DSN) ib SUSY SONG PONS anon as Ott Ba % WANDER AAS Mi ’ \ WAT Ny ROSS a y A ) YIN Ave gy oi RA batched Spay iN ‘ PARE U ELON ¥ PTS IKE ey Raat yy mi i SK y RR A Wi {\ WO Wi yy Se ASN WAN Oat) Head RNY ‘i (nee Sa Oe TK TNR v Sa RAN Braet h Rye i MEK abt Oy HEH ay BLO NEO ARK \ AN aN Ri PRES SAU A PERRO Ga ARO anh i eui3 Au O RIYA F \ RO a ’ rh) bs He yf ‘s iy oI aN Hua 9 Y 5 x ‘ Ria aE SVAN } Fax) MALONE NIRA bt Ree ue we ni RAS Ne y SENS ay ‘i ey AY Ne > q AN Ay a yy US SE : SALaNNS ASTANA be PAT eae an &5 AA 2 SN utes nies Rb cy Q \ aye a ES VROA ete PARACEL NEAR NYSE EN SS 3 i wo i is ‘\ i Sara Beith) Rue at Ml da ad aR ERE BEL as —s : Hzaet PEL * CP AAT EEE ee —— SNES HUEA ee aerate 5 7 er! igasssazosstnaa eae ai s Department of the Bnterior: U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. SOE ES, BULLETIN + OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. I @y eo PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. /3/0 I$ WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOKE. va 1884. ADVERTISEMENT. This work is the thirty-first of a series of papers intended to illus- trate the collections of natural history and ethnology belonging to the United States, and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 1846. It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. The publications of the National Museum consist of two series—the Bulletins, of which this is No. 25, in continuous Series, and the Pro- ceedings, of which the sixth volume is now in press. The volumes of proceedings are printed Signature by signature, each issue having its own date, and a small edition of each signature is dis- tributed to libraries promptly after its publication. From time to time the publications of the Museum which have been issued separately are combined together and issued as volumes of the Miscellaneous Collections. These are struck off from the stereotype plates from which the first edition was printed, and in this form are distributed by the Smithsonian Institution to libraries and scientific societies throughout the world. Volume 13 of these collections includes Bulletins 1 to 10 inclusive; volume 19, vols. 1 and 2 of the Proceedings; volume 22, vols. 3 and 4 of the Proceedings; and volume 23, Bulletins 11 to 15 inclusive. Full lists of the publications of the Museum may be found in the cur- rent catalogues of the publications of the Smithsonian Institution. SPENCER F. BAIRD, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, June 1, 1884, ca CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BERMUDAS. EDITED BY J. MATTHEW JONES anp GEORGE BROWN GOODE. VOTE: Part I—GEOLOGY .......------.------By PRoF. WILLIAM NorRTH RICK. Pav 1. BOTANY. *..u2--.¢.-i2--.--2--ebY GEN. SIR JOHN HENRY LEFROY. Parr lil — MAMMALS! 52.2 -222---------=- By J. Marrurw JONES. Part IV.—BIRDS... --------------- -----: By Capt. SAVILE G. REID. Part V.—NOTES ON BIRDS ....---..--By Dr. C. Hart MERRIAM. Part VI.—REPTILES .....----.--------- BY SAMUEL GARMAN. Part VIL.—ANNELIDS....---------------BY Pror. H. E. WEBSTER. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1884. PR EE ACE: The Bermudas or Somers Islands, since their discovery in 1515, have given origin to a literature of very considerable extent. Not only have they been the subject of discussion in many a book of history and travel, they have inspired the poetic fancies of Thomas Moore and Andrew Marvell, and supplied Shakespeare with an environment for “The Winter’s Tale.” The natural history of this little archipelago has also been a fruitful subject of description from the days of Sil Jourdan and his quaint old black-letter volume, ‘‘The Wreck of the Sea Adven- ture.” The literature of the islands, as will be shown in a bibliography to be published in a subsequent part of this work, includes many papers of considerable importance from a scientific standpoint. The ‘‘enchanted isles” have proved very attractive to naturalists, especially during the past decade, and to the old list of observers, con- taining such names as those of J. Matthew Jones, Sir William Reid, Sir Henry Lefroy, Lansdowne Guilding, H. B. Tristram, J. L. Hurdis, Col. H. M. Drummond-Hay, Colonel Nelson, Dr. J. J. Rein, and Colonel Wedderburn, must be added those of Sir Wyville Thomson and his as- sistants on the Challenger staff, especially John Murray and H. N, Moseley, Prot. W. G. Farlow, Mr. Walter Faxon, Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Mr. J. W. Fewkes, Prof. William North Rice, Dr. G. W. Hawes, Dr. F. M. Hamlin, and Prof. A.S. Bickmore. The field of marine zoology is as yet hardly touched. No place can be more suitable for a laboratory of biology. The only book in which a general survey of the flora and fauna of the islands has been attempted is in ‘“* The Naturalist in Bermuda,” an oe: tavo volume of 200 pages, published in London in 1859, by John Matthew Jones, Esq., F. L. 8., barrister, of the Middle Temple. This work is full of interest and suggestion. It bears upon its title page as its legend, the well-known saying of White of Selborne, “‘ Every kingdom, every prov: ince, should have its own monographer,” was conceived and executed in the spirit of a true disciple of the Hampshire sage, and received a well- merited encomium from Darwin in his Origin of Species. In “The Naturalist in Bermuda,” Mr. Jones made no attempt to Vv VI PREFACE. grapple with marine zoology, the book being devoted almost entirely to the land animals and plants. The lists are all, of course, very incom- plete in the light of subsequent discoveries, but the book is a classic, and will always remain so. Since 1859, a number of special papers have been published by Mr. Jones, and by others; and a series of faunal lists, very nearly complete for vertebrates, is given in Mr. Jones’ Visitors’ Guide to Bermuda, printed in 1876. Dr. T. L. Godet, in his “ Bermuda,” published in 1860, attempted to discuss the zoology of the islands, but bis chapters on “ natural history,” “shells,” and “corals” give evidence not only of ignorance of but shameful dishonesty in his methods of book-making. The plan of the work, of which the first instalment is now published, was arranged by Mr. Jones and the writer of this preface in the spring of 1877, at the close of a second winter of joint exploration of the isl- ands. Mr. Jones has collected in Bermuda for several winters, between 1859 and 1876, and has become the standard authority on matters relat- ing to the natural history of the islands. It has been our purpose in our joint work to bring together in convenient form that which is known of the natural history of the islands, and to make a complete series of faunal and floral lists, to serve as a starting point for future works in the study of the region. In the present volume are printed seven separate papers. Professor Rice’s essay upon the Geology of the islands (Part I) is the result of a careful reconnaissance during a six weeks’ visit in the spring of 1877. The previous work of Nelson and Thomson, and the discus- sion of the region by Dana, have been taken into consideration in the preparation of this paper. The Bermudian Flora, by Sir John Henry Lefroy (Part IJ), is the re- sult of the studies of that eminent geographer while governor of the islands from 1871 to 1877, most of the specific identifications having been made at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. An especial feature of interest in this paper is the thorough manner in which the native flora has been differentiated from the extensive exotic flora, which has been energetically increased by the Bermudians since the very beginning of the colony in 1609. Itis of great value, too, as a record of the sue- cesses of Sir Henry Lefroy himself in acclimatizing numerous species. During his administration, two or three hundred species of trees, shrubs, and plants were introduced from different quarters, particularly from | PREFACE. Vil the Royal Gardens at Kew, which will greatly extend the interest of the Bermudas as a botanic garden. The catalogue of Bermuda Mammals (Part III), by Mr. J. Matthew Jones, is one of the monographs, which will probably never be extended unless by the addition of certain species of whales. Capt. Savile G. Reid’s essay on Bermuda Ornithology (Part IV) is the final result of the labors of Jones, Hurdis, Wedderburn, and others, and may be regarded as a final report. Much of the completeness of this list is due to the labors of a most ingenious local collector, Mr. John T. Bartram, of Stock’s Point, whose little museum is full of interesting ma- terial. Dr. C. Hart Merriam, in a short visit to the islands in 1878, discov- ered one or two additional species of Birds, which, by special request, he records in Part V. Mr. Samuel Garman’s paper on Bermudian Herpetology (Part VI) is undoubtedly a final statement. The discussion of the marine turtles in this paper is of great general interest. Professor Webster’s paper on the Annelids (Part VII) is only a be- ginning, being based upon a very incomplete collection gathered in con- nection with other work. A number of other papers are in preparation, and it is hoped that they may be completed within the next year. Among these are a second edition of the present writer’s Fishes of Bermuda, and papers on the Crustaceans, by Prof. 8. I. Smith; the Radiates, by Prof. A. E. Verrill; the Sponges, by Prof. A. Hyatt; the Spiders, by J. H. Emerton; and the Mollusks, by J. Matthew Jones. G. BROWN GOODE. WASHINGTON, April 2, 1884. Placeholder _ This fold-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at a future date. Fold-out Placeholder fold-out is being digitized, and will be inserted ata future date. PNG Oy) Cr T’ ©) IN. By J. MATTHEW JONES,F. R.S. C. Alone in mid-ocean, about 600 miles east of the Carolina coast, lies the little group of islets known as Bermuda. In former days, when light-houses were few and far between, and navigation was beset with greater danger and difficulty, these islands were counted among the greatest terrors of the deep; lying in the track of merchantmen from Europe to America, and surrounded by barrier reefs extending far out to sea, they too often became the last home of mariners, whose ships were driven in fury upon the breakers and dashed to atoms amid the seething foam. There are no bold scenic effects to impress the visitor on his first ap- proach; no elevated peaks or cone-like craters, nor hillside gorges. All is on a small seale, and although with islands and rocky islets together, over three hundred may be counted, yet the whole lie in a space of 23 miles by 3, and so slightly raised are they above the ocean surface that the very highest point of land only reaches 250 feet. The Gulf Stream flows between the Bermudas and the eastern coast of the United States, trending to the northeast as it reaches the latitude of New York, thus affording the ocean to the southward protection from the cold winds of the north during the winter months. On the eastern edge of this heated concourse of waters which circle around from south to northeast are the Bermudas; while within this semicircular space float vast masses of Gulf-weed, the Sargassum bacciferum, intermingled with driftwood, seeds of trees and plants, and abundance of other veg- etable matter bearing upon its surface, or within its tangled masses, myriads of mollusks, crustaceans, and other invertebrate forms, which fioat hither and thither as the winds direct, while thousands of fishes frequent these aquatic preserves to feed uponthem. It is to these float- ing masses of Gulf-weed that the northern shores of America owe the presence of isolated examples of tropic fishes taken generally during the later months of summer. During that period the ocean surface is rarely disturbed by violent storms, and the Gulf weed floats along in im- IX x INTRODUCTION. mense fields, propelled both by the swift, warm current and southerly winds to a far more northerly point than usual; indeed, instances are known, one very recently, where turtles have been captured while float- ing on the water within 100 miles of Halifax. The denizens of this favorable cover, thus brought within a compara- tively short distance of the northeast coast of America, wander away right and left, and many strike the shores and are captured, to afford wonder to those who are unaccustomed to their singular forms. Thus itis that on the coast of Nova Scotia are found, almost every summer, examples of West Indian Balistes, Fistularia, Hemirhamphus, Exocetus, &e., also the well-known “ Portuguese Man-of-War” (Physalia pela- gica); while many large seeds of West Indian plants, such as Entada scandens, Mucuna urens, and others chiefly belonging to the family Legu- minose, are picked up at Sable Island, which lies 80 or more miles off the Nova Scotian coast. North and west of the islands, at a distance from shore in some di- rections of 10 or more miles, lie what are known as the outer reefs, a belt of submerged rocks coated with Serpulw, whose hard, irregularly- twisted calcareous tubes often form incrustations an inch or more in thickness, and various other torms, particularly nullipores, stony sea- weeds of a rosy color, which occur as wart-like processes on all portions of the reef rock. Within the outer reefs, and coating the inner edges of these submerged rocks, grow numerous species of corals. Thousands of other objects help to form the population of these outer reefs and contribute not a little to their growth, while myriads of tropic fishes lurk in the snug holes and corners formed in the wave-worn rocks. Through certain channels in this reef vessels reach the harbors within; but without the aid of the pilots, a daring, clever set of fellows, with eyes as sharp as hawks and nerves that never fail, it would be useless to attempt an entrance. The latitude of the light-house on Gibb’s Hill is 32° 15/ 4” N.; longi- tude, 64° 51/ 36’ W. In shape the Bermudas form a narrow see gated strip of land about 23 miles long, running east and west, bent in- wards at one extremity like a fish-hook, and indented throughout by inlets, with numerous little inlets scattered over the whole extent. The distance from Cape Hatteras is about 600 miles; and from Halifax 750 miles. The land lies very low, but it is pleasingly diversified through- out its whole area with little hills and dales. It is covered over large areas with groves of cedar (Juniperus barbadensis), having an under- INTRODUCTION. XI wood of sage bush (Lantana odorata) and (L. camara). A few depres- sions, slightly below the sea level, are wet and marshy, and are grown up with coarse grasses, reeds, and sedges, with palmettoes and cedars where the ground is dry, and mangroves and avicennias where if*is muddy. There are no lakes, streams, or wells of fresh water, the only water-supply being derived from the clouds. The roots of the houses are sloped and whitewashed so as to allow the rain to run freely into tanks under ground; some of these are of large size and keep an abun- dance of water perfectly clear and fresh for two or three months, if droughts should oceur. i The climate, during the winter mouths of November, December, Jan- uary February, and March, is simply charming, the thermometer usu- ally ranging from 60° to 70°: Cool and pleasant breezes almost con- tinually prevail; and as may well be imagined from its position on the wide ocean, the air of Bermuda is the purest of the pure. The trade of Bermuda is carried on by a dozen or more island vessels and others from England, United States, Nova Scotia, and Prince Ed- ward Island. The island vessels are built of cedar, the most durable of all woods; but as that timber is getting scarce, ship-building is not carried on to the extent it was formerly. The principal exports are onions, tomatoes, and potatoes, chiefly to New York, during the months of April, May, and June. Arrowroot has also been for many years a well-known Bermudian product, commanding a high price in every part of the world. Bermuda is a British military post, and there is one line regiment always garrisoned there, as well as artillery and engineers; and the dock-yard is one of the stations of the West Indian squadron of the British navy. The following brief topographical description of the islands is here presented as an introduction to the special natural history papers which > are to follow, and which otten contain reference to special localities. It should be read in counection with the map. Beginning at the eastern extremity of the archipelago, we observe upon the map. St. George’s.—This was once the chief town of the islands and resi- dence of the governor; but Hamilton, which is more centrally situate, was chosen in its stead about the latter part of the last century. The town is quaint and interesting; the streets are so narrow that in places two portly persons would alinost jostle each other in passing. They were constructed when carriages were unknown on the islands. XII {NTRODUCTION. These narrow streets, winding up the hill on which much of the town is built, with their gardens hemmed in by high walls, over which hang different species of cacti, with papaws, bananas, and plantains tower- ing above, and here and there the graceful form of the palmetto sur- mounting the same, will remind the visitor of a small Spanish or East- ern town. To obtain a good view of the harbor and surrounding country the visitor should proceed either up to the Signal Station or Barrack Hill, from which will be obtained an extensive prospect. Not far beyond the barracks, and eastward of there, is a small cove on the northern shore, known as “Buildings Bay,” said to be the place where, in 1609, Sir George Somers had his cedar vessel, in which he proceeded to Vir- ginia, built. There are three or four strong forts commanding the channel through the reefs on the north side. David's Island, forming the southern boundary of St. George’s har- bor, is quite small. It is here that some of the best arrowroot is grown and manufactured; and this island also furnishes most of the pilots who hail from the east end of the islands. There is a whalehouse here, which is now, however, rarely used, as the whale fishery has been much neglected of late years. In its many pretty little bays and inlets a variety of shells and sea-weeds may be obtained; thousands of sea anemones occur in the clear shallow water, and many species of crusta- ceans and echinoderms may be collected on the white sandy bottom, which renders their forms wonderfully conspicuous. Castle Harbor.—This charming sheet of water, the beauties of which, on a bright sunny day, with sufficient breeze to ripple the surface of the azure waters, are not to be excelled in any part of the world, is an ex- cellent collecting place. The day’s work should commence by a visit to Castle Island, which commands the entrance to the harbor. The visitor can only land upon the island at one spot on its southern side. Here are the ruins of what, many years ago, was a fort of some im- portance, called ‘The King’s Castle;” the old brick oven, too, has be- come a cave with miniature stalactites. The island is about 270 yards long by 90 broad. It is a lonely, desolate spot, the home of the lizard and prickly pear (Opuntia). In sailing along for Southampton Island, which is the next to attract attention, the entrance channel to Castle Harbor will be crossed, show- ing how intricate the passage must have been for the large West Indian mail steamers, which made this harbor their port of entry for some few INTRODUCTION. XI years after 1842. Southampton Island was also fortified for the same pur- pose as Castle Island. Nearly opposite Southampton Island, but at some little distance from the shore on the south side, stands “ Gurnet Rock,” an isolated mass, very interesting to an ornithologist, from its being almost the only spot in the Bermudas where breeds that rare bird, the dusky shearwater (Puffinus ob- scurus), Which is evidently the curious bird mentioned by Capt. John Smith in his account of the Bermudas (which is included in his ‘‘ History of Virginia”) about two centuries ago, under the name of the “ cahow.” The rock cannot be landed upon in safety, owing to the almost continued swell of the ocean; and many are the hair-breadth ’scapes that have occurred when enthusiastic naturalists, who are somewhat rare in the Bermudas, have daringly attempted the task. The last effort was made by Lieutenant Reid, R. E., about 1874. Getting as near as possible in the boat, he had to makea spring just as the swell lifted her up the side of the rock; but although he luckily succeeded in making good his foot- ing, he received some severe bruises from the jagged nature of the sur- face. His embarkation was happily effected without injury, and he had the pleasure of carrying home a fine young specimen of the bird which he had secured. After passing Southampton Island the western shore of Nonsuch Island comes in view. This island now belongs to the military department. Several rare species of mollusks may be obtained in the sandy bays of its southern shore. Cooper’s Island next claims attention ; here many shells and sea-weeds are to be found, as well as a few interesting plants growing on the sandy hillocks which are such conspicuous features in its scenery. If the day should be calm instead of breezy, the visitor will do well to pay attention to the curious objects beneath the waters of the harbor. The bottom is everywhere studded with reefs, on which grow corals, gor- gonias, sponges, &c., in profusion, and if the boat be provided with a pair of long-handled nippers, any quantity of specimens may be obtained. Mullet Bay.—A bout half a mile from St. George’s, is Mullet Bay, one of the many pretty little inlets with which the islands are everywhere indented. Stock’s Point.—Past Mullet Bay, and forming its western shore, runs out toward Castle Harbor an irregular promontory known as Stock’s Point. At the extreme end of this point, and situate in a pretty nook, is the residence of Mr. J. T. Bartram, whose collection of Bermudian stuffed birds and fishes is the only one of its kind in the islands. XIV INTRODUCTION. The Causeway.—This bridge was constructed in England and sent out in pieces. Just at itsend, on the Walsingham side, is a deep pool, which is known as ‘“ Blue Hole,” in which many kinds of fish may be seen disporting themselves in the clear water. Walsingham Caves.—A bout a quarter of a mile up the hilly road which leads from the causeway towards Hamilton, stands a small wooden shed on the left hand; while on the right, a rough and narrow road is seen, which leads to the famous caves which have afforded for many years the most singular scenes to be met with in the Bermudas. It would take pages to describe properly the various portions of these sub- terranean recesses, which present the usual appearance of stalactitic halls and spacious chambers, floored with transparent waters, on which no boat has ever yet been launched to explore the darkness beyond. Walsingham.—The grounds about Walsingham are by far the most picturesque in the islands, presenting a singular chaotic appearance of broken rocks, caverns, and ponds, interspersed with grassy patches and thickets in which numerous kinds of trees and shrubs mat their foliage with that of the orange and lemon. Here may be found species of plants unknown in any other part of the islands, and in the clear waters which occur in almost every cavern mouth, the most brilliant-hued fishes may be seen. The coffee-tree grows luxuriantly at Walsingham, and a climb- ing jasmine overruns both rocks and trees profusely. The soil of this district is different to that of other parts, being of a bright brick-red. Paynter Vale.—Not far from Walsingham, and snugly ensconced in a erove of fine old trees, lies all that remains of the old homestead of the Paynter family; the house a complete ruin, with ferns growing out of the crevices, and bananas, papaws, and cedars hemming in its remains on every side. Near what was formerly the principal entrance gate stands a magnificent fiddle-wood tree (Citharexylum), the parent of all the fiddle-wood trees in Bermuda. It was brought from Barbadoes about the year 1829. A little east of the ruined house an avenue of tall tapering cedars leads to the old burial place of the family, which has recently been covered over with blocks of stone to prevent desecration. Climbing a steep hill near by, the visitor finds himself in full view of Harrington Sound, with the Flatt’s Bridge and village in the distance, while a little higher he will find a patch of red ground, on which it is said nothing in the shape of vegetation has ever been known to grow. About 80 yards north- wards of this patch, and situate in the adjoining wood, is a small cave, INTRODUCTION. XV known as “Chalk Cave.” On returning and recrossing the red patch, there will be seen on the left hand a deep hollow called ** Plantain Hole,” in which coffee, myrtle, wild cherry, fiddle-wood, and other trees are growing and entwining their branches together. After leaving this cavernous depression and ascending the steep hill above for a short distance the visitor will come suddenly in view of Castle Harbor. Descending the slope before him and arriving at the shore he will find himself near the Government Limestone Quarry, from which large blocks of compact stone have been taken for building forti- fications, and which is frequently referred to below in Professor Rice’s paper on the geology of the islands. To the southeast is a cave called **Cooper’s Hole,” well worth a visit. Returning northwards, along the margin of the water, the visitor will perceive a current of water rushing almost under his feet, which is supposed to flow under the land from Harrington Sound. Still continuing northwards he will soon arrive at a rail fence, which, if he follows along through ferns, myrtle, orange, &e., will bring him to another deep hollow, called “Little Plantain Hole.” At one time this was overrun with citron and orange trees; but very few, owing to the great disease of 1854, now remain. Still follow- ing the fence he will again arrive at the ruins of the old Paynter home- stead, from which he started. Just outside the entrance gate, and across the public road, on the shore of Harrington Sound, will be seen a cavern in the cliff, which goes by the name of ‘‘ Shark’s Hole.” If a boat can be obtained this cavern is well worth investigating, for several species of sea-weeds are to be obtained on the rocks on either side; while in the recesses of the cave beyond, by the aid of a torch, a beautiful collection of stalactites can be seen. A fine collection of stalactites from this cave are preserved in the National Museum and in that of Wesleyan University, Middletown. Tucker’s Town.—The land which lies between Paynter Vale and the south shore, including the long narrow neck which stretches out east- ward to Castle Island, is known as Tucker’s Town. Tucker’s Town ponds are favorite resorts of the migratory water birds which visit Bermuda from the North American continent during the fall and winter months. Along the shores of these ponds the mangrove (Rhizophora) grows luxuriantly wherever congenial mud affords its roots a resting place. The walks about the sand hills near the shore will be found interest- ing to the lover of nature, for many interesting maritime plants may be XVI INTRODUCTION. seen, while along the coral strand are found rare sea-weeds and shells, mingled with the pink-colored nullipore and débris of the reefs. Devil’s Hole.—This is a cavernous recess filled with salt water on the south side of Harrington Sound, about midway between Walsingham and the Flatts. For years it has been one of the “lions” of Bermuda, as it generally contains a stock of groupers (Serrani), and sundry other fishes; which swim about and can be as easily seen as if in anaquarium. Here will be found a species of ground shark, which, although not un- common on the east coast of America, is, from its retired habits, very rarely seen. The angel-fish (Holacanthus) will be observed disporting itself in the clear waters, as if proud of its splendid livery. The group- ers themselves are easily recognizable, as they crowd together with open mouths in hopes of a feed when the visitor arrives. Harrington Sound, which lies before the visitor as he emerges from the entrance door to Devil’s Hole, probably possesses in itself and its surroundings more picturesque scenery than any other locality in the islands. Its surface is usually calm, owing to its land-locked position, and a boating excursion on its waters, especially about the shores of Trunk Island, will reveal many submarine wonders to the eye of the naturalist, in the form of gorgonias, sponges, corals, and hosts of other things. Its northern shore, westward of Bailey’s Bay Church, presents a series of high cliffs, in many places quite inaccessible, much to the satisfaction of the several pairs of tropic birds which here annually, in perfect security, make their nesting places and rear their young. From the water is seen the high cliff known as “ Devil’s Head,” its face all ragged and torn by the storms of many winters. From out its numer- ous crevices spring dwarf trees and shrubs, whose only holdfast appears to be the solid rock on which they grow, while circling around its shat- tered brow the tropic birds lazily float, mingling their plaintive cries with the sounds of the rippling wavelets which dash on the rock-bound shore a hundred feet below. Harrington Sound, owing to the fact that the rise and fall of the tide is almost nothing, is one of the best places for collecting corals, such as Millepora Oculina, Maandrina, Porites, Mycedium, and Siderastrea. Here occur in great numbers the Bermuda scollop, Pecten ziczac, fished for at a depth of 5 or 6 fathoms by means of long-handled nipper. Flatt’s Bridge—At the western end of Harrington Sound there is an outlet into Flatt’s Harbor, through which the tide ebbs and flows with great impetus. This channel has from the earliest times been spanned INTRODUCTION. XVII by a bridge. In the torrent below the bridge Mr. Goode discovered Amphioxus in 1877, and this vicinity is one of the best collecting grounds in the islands. Much may be done by raking up stones and sponges from the bottom and examining their interstices for small animals. Flatt’s Harbor.—In days of yore this pretty little inlet of the sea pre- sented a different aspect, for the shores, particularly at its head, were lined with wharves from which good-sized vessels discharged their car- goes. It was, in fact, one of the ports of Bermuda, and considerable trade was carried on here. Even now the extent of the ruins of several houses testifies to their capacity in former times. All, however, now wears a look of desolation; the moldering walls with the carved portals are draped with the prickly cactus, while gigantic papaws and plantains raise their leafy crowns above the whole. Gibbons’ Bay.—A bout a quarter of a mile from Flatt’s Village, on the north shore road to Hamilton, on the right hand, will be seen a little sandy bay, with an island beyond, joined by a causeway of large stone blocks to the shore. The little bay to the right is known as Gibbons’ Bay. It is an excellent place for collecting shells and sea-weeds, as also marine invertebrates, which are common under the stones and sand at low water. In the little rock pools here and along the north shore occur frequently groups of young Velella, while in the crevices of the rocks, after a northerly storm, may be found great masses of Gulf weed covered with pelagic crustaceans and hydroids. Mount Langton.—Government House is situated on an elevated ridge of land, and commands a fine view of the sea-coast all along the north shore. The garden contains interesting examples of foreign trees, shrubs, and plants. It was here that Lady Turner, between 1826 and 1832, planted the first weeping willow ever seen in the islands, a spe- cies now very common. Governor Reid, about 1841, planted the India- rubber trees which stand near the steps leading down to the garden. The wampee and litchi trees were also planted by him. The large silk cotton trees in the garden were planted by Governor Elliott about 1850, and Sir Henry Lefroy, when governor, added largely to the list. Peniston’s Pond.—This beautiful little lake, screened from the ocean by small hills covered with cedar, lies on the south shore of the islands, about a mile and a half west of the Devil’s Hole. The waters of Peniston’s Pond are quite brackish, having communi- cation with the outer sea by underground channels. In heavy southerly storms a perfect stream of water is forced over the shore rocks at the XVIII INTRODUCTION. eastern end, giving it the appearance of a natural water-course, which is arare sight in Bermudas except during a heavy rainfall. On the southern shore of this pond, about its center, and within a few paces of the water, are wells used for the purpose of watering cattle. The water they contain, like all similar excavations throughout the islands, is fresh above, but brackish beneath, as soon as the sea level is reached. This is, of course, owing to the simple reason that fresh water is lighter than salt. The islanders declare that there are “springs” of fresh water in various places. This is only true to the extent of supply furnished by percolation of rain water to the depth such springs are found in; a few weeks of drought would be sufficient to prove the fallacy of the as- sertion that such sources are really springs. Bermuda, which is merely the peak of a submarine mountain, rising to a height of nearly four miles from the bottom of the ocean, having its whole land area honey- combed throughout above, and most probably far below the level of the sea, can possess no fresh-water supply from below, and can only rely upon rainfalls for the necessary fluid. No hard water, therefore, is to be had in these islands ; none but what the tanks supply, running from roofs and smoothed surfaces, constructed for the purpose. Peniston’s Pond is a great resort of water fowl and waders, which visit Bermuda during the winter; and many arare bird has been obtained by ornithol- ogists in favorable seasons. Spanish Rock.—A few yards east of the cattle wells spoken of, just at the base of the shore hills, an open grassy patch will be seen, having a mud hole about its center. After passing this, proceed up through the cedar grove in front, and immediately at the top a little pathway will be seen leading to the cliff beyond. Care must be taken on approach- ing this precipice, for if a false step be made, there is nothing to prevent a fall of fully 100 feet into the foaming waters below. The flattened rock, on which is an inscription consisting of a monogram and the date 1543, supposed to have been made by the Spaniard, Ferdinand Camelo, is cut, is a little below the crest of the cliff. Itis one of the oldest histori- cal monuments in America. Hungary Bay.—About three miles from Devonshire Bay, along the coast westward, is Hungary Bay, an excellent place to gain some idea of what a tropical mangrove swamp must be. This is, of course, only one on a very small scale; but still the mangrove grows luxuriantly here. With the exception of the crabs which climb the trees, hardly a sign of animal life is observable. Fine specimens of Littorina scabra occur on INTRODUCTION. XIX the trunks of the mangrove trees near the mud. Melampus flavus and M. Redfieldii also occur in abundance under stones at the edge of the mud Near the entrance to this bay on the eastern side will be seen the ruins of a building formerly used us a magazine. A battery existed here also. It was just inside the mouth of the bay that, in the month of January, 1860, the largest example of the ribbon fish (Regalecus) ever yet seen was captured. The head and some other portions of the fish were for- warded as a present to the British Museum. The total length of the specimen was 16 feet 7 inches. Regaining the public road again, the visitor is now only-a mile or so from the capital town of the islands. Hamilton.—Incorporated June 30, 1793, and named after the then gov- ernor, Henry Hamilton, the town has very slowly but steadily increased in size. Below the hill on which the Sessions House stands is the “ Public Building,” erected in 1839. Here are the ‘‘Custom-House,” “ Colonial Office,” *¢ Public Library,” “‘ Council Chamber,” &c., while on the land- ing of the upper staircase are a few cases containing enough natural history specimens to make the visitor regret that the inhabitants do not possess sufficient enterprise to establish a museum. No place in the world presents the facilities Bermuda does for the collection of marine specimens; and as nearly all could be preserved in alcohol, there is less excuse for the omission. It is hoped, however, that ere long the tide of improvement will at last reach “the remote Bermudas,” and that institutions generally established in other communities for their benefit and satisfaction will be considered necessary in this. There are several interesting localities within walking distance of Hamilton which will well repay the trouble taken in reaching them. Proceeding along the public road going to the eastward, skirting the shore of Hamilton Harbor, and before the end of the harbor is reached, there may be seen four fine specimens of the cabbage palm (Oreodowa oleracea) with trunks as smooth as ivory, and bearing above the curious bunch of foliage which, from its resemblance to the vege- table in question, has given the tree its name. One or two specimens of the cocoanut palm (Cocos nucifera), are also to be seen here, as well as numerous shrubs, natives of the West Indies. At the end of the wall which skirts this property will be seen in a cottage garden a tree pos- sessing to all appearances crimson leaves. This is the fire plant, or XxX INTRODUCTION. burning bush (Poinciana pulcherrima), and the gaily colored leaves will be found to be merely the elongated petals of the flower. At the bend of the road round the harbor head, and immediately by the guard wall, in the dark, offensive looking mud, several mangrove trees grow, having attached to the roots and lower parts numbers of an oyster-looking shell (Perna ephippium). A little further on, on the right-hand side of the road, will be observed a fine tamarind tree (Tamarindus indica) standing in a neat little garden, while on the left, just beyond the tanks, runs along the wall side a hedge of the *‘ snuff plant” (Buddleja americana). Paget Sand Hills—This sterile locality, which is an extremely wild and lonely spot, is well worth a visit, and close examination also, for here can be seen the mode adopted by nature to form the Bermudas; viz, drifting sand gradually increasing its deposits and elevating the land; thereby overcoming cedar groves and cultivated ground, and in one place even the dwelling of man. On arriving at the northeast corner of the sand hills, the encroach- ment of the drifting sand will at once be perceived, as the mass, some 10 feet in depth, is now gradually covering a small garden. According to the observations made by persons residing close to, this overwhelm- ing body has advanced over the cultivated land about 80 yards during the last twenty-five years. At the northeast corner of the hills will be seen, among some oleander trees near the top, the chimney of a cottage which formerly stood there, inhabited by a colored family. It is now wholly buried in the drifting sand, save the chimney, which alone rises above the mass to show the position of the structure. With the exception of a few irregular patches here and there, and the long reach of white sand gradually encroaching on the cultivated ground at the northeast corner, the whole slope, which some twenty years ago was almost wholly clear drift sand, with a few patches of bent grass in scattered spots upon it, is now clothed with wild plants and shrubs, as well as young cedars, which will no doubt in a few years attain goodly dimensions, and, with the aid of the universal underwood of sage-bush, put an end to the further encroachments of the sand drift. On the western side of the sand hills there is now a plateau of about half an acre, or perhaps more, of hardened drift sand, forming gradually into rock. On its face are cracks filling with drift sand, showing that the sun doubtless affects this hardened surface. Elevated protuberances of a foot or so in height, rise amid this plateau, having each a hole or depression at the center. These denote the sites in which cedar trees INTRODUCTION. XxI formerly grew. At the east end of the hills may be seen the gradual decay of cedar stumps, exhibiting more clearly the several stages of change, which are the more worthy of study in consequence of the light they throw upon the many curious chimney-pot looking structures every- where to be met with on the Bermuda shores. Indeed, the naturalist, on carefully observing the whole appearance of these sand hills, and taking into consideration the facts which are so prominently placed before him, will be able to form a very fair idea of the circumstances under which the Bermudas attained their present elevation after the great submergence. At the foot of these hills, along the shore, runs a charming stretch of sandy beach. At low water, and almost within wading distance of the beach, will be seen a series of “ boilers” as they are locally termed, 7. ¢., rounded masses of rock hollowed within, containing sea water, having their mar- gins raised by incrusting serpule. ‘The origin of these boilers, which occur all round the shores, has never been satisfactorily ascertained, and would form a very interesting source of inquiry for any one desirous of advancing scientific knowledge. The Royal Engineer Quarries.—These quarries, where the most com- pact stone to be found in the islands is procured for the purpose of building fortifications and other Government work, are situate upon the shore about a quarter of a mile east of the sand hills. The Light-house.—This commanding structure, which possesses one of the most powerful lights in the world, is situate on the summit of Gibb’s Hill. The light itself stands 362 feet above the sea level. From an elevation of only 10 feet above the water it can be clearly seen at a distance of 25 miles, while at 40 feet it can be easily distinguished 30 miles off. There are some very pretty little coves under the light-house, having their shores irregularly indented by rocks which have in some places become detached from the cliffs above. Upon these rocks, and on the sides of the cliffs, grows a pretty species of stock (Matthiola), and in holes burrowed in the more friable rock, the tropic bird (Phaéton) makes its nest. Many species of alge can be collected about the shore, and the conchologist must not forget that it was under stones at this locality where the Rev. J. B. Freer, in 1861, discovered the fine Pupa, an inch in length, which has never been taken since. Here, too, occurs in great quantities Imperator calcar, and also occasionally the large Hchinus esculentus. XXII INTRODUCTION. Somerset Bridge connects the island of Somerset or Sandy’s with the main island. To the westward of the bridge, on a neck of land which protects the water of Elis Harbor from the ocean swell without, rises. ‘¢ Wreck Hill,” so named from its being the spot from which the best view of the western reefs could be obtained, which have always been considered the most dangerous of all the reefs surrounding the islands. Elis Harbor.—A perfect little gem of an inlet, which, to be seen in its greatest perfection, should be visited on a bright sunny day, when its waters appear of the lightest emerald tint. It is an excellent collect- ing ground for crustaceans, holothurians, and naked mollusks. Mangrove Bay.—At the extremity of Somerset Island lies Mangrove Bay, so named from the number of those trees which formerly grew around its margin. The scenery is very pretty hereabouts, although the land is almost level with the water. Boat excursions about the bay and adjoining shores reveal many interesting forms to the naturalist, especially among the submerged rocks near the shore. On the other side of the neck of land which divides Mangrove Bay from the ocean lies a stretch of sandy beach well worth examining, for as it lies open to the heavy westerly gales, some fine specimens of sponges and sea- weeds are often cast ashore. Watford and Boaz Islands connect Somerset with Ireland Island, and do not contain much to interest the visitor, as their surfaces have been partially leveled by convict labor, during the time that Bermuda was unhappily burdened by the presence of the worst of criminals trans- ported from the mother country. Ireland Isle.—Probably the most important position in the Bermudas is Ireland Isle, which, although not much more than a mile in length, or a quarter of one in breadth, contains the dock-yard and other estab- lishments connected with the Royal Navy. The Camber is a dock shel- tered from the usual swell of the ocean by an excellent breakwater. But the principal feature of attraction is “‘ the Great Bermuda Dock,” a floating mass of iron, the largest structure of the kind in the world. In preparing the bed for this dock there was made an excavation to the depth of 54 feet below low water, and no less than 1,200,000 cubic feet of sand and coral débris were removed for that purpose. The geological teachings of this section are referred to in Professor Rice’s paper. The anchorage ground opposite Ireland, on its east side, where one or two men-of-war are generally to be seen, is known as ‘‘Grassy Bay.” There was an old lady living in Bermuda in 1876, aged 93, who well INTRODUCTION. XXIII recollected the time when Ireland and Boaz were inhabited by fisher- men, who lived in huts made of boughs of cedar, and brush for sides, and having the roofs thatched with palmetto leaves. The Islands in the Sound.—The large sheet of water, which is inclosed by the curve of the land running from Paget Parish to Ireland Island, is known as “The Great Sound.” It contains several islands, generally of small size, but the larger ones are very picturesque. Tucker’s Island, which lies close in shore near Somerset Bridge, is well worth a visit, and the visitor should not omit to notice a lovely little cavern upon it. - Marshal Island and Godet Island lie east of the latter, and around their shores may be obtained many fine specimens of sponges, zoophytes, and small crustaceans. Brackish Pond, an extensive morass about two miles east of Hamil- ton, on the skirts of which grow some fine specimens of cedar trees, while amongst the close thicket of shrubs and palmettos which tenant its interior some giant ferns and aquatic plants of divers species occur which are not seen in the open. In this dense region the ornithologist will find a good collecting ground, as owing to the difficulty of travers- ing the treacherous bog hardly any one disturbs the solitude which almost continually prevails here. Here also, up in the branches of the old cedars, and occasionally in the shrubs around, may be procured the curiously constructed nest of the tree rat (Mus tectorum), a species re- cently added to the Bermudian fauna. cee : ery : ‘ fi i \ ry ay Tt ee oi x 7 . : 7 i ; ‘ Ae hs vi * i ay, iy 5 c oy} : \ ey 1%} ts : ' Bis ¥ , ‘ B . al - j ' . ' ‘ t j . i ‘ ‘ y BS i ‘ e ' ‘ 5 i ‘ f < . '; ‘ veh j ri ; af 4 ia] med yhy aia PAYA Fe Te ae 7 nay 00 Caan ‘ ; ei iy Pi ( : wai ie role: ; Sd Ge aid i s * i ‘+ Le Shy ehh . ” ‘a ee j | reap wes vas \ Ta: ba the iit. Ca i ~ ‘ ye | lite ‘ me Vetui ‘ abot A ALP | vane it Ons Vare MS ofr earn ‘ vet a ay gi thi 1 OME be UE ESTE ate f va a a: *t, hake yale SU eA hae a 1 4% rh Mee | i i es ‘ ‘ i ‘ - i " yh On ; ve i" Bat ee ets ue i # i i gn aly i . yi a 1 1 ‘ f f oy “4 an * i sf Hi - re i ASE b. THb GHOLOGY OF BERMUDA. BY Professor WILLIAM NORTH RICE, Ph. D., Or WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, MIDDLETOWN, CONNECTICUT. Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25——1 4 é ea es BAS 0 ay} errr i Aine Mt a) Pie ~—* TABLE OF CONTENTS. Fostery and Literature'of the Subject... -.-. 2.0. 0. - coos cnscecemes svewesicaccee Physical Geography of Bermuda.... ee ee eee TI RPBORUUGRIATVALOU cee cc see ce acne ts enn Sa ed ee LI he Sas ae phe Coral Limestone, and its) varleties:....5 scc o Ran ea “A Baia o ay ea -— Qg> —— - = - PLATE V, Section illustratiug relation of beach-rock and drift-rock. THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. 19 shells. The upper surface of this conglomerate, unlike its lower sur- face, is quite regular—the usual plane of marine deposition. This con- glomerate is overlain in places by a stratum of sand, like that observed at Devonshire Bay, containing shells of land snails in its uppermost layers. Above this sand, where the sand is present, in other places resting immediately upon the conglomerate, is the ordinary drift-rock. HAS BERMUDA SUBSIDED WITHIN HISTORIC TIMES? Assuming that the last movement of subsidence has occurred in times geologically very recent, the question arises whether that sub- sidence has occurred within historic times. The affirmative of tbis question is held by General Lefroy in his interesting and valuable work on the early history of Bermuda.* Mr. J. Matthew Jones coincides with this view.t This opinion is supported chiefly by three passages from early writers, which I propose to examine in chronological order. The earliest is from Gonzalo Ferdinando de Oviedo, who visited the islands about the year 1515.t It reads as follows: ‘In the yeere 1515, when I came first to enforme your maiestie of the state of things in India, and was the yeere following in Flanders, in the time of your most fortunate successe in these your kingdoms of Arragon and Castile, whereas at that voyage I sayled above the Hand Bermuda, otherwise called Garza, being the furthest of all the Hands that are found at this day in the world, and arriuing there at the depth of eight yards of water, and distant from the Land as farre as the shot of a piece of Ordinance, I determined to send some of the ship to Land, as well to make search of such things as were there, as also to leave in the Iland certaine Hogs for increase. But the time not seruing my purpose by reason of contrarie winde, I could bring my ship no neerer the Iland, *Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands, 1515-1685. By Major-General J. H. Lefroy. 2 vols., London, 1877, ’79. t Recent Observations in the Bermudas. tThe extract is quoted by General Lefroy (op. cit., vol. I., pp. 2, 3) from an early English version contained in a work entitled as follows: ‘‘The history of Trauayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towards the fruit- full and riche Moluccaes, as Moscouia, Persia, Arabia, Syria, Aigypte, Ethiopia, Guinea, China in Cathayo and Giapan. With a discourse of the North-West Passage. Gath- ered in parte and done into Englyshe by Richard Eden. London, 1577.” The same version of Oviedo’s narrative, under the title, ‘‘ Extracts of Gonzalo Ferdinando de Oviedo his Summarie and Generall Historie of the Indies,” appears in Purchas his Pilgrimes, Part 3, pp. 971-1000, London, 1625. The passage here cited may be found in Purchas, p. 989. The original Spanish of the same passage is quoted in Lefroy, op. cit., Vol. I., p. 677. 20 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. being twelue leagues in length, and sixe in breadth, and about thirtie in circuit, lying in the three and thirtieth degree of the North side. While I remayned here, I saw a strife and combat betweene these fly- ing-fishes, and the fishes named giltheads, and the fowles called sea mewes, and cormorants, which surely seemed unto one a thing of as great pleasure and solace as could be deuised.” On this passage, General Lefroy comments as follows:* ‘The terms of this narrative imply a stay of some slight duration, which is to be inferred also from the approximation with which the dimensions of the group are fixed; and it is very unlikely that none of the party landed. * * * Itis probable that the purpose he was prevented from fulfilling was that of landing hogs, not that of communicating with the shore.” It seems to me, on the contrary, a more likely infer- ence from the language of Oviedo, that he was altogether prevented from landing. It would not require a sojourn on land to witness a fight between flying-fishes and cormorants—the only incident which he refers to in connection with his visit to the islands. Certainly every circum- stance indicates that Oviedo’s estimate of the size of the archipelago must be taken as merely a rough guess, and no inference can be drawn from the slight excess of that estimate over the present actual dimen- sions. The chief evidence relied upon by General Lefroy to support the belief of a subsidence within historic times is the testimony of Henry May, an English sailor in a French vessel, who was shipwrecked on the islands in December, 1593, and remained there until April, 1594.+ The statements in May’s narrative bearing upon the subject in question are as follows: ‘‘We made account at the first that we were cast away hard by the shore, being hie cliffs, but we found ourselues seuen leagues off, but with our boat and a raft, which we had made and towed at our boats sterne, we were saued some 26 of us. * * * Werowed all the day until an hour or two before night yer we could come on land, towing the raft with the boat. * * * This island is diuided all into broken islands; and the greatest part I was upon, which might be some four or five miles long, and two miles and a halfe ouer, being all woods, as cedar and other timber, but cedar is the chiefest.” General Lefroy adds to this narrative the following comments:t{ ‘There * Op. (Cite, VOl. Les ps os tHakluyt’s Collection of the early Voyages, Travels, and Discoveries, of the English Nation. New edition, with additions. 5 vols. London, 1809~12. Vol. IV., pp. 55, 56. May’s narrative is quoted in Lefroy, op. cit., Vol. I., pp. 7-9. $Op. cit., pp. 9, 10. THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. ae isnothing moreremarkablein this narrative than the statement that they made account at the first that they were cast away hard by the shore, being high cliffs, whereas they found themselves seven leagues off. It is a positive proof that the north-west reefs, only a few points of which are now above water at the lowest spring tide, were then some feet above it. The expression high cliffs must be interpreted by the cireum- stance of seamen in a small boat approaching a dangerous shore, with a heavy swell on, rendering it dangerous and difficult toland. But if they were only 10 feet high, the amount of subsidence in less than three centuries, shown by their present submergence, is a most significant geological fact ; and Henry May has rendered an invaluable service by mentioning the circumstance. The map in Purchas, published 1625, confirms it. It shows three distinct islets, that have now disappeared, along the line of the northern reefs. The North Rock of Bermuda, 14 feet high, and some smaller rocks near it, are all that remain to attest the accuracy of these early descriptions.” The statements of May ap- pear to me rather to warrant exactly the contrary inference. If the northern reef formed then a line of cliff nearly or quite continuous, Iam unable to understand how he could have supposed himself hard by the shore when really several leagues from it. But, on the supposition that the vessel struck near some islet or group of islets like North Rock, the account becomes perfectly intelligible. The rocky islet could easily have been mistaken in the storm for a line of cliff, and the mistake would speedily become obvious on starting to row to the supposed shore. The 7 leagues of distance is, of course, the exaggerated estimate of men who were rowing a heavy-laden boat, with a raft in tow, on a stormy sea. That there may have been several islets scattered along the line of the north reef, which have now succumbed to the action of the waves, is on all accounts exceedingly probable. May’s statement that the island is divided into broken islands, and his estimate of the dimensions of the island on which he found himself, and which he supposed to be the principal one of the group, though the description is not sufficiently definite to afford any very reliable conclusions, certainly favor the belief that the land was then not appreciably higher than at present. An elevation which would convert the north reef into a continuous line of cliff, would very seriously modify the broken character of the southern side of the atoll, connecting most of the islets by continuous dry land. The last notice supposed to indicate a subsidence within historic 22 . THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. times is from Te Smith’s History of Virginia.* In an enumeration of the birds found in Bermuda occurs the expression: “Very many crows, which since this plantation are killed, the rest fled or seldom Seen, except in the most uninhabited places, from whence they are observed to take their flight about sunset, directing their course towards the north-west, which makes many conjecture there are some more islands not far off that way.”t The statement is too indefinite to justify any very positive conclusions. If we accept it as indicating the existence of some dry land in the position of the north reef, it may per- haps be sufficiently accounted for by the supposition already suggested: namely, that there may have been a number of small islets which have since been degraded to the water-level by the erosion of the waves. Certainly the statement does not justify a belief in the recent subsidence: of the islands, in opposition to the evidence now to be presented. The earliest descriptions of Bermuda which are sufficiently accurate and detailed to admit of intelligent comparison with the present condi- tion of the islands, date from the time of the shipwreck of Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers in 1609. The following extracts from these descriptions will show that at that time the size and form of the islands and the depth of water within the reef were essentially the same as at present. The statement of the depth of the water seems to me perfectly conclusive against the theory of any considerable subsidence within the last three centuries. The first of these extracts is from the narrative of William Strachy.t “The Bermudas bee broken lands, fiue hundred of them in manner of an Archipelagus (at least if you may call them all [lands that lie, how little soeuer into the sea, and by themselues) of small compasse, some larger yet then other, as time and the Sea hath wonne from them, and eaten his passage through, and all now lying in the figure of a Crois- sant, within the circuit of sixe or seuen leagues at the most, albeit at first itis said of them that they were thirteene or fourteene leagues;. and more in longitude as I have heard. Forno greater distance is it *The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles. By Capt.. John Smith. London, 1624. The work is reprinted in A General Collection of Voyages and Travels in all parts of the World. By John Pinkerton. London,. 180814. Vol. XIII., pp. 1-253. t Pinkerton, op. cit., Vol. XIII., p. 173. tA true repertory of the Wracke, and redemption of Sir Thomas Gates Knight; upon, and from the Ilands of the Bermudas: * * * written by William Strachy,. Esquire. The narrative is contained in Purchas, Part 4, pp. 1734~58. Copious ex- tracts are given in Lefroy, op. cit., Vol. I., pp. 22-54. ‘ THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. 23 from the Northwest point to Gates his Bay, as by this Map your Lady- ship may see, in which Sir George Summers, who coasted in his boat about them all, tooké great care to expresse the same exactly and full, and made his draught perfect for all good occasions, and the benefit of such, who either in distresse might be brought upon them, or make saile this way. It should seeme by the testimony of Gonzalus Ferdinan- dus Oviedus, in his Booke intituled, The Summary or Abridgement of his generall History of the West Indies, written to the Emperor Charles the Fift, that they haue been indeed of greater compasse (and I easily beleeue it) than they are now, who thus saith [here follows the extract from Oviedo, as above given, except that, by a mistake of copyist or printer, the breadth of the group is given as sixteen leagues, instead of six]. True it is, the maine Iland, or greatest of them now, may be some sixteene miles in length Kast North-East, and West South-West the longest part of it, standing in thirtie two degrees and twentie min- utes, in which is a great Bay on the North side, in the North-west end, and many broken Ilands in that Sound or Bay, and a little round [land at the South-west end.”* The second extract is from the narrative of another member of the expedition.t This Hand, I meane the maine Iland, with all the broken Tlands adiacent, are made in the forme of a halfe Moone, but a little more rounder, and divided into many broken [lands, and there are many good harbors in it, but we could find but one especiall place to goe in, or rather to goe out from it, which was not altogether free from some Danger, there there is three Fathoms water at the entrance thereof, but within, six, seauen, or eight Fathoms at the least, where you may safely lie Land-locked, from the daunger of all Winds and Weathers, and moore to the trees.”¢ To me these descriptions appear to justify a very positive conclusion that there has been no considerable subsidence since 1609; and, of course, all geological probabilities are against so rapid a subsidence as *Purchas, op. cit., Part 4, p. 1738. tA discovery of the Barmudas, otherwise called the Ile of Divels, by Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Sommers, and Captayne Newport, with Diuers others. Sil. Jourdan. A reprint of this narrative bears the title: A plaine Description of the Barmudas, now called Sommer Ilands. With the manner of their Discouerie Anno 1609, by the ship- wrack and admirable deliuerance of Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir George Sommers. Lon- don, 1613. Hakluyt, op. cit., Vol. V., pp. 551-8. Tracts and other papers relating principally to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America. Collected by Peter Force. Vol. III., No. 3. Lefroy, op. cit., Vol. I., pp. 14-21. tHakluyt, op. cit., Vol. V., p. 557. Force, op. cit., Vol. ILI., No. 3, pp. 13, 14. 24 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. would be required to convert the north side of the atoll from a high cliff to a sunken reef in the interval between May’s shipwreck in 1593 and Somers’ in 1609, or to diminish considerably the area of the archi- pelago in the century succeeding Oviedo’s voyage in 1515. e252. W.I.,A Pavoniasspinifex: 62.5 ojos as W..1..| Sphagnum: palustre .--~...2.222 -Phryma leptostachya ..-...--.. A. | Spermacoce tenuior -----2.. 2-2. W.L,A Pluchea, odoratacs2 sei seers W.1.| Spiranthes brevilabris -....=--. W.t Pluchea purpurascens:....5.-..:. W. 15 A. | Sponia amarckiana.-.- 222.250 W.t Polypodium plumula.......---. W.1.)| Sponia/elongatns, 222.513.2222. W.I Polypogon Monspeliensis. -..---. A. | Sporobolus Indicus ..-.-....--. Waka: Portulaca oleracea........ 2.2: W...,A._| Sporobolus, pungens...2- 2. .<223.: Sarvs Psilotum triquetrum ...---.---- W.1., A. | Sporobolus Virginicus.--... 2.-- W.I.,A. Pherisiaquilima 225255 22ul2S oe W.I.,A. | Stachytarpheta Jamaicensis.... W.L., A. Pteris heterophylla ./.......... W.I. | Statice Limonium, var. Caroli- Rhachicallis rupestris--..---..- W.! NAN a ese ses hee eee A. Rhizophora mangle .....-..-.-. W.1.,A. | Stenotaphrum Americanum .... W.I., A. Rhus Toxicodendron......-.---- A. | Suriana maritima..---..-.-.-.. Wirral: Rhynchospora florida ......-.-- W.I. | Tournefortia gnaphalodes .-.--- W.I.,A Rhynchospora fusca -.....-.-2-- -- Triumfetta Lappula -.-.-...--- Ww.il Rhynchospora pura syn --..----. Triumfetta semitriloba-.....----. Wil Rhynchospora speciosa. .------- Typha angustifolia ........-... Wr liserAt Rhynchospora stellata .....--.-. W.I. | Waltheria Americana ......--.. Wiese a's Ricinus communis S77s225s5-255 W.I.,A. | Woodwardia Virginica -.-...... A. RupplaaMaritima: sce. 2-52 2s W.1.,A. | Xanthoxylum aromaticum -.... W.!I Sabal Palmetto. 22nciccc---se2 ACT CUCCA ALO OM ate ora reser ae Wind The distinction between this class and the next is arbitrary, and the classification has been governed by an estimate of probabilities in each case. Nature had a long reign in Bermuda. Man and the animals introduced by man have had a comparatively short period for modify- ing its flora. It seems safer to suppose that plants like Guilandina Bonducella or Sicyos angulatus, met with but once in a wild place and a wild state, are truly native, than to infer from their rarity that they have been introduced or have recently followed the footsteps of man. The species then regarded as exotic, althoygh completely naturalized, and for the most part generally diffused, that is to say, in the words of Sir Joseph Hooker, ‘species which have followed in the track of man or animals introduced by him, and have thus become quasi-indigenous, or naturalized,”* are 166 in number, distinguished by the letter B. The * Sir Joseph Hooker. Lecture on Insular lloras, delivered before the British Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, at Nottingham, 1866. THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 43 importation of seeds for agricultural and horticultural purposes for two centuries and a half accounts for a great number of chance species, es- pecially the importation of hay from America. The species which may also be said to be naturalized, but were orig- inally introduced, designedly for cultivation or ornament, whose pres- ence is, therefore, due to direct human agency, more or less traceable, and which cannot in any sense be regarded as native, 414 in number, are distinguished by the letter C. Lastly, there remains a large and fluctuating class of plants, of hor- ticultural but not botanical interest, which are found here and there under cultivation, but have no proper place in the local flora. They are inserted in the catalogue to complete the view of the vegeta- tion of Bermuda, as related to climate, and as it presents itself to the visitor. These names, 215 in number, are printed in Italics. Many of them date no further back than the writer’s term of residence at Gov- ernment House, where one of his first acts was to import a professed gardener, Mr. Michael Middleton, and a skilled laborer, George Payne, from Kew. They arrived in November, 1871, and from that time to the end of 1876, few months passed without the introduction and trial of new plants. Under a friendly rivalry, many more were at the same time brought up from the West Indies to Clarence House, by successive naval commanders-in-chief, especially by Admiral Sir-Cooper Key, who followed the governor’s example in erecting a conservatory. ‘The present governor, Sir Robert Laffan, has long been known for a taste for horticulture. The garden proper at Mount Langton is, unfortu- nately, of very limited extent, and of a light, poor soil, possessing only the advantage of abundant water. The grounds are extensive, but made up of hills and slopes, thinly clothed with soil, much exposed to northerly winds, and offering very few spots favorable for planting. It adds not a little to practical difficulties that cartage is rendered tedi- ous and laborious by the distribution of the premises. All this not- withstanding, much was done in the years 1871~76 to extend the flora of the island, and a considerable amount of horticultural experience gained, which should not be thrown away. The social circumstances of Bermuda are peculiar. The resident gentry are too few in number to keep up a corps of professional gardeners; the colored native labor- ers are rarely intelligent enough for the trade, do not appear to have much natural taste for flowers, although somewhat given to depreda- tions in gardens, and have had very little opportunity of learning. It 44 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. would be difficult to find anywhere such neglect of ornamental planting as is observable round the cottages of Bermuda. A sort of aversion to manual labor, which survives among the whites wherever slavery has prevailed, and no doubt also something enervating in the climate, make amateur gardening less active and busy, especially among the ladies of the island, than the great advantages of the climate would lead one to expect. There are but few florists, and an inexhaustible source of pleasure has still to be better appreciated. The record of horticultural successes and failures at Mount Langton, and the pre- sentation in one list of all the species, whether ornamental or useful, cultivated or capable of cultivation, must stimulate horticulture, and may possibly open a new industry. The director of the American Mu- seum of Natural History, Central Park, New York, had it in contem- plation, in 1876, to establish a tropical nursery in Bermuda, and there is no reason, in days when Covent Garden market is supplied with flowers from the south of France, why New York should not be supplied from the Insulas Aéstivarum. The writer lost no opportunity of ascertaining the names, if any, by which plants are currently known. They are comparatively few in number, and it is not easy to determine whether, for example, “Snuff plant” for Buddleia neemda is, like “* Wire weed” for Sida carpinifolia, universal, or of limited circulation. For the particulars given of the dates of introduction of many now common species, the writer is chiefly indebted to the late Mr. W. B. Perot, of Par-la-ville, and to the Hon. John Harvey Darrell. Francis André Michaux, who touched at Bermuda in 1806, is the only botanist of eminence who has as yet done so. The following account of his visit occurs in “ Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle,” for 1807. Having set sail from Bordeaux on February 5, 1806,for Charleston, he intended to explore the Southern States of America. On March 23, the vessel was captured by H. M.S. Leander, and sent to Halifax, Michaux being the only passenger who was allowed the privilege of going on board the Leander, where he seems to have received every attention from Cap- tain Wetheby, her commander. Arriving at the Bermudas on April 7, they remained there eight days, and Michaux was allowed to go ashore. He gives a fair account of the general appearance of the islands, but his flora is very meager, only comprising the following species: Juni- perus Bermudiana; Verbascum Thapsus ; Anagallis arvensis ; Leontodon Taraxacum; Plantago major; Urtica urens; Gentiana nana; Ovxalis THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 45 acetosella. The “sage brush” is mentioned, but not identified; also a species of Verbena and a Medicago. He appears to have regretted his inability to procure ripe berries of the cedar, owing to his visit being during the flowering season, as it was his desire to have introduced the tree into the island of Corsica and the southern departments of France which border on the Mediterranean. The earliest general list of Plants was compiled by Mr. A. W. Lance, naval school-master on board H. M.S. Illustrious, in 1845. It contains 127 species, but is unpublished. The MS. presented by Governor Reid is in the Public Library, Hamilton. Grisebach occasionally refers to his herbarium. Dr. Rein, who resided in Bermuda, about 1853, in the capacity of tutor, printed, 1873, a list comprising LVI orders and 128 species, exclusive of Alge.* In the same year, Mr. J. Matthew Jones published a paper on the vegetation of the Bermudas, in the Proceed- ings and Transactions of the Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science. Grisebach notes about 18 West Indian plants as natives of Bermu- das in his flora of the British West Indian Islands, 1864, but had evi- dently very imperfect information before him. Mr. H. R. Moseley, naturalist and botanical collector of H. M.S. Chal- lenger, had the good fortune to visit the islands at a favorable time of year (in parts of April, May, and June, 1873), and collected plants with indefatigable diligence, but, of course, missed those which flower in autumn. Lastly, the writer, with a very slender knowledge of botany, made it an object and pursuit, during a residence of nearly six years, to make himself acquainted with the flora of the island, and found in Sir Joseph Hooker, Dr. Asa Gray, General Munro, Professor Sargent, Pro- fessor Oliver, and Professor Thiselton Dyer, friends ever ready to identify any specimen sent to them. From all these sources, aided by a too brief visit from Professor Ernst, of Caracas, in 1876, has the sub- joined enumeration been compiled, and it is presented in tolerable con- fidence that there are not many native plants left unenumerated. There are, doubtless, plants in old gardens which have escaped notice; noth- ing but a house to house visitation can exhaust the possibilities of fresh discovery in this direction. The Bermudians of the last generation, and long before it, were eminently a sea-faring people, leaving at home their wives, and families, and slaves, and constantly returning with some rarity which had attracted their notice. Thus [pomea tuberosa, * REIN, Ueber die Vegetations-Verhiiltnisse der BermudaInseln. 71 ENO Gee aeons tannin wisacicmceccsle seine vesin= 116, 118 Diieeeerecsesaea seca svecenianccieiceciarre 116 golden..... Seecee sean erase eels tol- 116 PRD NG eeerins (cnc daiaa sa iceacias ssnelcieieia nin bivisiel an 72 PADTICOU sacle= non = =< Rese sincere a aeenianiecies 71 FATTOWIOOG we cicicccccenc coccucciaecceccncsanain= 111 PATAONIG DIAN -po soc cc cer acccesicceccnncens= 106 PAEHICHOKG sects sivins « woceeleme cen onlselsocl~ cia s'a/= = 83 RAT OL IY epte eters a oie aia asicin/sleia'aiclaeinicie mins oinieinieicle 114 PASH AVVGS UMNO aM ses cinicicccececiccccessceninme 69 ASPATAPUB) . << cow css cc cee neenne een annnas 115 Atropha, gouty-stalked ..........--.--..--- 105 PACT OCACA I OAI smlacicinicins s\eciceininiaiaielelnia[elseiviele ave 101 SRF COORD serie sateen aeeeinasaaiac aeiscloceee 54 IBSOOnI DELL gen cseccemcecm ence on cecin same 93 al mi mCOMMON sacle aiaclee aceite = sess ateise= 98 SIRS eae eeeiee ne state eis neslaiesiesinta a etesisiersiate 55 ATOM eete tee cies mine bonine nie usialn/siaaseicsisiciale 120 PES ANAT se eerste teats aercietaloniseie es aineisicialenicie 111 Chyeuihesee =a rome easier ies) 111 Old Bermudae sc... ooo e cscncenaceces 111 TOM ee eens is Solcterclnia dieeaeeciedistemisisia ais 111 Barbadoes aloe. \-cocc cece sc ocecseccese sae 116 ZOOseDEITY- <.--- 22. c ce cco ean 78 ilveeeees eam aemts gemaieniene daca 118 DLOCGsaeseheseeasasessece ce eee ae 66 BAP OV cree te eee a cstslats sets am ateisie) arsiclale om iar=rs 122 See meeereasiee te ein cia a victaieiene saree sie atela aeisiciets 98 IBS vib Cale osaieeiotm no aces as cian isasiace caine. 66 SAV RULCO MSW COU ews ae wiceleleiciccmeeinels/cicce nia 102 [BOG BORA W a eseieie tatcle|seinicle erelocisiaicis sisieis enone 82 MOOI Obes eerie coved alesse aawclennisaesses 101 IBBTINUCA COORD sacsenciascccsesteciects sess 108 BONN toma arta eiaeiae sale ae eme wiles = aie 112 ECE OLU eetaeicm ateisie sslei\acie/e ie cnu a sisieeeiea cia 108 Blackberry, American ............-.....-.. 72 IBISCEAMADOTOV Onsen auiwescmaiacesiceccecrscee. 97 OTE Gio satis Se loin sian 'elsienic se male aie aie s 108 RDO Wameeeseriee steer eeemce ena = 49 IAA Gis SOLU racs oe tesla maclaeiaetiiaiie steer 67 BIGOUIN SINCALU data cana omic else ee eee 115 ES LOM geeee tate al telaitee aialerelh oid a catera sta alaetaiaaiata cia 81 PIG eee ee na eeias aetna eases nce cee 75 USC PIN OSA eal claiarnielw ema’) eleiaetn lon) eases a meicesas 126 OES 2 estes sania iea alates cele iets oan aisle 91 BO WSELINE NOM D) ccaec teens selva cine ies 117 ROK ee etcsancocanse necadeldaamccitmasn seas 59 Page. Box Drier. .---scecccs eeamascncncclsis wassevees 81 Bracken.........- sccaeccscsve sslaelvueesisichale 123 BTOsGCUl Gs acaiveccccie canals warnelelace nines 103 IBTICM PATISLULAM fois tcls csi seuice el nese eels lela siete 72 BWOCGsccs ce ene n nae eemeewasweneds vein 72 IBTOOM safes cas ecacnas sees sealer aaa sae 62 IBY ONC; WIG) ooo. cc acc sen ceslnsueericansria on 17 Bun ya-DUNYA pac ccccacee a iaineats wiarclsiainje\s cinle’eleis\a'ein == 119 Mead netile ts 42ce Soe cso sess ceccte 98 WeEmMeraraalNONd (os2- so lec dece cece ew cess 74 MO OWN OT ASS eat faa) - cle = ainsi 6 wicin a a hernias sietcie 120 DICCH WECM A ease SSasictoss Se ewestocaeaneene 107 Do CAD US Mew acts ansesicsmeas sce neiscciaue aos 84 WO S WOOW Ea ais asc acicisemec 85 WBILOADANG 2 aiciaisre cols sieiae a. civiatoielsalejoleeidiasintalaa eins 84 Mid dle= W000 == onc cnen sock cece adesiccsaccecens 97 NG! COMMONS . <= aialnle nine so aicheisieseininie's 99) |) ‘SteAndrews! (Cross). .2-cese secinaseinemecee ete 51 ROSSS WG eee tas Sais cece ee ecto cra Gbresineetele 92) St son -WOLPb iessecacce cele cetera nace 5} HOSCIADPLO me a oekisieals scmaeecmncectceehesaaat (de | WSUEe CORMel \senianrnre doe cleessissee ister eraiela esate 80 VOSOIN UE Vicia se.ce etna sieistes me ses oaeie sees 99 A Starap plore: aane see titaiae ewes ete ele ererslars aero 87 TOUMHChELVAlen -sceesee(ec cee =e sees iaiaaiomnee WU \-Starof -Bethlehemre: 20.) easement 116 PRS Meee ee meesisiee seen ete aclscis ees eee a= TLD) | SLOMO CLO P wise ste eatesa ole la sete atefarane eel erent 74 MALS Di \orce stances isis ae ae TIO) | Stock wild sss2) Seeosece cess ance aeetacits 49 Stoppevietteencos. seoetesact ee ceere metas 74 POR nase aniseciniciecieeis[a = =a eee lease sinisin sacle 97, i} “Sttawiberry,.c-teseesseens: cemceeaece eset 71 COMMON elec sss. eee ane eae 9% | “Suceory 2-2 s2sesit-ce cee ee eae cee oes eeeae ee 83 LICK Lyi ss wcle tisis ssc testes Siete analclomecle 97.) Sugariapples:-s22ccesoscessteten oesieasis 47 MEU eee iereiwieieioe ane a nai aniteiestelia an 97 CAN GC soos Re Spice eee mene oceans 121 Sago palm. ..co.cec0 2c ese sn ns ee ees cewinicne DLO Sumdlo Werte oaryesersie slots = wisi eine ele eeietat temic 85 Saintfoin’...-.-- 2-06 sese-e- seers cesecscecsee 64 | Surinam! cherry/--..-.-2-22 eh eecee 55 | Vitch ....... 2-220 eee ee eeee ee eer eee eee eeeee 65 SNOW: DOULYsoccieseccicicccenisstsieecines slo eine 81 3 HalkOpetsapawsisssee acess dees se sta acer) TIS |e Wall flown) soscecc-nsitceseismersacios safer ate 49 SMU pl ON Giese ee sine actrveisie se mise ciate wieinlsiatare 94 Wampee wacce seca cen sea ane ss cemeee mesa 57 SOap VOLE ese) e soisialos tatielaiereeele neler sias 62)1| Wiarti Chess oc ep hue ‘ ded yi ; . , pale 7 ire? AN isa F “ ‘ y raf ail Lente p ine / eae i , \ { oa ~ i » i > - \ » ' \ f . 1 > > 5 ‘ n'y A a , a j . hibe) ae a v5 i a Shad 1 Ve3 Ge) 4 I im ; , pike \ us : ee INDEX OF Page. C. Abutilon pulchellum, Sweet .-.-..-------- 52 Cc. RonlatuM DICKAl-eaoee sae ose = 52 eA CACIS ATADIOR, Willd << cnc cance accsess 70 Cc. cygnorum, Meissn ......--------- 70 Cc. TMODDOK UW Oecsan-sice-cenece esis 70 Cc. macracantha, H. B.....-.---2.-.- 70 C. Acalypha tricolor, Hort ................- 106 CPA CAN TEVA OHLAD psaritnn (421s ins aetsiaee aoe 114 B. Arenaria serpyllifolia.................--- 51 A. Argemone Mexicana, Linn ............-. 47 C. Argyrolobium androsemifolium......--- 66 ARISTOLOCHIACE A: arc... eseises ce eects a 108 C. Aristolochia trilobata, Linn ............. 108 ASROID EE Sc Safeco tec eree Mince ce abuecseae 14 B. Artemisia tenuifolia, Willd., syn ......-.. 84 © Artocarpusincisa, Linn :--... 2.2... ..2.5- 103 Ga integrifolia, Linn., f......-.-- 103 A. Arundinaria tecta, Mhlbrg....... ..---- 120 CSArundo Donax,sboinns cee eee recss-/seecee 120 Aischynomeneysp: 20 22 - sen eesseae ae eee 63 AS CURPLADE Rani seete seiceidinis lees ciainie teint 89 A. Asclepias curassavica, Linn. ....-.....-. 89 B. MiMER INN Ressdscaccectesccus 89 A. Ascyrum Crux-Andre, Linn......:.-.-. oN hypericoides, Linn., syn .-..-.-- 5k C. Asparagus Natalensis, Hort -.........--- 115 officinalis} inn) 2c.- se. 4-- 115. . Aspidium capense, Willd.............--- 124 PPASPLONIN Meso cise. see ecck ue ts Sawin cee 124 BULIDUM payases toate cnc ese- J24 cicnutarigm) secs ee eee 124 (133) Gap aa wa Spweey eeeea SO O 6:0 OO - OO GO a 134 INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES, Page. Page. A. Asplenium crenulatum, Fries....-..-.--. 123 10Co Cactus blata/Suren--paceeneceenccenste 67 AY dentatum-tLinn a: aeseeesceee 12SEC: "Galliesi: \Wrallleeneceo ace ceseoa 67 C. PabianomMs jaecseseisaninescies 124 | C. Cesalpinia pulcherrima, Sw..........-.. 66 C. ANMUM cee cseeeiassee eee cee 124 | B. Cajanus indicus, Spreng -............-.-- 64 AS myriophylium, Presl .-......- 123 | A. Gakile eequalis, Mlerit):5-.2<-scci-ccccne 48 C. NEGUS! S25c52-8essssieisins oe Soe 124] A. MarihimascOpseressceemasesse= 48 A. trichomanes, Linn ...-.-.-.--- 123) |) Cl Caladtuny .s-2-be2-55 5 seep ee eee sans cnet 115 C. VAVADALOM 2 2)= scisseeelais sta sicnis 124 | B. Calamintha Nepeta, Linn...-............ 98 3 Aster trifoliam, Winn. 2) tases = 84 | A. Callicarpa ferruginea, Sw ..--.......... 97 C. Astrocaryum aureum, Griseb ...-.-...-. 113 | C. Calophyllum calaba, Jacq.-.....--..---.- 52 A. Atriplex cristata, H. B RL cee et he 101, | C. Camellia japonica, Linn ..--.-.-...-...-- 52 PATO RANTS OB Ai" s/s ciate re c/s wiais ola aavciases) cimcisi sie) A. Canavalia obtusifolia, DC .......-......- 66 OA mena sativa, Linn 2 oo3e. ome cette Lia 122 @ANNAGE Ai) ./2.. -(aseses cee eee clemme nate 110 A: A-vicennia nitida, Linn. .22220.-..-.+--- 97) Canna ‘coccinea, Arti Loe. sseseeceriecsn ste 110 A. tomentosa, Linn., syn-.--.---- 97,1 Cy edulis, Ker: J. ateseee seeee ines 111 Cor Azalea, viscosa, Tuinn es. chet ee es 86 | C. Indica, Winns) sjenaec acme eeeseas = 110 B. Baccharis halimifolia, Linn., syn .....--. 84 | C. Lutes HAIG sc Sas Reese oweneeinets ete 110 A. hetorophylla, H.B.K......... 84 CAPPARIDACH 75) 2. 2-2 selene nleaeeeess 49 BAL SAMINE AS oe sota sees asic se eisiee ls B. Capparis torulosa, Swartz .....-....-.-. 49 . Balsamocarpon brevifolium, Chois ...--- 66) Ci Capraria biflora, inns. sssencdsececas ce 94 . Bambusa vulgaris, Wendl.........-...-. 120 CAPRIFOLIACEA 220 wcrc smiceme seen taistaeee 80 < Batatas: Hdulis!/Choisi.2322 21 tsescesceac = 90 | C. Caprifolium Italicum, R.S .............. 80 . Bauhinia parviflora, Vahl.......-...-..-- 69 | C. sempervirens, Michx ....--. 80 Viable Wichtase asa secccese 69 | B. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moh.....---.--- 48 . Beaumontia grandiflora, Wall....------- 89 | C. Capsicum annuum, Linn...-..--...-.-.- 93 BEGONTACE 2a cect er essaace sees Cees frutescens, Linn. S2o2c..--s6- 93 . Begonia fuchsioides, Hook .....--.-..---- 77 | A. Cardiospermum Halicacabum, Linn ..... 61 hydrocotylifolia, Grah....-...-. if | (BeCariea, Papaya, Linn ssssce-se eee ans 76 Rex, PritZ ccs -j-neeee ss 77 | C. Carludovica palmata, R. P........-..---- 114 milmifoliatWalld ec-2.ceciaaains 77 CARYOPHYLLE ME ese as aee ere sicecsicmet 51 . Benthamia fragibera, Lindl ......------. 81 | C. Caryota Cummingii, Lodd............-.. 114 . Beta vulgaris, Linn....-.------ sees see 101 | C. Casparea porrecta, Kth................- 69 . Bidens leucanthus, W. var. discoideus... 83°} C. Cassia bacillaris, Linn). 22.0225... cn <2 opp bop maculata: inn! .ceeacmessceei ye Ov Pens) ANN ea ccria-sicecrias aml Os, prostrata, Ait... s<2j..-..02. 107 splendens, Bojer ............ 107 Hedia olitoria, Gaert, ssdecsecen css wserns 52 Terula communis, Linn ........-....-.-- 80 Planca sLAMM sc eerseetlc se etneseele 80 INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAM. S. Page TN COMPA wots) eiteiaytesiometee a eisiniese marae 78 Ce Ficus aura te NAGE eedcensseetamstls rice tals 103 Cc. elasticadNoxbe ecm eeeiscceeeiace 103 PIGICHS 3.2 sete ee ttaee cociowaas mec s a noe: C. Fittonia argyroncara, Coem...--.-.----- 96 C. Flacourtia prunifolia, U.B ..-.......--- 50 Cc. Ramonteht, Werit evens-c-- 2 50 C:) Eemniculum dulce; BiGieeessiaee- ai eeee 80 vulgare, Gaert., syn.--.-.--- 80 A. Forestierg porulosa, Poir....... ......-- 88 C. Fourcroya gigantea, Vent.--..-.......--. 118 C. Fragraria virginiana, Ehrh....-...----- 71 C. Fuchsia: coccinea, Linn: 2322 ---\--ceccc-= 76 FUMARIACES ...--. dbo aseeme sh Souci 47 B. Fumaria officinalis, Linn.......--....--. 47 Be iGalumirubrum: Endl: sass saree ae 82 B. unifiorum: Michxecaescecsmescee 82 C.; Gardenia florida, Linn./55.(jec-aeocenc 81 C. POrtunyin 20s place ocuieeneeaee 81 Cc. Nitta) HOOk.cs-e eee eee oeene 81 C. Gasterica maculita, Haw ..............- 117 C. obliquaHawsese--ecceereen== 117 C. Gazania'spendens, (HK 2 .. cee cence 85 C.(Gaura coccinea Brass. -.ce- ee -nceee c 76 GENTIANE Zee soc (-) ce ie earner aoe 89 GERANIACES) | js22 seeeeweee secs 54 B Geranium dissectum, Linn .............. 55 B. pusillum; Winn. e222 eee eres 55 GPSNERIACE A) 2.4. G2 eee ee eee etaesecees 95 By Geum radiatum: Michx-2s.e-inescresaeece 72 Cr7 Gladiolus 22225. a5 tactic eee 117 OLA DOU Ree EEA DOS eO WSCA ORACt LH OOor 95 C. Glycosmis citrifolia, Lindl., syn....-...- 57 C. pentapbylla, Carr ....-.....-- 57 GOODENTACGE 2) ag We Setise cect srrroe 86 B. \Gossyplum)ialbun =... -5s6 i eesssec eee 53 herbuceums Linneesrese. eee 53 MAUGTUNN nis) «1a 2 nleKon ne ateictateietes 53 GRAMINIGA) 25.05 5 3 Rc ree eae eeeee 120 C. Graptophyllum versicolor, Hort. ......-. 95 €: Guaiacum officinale, Linn... 222022222 55 C. -Guaznm2a tomentosa, HOB 25.25.42. 54 A. Guilandina Gonducella, Linn ....-...... FDR RAG 20 3}. mienic mays es oars serena eee 52 C. Gymnogramme tartarea, Desv ..-.-.----- 125 GYMNOSPERM2S) ci) Goto ssse ae eneess serie 108 C. Gynerium argenteum, Nees .........-..- 121 | C. Hardenbergia digitata, Lindl] .......-.-- 65 @. Haworthia tortuosa ~asc5 tec seneinosteee 117 Civ Hedera helix, Linnwit=s sosse i osenc. 2 enee 80 C. Hedychiwm speciosum, Wall...-.---.--- 111 C. Hedysarum onobrychis, W...........--- 64 CC) elianthusiannuis:.32 452. c acne eoee ees 85 C. tuberosus: Linntceceeseees ce 85 A. Heliotropium curassavicum, Linn ...... 91 C. Peruvianum, Linn .....-. 9L C., (Hemerocallis fulva, Linnl:)5. 25... secs 117 A. Herpestis monniera, H.B .............. 94 C. Hibiscus Bancroftianus..-..-.....---.--: 53 C. Ooonerti Mortis. sccenee eee en 53 C. grandiflorus, Miehx........-.-- 53 iG: esculentus) Dinners 53 C. mutabilis; Winmvccn ae ceece ccc 53 C. populneus, Linn..............- 53 wre a INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES. 137 Page. Page. C. Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis, Linn........-.-- 53 | C. Justicia Ecbolium, Linn........... Seana 96 Cc. tiliaceus, Linn...-.<...---..00< 62 | C. lucida, Nees. Sauquinea, H. B.. 96 C. Higginsia splendens, Hort., syn -.-.------ SUA OPM GlLOnChOG a. ean on eam A aplesicnaerscenante 73 C. Hoffmannia splendens, Benth. ..--.----- 81 | B. Kleinia repens, Haw .................... 83 C. Hordeum vulgare, Linn.............-...- 122 | C. Koelreuteria paniculata ........-.--e00-- 62 CHO ya CATNORa, Blo: sciqaesnecicse seca 89 | A. Kosteletzkya Virginica (Hibiscus, Linn) . 52 ©; Hura crepitans, Linn. .<.:.-.2-2--5.---<< 106 | B. Kyllingia monocephala, Linn........---- 119 C. Hyacinthus orientalis.........---.-.----- 117 (ABTA AN: ccleairet sac atakaxiiccseeaseness 98 C. Hydrangea, hortensis Sm .....-..-.----- 73 || (©. Lactuca'sativa, inn ---.-2.-.- 25. a2... 83 A. Hydrocotyle Asiatica, Linn., var......-. 79 | A. Laguncalaria racemosa, Gert ........-.- 74 A. repada, Pers) 2-0 «2-00 79 | C. Lagerstraeemia Indica, Linn.............. 75 A. umbellata, Linn.......-.... 79 | B. Lamium amplexicaule, Linn.......------ 98 ED ROU AC Raia sense eect aieliin Sainieeeere 89 | B. purpurenmni, Linn: <<< .s-se..s/ 64 C. Melissa/calamintha, Linn’:.22.22.2253222 98 Cc. ofncinalisy Minn -issc6- cece se 98 ©. Melocactus communis, DC...-........... 77 Be Menthayarvensis® Lanne sscessccessccccos 98 B. rotundifolia; Linn 2... --s.2.2-s 98 B. VATIGIS MaINNe ao eececinsene ces 98 B. Mercurialis annua, Linn ................ 107 Mesembrianthemum, Sp ..---..-.--++---- 78 C. acinaceforma Winn! --5>2-beecce aes 78 C. CONOCTIS HH OWie roe nee eee 78 Cc: CONLESCENS THAW: Aes cette ones tele 79 C. CEPTESSUNU sa taeeee wc ciase sissies nese 78 C. Coulis Minne ows ceser cee eee nee nes 78 C. emargimatum, Linn: -2 5. 222) 5.2.2. 79 C. heterophyllum, Haw .......-...--..- 78 C. MOULTMOTUM, HUWiec css ccee ose ccs 78 C. MUPCOUTY, TLONW28 cacieece ec sicisncee 79 C: rhomboideum, Salm..............--. 79 Cc. SUDINOCONUMIM a2 access cceneeecneecicle 79 Cc. CENT OULU SLIT one ne ce cle eae ei 79 C. UNCOLUME SAL ee cee Soe eee eae 78 C: unevnatum, Tsinn sc Socc cesses coecce 79 C. VATUNRALUM, Haw see wn scsecnetesee 78 Cc. VIOLA CLUNT IO aniticic neces cei cose bec ne 79 Cx Mimosa pudicay Linn-s..2<0--cecoecsoe. 69 C. Mirabilis dichotoma, Linn .............. 99 C. Jalapar Winn eee so cease see 99 AZ Montia fontana, Wcinn: occ sseece cone. ce 51 MOREZ:/or MORACHA!. S8c-o.c cess neces 102 IMOBINGE Airoceadececc tecene eee tecnaee 50 MONOCOTYLEDONS othsosencee se ccces eet 110 cA Morinda roioe) Winn secs tie. cece 82 C. Moringa pterygosperma, Gaert........-. 50 C. Morus macrophylla, Hort ............... 103 C. multicaulis, Perrot....-......-... 103 Cc mobra; inne s-cesceseceen coe ca ne 103 IMUSACH A (sq soe cree saene sets ccecees 111 C. Musa Cavendishii, Paxton .............. 111 Cc. paradisiaca, Linn ................. 111 C. BAplenuuMy Winn oes sscses oeeenene 111 “1G. VOSACCA, SACO ica--scmnac sae coasceee 111 C. Murraya exotica, Linn.................. 58 INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES. Page. A. Myginda Rhacoma, Sw.......-......... 59 MY RICE 28 (ooh eee encneca eer emeanats 104 A. Mynica cerifera, Linn’: 222.20. ..52 526 104 punctata, DC:, syn -::.5-2:-5..- 104 C. Myrospermum perniferum, DC ......... 68 MEY BSIN Ae! Ho oct Le ei tees cceerercte 87 MYRTACEAE so sccnec steelers cas cece eens 74 NATAD Ease 2520 C2 At crercancts ements 113 A. Nama Jamaicensis, Linn.-.....-......... 89 C. Narcissus Jonquilla, Linn .-.......-.... 117 C. Nasturtium officinale, R. Br......-....-. 48 C. Nemophila insignis, Benth.............. 89 As iNepeta Cataria, Winn 2222 --eecereeee 98 C. Nepheium Litchi, G. Don ..:2-...-22...: 62 A. Nephrolepis exaltata, Schott............ 124 A. Nephrodium amplum, Baker...-....-... 124 A. patens, (Desv Secseacecees 124 A. tetragonum, Hook...---.... 124 A. villosum, Prest.¢.... cesses 124 C. Nerine pulchella, Herb: 22222. 2222 25-225 118 C. Nerium Oleander, Linn ...--.-222.2..cce 88 B. Nicandra physaloides, Gaert.....-.--.-- 94 Ce} Nicotiana '‘glauca,;'Grahi isos .eese eee 92 Cs tabacum) hinnss2-=sereee-eee 92 INYCTAGINGA SS J55 soenisceee ceceeemeeeeee 99 NYMPHEACE 2D: 2: stcvcdaweecte sees seeenee 47 C. Nympha cerulea, Savign....-..-.---.-.. 47 C: dentata, Sch. & Thonn ......... 47 A. Obione cristata, Moquin, syn ..-.......- 101 A. Ginothera biennis, Linn ...--.....-..... 76 A. humifusa, Nutts: 2 ses ce. ce 76 HAY: longiflora(?), Jacq ........... 76 ‘AY TOSCR AGG Oe. one ee neces 76 AN SINUALAT TANN a ecco setae 76 C. Ocimum: basilicum; Linn. 2-222 5225-2. 98 C: Olea: Europea; Linn. .23. 220-2 2 --esecses 88 OMBACE 2 Sawa e- otcseiececcs: sesoter nes 88 ONAGRARIE 25.2 sca.- es sen oae ere eee 76 C: Oncidium Papilio, Lindl ..-............- 112 C. Opuntia coccinellifera, Mill ............. 78 C. dejecta alm\yeeeaaeee saa eee 78 Cc Kicusindicas Milles. 52-2 eee 78 iC flavicans, Lemair--...5.25..s-6- 78 C. INntegrifOlld’- 2.5 sncoeenseeeesaee 78 iC LONGUOL ee = xaents aisle ee taeelaele 78 C. megacantha, Salm .-..-...-.....-. 78 Pes Corvi, Lecompte .-.....:.... 78 C. tomentosa, Salm ...---....--ec0- 78 Cc: Tunas Mille senses en cmecoese sens 78 C. vulgaris; Molly rocccsncctseses 78 ORCHIDE 2 rick = oem ae se somtemeleser esis 114 C. Oreodoxa oleracea, Mart--.-.-.--2...... 113 C. Ornithogallum latifolinm, Linn ......--.- 117 A. Osmunda cinnamomea, Linn ..........-- 125 A. TSCAs MoM yess ectemee eee 124 OXALIDE. B. Oxalis corniculata var. strieta, Linn ..-.. 54 B. coruna, Dhunvs.. 22252 -sseciccecise 54 iB: microphylla, St. Hil .-............ 54 B. violacen, inn: -.0--ccsorescseieee 54 PAU MAG Socacinis alacant tae ae else eee aisiniee ais 113 C. Pancratinm oyatum, Mill .-......-...... 118 IPAND ANE 2t)e seamen cece se cema cence setae 114 C. Pandanus odoratissimus, Linn .-.--.-..-. 114 C. utilis! Borg .es le wecsstes eee Le i a INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES. 139 Page. Page. C. Pandanus Veitchti,Lem.......-......... 114 IPE ARCEM pedavinecssstiencian senacelepeees 107 A. Panicum brevifolium, Kunth............ ASO. ee aBOIM BObIVLIN, MeN ss osec.cn2 eran cbm ene 65 A. capillare, Linn ........-...---- 121 | C. Pithecolobium Saman, Benth.......-..-- 68 eA lineare Burm Se <52--- (5 6,6-4= 0 121 IPIPTOREO REE ne top op ee acc ac emes ae 50 C. MAKIN AC Ope acai ciao: -'ae cictee 121 | C. Pittosporum coriaceum, Ait......--..... 50 ZA, MOlletSWartZes-ce sek ea cases I2U Cs undulatum, Vent .-.-....... 51 C. WATIEO UUM 8m is n<=b Qpoap apy 140 B. Cc. 2 . aggeaae aea46 OIG Boe Iaae te © A 46 - Rhachicallis rupestris, DC - Rheum Rhaponticum, Linn PObDDRObOD Of b . Rosmarinus officinalis, Linn . Rumex Acetosella, Linn - Ruppia maritima, Linn . Russelia juncea, Zuccar . Sabal Adansoni, Guerus . (Sp.) (carat palm) . Saccharum officinatum, Linn . Salix Babylonica, Linn i ’ . Salvia coccinea, Linn - Sambucus nigra, Linn . Sanseviera Guineensis, Willd...........- . Sapindus longifolius, Vahl - Sapota Achras, Mill . Scevola Plumieri, Linn . . Schinus mole, Linn Ranunculus parviflorus, Linn....-...--. Raphanus sativus, Linn Renealma occidentalis, Gr., syn..---..--. RESEDACE Auton ene acarecvereeere tomers Reseda odorata, Liun. ... DREVAMNE 2G 0 sissies aaieten a ae ieee eiesiee ne thapis flabilliformis, Linn ...........-.- VEIZO RHO MAN bette ail ie ee ate eters eet: Rhizophora mangle, Linn Rhododendron, sp Mbusiexcisay Vhunbese-e- ose eee eee juglandifolia, Willd toxicodendron, var. radicans., Linn. Rhynchospora florida, A. Dietr.....-..-. pura, Gruh s ellata, Gr - Richardia Athiopica, Kunth............ Ricinus communis, Linn .......--....--. Robinia dubia, Fonc., syn...-....-...---. Pseudacacia, Linn . Rondeletia odorata, Loddig...-.....--.--. ROSACEA kosa Carolinas linn.) 2sja2.2 se enays damascina, linn. .<5-4-- <2 ssc esscce laevigata, Michx Muiteas BT Obs se ctos ste ayers sicnis Ssletelavee rubiginosa, Linn spinosissima, Linn ee es DRUBIA CGH Mileta ces se Ss te nl wee ae saeseee Rubus ews; Linn -- 2222556: 220: obtusifolias, Linn... <. 2Jo..-<=. 226% UPA CW AG) 54 <= 150 cea sinees seem es Se MUCINUS SSS co © ee © ~] bo 87 86 INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES Page. Scirpas lacustris, Linn., syn .--.....-..- 119 AS melanovarpus, (Gr. 245.4244. e 119 A. plantagineus, Retz-...... ..-... 119 A. ValidusiVahlljs: -eas-2-eecean = 119 A. Sclerachloa rigida, Gr....--...---..----- 121 PCROPHULARINIZ) 22 S202 sociteeeeecee 94 B. Scutellaria purpurascens, Swartz .....-- 98 C. Sedum acre, Linn 74 C@: Selaginellavfurcata {22222 o- eee 125 C. Grifithsii, Spreng.-22222. 225 125 Ce hematodes, Kunze........-. 125 Ce inequifolium, H. & G.....-. 125 C. Martensii, Spreng. ...-----.- 125 C. VULTCULOSA cise saline ee 125 C. Wallichtr, Wie Goin... 2. 125 A. Senebiera pinnatifida, DC..:............ 48 C. Senecio mikanoides, Otto ....-.-........ 85 B. Vulgaris; binni-s-ssseeeee cee cee 85 Sequoia gigantea, Torr .22-2- 22 dcisee des 109 A. Sesuvium Portulacastrnm, Linn.....--. 51 C. Setaria glauca; Beauv--i22. cence bases 121 A. Sicyos angulata, Linn... .2.2-..2.-..-.-s 77 A. Sidacarpinifolia, Linn: 2-2 $222 52 B;, Sideritis:sromana, Linnese27-2neeeieoceee 98 B. Sisymbrium officinale, Scop..........--. 48 Sisyrinchium anceps, Lam., syn..--..--- 113 alatum, Hook., syn-.--.-.--.. 113 A. Bermudiana, Linn’ ...-...-- 112 SMITA CR Alaa St. ya eon aeleh dea erates poses PLS C. Smilax sagittefolia, Bot. Maj ....-...--. 118 C. Smyrnium olusatrum, Linn ...---....... 79 SOLANEB 5.) ..05.ce/als net acl goe eee ae 9, B. Solanum aculeatissimum, Jacq.--....--- 93 Cc. Lycopersicum, Linn ........... 93 A. NONUM, LINDY so cca=see jee eete 93 A. nodiflorum; Jacq---s-ccscsencee 93 C. Ovigemnim, Dinwersseaeteeaes 93 A. torvium:, SwWitds.ccacoe ceeseesses 93 C. tuberosum jinn ci. <1 eeeeeie 93 B. Solidago Mexicana, H. B.---...----.-... 84 3. sempervirens, Linn ...-...-..-. 84 B. vVircatae Michxetccsac aaanceeee hs Bs Nonchusiasner® Ville aoe oae sees eaeeee 83 B: oleraceus: Muinmscesaneeaeneeeeee 83 C. Sophora Chinensis, Todd ....-....-....-- 68 B. tomentosa, inn) 2.22/32 ose 68 C. Sorghum saccharatum, Moench .. ..... 121 | A; Sphagnum) palustreis... oo Se72 sane sence 126 Cy Spartium*janceumy Linnie ese 25. 5. ees 63 A. Spermacoce tenuior, Linn..---...--...-.. 82 C. prunifolia, Lieb .......-.-.. 72 C. Salicifolia, linn... s--escee 72 Spiranthes apiculata, Lindl, syn.......-. 112 A. brevilabris, Lind] ........... 112 tortilis\ Rich} /eyMni-cseccesea= 112 A. Sponia Lamarckiana, Don........-....... 104 A. Sporobolus elongatus, R. Br., syn...--.. 120 A. Indicus:,REBLe-sseeeoe sees 120 A. puncens th tee eaceancecte 120 PULGANS HS ye eee cscece 120 A. Wirginicus,kthis-.--n-scecce 120 A. Stachytarpheta Jamaicensis, Vahl...... 96 5. Stapelia maculosa, Jacq..---...........- 39 A. Statice Caroliniana ? Walt............... 86 B: Stetlaria media; Willi co Se accsewcete feria 51 INDEX OF BOTANICAL Page. B. Stellaria nemorum, Linn .........--.-.--- 51 B. Stenactis anneca, var. Cass.....-..-..--- 84 A. Stenataphrum Americanum, Schrk...--- 121 AX. labrum; ONIN socio ~ = = « 121 C. Stephanotis floribunda, Pet....---------- 89 STR OUUIA GI ae. leona nicl siteleisioiea'einlaisine 54 C. Sterculia Carthaginensis, Cav......-.--- 54 C. Steriphoma ellipticwm, “pr .-.----------- 49 B. Streltitzia Regine, Ait .. 52.2.2 .0c------- 112 C. Strobilanthes longicaudatus ....-.------- 90 AG Simana maritima Walp Mie cee siace- = 1-0 99 C. Swietinia mahogoni, Linn ......-.--.---. 59 RENAN RY Shoots ee Clete ate se iat eaten alminial minis 83 C. Tacsonia mollissima, H.B ...-.....------ 77 Vian Voxemil,)Funk:.'.<..-..-<.- 77 @. Tamarindus indica, Lint ..<-.- cc. sc 66 C. Tamarix gallica, Linn ..-.....0.....-.--- 110 B. Taraxicum Dens-leonis, Desf.......----- 83 C. Tecoma capensis, G. Don..---.-.......--. 95 Cc. pentaphylla, Juss ........-.---- 95 Cr TAMICHNAMNUSSi osc com eae tea 95 Ci Stans cASS).2- coaascncice wsicceece. 95 DERE BIN GHA Ok Au) loc paaae-icidcaciscemela's 62 Gy Tetragoniacia, Lion -2:-....-.522--.625- 110 C. Tetragonia expansa, Ait............---- 116 C. Thespesia populnea, Correa........-.--- 53 C. Thevetia neriifolia, Juss ...-........---- 88 C. Thrinax Barbadensis, Todd .......-..--. 114 Cc. elegans, Hort, Tuind ;...2s.-.---: 114 C: Thuja gigantea. Nutt. <-------. 2-2-2... 110 Cc. MIURCOLC aki en meson = aye meee aie) 110 Cc. pyramidalis, Tenor........--.----- 109 CerEhnNbDenoia OOK)". itaceect sccicececcice 96 B. Thymus vulgaris, Linn ...............-- 99 AR TGUMA CH AG mses \ninis re accials ciniewtee Sean 5 C. Tinantia sprucei, Gert........--....---- 119 B: Torilis nodosa, C. B. Clarke.---.--....-.- 79 C. Torreya californica, Torr.......---..-.-- 110 A. Tournefortia gnapbalodes, R. Br...-...-- 91 AS laurifolia, Vent............ 91 C. Tradescantia discolor, Herit ............ 119 Cc. erecta, Jacq. sym .......-.- 119 C. Trifolium pratense, Linn.........-....-. 64 B. TOVSNS WUuINNs- eee tae e ees a 64 C. Triphasia trifoliata, DC............----- 58 Ce friticum -vuleare, Linn) 2225252222052. 122 Triumfetta althzwoides, Lam. syn.....-.-. 54 A. Lippulasiinn Sess. --seeees. 54 A. semitriloba, Linn ........... VITACEX. See AMPELIDEZ. NAMES. 141 Page. TY PHAGE AE pe cicstin aise citeseeeeeeees cea 115 A. Typha angustifolia, Linn ......-.-...-.- 115 Domingensis, Pers. -.-...-..------- UMBELLITERZE ......-- Keane Som Mer aye 79 Cl Ulex europeus, Linn. -.25)-\.decceccs ence 63 (URTICACH 25 Ocoee sete eee nibn castes 102 BeUrties @toicd inn. 2 sehen oc ocelemcaaecene 102 B. purpurascens, Mitt ............-. 102 B. Urea LAD ee see es ace asian cles 102 B. Vaillantia hispida, Linn.....-. -. .----- 82 B. MUPALG ANN aan ates eee ate 82 VEAL RO RUA NCA be iate etme imiela cca eiaia ister ew ele lat 82 C. Vanilla planifolia, Audr ...-...--.--.-- 112 B. Verbascum Thapsus, Linn ..-...----.-.--- 95 TWD BINA GHZ toyota io miata = clctale a's tain a ato wielaymials 96 GiiVierbena multifida: RP stenoses scenes 96 B. Veronica agrestis, Linn ................. 94 B. ATVENSIS NLT ee sean eae cen tos 94 B. peregrina, Linn? =. 5. 6. Soo sene 94 CS Viburnum Cinas, inns. .csecccesasceeee 80 Ca VWiciasativa, Ginn =s..5e scene cotece alee 65 B: Vigna luteola; Benth) 222 ooo cece a nnninnee 65 C. Vinca rosea, Linn., var. alba.............- 88 C. TOSED, LAN -faccncvcws cowccece arate 88 IViTOGACW Ae ee manaee eat sees aee eee 50 Fe VIO lAOGOLALA Wan «cececlon= eee see sie 50 Cc. tricolor pin ssc csce ese secs sees 50 60 60 97 54 64 CaaVitishwiniferd, (ointieee case sien settee sete se C. Volkameria aculeata, Linn ...........-.-. A. Waltheria americana, Linn........-..... C. Wistaria frutescens, DC ......-----..<-< A. Woodwardia Virginica, Willd.........-.- 123 B. Xanthium echinatum, Murr ...........-. 86 Xanthoxylum clava-Herculis .........-. 56 Youngia lyrata, Cass., syn...-.-.-....... 83 Yucca alotfolia, Linn., syn .-.--..--.---- 116 C. jilamentosa, Linn.............---- 116 A. Serrulata, HAwW:-cccecccsceeeteccee 116 C. Whipplett, Torrey .-----..----se0. 116 A. Xanthoxylum aromaticum, Willd ..-...-.. 56 C. Zea mays, Linn .........-. eee af eet ate slat 122 C. Zephyranthes Atamasco, Herbach.....--- 118 C. rosea, Lindl! #22 oss ccc ctce 118 C. Zinnia elegans, Jacq .-----.-----+---.---- 85 C. Zingiber officinale, Rose ......----------- 111 ZINZIBDRA CHAD cans casas sccsereceesicmee) LL AS Zostera Marina inns. sssscancecscsos cae 113 GOPHER cs noc ce cert cceswecenaces 55 ——e ° ~~ ea ih “2 ; Wa acta ar , maha Fs \ ie 'S ¥ ‘vee Ra Ta CH a Pe eT . SOUBAL“HHR 4 7 ani Past J b : Hi oh aie eoU od 1 ; i rt ' : ' ' 2 “a * 4 4 Nig ¥ t } ae BOTANY OF BERMUDA. ERRATA IN Part II., BULLETIN No. 25, U. S. NarionaL MUSEUM. Page35, line 26: for ‘‘pine”’ read /7xe. Page 38, line 24: for ‘‘low”’ read daw. Page 45, line 7: for ‘‘Lance”’ read Lane. Page 59, line 18: for ‘**Ayland”’ read Hyland. Page 59, line 21: after ‘‘wood”’ insert a semicolon. Page 60, line 21: for ‘‘medeira’’ read A/adira. Page 65, line 4: for ‘‘Vitch”’ read Vetch. Page 65, line 17: for ‘‘tiliqua”’ read sz/zqgua. Page 68, line 12: for ‘*Caffra-brom”’ read Aaffiz-boom. Page 68, line 20: for ‘‘perniferum”’ read feruzferum. Page 73, line 14: after ‘‘ Japan-medlar”’ insert Loguat. Page 73, line 27: for ‘‘Lip plant”’ read Life plant. Page 79, line 26: for ‘‘thoris”’ read ovis. Page 84, line 5: for ‘‘hetorophylla”’ read heterophylla. Page 85, line 24: for ‘‘spendens”’ read sPlendens.. Page 88, line 8: for ‘‘shore”’ read share. Page 91, line 14: for ‘‘gnaphalodes”’ read gualphaloides. Page 96, line 14: for ‘‘aryroncara”’ read argyroneura. Page 104, line 15: after ‘‘obscure”’ insert a comma. Page 105, line 18: for ‘‘atropha”’ read jatropha. Page 113, line 32: for ‘‘ovedoxa”’ read oreodoxe. Page 114, line 18: for ‘‘ Vershafelii’’ read Vershaftit. Page 127, line 17: for ‘“‘atropha”’ read jatropha. Page 128, line 9: for ‘‘coriandum”’ read cortandrum. Page 128, line 31: for ‘‘ Hogwood”’ read Hogweed. Page 128, lines 37-38: for ‘*98”’ read 80. Page 128, for line 57 insert Fatropha 105. Page 129, line 48: for ‘‘Pane’’ read Plane. Page 131, line 5: dele With cE SOA, Page 131, for line to insert Vellow wood 50. Page 134, line 53: for ‘‘tiliqua”’ read sé/igua. Page 134, line 60: for ‘‘Brugmonsia”’ read Brugmansia. Page 136, line 5: for ‘‘argyroncara’’ read argyroneura. , Page 137, line 53: for ‘‘J. Jatropha”’ read . curcas. Page 139, line 1: for ‘‘Pipearceze’’ read Piferacee. Page 139, line 41: for ‘‘guayva’’ read guaiava. Page 140, line 8: for ‘flabilliformis” read /labelliformis. Page 141, line 3: for “‘stenataphrum” read s/enotaphrium. Page 141, line 12: for ‘*Swietinia”’ read Swéefenia. nk Wy oT ie tu Mm ys MN i , a v if pony 1 kd e* of 2 aa yi ae 1 ‘i i ae! T i 7 die: iv aS A a ao Mr EAS Rear Wel Te THH MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. BY J. MATTHEW JONES, F.R.S.C., OF FERN LODGE, WATERVILLE, Nova ScorTIa. 143 THE MAMMALS OF BERMUDA, Paucity of species, as regards mammalian life on oceanic islands, is a fact well known to all observers; nor can the circumstance create any degree of surprise when we become cognizant of the complete isolation of such positions from any continent, their small area, and recent origin. The Bermudas present no exception to this general rule, and there- fore the present meagre list will not excite astonishment, especially when their peculiar formation and density of population are taken into account. Order CHEIROPTERA. Family VESPERTILIONIDA. SCOTOPHILUS NOCTIVAGANS, Lee. ‘ Silver-haired Bat.” Only one specimen of this Bat is known to have occurred in the Ber- mudas. It was taken alive near Hamilton on the 8th of October, 1850. Its geographical range on the North American continent extends, according to Allen,* from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky-Mountains, and as far north as the Hudson’s Bay Territory. LASIURUS CINEREUS, Allen. “Hoary Bat.” According to the observations of my friend, Mr. J. L. Hurdis, of Southampton, England, who passed fourteen years upon the islands in an official capacity, and during that lengthy period was a close observer of the habits of all animals which came under his notice, only two species of Bat are known to visit the Bermudas, and that usually in the autumn and early months of winter. The present species is observed occasionally at dusk during the autumn months hawking about accord- *Monograph of the Bats of North America. By H. Allen, M. D., asst. surg. U.S. A. p. 41. Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25——10 145 146 MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. ing to its nature in search of insects; but as it is never seen except at that particular season it is clear that it is not a resident, but merely blown across the ocean by those violent northwest gales which also usually bring numbers of birds from the American continent. The geographical range of this species appears to extend all over the continent of America north of Mexico, extending as far north as Red River Settlement in British North America. Order CETACEA. There are two species of Whales now frequenting the sea surrounding the Bermudas, in spring and early summer, and they are doubtless the same which visited the group in the earliest times of which we possess a record.” Jourdan* has the first account of Whales being observed there in 1610. “There are also great plentie whales which I conceive are very easie to be killed for they come so usually and ordinarilie to the shore that wee heard them oftentimes in the night abed and have seen many of them neare the shoare in the day time.” In Smith’s “‘ History of Virginia” (1616), we also find mention of Whales at the Bermudas during the months of January, February, and March. Again, in the ‘‘Constitucons and Instructions to Mr. Daniel Tucker now chosen Deputie Gounor for the Somer Islands given by the Goue- nor and Companie of the Cittye of London for the said Plantacon” (1616), allusion is made to them. “As touchinge the whale fishinge we would have you observe that we have sent John Headland our chief harpeneere, Henry Hughes his mate, and others of his ginge (gang) to whose assistance we ioyne Mr. Wilmott as skillful in that buisness, with such others to help as you shall appointe thereto. And that you omitt noe tyme at yor first com- minge thither to sett upon that worke, consideringe that the whale fishinge will be soe neare spent before you shall come thither.” It is therefore evident from the foregoing statements that one or more species of these marine mammals regularly visited the islands every spring, and we shall now endeavor to identify those species from the descriptions given by early writers, which are fortunately sufficiently expressive to permit of such determination. *A Plain description of the Barmodas, now called Sommer Ilands, with the manner of their discouerie anno 1609. By Sylvanus Jourdan. London, 1613. MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 147 Family BALAENIDE. EUBALANA CISARCTICA, and others. Common Whale. Right Whale. Cape Whale. Hump-back, &e. The Right Whale is the only species which may be called a regular migrant to the shores of the Bermudas, and its occurrence there opens up a very interesting source of inquiry as to whether the individuals annually visiting the islands really come from the north and return thither, or merely pass their existence in mid-Atlantic, and resort for some reason to the group with their young during the months of Feb- ruary, March, April, May, and June. Now, first as to the identification of this species with that so often mentioned by early writers. In the Philosophical Transactions (Royal Society of London) for 1668 appears a communication from Richard Norwood, who was the first person to survey the islands and divide them into shares. It is dated— ‘* BERMUDA, June 18, 1667. “The killing of whales, it hath been formerly attempted in vain, but within these two or three years, in the spring time and fair weather, they take sometimes one, two, or three in a day. They are less, [ hear, than those in Greenland, but more quick and lively; so that if they be struck in deep water they presently make into the deep with such vio- lence that the boat is in danger of being haled down after them if they cut not the rope in time. Therefore they usually strike them in shoal water. They have very good boats for that purpose, manned with six oars, such as they can row forwards or backwards as occasion requir- eth. They row up gently to the whale, and so he will scarcely shun them, and when the harpineer, standing ready fitted, sees his oppor- tunity, he strikes his harping-iron into the whale about or before the fins rather than towards the tayle. Now, the harping-irons are like those which are usual in England in striking porpoises, but singular good metal, that will not break, but wind, as they say, about a man’s hand. To the harping-iron is made fast a strong lythe rope, and into the socket of that iron is put a staff, which, when the whale is struck, “comes out of the socket, and so when the whale is something quiet they hale up to him by the rope, and, it may be, strike into him another harping-iron, or lance him with lances in staves till they have killed ~ 148 MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. him. This I write by relation, for I have not seen any killed my- selt” The fact of their capturing the whale in shoal water proclaims it to belong to this species, for the sperm whale, which is the only other cetacean known to visit the Bermudas, is never known to come near shore. Another communication to the same society from one Richard Staf- ford, dated at Bermuda, July 16, 1685, also proclaims the identity of this species: “We have hereabouts very many sorts of fishes. There is amongst them great store of whales, which in March, April, and May, use our coast. I have myself killed many of them. Their females have abun- dance of milk, which the young ones suck out of the teats that grow by their navel. They have no teeth, but feed on moss growing on the rocks at the bottom during these three months, and at no other season of the year. When it is consumed and gone, the whales go away also. These we kill for their oil.” The Right Whale fishing around the Bermudas appears to have been prosecuted by the islanders with more or less success from these early times until the present, when, owing probably to the more profitable and pleasant pursuit of agriculture, which combines at the same time a security of person quite foreign to that of the whale fisher, as the numerous accidents on record prove, it is not followed with the same ardor which characterized the efforts of the early settlers. Neverthe- less we find that almost every year some of these whales are taken; and one season they were so numerous that no less than twenty were taken off the east end of the islands. Cub whales are more commonly taken than adults. These are of all sizes, as announcements in the island papers such as the following, prove: ‘A fine whale of the hump-back species, a maiden cub of last year, was captured on Friday morning last (April 22, 1866), by the boats be- longing to Mr. Masters’ establishment at Port Royal. It was 33 feet long, exceedingly fat, and it is supposed will produce 40 barrels of oil. It was first harpooned, and then shot at three several times with bomb- lances, and though hit each time the third bomb only exploded and caused the almost instant death of the leviathan. This is the first whale that has been captured here for some years.” Again: ‘A cub whale about 22 feet long was captured by the boats of Port Royal cn Wednesday last (April 26, 1871). The old whale followed the young one and struck the boat with its tail. It was harpooned but broke the MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 149 warp; it bled freely. It came to the shore the next day, but was not captured. The cub will yield about 54 barrels of oil.” The adult whales, when struck near shore, often lead their captors a long chase—sometimes as much as 7 or 8 miles out to sea—and even then the warp has to be cut to save the boat. But when taken they amply recompense their lucky captors for their trouble, yielding in ‘some cases from 60 to 70 barrels of oil. When these large whales are ‘towed to shore the vast quantity of blood escaping from their wounds attracts numbers of sharks, some of very large size, which mutilate the body and devour much of the meat. This well-known habit of the sharks is sometimes turned to profitable account by the colored boat- men, who take what is left of the body of a whale, after the process of “flinching” has been gone through, outside the reefs, and let it remain as a bait. Several boats will join in one of these expeditions, having experienced spearsmen on board, who, at every opportunity, spear a large shark which, in its turn, is converted into oil which is of particu- lar commercial value. There are some curious habits indulged in by this species of whale, known to the islanders, but perhaps none can be accounted so singular and remarkable as that of the animal leaping completely out of water to the height of several feet. A naval officer has placed on record an instance of this extraordinary circumstance as follows: ‘‘ While we were lying on our oars, in a cutter belonging to the Leander, frigate, in Mur- ray’s Anchorage, off Saint George’s Island, during the winter of 1802-3, we beheld one of the most extraordinary sights in the world. A whale which had by some means got inside the reef, and was endeavoring to extricate itself from its uncomfortable position, and perhaps provoked at not being able to disentangle itself from the sharp coral reefs, or for some other reason, suddenly made a spring out of the sea. So complete was this enormous leap, that for an instant he was seen fairly up in the air, in a horizontal position, at a distance from the surface, not much short I should think of half his own breadth. His back, therefore, must have been at least twenty feet in perpendicular height over our heads. While in its progress upwards, there really appeared in its spring some touch of the vivacity which belongs to a trout or salmon Shooting out of the water. The whale, however, fell back again on the sea, with all the clumsiness imaginable, like a huge log thrown on its broadside; and with such a thundering crash as made all hands stare in astonishment. Total demolition, indeed, must have been the fate of 150 MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. our party had the whale taken his leap one minute sooner, for he would then have fallen plump on the boat. The waves caused by the splash of the monster spread over half the anchorage, nor, if the Leander her- self had blown up, could the effect have extended much further.” Scoresby, in his interesting work on the Arctic Whale Fishery, corrob- orates this curious habit, so that there can be no doubt of its being an indisputable fact. This whale appears to have been the victim of assault from the Sword- fish (Xiphias gladius) and Thresher (Alopias vulpes) in days of yore, as as we glean from the pages of an old writer on the Bermudas.* “‘T forbeare to speake what a sorte of whales wee have seene hard aboaed the shoare followed sometime by the Sword Fish and the Thresher, the sport whereof was not unpleasant. The sword-fish, with his sharpe and needle finne pricking him into the belly when he would sinke and fall into the sea; and when hee startled vpward from his wounds, the Thresher with his large Fins (like Flayles) beating him aboue water. The example whereof giues vs (saith Ouiedus) to vnderstand, that in the selfe same perile and danger doe men liue in this mortall life, where- in is no certaine security neither in high estate nor low.” And this account is borne out by a further statement to the same effect, made by another eye-witness about the same date. ‘‘ Whales there are in great store at that time of the yeare when they come in, which time of their comming is in Februarie and tarry till June. Likewise there commeth in two other fishes with them, but such as the whale had rather bee without there companie; one is called a Sword-fish, the other a Threasher; the sword-fish swimmes vnder the whale and pricketh him vpward; the Threasher keepeth aboue him, and with a mightye great thing like vnto a flayle hee so bangeth the whale, that he will roare as though it thundered, and doth giue him such blowes with his weapon that you would thinke it to be a cracke of great shot.” The Right Whale will sometime become playful with its young, toss- ing it out of water time after time, and it is a somewhat curious fact that they are more prone to indulge in this pastime during bright moon- light nights, coming close in near the edge of the reefs on the south side of the island and exhibiting their exploits within full view of per- sons on shore. *“Purchas His Pilgrimes,” vol. iv, London, 1625, The ninth book, chap. vi: ‘‘A true repertory of the wracke, and redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight; vpon, and from the Islands of the Bermudas: his comming to Virginia, and the estate of that Colonie then. and after, vnder the gouernment of the Lord LA WAkRE, July 15, 1610. Written by WILLIAM Srracuy, Esquire.” MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 151 Some of the larger whales when captured are found to be infested externally by parasites, among others the well-known cirripede(Balanus), which, from the large size some of the specimens attain, must have been in situ for aconsiderable period. The flesh of this whale, especially that of the cub, is often sold for food, and is considered a treat by the families of the fishermen and labor- ers, who cannot afford to pay the exorbitant prices demanded by the vendors of butchers’ meat and poultry. We cannot, however, coincide with the statements of those who declare it impossible to tell a whale- steak from a beef one, when properly cooked, for the oily nature of the substance cannot wholly be obliterated under any circumstances, and never fails to afford the palate of the most ordinary taster a clew to its origin. The migrations of this whale,* as far as the North Atlantic is con- cerned, are by no means clearly ascertained, as evinced by the state- ment made by M. F. Maury, who affirms that “the Right Whale does not cross the equator or reach so low a latitude as Bermuda in the West Atlantic, although it does so on the side of Madeira.” A very general belief prevails that the heated waters of the Gulf Stream pre- sent an impassable barrier to the southward progress of the Right Whale, and it is somewhat strange that although the presence of this species has been known to the inhabitants of the Bermudas ever since the islands were first colonized, as well as to American whalers for many years, its mode of reaching that position has not been properly investigated. The fact of its crossing the Gulf Stream on its southward migration, and also on its return to the north, has been well known to all traders between northern parts and the West Indies ever since com- mercial intercourse has been established; but we are unaware of any published statements having appeared to such effect until Col. Drum- mond Hay, President of the Natural History Society of Perthshire, (Scot- land), who was quartered with his regiment, the Forty-second Highland- ers, for some years upon the islands, and devoted much of his leisure time in investigating their natural history, in a paper on “ Migration,” which he recently read before his society, thus alluded to the matter: ge Sree instance which I will take is that of the eee Whale *Owing to the confusion in ae al nomenclature so prevalent in Beadudy: the writer has failed to discriminate between the Right Whales and Hump-backs and the Bowhead, which never ranges so far south.—-EpITor. 152 MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. (B. mysticetus), which, with the same regularity as the swallow, comes to Britain, visits the warm seas of the Bermuda Islands, where I have no- ticed them in large numbers, arriving regularly about the last week of February or beginning of March, and remaining till the beginning of June, and sometimes a little later; those frequenting the shallow waters being the cow-whales with their young, the bulls probably keeping in the deeper waters outside the reefs. While sailing from Bermuda to Nova Scotia, in the month of June, I observed large troops of the blow or true whale, all heading to the north, no doubt on their way from the Bermudas and the warmer seas.” It being, therefore, beyond doubt that the Right Whale does pass through the Gulf Stream on its southern migration to the Bermudas, it becomes an interesting question whether the animal is submitted to a higher degree of temperature while passing through the stream than it is while inhabiting the waters of Bermuda, in which it passes some four months of its existence regularly every year. We are fortunately able to give reliable information upon this subject, having during several voyages between Halifax and the Bermudas (which route, being almost direct north and south, is that traversed by tue whales), at different seasons of the year, had excellent opportunities, through the kindness of the commanders of the royal mail steam packets, who are in the habit of taking observations every four hours, of ascertaining the temperature of the Gulf Stream at various positions, and we find that scarcely any difference exists in its temperature as far as regards the months of Feb- ruary and June, the known periods of migration, and that the highest degree of heat of the stream at those periods yet recorded has never exceeded 73°. We have next to look at the temperature of the sea im- mediately around the Bermudas during the months of February and March, when the whales arrive, and we find that it is generally about 64°, and that of June, when they depart, about 74°; so that it is clear these animals are submitted to a higher degree of temperature for a month or more in the locality they have chosen for a winter resort, than they are during their passage through that supposed impassable barrier of heat, the Gulf Stream. Indeed, it may be said that this whale is capable of bearing a much higher degree of temperature, for in some seasons the maximum of surface temperature at Bermuda during the month of June has reached 78°, so that all statements hitherto made to the effect that the Right or Greenland Whale is unfitted to resist the presence of heat must be considered as wholly incorrect. MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 153 It is more than probable that this whale rarely proceeds farther south in the West Atlantic than the latitude of the Bermudas, and that it pos- sibly visits those islands merely for the purpose of bringing forth its young; a theory not unsupported by fact, when we find that the majority of whales taken consist of females and cubs. Family PHYSETERIDZ. PHYSETER MACROCEPHALUS, L. Sperm Whale; Spermaceti Whale; Trompe Whale. This species can hardly be considered as more than a casual visitant to Bermudian waters, for it is only at intervals of a few years that the islanders have the good fortune to capture one. The first authentic account we have of this species being found at the Bermudas is in the “Constitucons and Instructions to Mr. Daniel Tucker now chosen Deputie Gounor for the Somer Islands given by the Gouenor and Companie of the Cittye of London for the said Planta- con” (Date 1616). “Theise kind of whales we understand by theire description weh have seen them are called Trompe Whales, at whose places of resort there is ever found greate store of Ambergreece, the oyle will be as hard as tal- lowe, when yt is made, but yet very good for many uses, lett yt be care- fully casked up by ytself, without any other whale oyle of other kinds to be mixed with it. Also that kind of whale yieldeth great store of Spermacety weh lyeth in the head, lett that also be carefully reserved by ytself, and put into Caske marked for Spermaceti whither yt be thin or thicke, we will trye it and refine yt when yt shall come hither and doe well observe that puttinge up the oyle the coopers may make the caske very tight, for leakedge by putting Bullrushes into the ioynts, for wch vse we have sent hence store by theise shipps. “Those Trompe Whales are observed to have noe fins in their throats as some other small whales have, but they have in some of theire inward pts great store of Ambergreece congealed, weh they have not as yet cast out, we pray that you have a care that when any whale is opened you would yourselfe attend or cause some other to see yt searched thoroughly, that neither by negligence or fraud we may be deprived of that hope.” Of late years very few have been taken. One in May, 1863, of the goodly length of 47 feet was captured, and again on June 19, 1869, an- 154 MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. other was struck, about 14 miles to the south of David’s Head, of the length of 40 feet. One boat alone attacked this whale, and after some difficulty the crew succeeded in killing it and towed it the whole way to Saint George’s Whale House, a feat which occupied no less than sev- enteen hours. It was followed by alarge number of sharks, which cut it considerably. This whale appears to dislike the shallow waters within soundings, and therefore has to be sought for almost out of sight of land. Some are captured off the islands occasionally by passing Amer- ican whalers. Ambergris, the well-known product of this species, is alluded to in the very earliest accounts of the islands. In the commission of Governor Moore, granted to him by the Ber- muda Company on his entering upon his official duties in the year 1612, we find the following: “Forasmuch as we cannot expect any greate returne of comodities by this shipp, by reason of her short staye yet we advise and pray you to be as pruident as you may, to send us some fruits of your labors to give encouragement to the adventurers, to make the more speedie and better supplie vnto you, especially of Ambergreece weh wee doubt not but you shall finde readye gathered by those three who were left by the last shipp, or ells by the industrye of suche of yo’r own companie as you shall employe to seek for yt, for whose better encouragement we are contented to allowe for everye once (Troye weight) that you shall receaue from any of them, the some of thirteene shillinges fowre pence, but yf you shall finde any man to goe about to conceale yt and appro- priate yt to his owne prticuler use, then you are to seaze upon yt, as you forfeite to the vndertakers, and inflict such other punishment upon the offenders as the qualitie of these offences shall deserve.” In the Laws of the Bermuda Company enacted in 1622, we find a pro- tective clause concerning this commodity : ‘There is likewise and shall be forever reserved to the Company a fifth part of all the Ambergreece that shall be found; and the rest shall be divided equally betweene the finder and the owner of the land where the same is found; save that three shillings four pence upon every ounce of the said Ambergreece shall be allowed to the Governour of the said Islands. And whosoever shall not discover to the said Governour and Sheriffe and some one other of the Councell, the true quantity of the Ambergreece so found, within five days after the finding of the same, shall forfeit his owne intire part to the Company, and be subject to such other punishment as the Generall Court shall award.” MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 155 Again in “ Domestic Correspondence,” Jac. I, vol. lxxiv, No. 89, allu- sion is made to it in a communication from one John Chamberlain to the Right Hon. Sir Dudley Carleton, Kt: “Oot. 27, 1613. ‘From the Bermudas or Sommer-ylands there hath come great store of Ambergreece this yeare, w is the only commoditie they have thence as yet, but they hope for more hereafter of many kindes, though noth- ing so rich, and begin to nestle and plant there very handsomely, where- at the Spaniard is nothing pleased but threatens the next yeare to re- move them, which advertisement they have by goode meanes and many wayes, but they seeme nothing dismayed therewith, trusting rather to the difficultie of accesse, than to any other strength of theyre owne; the greatest peece of amber in one lump that hath bin heard of was found there this yeare being as bigge as the body of a giant, and annswerable or resembling almost in all points sauing for the want of the heade and one arme; but they handled the matter so foolishly that they brake yt in peeces, and the biggest they brought home was not above 168 ounces w° sells better by twelve or fifteen shillings in an ounce than that w°® is smaller.” That it was considered at that time to be of particular commercial value we glean from the following threatened punishment to be inflicted on those who dared to buy or sell it on the islands (Date, 1616): ‘“No Marryner Sayler or any else of what quality or grade so eue™ be- longing to any shippe or shipps nowe here resident or who hereafter shall arrive, may bargayne buy trucke or trade with any member of this Plantacon, man woman or childe for Ambergreece of what quantity so eue’, nor for any Ambergreece shall exchange any their provisions whether Butter Cheese Bisket Meale Aquavitoe Oyle any kind of frute or spice or any other prouisions of what qualitie so eue™ at any tyme or soe long as they shall here remayne from the date of their presents upon payne to lose the Ambergreece soe bought or trucked for, and losse of their wages in England with corporale punishm* here to be inflicted upon them, and what so eue" pson or psons belonging unto any such shipp or shipps receeve or take any the said Ambergreece of or from any pson or psons members of this plantacon privately take the same unto Eng- land upon the same p. ill. Nor shall any pson or psons whatsoeut of what degree or qualitie soeu’ of their Island dare to sell any Ambergreece or the same to trucke exchange or give awaye vnto any such for money or such aforesaide prouisions or otherwise to be as aforesaide upon p. ill 156 MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. to lye in Irons 48 hours w* addicon of such other severe punishm* as shalbe inflicted upon them. And what soeu™ pson or psons that shall at any tyme fynde any Ambergreece and not within the space of tenne dayes bringe or sende the same to the Gouernot or give notice thereof ynto him where he or thay shall receive content after the rate of the moitie of the halfe the Ambergreece eu'y ounce shall not only lose the profit for finding thereof But also undergoe the aforesaid punishment with severity of Justice w™ in that case shall surely be executed.” The weight of the several pieces of ambergris found at different times since the islands were settled appears to have varied greatly. In 1611 one is recorded of the enormous bulk of 80 pounds; in 1620, one of eight ounces; in 1625, one of nine ounces; in 1626, one of 2 ounces, and another the same year of 194 ounces. Of late years it appears to have been rarely found. Order INSECTIVORA. Family SORICIDA. SOREX 3 During one of our first visits to the islands several years ago we cap- tured what we believed to be a member of this family, but the specimen was unfortunately lost. During our last visit, in the winter of 1876~77, we gave chase to what we were almost positive was a specimen, running on the side of a by-road in Devonshire parish, but it proved too nimble and escaped. The peculiar dark velvety look of the fur and the small size of the animal was quite sufficient to distinguish it from a common mouse. We have, moreover, received the testimony of reliable persons as to a mouse of this description being occasionally caught, so we think it admissible to register the unknown under its generic name. Order RODENTIA. Family MURID Zi. MUS DECUMANUS, Pallas. ‘Norway Rat”; “Brown Rat.” Mus decumanus, Pallas, Glires, 1778, 91.—Schreber, Siiugt. IV, 645; tab. clxxviii.— Keyserling und Blasius, Eur. Wirb. I, 1842, 36.—De Kay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 80.—Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, ii—Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, I, 1854, 152.—Aud. and Bach, N. Am. Quad. IT, 1851, 22, pl. liv. Mus norvegicus, Erxleben, Syst. An. I, 1776, 381. The introduction of rats upon an oceanic island at a period anterior to its occupation by man can only be due to the arrival, or destruction, ee MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 157 of a vessel containing such animals upon its shores; and in the case of the Bermudas, which are known to have been the last resting place of many a craft long before they came into the possession of the English, there can be no doubt as to the means by which they obtained a footing upon those isles, so far distant from the nearest land. As the Norway Rat, which it appears belonged originally to the warmer regions of Central Asia, was introduced into the western coun- tries of Europe so late as the middle of the eighteenth century,* it clearly could not have been the species that overrun the Bermudas, ac- cording to Smith, more than a century before.t Most probably it came to the islands in some of the vessels sent out by the Bermuda Company from England laden with stores for the colonists, about the end of the eighteenth century. In some of the older houses, especially near the sea, this rat is very troublesome, consuming almost every article it can find, even to the bedclothes of the occupants as they lie asleep, and instances are recorded where children have been seriously bitten during repose at night. This rat is also common in the marshes, where it swims and dives with facility. The old and full-grown specimens are called “beagles” by the islanders. MUS RATTUS, L. “Black Rat.” Mus rattus, Lin. Syst. Nat. I, 1766.—De Kay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 79.—Aud. and Bach. N. Amer. Quad. I, 1849, 189, pl. xxiii.—Giebel, Séught. 1855, 555. Mus americanus, De Kay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 81, pl. xxi, f. 2. Mus nigricans, Raf. Am. Month. Mag. III, 1818, 446. This species, which was once so abundant all over Europe and North America, and probably equally so before the introduction of the common house-rat into the Bermudas, is now so scarce that it may be almost said to be extinct. MUS TECTORUM, Savi. “Tree Rat.” Mus tectorum, Savi. ‘‘Nuovi Giornale di Lett. 1825.”—Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, plate.—Keys & Blasius, Europ. Wirb. 1842, 36.—Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 405.—Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, I, 1854, 154.—Giebel, Zoologie, 1855, 555. Mus alexandrinus, ‘ Geoffr. Desc. de ’ Egypte.” Mus flaviventris, ‘Licht. Brants Minzen, 108.” * Baird, Mammals of North America, p. 439. tSmith, History of Virginia, p. 137. 158 MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. Mus infuscatus, ‘Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 445.” Mus setosus, ‘‘Lund, Bras. Dyr.” ? Mus rattus, var. Aud. & Bach. N. Amer. Quad. I, 1849, 191, 194, pl. xxiii. Mus americanus, ‘“ Lebr., Thes. II, 30; tab. xxix.”—Erscleben, Syst. An. I, 1776, 385.— Leconte, Pr. A. N. Se. Phil. VI, 1853, 414. Rat @ Amerique, ‘‘ Brisson, Reg. An. I, 172.” The earliest account of this rat, as inhabiting the Bermudas, is about the year 1615 when, from the following instructions sent out by the Bermuda Company in London to Governor Tucker, we infer that it existed there: ‘Wee have sent you yellow ratsbane in fyne powder to kill ratts to be mixed with oatemeale and laid in shells on the ground wesoever they haunt, weh lett not be neglected nor any other meanes to traps snares and whatsoever ellse to sestroye them utterlye yf yt be possible least they mutliplie upon you and devour all yor fruits and plants.” In Capt. John Smith’s History of Virginia it is stated that in the year 1618 a vessel laden with grain was wrecked on the reefs, and that num- bers of rats escaped from her and landed on the islands to the great detriment of the plantation. The account is as follows: ‘But the great God of heaven being angry, caused such an increase of silly rats in the space of two years so to abound, before they regarded them, ‘that they filled not onely those places where they first were landed, but swimming from place to place, spread themselves into all parts of the countrey, insomuch that there was no iland but it was pes- tered with them; and some fishes have been taken with rats in their bellies, which they caught in swimming from ile to ile; their nests had almost in every tree, and in most places their burrowes in the ground like conies; they spared not the fruits of the plants, or trees, nor the very plants themselves, but ate them up. When they had set their corne, the rats would come by troupes in the night and scratch it out of the ground. If by diligent watch any escaped till it came to earing, it should then very hardly escape them; and they became noysome even to the very persons of men. They vsed all the diligence they could for the destroying of them, nourishing cats both wilde and tame, for that purpose; they vsed ratsbane, and many times set fire on the woods that oft run half a mile before it was extinct euery man was enioyned to set twelve traps, and some of their own accord have set neare an hundred, which they euer visited twice or thrice in a night; they also trained up their dogges to hunt them, wherein they became so expert that a good dog in two or three hours would kill forty or fifty. Many other devices EN LE a a a eee re, a — a MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 159 they used to destroy them, but could not prevaile, finding them still increasing against them; nay they so devoured the fruits of the earth that they were destitute of bread for a yeare or two; so that when they had it afterwards, they were so wained from it, they easily neglected to eat it with their meat. Besides, they endeauoured so much for the planting tobacco for present gaine, that they neglected many things might more have prevailed for their good, which caused amongst them much weakness and mortality, since the beginning of this vermine. “At last it pleased God, but by what meanes it is not well known, to take them away; in so much that the wilde cats and many dogs that lived on them were famished, and many of them leaving the woods came down to their homes, and to such places where they use to garbish their fish, and became tame. Some have attributed the destruction of them to the increase of wild cats, but that is not likely they should be so suddenly increased rather at that time, than four years before; and the chief occasion of this supposition was because they saw some com- panies of them leave the woods, and slew themselves for want of food; others by the coldnesse of winter which notwithstanding is neuer so great there, as with us in March, except it be in the wind; besides the rats wanted not the feathers of young birds and chickens which they daily killed, and Palmetto mosse to builde themselves warm nests out of the wind; as usually they did; neither doth it appeare that the cold was so mortal to them, seeing they would ordinarily swimme from place to place, and bee very fat even in the midst of winter. It remaineth then, that as God doth sometimes effect his will without subordinate and secondary causes, so we need not doubt, but that in the speedy increase of this vermine, as also by the preservation of so many of them by such weake meanes as they then enioyed, and especially in the so sudden remoual of this great annoyance, there was ioyned with and besides the ordinary and manifest meanes, a more mediate and secret work of God.” From this description it is evident that the amazing horde of rats which overran the islands at this early date were tree rats which at the present day usually construct their nests in trees, as they appear to have done two centuries and a half ago. But the question may arise, how could so vast a horde suddenly, as it were, come into being, for if we are to place any confidence in the accounts given by Jourdan not a rat was to be seen some five years previous. It certainly appears somewhat mysterious,and we cannot but think that rats existed on the islands 160 ms MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. many years before the wreck of Sir George Somers’ vessel, which is so graphically described in the work referred to. And itis, moreover, very probable that the tree or roof rat, which was an Old World species origin- ally from Egypt and Nubia, from which it was taken to Italy and Spain,* was introduced into the Bermudas by the several wrecks of Spanish ves- sels which during the sixteenth century were evidently cast upon them. Many of these vessels were possibly cast away on the western reefs, as are most of the vessels voyaging from the West Indies to Europe atthe present day. In this case the rats would have landed on the shores of Somerset parish, which face these reefs, and finding ample food for some years for their wants, would have had no occasion to migrate to other parts of the group. But after a lapse of a few years, taking into con- sideration the fecundity of the race in a genial climate, and the absence of all enemies, their numbers would increase so prodigiously that all available food would be consumed and a migration rendered absolutely necessary. Thus would occur the sudden invasion made upon the crops and stores of the early settlers who were established at the east end of the islands, for by the natural instinct granted to all animals, the posi- tion of food in plenty would soon be discovered, especially by these starving creatnres. The tree rat is very fond of fruits, and will climb up and do great dam- age, especially to crops of oranges. We have reason to believe that it is this species which is also so destructive to the root crop. In common with the brown rat, they will frequent stables for the purpose of pro- curing the oats or Indian corn given to the horses, but while the lat- ter species generally makes its exit when surprised by holes in the floor, the former takes to the roof and eseapes by the opening under the eaves. It builds its nests either in the dilapidated roofs of old houses or outhouses, or in trees. In the latter case it chooses various positions, but generally one which enables it to rest secure from the effects of the heavy gales of wind which are of frequent occurrence. We have found them as high as 20 feet from the ground, situate in an angle formed by the bole of an aged cedar and a lateral branch of the same; also within a few feet of the ground, in the fork of a branch of cedar. Again, in a low bush in a swamp, a few feet above the stagnant water. The nests which occur in the cedars are composed entirely of the bark of the same trees, called “bass” by the islanders; the long, coarse strips outside, while within, the substance gets finer and finer. *Baird, Mammals of North America. MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 161 In other situations, as the shrub we have mentioned, the nest is com- posed outwardly of leaves of that shrub, with softer vegetable material within. In most cases the nest is generally spherical and about a foot in diameter. Whenever we have surprised the tenants of these nests unawares, we have always observed the young, about half or three parts grown, escape, but no old ones. It was not until the year 1872 that we were enabled, through the kindness of Prof. S. F. Baird, satisfactorily to identify the species, as in common with the native inhabitants, we had always considered it as merely a variety of the brown rat; but in that year, having secured two half-grown young from a nest, and perceiving a marked difference in the color, especially of the under parts, we forwarded one to the Smithsonian Institution for Professor Baird’s opinion, who at once recognized it as the white-bellied or roof rat of the Southern States. MUS MUSCULUS, L. Common Mouse. The common mouse is very abundant throughout the islands, but more especially so where surrounding circumstances favor its support and increase. In all dwellings and their outhouses it is to be found; but usually where rats are numerous the mice are scarce; for there is no doubt that the smaller members of the tribe suffer greatly from the con- tinued attacks of the larger ones. They are particularly numerous about planting land, and do much damage to the root crops, as well as to the Indian corn. We have observed them even in the center of the marshes where the ground was more or less covered by water, at the roots of the tall sedges, making their way over the prostrate stems. It can swim well whea occasion requires, and has no doubt by this means introduced itself into many situations where its occurrence could not otherwise be satisfactorily accounted for. We have been informed that light-colored mice have been seen in different places, which the observers have supposed to differ from the common species; but our own investiga- tions, which have extended over several years in almost every part of the group, do not allow us to concur in the supposition. As a somewhat curious circumstance we may state that the common domestic fowl of the island will sometimes seize a mouse and eat it. Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25 11 7 he ' ¥ 4 A ‘yy : i VA ae ALF Di YR URGA eS | : ou ‘ ‘aie aA i Hk Mi ee Ao) iE : Heh ; a Rh wy «| } x ig ‘hes. 1 ha ‘ i Ti vy aoe oO 4 4 Ns V5 ( h 7 TF ' i : ay é : a ed's , BOR, eT Ad abe” ROK ity cf ABV E99. 8 TU, ; 2 a “i ! ’ 65 is \" 10 ' 9 ae VA | 6 ua ¥ Zee ie len i a Py A i ~S ; rai ‘ ’ ' j i / a a, a wm ’ DM ' i ls en vad Ay eo? ‘ ia f 1 ) i’ ! 1, ! ‘ fet wf ». “4 x igh 4 e, B Ay Sarat raf iy , * i { ‘ ’ = An ; by y : ¥ ‘ ie ny vit Hat al a r iS 5 i t ‘ ' ¥} j ' ‘ x r } , att als 1 5 ’ a” 1 / J ‘4 | sia ¥ ~. ‘ ‘ , : : ary. ti" i ‘ fs ‘," _ } Hh Ta i, . whe iy f i! ‘ | Ee I ; ' : “ E . 4 1 LF 7} i ; ; ds i Ip) he i , ' : 4 i a = 4 oul) ' ' e = , Rs ( ey j / ‘ ‘J . Ww ' v 7 ] ‘ } { ‘ ine 1 (\ Aa q ’ ; | bis one RO oa ae ee sl i i } ; : “ anak ee | a i Che al, RCA RIVE ee Ie ne Nai i a e ‘ j a ¥ an 5 ns oh 7 Ral On iP POP Nia). aA tae My ee , ‘ ¥ , “ { ray Nie cof ca Heya y+ pe Ue NA Ss v fi f mS are arn ie , 4 ‘ 1 f i) ' 4 7 | t « ’ ( { + ’ j *{) ‘ a ; x ' 4 y! it { aie j 5 ‘ 1 AL ELV Ebi DS, OR) BERNEO DAY BY Capt. SAVILE G. REID, F. Z.&., Or THE ROYAL ENGINEERS, MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, &C. 163 AG ita y ny ee yeh Ribira vost WW - AT re 1 ee} eth it ned “ lant A 1 < bP) ay i i { i , pit iy 1 , ‘ t M4 3 ' i Celeb ATT s | \ ihe CLR Uy A ‘ 4 nih ea mii a aL re Aa be! FAY Ais vee gh tithe vs ; 5 i ow FD po Liryary it Yen / n t ) lw, Lenny VALE MA Coalde ou! ti i 1 via 5 FLAS UL ‘ah site we i th POR #! a UP array ent ha vr be anata Laan A ; os ue 2 £ i ; elit ai i\ ipa Mi a ¢ ig ah ey i bil¢ ‘ ; i Avy. Wilteak ; Bt Ay Ate eh THE BIRDS OF BERMUDA. INTRODUCTION. It was with considerable diffidence, notwithstanding the very flatter- ing nature of the invitation sent to me, that I consented to appear a a third time in print on the avi-fauna of the Bermudas, and I trust that a knowledge of this fact may go far to excuse my presumption in rang- ing myself among the learned professors and men of science who con- tribute to this work, and also the numerous short-comings in my par- ticular department. I was puzzled for a long time how to begin my task, finally deciding to present, as a brief history of the Birds of the Bermudas, my original notes published in the “Field” newspaper in 1875, and in the ‘ Zoologist” in 1877, thoroughly revised and brought up to date, with the addition of the synonymy and measurements of each species taken from the highest American and European authorities. I fear a long introduction will be considered out of place in a work like this, but, as it may possibly prove of interest to any naturalist con- templating a visit to the islands, I have ventured to rewrite a large portion of my original preface, as follows: In March, 1874, when ordered to the Bermudas to complete my tour of foreign service, I made diligent and most anxious inquiries about the birds likely to be found there, and I must say the answers I got from brother officers and others who were familiar with the islands were any- thing but satisfactory in an ornithological point of view. Iwas informed that birds were few and far between, with the exception of one or two common resident species, and a casual flock of plovers or waders in the autumn months. My ardor cooled to zero abruptly. I looked forward to the red, blue, black, and white birds of my informants, and the un- certain and erratic Plover, with a sigh of despair! Should I take a gun at all, to lie idle in the damp corrosive climate to which I was bound? However, on board the good ship Severn—a hired transport, which conveyed the company of Royal Engineers, to which I then belonged, across the Atlantic—I found some officers of H. M. Fifty-third Regiment 165 166 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. returning to Bermuda from leave in England, one of whom (Captain Rooke) was a great sportsman, and had shot and collected some birds during his previous residence in the ‘beautiful isle of the sea.” His account was decidedly reassuring. He spoke of twenty or more species, and delighted my ears with the magic words—“ Teal” and “Snipe.” I was thankful then that my trusty 16-bore was lying snug and safe in my cabin, ready to add to the Bermuda lists when called upon. We left Gibraltar on the 12th, but did not land in Bermuda till March 30, owing to a pleasant head-wind and somewhat limited powers of locomotion. My note-boek was started next day—our first on shore— and was religiously kept up from that time till June 3, 1875, when If left again for English soil. Situated in latitude 32° 15’ north, and longitude 64° 51’ west, 600 miles or more from the great North American continent, and exposed to the full force of ever-varying gales, the long, narrow group of islands known as the “Bermudas” offer a harbor of refuge to many a weary, storm-beaten migrant on its passage north or south, and in consequence we find a great many genera of the North American avi-fauna repre- sented in the visiting list. On this subject my friend, Mr. J. Matthew Jones, of the Middle Temple, editor of “The Naturalist in Bermuda” (1859), remarks: ‘That the Bermudas afford an excellent position from whence to observe the annual migration of many species of the feathered tribes of America cannot be doubted. Equidistant, or nearly so, from the shores of Nova Scotia, the United States, and the West Indian archipelago, they present, as it were, a casual resting-place to many birds while traversing the broad expanse of ocean which forms the eastern limit of their great line of flight.” Some species, as the American Golden Plover, American Snipe, Sora Rail, Night Hawk, Yellowshanks, &c., seldom fail to appear every au- tumn, and may be set down as regular visitors, probably from the fact that their line of migration is direct from the northeastern coasts of the continent to the West Indies and tropical South America; but, as will presently be seen, the great bulk of the recorded species are irregular or accidental visitors, whose migratory journeys are less ambitious, and who are blown off the mainland by unfavorable winds. That fresh species will from time to time be added to the present list is more than probable; in fact, it is possible that the whole migratory avi-fauna of North America may eventually be recorded as Bermudian. When such diminutive flyers as the Ruby-throated Humming-bird, Trochilus colu- ; is r i i 2S = BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 167 bris, and the Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, Parwla americana, can find their way across 600 miles of water in safety, where is the line to be drawn? With the exception of a solitary example of the European Skylark, Alauda arvensis, and two of the European Snipe, Gallinago media, the whole of the birds recorded in the Bermuda list are included in that of North America, and no species has as yet been discovered peculiar to the islands. This, if we accept the theory of the comparatively recent “ Holian” formation of the group, is not to be wondered at. At one time I actually had great hopes of establishing a real ’Mudian species, as I several times observed a small brown bird, remarkably shy and mouse-like in its habits, among the dense rushes and scrub of the larger swamps, and this I could not refer to any known North American form. Thad a good view of one, too, close to me, one Sunday afternoon (of course it was a Sunday, when [ had no gun with me), and carefully took stock of the little fellow; but as I never succeeded in procuring a speci- men, I must perforce leave the question undecided, in the hope that some one may be more fortunate in this respect than myself. Rejecting doubtful occurrences, one hundred and eighty-one species are known to have occurred in the Bermudas up to June 3, 1875. Since then five more have been added, making a total of one hundred and eighty-six species entitled to a place in the list of Bermudian birds. During the fourteen months I resided there, no less than seventy-nine species were recorded, sixty-eight of these by myself personally. I was only able to obtain specimens of sixty-one of these, but that, of course, far exceeded my original expectations. The winter of 1874~75 was not exactly a favorable one for a collector, few violent storms occurring at critical times to drive the birds to the strange and unexpected shelter in mid-ocean. I worked hard—as hard, that is to say, as my multi- farious duties as an engineer officer would permit—but many things are against the study of ornithology in the Bermudas. In the first place, the peculiar elongated shape of the group of islands, and the long dis- tances between the various swamps and “likely” places, to say nothing of the indifferent character of the roads, render it no easy task to “register” even a particular district in the course of an afternoon. The climate, too, except when the wind is from the north in winter time, is warm and damp, and much against a long struggle through the sage bush and scrubby cedars which clothe the hills, or over the rough, steel- pointed rocks of the shore. Then there is such an extent of cedar forest, 168 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. dotted here and there with patches of highly-cultivated garden, that it is hard to find birds, or, when found, to follow them up. Mosquitoes are frightfully large and ferocious in summer and autumn, especially in and around the ponds and swamps. Many a time have I lost a long- expected shot by having to brush the little torments in dozens from my nose and eyes. And as to believing a word the good-natured colored people tell you about the extraordinary birds they see, it is simply impossible. But, in spite of these drawbacks, I enjoyed my ornithological labors vastly, and look back with pleasure not only to the successful stalk or lucky snap-shot which occasionally rewarded my exertions, but also to the numerous instructive hours I passed, field-glass in hand, in the deep- est recesses of the swamps or on the open shore, watching the agile Mniotilta varia and the comical Totanus solitarius, or listening to the loud musical “chip” of Seiwrus noveboracensis, and the harsh, grating cry of the Phaétons. In the following notes I have largely availed myself of those of Col- onel Wedderburn (late Forty-second Highlanders) and Mr. Hurdis (for- merly controller of customs in the islands), which have already been given to the public in a little work, entitled ‘‘The Naturalist in Ber- muda,” to which I have before alluded; also of the collection of birds formed, during the last twenty-five years, by Mr. Bartram, of Stocks Point, near St. George’s. I trust I may be held excused for the con- stant references to these sources of information, both by the gentlemen named and by the indulgent ornithological reader. Colonel Wedder- burn and Mr. Hurdis compiled their valuable notes long before my time, as may be inferred from the date of the book mentioned (1859); and since their departure no one, except my friend Mr. J. M. Jones, appears to have kept any record of the bird-life of the islands—more’s the pity. With Mr. Bartram, now an elderly man, I struck up a great friendship, and I spent many an afternoon poring over his birds. He has about one hundred and twelve species, all collected and set up by himself, and a carefully kept note-book relating to their capture. His collection is the only one of any note in the islands and contains numerous unique examples of rare stragglers. An old soldier, settling at the expiration of his service on the picturesque promontory of Stocks Point, where he still resides, Mr. Bartram has added the study of natural scienee to that of farming; and, in addition to producing the best arrow-root in the place, he has a turn at geology, conchology, ornithology, and several BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 169 other “ologies;” writes on scientific subjects to the local papers; and smokes his pipe in his museum, monarch of all he surveys—a commen- dable example to the British army. These, however, are not the only assistants, past or present, that I met with. My friend Colonel Bland, Royal Engineers, an excellent orni- thologist, though he was too much engrossed with the cares of the royal engineer’s office to accompany me in many of my excursions, helped me much in my identifications, which his knowledge of Canadian forms greatly aided; while Mr. J. M. Jones, besides placing his note-book at my disposal, was always ready with a suggestion or kind word of en- couragement. Lieutenant Denison, Royal Engineers, my companion in many a bird-hunt in days gone by, arrived in Bermuda in January, 1875— too late, unfortunately, to take much part in my labors. On him has devolved the task of checking and auditing my accounts, of remedying numerous deficiencies, and of supplying much additional information collected during his eighteen months’ residence in Bermuda. In conclusion I may add that my friend Mr. J. L. Hurdis has kindly sent me his valuable MS. notes on birds made during his long sojourn in the islands; that Mr. Bartram has written me most interesting and graphic letters on recent ornithological occurrences ; and that our worthy editor has never for a moment relaxed his energetic co-operation with me in the work I have undertaken. S. G. P DECEMBER, 1878. 179 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. Orver PASSERES. ' Sub-order OSCINES. Family TURDID. Sub-family TURDIN At. Genus TurDus, Linn. 1. Turdus migratorius, Linn. American Robin; Red-breasted Thrush. Turdus migratorius, Linn., Forst., Vieil., Wils., Bp., Nutt., Aud., and of authors generally. Merula migratoria, Sw. & Rich. Turdus canadensis, Briss. Length, 9.75; wing, 5.43; tail, 4.75; tarsus, 1.75. Hab.—Continent of North America and portions of Mexico. West Indies rarely. Accidental in Europe. (Coues.) By no means common, but occasionally arrives singly or jn small flocks, both on northward and southward migrations, especially the former. Specimens were obtained in February and March, 1850, and in March, 1855. One was sent to Mr. J. M. Jones on November 24, 1871, when several others were seen. I saw one near Hungry Bay on October 29, 1874. Mr. Bartram obtained one at Stocks Point about the same time, and Lieutenant Denison, Royal Engineers, records one shot in Devonshire Swamp on the 27th November, 1875; these last-named occurrences establishing beyond doubt the autumnal appearance of the species, which had not been recorded in former years. Like many other migrants, the Robin would seem to modify its habits considerably on finding itself in a strange country, and to become shy and retiring in disposition. The bird I saw took up its quarters in a thick mangrove swamp, and remained there, or in some tall thick cedars hard by, for several days. An intelligent colored boy in charge of cattle on an adjoining meadow, who really does know how to describe a bird, saw it frequently, and told me it was very wild and hard to get near. This is very unlike the Robin I have met with in Canada and the United States. It is a thousand pities that this fine bird cannot be persuaded BIRDS OF BERMUDA. ee to stay and breed in Bermuda, and to add its music to that of the com- mon resident species. Colonel Wedderburn mentions (Nat. in B., p. 27) that a portion of a small flock of unfortunates, which made their appearance in February, 1850, was spared, with the hope that they might be tempted to remain; but they all disappeared in a few weeks’ time, not leaving a single straggler. 2. Turdus mustelinus, Gm. Wood Thrush. Turdus mustelinus, Gm., Lath., Vieil., Bp., Nutt., Aud., and of modern authors. Merula mustelina, Rich. Turdus melodus, Wils., Turdus densus, Bp., Hylocichla mustelina, Bd. Length, 8.10; wing, 4.25; tail, 3.05; tarsus, 1.26. Hab.—United States, east of Missouri Plains, south to Guatemala, Cuba, Honduras, Bermuda. (B. B. and RB.) Only one appearance of this species is on record, viz, in the autumn of 1849—a season also memorable in Bermuda annals for an extraordi- nary invasion of Swallows and Cuckoos, which took place throughout the islands. Both Colonel Wedderburn and Mr. Hurdis obtained speci- mens of this Thrush, but Mr. Bartram was not so fortunate. 3. Turdus swainsoni, Cab. Olive-backed Thrush. Turdus minor, Gm., Vieil., Bp. Turdus solitarius, Wils. Merula wilsoni; Sw. & Pich. Turdus olivaceus, Gir. Merula olivacea, Brewer. Turdus swainsoni, Cab., and of modern authors. Turdus minimus, Latresnaye, Bryant, Lawr. Length, 7; wing, 4.15; tail, 3.10; tarsus, 1.10. Hab.—The whole of North America, excepting, perhaps, the south- western United States, south to Central America, New Granada, Eeua- dor, andCuba. Greenland, Europe and Siberia (accidental). (Coues.) This species also visited Bermuda in small numbers during the pro- ductive autumn of 1849, whena few wereobtained. It hassince occurred, at long intervals, in the autumn. Mr. Bartram’s collection contains three Ay specimens of various dates. On April 20, 1875, I shot a fine male in Smith’s Marsh, the first recorded instance of its vernal appearance. The stomach contained four or five white grubs, and some fragments of marsh plants. One was brought to Lieutenant Denison, Royal Engi- neers, on the 22d September, 1875, and another (a male) killed by a boy with a stick in Devonshire Swamp, on the 19th February, 1876. 172 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. Sub-family MIMINZK. Genus Mimus, Boie. 4. Mimus carolinensis, (Linn.) Gray. Cat-bird. Muscicapa carolinensis, Linn. Turdus carolinensis, Licht. Orpheus carolinensis, Aud. Mimus carolinensis, Gray, Bd., and of modern authors. aleoscoptes carolinensis, Cab., Bd., Sumich., Scl., Stev. Felivox carolinensis, Bp. Turdus felivox, Vieil., Bp., Nutt., Aud. Orpheus felivor, Sw. & Rich., Aud. Mimus felivox, Bp. Turdus lividus, Wils. Length, 8.85; wing, 3.65; tail, 4; tarsus, 1.5. Hab.—United States, north to Red River and Saskatchewan; west to the Columbia, to Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado; south to Panama, Mexico, Cuba. Resident in Southern States (Coues). Locally termed “Blackbird.” Resident and abundant; its harsh, mewing cry may be heard all the year round, relieved in spring by a weak but commendable roundelay. After a shower of rain in May or June the marshes appear literally alive with these sprightly birds, and a most agreeable concert takes place among the males, prolonged till dusk should the weather continue fine. On ordinary occasions during spring time they sing a good deal, but rain seems to delight them be- yond measure. They are at most times remarkably bold birds, and fol- low an intruder through the swamp or cedar grove, perching close to him and scolding most unmusically; but when a pair have a nest they are far more suspicious, and silently leave the neighborhood of their home. The hen bird sits very close on her eggs, but when disturbed darts rapidly away, returning as quickly and noiselessly when danger is past. Nidification commences about the end of March and again at the end of May, two broods being reared. The nest isa large clumsy struct- ure, built of dry grasses, weeds, and twigs, lined with small rootlets. It is very often ornamented externally with rags, bits of paper, skele- ton leaves, &c., according to the quaint fancy of the architect. The usual site is in a cedar branch or lemon tree, at from three to eight feet from the ground; but occasionally an ambitious pair will go a few feet higher. Eggs deep blue, with a greenish tinge, .92 in. by .68 in., usually four in number. Among the numerous nests I examined [found a con- siderable proportion to contain one egg much shorter and rounder than BIRDS OF BERMUDA. Ma the other three. In one case this egg was almost a perfect sphere. There being but few grapes or wild fruit grown in Bermuda to attract these mischievous birds, they are not looked upon with the same dis- favor as in the United States. Mr. Hurdis mentions two instances of the occurrence of this species in mottled plumage, and I was told of one being seen, while I was there, with a good deal of white about it. Family SAXICOLIDE. Genus SAXICOLA, Bechst. 5. Saxicola enanthe, Bechst. Wheatear. Motacilla enanthe, Linn. Saxicola enanthe, Bechst., and authors generally. Saxicola cnanthoides, Vig., Cass. Length, 6; wing, 3.45; tail, 2.50; tarsus, 1.05. Hab.—An Old World species (Europe, North Africa, and Asia). Abundant in Greenland. Found probably as an autumnal migrant in Labrador, Canada, Nova Scotia, &c. Very occasional in the Eastern States: Long Island. (B. B. & R.) This bird, a waif and a stray from Europe, via Greenland, to the American continent, has actually found its way to these remote islands. One was shot by an officer of the garrison, near the light-house, on Oc- tober 5, 1846; the tail, unfortunately, was the only portion preserved, but this was sent to the late Mr. Yarrell, who confirmed its identity. Another was seen frequently by Colonel Drummond and Colonel Wed- derburn, near St. George’s, in March, 1850, but baffled all their attempts to obtain it. Whether these two examples came direct from Greenland, or were blown off the American coast, is an inscrutable mystery. No others have since been recorded. Genus SIALIA, Sw. 6. Sialia sialis (Linn.) Hald. Eastern Bluebird. Motacilla sialis, Linn. Sylvia sialis, Lath., Vieil., Wils. Saxicola sialis, Bp. Ampelis sialis, Nutt. ‘ Sialia sialis, Hald. and modern authors. Sialia wilsoni, Sw., Aud. Erythaca (Sialia) Wilsoni, Sw. & Rich. Length, 6.75; wing, 4.00; tail, 2.90. Hab.—Eastern faunal area of temperate North America, north to 48° ; west to Western Kansas (to Colorado, Holden) and Lower Missouri re- gion; Bermuda, Cuba. (Coues.) 174 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. The Bluebird is one of the resident species, and is very common. It is also migratory, arriving in small flocks after heavy gales in the winter months. Colonel Wedderburn observed them in large flocks at Ireland Island on January 5, 1848; and my friend Mr. J. M. Jones records their appearance in smaller bands in the Novembers of 1866 and 1871. I have frequently noticed a sudden increase in the numbers of this spe- cies in the winter, but the visitors appear to leave again in the early spring, taking with them doubtless some of their ’Mudian brethren, for no perceptible accession of strength is apparent during the ensuing summer, and, as will presently be seen in a quotation from Mr. Hurdis’ notes, sO many occasionally take their departure as to cause a percep- tible diminution in the numbers of the resident birds. Mr. Bartram, an excellent authority, inclines to the belief that they do not migrate, but merely collect into flocks for the winter, but with all due deference to him I think the following account by Mr. Hurdis is suffi- cient to prove their migratory habits in the islands. ‘Although this beautiful gnd familiar bird appears to be a permanent resident in the Bermudas, vast flights of them sometimes arrive from the American coast. This was particularly the case as observed by Colonel Wedder- burn in the winter months of 1848. In December, 1849, I fell in with a large flock of these birds in Paget Parish. There was an appearance of wildness and vigor about them which convinced me they were strangers. A small party of eight or ten birds of a different species was observed in the midst of these Bluebirds, moving with the flock from place to place. I contrived to get within range of the small party and brought down one specimen, which proved to be a Cedar Waxwing (A. cedrorum), in beautiful plumage, but wanting the waxen appendages to the secondaries. It was, consequently, a young bird of that year. Now the Cedar Waxwing is a rare visitant in the Bermudas and is never known to breed there. These Cedar-birds, then, must have arrived recently in these islands, and in all probability had traversed the ocean in company with the flock of Bluebirds they were associating with. ‘There is reason to believe that numbers of the native Bluebirds leave the Bermudas with these large migratory flocks, thereby causing, as in the summer of 1851, a comparative scarcity of that bird; indeed, but for this supposed movement, it would be difficult to account for the annual increase of the native birds. This is, to my mind, the most delightful of birds, and certainly the flower of the limited flock of Bermuda residents ; its brilliant plumage, oe BIRDS OF BERMUDA. Li vivacious manners, and pleasant warble render it an object of interest to all; while its confiding and fearless nature in the breeding season, and the number of noxious insects it destroys, cause it to be strictly protected throughout the islands. The male bird in spring, when the sun’s rays illumine his dazzling blue plumage, is perfectly lovely ; he flashes across the road like a ray of azure light, and seems actually to blaze with intense color from among the sombre foliage of the cedars. His spouse is far more sober in her attire; but she too puts on nuptial attire and looks uncommonly smart in April and May, when she acquires an unusually vivid blue, and much suffusion of reddish brown about the head. I accidentally shot one in this plumage one afternoon, thinking it was a stranger, so much did it differ from the ordinary female. They breed twice, and, I believe, in some cases thrice; I have seen fresh eggs on April 4, and as late as June 19. Eggs four or five, delicate pale blue, unspotted, .85 inch by .68 inch. Nest of grasses and bents, in all manner of places. I have found them commonly in holes in old quarries or road-side cuttings ; also in crevices of walls; in rocks, even when some little distance from the shore ; in holes in trees ; on the branches of trees ; in stove and water-pipes ; in calabashes, boxes, &c., hung up for them in the verandas of houses; in the folds of a canvas awning outside the door of one of the officers’ quarters at Prospect Camp; and in several other curious situations. The female sits close, and I have caught her on the nest. The young are strikingly spotted until their first molt. The males sing much in the early morning in spring, both Stationary and on the wing, and continue their song, though with diminished ardor, till an hour or so before sunset. A warm, sunny day in winter, however, is the time to hear them in perfection, when a favor- ite cedar grove will resound with their combined melody, each songster perched on the very topmost twig of a tall cedar. The song is merely a Short, but sweet, wild little stave, sounding to me not unlike that of the Blue Thrush (Monticola cyaneus), as I used to hear it from the heights, far away above my head, on the rock of Gibraltar. The eall- note is a soft twitter; but they have also a loud double note, “ cher- wee,” reminding one forcibly of that of an dgialitis. Attempts are made frequently to bring up young birds from the nest, but they rarely succeed. A few live ones are to be seen in captivity, presumably adults captured by birdlime or in traps; but as a cage bird it is a failure. It occasionally drives the Red Bird (Cardinalis virginianus) trom its nest, even after eggs have been laid, and uses it as a foundation for its own. 176 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. This is somewhat extraordinary, when one considers the formidable bill of the victim ; but the Blue Bird is a determined little fellow, and for- tune favors the bold. A great number of ‘ crawlers ”—long scaly grubs, with no end of legs—are destroyed by these useful birds, who will sit patiently watching for them on a convenient twig, swooping down on the first comer and bearing him off in triumph. They will also dart into the air after passing insects much like a Flycatcher, returning each time to their starting-point. They are very bold in pursuit of prey when they have young to feed, but always visit their nest with extreme caution should an observer be near. Family PARID. Sub-family SITTIN. Genus SiTTa, Linn. 7. Sitta canadensis, Linn. Red-bellied Nuthatch. Sitta canadensis, Linn., Gm., Lath., Bp., Nutt., Aud., Bd., and other modern authors. Sitta varia, Wils. “¢ Sitta stulta Vieill.”, (Bp.) Length, about 44 inches; wing, 23. Hab.—North America, at large in wooded regions, but rather north- erly (to 66° or farther); south, however, to the Mexican border. (Coues.) One specimen only has been taken in Bermuda; this is in Mr. Bart- ram’s collection, and was shot by himself near his house at Stocks Point. Family CERTHIAD A. Sub-family CERTHIIN 4. Genus CERTHIA, Linn. 8. Certhia familiaris, Linn. Brown Creeper. Certhia familiaris, Linn. and of authors—Vieil., Wils., Aud., &c. Certhia americana, Bp., Nutt., Bd., &c., and nearly all local writers of eastern United States. Certhia mexicana, Gloger and Reich., &c. (A variety.) Length, 5.50; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.90. Hab.— Europe, North America at large, Mexico (var.). (Coues.) Oerthia familiaris, Brown Creeper.—A male bird of this species was shot by Bendall, an old soldier of the Fifty-third regiment, out of three or four seen in Devonshire Swamp, on November 24, 1876, BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 177 Family MOTACILLIDZ. Sub-family ANTHIN A: Genus ANTHUS, Bechst. 9. Anthus ludovicianus, (Gm.) Licht. American Pipit. Alauda' ludoviciana, Gm., Lath. Anthus ludovicianus, Licht., Bp., Aud., Giraud, and modern authors. Alauda rubra, Gm. Anthus rebens, Merr. Alauda pennsylvanica, Briss. Anthus pennsylvanicus, ‘‘Zander”. (Naum.) Alauda rufa, Wils. Anthus spinoletta, Bp., Nutt., Aud. Anthus aquaticus, Sw. & Rich., Aud. Anthus pipicus, Aud., Bp. Anthus reinhardtii, Holbdll. Anthus hypogeus, Bp. Length, 6.50; wing, 3.45; tail, 2.95. Hab.—Whole of North America; Mexico; Guatemala; Bermuda; Greenland; accidental in Europe. (Coues.) Anthus ludovicianus, Brown Lark; Pipit.——Colonel Wedderburn has a specimen in his possession, shot by Mr. Fozard on November 26, 1848. There are two others in Mr. Bartram’s collection, shot by himself near St. George’s. Family ALAUDID. Sub-family ALAUDIN A. Genus OTocorRys, Bp. W. Otocorys alpestris, Bp. Shore Lark, Horned Lark. Alauda alvestris, Forster., Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils., Bp., Nutt., Aud., and of earlier authors generally. Bremophila alpestris, Boie. Phileremos alpestris, Brehm., Bp., Keys. & Blas. Otocorys alpestris, Bp., Gray, Cab. Alauda cornuta, Wils., Sw. & Rich. Eremophila cornuta, Boie, Bd., and recent American authors. Phileremos cornutus, Bp. Otocorys cornuta, Cab. Length, 7.75; wing, 4.50; tail, 3.25; bill above, .52. (Bd.) Hab.—Every where on, the prairies and desert plains of North America; Atlantic States in winter; Bermuda; Europe; Asia. Obs.—V ar. chrysolema, from southwest Territories of North America and southward to New Granada. Var. leucolema resident on the dry interior plains from Iowa and Minnesota westward. Bull. Nat. Mus. No, 25-——12 178 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. Three examples are recorded by Colonel Wedderburn: two at St. George’s, October 25, 1849, and one at Spanish Point, February 27, 1850. In Mr. Bartram’s collection are three specimens. I shot a fine male on the north shore, close to the old lunatic asylum, on January 29, 1875. It fell into the sea, in the middle of a huge mass of gulf weed, through which I had to swim some distance for it. Fortunately, I was not ob- served, or I might have found myself an inmate of the adjacent build- ing. Lieutenant Denison, Royal Engineers, obtained two specimens, after my departure, in January, 1876. Genus ALAUDA, Linn. li. Alauda arvensis, Linn. European Skylark. Alauda arvensis, Linn. Alauda italica, Gm. Alauda vulgaris, Leach. Alauda montana, Brehm. Alauda cantarella, Bp. Alauda dulcivoxz, Hodgs. Alauda japonica, pekinensis, intermedia, Swinhoe. Length, 7.25; wing, 4.50. Hab.—Europe generally; Asia; Madeira; Bermuda (accidental); Egypt and N. Africa. Mr. Hurdis shot the only example of this well-known bird on June 12, 1850. It had no appearance of being an escaped cage bird, and I do not see why a strong gale should not have driven it even to such a dis- tance from its ordinary line of flight. Professor Newton, in lis fourth edition of Yarrell’s “ British Birds,” alludes to this specimen in describ- ing the geographical distribution of the species, but seems inclined to doubt its being a genuine wild bird. It is worthy of remark that this unfortunate bird was described to Mr. Hurdis by a “coloured” lad as being “less than a pigeon, and of a light-green colour about the neck”; also as making a “curious noise” in the air, and as not knowing ap- parently ‘“‘how to get down again,” finally “‘ tumbling down like a stone.” This is a fair sample of the information one may expect in Bermuda. , BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 179 Family SYLVICOLIDA. Subfamily SYLVICOLIN A. Genus MNIOTILTA, Vieill. 12. Mniotilta varia, (Linn.) Vieil. Black and White Creeping Warbler. Motacilla varia, Linn. Certhia varia, Vieil., Aud. Mniotilta varia, Vieil., Bp.;Ord., Aud., and of later writers. Sylvia varia, Bp. Sylvicola varia, Rich. Certhia maculata, Wils. Mniotilta borealis, Nutt. M. varia var. longirostris, Bd. Length, 5 inches; wing, 2.85; tail, 2.25. Hab.—Eastern North America, north to fur countries in summer; south to Mexico, Central America, and West Indies; west to Kansas and Missouri as high as Fort Pierre (Hayden) ; Bermuda (Coues). In October, 1849, one example of this neat little warbler was shot at St. George’s, and two or three more seen between that town and Ham- ilton. One was obtained at Ireland Island on October 27, 1852. Mr. J. M. Jones shot one in Devonshire Marsh in January, 1871. I found them quite common in the autumn of 1874 and winter succeeding it, and obtained several specimens, chiefly in the tall cedars of Devonshire Swamp and around Hungry Bay. This bird was one of my especial favorites, and I used to sit for hours watching its quick and graceful motions, and its dexterity in capturing insects. Its mode of “register- ing” branch after branch, commencing at the bottom and ending at the outermost twigs, is very like that of the Titmice. Mr. Bartram informs me that he shot a specimen in good plumage on the 4th May, 1878. This must have been a spring visitor on its north- ward journey, I imagine. Genus PARULA, Bp. 13. Parula americana, (Linn.) Bp. Blue Yellow-backed Warbler. Parus americanus, Linn. Motacilla americana, Gm. Sylvia americana, Lath., Ord. Sylvicola americana Ord. Woodh. Parula americana, Bp., Gosse, Bd., Hayd., and late writers. Ficedula ludoviciana, Briss. Motacilla ludoviciana, Gm. Motacilla eques, Boddaert. Sylvia torquata, Vieil. Sylvia pusilla, Wils. Sylvicola pusilla, Sw. 180 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. Length, 4.75; wing, 2.34; tail, 1.90. Hab.—Eastern North America, south to Guatemala, north to Nova Scotia, west to Missouri, Mexico, West Indies, Greenland (Coues). This diminutive bird seems hardly fitted for a journey of 600 miles across the ocean. Nevertheless, five examples are on record, viz, one shot by Canon Tristram at Ireland Island, on April 21, 1849; one found by Mr. Hurdis in 1853, in a collection of Bermuda skins sent to him for examination; two others seen by myself, one being shot near Devon- shire Swamp on October 19, 1874. My bird proved to be a male in brilliant plumage; the other, probably a female, escaped. The two were fluttering and creeping about at the extreme end of a large cedar branch, like a veritable Parus. Mr. Bartram shot one near his house on the 26th March, 1878. Genus PROTONOTARIA, Bd. 14. Protonotaria citrea, (Bodd.) Bd. Prothonotary Warbler. Motacilla citrea, Bodd. Mniotilla citrea, Gray. Protonotaria citrea, Bd. and later authors. Helminthophaga citrea, Cab. Motacilla protonotarius, Gm. Sylvia protonotarius, Lath., Vieil., Wils., Bp., Nutt., Aud. Vermivora protonotarius, Bp., Woodh., Hoy. Helinaia protonotarius, Aud. Helmitherus protonotarius, Bp. Length, 5.40; wing, 2.90; tail, 2.25. Hab.—South Atlantic and Gulf States to Maryland and Pennsylvania, and even Maine, Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, Kansas, Missouri, Cuba, Panaina (Coues). I had the pleasure of examining and identifying a specimen of this handsome warbler, the. only one yet obtained, in Mr. Bartram’s collee- tion. It was presented to him by Mr. Hyland, jr., of Saint George’s, who shot it, near that town, out of a small flock of the species, in the autumn of 1874, and had just been preserved when I saw it. Genus DENDROICA, Gray. 15. Dendroica wstiva, (Gm.) Bd. Blue-eyed Yellow Warbler ; Summer Warbler. Motacilla estiva, Gm. Sylvia estiva, Lath., Vieil., Aud., Nutt. Sylvicola estiva, Sw. & Rich., Aud., Woodh., Hoy. Dendroica estiva, BA., Coues and late writers. Sylvia carolinensis, Lath. BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 181 Sylvia flava, Vieil. Sylvia citrinella, Wils. Sylvia childreni, Aud. Sylvin rathbonia, Aud. Length, 5.25; wing, 2.66; tail, 2.25. Hab.—Whole of North America through Mexico and Central America into South America; West Indies (represented by several insular forms apparently not specifically distinct) (Coues). Mr. Bartram has two specimens in his collection obtained by himself at different dates. Lieutenant Denison, Royal Engineers, has also two, both males, shot in Devonshire Swamp on the 23d November, 1875. 16. Dendroica virens, (Gm.) Bd. Black-throated Green Warbler. Motacilla virens, Gm. Sylvia virens, Lath., Vieil., Wils., Bp. Nutt., Aud. Sylvicola virens, Bp., Aud., Woodh., Reinh. Rhimanphus virens, Cab., Sci. Mniotilta virens, Gray, Reinh. Dendroica virens, Bd. and later writers generally. Length, 5.00; wing, 2.58; tail, 2.30. Hab.—Eastern United States to Missouri; south to Guatemala; acci- dental in Greenland and Europe. Another novelty brought to light in examining Mr. Bartram’s birds. He has three examples, one in the obscure plumage of youth, the others in the ‘fall” or female plumage of the adult. A recent letter from Mr. Bartram contains the following: ‘“‘On the 7th of May (1878) I shot a black-throated green Warbler showing a tri- angular jet-black patch under the chin and throat, length 4? inches, wing 24, tail 2.” 17. Dendroica cerulescens, Bd. Black-throated Blue Warbler. : Motacilla cerulescens, Gm. Sylvia cerulescens, Lath., Vieil. - Dendroica cerulescens, Bd., Mayn., Coues. Motacilla canadensis, Linn. Sylvia canadensis, Lath., Wils., Bp., Nutt., Aud. Sylvicola canadensis, Sw., Rich., Bp., Aud. Mniotilta canadensis, Gray. Dendroica canadensis, Bd., Scl., and other late authors. Sylvia pusilla, Wils. Sylvia leucoptera, Wils. Sylvia sphagnosa, Bp., Nutt., Aud. Length, 5.50; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.25. Hab.—Eastern United States to the Missouri. West Indies. (Baird.) Two specimens of this striking-looking Warbler are in the Bartram 182 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. collection, shot by Mr. Bartram in a field of arrow-root on his farm not many years since. No others are recorded. a 18. Dendroica coronata, (Linn.) Gray. Yellow-rump Warbler. Motacilla coronata, Linn. Sylvia coronata, Lath., Vieil., Wils., Nutt., Agta: Sylvicola coronata, Sw. & Rich., eas Dendroica coronata, Gray, Bd., Gen and late writers generally. Mniotilta coronata, Gray, Reinh. Sylvia xanthopygia, Vieil. Length, 5.65; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.50. Hab.—North America, excepting southwest Territories; in the North- west, across the continent, thence south along the Pacific coast to Wash- ington Territory, Colorado, Arctic coast, Greenland, Mexico, Central America, West Indies. (Coues.) Several examples are recorded in “The Naturalist in Bermuda.” Three of these were shot on Somerset Island by Captain Tolcher, Fifty- sixth Regiment, out of a flock of more than a hundred birds. In the Bartram collection are four specimens. It was the commonest species I met with in November and December, 1874, in the course of my even- ing rambles among the cedar groves of Devonshire parish. Here I obtained a few specimens, and could have shot many more had I wished. They were rather shy, and flew rapidly from tree to tree, with a loud “chip” of alarm, showing the brilliant yellow of the rump plainly. Those I shot were all in winter plumage, the yellow crown concealed by brown feathers. 19. Dendroica castanea, (Wils.) Bd. Bay-breasted Warbler. Sylvia castanea, Wils., Bp., Nutt., Aud, Sylvicola castanea, Rich., Bp., Aud., Hoy. Mniotilta castanea, Gray. Rhimanphus castaneus, Cab. Dendroica castanea, Bd., Sel. & Saly., Lawr., Mayn., Coues. Sylvia autumnalis, Wils., Nutt., Aud. Length, 5.00; wing, 3.05; tail, 2.40. Hab.—Eastern Provinces of North America to Hudson’s Bay; Guate- mala, south to Isthmus of Darien. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies. (B. B. & BR.) A young bird in the Bartram collection is the sole representative of the species. It is in obscure plumage, but shows the buffy tint on the sides of the body so characteristic of the species. ee Pe ON ie 8 Ww BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 183 20. Dendroica maculosa, (Gm.) Bd. Black and Yellow Warbler. Motacilla maculosa, Gm. Sylvia maculosa, Lath., Vieil., Aud., Nutt. Sylvicola maculosa, Sw. & Rich., Aud., Hoy. Dendrocia maculosa, Bd., and later authors generally. Sylvia magnolia, Wils. Length, 5.00; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.25, Hab.—Eastern North America to Fort Simpson; Eastern Mexico to Guatemala and Panama; Bahamas; Cuba (very rare). (B. B. & R.) Mr. Bartram writes to me: “On the 7th May, 1878, I shot a Magnolia Warbler. * * * This is new to the Bermuda lists.” 21. Dendroica discolor, (Vieil.) Bd. Prairie Warbler. Sylvia discolor, Vieil., Bp., Nutt., Aud. Sylvicola discolor, Jard. Rich., Bp., Aud., Gosse. Mniotilta discolor, Gray. Dendroica discolor, Bd. and later authors. Sylvia minuta, Wils. Length, 4.86; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.10. Hab.—Eastern United States as far north as Massachusetts, west to Kansas; breeds throughout its range; winters in Florida and abun- dantly in most of the West Indian islands. Not recorded from Mexico or Central America. (Coues.) Only one, obtained by Colonel Wedderburn at the dockyard, Ireland Island, on the 3d October, 1848. 22. Dendroica palmarum, (Gm.) Bd. Yellow Red-poll Warbler. Motacilla palmarum, Gm. Sylvia palmarum, Lath., Vieil., Bp. Dendroica palmarum, Bd. and later authors. Sylvia petechia, Wils., Nutt., Aud. Sylvicola petechia, Sw. & Rich., Aud., Hoy. Sylvicola ruficapilla, Bp. Length, 5.00; wing, 2.42; tail, 2.25. Hab.—KEastern Province of North America to Fort Simpson and Hud- son’s Bay; Bahamas, Jamaica, Cuba, and Saint Domingo, in winter. Not noted from Mexico or Central America. (B. B. & R.) Two shot by Colonel Wedderburn in Pembroke Marsh, on December 17, 1847, and December 3, 1848, respectively. Mr. Bartram has two other specimens, obtained by himself. 23. Dendroica pinus, (Wils.) Bd. Pine-creeping Warbler. Sylvia pinus, Wils., Nutt., Aud. Sylvicola pinus, Jard., Rich. & Bp., Aud., Woodh. Rhimamphus pinus, Bp. Dendroica pinus, Bd. and later authors. Sylvia vigorsii, Aud. Vireo vigorsii, Nutt. 184 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. Length, 5.50; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.40. Hab.—Eastern United States to the Lower Missouri, north to Canada and New Brunswick, but not to Labrador. Not recorded in West Indies, except Bahamas. Bermuda. (Coues.) Has oceurred in considerable numbers. A good many occurred on September 27, 1849, departing again in a few days. Several were cap- tured outside the lantern of the light-house in the dark and rainy night of the 5th September, 1850. On October 15, 1850, Colonel Drummond obtained specimens from a large flock, which he observed coming in from the sea and settling on some trees within the keep at Ireland Island. Mr. Bartram has two specimens, one of which (a male in spring plumage) was shot near his house and brought to him while I was pay- ing him a visit on March 16, 1875. The species would seem, therefore, to visit the islands on both migrations. Under date 4th February, 1878, Mr. Bartram writes tome: ‘One dark stormy night last October, a Pine-creeping Warbler flew into the mu- seum; it is now alive and well, and eats bread and milk.” Sub-family GEOTHLYPIN As. Genus SEIURUS, Sw. 24. Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.), Sw. Golden-crowned Thrush. Motacilla aurocapilla, Linn., Gm. Turdus aurocapillus, Lath., Wils., Nutt., Aud. Sylvia aurocapilla, Bp. Seiurus aurocapillus, Sw. & Rich., Aud., Bd., and later authors. Accentor aurocapillus, Rich. Enicocichla aurocapilla, Gray. Henicocichla aurocapilla, Cab. Gundl., Sel. Turdus coronatus, Vieil. Length, 6.00; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.40. Hab.—Eastern Province of North America; west to Platte and Yel- lowstone, thence to Alaska; winters sparingly in Florida and along the Gulf coast; Mazatlan, West Indies ; Mexico; Central America (Coues). I shot the first recorded specimen on the edge of Devonshire Swamp, on the 19th October, 1874. This brought to light another, shot in the autumn of 1873, and set up in a case with Blue and Red Birds by Gibbs, an old soldier of the Fifty-third Regiment, and an excellent tax- idermist, in the service of Lieutenant Johnston, Royal Engineers. I afterwards identified two others, killed a few years ago, in Mr. Bartram’s possession. The species was numerous in the autumn of 1874, in and near Devonshire Swamp, and I procured specimens on the 24th October x f : B So |. ee eS eae ee ae | BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 185 and on the 12th and 16th December, thus establishing it as a real’Mudian. I wonder it had hitherto escaped notice; its loud ‘ peche, peche” is very striking, and drew my attention at once to the presence of some- thing new. It was very shy. 25. Seiurus noveboracensis, (Gm.) Nutt. Small-billed Water Thrush. Motacilla noveboracensis, Gm. Sylvia noveboracensis, Lath., Vieil., Bp. Turdus (Seiurus) noveboracensis, Nutt. Seiurus noveboracensis, Bp., Aud., Bd., and later authors. FHenicocichla noveboracensis, Cab., Sel., Gundl., Sel. & Salvy. Enicocichla noveboracensis, Gray. Turdus aquaticus, Wils., Aud. Seiurus aquaticus, Sw. & Rich. Sylvia anthoides, Vicil. Seiurus tenuirostris, Sw.,Gamb. Seiurus gossii, Bp. Length, 6.15; wing, 3.12; tail, 2.40; bill from rectus, .64. Hab.—Eastern North America, straggling westward along United States boundary to Montana and Washington Territory ; Alaska; Ari- zona; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; Northern South America (Coues). One of the commonest but most interesting of autumnal visitors. It appears regularly early in October and a few remain all the winter. Throughout October and November there is hardly a mangrove swamp, great or small, whence its sharp but musical “chip” may not be heard at any time during the day. Early in the morning, especially when an ebbing tide has left bare the quaint tangled roots of the mangroves and their muddy surroundings, it is comparatively easy to approach this wary little bird, but later in the day it requires great caution, and a certain amount of activity, to procure a specimen. To persons out of training, requiring strong exercise, | can confidently recommend a protracted * stalk” after Seiurus among the mangrove roots, such as I undertook myself before becoming better acquainted with the habits of the species. These birds wag the tail like a Motacilla, as they feed on the edges of the tidal pools, and flit from root to root, uttering at times their loud monotonous ery. While waiting for ducks at daylight in the larger Swainps, I have seen them within a few yards of me, in happy ignorance ef my presence. Colonel Wedderburn says (Nat. in B., p. 27), “Several times, at Riddle’s Bay, I have noticed seemingly a larger species of this bird, but never succeeded in killing any of them.” This was perhaps the larger-billed variety (or species), S. Judovicianus. I did not meet with any specimens myself. 186 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. Genus GEOTHLYPIS, Cab. 26. Geothlypis trichas, (Linn.) Cab. Maryland yellow-throat. Turdus trichas, Linn., Gm. Sylvia trichas, Lath., Vieil., Nutt., Ord, D’Orbig. Geothlypis trichas, Cab., Bd., and later authors. Ficedula trichas § marilandica, Briss. Sylvia marilandica, Wils., Bp. Trichas marilandica, Bp., Ord, Woodh., Hoy. Trichas personatus, Sw. Sylvia roscoe, Aud. Trichas roscoe, Nutt. Length, 4.40; wing, 2.15; tail, 2.30. Hab.—North America, from Atlantic to Pacific; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica (B. B. & R.). By no means a frequent visitor, only two specimens being known. The first was shot by Mr. Hurdis in a bushy swamp near the sluice- gates on the 18th October, 1853; the second is in Mr. Bartram’s museum, obtained near Stocks Point. Sub-family SETOPHAGIN i. Genus MytopiocrEs, Aud. 27. Myiodioctes mitratus, (Gm.) Aud. Hooded Fly-catching Warbler. Motacilla mitratu, Gum. Sylvia mitrata, Lath., Vieil., Bp., Nutt., Aud. Sylvania mitrata, Nutt., Woodh. Setophaga mitrata, Jard., Gray. Wilsonia mitrata, Bp., All., Allen. Myjiodioctes mitatus, Aud., Bp., Sclater, Bd., and modern authors. Syloicola mitrata, Maxim, Myioctonas mitratus, Cab. Muscicapa cucullata, Wils. Muscicapa selbyi, Aud., Nutt. Length, 5.00; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.55. Hab.—Eastern Province of United States, rather southern; Bermuda; Cuba; Jamaica; Eastern Mexico; Honduras; and Guatemala to Pan- ama Rh. R.; Orizaba; Yucatan (B. B. & R.). A male shot at Ireland Island by Mr. Abbott, Twentieth Regiment, on March 30, 1847. A female was seen but not obtained. Genus SETOPHAGA, Sw. 28. Setophaga ruticilla, (Linn.) Sw. American Redstart. phag ’ Muscicapa ruticilla, Linn., Gm., Vieil., Wils., Aud. . Setophaga ruticilla, Sw., Sw. & Rich., and modern authors. Sylvania ruticilla, Nutt. Motacilla flavicanda, Gm. Length, 5.25; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.45. ‘ey BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 187 Hab.—Chiefly Eastern North America, north to Fort Simpson, west to Utah, south through Mexico and Central America to Ecuador; West Indies (Coues). Two in Mr. Bartram’s possession, shot by him near his house some few years since. No others are on record. Family TANAGRIDE. Sub-family TANAGRIN 4S. Genus PYRANGA, Vieil. 29. Pyranga rubra (Linn.) Vieil. Scarlet Tanager. Tanagra rubra, Linn., Gm., Wils., Bp., Nutt., Aud. Pyranga rubra, Vieil., Sw. & Rich., Jard., Bp., Aud., Gir., and modern authors. Phenisoma rubra, Sw. Phenicosoma rubra, Cab. Pyranga erythromelas, Vieil. ° Length, 7.40; wing, 4.00; tail, 3.00. Hab.—Eastern Province of North America, north to Winnepig. In winter, south to Ecuador, Bogota, Cuba, Jamaica, Costa Rica, Vera Cruz. (B. B. & RB.) | This handsome bird has visited the Bermudas on its vernal migration on several occasions. Two or three examples were obtained in April, 1850; four were seen, and one shot, in May, 1851. Mr. Bartram has several specimens, male and female, and obtained a splendid male near his house early in May, 1875. One was seen and nearly captured after an exciting hunt by Lieutenant Denison, R. E., at Somerset, on April 25,1875. Mr. J.M. Jones informs me that a male was shot on the edge of the lagoon at Ireland Island on May 6, 1869; also that another tre- quented a garden in Smith’s Parish for several days at the beginning of May, 1875. The female is such an obscure-looking bird that she doubtless often escapes the notice invariably accorded to her brilliant partner. There is no recorded instance of the occurrence of this species on its southward journey. Captain Rooke, Fifty-third Regiment, and I saw what we took to be a female Scarlet Tanager on October 17, 1874, near Basden’s Pond, but we could not get a shot to confirm our suspi- cion. 30. Pyranga estiva, (Gm.) Vieil. Summer Red-bird. Muscicapa rubra, Linn. Tanagra estiva, Gm., Wils., Bp., Nutt., Aud. Pyranga estiva, Vieil., Bp., Lins., Woodh., Scl., and of late writers. Length, 7.20; wing, 3.75; tail, 3.00. 188 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. Hab.—Eastern Province United States, north to about 40°, west to borders of the plains. In winter, south through the whole of Middle America (except the Pacific coast) as far as Ecuador and Peru, Cuba, Jamaica. (B. B. & R.) The same remarks apply to this species, with reference to its visits to the islands, as to the preceding. it appears to have been especially numerous in April, 1850, when a female was shot on the 9th; a beau- tiful male, by Colonel Wedderburn, at Peniston’s Pond, on the 19th; two by the same gentleman, at Harris’s Bay, on the 20th; and several others. Mr. Bartram has a male and two females, one of the latter killed a year or two since. On the 29th of April, 1875, I shot a fine female in Smith’s Marsh; it was in wonderful condition, the body being literally coated with layers of orange-colored fat. The stomach was full of the remains of the Bermuda wasp—a most unpalatable-looking morsel. Wilson al- ludes to the insectiverous habits of this species, Family HIRUNDINIDA. Sub-family HIRUNDININ Ai. Genus HIRUNDO, Linn. 31. Hirundo horreorum, Barton. Barn Swallow. Hirundo rufa, Vieil., Bp., Nutt., Woodh., Cass., Cab., Brewer. Hirundo horreorum, Barton, Bd., and of late writers. Hirundo americana, Wils., Sw. & Rich., Lemb. Hirundo rustica, Ord., Gir., Jones, Length, 6.90; wing, 5.00; tail, 4.50. Hab.—North and Middle America, north to Alaska; Greenland ; West Indies. (Coues.) I shall take the liberty of quoting from the ‘* Naturalist in Bermuda,” to illustrate the uncertain appearance of the swallow tribe in the islands. Mr. Hurdis says (p. 68): “I can with safety affirm that from October, 1840, to September 12, 1846, not a swallow of any description came under my observation, though I believe they were sufficiently common in the September of the former year.” Colonel Wedderburn says of this species (p. 34): ‘Rarely seen in April and May, but sometimes numer- ous in August and September. I have seen it as early as August 1, in the year 1848, at Hamilton, and they were numerous on that day at Hungry Bay and Riddle’s Bay. This species was very numerous in the great flight of swallows in September, 1849.”’ A few swallows, probably of this species, appeared in August, 1874, but I was away at the time. BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 189 From April 30 to May 11, 1875, there were not a few visitors, and sev- eral specimens were obtained. Five of these birds frequented the grassy slopes in the vicinity of Warwick Camp, while I was going through the annual course of musketry there with my company. They disappeared on May 11, without my having been able to procure a specimen. 32. Hirundo bicolor, Vieil. White-bellied Swallow. Hirundo bicolor, Vieil., Bp., Aud., Nutt., Gir., and most writers. Chelidon bicolor, Less., Bp. Tachycineta bicolor, Cab., Gundl., Sumich., Allen, Coues. Herse bicolor, Bp. Petrochelidon bicolor, Scl., Scl. & Saly. Hirundo viridis, Wils. Length, 6.25; wing, 5.00; tail, 2.65. Hab.—Whole United States, and north to Slave Lake, south to Guat- emala; Bermuda; Cuba, common in winter; breeds on table-lands of Mexico; accidental in England. This Swailow visited the Bermudas in the great flight of September, 1846, when it appeared in considerable numbers. Lieutenant Denison obtained one, shot at St. George’s in September, 1875. Genus COTYLE, Boie. 33. Cotyle riparia, (Linn.) Boie. Bank Swallow. Hirundo riparia, Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils., Bp., Sw. & Rich., Nutt., Aud., Gir., and of earlier authors generally. Cotyle riparia, Boie, Bp., Woodh., Cass., Cab., and of nearly all late writers. Hirundo cinerea, Vieil. Length, 4.75; wing, 4.00; tail, 2.00. Hab.—EKurope; the whole of North America; Bermuda; Cuba; Ja- maica; winters from the southern coast southward; not common on the Pacific side; -Brazil. (Coues.) Identical with the European bird. Two specimens were shot by Cap- tain Lye, in September, 1846; and a few seen near Hamilton on August 8, 1847. Genus PROGNE, Boie. 34. Progne purpurea, (Linn.) Boie. Purple Martin. Hirundo subis, Linn. Progne subis, Bd., Coues, Sumich., Steph. Hirundo purpurea, Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils., Bp., Aud., Nutt., Gir. Progne purpurea, Boie, Bp., Woodh., and later writers. Hirundo violacea, Gm. Hirundo cerulea, Vieil. Hirundo versicolor, Vieil. Hirundo ludoviciana, Cur. Length 7.50; wing, 6.00; tail, 3.40. 190 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. Hab.—United States and British Provinces, north to Canada and the Saskatchewan; Mexico; Cuba(?); accidental in Great Britain. (Coues.) This fine bird, a straggler to the British lists, has only appeared on one occasion, during the “entrada” of September, 1849, when it was nu- merous. Family AMPELID&. Sub-family AMPELIN A. Genus AMPELIS, Linn. 35. Ampelis cedrorum, Vieil. Cedar-bird. Ampelis garrulus, var 8, Linn. Bombycilla cedrorum, Vieil, Cab. Ampelis cedrorum, Scl., Bd., and late writers. Bombycilla carolinensis, Briss., Bp., Aud., Nutt., Gir. Ampelis carolinensis, Gosse, Bp. Ampelis americana, Wils. Bombycilla americana, Sw. & Rich. Length, 7.25; wing, 4.05; tail, 2.60. Hab.—North America generally, up to 54° north; Mexico and Cen- tral America; Bermuda; Jamaica; Cuba. (Coues.) Occurs rarely, both on its autumnal and vernal flights. Three were shot out of a flock of about thirty, near Hungry Bay, on October 10, 1847; four on December 17 following, one of which had a few of the brilliant wax-like tips to the secondaries; two out of a flock of twelve in December, 1849; one seen on January 5, 1850; one shot on the 6th and another on the 10th April, 1850; one on December 2, 1851. In addition to these Mr. Bartram has three specimens, obtained at differ- ent dates. I did not myself meet with the species, or hear of its oc- currence, during my stay. Two were shot out of a flock of five on the 11th, and a third on the 22d September, 1875, in Devonshire Swamp, by Lieutenant Festing, Twentieth Regiment. A male bird of this species was obtained near Prospect, on November 24, 1875. Family VIREONIDE. Sub-family VIREONIN A. Genus VIREO, Vieil. 36. Vireo noveboracensis, (Gin.) Bp. White-eyed Vireo. Muscicapa noveboracensis, Gm. Vireo noveboracensis, Bp., Nutt., Aud., Gir., Cass., and later writers. Vireo musicus, Vieil. Muscicapa cantatrix, Wils. Length, 4.90; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.20. BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 191 Hab.—United States west to base of Rocky Mountains; south to Guatemala; Very rare in Cuba. Abundant and resident in the Ber- mudas. (B. B. & R.) The smallest and one of the commonest resident Bermuda birds, familiar to all through its sprightly ways, loud song, and astounding impudence. It is termed locally, “chick-of-the-village,” or, ‘“ chick- choo-willie,” from its note. This is, however, very variable, and hardly any two birds give it the same rendering. One hasaprefatory ‘ chick,” in addition; another tacks the extra “chick” on at the end of his ver- sion; while others cut it short, or jumble it all up together at random. One particular variety is ‘‘ ginger-beer-quick,” a call very much adapted to the climate of Bermuda. In short, there is no end to the variations; and a stranger might well imagine, as I did myself at first, that there was more than one species present. It was some little time before I settled the matter to my own satisfaction by careful observation of every “chick” I heard singing, as I expected to meet with V. gilvus or V. belli among the numerous musicians. The color of the iris increased my difficulty, as E found it to be brownish, brownish-gray, or gray— rarely white, as stated by authors. I presume it is only fully adult birds that show the real white iris; young birds have it decidedly brownish, and I have seen a female sitting on eggs with an undeniable brownish-gray “cast ” in her bright little eye. It would be a waste of time and valuable space to describe the pretty pensile nest of this species, so familiar to all ornithologists. I have found it usually from three to twelve feet above the ground, in cedars, mangroves, Bermuda “holly,” pomegranate, and lemon trees, but most commonly in cedars. I never met with more than three eggs or young in one nest in the islands; authors assign four or five to the genus. The eggs average .71 inch by .52 inch, white, with a few dark-brown or black dots; some are entirely white. The young at first have the yellow of the wing bars and forehead very pale and dingy. This is a sad little torment to the collector. It comes hissing and scolding within a foot of one’s head, puffing itself out with malignant fury. I have touched one with my gun in the thick bushes before it would budge an inch. And when one is on the qui vive for rarities among the big cedars, the little wretches will come from all parts to irritate and deceive one, playing all sorts of antics on the topmost branches, apparently imitating the movements of a Dendroéca or other Sylvicolide, in order to induce one to waste a charge on them. Several! times they succeeded with me; and on one occasion, 192 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. the bird having lodged at the top of a very ugly-looking tree, I tore my hands and clothes to pieces in my anxiety to secure the supposed prize. But in spite of this I have a great regard for the cheerful, rest- less little fellows, whose presence does so much to relieve the monotony of the everlasting cedars. They are very dexterous in catching insects among the foliage, their manner of feeding seeming to be intermediate between that of a Flycatcher and a Warbler. You can hear the “snip” of their mandibles as they secure their prey for a considerable distance. I have seen one catching flies off the back of a cow, jumping vigorously at them from the ground, and “snipping” them off neatly as they buzzed round the recumbent animal. Mr. Hurdis says (Nat. in B., p. 71): “In September it delights to feed on the small white berries of the sweet- scented Tournefortia, and it is also fond of the small fiery capsicum, known by the name of ‘ bird-pepper,’ the pods of which it plucks and swallows entire.” It is on record that the newly-fledged young of this species have been found entangled in the meshes of the web of the “silk” spider Hpéira clavipes. These webs are of great size and strength, extending for many feet between adjoining cedars, and the number of them among the woods in summer and autumn is almost in- credible. In all my rambles, however, I never met with an instance of poor little Vireo having walked into EHpéira’s parlor. Genus VIREOSYLVIA, Bonap. 37. Vireosylvia olivacea, (Linn.), Bp. Red-eyed Vireo. Muscicapa olivacea, Linn., Wils. Lanius olivaceus, Licht. Vireo olivaceus, Vieil., Bp., Sw., Aud., Bd. Vireosylvia olivacea, Bp., Reinh., Scl., and late writers. Vireo virescens, Vieil., Gray. Vireo bogotensis, Bryant, Lawr. Length, 6.33; wing, ¢, 3.33; tail, 2.50. Hab.—Whole of Eastern North America, west to base of Rocky fountains, south to Panama and Bogota; very rare in Cuba, only West Indian locality ; accidental in England; Trinidad. (bB. B. & R.) The first recorded specimen was brought to me in the flesh on the 14th October, 1874. It had just been captured in the officers’ quarters at Prospect Camp. In March, 1875, I identified three specimens in Mr. Bartram’s collection, shot by himself at different times near Stocks Point. Mr. Bartram informs me that he shot one on the 13th October, 1878. ae ee fi ' ‘ Se a BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 193 Family LANILD Zi. Sub-family LANIIN A. Genus CoLLuRIO, Bd. 38. Collurio borealis, (Vieil.) Bd. Great Northern Shrike. Lanius borealis, Vieil., Sw. & Rich., Aud., Gir., Cass., &c. Lanius excubitor, Forst., Wils., Aud. Collyrio borealis, Bd., Cooper & Suck., Coues & Prent., Hayd., Dall & Bann. Collurio borealis, Bd., Coues, Cooper, &c. Lanius septentrionalis, sp., Cass., Murray. Collyrio chemungensis, Gregg. Length, 9.85; wing, 4.50; tail, 4.80. Hab.—North America, in winter south to about 35°; Alleghanies, breeding ; Bermuda. (Coues.) Not a great many have occurred, though it would appear to visit the islands on both migrations. One was shot by Dr. Cole, Twentieth Regiment, on October 31, 1846; one by Mr. Hurdis, January 23, 1847; another by Colonel Wedderburn, near Harris Bay, March 12, 1850; and a fourth by Mr. J. M. Jones, on the “ Model” farm, Smith’s parish, in January, 1872. Besides these, there are three specimens in Mr. Bar- tram’s collection. Most of these above-mentioned examples were in immature plumage. One in Lieutenant Denison’s collection was shot near the garrison instructor’s house, at Prospect, on the Ist January, 1876. It is strange that the other North American species, C. ludovicianus, of more southerly distribution on the continent than C. borealis, should not have been observed in Bermuda. Family FRINGILLIDA. Sub-family COCCOTHRAUSTIN 4. Genus LoxtA, Linn. 39. LLoxia curvirostra var. americana, (Wils.) Coues. American Red Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra, Forster, Bp., Nutt., Aud., Gir., Trippe. Loxia curvirostra var. americana, Coues, B. B. and R. Curvirostra americana, Wils., Bd., Coop. & Suck., and most later U.S. author- ities, Loxia americana, Bp., Newb., Lawr., Finsch. Length, 6.00; wing, 3.30; tail, 2.25. Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25 13 194 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. Hab.—North America generally, coming southward in winter. Resi- dent in the Alleghany and Rocky Mountains. (B. B. & R.) Of this species Colonel Wedderburn says: “A specimen of this bird was captured in the dockyard at Ireland Island, January 20, 1850, and got quite tame, and lived for several days in my room; but poisoned itself - by eating part of a composite candle, which it had cut nearly in half with its strong bill during the night. I shot three specimens near Mr. Ewing’s house, April 5, 1850, and saw a small flock on several occasions near Pitt’s Bay, but they were so shy I could not get nearthem. They disappeared early in May.” Mr. Bartram has several specimens. On November 17, 1874, three were observed on some cedar trees at Pros- pect Camp. Two males were shot among some sage bushes, near the shore at Warwick, by Gibbs, on the 25th of that month; and another male was obtained at Prospect about the same time. These may have been the trio originally seen. The stomachs of the two Warwick birds, on examination by myself, proved to be crammed with small green caterpillars, and contained no trace of seeds. The insectivorous na- ture of the Crossbill is not mentioned by Wilson; it is alluded to by Dr. Saxby in the “Birds of Shetland.” This species must visit Bermuda both going and returning. 40. Loxia leucoptera,Gm. White-winged Crossbill. Loxia leucoptera, Gm., Bp., Sw. & Rich., Nutt., Aud., Gir., Gould, Lawr., Finsch, B. B. & R. / Curvirostra leucoptera, Wils., Bd., and many U. 8S. authors. Loxia falcirostra, Lath. Crucirostra leucoptera, Brehme. Length, 6.25; wing, 3.50; tail, 2.60. Hab.—Northern parts of North America generally ; Greenland; Eng- land (accidental). (B. B. & R.) A less frequent visitor than the preceding, on its northward journey only. SERS es ose , Ses BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 225 the south shore; but I am inclined to think, with all deference to the authority given, that these must have been escaped “ Blue Rocks” from dove-cotes in the islands. Subfamily ZENAIDIN AR. Genus ZENAIDURA, Bp. 89. Zenaidura carolinensis, (Linn.) Bp. Carolina Dove. Columba carolinensis, Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils., Bp., Nutt., Aud. Ectopistes carolinensis, Rich., Bp., Aud., Heerm, Zenaidura carolinensis, Bp., Bd., Scl., Coop. & Luck., Hayd., Coues, Dress., Allen, Lawr., Coop. Perissura carolinensis, Cab. Peristera carolinensis, Schl. Columba marginata, Linn., Gm., Wag. Ectopistes marginata, Gray. Zenaidura marginellus, Bp. Length, 12.85; wing, 5.75; tail, 6.70. Hab.—United States, from Atlantic to Pacific; Canada West; Cuba; south to Panama (Coues). Specimens are recorded in The Naturalist in Bermuda. One was shot by Captain Harvey on March 20, 1850, and another was taken alive at Spanish Point on October 30, 1854. I saw one at the Sand Hills on November 5, 1874. A small flock frequented the fields near Whale Bay all through the winter of 18745, and specimens were obtained, one by Lieutenant Hussey, Royal Engineer, on February 11,1875. I hear from Lieutenant Denison that two were seen as late as June 20, 1875. Can they have remained to breed? These pretty birds are fond of associat- ing with the next species, feeding with them on the newly-turned fields, conspicuous, when the flock is disturbed, by their larger size and long tails. Their flight is very strong and rapid. Genus CHAMPELIA, Sw. 90. Chamepelia passerina, (Linn.) Sw. Ground Dove. Columba passerina, Linn., Lath., Wils., Wag., Aud., Lund. Columba (Goura) passerina, Bp., Nutt. Chamepelia passerina, Sw. Chamepelia passerina, Bp., Gosse, Bd., Scl., Cab., Lawr., Coop. Chamepelia granatina, Bp. Chamepelia albivita, Bp. Length, 6.30; wing, 3.50; tail, 2.80. Hab.—South Atlantic and Gulf coasts; accidental near Washington; Lower California, West Indies, New Granada, Venezuela, Bermuda (Baird). Bull. Nat. Mus, No. 25 15 226 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. Resident and abundant. It nests twice, laying two white eggs, -85 inch by .64 inch, in a small, flimsy construction of twigs and cedar bark, generally placed on the bushy horizontal bough of a cedar tree, from eight feet to twenty feet above the ground. The earliest eggs I saw were on April 4, the Jatest on June 27; but there are instances of its breeding even in the winter months. When disturbed from its nest it falls like a stone to the ground, where it commences to flutter about, as if in the agonies of death, to deceive the intruder. Should the lat- ter be taken in by the good acting of the poor little bird, and attempt to seize her, she shuffles away along the ground just out of reach, farther and farther from her nest, and when she thinks her home is safe, away she dashes into the trees with a joyful “ whir-r-r-r” of relief. My terrier used to be completely *“‘sold” in this way, and had many an exciting but fruitless chase after the little doves. The “colored” people have an absurd superstition about this bird, and say that when it utters its ‘‘¢o0-oop” (this is an extraordinarily loud and sonorous call for so smalt a bird, and can be heard a long distance), it is scratching up the ground for somebody’s grave! The habits and mode of feeding of the species are too well known to need description. The male is larger, and has the sides of the neck and the under parts of a much warmer purplish red than the female. Order GALLIN AL. Family PERDICID. Sub-family ORTYGIN Ai. Genus ORTYX, Steph. 91. Ortyx virginianus, (Linn.) Bp. Virginian Partridge or Quail. Tetrao virginianus, Linn., Gm. Perdix virginiana, Lath., Wils., Bp., Aud. Ortyx virginianus, Jard., Bp., Aud., Gould, Bd., and late authors. Tetrao marilandicus, Linn., Gm. Perdix marilandica, Lath. Perdix borealis, Vieil. Ortyx borealis, Steph,, Jard., & Selby. Ortyx castaneus, Gould. Length, 10.00; wing, 4.70; tail, 2.85. Hab.—Kastern United States to the high central plains (Baird). This bird (known to English sportsmen as a comparatively recent introduction, under the name of Virginian “ Colin”) is the gamebird of Bermuda; but whether it originally found its way there from the Amer- ea Some Poe = . 7. ie Sh Sigs + | PR, EP FNS BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 22y ican continent without the agency of man is doubtful. It is not men- tioned by the old historians. Itis certain, however, that, though common some few years previous to 1840, it became extinct in the islands from that year till 1858 or 1859, when, thanks to the enterprise of Mr. Rich- ard Darrell, an importation took place from the United States. Several pairs were turned out, and these, increasing rapidly, soon spread over the islands to such an extent that the species may now once more be con- sidered common. The manners and customs of this handsome bird are too well known for me to venture on details. From my notes, however, I extract the following, which may prove of interest: It is extremely prolific. Mr. Samuel Harvey told me of a nest near his garden contain- ing eighteen eggs, every one of which hatched off; there are seldom less than twelve eggs in a nest; they sit in the cedar trees on wet days, and during the mid-day heat, roosting there at night. When once flushed they are very hard to put up a second time, even with good dogs, being able, according to popular superstition, to conceal their scent at will; they run rapidly, and squat closely in the thick sage-bush, the strong smell of which is calculated to puzzle a dog. Their call note is triple, ‘*hoo-woo-wooit,” the “ hoo” indistinct and audible for a short distance only. I don’t think ‘“ Bob White,” the familiar American name, fairly represents the call; it is too sharp and well defined. These birds are fond of the ripe berries of the sage and cedar; the latter give the flesh a decidedly unpleasant aromatic flavor. They also eat the sweet potatoes in small pieces. Great numbers of the young are destroyed by the swarm of cats which infest the islands. An old ‘ colored” lady once accosted a gallant officer of the Fifty-third Regiment, who was beating some likely ground near her cottage, and asked him what he was look- ing for. ‘Partridges!” cried she, with a sneer on her sable features, “T don’t want a gun to get them. Why! my cat brings me in one every morning!” Cats, however, are not the only foes to be dreaded. The ‘col- ored” sportsmen take the eggs and eat them, while a white “sports- man” resident on the islands was once overheard to say, “It’s all very well for the officers; they get lots of practice—can shoot Partridges at any time—but the only time I can get them is when they have nests, and I can kill the old birds.” No wonder the poor birds are kept down, and increase with lamentable slowness. If it were not that they are so hard to put up and shoot in a workmanlike manner (two brace being quite a “bag” in one day), their extermination would be a matter of a few years only. 228 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. Order GRALLATORES. Sub-order LIMICOLAi. Family CHARADRIID As. Sub-family CHARADRIIN A. Genus SQUATAROLA, Cuv. 92. Squatarola helvetica, (Linn.) Brehm. Black-bellied Plover; Gray Plover. Tringa helvetica, Linn., Forst. Squatarola helvetica, Brehm., Bp., Gray, and of most late authors, Vanellus helreticus, Vieil. Charadrius helveticus, Licht., Bp., Nutt., Aud. Tringa varia, Linn. Charadrius varius, Finsch & Hartl. Pluvialis varius, Schl., Degl. & Gerbe. Tringa squatarola, Linn. Charadrius squatarola, Naum. Vanellus squatarola, Schl. Vanellus melanogaster, Bech., Temm., Sab., Rich., Sw. & Rich. Squatarola australis, Bp. Length, 11.50; wing, 7.50; tail, 3.00. Hab.—Nearly cosmopolitan. Unlike the next species, this is by no means a frequent visitor to the Bermudas. One waskilled and another seen by Colonel Wedderburn at Mangrove Bay in September, 1848. I shot one on the beach below the Sand-hills on the 5th, and another near Warwick Camp on the 13th No- vember, 1874. Both these birds were alone. Genus CHARADRIUS, Linn. 93. Charadrius fulvus, var. virginicus, (Bork.) Coues. American Golden Plover. Charadrius dominicus, Miller, Cass. Charadrius pluvialis, Wils., Sab., Bp., Sw. & Rich., Nutt., Aud. Charadrius pluvialis, var. virginicus, Ridg. Charadrius virginicus, Bork., Licht., Bd., Coop. & Luck., Hayd., Dress., Reinh., Stev., Snow, Trippe, and of nearly all late local lists. Pluvialis virginicus, Bp. Charadrius marmoratus, Wag., Aud., Putn. Pluvialis fulvus americanus, Schl. Charadrius fulvus, var. virginicus, Coues. Length, 9.50; wing, 7.00; tail, 2.50. Hab.—All of North America; Greenland; accidental in Europe. (Coues.) 8 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 229 Dr. Coues is of opinion that the American bird cannot be specifically separated from the Asiatie C. fulvus (an undoubted specimen of which has been recently obtained in the Prybilov Islands). It ean always be distinguished from our European CO. pluvialis by its gray axillaries. An excellent account of the appearances of this species in Bermuda is given by Mr. Hurdis (Nat. in B., pp. 71-77), who goes carefully and thoroughly into the question of its wonderful migrations. Colonel Wedderburn says (p. 36): ‘“ During some years large flocks of these birds pass over the islands in the months of September and October; but, unless in stormy weather, they do not alight in any great numbers. I have seen it as early as the 21st August, 1847, at Ireland Island; again, on the 25th July, 1848, at Hamilton. The latter was a single bird sitting on the road close to the house in which I lived, but by the time I got out it was gone. On the 9th March, 1852, one was shot in beautiful plum- age, on the north shore; and this is the only instance of its appearing in spring.” Numbers appeared in September, 1874, frequenting the grassy slopes of the north shore—their favorite haunt—and even the parade grounds, during the continuance of a three days’ revolving gale. Many were shot, all in the mottled dress which procured for the species the specific name *“‘ marmoratus.” Small flocks continued to arrive at intervals during the autumn, remaining only a few days in each case. I obtained specimens on the 14th and 23d November in complete winter dress. The arrival of the Golden Plover in August or September is the beginning of the shooting season in Bermuda, and is eagerly looked for by the British officer, who forgets all the heat and discomfort of the summer in the pleasure of once again handling his gun and cartridges. And a nicely-cooked Golden Plover for breakfast is by no means to be despised, as those who have been trifling with tough fowls and doubt- ful eggs for months can well testify. The note of this species differs from that of C. pluvialis; it sounds like ‘‘ wee-o-wee,” sharply but clearly pronounced. Genus ALGIALITIS, Boie. 94, Agialitis vociferus, (Linn.) Bp. Kildeer Plover. Charadrius vociferus, Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils., Bp., Sw. & Rich., Nutt., Aud, Schl., and of earlier authors generally. Aigialitis vociferus, Bp., Cab., Scl., Coop. & Suck., Dress., Lawr., and of most later writers, Oxyechus vociferus, Reich. Charadrius torquatus, Linn. Charadrius jamaicensis, Gm, Length, about 9.50; wing, 6.50; tail, 3.50. 230 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. Hab.— All of temperate North America; West Indies; Central and South America in winter; accidental in Europe. (Coues.) The latest of the southward migrants, but regular in its visits. First seen about the middle of November, in small flocks, which remain till February, attaching themselves principally to the grassy bottoms and moist places on the south side. Persons living on this side hear their sweet wild note all night. A few remain till March or even later. 95. Algialitis semipalmatus, (Bp.) Cab. Semipalmated or Ring Plover. Tringa hiaticula, Wils. Charadrius hiaticula, Ord., Sab., Rich. Charadrius (dsgialitis) hiaticula var. semipalmatus, Ridg. Charadrius semipalmatus, Bp., Kaup., Wagl., Sw. & Rich., Nutt., Aud., Schl., Gray. Aigialitis semipalmatus, Bp., Cab., Bd., Coop. & Suck., Coues, Dress., Dall & Bann., Mayn., Allen. Aigialeus semipalmatus, Reich., Allen. Length, about 7.00; wing, 4.75; tail, 2.25. Hab.—Continent of North America, breeding chiefly in higher lati- tudes, wintering from our southern border to Brazil. (Coues.) Arrives in small numbers early in August, with the annual invading army of Stints and Sandpipers, remaining till October, and frequenting the sandy bays on the south shore, also the muddy edges of Peniston’s Pond. 96. Hgialitis melodus, (Ord.) Bp. Piping Plover. Charadrius hiaticula, Var., Wils. Chradrius melodus, Ord., Bp., Nutt., Aud., Schl., Gray, Finsch. Charadrius (Agialitis) melodus, Ridg. AAgialitis melodus, Bp., Cab., Bd., Bryant, Scl., and late authors. Aigialeus melodus, Allen. Charadrius okeni, Wagl. Length, about 7.00; wing, 43; tail, 2. Hab.—Kastern coast of North America, Cuba, Bahama, Jamaica. (Coues.) Rare. Colonel Wedderburn shot one at Mangrove Bay in September, 1848, and two were seen on a rocky island in Hamilton Harbor in Sep- tember, 1850. Mr. Bartram has one specimen. Not observed in 1874. Family HAAMATOPODID A. Genus STREPSILAS, Il. 97. Strepsilas interpres, (Linn.) Ill. Turnstone. Tringa interpres, Linn., Gm., Lath., Wils. Strepsilas interpres, Ill., Leach, Steph., Bp., Sw. & Rich., Nutt., Eyt., Keys. & Blas., Schl., Aud., and authors generally. =, = BIRDS OF BERMUDA. 231 Cinclus interpres, Gray. Tringa morinella, Linn., Gm. Strepsilas collaris, Temm., Brehm., Sab., Rich. Charadrius cinclus, Pall. Length, 9; wing, 6; tail, 24. Hab.—Sea-coast of nearly all countries, less frequent in the interior. (Coues.) This cosmopolitan species is a frequent visitor. It has been shot as early as the 3d August. I obtained two on the 23d December, 1874, but it probably remains all the winter. Family RECURVIROSTRIDA. Genus HIMANTOPUS, Briss. 98. Himantopus nigricollis, Vieil. Black-necked Stilt. Charadrius mexicanus, Miiller, Cass. Himantopus mexicanus, Ord., Max., Wagl., Bp. Charadrius himantopus, Lath. Recurvirostra himantopus, Wils. Himantopus nigricollis, Vieil., Bp., Nutt., Aud., and most authors. Hypsilates nigricollis, Cab. Length, 14; wing, 84 to 9; tail, 3. Hab.—F rom United States generally, Mexico, part of West Indies, Central America, and South America to Peru and Brazil. (Coues.) The American representative of our H. melanopterus. Only one has occurred, shot at Warwick Pond on the 3d June, 1853, by Mr. Hinson, and sent to Mr. Hurdis. Family PHALAROPODID. Genus LOBIPES, Cuv. 99. Lobipes hyperboreus, (Linn.) Cuv. Northern Phalarope. Tringa hyperborea, Linn., Briinn., Fabr., Gm. Phalaropus hyperboreus, Lath., Temm., Sab., Bp., Nutt., Aud., Bd., Salv., Coop. & Suck., Lawr., Allen, Schl. Lobipes hyperboreus, Cuv., Steph., Brehm, Jen., Eyt., Bp., Aud., Gir., Coues, Dall. & Bann., Ridg. Tringa lobata, Linn. Tringa fusca, Gm., Phalaropus fuscus, Lath. Phalaropus ruficollis, Pall. Phalaropus cinerascens, Pall. Phalaropus cinereus, Mey. & Wolf., Keys. & Blas., Schl., Finsch. Length, about 7; wing, 44; tail, 24. Hab.—Northern hemisphere, penetrating to very high latitudes to breed; migratory sometimes into the tropics in winter. (Coues.) 232 BIRDS OF BERMUDA. One found dead, floating in Riddle’s Bay, March 21, 1848, sent to Rev. H. B. Tristram.