeth._____-___- Sbsant ts seen GDSONGeeee se ence eee small conical short teeth in row across head of vomer. Anal spines of adult male | present__..-.------------ present. 2-22 5225-2 22555 present or only swollen bearing swollen convol- without convolutions. uted dermal pads. Morsal rayss-0s2-— 2-54-82 XTMor Xh,12)to/ 162-232 XII,10 or MIT 1. 2 - es XIII,13 to 16. Analirays=2sss 25 = eee TD 1Sit0 162-222 o- eae II,11 occasionally II,12.-_} II,13 to 18. Pectoral rays-..<22-2-22- LG i+s foci 2 eee ae 1G. Sys ole ee SSA ER 14, BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 363 This new genus may be distinguished from other salariian genera by means of the key to genera of that subfamily. Named Fallacirripectes because of its “false” appearance of re- sembling Cirripectes. Ficure 124.—Fallacirripectes minutus, new species, holotype, USNM 142153, from Bikini Atoll. Drawn by Dorothea B. Schultz. FALLACIRRIPECTES MINUTUS, new species FIGURE 124 Holotype —-USNM 142153, Bikini Atoll, Eman Island, ocean reef in surf, July 19, 1947, S-46-441, Schultz, Brock, Myers, and Hiatt, standard length, 21.4 mm., female. Paratypes —USNM 142152, taken with holotype and bearing same data, 2 specimens, 18 and 20 mm.; USNM 142151, Bikini Atoll, lagoon reef halfway between Bikini and Amen Islands, July 21, 1947, S-46-442, Brock, Hiatt, and Schultz, 1 specimen, 15 mm.; USNM 142150, Eniwetok Atoll, Jieroru Island, ocean reef, May 21, S-46-174, Schultz, 2 specimens, 16 to 19 mm.; USNM 142149, Eniwetok Atoll, Mui Island, ocean reef in surf, May 28, S-46-186, Schultz, 6 speci- mens, 12 to 19 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XII,10, except XII,11 in one paratype; anal II,11, except II,12 in two paratypes; pectoral 15, with lower 5 rays enlarged; branched caudal 5+-4; pelvics I,4; no orbital tentacle; nuchal cirrus simple, single on each side; nasal tentacle single, simple on each side. Counts were made on all the specimens. The following measurements made on the holotype and a male paratype are recorded below in thousandths of the standard length, which is, respectively, 21.4 and 18.9 mm.: Length of head 322 and 312; greatest depth 234 and 227; least depth of body 75 and 90; postorbital length of head 178 and 190; diameter of eye 75 and 85; length of snout 136 and 132; fleshy interorbital space 28 and 31; longest dorsal spine 131 and 148; longest soft dorsal ray 149 and 169; longest anal ray 107 and 106; longest pectoral ray 304 and 291; longest pelvic ray 201 and 364 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 190; longest caudal ray 229 and 238; snout to anus 608 and 556; snout tip to dorsal origin 313 and 328; length of anal base 294 and 360. Head 3.0 to 3.2; greatest depths 3.4 to 3.7; longest pectoral ray 3.1 to 3.3; snout tip to anus 1.6 to 1.8; anal fin base 2.8 to 2.9; all in stand- ard length. Eye 3.0 to 3.1; snout 2.4 to 2.5; postorbital length of head 1.9 to 2.0; greatest depth of body 1.1 to 1.2, least depth 2.9 to 3.0; longest pectoral ray 1.0 to 1.1, longest dorsal spine 1.8 to 2.0; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.2 to 2.5 in eye. Orbital tentacle absent; nuchal cirrus on each side single, simple, short; nasal cirrus single short oblong dermal flap on each side; snout profile a little rounded, nearly vertical or with a slight forward slant; edge of upper lip smooth except for a single shallow notch at midanterior end; lower lip smooth edged; lateral line arched over pectoral fin, then descending to midlengthwise axis and ending about opposite middle of length of anal fin base; vertical line through dorsal origin passes just behind pelvic bases; dorsal fin with a deep notch over last dorsal spine; membrane behind last soft dorsal ray attached to upper edge of caudal peduncle; anal origin under base of third from last dorsal spine; last anal ray without membranous attachment posteriorly; pectoral fins reaching a little past anus; anal spines of females small, first embedded, those of adult males with enlarged convoluted tips; posterior canines on lower jaw distinct, rather long for such a small species; teeth fine, numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; vomer without teeth; distal margin of caudal fin truncate; no cephalic crest. Color in alcohol.—Background coloration whitish or light tan, with scattered small blackish pigment cells dorsally and anteriorly on body; underside of head with a V-shaped dark streak touching mouth a little in front of its rear corner; upper part of gill cover with a darkish spot, continuing ventrally as a light dusky streak across gill membranes but not quite meeting its fellow from other side; front of snout with a light dusky median streak, then below eye another light dusky streak, a third from rear of eye, all continuing and on upper lip; dorsal and caudal fins of males barred, those of females unpigmented; anal fin of males dusky distally, with tips of rays white; anal fin of female with a median row of small dusky spots on membranes; base of pectoral of males plain pale, with a narrow light dusky streak at base of rays and some more dark pigment anteroventrally. Ecology.—This species occurs along the edges of the reefs in areas where the surf breaks, and especially in the Lithothamnium ridge, a habitat also occupied by species of Cirripectes and certain species of Entomacrodus. Our specimens are all adults and the females contain rather large pinkish eggs for such a small species. BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 365 Remarks.—This species, as indicated in the generic diagnosis, is distinguished from all other Salariinae by its low number of soft rays in dorsal and anal fins, in conjunction with the absence of vomer- ine teeth and of a row of cirri across the nape. No other species in the Salariinae, has so few soft rays, except in Cirripectes, and all members of that genus have a row of cirri across the nape. Named minutus because the adults of this species are the smallest salariian blenny yet discovered. The following key distinguishes the two species referred to the genus Fallacirripectes: la. Interorbital space narrow, 3 times in snout and twice in eye. F. minutus, new species 1b. Interorbital space broad, longer than snout and about equal to eye @iaimeten pa ase aa ieee a er a ee se F. wellsi, new species JT g A fg wt Mblities yy J, Figure 125.—Fallacirripectes wellsi, new species, holotype, USNM 142154, from Rongelap Atoll. Drawn by Dorothea B. Schultz. FALLACIRRIPECTES WELLSI, new species Figure 125 Holotype—USNM 142154, Rongelap Atoll, Bowditch anchorage, half mile off Rongelap Island, July 17-27, S-46-259, Herald, 1 speci- men, 11 mm. in standard length, 13.5 mm. total length; male, only known specimen. Description.—Dorsal rays XII,11; anal IJ,11; pectoral 15-15; pelvics 1,4-1,4; no orbital cirrus; nuchal cirrus present each side of nape; nasal cirrus present on each side. Certain measurements were made on the types and these data are recorded below, in thousandths of the standard length, which is 11 mm.: Length of head 336; greatest depth 255, least depth of body, 91; postorbital length of head 136; diameter of eye 136; snout 100; inter- orbital space 109; length nasal cirrus 10; longest dorsal spine 136; longest soft dorsal ray 91; longest anal ray 109; longest pectoral ray‘ 366 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 327; pelvics are broken; caudal with broken tips of rays; snout tip to anus 527; length from snout tip to dorsal origin 382; length of anal fin base 291. No orbital cirrus; nuchal cirrus simple, on each side, broad based, thin, tapering abruptly to a point so that it is acutely triangular- shaped; nasal cirrus simple, short; snout profile with a forward slant of 20 to 30 degrees; edges of both lips smooth; lateral line with 6 or 7 pores about opposite upper edge of pectoral fin base, ending about % the way out length of pectoral fin; a vertical line through dorsal origin passes through pectoral base and notably behind the pelvic bases; probably no membrane attaching last dorsal ray to upper edge of caudal peduncle; anal origin opposite base of next to last dorsal spine; last anal ray without membrane attaching it to ventral edge of caudal peduncle; pectoral fins reaching to about opposite a third the way along anal fin base; the two flexible anal spines are distinct on the male holotype and tips not swollen; teeth in upper jaw flexible, numerous, those in lower jaw in Ophioblennius stage, with 2 pairs of hooked canines forward and a posterior canine on each side. Color in alcohol.—Body plain whitish; head whitish; except dorsally brownish; middle rays of pectoral fin dark brown, upper and lower edges of fin white. Remarks.—This new species probably is generically distinct from F. minutus but since F. wellsi is in a late Ophioblennius stage we are unable to work out sufficient characters to establish a new genus at this time. J’. wellsi differs from F’. minutus in having a very broad inter- orbital space longer than snout and about equal to eye diameter, whereas in minutus the interorbital space is contained about 3 times in the snout and twice in eye; wellsi has a dark brown pectoral fin and no dusky pigmentation on the head, whereas minutus has a hyaline pectoral fin, and V-shaped bars on under side of head. Named wellsi in honor of Dr. John W. Wells, Geologist, who was at Bikini in 1947, and with whom I (Schultz) spent two pleasant days on the reef at Johnston Island. Genus ALTICUS Cuvier and Valenciennes Alticus Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 11, p. 337, 1836 (type species, Blennius saliens Lacepéde = Salarias alticus Cuvier and Valenciennes). Rupiscartes Swainson, Natural history and classification of fishes . . . , vol. 2, pp. 79, 182, 275, 1839 (type species, Salarias alticus Cuvier and Valen- ciennes). Basilisciscartes FowLEr, Not. Naturae Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, No. 26, p. 2, 1939 (type species, Blennius saliens Lacepéde). Since Alticus semicrenatus Chapman in de Beaufort and Chapman (Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, vol. 9, p. 270, 1951) has BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 367 never been illustrated we are pleased to present an illustration (pl. 119, A, B, C) of the holotype. Lacepéde (p. 479. 1. c.) did not establish the genus Alfcus. That author used the descriptive words, ‘‘Alticus saltatorius, . . .”’ not in the binomial sense. Thus the genus Alticus must date from Cuvier and Valenciennes, not Lacepéde. ALTICUS SALIENS (Lacepéde) Puate 119,D,E,F Blennius saliens Lacnrpn, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 2, p. 479, 1800 (type locality, New Britain; Bougainville). SPECIMENS STUDIED Guam: 2 lots, 5 specimens, 17 to 42 mm. in standard length. Saipan: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 39 mm. Tinian Island: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 33 mm. Agrihan Island: 1 lot, 14 specimens, 21 to 37 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIV,21 to 23 usually 22; anal rays 11,25 to 27 usually 27; pectoral 15; no branched rays in caudal fin; pelvics 1,4; orbital tentacle single, with 2 to 4 cirri on both inner and outer edges; nuchal cirrus absent; a single nasal cirrus on each nostril. Head 4.8 to 5:2; greatest depth 6.0 to 6.4; longest pectoral ray 4.6 to 5.1; snout tip to anus 2.6 to 2.7; anal fin base 1.7 to 1.8; all in standard length. Eye 3.0 to 3.9; snout 2.2 to 2.4; postorbital length of head 1.6 to 1.7; greatest depth of body 1.2 to 1.3; least depth of body 3.0 to 3.2; longest pectoral ray 0.9 to 1.1; longest dorsal spine 2.0 (2) to 1.0 (); all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.4 to 3.0 in eye. Orbital tentacle usually with 1 or 2 cirri on inner side and 2 to 4 on outer edge of otherwise simple dermal tentacle; no nuchal cirrus; nasal cirrus simple, single, short, on upper edge of each nostril; snout profile curved or rounded with a forward slant of about 20 degrees from the vertical; edges of both lips crenulate; lateral line represented by 1 or 2 pores at upper edge of gill opening; vertical line through dorsal origin passes just behind pelvic bases; membrane on posterior side of last soft dorsal and last anal ray obsolete, not attaching to caudal peduncle; anal origin opposite base of fourth or fifth from last dorsal spine; pectoral fins reaching to anus or nearly there; anal spines small, first embedded on females but not on males; tips of anal rays not notably swollen on adult males; posterior pair of canines on lower jaw present, but small; teeth in both jaws fine, very numerous, movable; no vomerine teeth; posterior margin of caudal fin rounded; cephalic crest on adult males well developed, on adult females a low dermal fold. 368 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Color in alcohol—Background coloration brownish or blackish, sides sometimes with about 7 dark bars separated by 2 or 3 vertical whitish streaks; head dusky. Ecology.—This remarkable species has not been taken on the reefs of low coral atolls, but is abundant on islands where pools occur in the lava rocks at the upper tidal level, in areas of strong wave action. There it may be seen skipping about in tiny trickles of water and ascending vertical crevices in the bare face of lava rocks to a height of 8 feet above the water in the pool. It remains out of water for a considerable length of time. Because of its nimbleness in climbing, the species is not easily captured. Remarks.—A. saliens shows a certain amount of variability among the various island groups in the Indo-Pacific. We have not been able to study this variation because of lack of specimens throughout its range. Certain counts were made and these data are recorded in table 116. Certain authors cite ‘“Blennius saliens Forster, Itin. vol. 2, p. 348, 1788, type locality, Tana Island, New Hebrides” as the first use of the scientific name Blennius saliens. I find that no scientific name was used by George Forster in his “Journal of a Voyage Round the World . . .” (vol. 2, p. 343, 1777) when he referred to this blenny. On the page cited he refers to Hawksworth’s ‘Account of the Voyage for Making Discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere” (vol. 3, p. 529, 1773) in regard to this same blenny and in that work, too, no scientific name is applied. Neither in these or in any other publica- tion of Forster have I found the scientific name Blennius saliens. TaBLE 116.—Counts made on Alticus saliens from certain localities Dorsal rays Anal rays Locality ost DEAN BERR: XEV | XV | XVI |! 20 20) 229) 23.1) 245 | a 1259) 26a 427. Marianassislands2 228 2 Sse ee ee 1Sel os seal eee eee 3 | 14 15) = eS 1 | 16 1 Ninafooullsland: 22) See ee 17 OnE ee a SS ee OP e107) 2222/2201 | Peat as 16 Samoan Islands ie 22 = es ee eee 1Gi| See ee SSE al ve 1 | 165) se 8 Andaman Island s2= 28222 3 ee eee 3 4 1 5 i 2 Dh Sse|eo82 8)} 3 | ee PRAEALTICUS, new genus Type species.—Salarias natalis Regan. This new genus is distinguished from all other salariian genera by the key on page 305. Fowler (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 98, p. 176, fig. 40, 1946) described as new from the Ryukyu Islands Salarias schmidti and upon examination of the holotype it was observed to be a male of Praealticus margaritarius (Snyder), whereas Salarias biornt Fowler BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 369 (1946, p. 181, fig. 45) also from the Ryukyu Islands, is a female, and likewise is a synonym of P. margaritarius. Counts are recorded in table 117 for species in the genus Pracalticus. The two species from the Marianas Islands may be separated by means of the following key: la. Edges of both lips smooth; snout and under side of head with V-shaped dusky bars, sometimes indistinct__--.------------ P. natalis (Regan) 1b. Edge of upper lip crenulate, that of lower lip crenulate in middle two-thirds with outer sixth smooth. Snout and underside of head plain dusky. P. amboinensis litteratus, new subspecies TaBLE 117.—Counts made on certain species of Praealticus Dorsal rays Anal rays XII | XIII} 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | II | 18 | 19 | 20 amboinensis amboinensis Philippines-------------------- 1 10} 1 6} 3 Tey 4) 6 1 amboinensis tanegasimae Japan _-..--------------------~]------ 11 QP Bite ed eee | le Wea ee Ola eae amboinensis litteratus Marianas_._....-..----------------|------ 10 1s} (Soak AOpen Gp | sa atalissMianigngs-— 3 eee oo ae ae oe 3 all ROn MRO ees=| aso 10 1 7 2 PRAEALTICUS NATALIS (Regan) PuateE 120,C Salarias natalis ReGcan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 405, 1909 (type locality, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean). SPECIMENS STUDIED Saipan: 1 lot, 1 specimen, 33 mm. in standard length. Guam: 3 lots, 19 specimens, 18 to 35 mm. Rota Island: 1 lot, 10 specimens, 18 to 41 mm. Tinian Island: 1 lot, 2 specimens, 32 to 33 mm, Description.—Dorsal rays XII or XIII,17 or 18; anal I1,18 to 20, usually 11,19; pectoral 15, rarely 14, with lower 4 rays enlarged; branched caudal rays just beginning to branch at about 40 mm. standard length, adults probably with usual 5+4; pelvics I,4; orbital tentacle single, edges with numerous cirri; no nuchal cirrus; nasal cirrus single. Head 3.7 to 4.1; greatest depth 4.8 to 5.0; longest pectoral ray 4.2 to 4.6; snout tip to anus 1.9 to 2.0; anal fin base 2.4 to 2.7; all in standard length. Eye 3.4 to 3.9; snout 2.6 to 2.8; postorbital length of head 1.5 to 1.6; greatest depth of body 1.2 to 1.3; least depth of body 2.6 to 3.0, longest pectoral ray 1.1 to 1.2, longest dorsal spine 2.0 to 2.3; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 1.4 to 2.3 in eye. Orbital tentacle, thin, very broad basally tapering to a point, edges with several to numerous short cirri, its length about % eye diameter; no nuchal cirrus; nasal tentacle short and simple; snout profile rounded; with a somewhat forward slant; edges of both lips smooth; lateral line 370 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 incomplete, ending opposite rear third of pectoral fin, much above midlengthwise axis; vertical line through dorsal origin passes through pectoral base anda little behind pelvic bases; dorsal fin with a deep notch over last dorsal spine; a membrane attaching last dorsal ray with upper edge of caudal peduncle but not with base of caudal fin; anal origin under base of second from last dorsal spine; last anal ray without membrane posteriorly; pectoral fins not reaching to anus, anal spines small, partly embedded in females, and first anal rays of adult males not swollen distally; posterior canine present on each side of lower jaw; teeth fine, very numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; distal margin of caudal fin rounded, cephalic crest of adult males well developed, as high as eye diameter, that of mature adult females very small but present. Color in aleohol—Background coloration whitish or light tan, with about 6 vertical light brown double bars; these more or less joined in dorsal half of body; snout with a pair of light brown streaks crossing lip and ending as a small spot at tip of chin; another light brown streak below eye across lips ending on under side of chin but not join- ing its fellow from opposite side; two other light brown streaks, one from under rear of eye across corner of mouth and another from be- hind eye across cheek, both ending on underside of head but not joining their fellow from other side; the last light brown streak ex- tends from opercle across middle of branchiostegal rays thence con- tinues along isthmus just behind edge of gill membranes; base of pec- toral with a small brownish spot; dorsal with light brown streaks, anal plain whitish to dusky distally; midbasal part of caudal fin with a small brown spot with pale center. TC MBE f tye jt , Uf PEM LALA Lh LEE RE LER SE 7 Se bee acento tales se Ne ES MEAL Se Ls Ficure 126.—Praealticus amboinensis litteratus, new subspecies, holotype, USNM 124116, from Guam. Drawn by Dorothea B. Schultz. PRAEALTICUS AMBOINENSIS LITTERATUS, new subspecies FicurE 126 Holotype—USNM 124116, Guam, Ypao Point, August 9, 1945, D. H. Johnson, standard length 41 mm., adult male. BLENNIIDAE: SALARIINAE—-SCHULTZ AND CHAPMAN 371 Paratypes—USNM 111875, Guam, Ypao Point, August 9, 1945, D. H. Johnson, 5 specimens, 38 to 47 mm.; USNM 124120, Guam, Oca Point, June 19, 1945, D. H. Johnson, 3 specimens, 27 to 31 mm.; USNM 124343, Saipan, June 1945, White, 1 specimen, 39 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XIII,17 to 19; anal I1,18 or 19; pectoral 15 occasionally 14; tips of 2 or 3 middle caudal fin rays sometimes branched on adults; pelvics 1,4; orbital tentacle over each eye; no nuchal cirrus; nasal cirrus single, simple. Certain measurements were made on the holotype and one female paratype; these data are recorded, respectively, in thousandths of the standard length, which are 41 and 38.2 mm.: Length of head 232 and 235; greatest depth 195 and 204; least depth of body 78 and 79; post- orbital length of head 165 and 141; diameter of eye 54 and 58; length of snout 95 and 84; fleshy interorbital space 17 and 26; length of or- bital tentacle 129 and 58; longest dorsal spine 146 and 110; longest dorsal soft ray 159 and 131; longest anal ray 127 and 97; longest pec- toral ray 210 and 215; longest pelvic ray 139 and 147; longest caudal ray 224 and 215; snout tip to anus 468 and 464; snout tip to dorsal origin 244 and 223; length of anal base 444 and 393. Head 4.2 to 4.5; greatest depth 5.1 to 5.2; longest pectoral ray 4.3 to 4.7; snout tip to anus 2.1 to 2.2; anal fin base 2.2 to 2.3; all in standard length. Eye 3.2 to 3.9; snout 2.3 to 2.8; postorbital length of head 1.5 to 1.8; greatest depth of body 1.2 to 1.3; least depth of body 3.0 to 3.1; longest pectoral ray 1.0 to 1.1; longest dorsal spine 1.6 to 2.1; all in length of head. Fleshy interorbital space 2.5 to 3.5 in eye. Orbital tentacle broad and thin, ribbonlike, near end tapering to a point, edges with several tiny cirri; orbital tentacle on adult males 2 to 2% times eye diameter, on adult females only about half eye diam- eter; no nuchal cirrus; nasal tentacle short, simple; snout profile rounded, with a somewhat forward slant; edge of upper lip crenulate, that of lower lip crenulate in middle % with outer sixth smooth; lateral line with several pores over pectoral fin, ending about opposite % the way towards tip of pectoral fin; vertical line through dorsal origin passes through rear edge of pelvic base; dorsal fin with a deep notch over last dorsal spine; membrane behind last dorsal fin ray only basally and connecting to upper edge of caudal peduncle; anal origin under base of fourth from last dorsal spine; last anal ray without membrane posteriorly; pectoral fins almost reaching to anus; anal spines small, first embedded in females; tips of anal spines in adults not swollen; posterior canine present on each side of lower jaw; teeth fine, very numerous, movable, of equal size in both jaws; distal margin of caudal fin rounded; cephalic crest well developed in adult males, 372 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 its height about half length of its base, females lack any trace of cephalic crest. Color in alcohol—Background coloration light tan or gray; sides with 6 or 7 double bars; base of caudal fin with a small dusky spot; upper sides sometimes with scattered brownish specks; a small dusky spot on membrane between first two dorsal spines; soft dorsal fin with oblique dusky streaks extending distally from basal dark spots corre- sponding with vertical dark bars; anal dusky, snout and sides of head with 4 pair of vertical light dusky bars, margined with darker edges; underside of head often with 3 V-shaped narrow dusky streaks that do not meet in midventral line, interspaces white, tip of chin some- times dusky; adult males usually plain dusky on underside of head and vertical streaks usually replaced by plain dusky. 4 Ficure 127.—Pracalticus amboinensis tanegasimae (Jordan and Starks), holotype, USNM 53274, after Jordan and Starks. Remarks.—This new subspecies is closest to amboinensis and is re- lated to tanegasimae of Japan. It is distinguished from its close rela- tives by the following key: la. Orbital tentacle broad, thin, ribbonlike, edges with minute cirri, with 2 to 3 minute cirri forming the distal end or tip. 2a. Adult females with a low dermal ridge representing the cephalic crest; underside of head usually plain dusky, rarely, even on young females, with indications of V-shaped dusky streaks; adult males with plain dusky heads and front of snout rarely showing dusky bars; figure 127. (Japan and Okinawa.) P. amboinensis tanegasimae (Jordan and Starks) 2b. No indication of cephalic ridge or crest on adult females; underside of head usually with 3 pairs of V-shaped dusky streaks not meeting along midventral line; adult males usually with plain dusky heads; and front of snout may show dusky bars. (East Indies, Philippines.) P. amboinensis amboinensis (Bleeker) 1b. Orbitat tentacle broad, thin ribbonlike, edges with minute cirri, distal end or tip tapering to a simple point; no indication of cephalic crest on adult females; underside of head usually with 3 pairs of V-shaped dusky streaks; adult males usually with plain dusky heads; ventrally and front of snout may show dusky bars. (Marianas Islands.) P. amboinensis litteratus, new subspecies Subfamily BLENNIINAE By Leonarp P. ScHuitz The number of specimens from the Marshall Islands belonging to this subfamily of blennies was not an adequate basis for a detailed study. The specimens have been identified with considerable care, but with no monograph on this group available for reference, some names older than the ones used may exist. My search of the litera- ture reveals nearly one hundred species that have been described and referred to this subfamily, but descriptions of several of these species are so inadequate that they cannot be referred to any genus with certainty. I am unable to identify one small specimen, 11 mm. in standard length, from Eniwetok Atoll. It is just passing from the Ophioblen- nius to the adult stage, being farther along in the latter. Norman (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11, vol. 10, pp. 796-806, 1943) is followed in regard to recognition of genera, with the exception of Aspidontus, which I have divided into two genera on the basis of the characters given in the following key (modified after Norman): la. Dorsal rays XI or XII,13 to 15; anal II,14 to 17; depth of body 3 to 3% in standard length; interorbital width % to 34 diameter of eye; gill opening entirely above base of pectoral fin; incisorlike teeth of both jaws about equal in number, or about 20 to 34 in each jaw_ Petroscirtes Rippell 1b. Dorsal rays IV to XII,17 to 38; anal II,16 to 32, depth of body 4 to 7% in standard length; interorbital width in adults nearly equal to or greater than diameter of the eye. 2a. Gill opening extending downwards in front of the. base of pectoral fin rays; dorsal fin soft rays 26 to 38, anal soft rays 22 to 32. 3a. Pectoral rays normally 14; incisorlike teeth of lower jaw approximately equal in number and in size to those of upper jaw. Aspidontus Quoy and Gaimard 3b. Pectoral rays normally 12; incisorlike teeth of lower jaw approximately twice or nearly twice as numerous and about half as wide as those LUPO a Weeaes =) eae Na Runula Jordan and Bollman 2b. Gill opening entirely above the base of the pectoral fin; dorsal soft rays 17 to 28; anal soft rays 15 to 20. 4a. Upper vrofile of head descending steeply, the snout shorter than eye; dorsal fin with IV to VIII spines; anterior edge of the lower jaw transversalliysrounded ss seem e ee eee Meiacanthus Norman 4b. Upper profile of the head not steep, often nearly horizontal, snout as long as or longer than eye; dorsal fin with about XI spines; anterior edge of the lower jaw transversely truncate. Dasson Jordan and Hubbs 18 Not yet found in northern Marshall Islands. 373 374 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Genus PETROSCIRTES Riippell Petroscirtes Rtpreti, Atlas zu der Reise im nérdlichen Afrika . . ., Fische des rothen Meers, vol. 4, p. 110, 1828 (type species, Petroscirtes mitratus Rtippell). PETROSCIRTES MITRATUS Riippell PLatTE 120,A Petroscirtes mitratus Ripre vy, Atlas zu der Reise im noérdlichen Afrika .. ., Fische des rothen Meers, vol. 4, p. 111, pl. 28, fig. 1, 1828 (type locality, Red Sea). SPECIMEN STUDIED Eniwetok Atoll, Ebiriru Island, August 8, 1949, Univ. of Washington, 1 speci- men, 27 mm. standard length. Description.—Dorsal rays X1,14; anal II,14; pectoral 14-14, pelvics I,3-1,3, no branched caudal rays; underside of head with two pairs of broad thin dermal cirri; teeth in jaws about 32 above and 32 below; gill opening does not extend down in front of any of the pectoral rays; eye with a dermal cirrus; other dermal cirri on rim of bony orbit. Head 3.2; greatest depth 3.8; longest pectoral ray 4.8; snout tip to anus 1.8; all in standard length. Eye 2.7; snout 3.4; postorbital part of head 2.3; least depth of body 2.6; greatest depth 1.25; length from snout tip to rear of mouth, or rictus 4.0; width of gill opening 6.5; longest dorsal spine (second) 1.5; all in length of head. Bony interorbital space in eye 2.7. Kye in snout 0.8. Lips without folds; canines in both jaws greatly enlarged; teeth of jaws firm, immovable, of equal size in both jaws; dentigerous edge of both jaws transversely rounded; mouth subterminal, snout scarcely in front of toothed part of upper jaw; anterior nostrils tubular, posterior nostrils in a raised rim; distance between pair on each side contained about 10 times in eye; rear nasal pore a little in front of a vertical line at front of eye; vertical line through dorsal origin passes about one-half a pupil diameter behind eye; eighth or ninth pectoral ray from dorsal edge longest; gill opening not quite as wide as pupil of eye, not extending below dorsal edge of pectoral fin base; first and second dorsal rays a little longer than fourth or fifth; last ray of both dorsal and anal fins membranously attached to caudal peduncle; lateral line present, incomplete, ending a little in front of a vertical line through first soft dorsal ray. Color in alcohol.—Background coloration light dusky, with some whitish blotches dorsally; dorsal fin with indications of about 6 dusky bars; a few dusky spots on base of pectoral; at base of outer or first pelvic ray is a dusky spot; dermal cirri dusky. Remarks.—Additional counts were made on 5 specimens of P. mitratus from the Philippine Islands as follows: Dorsal rays XI,15; X1,14; XI15. X1,15; and X13. “Anal 16; ia Sn a. BLENNIIDAE: BLENNIINAE—SCHULTZ 375 and 11,14. Pectoral rays 14-14; 15-15; 15-15; 14-14; and 14-15. Pelvics always 1,3. Teeth in both jaws varied from 30 to 34. Genus ASPIDONTUS Quoy and Gaimard Aspidontus Quoy and Gaimard, Voyage de . . . l’Astrolabe . . . , Zoologie, vol. 3, p. 719, pl. 19, fig. 4, 1834 (type species, Aspidontus taeniatus Quoy and Gaimard). Counts are recorded in table 118 for certain species in this genus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ASPIDONTUS FOUND IN THE MARSHALL ISLANDS la. Gill opening extending down to lower edge of base of pectoral fin; first rays of spiny dorsal notably elongate; dark streaks from eye along middle Of sidésl =? = aes A. filamentosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 1b. Gill opening not extending beyond base of eleventh pectoral ray, counting from dorsal edge; first rays of spiny dorsal fin not notably elongate. 2a. Gill opening extends to opposite bases of pectoral rays 5 to 8; an intensely black lateral band from snout tip through eye, broadening poste- riorly, sharply contrasting with pale above and below, or band faded and with only the dark edges showing behind eye. A. taeniatus Quoy and Gaimard 2b. Gill opening extends to opposite base of pectoral rays 9 to 11; background coloration light brown usually with 8 or 9 vertical dark brown bars that continue on both dorsal and anal fins, dark bars separated by palersinterspages = 02 Wa) tel koe A. fluctuans (Weber) ASPIDONTUS TAENIATUS Quoy and Gaimard Piate 106,F Aspidontus taeniatus Quoy and Garmarp, Voyage de .. ., l’Astrolabe ... , Zoologie, vol. 3, p. 719, pl. 19, fig. 4, 1834 (type locality, Guam; northern Guinea). Petroscirtes taeniatus GiNtHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 4, pt. 13, p. 195, pl. 114, fig. A, 1877 (Tahiti). Petroscirtes azureus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish, vol. 25 (1905), p. 482, fig. 109, 1906 (type locality, Apia, Samoa). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: 3 stations, 4 specimens, 47 to 85 mm. in standard length. Rongerik Atoll: 1 station, 2 specimens, 82 to 90 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XI,27 or 28, anal II,25; pectoral 14; pelvics I,3; no branched caudal ray; under side of mouth with 3 to 5 dermal tentacles; small teeth in lower jaw 25 or 26; gill opening extends down in front of base of 5th to 7th pectoral fin ray. ; Head (measured from tip of anteriormost projection of snout to rear of fleshy gill cover) 3.9; greatest depth 5.1 to 6.0; longest pectoral ray 6.9 to 7.0; snout tip to anus 2.1; all in standard length. Hye 4.7 to 4.8; snout 3.0 to 3.1; postorbital part of head 2.0; least depth of body 2.3 to 2.5; greatest depth 1.3 to 1.4; length from snout tip to rear of mouth or rictus 3.5 to 3.6; width of gill opening 4.4 to 4.6; 16 Not yet collected in Marshall Islands. 422142—60——_25 Vol. 2 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 376 a ee eS SS eile ~[o-os-[o-" l=" ="="goyaUhysoulys oy Bp cell me coo, | a | eee ~--"=-gisuapMma *Yy Sil aren [coat waa ee lea eae ee Seq | ty ---puosoujadn) “ay eg mal oa g le |Geaceen eave UcD AT pale ae a 2 Toe tee te ee SOLUS oF cc oe alae ti age | tery ies ~“snsojuaunjyyl raat MPS Teae lee to ee OND UI? “Pa ptt fort spueyst eurddyiqd QuyeE. We eae sae “““Spus[sy [[B4sle Ql suvnony “W ptlet|zt}ir{or}6|8)2)/ 919 | & | PL] Sl] or] IL | se} 2e| Te | 08 | 62 | $2 | £2 | 98 | G2 | IT} 28 | 9 | SE | FE | CE | SE | TE | O€ | Ge | 8% 2G |IX| X |XITIIA IIA [v10}097 [suy [esloq so1oadg (a3p9 [eslop Woy Sutjunoo) shel yeiojood Jo saseq ee a ee ap hoes el ee JO yUOJJ UT WMOP Spudzxe suluado [IH sAvl ULT See aS el wil cal ual lee | il ere | a =| S5| oo gan | TEE Sal bec C ea ee -““B0YyIUAYsOUIYs “ ---|---|---]---|---]---]---|---]---]---]---|---|-- sro me | im [ai a ee i ae sisuapma “Y anoleen| eee me eal a ates aoe e oo eae ae cet eaie cclmini o eee ae cee DULosoUurad Dn} “2 Sea cie Same Hi gTe cae |e eal esc Rae a Se | ee | cam a ae | | aac | ee ee paqvzD “ay -<-|===|>--|===|——a) 4) —--|-2e === |= ~ =| oa ane | Son me aa onan a anne ene ene suaburs *Y ~--|--=|=~-|---|=--|==6|---| <= |---|o=-|--=|-=-|=-e}on-]) polly Jaws |aecanmceesenenss ~“snsoquauopiyf “Y mae ene) een |e mel me ime el el | a cae nia oie ae ae 8njDlUuan) “W naa|---|--5|--=[--a[- aa |eo=|- ses S. laddi, new species 406 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 2b. Pectoral rays 19 to 22; dorsal 8; anal 7; usually 2 or 3 spiny points on preopercular spine. 3a. Spiny dorsal fin with 3 or 4 distinct black ocellate spots; characteristic dark brown and white bars on body_--------- S. ocellatus Pallas 3b. Spiny dorsal without black ocellate spots, instead narrow black streaks mostly parallel with fin rays; head and body with numerous brown spots but body lacking dark brown and white bars. S. morrisoni, new species 1b. Pectoral rays 23 to 32. 4q.. Pectoral Trays(2o: 0fe242 352 S28 eee S. delandi Fowler and S. zaspilus (Herre) 4b. Pectoral rays 20'to 322-2 22h. 5 tO _ Doeh sh ieee S. picturatus (Peters) and 8S. splendidus (Herre) Ficure 131.—Synchiropus laddi, new species, holotype, USNM 141127, from Bikini Atoll. Drawn by Dorothea B. Schultz SYNCHIROPUS LADDI, new species FicureE 131 Holotype —USNM 141127, a male specimen, 24.3 mm., standard length, from Bikini Atoll, Bikini Island, ocean reef, March 22, S-46-15, Schultz and Brock. Paratypes.—USNM 141128, Bikini Atoll, Cherry Island, ocean reef, April 18, S-46-98, Schultz, 2 specimens, 8 to 14 mm.; USNM 141129, Bikini Atoll, Reere Island, lagoon reef, August 12, 5-36-3382, Herald and Brock, 1 specimen, 23mm.; USNM 141130, Rongelap Atoll, Yugui Island, ocean reef, July 31, S-46-304, Herald, 2 speci- mens, 15 and 16 mm.; USNM 141132, Rongerik Atoll, Bock Island, ocean reef, June 27, S-46-237, Schultz and Herald, 8 specimens, 15 to 22 mm.; USNM 141131, Eniwetok Atoll, Rigili Island, lagoon reef, May 30, S-46-189, Schultz, 1 specimen, 20 mm. Description.—The following counts were made on the holotype and paratype, respectively: Dorsal rays IV—viii,1 and IV-—viu,1; anal vii,l and vii,l; pectoral ii,16-ii,16 and ii1,15-1,15; pelvies I,5 FAMILY CALLIONYMIDAE—SCHULTZ 407 and J,5; branched caudal 4+3 and 4+3; pelvic membrane attached to opposite base of 5-5 and 4-4 pectoral rays counting from dorsal edge of pectoral fin; number of dorsal and terminal spines on pre- opercular spine 5+5 and 4+4. (See table 119.) The following precision measurements were made on the holotype and one female paratype and these data are recorded in thousandths of the standard length, 24.3 and 18.7 mm., respectively: Length of head from tip of snout to rear tip of preopercular spine 313 and 305; greatest depth of body 144 and 123; least depth of caudal peduncle 66 and 59; snout 82 and 96; bony interorbital space 8 and 11; eye 95 and 96; postorbital length of head to rear tip of preopercular spine 140 and 134; length of caudal peduncle from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin 202 and 214; snout tip to origin of first dorsal 288 and 300 and to anal origin 535 and 535; length of first dorsal spine 535 and 182; longest soft dorsal ray 272 and 150; longest pectoral ray 267 and 251; longest pelvic ray 333 and 364; longest caudal fin ray 300 and 273; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 82 and 75; length of preopercular spine from its dorsal base to the tip 66 and 64. Head depressed, snout with moderately steep profile, flattish dorsally; premaxillary retracts so that it is equal with tip of snout; teeth in a villiform band on both jaws, wider near tips; no teeth on vomer or palatines; no free dermal opercular flap; preopercular spine moderately long, with 3 or 4 small spines on dorsal edge in addition to the terminal tip which curves or is hooked dorsally; no basal antrorse spine on preopercular spine; gill opening a small foramen on dorsal side of opercule; the membrane connecting pelvic fin with pectoral base does so opposite base of fourth or fifth (rarely third) ray from dorsal edge of pectoral fin; lateral line single, simple, dorsally located and arched over length of pectoral fin; maxillary at rear edge not semitubular in shape, and no lobe; no orbital tentacle. Color in alcohol—Males are plain pale with a few dark pigment spots on sides, sometimes indistinct; 2 pairs of tiny black dots are persistent and very characteristic, one below base of preopercular spine between fourth and fifth branchiostegal rays, the other on lower part of pectoral fin base a little behind and above base of last pelvic ray; sides of head and branchiostegal membranes with 8 rather indistinct lines of dark pigment; cheek with two dark pigmented areas, and another just behind and below rear corner of maxillary; upper part of pectoral base with a darkish pigmented spot; soft dorsal fin with lengthwise dark streaks; spiny dorsal with dark pigment streaks, more or less parallel with rays; anal darkish; caudal with scattered dark pigment. Females plain pale, scarcely any traces of pigment where the most distinct marks occurred on the males. 4221426027 Vol, 2 NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 U.S. 408 Srey lees [Sante |e eile ae ea re men] elt Real al ee aS De eel ce ae | eee 1 | allied Se et Dae eee ET Tle eae ae ie [Fico | cece elt eee iris | in| aes | iran ana ical (gee lore ears ci Ue career TO Swi: wists eics s|( See Rema imran Gemaie cent 16 T To \eertsca tonearm |e at | | Sag cen ye et ale eel eee ea] ee ee Gy Alicees | sate OF ee see alee rate ach ges Lal Soares ee Sealab eta) ee learsimcatie el Be |b eo | mamta lise dione | ahem | ccna Geta tas ally cee mY te nl oe | ee namie Go MIS con Pat en cee AD loreal ere ne Sele (sel mI SE ie Ce | BR SiG: Simei eS paar yea fe Foe | rece lian | ea to aa | ais | RL OS! eee: me omeess| Opes | ie pie ON elem ray CI EHO Gs eSe Leet Oo ee eS eG ot Sl Ziel Osos eh Nea Sa) Con Te: FOS: (OL ST yest 8 | Le 06) 8a Lei AT 1810}00q [suy [esi0g espe [esiop mol Avi [e10}00d Jo oseq oj]soddo sujof suviqmiewm uy oJ4le9g | outds Jefno1edoeid uo syurod Aujdg = el UL] FMR Seah eo a4s1qq0o snuhuoj09 agen ae §n307]990 sndosyoulig ae 1wosiisow sndosyoulg Gace nee ippoy sndoiyoulg Ta aan srsuaudsob snuunsbojduT soroedg oevprurAuolyeyg fo savvads urpjiao uo apo syun0jD—‘6IT ATV], FAMILY CALLIONYMIDAE—SCHULTZ 409 Ecology.—This species occurred on the reefs associated with coral heads and sandy bottoms. Remarks.—This is the only species of Synchiropus with two dis- tinctive and persistent tiny black spots on males, one on membrane between branchiostegal rays 4 and 5 and the otber at lower base of pectoral fin, along with 9 soft dorsal and 8 anal rays. Named in honor of Dr. H. S. Ladd, U. 8. Geological Survey, who was at Bikini in 1946 and again in 1947. Figure 132.—Synchiropus morrisoni, new species, holotype, USNM 141126, from Bikini Atoll. Drawn by Dorothea B. Schultz. SYNCHIROPUS MORRISONI, new species FIicureE 132 Holotype-—USNM 141126, a female 43 mm. in standard length, Bikini Atoll, Arji Island, lagoon coral head, 20 to 40 feet depth, August 7, S-46-308, Herald and Brock. Description.—Only specimen known, dorsal rays IV-8; anal vi,1; pectoral ii,19,i-1ii,17,1; pelvics I,5; branched caudal 4+3; pelvic membrane connects with pectoral base opposite eleventh or twelfth ray from dorsal edge of base; number of dorsal and terminal spines on preopercular spine 3+3. (See table 119.) The following precision measurements made on the holotype are expressed in thousandths of the standard length which is 43 mm.: Length of head from tip of snout to rear tip of preopercular spine 320; greatest depth of body 186; least depth of caudal peduncle 105; snout 81; bony interorbital space 19; eye 105; postorbital length of head to rear tip of preopercular spine 167; length of caudal peduncle from base of last anal ray to midbase of caudal fin 198; snout tip to origin of first dorsal 319; snout to anal origin 534; length of first dorsal spine 202; longest soft dorsal ray 198; longest pectoral ray 253; longest pelvic ray 307; longest caudal ray 349; tip of snout to rear edge of maxillary 81; length of preopercular spine from its dorsal base to the tip 77. 410 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Head depressed, snout with steep profile, slightly concave just in front of and between eyes; premaxillary retracts so that snout tip and front of premaxillary are equal; teeth in a villiform band in both jaws, this band widest at front of jaws; vomer and palatines edentulous; no free dermal flap at rear of opercle; preopercular spine moderately elongate, with 2 dorsally directed spines and the terminal preopercular point curved a little upward on one side, straight on the other; no antrorse basal spine on preopercular spine; gill opening a small fora- men on dorsal side of opercle; the membrane connecting pelvic with pectoral base joins opposite eleventh or twelfth rays downward from dorsal edge of pectoral fin; lateral line single and simple, running a dorsally located course; maxillary at rear edge not semitubular with a lobe; no orbital tentacle. Color in alcohol.—Background color pale brownish, head and body spotted everywhere with numerous small, distinct dark brown spots; under side of head light brownish; cheeks with a few brown spots; pelvic fin with two brownish cross bands and some brown specks; pectoral irregularly barred; spiny dorsal with alternating vertical pale and black streaks; soft dorsal with lengthwise dark brown or black streaks; anal and caudal fins barred with dark brown spots; pectoral base blackish. Ecology.—This specimen was found in 20 to 40 feet of water, over a sand and coral-head bottom. Remarks.—This species is nearest ocellatus but differs in lacking black ocellated spots in the dorsal fin and lacks the distinct brown and white bars on the body found in that species. The membrane from pelvic fin connects opposite base of the eleventh and twelfth pectoral rays from dorsal edge in morrisoni instead of the seventh to tenth as in ocellatus. Soft dorsal rays 8, and anal 7, in morrisoni whereas in laddi they are 9 and 8 respectively. Named in honor of Dr. J. P. E. Morrison, associate curator of mollusks, U.S. National Museum, who spent the summers of 1946 and 1947 at Bikini. Suborder SCOMBRINA Family SCOMBRIDAE: Tunas By Lronarp P. Scuuttz The following key should be useful in identifying the tuna and tuna- like fishes of the northern Marshall Islands: la. Two lateral lines; dorsal rays about XII,III, 6 to 8-7; anal about III,8 or 9-6; pectoral rays ii,23 or 24; gill rakers about 4+1+15; vomer, pal- atines, and tongue with a large patch of villiform teeth. Grammatorcynus bilineatus (Riippell) FAMILY SCOMBRIDAE—SCHULTZ 411 1b. A single lateral line more or less running a dorsal course. 2a. Body greatly elongate, greatest depth about 6 to 7 and head 4 to 5 in length to fork of tail; dorsal rays about XXIV,III,8—9; anal about III,8-9; pectoral about ii,20; gill rakers represented by rough places on gill arch, none elongate; sides of body with numerous narrow pale or whiteish bars indistinct dorsally; skin very finely scaled; vomer and palatines with villiform patches of teeth, none on tongue; teeth in jaws, triangular, very close-set. Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 2b. Greatest depth of body fewer than 6 and head fewer than 4.5 in length to fork of tail; dorsal spines about XII to XV. 3a. Tongue toothless, each side with a low but distinct cutaneous fold, with space between concave; soft dorsal and anal fins not white tipped. 4a. Lower sides silvery with 4 or more dark streaks, or bands; back usually with some short vertical pale bars; vomer toothless, palatines with a row of fine teeth; gill rakers on first gill arch about 18+1-+37; pectoral rays about ii,26. Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus) 4b. Lower sides without dark lengthwise streaks, or bands; gill rakers on first gill arch 7 or 8+1+20 to 25. 5a. Usually numerous pale or whitish narrow vertical lines or bars, or a series of white dots on sides; fins bright yellow; gill rakers _usually 8+1+20 to 22; dorsal rays XIII-III,11 or 12-9; anal III,10—8; pectoral rays ii,383 to 35; vomer with a patch of villiform teeth, those of palatines in a single or very narrow row; pectoral fin length 3 to 3% in standard length. Neothunnus albacora macropterus (Temminck and Schlegel) 5b. No vertical pale lines or bars; obliquely ascending dark bands above lateral line; area between pectoral and pelvic fins usually with 1 to 5 black spots; a black blotch below border of eye; gill rakers 7 or 8+1+24 or 25; dorsal rays X V-III,8 or 9-8; anal IIJ,10~7; vomer and palatines with a few tiny teeth in a single or very narrow row; pectoral fin length 6 to 6% in standard length. Euthynnus affinis yaito Kishinouye 3b. Tongue with a villiform patch of teeth on each side of a naked midline; no cutaneous fold on tongue; fins generally blackish with a white tip on soft dorsal and anal fin; no pale or dark streaks on body; gill rakers about 1+1-+11; dorsal rays XV,ITI,10—7; anal III,10-6; pectoral rays about ii,25; vomer toothless; palatines with villiform té@the a Se ee ie Gymnosarda nuda Ginther Genus GRAMMATORCYNUS Gill Grammatorcynus Gi, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 125, 1862 (type species, Thynnus bilineatus Riippell). GRAMMATORCYNUS BILINEATUS (Riippell) PuaTE 123,A Thynnus bilineatus RiippEtL, Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abysinnien gehorig, Fische, p. 39, pl. 12, fig. 2, 1835 (type locality, Red Sea). 412 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202, Vol. 2 SPECIMENS STUDIED Northern Marshall Islands, 1946, commercial fishermen, 4 specimens, USNM 140986, 490 to 590 mm. to fork of caudal fin, saved from the ship wrecked in Halfmoon Bay, Calif. (see vol. 1, p. xxi), now in a very poor state of preservation. Bikini Atoll, Lagoon off Bikini Island to entrance at Enyu Island, book and line, March 11 to 31, S-46-2, Brock, Marr, Schultz, and crew of U.S. 8. Bowditch, 2 specimens, 485 and 525 mm.; Bikini lagoon, general region of channels to lee- ward, trolling, hook and line, and spearing, April 1 to May 7, S—46—72, crew, officers, scientists on U. S. S. Bowditch, 5 specimens, USNM and CNHM, 403 to 477 mm.; Ruji Channel, surface trolling, April 6, S-46-90, Brock, 1 specimen, 400 mm. Description.—Dorsal rays XII, ITI, 6 to 8-7; anal rays III,8 or 9-6; pectoral 11,23 or 24; pelvics I,5; gill rakers 4-++-1+15 on first gill arch. Greatest depth 4.8 to 5.3; length of head 4.5 to 4.8; length of pectoral fin 8.2 to 8.8; length of base of first dorsal 3.9 to 4.3; snout tip to soft dorsal origin 1.7 to 1.8; all in length from tip of snout to fork of caudal fin, or “crutch.” Eye 4.5 to 4.7; snout 2.6 to 2.7; tip of snout to rear of maxilary 2.1; interorbital space 3.0 to 3.2; length of pectoral fin 1.7 to 1.8; longest (first) dorsal spine 2.5 to 3.0; longest soft dorsal ray 2.6, soft analray 2.5; longest pelvic ray 2.9 to 3.0; all in length of head to rear edge of fleshy operculum. Body elongate, fusiform, skin with scales; corselet indistinct; both jaws with strong teeth; a large villiform patch of teeth on vomer and palatines; tongue with a large villiform patch of teeth; two lateral lines, the dorsal one extending from upper edge of gill opening along contour of back, the ventral one abruptly curving downward under pectoral fin then following the ventral contour of body to base of caudal peduncle; first or second dorsal spine longest; posterior margin of preopercle concave; maxillary reaches to opposite front of pupil; interorbital space first convex, then central part a little concave; diameter of eye along the lengthwise axis of body 2.8 to 3.1 in length of pectoral and 2.0 to 2.2 in length of maxillaries. Color in alcohol.—Back blackish to bluish, paler ventrally. Genus ACANTHOCYBIUM Gill Acanthocybium Giuu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 14, p. 125, 1862 (type species, Cybium sara Bennett). ACANTHOCYBIUM SOLANDRI (Cuvier and Valenciennes) PuaTE 121,B Cybium solandri Cuv1iER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 8, p. 192, 1831 (type locality, open seas). SPECIMENS STUDIED Northern Marshall Islands, 1946, commercial fishermen, 8 specimens, USNM 140979. Only the 8 heads were saved from the wrecked ship in Halfmoon Bay, Calif. (see vol. 1, p. xxi), and these were in a bad state of preservation; thus, it FAMILY SCOMBRIDAE—SCHULTZ 413 was not possible to compare A. cybiwm with A. forbesi Seale from the Philippines and determine if it represents another species. Marianas Islands, Rota Island, off Sosan Isthmus, October 1945, Markley, 1 specimen, USNM 123740, 930 mm. Description.—(Rota Island specimen): Dorsal rays XXIV,IIT,8-9; anal III,8-9; pectoral 11,20; pelvics I,5; gill rakers on first gill arch undeveloped. Greatest depth 6.7; length of head 4.6; length of pectoral fin 9.7; length of base of first dorsal 2.8; snout tip to soft dorsal origin 1.6; all in length from tip of snout to fork of caudal fin, or “crutch.” Eye 9.2; snout 2.0; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.0; interorbital space 3.8; length of pectoral fin 2.2; longest dorsal (second) spine 3.3; longest soft ray of dorsal 4.5; and of anal 4.5; longest pelvic ray 3.8; all in length of head to rear edge of fleshy operculum. Body greatly elongate, fusiform, skin with extremely minute scales, corselet around pectoral fin and on back; both jaws with strong, close- set triangular teeth; vomer and palatines each with an elongate patch of villiform teeth; tongue flat, broad, without teeth; lateral line single, abruptly decurved behind pectoral fin, thence extending along mid- axis of body in a more or less wavy course; dorsal spines not abruptly shorter posteriorly; the second or longest is only a little longer than sixth from last; posterior margin of preopercle truncate and coarsely fringed; maxillary reaches to under front of eye; interorbital strongly convex; diameter of eye along the lengthwise axis of body 4.0 in the length of pectoral fin and 4.7 in length of maxillaries. Color in alecohol.—Back blackish to bluish black ; sides with numerous pale or whitish vertica] bars, fading dorsally. Genus KATSUWONUS Kishinouye Katsuwonus KisHinouyk, Suisan Gakkwai Ho (Proc. Sci. Fish. Assoc.) vol. 1, p. 21, 1915 (type species, Scomber pelamis Linnaeus). KATSUWONUS PELAMIS (Linnaeus) PLATE 122,B Scomber pelamis LINNAEUS, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 297, 1758 (type locality, tropical seas). SPECIMENS STUDIED Although numerous specimens of this species were taken, all but one were lost in the ship wrecked in Halfmoon Bay, Calif. (See vol. 1, p. xxi), and that speci- men was so badly disintegrated that it was destroyed. Description.—(Based on a specimen from Japan): Dorsal rays XV,III,12-8; anal I1I,12—7; pectoral 11,26; pelvics I,5; gill rakers on first gill arch 18+1+37. Greatest depth 4.0; length of head 3.7; length of pectoral fin 8.0; length of base of first dorsal fin 4.0; snout tip to soft dorsal origin 1.7; all in length to fork of tail. Eye 6.5; 414 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 snout 3.5; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.7; interorbital space 3.9; length of pectoral fin 2.2; longest (first or second) dorsal spine 2.2; longest soft dorsal ray 3.9, soft anal ray 4.1; longest pelvic ray 2.5; all in length of head to rear edge of fleshy operculum. Body fusiform, skin smooth, naked except for corselet, which occurs on breast, around pectoral fin to spiny dorsal, thence to front of soft dorsal; teeth in jaws small numerous, hooked inward; vomer toothless; palatines with tiny teeth in a single row or a very narrow band; tongue toothless, with a low cutaneous fold on each side, space between concave; lateral line arched and curving to midlength- wise axis of body opposite base of soft dorsal; margin of preopercle rounded; maxillary reaches nearly to opposite front of pupil; inter- orbital space strongly convex; diameter of eye 3.0 in pectoral fin and 2.5 in maxillaries. Color in alcohol—Back bluish black, with some light-colored vertical bars; lower sides silvery with a few lengthwise dark streaks or bands slanting dorsally towards caudal peduncle. Genus NEOTHUNNUS Kishinouye Neothunnus Kisuinovuye, Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ., Tokyo, vol. 8, No. 3, p. 445, 1923 (type species, Thynnus macropterus Temminck and Schlegel). NEOTHUNNUS ALBACORA MACROPTERUS (Temminck and Schlegel) PLaTE 122,A Thynnus albacora Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, p. 77, 1839 (Madeira). Thynnus macropterus TEMMINCK AND SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, pt. 3, pd 98, pl. 51, 1844 (type locality, Nagasaki). f SPECIMENS STUDIED Tropical North Pacific Ocean, lat. 20°17'45’’ N., long. 162°28’45’”" W., March 2, 1946, S—46-1, commercial fishermen on U.S.S. Bowditch, 1 specimen USNM 140984, 450 mm. to fork of caudal fin, or “crutch.” Bikini Atoll, Lagoon and leeward channels, April 1-24, S-46-72 crew of U.S.S. Bowditch and Schultz, 1 specimen USNM 140985, 600 mm. Marianas Islands, Rota Island, November 15, 1945, Frey, 1 specimen USNM 139875, 610 mm. A few specimens were rescued from the ship wrecked in Halfmoon Bay, Calif., (see vol. 1, p. xxi). Most were discarded in various stages of disintegration, but several, useful for skeletons, were saved and these bear the number USNM 111430. Description—Dorsal rays XIII-III,11 or 12-9; anal III,10-8; pectoral ii,33 to 35; pelvic I,5; gill rakers on first gill arch 8+1+21 or 22. Greatest depth 4.0 to 4.3; length of head 3.6 to 3.7; length of pectoral fin 3.5 to 3.8; length of base of first dorsal fin 4.4 to 4.5; snout tip to soft dorsal origin 1.7 to 1.8; all in length from tip of snout to fork of caudal fin, or ‘‘crutch.” Eye 5.6 to 6.7; snout 3.0 to 3.1; FAMILY SCOMBRIDAE—SCHULTZ 415 tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.5 to 2.6; interorbital space 2.8 to 3.2; length of pectoral fin 1.0 to 1.1; longest (first) dorsal spine 2.3 to 2.4; longest soft dorsal ray 2.4, soft anal ray 2.3 to 3.2; longest pelvic ray 3.0; all in length of the head to rear edge of fleshy operculum, Body fusiform, skin with very fine scales, head naked; teeth in both jaws small, conical, somewhat hooked inward; vomer with a patch of villiform teeth, those of palatines in a narrow row; tongue naked, with a low cutaneous fold on each side, space between concave; lateral line running a slanting, even course from above pectoral to midside of caudal peduncle; posterior margin of preopercle truncate with lower corner rounded; maxillary reaches to about opposite front of pupil; interorbital space strongly convex; diameter of eye along lengthwise axis of body 5 to 6% times in length of pectoral fin and 2.0 to 5.8 in maxillaries. Color in aleohol.—Back and upper sides dark bluish or black, lower sides dusky to whitish; numerous more or less distinct, narrow, pale, slightly oblique lines or a series of white dots. Color when alive-—Eye yellow, spiny dorsal grayish yellow; soft dorsal and anal and all finlets bright yellow; inside of pectorals black, outer side blackish tinged with yellow; pelvics yellowish, tipped with blackish. Genus EUTHYNNUS Liitken Euthynnus Lurxen, in Jordan and Gilbert, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Bull. 16, p. 429, 1882 (type species, Thynnus thunnina Cuvier and Valenciennes). EUTHYNNUS AFFINIS YAITO Kishinouye PuaTE 123,C Euthynnus yaito Kisninovye, Suisan Gakkwai Ho (Proce. Sci. Fish. Assoc.) vol. 1, p. 22, pl. 1, fig. 15, 1915 (Japan). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Lagoon and Enyu Channel, trolling, March 11-31, S—46-2, Brock, Marr, and Schultz, 1 specimen USNM 140981, 350 mm. to fork of tail, a female bulging with mature eggs; lagoon and channels on leeward side, April 1-24, S-46-72, crew of U.S. 8. Bowditch and Schultz, 2 specimens USNM 140982, 355 and 520 mm.; western half of lagoon, trolling, April 138, S-46-93, Schultz, 2 specimens USNM 140983, 360 and 550 mm. In addition we have discarded several specimens in various stages of disinte- gration rescued from the ship wrecked in Halfmoon Bay, Calif. (see vol. 1, p. xxi), but saved a few dried ones useful for skeletons; these bear the number USNM 111429. Description.—Dorsal rays XV-IIJ,8 or 9-8; anal IIT,10-7; pectoral ii,26 or 27; pelvic I,5; gill rakers on first gill arch about 7 or 8+-1+24 or 25; greatest depth 3.8 to 4.0; length of head 3.6 to 3.7; length of pectoral fin 6.0 to 6.3; length of base of first dorsal 3.9 to 4.1; snout 416 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 tip to soft dorsal origin 1.7; all in length from tip of snout to fork of caudal fin or “crutch.” Eye 6.0 to 8.0; snout 3.3 to 3.4; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 2.5 to 2.7; interorbital space 3.3 to 3.4; length of pectoral fin 1.7 to 1.8; longest (first) dorsal spine 2.0; longest soft dorsal ray 3.5 to 4.9, soft anal ray 3.7 to 4.9; longest pelvic ray 2.6 to 2.8, all in length of head to rear edge of fleshy operculum. Body fusiform, skin smooth except for corselet, which occurs from breast around pectoral fin base and groove for pectoral fin to spiny dorsal, thence along middle of back to soft dorsal; lower jaw with small conical, somewhat hooked teeth; vomer and palatines with a few villiform teeth in a single or narrow row; tongue toothless but with a cutaneous fold on each side, concave between; lateral line a little arched over pectoral, then running a slanting course to caudal peduncle, with a few scales above and below; first spine of dorsal longest; preopercular margin evenly rounded posteriorly; maxillary reaches to opposite front of pupil; interorbital space strongly convex; diameter of eye (along lengthwise axis of body) 3.4 to 4.6 in length of pectoral and 2.3 to 3.0 in length of maxillaries. Color in alcohol—Back dark blue to blackish dorsally with black oblique bands, mostly above lateral line; lower sides silvery to whitish; area between pectoral and pelvic fins with 1 to 5 black spots; pectoral fin black; pelvics black, their posterior margins and tips white; just below eye a blackish area; rear edge of maxillary groove black. Remarks.—F¥raser-Brunner (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, vol. 2, pp. 622-627, 1949) recognizes two separate species for the genus Enthynnus, one, affinis, in the Indo-Pacific, of which there are three subspecies: E. affinis affinis (Cantor) from the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean to the East Indies and Australia; /. affinis yaito Kishinouye, from Japan, Hawaii and the Pacific Islands; and FE. affinis lineatus Kishinouye, from the Pacific ocean of Central America. In the At- lantic he recognizes EF. alletteratus alletteratus Rafinesque from the North Atlantic and £. alletteratus aurolitoralis Fraser-Brunner from the Gold Coast. Genus GYMNOSARDA Gill Gymnosarda Git, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 125, 1862 (type species, Thynnus unicolor Rippell). GYMNOSARDA NUDA Giinther PLATE 123,B Pelamys nuda GUNTHER, Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, vol. 2, p. 368, 1860 (type locality, Red Sea). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll: Eastern end of lagoon and in Enyu Channel, March 11-31, S- 46-2, Brock, Marr, and Schultz, 6 specimens USNM 140980, 410 to 790 mm. in length to fork of caudal fin or “crutch.” FAMILY SCOMBRIDAE—SCHULTZ 417 In addition to the well preserved specimens listed above, there were discarded more than 35 specimens in various stages of disintegration rescued from the ship wrecked in Halfmoon Bay, Calif. (see vol. 1, p. xxi). Among these dried speci- mens we have saved a few of the best; they bear the number USNM 111428. Description.—Dorsal rays XV-III,10-7; anal III,10-6; pectoral ii,25; pelvic I,5; gill rakers on first gill arch 14+-1+11; teeth lower jaw 13 to 18, upper jaw 16 to 23. Greatest depth 4.5 to 4.8; length of head 3.8 to 4.0; length of pectoral fin 6.0 to 6.5; length of base of first dorsal 3.6 to 3.7; snout tip to soft dorsal origin 1.7 to 1.8; all in length from tip of snout to fork of caudal fin or ‘crutch.’ Eye 4.2 to 5.6; snout 2.5 to 2.6; tip of snout to rear of maxillary 1.9 to 2.0; interorbital space 2.5 to 2.6; length of pectoral fin 1.7 to 1.8; longest (third) dorsal spine 3.6 to 3.7, longest soft dorsal ray 2.8 to 3.1, soft anal ray 2.7 to 3.3; longest pelvic ray 2.7 to 2.9, all in length of head to rear edge of fleshy operculum. Body fusiform, skin smooth except for corselet around pectoral base, above it, and along back; lower jaw broad, heavy, with rather large teeth, these a little heavier in lower than in upper jaw; vomer toothless, villiform teeth on palatines, and a villiform patch of teeth each side of midline of tongue; lateral line extending over pectoral in a slight curve downward to below rear of base of soft dorsal, then opposite first two dorsal finlets with a wave or two, thence curving upward to midlengthwise axis just in front of caudal keel and about opposite the third anal finlet; a few scales above and below the lateral line, and caudal keel scaly; third spine of dorsal longest; preopercular margin with a concavity in its posterior margin; maxillary reaches to opposite middle of eye; interorbital though a little convex is flattish ; eye large, 2.2 in length of pectoral and 2.2 in length of maxillaries. Color in alcohol.—Back dark blue or blackish, whitish underneath; fins blackish, tips of soft dorsal and anal white, posterior margin of pelvics white-edged. Ecology.—This species was the most frequently caught of all the tuna in the Northern Marshall Islands, being especially abundant in the entrances into the lagoon. It was usually from 2 to 3 feet long and many were 4 feet in length. During the spring it was in a spawn- ing condition. Frequently it had Caesio and Pterocaesio in its stomach when caught. Remarks —This tuna was given the name dogtooth tuna by the commercial fishermen because it had teeth larger than those of any other species of tuna caught at Bikini during “Operation Crossroads.”’ 418 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Suborder STROMATEINA Family STROMATEIDAE: Butterfishes By Lronarp P. Scuuttz Genus PSENES Cuvier and Valenciennes senes CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 9, p. 259, 1833 (type species, Psenes cyanophrys Cuvier and Valenciennes). Considerable time has been spent in an attempt to identify the specimen of Psenes in these collections but descriptions are too brief and inadequate in the literature to enable me to come to a satisfactory conclusion as to the correct scientific name to apply to this specimen. Since this genus has never been revised and the specimens and species available to me are not in sufficient numbers to make it worthwhile to revise this genus, I have identified it only to the genus. PSENES sp.? SPECIMEN STUDIED Marshall Islands: Lat. 09°00’ N.; Long. 168°00’ E., U.S.S. Laffey, 1946 M. W. Johnson, 80 mm. in standard length. Description.—Dorsal TX,1,24; anal I1I,24, scales rows crossing lat- eral line 61 or 62, with 9 scales from lateral line to dorsal origin and 21 scales from lateral line to anal origin; pectoral rays 1i,17-11,17; gill rakers 8+1+18. Depth 1.8; head 2.7; both in standard length. Kye 3 in head. Color in alcohol—Background light brown; pelvics blackish; first dorsal blackish. Remarks.—Cuvier and Valenciennes described Psenes guamensis from Guam. They record the fin rays as: Dorsal 1X,I,22; anal “2/29” which may be IJI,28; caudal 17; pectoral 19; pelvics 1,5. The num- ber of scales are not given. The figure of 28 or 29 soft rays in the anal fin is too many to identify our specimen with guamensis. Two other species may be close to this Marshall Island specimen: One is Psenes chapmani Fowler from the Atlantic which is said to have 60 scale rows, dorsal rays X,I,23, and anal rays III,25; the other is P. maculatus Liitken, also of the Atlantic with about the same number of fin rays. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 75 A, Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier and Valenciennes, USNM 145207, 93 mm. in standard length, from a specimen captured at Pandanon Isl., Philippines; B, U. moluccensis (Bleeker), USNM 138629, 94 mm., from Balayan Bay, Luzon Isl.; C, U. vittatus (Forskal), USNM 106850, 147 mm., from Iloilo, Panay Isl., Philippines; D, U. arge Jordan and Evermann, USNM 115685, 213 mm., from Canton Isl., Phoenix Islands; E, U. tragula Richardson, USNM 145233, 105 mm., Luzon Isl., Philippines. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 76 A, Parupeneus indicus (Shaw), USNM 145129, 188 mm. in standard length, from Luzon Is]., Philippines; B, P. cyclostomus (Lacepéde), 194 mm., from the Marshall Islands; C, P. luteus (Cuvier and Valenciennes), USNM 138601, 148 mm., from Amboina, East Indies; D, P. chrysonemus (Jordan and Evermann), USNM 50676, paratype, 156 mm., from Hawaii; EF, P. crassilabris (Cuvier and Valenciennes), 203 mm., from the Marshall Islands. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 77 A, Parupeneus bifasciatus (Lacepéde), USNM 145151, 117 mm., in standard length, from Mindanao Isl., Philippine Islands; B, P. multifasciatus (Quoy and Gaimard), USNM 157360, 198 mm., from Johnston Isl.; C, P. trifasciatus (Lacepéde), 147 mm., from the Marshall Islands; D, P. barberinoides (Bleeker), USNM 138641, 152 mm., from Cebu market, Philippine Islands; E, P. pleurostigma (Bennett), 136 mm., from the Marshall Islands. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 78 A, Mulloidichthys samoensis (Gunther), 192 mm. in standard length, from the Marshal Islands; B, M. auriflamma (Forskal), USNM 115691, 150 mm., from the Samoan Islands; C, M. pflugeri (Steindachner), USNM 55516, 207 mm., from the Hawaiian Islands; D, Parupeneus barberinus (Lacepéde), 154 mm., from the Marshall Islands; E, P. orientalis (Fowler), holotype, USNM 65639, 285 mm., from Easter Isl. BULLETIN 202 PLATE 79 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM egATOICH 626051 WNS) “JepuepA, pure zaynyog snjoursiay PT SE609 ZOW “Wouusg 4aquaasnf py ‘q ‘yeddny ssiye “jaddngy snjoutzg Pp ‘OD fuonoarjoo ourddipiyg ssouoqsp ul 3uimeip jo ydeiZojoyd “1ayae|q worpsapisad “Pp “g faite Ay Jarze ‘aie Ay Snjouozajv] uorsdiy dup * V U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 80 \, C, Amphiprion ephippium (Bloch), USNM 152777 from Darwin, Australia; B, Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus), photograph of watercolor sketch in Albatross Philippine collection. D, Amphiprion melanopus Bleeker, USNM 141026 from Bikini. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 81 A, Dascyllus marginatus (Ruppell), after Ruppell; B, Amphiprion sebae Bleeker, after Okada and Ikeda; C, 4. chrysogaster Cuvier and Valenciennes, after Okada and Ikeda; D, A. percula (Lacepéde), photograph of color drawing in Albatross Philippine collection E, D. melanurus Bleeker, photograph of watercolor sketch by Frederick M. Bayer. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 82 A, Dascyllus trimaculatus (Ruppell), USNM 166671, from Bikini; B, C, D. reticulatus (Richard- son): B, young, USNM 166671, from Arno Atoll, C, adult, USNM 140933, from Bikini Atoll; D, D. albisella Gill, USNM 55322, from Honolulu; E, D. trimaculatus (Ruppell), after Rippell, from Red Sea. U.S. NATIONAL. MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 83 (cae D A, Chromis lepidolepis Bleeker, USNM 141025, from Bikini Atoll; B, C. dimidiatus (Klun- zinger), USNM 167275, from Onotoa Atoll: C, C. ternatensis Bleeker, USNM 141047, from Bikini Atoll; D, Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan and Starks, USNM 152911, from northern Marshall Islands. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 84 A, Chromis leucurus Gilbert, holotype, after Gilbert; B, C. caeruleus (Cuvier and Valenci- ennes), after Bleeker; C, Abudefduf biocellatus (Quoy and Gaimard), after Jordan and Seale; D, 4. aureus (Cuvier and Valenciennes), photograph of color drawing in Albatross Philippine collection. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 85 A, Chromis atripectoralis Welander and Schultz, holotype, USNM 112397; B, Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus), USNM 143923, from Guam; C, 4. sexfasciatus (Lacepede), USNM 143933, from Guam: D, 4. biocellatus (Quoy and Gaimard), USNM 141089, from Bikini Atoll. U.S. NATIONAL. MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 86 A, Abudefduf curacao (Bloch), photograph of a kodachrome taken at Bikini; B, 4. septem- fasciatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes), photograph of a kodachrome taken at Bikini; C, A. johnstonianus (Fowler and Ball), after Fowler and Ball; D, 4. sordidus (Forskal), after Ruppell; E, 4, dicki (Liénard), after Jordan and Seale. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 87 A, Abudefduf glaucus (Cuvier and Valenciennes), USNM 141100, from Bikini Atoll; B, A. lacrymatus (Quoy and Gaimard), USNM 141117, from Bikini Atoll; C, D, 4. leucozona (Bleeker): C, young, USNM 141076, from Kwajalein Atoll, D, adult, USNM 139791, from Rota Isl.; E, 4. imparipennis (Vaillant and Sauvage), USNM 115774, from Swains Isl. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 88 A, Abudefduf johnstonianus (Fowler and Ball), USNM 141058, from Rongelap Atoll; B, Pomacentrus albofasciatus Schlegel and Miller, adult, USNM 124006, from Guam; C, P. bifasciatus Bleeker, USNM 144098, from Guam; D, P. pavo (Bloch), after Jordan and Seale. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 89 ng ete ‘ aedtnae eS SO % « A, Pomacentrus lividus (Bloch and Schneider), after Gunther; B, P. vatuli Jordan and Seale, after Jordan and Seale; C, Abudefduf leucopomus (Lesson), after Jordan and Seale; D, A. amabilis (De Vis), after Jordan and Seale. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 90 A, Pomacentrus melanopterus Bleecker, USNM 152290, from Tutuila Isl., Samoa; B, P. jenkinsit Jordan and Evermann, USNM 141319, from Bikini Atoll; C, P. nigricans (Lace- pede), USNM 141369, from Rongerik Atoll; D, P. albofasciatus Schlegel and Muller, young, USNM 139776, from Rota Isl. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 91 KYAK NK KOM) Pe Sdn WSs = A, Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch), after Bleeker; B,C. rhodochrous Gunther, after Jenkins; C, Thalassoma amblycephalus (Bleeker), photograph of a color drawing (USNM 152688) in the Albatross Philippine collection; D, Pteragogus flagellifera (Cuvier and Valenciennes), photograph of a color drawing in the Albatross Philippine collection. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 92 ore A, Pteragogus guttatus (Fowler and Bean), holotype, USNM 89969; B, Hemipteronotus celebicus (Bleeker), after Bleeker; C, Choerodon anchorago (Bloch), after Bleeker; D, H. anettensts (Gunther), after Gunther; E, Cymolutes praetextatus (Quoy and Gaimard), after Bleeker, BULLETIN 202 PLATE 93 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘ory dejsuoy wou ‘“¢79ETT IWNSM, “194x921 Hy2urwes SNAGD VY ALU) 45) “ol ‘sourddipiyg oy} woly “67S £6 WNSf. ‘ad AqO;OY *Tpeysivyy pue ZANYIS DID]]2I014] “Af "al 6 ssoulddiiyg 941 wos “F0S66 WNS)Q ‘edAtojoy ‘[Teysseypy pue zapnyss pipissvfoqv “44 ‘qd ‘sourddipiyg oy} Wolf ‘99668 JWNS/ ‘ad AJojoYy ‘Ia[MOW vurg¢dryryd pur drpryd MUM 3) :Spur|sy] [[eysieyy 94} Wolf Yy10q “CLS WNSf ‘ad Aivied “gy S9CTIT WNSf ‘ad Ajooy W/ +[[PYSsteyAy pue Z\NYIS 01D )]]290 D]JI401U 13 Af ‘g ‘VY U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 94 i a af A ova XY) a 3 yyy Wee my vis a es ee me A, B, C, Xyrichthys taeniourus (Lacepéde): A, specimen 43 mm. in standard length, B, 59 mm., both photographs of specimens taken at Bikini, C, adult; D, X. macrolepidotus (Bloch); C and D, photographs of color drawings in the Albatross Philippine collection. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 95 A, B, Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepéde: A, immature from Bikini, B, adult; C, C. celebicus Bleeker; D, C. undulatus Rippell; B, C, D, photographs of color drawings in the Albatross Philippine collection. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 96 wf on - - . males A, Hemtpteronotus pentadactylus (Linnaeus), photograph of a color drawing in the Albatross Philippine collection; B, Cheilinus oxycephalus Bleeker, after Bleeker; C, C. chlorourus (Bloch), photograph of a kodachrome transparency taken at Bikini; D. C. digrammus (Lacepede), photograph of a color drawing in the Albatross Philippine collection. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 97 fue ay Lhe EP eS Fe eteheshactighangees Ca, el oe ee ee Cae ee 3 oe oy or A-E, Coris gaimardi (Quoy and Gaimard): A, color pattern of specimens 13 to 36 mm. in standard length, B and C, 82 mm., D, 110 mm.; A—D, photographs of specimens from Bikini; E, adult, photograph of a color drawing in the Albatross Philippine collection; F, Labrichthys cyanotaenia Bleeker, after Bleeker; G, Coris variegata (Ruppell), after Ruppell. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 98 PR ees, egaation F A and B, Labroides bicolor Fowler and Bean: A, young 33.5 mm. in standard length, B adult; C, Labroides dimidiatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes), photograph of a color sketch in the Albatross Philippine collection; D, E, F, Corts aygula Lacepéde: D, 39 mm., E, 60 mm., F, young adult; A, B, D, E, F, photographs of Bikini specimens. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 99 4 ay : } LMPL 2 J Lin , 3 DEEPA tipo Ke Seen ALA ee ahead FH Kober ZA ot Ze = I 5 = RNY Nea Kh) Caan 2 ae Mipsis = =“ ~~” LP SS VHA A, Thalassoma quinquevittata (Lay and Bennett), after Gunther; B, Pseudocheilinus hexataenta (Bleeker), after Bleeker; C, P. octotaenia Jenkins, after Jenkins; D, 7. lucasanum (Gill), USNM 65673, from Taboguilla Isl., Panama Bay; E, T. umbrostygma (Ruppell), after Ruppell. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 100 te ead ARSE ye ee eee a7 ‘Gates A, Gomphosus tricolor Quoy and Gaimard; B, G. varius Lacepéde; Macropharyngodon meleagris (Cuvier and Valenciennes), USNM 113333, from Bikini a : D, Thalassoma purpureum (Forskal); E, Stethojulis axillaris (Quoy and Gaimard); F, M. paradalis (Kner), USNM 115609, from Tutuila Isl.; A-E, photographs of Marshall Islands specimens. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 101 . ede ee im cthsicshle: es vas Ritu, WE. ee ee A, Stethojulis strigiventer (Bennett); B, S. trilineatus (Bloch and Schneider); C, Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch); D, H. fasciatus (Bloch), after Bleeker; A, B, and C, photographs of color drawings in the Albatross Philippine collection. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 102 A, Anampses rubrocaudata Randall, photograph of a Hawaiian specimen by Spencer ‘Tinker; B, A. caeruleopunctatus Ruppell, from Wilkes Exploring Expedition; C, 4. twistt Bleeker; D, Hatichoeres margarttaceus (Cuvier and Valenciennes); E. H. trimaculatus (Quoy and Gaimard); C, D, and E, photographs of specimens from Bikini. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 103 A to E, Halichoeres hortulanus (Lacepéde), A, 26.5 mm., B, 34 mm., C, 56 mm., D, adult, E, adult; A, B, C, and E, photographs of specimens from Bikini; D, photograph of a color drawing in the Albatross Philippine collection. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 104 OPO ee eee De eT Oe nae Sh ted ha Tne a A, Halichoeres nebulosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes); B, H. argus (Bloch and Schneider); C, H. miniatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes); D, H. kallochroma (Bleeker), after Bleeker; E, H. centriquadrus (Lacepéde), after Rippell; A, B, C, photographs of color drawings in the Albatross Philippine collection. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 105 PP meee wt or ae a pg fie Nk; aa ede SO6644OS TO HPP ORGS Se ee o, va = = ow eS oor ke SE tiie PPP Dad Ves ePaper ent me Ub Ze % €,4 ¢ ie Zk CA Re Rts ‘eX ‘ SEE Tee ss ae L‘é°4 LN Anne eh yea ot. WWARRRQR ra We \ YS, oe SAN a ant Yen Sh. CRS D A, B, C, Halichoeres marginatus Ruppell: A, 37 mm., B, 69 mm., C, adult; A and B photo- graphs of Bikinispecimens; D, H. leparensis (Bleeker); C, D, photographs of color drawings in Albatross Philippine collection. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 106 A, Thalassoma lunare (Linnaeus), USNM 167370 from Onotoa Atoll; B, Halichoeres hoeveni (Bleeker), after Bleeker; C, H. trimaculatus (Quoy and Gaimard), USNM 154281 from Angaur Isl., Carolines, drawn by Patricia J. Isham; D, Gymnocirrhites arcatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes), after Jordan and Evermann; E, Paracirrhites hemistictus (Gunther), male, USNM 167404, from Onotoa Atoll; F, Aspidontus taeniatus Quoy and Gaimard, from kodachrome taken at Bikini. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 107 aN 4X pee eee A, Cheilio inermis (Forskal), after Bleeker; B, Thalassoma lutescens (Lay and Bennett), after Jordan and Snyder; C, T. fuscum (Lacepéde), USNM 112725; D, T. hardwicket (Bennett), USNM 152306, from Samoa; E, Stethojulis linearis, new species, holotype from Bikini; C and E, photographs of Marshall Islands specimens. BULLETIN 202 PLATE 108 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘IST ngqag woly ‘E7Z0ST INNSQ ‘(prewtes pure Aond)) sisuatsiva snavosojdaT ‘gq tsoutddipiyg ay} wor “/FOLST INNSQ ‘souustsuayeA pur Jolang snsoursnaav snap Ig Sy fsaqazad ay WorZ ‘797/F1 INNS ‘(494921G) Snarvjora0sqns sdodprg “ +saqajad eyt wo4sy “1F091 IWNSN ‘(prewiey pur Aond) suapmuads snmojopoy ‘> Ssourddipyg ay wosy ‘gF7ZST WNSA “(teddey) sugay2ind “- “g fsourddyryg oyr wos “TE7/FT WNSN “(1leddny) 40]021g snandojyr) “Wo ‘AUC ABUTS B JO ISISUOD saUO Jomo] ‘ported o1v soU0q jeaduduvyd toddq ‘saysyjorsed yo viauad aay jo sift [vasudreyg * U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 109 A, Chlorurus bicolor (Rippell), adult; B, C. pulchellus (Riippell); A and B, photographs from color drawings in Albatross Philippine collection; C, Calotomus spinidens (Quoy and Gaimard), USNM 160437, photograph of color drawing in Albatross Philippine collection; D and E, Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard): D, female, E, male, both after Bleeker. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 110 A, Cirrhitus alternatus Gill, after Schultz; B, C. nigropunctatus Schultz; C, C. albopunciatus Schultz; D, C. spilotoceps Schultz; E, C. pinnulatus (Bloch and Schneider), from Bikini kodachrome; B-D, from figures of the types after Schultz. BULLETIN 202 PLATE 111 S. NATIONAL MUSEUM ‘][Oly Ouly wolf QT Z 991 IWNSf G (1 “IWIOIU gplouysg pure | Depoy luIyIG Woz ‘apeuraz “(AayJUNy)) Ssnpousimay “gq “Dd {Pord) 1sajsdof Sapys4uIviwg “gq Saworiyoepoy iwulylg wor ‘ Joyoo|q s2p10aja0I0n jt sky qyIuyoumaurge Vv U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 112 ALESSI GD. SR ky LEE IIE apa aa ~ RMASs 4 A, Parapercis clathrata Ogilby, after Martin and Montalban; B, P. cylindrica (Bloch); C, D, and E, P. cephalopunctatus (Seale); B and C, photographs of color drawings in the Albatross Philippine collection; D and FE, both from Bikini kodachromes. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 113 A, Exallias brevis (Kner), from a Bikini kodachrome; B, Cirripectes fuscoguttatus Strasburg and Schultz, holotype, USNM 113634, from Rongerik Atoll; C, D, and E, C. stigmaticus Strasburg and Schultz: C, holotype, USNM 164962, male, 63 mm. standard length, from Rongerik Atoll, D and E, underside of head and enlargement of first anal ray, respectively, paratype, USNM 164963, male, 66 mm., from Rongerik Atoll; B-E, drawn by A. M. Awl. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 114 i s wall aie wae ae pats 2 ge he, A and B, Cirripectes sebae (Cuvier and Valenciennes), drawn by A. M. Awl: A, female, 47 mm. in standard length, B, male, 33 mm.; C, Entomacrodus aneitensis (Gunther); D, E. niuafoouensis (Fowler); C and D. courtesy of W. M. Chapman. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 115 ARIS S D MATTSON A, Rhabdoblennius snowi (Fowler); B, R. rhabdotrachelus (Fowler and Ball); C, Entomacrodus stellifer (Jordan and Synder); 1) and E, £. thalassinus (Jordan and Seale); A-E, courtesy of W. M. Chapman. BULLETIN 202 PLATE 116 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM - “urene) WOE “OCECTT INNSY) ‘Sunod S(r0y}uND) srswajauv “7 “Ho ‘wens wos “geg6el INNSA npr ‘5 Svoureg “ [sy epininy, wolf ‘pP/FOT]T INNS ‘Sunod Sy :(1ayooq) sngossnoap SNPOLIDUWOPUST ‘L) ae [OV urloye lem yy wolf OLIZ#tI WNSf. ‘oe ul “WI ‘TO1V ylasuoy wolf? /OT7TFI WNSQ ‘a|PUloj OL :(souuatouale A pur JdIAND) SNSO]O1LDA 9) “J al S][O1W Yllosuoy wolf} “L7LZFI WNSf ‘O] PUTO} dupe SD) OV lulyle WoOlt “6LIZFL INNSA Pemex ‘gy “Tory turylg woz “ET TZFT INNS ‘eyew sunod ‘vy i({[egq pure Jopmoy) visond sajradissiy ‘> ‘Gg “V gq U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 117 RAG 0 ! yy MATTSON ser and Valenciennes); B and C, J. paulus (Bryan and Herre); A, Istiblennius lineatus (Cuv enbaughi, holotype of new D, I. coronatus (Gunther); E, J. cyanostigma (Bleeker); F, I. rod species; A, B, D, E, courtesy of W. M. Chapman; C and F, from Bikini kodachromes. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 118 MaTTION MATTSON A, B, Istiblennius edentulus (Bloch and Schneider): A, male, 62 mm. in standard length, B, female, 72 mm.; C and D Salarias fasciatus (Bloch); A to C, courtesy of W. M. Chapman; D, photograph of color drawing in the Albatross Philippine collection. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 PLATE 119 wtne = « (RM Kee Ka SS 1olotype, SNHM 29487: B, underside of head, A, B, and C, Alticus semicrenatus Chapman, I pede): D, female, E, male, C, orbital tentacle enlarged; D, E and F, A. saliens (Lace F, underside of head of E. BULLETIN 202 PLATE 120 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “wene) Wolf “6FZFZ7T INNSA ‘II [[NIV SILDINIVU LIA sry douayoug ‘c) fpurysy TUTYTY WOE “EFEOFT WNSQ ‘(19 499]q) SUtIvds snoiuvpso f “TL ‘Orv Yl193 UY WO} ‘/F6OFT WNS) ‘QH9g) tuvjenou snd viv) “Fy TOV dvjasuo0yy WO} ‘$777FI WNSNA ‘(qayyuny) SUVSLOPOLID SnYyIUDIDIA YT (Joyqun oO ) op NU Dpvsou UAL) *G :({jeddny ) SNIVIUIIIG SNUKILODUUDLE) NJ INDEX Abudefduf, 47, 79, 96, 99, 101 amabilis, 80, 90 antjerius, 92, 93 aureus, 79, 82 behnii, 101, 102 biocellatus, 81, 93 corneyi, 101, 102 curacao, 80, 87 dicki, 81, 97 glaucus, 81, 92 imparipennis, 81, 98 johnstonianus, 81, 95 lacrymatus, 82, 100 leucopomus, 80, 89 leucozona, 82, 101 phoenixensis, 82, 103 saxatilis, 79, 84 septemfasciatus, 80, 85 sexfasciatus, 80, 86 sordidus, 79, 83, 86 zonatus, 93, 95 Abudefduf, subg., 79 Acanthaphritis, 277 grandisquamis, 277 Acanthocirrhitus, 254 Acanthocybium, 412 eybium, 413 forbesi, 413 solandri, 411, 412 acanthorhynchos, Callionymus, 275 Hemerocoetes, 275 Acarauna, 199 longirostris, 199 Acropora, 319 Actinicola, 48 bicolor, 49 percula, 49 acus, Gymnotus, 393 adanensis, Bembrops, 277 aeruginosus, Scarus, 249 affinis, Callionymus, 403 Euthynnus, 416 Euthynnus affinis, 416 afilinuchalis, Istiblennius, 347, 356, 358, 361 akallopisos, Amphiprion, 49, 53 Prochilus, 48 akallopisus, Prochilus, 49 albacora, Thynnus, 414 albisella, Dascyllus, 61, 65 albofasciata, Wetmorella, 140 albofasciatus, Pomacentrus, 105 albolineum, Thalassoma, 194 albopunctatus, Cirrhitus, 254, 259 albovittata, Labrus, 209 Stethojulis, 209, 214, 216, 217 alletteratus, Euthynnus alletteratus, 416 422142—60——31 alternatus, Cirrhitus, 254, 260 Alticus, 305, 366 evermanni, 353 musilae, 330 saliens, 367 semicrenatus, 366 thalassinus, 330 alticus, Salarias, 366 altivelis, Callionymus, 405 Synchiropus, 405 amabilis, Abudefduf, 80, 90 amblycephalus, Cirrhites, 263 Julis, 192 Thalassoma, 184, 185, 187, 192 Amblyeirrhitus, 253 hubbardi, 253 indicus, 253, 254, 258 Amblyglyphidodon, subg., 79 amboinensis, Duymaeria, 127 Praealticus amboinensis, 369, 372 amherstinus, Apogon, 11 amissus, Macrias, 267 Amora, 398 tentaculata, 403 Amorphocephalus, 142 granulatus, 142 Amphiprion, 47 akallopisos, 49, 53 arion, 58 bicinctus, 51, 52, 53, 58 bicolor, 49 bifasciatus, 50 bifasciatus annamensis, 50 boholensis, 52 chrysargyrus, 52 chrysogaster, 50, 53, 55 chrysopterus, 52 elarckii, 52 ephippium, 52, 53, 60 ephippium var. chrysopterus, 56 frenatus, 51, 53 fusciventer, 48, 51, 53 intermedius, 51 japonicus, 52 latezonatus, 48, 50, 53 laticlavius, 50, 53 macrostoma, 60 mauritiensis, 48 mecullochi, 60 melanopus, 52, 53, 60 melanostolus, 52 melanurus, 51 monofasciatus, 53 nigripes, 54, 55 ocellaris, 51 papuensis, 58 419 420 Amphiprion—Continued percula, 49, 53, 55 perideraion, 49, 53, 54 polymnus, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53 rosenbergi, 54 rubrocinctus, 53 ruppelli, 53 sebae, 51, 53, 57 snyderi, 52 tricinctus, 50, 53, 56 tricolor, 53 trifasciatus, 55 tunicatus, 49 unimaculatus, 50 xanthurus, 52, 53, 58 anabatoides, Glyphisodon, 68 analis, Cirrhitichthys, 254 Anampses, 125, 219 caeruleopunctatus, 220, 222 cuvieri, 219, 220 fidjensis, 220 geographicus, 124 godeffroyi, 220 meleagrides, 220 rubrocaudata, 220 twisti, 220 anatirostris, Bembrops, 277 anchorago, Choerodon, 125 Sparus, 125 andamanensis, Salarias, 556 andamensis, Salarias, 356 Andamia, 303 expansa, 303 andrewsii, Parupeneus, 19 aneitense, Julis, 190 aneitensis, Entomacrodus, 528, 329, 337 Hemipteronotus, 148, 149, 151 Novacula, 151 Salarias, 337 anertensis, Julis, 190 angulatus, Coris, 181 annamensis, Amphiprion bifasciatus, 50 annulatum, Tripterygion, 283, 293 annulatus, Callionymus, 403 anomalus, Salarias, 323 Antennablennius, 319 Anthias bifasciatus, 51 elarkii, 52 polymna, 49, 52 antjerius, Abudefduf, 92, 93 Glyphisodon, 93 Apocreedia, 274 vanderhorsti, 274 Apogon amherstinus, 11 apricus, Callionymus, 399 aprinus, Cirrhitichthys, 254 Cirrhitus, 254 arcatus, Cirrhitus, 262 Gymnocirrhites, 252, 254, 262 arge, Upeneus, 4 argus, Halichoeres, 224, 226 arion, Amphiprion, 58 armatus, Neocirrhites, 251 aruanus, Chaetodon, 61, 62 Dascyllus, 61, 62 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Aspidonotus, 373, 375, 379 filamentosus, 375, 376 fluctuans, 375, 376, 378 taeniatus, 375, 376 tractus, 378 astrinius, Callionymus, 403 ataenia, Pseudocheilinops, 129 Atopoclinus, 379 ringens, 379 atra, Holothuria, 392, 393 atriceps, Tripterigion, 285 tripterygion, 293 atrilabiatus, Pomacentrus, 110 atrimarginatus, Salarias, 353 atripectoralis, Chromis, 66, 70, 73, 74 atrocingulatus, Upeneus, 22 atrodorsalis, Meiacanthus, 381 atrogulare, Tripterygion, 293 Atrosalarias, 304 aurantiacus, Pseudupeneus, 29, 32 auratus, Cheilio, 176 aureo-puncticeps, Salarias, 351 aureus, Abudefduf, 79, 82 Cirrhitus, 254 Glyphisodon, 82 auriflamma, Mulloidichthys, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45 Mullus, 11, 42 aurigarius, Crenilabrus, 126 Ctenolabrus, 127 aurolitoralis, Euthynnus alletteratus, 416 axillaris, Julis, 206, 212 Stethojulis, 208, 209, 212 Axochnus, 294 Axoclinus, 294 lucillae, 294 storeyae, 294 aygula, Coris, 177, 178, 181 azalea, Runula, 376, 379 azureus, Petroscirtes, 375, 377, 378 baldwini, Hemipteronotus, 148 ballieui, Thalassoma, 185, 187 balteatus, Julis, 209 bandanensis, Glyphisodon, 68 Julis (Halichoeres), 212 bandi, Mullus, 5 bapturum, Tripterygion, 293 barbatus, Mullus, 3 Enchelyopus, 383 barberinoides, Parupeneus, 7, 8, 9, 12 Pseudupeneus, 12 Upeneus, 12 barberinus, Mullus, 16 Parupeneus, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16 Basilisciseartes, 366 Bathypercis, 277 platyrhynechus, 277 behnii, Abudefduf, 101, 102 belcheri, Callionymus, 403 belemnites, Salarias, 353 Bembrops, 277 adanensis, 277 anatirostris, 277 caudimacula, 277 INDEX Bembrops—Continued filamentosa, 277 filifer, 277 macromma, 277 magnisquamis, 277 nematopterus, 277 philippinus, 277 beniteguri, Callionymus, 403 bennetti, Diplogrammus, 399 betaurus, Cirrhitus, 259 bicinetus, Amphiprion, 51, 52, 53, 58 bicolor, Actinicola, 49 Amphiprion, 49 Chlorurus, 242 Eesenius, 324, 325 Labroides, 172, 173, 174 Salarias, 324 Searus, 242 bicornis, Callionymus, 405 bifasciata, Wetmorella philippina, 139, 140. bifasciatus, Amphiprion, 50 Anthias, 51 Mullus, 6, 19 Parupeneus, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 19, 24 Pomacentrus, 105, 116 Prochilus, 50, 51, 55 Pseudupeneus, 19 Upeneus, 19 bifer, Julis, 142, 145 Xyrichthys, 146 bilineatus, Grammatorcynus, 410, 411 Parupeneus, 38 Thynnus, 411 bilitonensis, Istiblennius, 344 bimacula, Cirrhitoidea, 254, 255 bimaculatus, Halichoeres, 223 binotopsis, Halichoeres, 224, 225 biocellatus, Abudefduf, 81, 93 Glyphisodon, 93 Halichoeres, 224, 226, 233 biorni, Salarias, 368 bitaeniatus, Upeneus, 5 Blennies, scaled, 281 scaleless, 301 Blenniidae, 301 Blenniina, 281 Blenniinae, 301, 373 Blennioclinus stella, 282 Blennius edentulus, 353 ellipes, 319 fasciatus, 361 fenestratus, 282 hypenetes, 319 leopardus, 305 rhabdotrachelus, 319, 321 saliens, 366, 367, 368 snowi, 319 tripteronotus, 283 Bodianus, 121 bodianus, 121 boholensis, Amphiprion, 52 boleogenys, Callionymus, 402 Brachycallionymus, 398 mirus, 398 422142—60——32 421 brachylepis, Tripterygion, 284, 285, 291, 293, 294 Branchiostegidae, 266 brandesi, Upeneus, 26 brandesii, Oxybeles, 395, 396 brasiliensis, Percophis, 276 brevifilis, Scarus, 248 brevis, Cirripectes, 305, 309 Exallias, 305, 311, 317 Salarias, 305 brevoorti, Salarias, 344 Brosmius marginatus, 386 Brosmophycinae, 384, 388 Brosmophyciops, 382, 384, 386 pautzkei, 384 Brosmophycis, 386 ventralis, 388 verrillii, 388 Brotula, 382, 383 maculata, 384 multibarbata, 383, 384 townsendi, 383 Brotulidae, 382, 390 Brotulina, 388 fusca, 388 Brotulinae, 383 brunneus, Callionymus, 402 bucephalus, Trianectes, 283 Tripterygion, 283, 293 bucknilli, Tripterygion, 293 burmanicus, Salarias, 324 Butterfishes, 418 cacatua, Iniistius, 143 eaeruleo-lineatus, Labroides, 173 caeruleomaculata, Duymaeria, 127 caeruleonotatus, Callionymus, 402 caeruleopunctatus, Anampses, 220, 222 caeruleus, Chromis, 66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74 Gomphosus, 199 Heliases, 68 Pomacentrus, 106, 119, 120 Upeneoides, 5 Caesio, 417 calauropomus, Callionymus, 405 calcaratus, Callionymus, 402, 403 Calearbrotula, 388 erythraea, 388 Callimucenus, 402 eallionymi, Tripterygion, 293 Callionymidae, 397, 408 Callionymina, 397 Callionymus, 397, 399, 402, 403 acanthorhynchos, 275 affinis, 403 altivelis, 405 annulatus, 403 apricus, 399 astrinius, 403 belcheri, 403 beniteguri, 403 bicornis, 405 boleogenys, 402 brunneus, 402 caeruleonotatus, 402 calauropomus, 405 422 Callionymus—Continued calcaratus, 402, 403 calliste, 403, 404, 408 cooki, 399, 400, 401 cooperi, 403 corallinus, 402 costatus, 398 dactylopus, 399 decoratus, 402 distethommatus, 402, 404 doryssus, 403 enneactis, 403 filamentosus, 403 fimbriatus, 398 flagris, 403 floridae, 399 fluviatilis, 403 gardineri, 403 goramensis, 399, 400 grossi, 403 hindsii, 403 hudsoni, 402, 403 huguenii, 403 japonicus, 402, 403 kaianus, 403 kanekonis, 403 keeleyi, 402 kitaharai, 403 lateralis, 404, 405 leucobranchialis, 402 limiceps, 402, 403 lineathorox, 403 longi, 402, 403 longicaudatus, 403 lunatus, 403 lyra, 402 macdonaldi, 402, 403 maldivensis, 403 marisinensis, 402 melanopterus, 403 microps, 405 monopterygius, 275 nasutus, 403 numeri, 403 ocellatus, 405 ocelligena, 403 opercularioides, 398 ornatipinnis, 403 phasis, 403 picturatus, 405 planus, 403 punctatus, 403 punctilateralis, 402 rameus, 403 reevesii, 403 richardsoni, 403 rubrovinctus, 405 sagitta, 403 seabriceps, 402 schaopii, 403 sokonumeri, 403 spiniceps, 403 splendidus, 405 umbrithorax, 402 valenciennesi, 403 variegatus, 403 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Callionymus—Continued virgis, 403 wilburni, 403 xanthosemeion, 403 zanectes, 403 zaspilus, 405 calliste, Callionymus, 403, 404, 408 Calliurichthys, 402 xanthosemeion, 403 ealliurus, Cirrhitichthys, 254 Calotomus, 240, 250 spinidens, 250 xenodon, 250 Calymmichthys, 399 xenicus, 399, 400, 401 canina, Snyderidia, 390 caninus, Cirripectes, 305, 307 capidata, Heleogramma, 294, 297 capito, Tripterygion, 282 Carapidae, 390 Carapus, 391, 393, 394, 396 homei, 393, 394, 395 mourlani, 393, 396 parvibrachium, 391 carminale, Enneanectes, 294 Helcogramma, 283 Tripterygium, 283 carminalis, Enneanectes, 283 casturi, Julis (Halichoeres), 214 Stethojulis, 214 caudimacula, Bembrops, 277 caudofasciatus, Entomacrodus, 328, 334 Searus, 245 caudolineatus, Salarias, 356 cayorum, Ogilbia, 388 celebica, Novacula, 152 celebicus, Cheilinus, 154, 159 Hemipteronotus, 148, 149, 152 centriquadrus, Halichoeres, 224, 225, 228, 229 Labrus, 229 cepnalonneS ate Parapercis, 268, 270, 27 Percis, 270 cerasinus, Enneapterygius, 285 Tripterygion, 293 Chaetodon aruanus, 61, 62 curacao, 87 pavo, 104, 113 saxatilis, 84 sordidus, 79, 83 Chalixodytes, 275, 280 tauensis, 279, 280 chapmani, Psenes, 418 Cheilinoides, 131 Cheilinus, 123, 153, 155 celebicus, 154, 159 chlorourus, 153, 154, 162, 163 digrammus, 153, 154, 156, 161 fasciatus, 138, 153, 154, 158 hexataenia, 163, 165 hoeveni, 159 nigropinnatus, 158 oxycephalus, 154, 161 rhodochrous, 154, 160, 161 rostratus, 159 Cheilinus—Continued trilobatus, 153, 154, 156, 162 undulatus, 153, 154, 157 unifasciatus, 160, 161 Cheilio, 123, 176 auratus, 176 inermis, 176 Cheiloprion, 97 labiatus, 97 Cheimarrichthys, 275 forsteri, 275 chica, Helcogramma, 294, 298, 299, 300 chilensis, Mugiloides, 267 Chilias, 268 Chloregaster, 242 chlorodon, Searus, 249 423 Cirrhitichthys—Continued aprinus, 254 calliurus, 254 corallicola, 254 oxyrhynchos, 255 polyactis, 254 Cirrhitidae, 251 Cirrhitoidea, 252, 255 bimacula, 254, 255 oxyrhynchos, 255 pinos, 255 sexfasciata, 254, 255, 257 unimacula, 254, 255 Cirrhitops, 253 fasciatus, 253, 254 hubbardi, 252, 253, 254 chlorourus, Cheilinus, 153, 154, 162, 163 | Cirrhitopsis, 254 Sparus, 154 Chlorurus, 240, 242 bicolor, 242 pulchellus, 242 Choerodon, 121, 125 anchorago, 125 Chriomystax, 277 squamentum, 277 Chrionema, 277 chryseres, 277 squamiceps, 277 Chromis, 47, 66, 68, 72, 73, 74 atripectoralis, 66, 70, 73, 74 caeruleus, 66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74 dimidiatus, 66, 72, 75 dimidiatus margaritifer, 72 iomelas, 75, 76 lepidolepis, 66, 67 lepisurus, 68 leucurus, 66, 73, 75, 76 ternatensis, 66, 78 chrysargyrus, Amphiprion, 52 chryseres, Chrionema, 277 chryserydros, Mullus, 29 Parupeneus, 29, 31, 32 Pseudupeneus, 29 Upeneus, 29 chryserythrus, Upeneus, 29 Chrysiptera, subg., 79, 80 chrysogaster, Amphiprion, 50, 53, 55 chrysonemus, Parupeneus, 7, 15 Pseudupeneus, 15 Cirrhitus, 253, 259 albopunctatus, 254, 259 alternatus, 254, 260 aprinus, 254 arcatus, 262 aureus, 254 betaurus, 259 fasciatus, 253, 258 forsteri, 263 graphidopterus, 254 maculatus, 259, 260 mossambicus, 252, 259 murrayi, 254 nigropunctatus, 254, 259 oxycephalus, 254 pinnulatus, 260 planulatus, 254 rivulatus, 259 spilotoceps, 254, 260, 261 Cirrinasus, 277 Cirripectes, 303, 307, 362, 363, 364, 365 brevis, 305, 309 caninus, 305, 307 filamentosus, 308, 317 fuscoguttatus, 308, 309, 317 jenningsi, 308, 312, 317 leopardus, 305, 311 quagga, 309, 314, 317 reticulatus, 311, 312 sebae, 309, 312, 313, 317 stigmaticus, 309, 316, 317 variolosus, 309, 311, 314, 317 Cirripectus, 307, 308 fuscoguttatus, 309 clarckii, Amphiprion, 52 clarkei, Tripterygion, 293 clarkii, Anthias, 52 clathrata, Parapercis, 268, 272 clathrisquamis, Creedia, 274 Clinidae, 281 Clininae, 282 Clinus gobio, 283 puellarum, 282 coelestis, Pomacentrus, 106, 118, 120 cookei, Crystallodytes, 275 cooki, Callionymus, 399, 400, 401 cooperi, Callionymus, 403 copei, Hemipteronotus, 147 Coracinus vittatus, 51 Upeneus, 15 chrysopterus, Amphiprion, 52 Amphiprion ephippium, 56 chrysospilos, Istiblennius, 353 Cirrhilabrus, 122, 131, 132 cyanopleura, 132, 133 heterodon, 132 jordani, 132, 133 lyukuensis, 132 solorensis, 132 temmincki, 132 Cirrhites amblycephalus, 263 hemistictus, 265 melanotus, 253 polystictus, 264, 265 Cirrhitichthys, 254 analis, 254 424 corallicola, Cirrhitichthys, 254 Enneapterygius, 293 Tripterygion, 294 corallinus, Callionymus, 402 Coris, 124, 177, 179 angulatus, 181 aygula, 177, 178, 181 formosa, 178 gaimardi, 177, 178 greenoughii, 178 grenovii, 180 philippina, 178 pulcherrima, 178 variegata, 177, 178, 183 venusta, 178 corneyi, Abudefduf, 101, 102 coronatus, Istiblennius, 345, 347, 351 Salarias, 351 Coryphaena novacula, 142 pentadactylus, 146, 149 Cossyphus dimidiatus, 173 echis, 165 filamentosus, 127 opercularis, 126, 127 taeniops, 127 unilineatus, 171 costatus, Callionymus, 398 cranwelli, Tewara, 275 crassilabris, Parupeneus, 7, 16, 34 Pseudupeneus, 34 Upeneus, 34 Creedia, 274 clathrisquamis, 274 Crenalticus, 304 Crenilabrus aurigarius, 126 enneacanthus, 127 nematopterus, 127 spilogaster, 127 Cryptotomus, 241 Crystallodytes, 275 cookei, 275 Ctenolabrus aurigarius, 127 fiagellifer, 126 flagellifera, 127 rubellio, 127 Culcita novaguineae, 394, 396 cultratus, Xyrichthys, 142 curacao, Abudefduf, 80, 87 Chaetodon, 87 cuvieri, Anampses, 219, 220 cyanirostus, Xirichthys, 149 cyanophrys, Psenes, 418 eyanopleura, Cirrhilabrus, 132, 133 cyanostigma, Istiblennius, 346, 347, 355 Salarias, 355 cyanotaenia, Labrichthys, 170, 171, 172 cybium, Acanthocybium, 413 Cybium sara, 412 solandri, 412 cyclostomus, Mullus, 29 Parupeneus, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 29, 36 Pseudupeneus, 29 Upeneus, 29 cylindrica, Parapercis, 268, 272 Percis, 268 Sciaena, 268, 272 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 eymateblone: Entomacrodus, 328, 329, Cymolutes, 122, 133 lecluse, 134, 135 praetextatus, 133, 134, 135 tateyamaensis, 134 torquatus, 134, 135 Cyprinocirrhites, 253 stigma, 253 ui, 253 Dactylopus, 397, 399 dactylopus, Callionymus, 399 daedalma, Halichoeres, 231 Dascyllus, 47, 61 albisella, 61, 65 aruanus, 61, 62 marginatus, 63, 64 pomacentroides, 67, 68 reticulatus, 61, 63 trimaculatus, 61, 64 Dasson, 373 dea, Iniistius, 143 Xyrichthys, 143 decoratus, Callionymus, 402 decurrens, Helcogramma, 294 decussatus, Entomacrodus, 328, 329, 334 Salarias, 334 delandi, Synchiropus, 405, 406 dentatus, Lucifuga, 385 Oxuderces, 274 Dermatopsis, 385 kasougae, 385, 388, 389 macrodon, 385 multiradiatus, 385 Dermatopsoides, 388 Dermosteira, 399 dorotheae, 399, 400, 402 Diacallionymus, 399 diagramma, Labrus, 156 diagrammus, Cheilinus, 153, 154, 156, 161 dicki, Abudefduf, 81, 97 dickii, Glyphisodon, 97 Dimalacocentrus, 142 dimidiatus, Chromis, 66, 72, 75 Cossyphus, 173 Heliastes, 72 Labroides, 172, 173 Dinacistrus, 388 longifilis, 388 Dinematichthys, 382, 385, 386, 388 iluocoeteoides, 388 mizolepis, 388 piger, 388 Diplogrammus, 398, 399 bennetti, 399 goramensis, 400, 408 Diproctacanthus, 123, 170, 172 xanthurus, 172 dispilurus, Mullus, 10 Upeneus, 10 distethommatus, Callionymus, 402, 404 donaldsoni, Limnichthys, 278, 279 dorotheae, Dermosteira, 399, 400, 402 doryssus, Callionymus, 403 INDEX Draculo, 399 mirabilis, 399 duperry, Thalassoma, 184, 185, 187, 193, 194 Duymaeria, 126 amboinensis, 127 caeruleomaculata, 127 guttata, 128 japonica, 127 echis, Cossyphus, 165 eclipticus, Pomacentrus, 109 Eesenius, 302, 303, 322 bicolor, 324, 325 frontalis, 322 gravieri, 322 hawaiiensis, 324, 325 lividanalis, 323, 325 mandibularis, 322, 323 namiyei, 324 opsifrontalis, 324, 325, 326 pro-oculis, 324, 325 pulcher, 323 stigmatura, 322, 325 edentulus, Blennius, 353 Istiblennius, 346, 347, 353 Eleutherochir, 398 ellioti, Tripterygion, 293 ellipes, Blennius, 319 Elops, 199 Encheliophiops, 392 hancocki, 392 Encheliophis, 390, 392 vermicularis, 392 Enchelyopus barbatus, 383 Enigmapercis, 277 reducta, 277 enneacanthus, Crenilabrus, 127 enneactis, Callionymus, 403 Enneanectes, 283 carminale, 294 carminalis, 283 Enneapterygius, 283 cerasinus, 285 corallicola, 293 fuligicauda, 285 fuscipectoris, 297 hudsoni, 294, 297 macrobrachium, 285 pardochir, 287 pectoralis, 293 personatus, 297 punctulatus, 287 pusillus, 283 tusitalae, 287 tutuilae, 287 entargyreus, Novaculichthys, 143 Entomacrodus, 301, 303, 327, 335, 362 aneitensis, 328, 329, 337 caudofasciatus, 328, 334 cymatobiotus, 328, 329, 335 decussatus, 328, 329, 334 incisolabiatus, 329, 332 lighti, 327 marmoratus, 329, 340 nigricans, 327 425 Entomacrodus—Continued niuafoouensis, 329, 340, 343 plurifilis, 340, 344 plurifilis marshallensis, 329, 341 plurifilis plurifilis, 329, 338, 342, 343 stellifer, 327, 329 thalassinus, 327, 329, 330, 337 ephippium, Amphiprion, 52, 53, 60 Lutjanus, 47, 48, 53 Prochilus, 53 Epibulus, 122, 136 insidiator, 136, 137 epimius, Halichoeres, 229 erythraea, Calcarbrotula, 388 etheostoma, Tripterygion, 293 Euscarus, 241 eutaeniatus, Pseudupeneus, 37 Euthynnus, 415 affinis, 416 affinis affinis, 416 affinis lineatus, 416 alletteratus alletteratus, 416 alletteratus aurolitoralis, 416 affinis yaito, 411, 416 yaito, 415 evanidus, Pseudocheilinus, 165 evermanni, Alticus, 353 evides, Hemipternotus, 148 evolans, Pteropsaron, 276 ewaensis, Runula, 376 Exallias, 302, 305 brevis, 305, 311, 317 expansa, Andamia, 303 Fallacirripectes, 304, 362 minutus, 362, 363, 366 wellsi, 365 fasciatum, Tripterygion, 293 fasciatus, Blennius, 361 Cheilinus, 188, 153, 154, 158 Cirrhitops, 253, 254 Cirrhitus, 253, 258 Hemigymnus, 217, 218 Istiblennius, 346, 347 Labrus, 217, 218 Limnichthys, 278, 279 Mullus, 217 Salarias, 361 Sparus, 158 fenestratum, Tripterygion, 282 fenestratus, Blennius, 282 fidjensis, Anampses, 220 Fierasfer mourlani, 393 umbratilis, 391 fijiensis, Halichoeres, 224 filamentosa, Bembrops, 277 filamentosus, Aspidonotus, 375, 376 Callionymus, 403 Cirripectes, 308, 317 Cossyphus, 127 Salarias, 308 Taeniolabrus, 276 filholi, Stethojulis, 207 filifer, Bembrops, 277 fimbriatus, Callionymus, 398 flagellifer, Ctenolabrus, 126 426 flagellifera, Ctenolabrus, 127 Pteragogus, 127 flagris, Callionymus, 403 flammeus, Mulloides, 40 flavolineatus, Mullus, 36 floridae, Callionymus, 399 flos-corallis, Platyglossus, 236 fluctuans, Aspidonotus, 375, 376, 378 Petroscirtes, 378 fluctuatus, Salarias, 353 fluviatilis, Callionymus, 403 Foetorepus, 403 forbesi, Acanthocybium, 413 formosa, Coris, 178 formosus, Labrus, 178 Scarus, 244 forsteri, Cheimarrichthys, 275 Cirrhitus, 263 Grammistes, 264 Paracirrhites, 254, 263, 264, 265 Searus, 246 Forsterygion, 282 fraterculus, Parupeneus, 10 Pseudupeneus, 10 Upeneus, 10 frenatus, Amphiprion, 51, 53 Heliases, 68 Salarias, 340 frontalis, Ecsenius, 322 Salarias, 322 fuentesi, Labrichthys, 170 fuligicauda, Enneapterygius, 285 fulvoventris, Stethojulis, 212 furcatus, Salarias, 324 fusca, Brotulina, 388 fuscipectoris, Enneapterygius, 297 Helcogramma, 297 fusciventer, Amphiprion, 48, 51, 53 Fusco ube tas, Cirripectes, 308, 309, 317 irripectus, 309 fuscum, Thalassoma, 186, 187, 192, 196 fuscus, Labrus, 196 Salarias, 304 fusiforme, Roxasella, 277 gaimard, Julis, 178 gaimardi, Coris, 177, 178 gardineri, Callionymus, 403 geoffroy, Julis, 203 geoffroyi, Macropharyngodon, 203, 204 geographicus, Anampses, 124 Pseudanampses, 220 Gerranus tankervillae, 264, 265 ghobban, Scarus, 248 gibbifrons, Istiblennius, 347, 348, 361 Salarias, 356 gibbus, Scarus, 242 gigas, Seartichthys, 305 Gillias, 283 jordani, 283, 293 sexmaculatus, 283 glaucus, Abudefduf, 81, 92 Glyphisodon, 92 globiceps, Scarus, 247 Globioclinus, 283 Gloriella, 305 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Glyphidodon, subg., 79 Glyphidodontops, 79 Glyphisodon anabatoides, 68 antjerius, 93 aureus, 82 bandanensis, 68 biocellatus, 93 dickii, 97 glaucus, 92 imparipennis, 98 lacrymatus, 100 leucozona, 101 septemfasciatus, 85 zonatus, 93 Goatfishes, 1, 2 Gobiesox zebra, 283, 294 gobio, Clinus, 283 gobioides, Hypsicometis, 277 Gobitrichinotus radiocularis, 273 godeffroyi, Anampses, 220 Gomphosis, 199 Gomphosus, 124, 199 caeruleus, 199 pacificus, 201 tricolor, 199, 201 undulatus, 199, 201 varius, 199, 200 goolivinda, Rahtee, 13 goramensis, Callionymus, 399, 400 Diplogrammus, 400, 408 gracilis, Jordanicus, 391 Oxybeles, 391 Grammatoreynus, 411 bilineatus, 410, 411 Grammistes forsteri, 264 grandisquamis, Acanthaphritis, 277 granulatus, A ee 142 graphidopterus, Cirrhitus, 254 gravieri, Ecsenius, 322 Salarias, 322 greenoughii, Coris, 178 grenovii, Coris, 180 Julis, 178 grinnelli, Synchiropus, 405 griseofrenatus, Upeneus, 13 grossi, Callionymus, 403 guamensis, Psenes, 418 guntheri, Julis, 194 Giintheria trimaculata, 229 guttata, Duymaeria, 128 guttatus, Pteragogus, 127, 128 Salarias, 304 Gymnocirrhites, 253, 262 arcatus, 252, 254, 262 Gymnosarda, 416 nuda, 411 Gymnotus acus, 393 hainanensis, Paramphiprion, 48, 51 Halias, 386 Halichoeres, 125, 205, 223 argus, 224, 226 bimaculatus, 223 binotopsis, 224, 225 biocellatus, 224, 226, 233 centriquadrus, 224, 225, 228, 229 Vol. 2 INDEX Halichoeres—Continued daedalma, 231 epimius, 229 fijiensis, 224 hoeveni, 224, 226, 235 hortulanus, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227 kallochroma, 224, 226, 236 leparensis, 194, 224, 226 leucostigma, 224 margaritaceus, 224, 225, 231 marginatus, 224, 226, 237 melanochir, 224 miniatus, 224, 225 nafae, 231 nebulosus, 224, 225, 231 nigrescens, 224, 227 nigropunctatus, 204 notophthalmus, 228, 229 notopsis, 224, 226 opercularis, 231 poecilia, 231 prosopeion, 224 scapularis, 224, 225 trimaculatus, 224, 225, 229 variegatus, 183 hancocki, Encheliophiops, 392 haplodactylus, Lepidoblennius, 283 hardwicke, Sparus, 186 hardwickei, Thalassoma, 184, 186, 187, 192 harid, Searus, 243 hawaliensis, Eesenius, 324, 325 Helcogramma, 283, 294 capidata, 294, 297 carminale, 283 chica, 294, 298, 299, 300 decurrens, 294 fuscipectoris, 297 Helcogramma sp., 294 Heliases caeruleus, 68 frenatus, 68 lepisurus, 68 reticulatus, 63, 64 ternatensis, 78 Heliastes dimidiatus, 72 lepidurus, 68, 70 lepisurus, 68 Hemerocoetes, 275 acanthorhynchos, 275 microps, 275 waitei, 275 Hemigymnus, 124, 217 fasciatus, 217, 218 melapterus, 217, 219 hemimelas, Tripterygion, 284, 285, 293 Hemipteronotus, 122, 142, 143, 146, 151 aneitensis, 148, 149, 151 baldwini, 148 celebicus, 148, 149, 152 copei, 147 evides, 148 hypospilus, 148, 149, 150 jenkinsi, 148 liogenys, 151 melanopus, 148 427 Hemipteronotus—Continued nigromaculatus, 148 niveilatus, 148, 149 pentadactylus, 148, 149, 151 quinque-maculatus, 146, 149 umbrilatus, 148, 149 Hemirhamphus praematurus, 396 hemisphaerium, Labrus, 144 hemistictus, Cirrhites, 265 Paracirrhites, 254, 263, 264, 265 Hemistoma, subg., 240, 247 Hemitautoga notophthalmus, 226 herrei, Thalassoma, 188 heterodon, Cirrhilabrus, 132 heteropterus, Salarias, 303 hexataenia, Cheilinus, 163, 165 Pseudocheilinus, 129, 164, 169 Hinalea, 206 hindsii, Callionymus, 403 hoedti, Novacula, 144 hoeveni, Cheilinus, 159 Halichoeres, 224, 226, 235 hoevenii, Julis (Halichoeres), 235 Platyglossus, 235 Holothuria atra, 392, 393 homei, Carapus, 393, 394, 395 Oxybeles, 395 Hoplochromis, subg., 72 hortulanus, Halichoeres, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227 Labrus, 226 hubbardi, Amblycirrhitus, 253 Cirrhitops, 252, 253, 254 hudsoni, Callionymus, 402, 403 Enneapterygius, 294, 297 Hughichthys, 251, 253 huguenii, Callionymus, 403 hypenetes, Blennius, 319 Hypeneus, 3 vittatus, 5 hypospilus, Hemipteronotus, 148, 149, 150 Hypsicometis, 277 gobioides, 277 iluocoeteoides, Dinematichthys, 3838 imparipennis, Abudefduf, 81, 98 Glyphisodon, 98 incisolabiatus, Entomacrodus, 329, 332 incisum, Pteropsaron, 277 indicus, Amblycirrhitus, 253, 254, 258 Mullus, 13 Parupeneus, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15 Pseudupeneus, 13 inermis, Cheilio, 176 Labrus, 176 Iniistius, 122, 143 cacatua, 143 dea, 143 leucozonus, 143 mundicorpus, 143 niger, 143 pavo, 143 pavoninus, 143 verater, 143 inornatus, Pomacentrus, 110, 111 428 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 inscriptus, Pseudolabrus, 170 insidiator, Epibulus, 136, 137 Sparus, 137 insolens, Schizochirus, 274 intermedius, Amphiprion, 51 interrupta, Stethojulis, 207, 209 interruptus, Julis (Halichoeres), 207 iomelas, Chromis, 75, 76 ischyrus, Pseudupeneus, 10 Isobuna, 252 Istiblennius, 304, 319, 344 afilinuchalis, 347, 356, 358, 361 bilitonensis, 344 chrysospilos, 353 coronatus, 345, 347, 351 cyanostigma, 346, 347, 355 edentulus, 346, 347, 353 fasciatus, 346, 347 gibbifrons, 347, 358, 361 lineatus, 345, 347 nitidus, 353 paulus, 345, 347, 349, 353 periophthalmus, 351 rodenbaughi, 347, 358 japonica, Duymaeria, 127 japonicus, Amphiprion, 52 Callionymus, 402, 403 Calliurichthys, 402, 403 Paracirrhites, 252 jenkinsi, Hemipteronotus, 148 Pomacentrus, 105, 110 jenningsi, Cirripectes, 308, 312, 317 johnstonianus, Abudefduf, 81, 95 Plectroglyphidodon, 95, 97 jonesi, Scarus, 247 jordani, Cirrhilabrus, 132, 133 Gillias, 283, 293 Tripterygion, 283, 293 Jordanicus, 390, 391 gracilis, 391 jourdin, Lutjanus, 51 Julis amblycephalus, 192 aneitense, 190 anertensis, 190 axillaris, 206, 212 balteatus, 209 (Halichoeres) bandanensis, 212 bifer, 142, 145 (Halichoeres) casturi, 214 gaimard, 178 gaimard speciosa, 178 geoffroy, 203 greenovii, 178 guntheri, 194 (Halichoeres) hoevenii, 235 (Halichoeres) interruptus, 207 (Halichoeres) kallochroma, 236 (Halichoeres) kalosoma, 208 (Julis) leucorrhynchos, 178 leuccstictus, 207 lucasanus, 185 lutescens, 190 margaritaceus, 231 melanochir, 186, 192, 193 meleagris, 205 Julis—Continued (Halichoeres) notophthalmus, 226 notopsis, 237, 238 (Halichoeres) phekadopleura, 207 praetextata, 133, 134 punctatus, 189 purpurea, 197 purpureus, 183 (Halichoeres) renardi, 210 sebanus, 207 strigiventer, 206, 210 trimaculata, 229 umbrostygma, 189 vanikolensis, 144 kaianus, Callionymus, 403 kallasoma, Novacula, 142, 145 kallochroma, Halichoeres, 224, 226, 236 Julis (Halichoeres), 236 Platyglossus, 236 kallosoma, Xyrichthys, 146 kalosoma, Julis (Halichoeres), 208 Stethojulis, 208, 209 kanekonis, Callionymus, 403 kasougae, Dermatopsis, 385, 388, 389 Katsuwonus, 413 pelamis, 411, 413 keeleyi, Callionymus, 402 kitaharai, Callionymus, 403 Kraemeria, 273 labiatus, Cheiloprion, 97 Labrastrum, 126 Labrichthys, 123, 170, 172 cyanotaenia, 170, 171, 172 fuentesi, 170 Labridae, 121 Labrinae, 242 Labrisomus, 283 Labroclinus, 282 Labroides, 123, 170, 171 bicolor, 172, 173, 174 caeruleo-lineatus, 173 dimidiatus, 172, 173 paradiseus, 171 phthirophagus, 173 rubrolabiatus, 173 xanthurus, 123, 170 Labropsis, 170 manabei, 170 Labrus albovittata, 209 centriquadrus, 229 diagramma, 156 fasciatus, 217, 218 formosus, 178 fuscus, 196 hemisphaerium, 144 hortulanus, 226 inermis, 176 lunaris, 188 macrodontus, 125 marmoratus, 259, 260 melapterus, 219 pinnulatus, 259, 260 rufus, 121 INDEX Labrus—Continued sexfasciatus, 86 taeniourus, 142 trilineatus, 206, 207 trilobatus, 196 lacrymatus, Abudefduf, 82, 100 Glyphisodon, 100 lacunicola, Salarias, 343 laddi, Synchiropus, 405, 406, 408, 410 lateralis, Callionymus, 404, 405 lateristriata, Upeneus, 11 lateristriga, Upeneus, 11 latezonatus, Amphiprion, 48, 50, 53 laticlavius, Amphiprion, 50, 53 Latilidae, 266 latus, Serranocirrhitus, 252 lecluse, Cymolutes, 134, 135 Xyrichthys, 134 leopardus, Blennius, 305 Cirripectes, 305, 311 Salarias, 305 leopoldi, Synchiropus, 405 leparensis, Halichoeres, 194, 224, 226 Lepidoblennius, 283 haplodactylus, 283 Lepidochromis, subg., 68 lepidolepis, Chromis, 66, 67 lepidurus, Heliastes, 68, 70 lepisurus, Chromis, 68 Heliastes, 68 Leptojulis, subg., 205 Leptojulis pardalis, 204, 205 Leptosearus, 241, 251 vaigiensis, 251 Lesueurella platycephalus, 274 Lesueurina, 274 platycephalus, 274 leucobranchialis, Callionymus, 402 leucopomus, Abudefduf, 80, 89 leucorrhynchos, Julis (Julis) 178 leucostictus, Julis, 207 leucostigma, Halichoeres, 224 leucozona, Abudefduf, 82, 101 Glyphisodon, 101 leucozonus, Iniistius, 143 leucurus, Chromis, 66, 73, 75, 76 lighti, Entomacrodus, 327 - lili, Synchiropus, 405 limiceps, Callionymus, 402, 403 Limnichthys, 275, 278 donaldsoni, 278, 279 fasciatus, 278, 279 linearis, Stethojulis, 209, 214 lineathorox, ? Callionymus, 403 lineatus, Euthynnus, affinis, 416 Istiblennius, 345, 347 Salarias, 347 lineolatus, Synchiropus, 405 liogenys, Hemipteronotus, 151 litteratus, Praealticus amboinensis, 369, 370, 372 lividanalis, Eesenius, 323, 325 lividus, Pomacentrus, 104, 106 longi, Callionymus, 402, 403 longicaudatus, Callionymus, 403 longifilis, Dinacistrus, 388 429 longirostris, Acarauna, 199 lucasanum, Thalassoma, 184, 185, 187, 194 lucasanus, Julis, 185 Lucifuga, 385 dentatus, 385 subterranus, 385 lucillae, Axoclinus, 294 lumbricoides, Oxybeles, 394, 395, 396 lunare, Thalassoma, 184, 185, 187, 188 lunaris, Labrus, 188 lunatus, Callionymus, 403 lunula, Scarus, 244 lutescens, Julis, 190 Thalassoma, 184, 185, 187, 190 luteus, Mullus, 15 Parupeneus, 7, 15, 35, 36 Pseudupeneus, 15 Upeneus, 15 Lutjanus ephippium, 47, 48, 53 jourdin, 51 percula, 48, 49 Lycodapidae, 390 lyra, Callionymus, 402 lyukuensis, Cirrhilabrus, 132 macdonaldi, Callionymus, 402, 403 macleayanum, Tripterygion, 293, 294 Macrias, 267 Macrias amissus, 267 macrobrachium, Enneapterygius, 285 macrodon, Dermatopsis, 385 macrodontus, Labrus, 125 macromma, Bembrops, 277 maeronema, Parupeneus, 11 macronemus, Mullus, 11 Parupeneus, 7, 8, 9, 11, 18 Macropharyngodon, 124, 203 geoffroyi, 203, 204 meleagris, 203, 204, 205 pardalis, 203, 204 macropterus, Neothunnus albacora, 411 Thynnus, 414 macrostoma, Amphiprion, 60 macrostomus, Prochilus, 60 maculata, Brotula, 384 Percis, 268 maculatus, Cirrhitus, 259, 260 Psenes, 418 Stethojulis, 206, 209 magnisquamis, Bembrops, 277 malabaricus, Parupeneus, 13 Upeneus, 13 maldivensis, Callionymus, 403 manabei, Labropsis, 170 mandibularis, Ecsenius, 322, 323 margaretae, Pseudocheilinus, 166, 167 margaritaceus, Halichoeres, 224, 225, 231 Julis, 231 margaritarius, Prealticus, 368 margaritifer, Chromis dimidiatus, 72 marginatus, Brosmius, 386 Dascyllus, 63, 64 Halichoeres, 224, 226, 237 Platyglossus, 237 430 marisinensis, Callionymus, 402 marleyi, Taeniolabrus, 276 marmoratus, Entomacrodus, 329, 340 Labrus, 259, 260 Salarias, 338 marnae, Thalassoma, 192 marshallensis, Entomacrodus plurifilis, 329, 341 mauritiensis, Amphiprion, 48 mecullochi, Amphiprion, 60 Meiacanthus, 373, 381 atrodorsalis, 381 melanocephalum, Tripterygion, 293 melanochir, Halichoeres, 224 Julis, 186, 192, 193 Thalassoma, 193 melanopterus, Callionymus, 403 Pomacentrus, 106, 117 melanopus, Amphiprion, 52, 53, 60 Hemipteronotus, 148 Novacula, 148 Prochilus, 60 melanostolus, Amphiprion, 52 melanotus, Cirrhites, 253 melanurus, Amphiprion, 51 Tripterygion, 293 melapterus, Hemigymnus, 217, 219 Labrus, 219 meleagrides, Anampses, 220 meleagris, Julis, 205 Macropharyngodon, 203, 204, 205 microlepidotus, Xyrichthys, 134, 144, 148 microlepis, Novacula, 134 microps, Callionymus, 405 Hemerocoetes, 275 microrhinos, Scarus, 243 miliij, Sparus, 52 miniatus, Halichoeres, 224, 225 minutum, Tripterygium, 286 minutus, Fallacirripectes, 362, 363, 366 Priptetyaion, 284, 285, 286, 291, 93. mirabilis, Draculo, 399 mirus, Brachycallionymus, 398 mitratus, Petroscirtes, 374 mizolepis, Dinematichthys, 388 moana, Pseudupeneus, 22, 24 Upeneus, 22 moluccensis, Upeneoides, 4 Upeneus, 4 monofasciatus, Amphiprion, 53 monopterygius, Callionymus, 275 Monothrix, 385 polylepsis, 385 montillai, Parapercis, 270 morrisi, Oxycirrhites, 252 morrisoni, Synechiropus, 406, 408, 409 mossambicus, Cirrhitus, 252, 259 mourlani, Carapus, 393, 396 Fierasfer, 393 Mugiloides, 267 chilensis, 267 Mugiloididae, 266 mulleri, Salarias, 344 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Mullidae, 1 Mulloides, 36 flammeus, 40 pflugeri, 40 samoensis, 40 Mulloidichthys, 2, 3, 36 auriflamma, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45 pflugeri, 38, 39, 40, 45 samoensis, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45 vanicolensis, 38, 39, 44 Mullus, 3 auriflamma, 11, 42 bandi, 5 barbatus, 3 barberinus, 16 bifasciatus, 6, 19 chryserydros, 29 cyclostomus, 29 dispilurus, 10 fasciatus, 217 flavolineatus, 36 indicus, 13 luteus, 15 macronemus, 11 multifasciatus, 12 pleurostigma, 26 pleurotaenia, 10 trifasciatus, 22 vittatus, 3, 5 multibarbata, Brotula, 383, 384 multifasciatus, Mullus, 12 Neopercis, 268 Parupeneus, 7, 8, 9, 12, 24 Pseudupeneus, 11, 12 Upeneus, 11 multilineatus, Salarias, 347 multiradiatus, Dermatopsis, 385 mundicorpus, Iniistius, 143 murrayi, Cirrhitus, 254 musilae, Alticus, 330 mutabilis, Searus, 245 Myxonum, 267 nafae, Halichoeres, 231 namiyei, Eesenius, 324 Salarias, 324 nanus, Tripterygion, 284, 285, 288 nasus, Tripterygion, 283, 293 nasutus, Callionymus, 403 natalis, Praealticus, 369 Salarias, 369 neanis, Thalassoma, 190 nebulosus, Halichoeres, 224, 225, 231 Negoseartes, 304 Negostegastes, subg., 81, 97, 100 nematopterus, Bembrops, 277 Crenilabrus, 127 Neocirrhites, 251 armatus, 251 Neopercis, 268 multifasciatus, 268 Neothunnus, 414 albacora macropterus, 411 Nicholsina, 241 niger, Iniistius, 143 INDEX nigra, Novacula (Iniistius), 143 nigrescens, Halichoeres, 224, 227 nigricans, Entomacrodus, 327 Pomacentrus, 105, 107 nigripenne, Tripterygion, 282 nigripes, Amphiprion, 54, 55 Salarias, 311 nigromaculatus, Hemipteronotus, 148 Platyglossus, 204 nigropinnatus, Cheilinus, 158 nigropunctatus, Cirrhitus, 254, 259 Halichoeres, 204 nikolskii, Tripterygion, 293 nitidus, Istiblennius, 353 Salarias, 353 mIMAR OU SER: Entomacrodus, 329, 340, Salarias, 343 niveilatus, Hemipteronotus, 148, 149 Xyrichthys, 149 Nixiblennius, 319 normani, Synchiropus, 405 Notoclinops, 283 Notoclinus, 282 notophthalmus, Halichoeres, 228, 229 Hemitautoga, 226 Julis (Halichoeres), 226 notopsis, Halichoeres, 224, 226 Julis, 237, 238 Platyglossus, 237 Notothenidae, 267 novacula, Coryphaena, 142 Novacula, 142 aneitensis, 151 celebica, 152 hoedti, 144 kallasoma, 142, 145 melanopus, 148 microlepis, 134 (Iniistius) nigra, 143 punctulata, 149 sex-maculata, 149 spilonotus, 148 stockumi, 148 tessellata, 149 tetrazona, 143 twistii, 148 xyrichthyoides, 134 Novaculichthys, 142 entargyreus, 143 woodi, 143 novaculoides, Xyrichthys, 134 Novaculops, 122, 143 novaguineae, Culcita, 394, 396 nuda, Pelamys, 416 Gymnosarda, 411 numeri, Callionymus, 403 obtusa, Squamicreedia, 275 obtusirostre, Tripterygion, 293 ocellaris, Amphiprion, 51 ocellata, Wetmorella, 140 ocellatus, Callionymus, 405 Synchiropus, 405, 406, 408, 410 ocelligena, Callionymus, 403 431 oedema, Scarus, 239 Ogilbia, 388 cayorum, 388 Oliglyphisodon, 99 Onuxodon, 391 opercularioides, Callionymus, 398 opercularis, Cossyphus, 126, 127 Halichoeres, 231 Platyglossus, 241 Pteragogus, 127 Ophidina, 382 Ophioblenniinae, 302 Ophioblennius, 302 vanderbilti, 312 opsifrontalis, Eesenius, 324, 325, 326 orientalis, Parupeneus, 7, 8, 9, 11 Pseudupeneus, 11 ornatipinvis, Callionymus, 403 ornatus, Synchiropus, 405 Osopsaron, 276 Osurus, 268 oualensis, Petroscirtes, 381 ovifrons, Searus, 239 Oxuderces, 274 dentatus, 274 Oxybeles brandesii, 395, 396 gracilis, 391 homei, 395 lumbricoides, 394, 395, 396 oxycephalus, Cheilinus, 154, 161 Cirrhitus, 254 Upeneus, 29, 32 Oxycirrhites, 252 morrisi, 252 seftoni, 252 typus, 252 oxyrhynchos, Cirrhitichthys, 255 Cirrhitoidea, 255 pacificus, Gomphosus, 201 pallidus, Salarias crenulatus, 304 Synchiropus, 405 pantherinus, Sparus, 265 papuensis, Amphiprion, 58 Paracallionymus, 398 Paracirrhites, 252, 254, 263 forsteri, 254, 263, 264, 265 hemistictus, 254, 263, 264, 265 japonicus, 252 polystictus, 266 paradiseus, Labroides, 171 Paramphiprion, 48 hainanensis, 48, 51 Parapercichthys, 267 Parapercis, 267, 268 cephalopunctatus, 268, 270, 272 clathrata, 268, 272 cylindrica, 268, 272 montillai, 270 ramsayl, 268 schauinslandi, 268 tetracanthus, 270, 271 pardalis, Leptojulis, 204, 205 Macropharyngodon, 203, 204 octotaenia, Pseudocheilinus, 164, 166, | pardochir, Enneapterygius, 287 167 Tripterygion, 293 432 Pee 1, 2, 3,:6,:7, 8, 9, 10, 18, 27, ’ andrewsii, 19 barberinoides, 7, 8, 9, 12 barberinus, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16 bifasciatus, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 19, 24 bilineatus, 38 chryserydros, 29, 31, 32 chrysonemus, 7, 15 crassilabris, 7, 16, 34 cyclostomus, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 29, 36 fraterculus, 10 indicus, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15 luteus, 7, 15, 35, 36 macronema, 11 macronemus, 7, 8, 9, 11, 18 malabaricus, 13 multifasciatus, 7, 8, 9, 12, 24 orientalis, 7, 8, 9, 11 pleurostigma, 7, 8, 9, 12, 26 pleurotaenia, 7, 8, 9, 1 porphyreus, 7, 15 trifasciatus, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 22 xanthospilurus, 2 parvibracbium, Carapus, 391 paulus, Istiblennius, 345, 347, 349, 353 Salarias, 349 pautzkei, Brosmophyciops, 384 pavo, Chaetodon, 104, 113 Iniistius, 143 Pomacentrus, 105, 113, 120 Xyrichthys, 143 pavoninus, Iniistius, 143 Xyrichthys, 143 pearsei, Typhlias, 385 pectoralis, Enneapterygius, 293 pelamis, Katsuwonus, 411, 413 Scomber, 413 Pelamys nuda, 416 pentadactylus, Coryphaena, 146, 149 Hemipteronotus, 148, 149, 151 Perca polymna, 51 taeniata, 265 Percis, 268 cephalopunctatus, 270 cylindrica, 268 maculata, 268 stricticeps, 268 tetracanthus, 268 Percophididae, 273 Percophis, 276 brasiliensis, 276 percula, Actinicola, 49 Amphiprion, 49, 53, 55 Lutjanus, 48, 49 Prochilus, 49 perideraion, Amphiprion, 49, 53, 54 Prochilus, 54 periophthalmus, Istiblennius, 351 personatus, Mnneapterygius, 297 Salarias, 353 Petroscirtes, 374 azureus, 375, 377, 378 fluctuans, 378 mitratus, 374 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Petroscirtes—Continued oualensis, 381 taeniatus, 375 Petroskirtes tapeinosoma, 380 pflugeri, Mulloides, 40 Mulloidichthys, 38, 39, 40, 45 phaiosoma, Salarias, 304 Phalerebus, 48 phantasticus, Salarias, 323 phasis, Callionymus, 403 phekadopleura, Julis (Halichoeres), 207 Stethojulis, 207, 209 philippina, Coris, 178 Wetmorella, 138, 159 Wetmorella philippina, 140 philippinus, Bembrops, 277 Upeneoides, 5 phoenixensis, Abudefduf, 82, 103 phthirophagus, Labroides, 173 picturatus, Callionymus, 405 Synchiropus, 406 pietschmanni, Schindleria, 397 piger, Dinematichthys, 388 Pinguipes, 267 pinnulatus, Cirrhitus, 260 Labrus, 259, 260 pinos, Cirrhitoidea, 255 Pseudocirrhites, 255 planulatus, Cirrhitus, 254 planus, Callionymus, 403 platycephalus, Lesueurella, 274 Lesueurina, 274 Platyglossus flos-corallis, 236 hoevenii, 235 kallochroma, 236 marginatus, 237 nigromaculatus, 204 notopsis, 237 opercularis, 241 platyrhynchus, Bathypercis, 277 Plectroglyphidodon, subg., 96, 97 johnstonianus, 95, 97 pleurostigma, Mullus, 26 Parupeneus, 7, 8, 9, 12, 26 Pseudupeneus, 2 Upeneus, 26 pleurotaenia, Mullus, 10 Parupeneus, 7, 8, 9, 10 plurifilis, Entomacrodus, 340, 344 Entomacrodus plurifilis, 329, 338, 342, 343 Pocillopora, 319 poecilia, Halichoeres, 231 polyactis, Cirrhitichthys, 253 polylepis, Prochilus, 53 polylepsis, Monothrix, 385 polymna, Anthias, 49, 52 Perca, 51 polymnus, Amphiprion, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53 Prochilus, 52 polystictus, Cirrhites, 265 Paracirrhites, 264, 266 polyzona, Salarias (Cirripectes), 308, 314 Pomacentridae, 47 INDEX pomacentroides, Dascylius, 67, 68 Serrichromis, 67, 68 Pomacentrus, 47, 104, 115, 117 albofasciatus, 105 atrilabiatus, 110 bifasciatus, 105, 116 caeruleus, 106, 119, 120 coelestis, 106, 118, 120 eclipticus, 109 inornatus, 110, 111 jenkinsi, 105, 110 lividus, 104, 106 melanopterus, 106, 117 nigricans, 105, 107 pavo, 105, 113, 120 taeniops, 108 traceyi, 105, 114 trimaculatus, 64 vaiuli, 105, 111 porosus, Upeneus, 3 porphyreus, Parupeneus, 7, 15 Pseudupeneus, 15 Upeneus, 15 Porteridea, 267 Praealticus, 305, 368 amboinensis amboinensis, 369, 372 amboinensis litteratus, 369, 370, 372. amboinensis tanegasimae, 369, 372 margaritarius, 368 natalis, 369 praematurus, Hemirhamphus, 396 Schindleria, 396 praetextata, Julis, 133, 134 praetextatus, Cymolutes, 133, 134, 135 prayensis, Upeneus, 3 pre-oculis, Ecsenius, 324, 325 preorbitalis, Upeneus, 40 Prochilus, 48 akallopisos, 48 akallopisus, 49 bifasciatus, 50, 51, 55 ephippium, 53 macrostomus, 60 melanopus, 60 percula, 49 perideraion, 54 polylepis, 53 polymnus, 52 Prolatilus, 267 prosopeion, Halichoeres, 224 psacas, Stethojulis, 210 Psenes, 418 chapmani, 418 cyanophrys, 418 guamensis, 418 maculatus, 418 Psenes sp.?, 418 Pseudanampses, 124, 220 geographicus, 220 pterophthalmus, 220 Pseudocheilinops, 121, 128, 164 ataenia, 129 Pseudocheilinus, 123, 128, 129, 163 evanidus, 165 hexataenia, 129, 164, 169 433 Pseudocheilinus—Continued margaretae, 166, 167 octotaenia, 164, 166, 167 psittaculus, 165 tetrataenia, 164, 167 Pseudocirrhites, 255 pinos, 255 Pseudolabrus, 170 inscriptus, 170 Pseudupeneus, 3 aurantiacus, 29, 32 barberinoides, 12 bifasciatus, 19 chryserydros, 29 chrysonemus, 15 crassilabris, 34 cyclostomus, 29 eutaeniatus, 37 fraterculus, 10 indicus, 13 ischyrus, 10 luteus, 15 moana, 22, 24 multifasciatus, 11, 12 orientalis, 11 pleurostigma, 26 porphyreus, 15 trifasciatus, 22 xanthospilurus, 32 Pseudoperces, 267 psittaculus, Pseudocheilinus, 165 psittacus, Searus, 243 Xyrichthys, 147 Pteragogus, 121, 126 flagellifera, 127 guttatus, 127, 128 opercularis, 127 taeniops, 127 Pterocaesio, 417 pterophthalmus, Pseudanampses, 220 Pteropsaron, 276 evolans, 276 incisum, 277 verecundum, 276 puellarum, Clinus, 282 pulchellus, Chlorurus, 242 Searus, 242 pulcher, Ecsenius, 323 Salarias, 323 pulcherrima, Coris, 178 punctatus, Callionymus, 403 Julis, 189 Tripterygion, 293 punctilateralis, Callionymus, 402 punctulata, Novacula, 149 punctulatus, Enneapterygius, 287 purpurea, Julis, 197 pure Thalassoma, 186, 187, 192, 19 purpureus, Julis, 183 Scearus, 183, 197 pusillus, Enneapterygius, 283 Tripterygion, 293 Pyramodon, 390 ventralis, 390 quadripennis, Salarias, 361 434 quagga, Cirripectes, 309, 314, 317 Rupiseartes, 314 quinque-maculatus, Hemipteronotus, 46, 149 quinquevittata, Thalassoma, 186, 187, , quinquevittatus, Scarus, 194 radiocularis, Gobitrichinotus, 273 Rahtee goolivinda, 13 rameus, Callionymus, 403 ramsayi, Parapercis, 268 reducta, Enigmapercis, 277 reevesii, Callionymus, 403 renardi, Julis (Halichoeres), 210 Stethojulis, 210, 212 Repomucenus, 402 reticulatus, Cirripectes, 311, 312 Dascyllus, 61, 63 Heliases, 63, 64 Rhabdoblennius, 302, 303, 319, 353 rhabdotrachelus, 319, 321 snowi, 319 rhabdotrachelus, Blennius, 319, 321 Rhabdoblennius, 319, 321 rhinorhynchos, Runula, 376 rhodochrous, Cheilinus, 154, 160, 161 rhoduropterus, Scarus, 245 Rhytejulis, 206 richardsoni, Callionymus, 403 ringens, Atopoclinus, 379 Runula, 376 rivulatus, Cirrhitus, 259 rodenbaughi, Istiblennius, 347, 358 rosenbergi, ? Amphiprion, 54 rostratus, Cheilinus, 159 Roxasella, 277 fusiforme, 277 rubellio, Ctenolabrus, 127 rubrocaudata, Anampses, 220 rubrocinctus, Amphiprion, 53 rubrolabiatus, Labroides, 173 rubropunctatus, Salarias, 305 rubrovinetus, Callionymus, 403 rufus, Labrus, 121 Runula, 373, 376, 379 azalea, 376, 379 ewaensis, 376 rhinorhynchos, 376 ringens, 376 tapeinosoma, 376, 380 Rupiseartes, 366 quagga, 314 riippelli, Amphiprion, 53 russelli, Upeneus, 13 saffordi, Upeneus, 29, 32 sagitta, Callionymus, 403 Salarias, 304, 319, 322, 361 alticus, 366 aneitensis, 337 andamanensis, 356 andamensis, 356 anomalus, 323 atrimarginatus, 353 aureo-puncticeps, 351 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 Salarias—Continued belemnites, 353 bicolor, 324 biorni, 368 brevis, 305 brevoorti, 344 burmanicus, 324 caudolineatus, 356 coronatus, 351 crenulatus pallidus, 304 cyanostigma, 355 decussatus, 334 fasciatus, 361 filamentosus, 308 fluctuatus, 353 frenatus, 340 frontalis, 322 furcatus, 324 fuscus, 304 gibbifrons, 356 gravieri, 322 guttatus, 304 heteropterus, 303 lacunicola, 343 leopardus, 305 lineatus, 347 marmoratus, 338 mulleri, 344 multilineatus, 347 namiyei, 324 natalis, 369 nigripes, 311 nitidus, 353 niuafoouensis, 343 paulus, 349 personatus, 353 phaiosoma, 304 phantasticus, 323 (Cirripectes) polyzona, 308, 314 pulcher, 323 quadripennis, 361 rubropunctatus, 305 schmidti, 368 striatus, 340 sebae, 313 striolatus, 356 variolosus, 307, 311 vomerinus, 327 Salariichthys, 327 Salariinae, 301, 302, 362 saliens, Alticus, 367 Blennius, 366, 367, 368 samoensis, Mulloides, 40 Mulloidichthys, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45 sara, Cybium, 412 saxatilis, Abudefduf, 79, 84 Chaetodon, 84 scabriceps, Callionymus, 402 scapularis, Halichoeres, 224, 225 Scaridae, 239 Scaridea, 240 Searinae, 241 Searops, 239 Searops, subg., 240 Seartes, 305 Seartichthys, 305 gigas, 305 stellifer, 329 Scartoblennius, 319 Scarus, 240, 243 aeruginosus, 249 bicolor, 242 brevifilis, 248 caudofasciatus, 245 chlorodon, 249 formosus, 244 forsteri, 246 ghobban, 248 gibbus, 242 globiceps, 247 harid, 243 jonesi, 247 lunula, 244 microrhinos, 243 mutabilis, 245 oedema, 239 ovifrons, 239 psittacus, 243 pulchellus, 242 purpureus, 183, 197 quinquevittatus, 194 rhoduropterus, 245 schlegeli, 245 sordidus, 246 taeniurus, 245 venosus, 245 zonularis, 245 Searus, subg., 240, 243 schaopii, Callionymus, 403 schauinslandi, Parapercis, 268 Schindleria, 396 pietschmanni, 397 praematurus, 396 Schindleriidae, 395 Schindleriina, 396 Schizochirus, 274 insolens, 274 schlegeli, Scarus, 245 schmidti, Salarias, 368 Sciaena cylindrica, 268, 272 unimaculata, 51 Scomber pelamis, 413 Scombridae, 410 Scombrina, 410 sebae, Amphiprion, 51, 53, 57 Cirripectes, 309, 312, 313, 317 Salarias, 313 sebanus, Julis, 207 sechellensis, Synchiropus, 405 seftoni, Oxycirrhites, 252 segmentatum, Tripterygion, 283, 293 Semachlorella, 144 semicrenatus, Alticus, 366 semifasciatus, Upeneus, 19 septemfasciatus, Abudefduf, 80, 85 Glyphisodon, 85 Serranocirrhitus, 252 latus, 252 Serrichromis pomacentroides, 67, 68 setiger, Trichonotus, 276 sexfasciata, Cirrhitoidea, 254, 255, 257 INDEX 435 sexfasciatus, Abudefduf, 80, 86 Labrus, 86 sex-maculata, Novacula, 149 sexmaculatus, Gillias, 283 Tripterygion, 293 shoe, Synchiropus, 405 snowi, Blennius, 319 Rhabdoblennius, 319 snyderi, Amphiprion, 52 Snyderidia, 390 canina, 390 sokonumeri, Callionymus, 403 solandri, Acanthocybium, 411, 412 Cybium, 412 solorensis, Cirrhilabrus, 132 sordidus, Abudefduf, 79, 83, 86 Chaetodon, 79, 83 Searus, 246 Sparisoma, 240 Sparisomatinae, 240, 250 Sparus anchorago, 125 chlorourus, 154 fasciatus, 158 hardwicke, 186 insidiator, 137 milii, 52 pantherinus, 265 speciosa, Julis gaimard, 178 spilogaster, Crenilabrus, 127 spilonotus, Novacula, 148 spilotoceps, Cirrhitus, 254, 260, 261 spiniceps, Callionymus, 403 spinidens, Calotomus, 250 splendidus, Callionymus, 405 Synchiropus, 406 squamentum, Chriomystax, 277 squamiceps, Chrionema, 277 Squamicreedia, 275 obtusa, 275 Stegastes, subg., 79 steindachneri, Thalassoma, 186 stella, Blennioclinus, 282 stellifer, Entomocrodus, 327, 329 Seartichthys, 329 Stethojulis, 124, 206 albovittata, 209, 214, 216, 217 axillaris, 208, 209, 212 easturi, 214 filholi, 207 fulvoventris, 212 interrupta, 207, 209 kalosoma, 208, 209 linearis, 209, 214 maculatus, 206, 209 phekadopleura, 207, 209 psacas, 210 renardi, 210, 212 strigiventer, 208, 209, 210 terina, 208 trilineata, 207, 209, 214 trossula, 207, 209 zatima, 208 stigma, Cyprinocirrhites, 253 stigmaticus, Cirripectes, 309, 316, 317 stigmatura, Eesenius, 322, 325 stockumi, Novacula, 148 436 storeyae, Axoclinus, 294 striaticeps, Tripterygion, 293 striatus, Salarias, 340 stricticeps, Percis, 268 strigiventer, Julis, 206, 210 Stethojulis, 208, 209, 210 striolatus, Salarias, 356 Stromateidae, 418 Stromateina, 418 Stygicola, 385 subterranus, Lucifuga, 385 sulphureus, Upeneus, 4 Synchiropus, 399, 404 altivelis, 405 delandi, 405, 406 grinnelli, 405 laddi, 405, 406, 408, 410 leopoldi, 405 lili, 405 lineolatus, 405 morrisoni, 406, 408, 409 normani, 405 ocellatus, 405, 406, 408, 410 ornatus, 405 pallidus, 405 picturatus, 406 sechellensis, 405 shoe, 405 splendidus, 406 tentaculatus, 398 zaspilus, 406 taeniata, Perea, 265 taeniatus, Aspidinotus, 375, 376 Petroscrites, 375 Upeneus, 15 Taeniolabrus, 270 filamentosus, 276 marleyi, 276 taeniops, Cossyphus, 127 Pomacentrus, 108 Pteragogus, 127 taeniourus, Labrus, 142 Xyrichthys, 144, 148 taeniurus, Searus, 245 tanegasimae, Praealticus amboinensis, 369, 372 tankervillae, Gerranus, 264, 265 tapeinosoma, Petroskirtes, 380 Runula, 376, 380 tateyamaensis, Cymolutes, 134 tauensis, Chalixodytes, 279, 280 temmincki, Cirrhilabrus, 132 tentaculata, Amora, 403 tentaculatus, Synchiropus, 398 terina, Stethojulis, 208 ternatensis, Chromis, 66, 78 Heliases, 78 tessellata, Novacula, 149 tetracanthus, Parapercis, 270, 271 Percis, 268 tetrataenia, Pseudocheilinus, 164, 167 tetrazona, Novacula, 143 Tewara, 275 cranwelli, 275 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202 Vol. 2 thalassinus, Alticus, 330 Entomacrodus, 327, 329, 330, 337 Thalassoma, 124, 183 albolineum, 194 amblycephalus, 184, 185, 187, 192 ballieui, 185, 187 duperry, 184, 185, 187, 193, 194 fuscum, 186, 187, 192, 196 hardwickei, 184, 186, 187, 192 herrei, 188 lucasanum, 184, 185, 187, 193, 194 lunare, 184, 185, 187, 188 lutescens, 184, 185, 187, 190 marnae, 192 melanochir, 193 neanis, 190 purpureum, 186, 187, 192, 197 quinquevittata, 186, 187, 192, 194 steindachneri, 186 trilobata, 198 umbrostygma, 185, 187, 189, 192, 198 thunnina, Thynnus, 415 Thynnus albacora, 414 bilineatus, 411 macropterus, 414 thunnina, 415 unicolor, 416 torquatus, Cymolutes, 134, 135 Xyrichthys, 134 townsendi, Brotula, 383 traceyi, Pomacentrus, 105, 114 tractus, Aspidonotus, 378 tragula, Upeneus, 4 Trianectes, 283 bucephalus, 283 Trichonotidae, 273 Trichonotops, 276 Trichonotus, 276 setiger, 276 tricinctus, Amphiprion, 50, 53, 56 tricolor, Amphiprion, 53 Gomphosus, 199, 201 trifasciatus, Amphiprion, 55 Mullus, 22 Parupeneus, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 22 Pseudupeneus, 22 Upeneus, 22 trilineata, Stethojulis, 207, 209, 214 trilineatus, Labrus, 206, 207 trilobata, Thalassoma, 198 trilobatus, Cheilinus, 153, 154, 156, 162 Labrus, 196 trimaculata, Giintheria, 229 Julis, 229 trimaculatus, Dascyllus, 61, 64 Halichoeres, 224, 225, 229 Pomacentrus, 64 triocellata, Wetmorella, 140 Tripterigion atriceps, 285 tripteronotus, Blennius, 283 Tripterygion, 293 Tripterygiidae, 294 Tripterygiinae, 281 Tripterygion, 281, 282, 283 annulatum, 283, 293 INDEX Tripterygion—Continued atriceps, 293 atrogulare, 293 bapturum, 293 brachylepis, 284, 285, 291, 293, 294 bucephalus, 283, 293 bucknilli, 293 callionymi, 293 capito, 282 cerasinus, 293 clarkei, 293 corallicola, 294 ellioti, 293 etheostoma, 293 fasciatum, 293 fenestratum, 282 hemimelas, 284, 285, 293 jordani, 283, 293 macleayanum, 293, 294 melanocephalum, 293 melanurus, 293 minutus, 284, 285, 286, 291, 298 nanus, 284, 285, 288 nasus, 283, 293 nigripenne, 282 nikolskii, 293 obtusirostre, 293 pardochir, 293 punctatus, 293 pusillus, 293 segmentatum, 283, 293 sexmaculatus, 293 striaticeps, 293 tripteronotus, 293 tusitalae, 293 tutuilae, 293 waigiensis, 293 Tripterygium carminale, 283 minutum, 286 trossula, Stethojulis, 207, 209 tunicatus, Amphiprion, 49 tusitalae, Enneapterygius, 287 Tripterygion, 293 tutuilae, Enneapterygius, 287 Tripterygion, 293 twisti, Anampses, 220 twistii, Novacula, 148 Typhlias, 385 pearsei, 385 typus, Oxycirrhites, 252 ui, Cyprinocirrhites, 253 umbratilis, Fierasfer, 391 umbrilatus, Hemipteronotus, 148, 149 umbrithorax, Callionymus, 402 umbrostygma, Julis, 189 Thalassoma, 185, 187, 189, 192, 198 undulatus, Cheilinus, 153, 154, 157 unicolor, Thynnus, 416 unifasciatus, Cheilinus, 160, 161 unilineatus, Cossyphus, 171 unimacula, Cirrhitoidea, 254, 255 unimaculata, Sciaena, 51 unimaculatus, Amphiprion, 50 437 Upeneichthys, 3 Upeneoides, 3 caeruleus, 5 moluccensis, 4 philippinus, 5 vittatus, 5 Upeneus, 1, 3 arge, 4 atrocingulatus, 22 barberinoides, 12 bifasciatus, 19 bitaeniatus, 5 brandesi, 26 chryserydros, 29 chryserythrus, 29 chrysonemus, 15 erassilabris, 34 cyclostomus, 29 dispilurus, 10 fraterculus, 10 griseofrenatus, 13 lateristriata, 11 lateristriga, 11 luteus, 15 malabaricus, 13 moana, 22 moluccensis, 4 multifasciatus, 11 oxycephalus, 29, 32 pleurostigma, 26 porosus, 3 porphyreus, 15 prayensis, 3 preorbitalis, 40 russelli, 13 saffordi, 29, 32 semifasciatus, 19 sulphureus, 4 taeniatus, 15 tragula, 4 trifasciatus, 22 vanicolensis, 44, 45 velifer, 12 vittatus, 4, 5 waigiensis, 13 vaigiensis, Leptoscarus, 251 vaiuli, Pomacentrus, 105, 111 valenciennesi, Callionymus, 403 vanderbilt, Ophioblennius, 312 vanderhorsti, Apocreedia, 274 vanicolensis, Mulloidichthys, 38, 39, 44 Upeneus, 44, 45 vanikolensis, Julis, 144 variegata, Coris, 177, 178, 183 variecatus, Callionymus, 403 Halichoeres, 183 variolosus, Cirripectes, 309, 311, 314, 7, Salarias, 307, 311 varius, Gomphosus, 199, 200 Vauclusella, 283 Velesionymus, 402 velifer, Upeneus, 12 venosus, Searus, 245 A388 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 202: Vol. 2 ventralis, Brosmophycis, 388 Pyramodon, 390 venusta, Coris, 178 verater, Iniistius, 143 Verconectes, 283 verecundum, Pteropsaron, 276 vermicularis, Encheliophis, 392 verrillii, Brosmophycis, 388 virgis, Callionymus, 403 vittatus, Coracinus, 51 Hypeneus, 5 Mullus, 3, 5 Upeneoides, 5 Upeneus, 4, 5 vomerinus, Salarias, 327 Vulsus, 399 waigiensis, Tripterygion, 293 Upeneus, 13 waitei, Hemerocoetes, 275 wellsi, Fallacirripectes, 365 Wetmorella, 122, 138 albofasciata, 140 ocellata, 140 philippina, 138, 159 philippina bifasciata, 139, 140 philippina philippina, 140 triocellata, 140 wilburni, Callionymus, 403 woodi, Novaculichthys, 143 xanthosemeion, Callionymus, 403 Calliurichthys, 403 xanthospilurus, Parupeneus, 29 Pseudupeneus, 32 xanthurus, Amphiprion, 52, 53, 58 Diproctacanthus, 172 Labroides, 123, 170 xenicus, Calymmichthys, 399, 400, 401 xenodon, Calotomus, 250 Xenosearops, subg., 240 Xirichthys cyanirostus, 149 xyrichthyoides, Novacula, 134 Xyrichthys, 122, 142, 143, 147, 148 bifer, 146 cultratus, 142 dea, 143 kallosoma, 146 leeluse, 134 microlepidotus, 134, 144, 148 niveilatus, 149 novaculoides, 134 pavo, 143 pavoninus, 143 psittacus, 147 taeniourus, 144, 148 torquatus, 134 yaito, Euthynnus, 415 Euthynnus affinis, 411, 416 Yerutius, 399 Ypsiscarus, subg., 240 zanectes, Callionymus, 403 zaspilus, Callionymus, 405 Synchiropus, 406 zatima, Stethojulis, 208 zebra, Gobiesox, 283, 294 Zoarcidae, 390 zonatus, Abudefduf, 93, 95 Glyphisodon, 93 zonularis, Searus, 245 @ dhe a i i : % ihe > st u i ; oui ie i ie . ’ ey i ca sa L al 4 HMUDUTLAQNMLA