> ¢ We eee 7 be %. = Pee & v ~ yes tela, ie 7 vs 4 ee * . ~ » - ‘ = = Sie) SON tA NTN S Tir TEON. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Nolo: Part ITI. ences eceng. oe 4AusTHSON Fl aahiTV WOE Seog NGT TO xe WASHINGTON: Gov HRNME Ns PRINTING OFFICE. 1904. i ia EEE aL RADS OF aOR AND. MLDDLE: AMERICA - A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BI RDS KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE ARCTIC LANDS TO THE -ISTHMUS OF PANAMA, THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO. BY ROBERT RIDGway, CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS. PART TIL. Family MOTACILLIDA—The Wagtails and Pipits, Family HIRUNDINIDA—The Swallows. Family AMPELI) A—The ‘Waxwinegs. Family PIILOGONATIDA—The Silky Flycatchers. Family DULID H—The Palm Chats. Family VIREONID A—The Vireos, Family LANIIDA—The Shrikes, Family CCRVIDH—The Crows and Jays. Family PARIDA—The Titmice. Family SITTIDA—The Nuthatehes. amily CERTHIIDA—Tho Creepers, Family TROGLODYTIDB—The Wrens. Family CINCLIDA—The Dippers. Family CHAMAIDA—The Wren-Tits, Family SYLVIIDA—The Warblers, WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. \ 1904, PREFACE. Although nearly five hundred pages of the present volume were printed during the year 1903, the author’s inability to complete the manuscript in time necessitated suspension of presswork until July, 1904; hence publication of the volume has been delayed much beyond the anticipated date. Part I, issued in 1901, included the Family Fringillide (Finches) alone. Part Il, issued in 1902, included the families Tanagride (Tanagers), Icteridee (Troupials), Carebide (Honey Creepers), and Mniotiltide (Wood Warblers). The present volume comprises the Motacillide (Wagtails and Pipits), Hirundinidie (Swallows), Ampelide (Waxwings), Ptilogonatide (Silky Flyeatchers), Dulide (Palm Chats). Vireonide (Vireos), Laniid (Shrikes), Corvidee (Crows and Jays), Paride (Titmice), Sittidae (Nuthatches), Certhiide (Creepers), Trog- lodytide (Wrens), Cinclidee (Dippers), Chamidee (Wren-Tits). and Sylviide (Warblers). Part 1V, which is about half completed, includes the Turdidw (Thrushes), Mimide (Mockingbirds), Alaudid (Larks), Sturnide (Starlings), Ploceide (Weaver Birds), Oxyruncide (Sharp- bills), Tyrannide (Tyrant Flyeatchers), Pipridee (Manakins), and Cotingide (Chatterers. ) , In the three volumes which have been published there have been described about twelve hundred and fifty species and subspecies, or about two-fifths of the total number of North and Middle American birds. Acknowledgments are due for the loan of specimens used in the preparation of this volume to those individuals and publie institutions mentioned in Parts I and II. The extent to which these outside sources have been drawn upon may be judged by the following state- ment of the number of specimens of Troglodytidie (Wrens) alone examined in the working up of that family: Pemecwon ofthe U.S. National Musetim. j2..- 2:22 2.22 o ee ee, 1,475 Pelection of the, Binlogieal Survey - 2.229. Jo. 2622.0 22k ee. 1,090 Collection of the American Museum of Natural EAIRLO EL mee oehe eee ae 407 eniaeciOn Of Ne ACC Baris. Ohi eh) ee tin Se ee) 297 Seacnior er Aiwa: Brawstercscsy ook... ec cose ele os ee 245 Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philatelphigus: 2 joo 2 176 Collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology ......................---. 74 oh ste STG NL 7 oe aR NRG a a a ea 32 Collection of the Boston Society of Natural History (Lafresnaye types)... .-- I4 BeerOrOr W linn Palmer ee) eee a el ee 10 Specimens of Troglodytidse examined ...............--.-.-.---s------ 3,818 Measurements in the present volume not made by the author were taken by Mr. J. H. Riley, of the Division of Birds. Rosperr Ripaway. SEPTEMBER 14, 1904. RAB EE OrACON TENS: Faminy Moraciniipm. The Wagtails and Pipits -.......------..-- Mevarorthe Genera OL Motaelliideer 2 ee eae aan ae Genushew\lotieillagbinnseus! 3 sees oo sete nee Ne ees eae ias re Gye rOnuilenspeclestOlMOtaciilat see eses 2 Oke einen eee eee aoe ev Gteciblawal Ome lsim se Meee GOSS SERS ee ate sore te ioeuaune i Umybed: CUme une: 20. cS ose eae a” Seca eae So Key to the Subspecies of Budytes flavus -.....-......-.-.:-.--.-<- _ 3. Budytes flavus alascensis, new subspecies @ ..........------ EMS or PAM USED CCHSTCIN sm S ele alec es Melos era tgcy aiutals ne PL a Ie vaiOnuhe SpPeClesi Gis, Ainbhis) as tae ee rs ae separa ob Vas een ots aa = AGA PSUs vantios) (Latham) 0: 2a ses Hone ones be SAGIG MIS CO@TavLIMU Si (ID AELS:) ie a = sre peters rere ony ete sete Ais pravernisisy ((iAmmens) oe oe Se Ses ee Anthus spracuent |(Auduyony)! se see fee SS se Sa Sa ATI EUS HPAL wUS oaNnvaeN COn ask eames eer ns ener bye Uae FAMILY, HirunpiInipm. ~The Swallows... .222. 222.4... 55-222--. 22: MID OU oe feeb rqene Suis Subic Memes) es sees yee See See yee ni Pea broone su bisiMesperiav bre wstehsoan,922 15 .ae eae ee een SSL LOCMe CRY iG Clea DARN agen OAS ee 2 yak ok a Proone ‘dominicerisia (lameln des sek eee le FRIPLOP Ne Gina Oa Nelsons ey Arete eae ht: ae seas E 6. Progne chalybea chalybea (Gmelin) ......----.----------% (ee broene mo destar(NEDOUR) te. sone soe ates See © (Cenusi.sbetrochelidon) Cabamigu. soc 95-5 S552 9 4 PS ini se nk - Key to the Species and Subspecies of Petrochelidon. ......---.------ 8. Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons (Say) ---.--------------- 9. Petrochelidon lunifrons tachina Oberholser. -.....---------- 10. Petrochelidon lunifrons melanogaster (Swainson). .-.------- di. Petrochelidon fulva.fulva (Vieillot).22..11.2-2.----+--5.-- 12. Petrochelidon fulva poeciloma (Gosse) ..-...---.---------- io» Lewochelidon fulva pallida Nelson. 222-222 52. 205-322 .--- remains SiO Merve ard <2. oo 8 ei See Poh eee es wee = Key to the Species and Subspecies of Stelgidopteryx ....----------- 14. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Audubon) .......--.---------- 15. Stelgidopteryx ridgwayi-Nelson........-..----:..--.------ to ewtelridoptenys kal vinl RIGSwWay 22 3A5 oS ston. 3 estes aoe 17. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis uropygialis (Lawrence) -~------.--- asSee Addenda, p. 737. 20 22 ° 25 26 28 29 on 37 38 40 40 45 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS. Genus oNotiochelidon Bainde.. > sae ee sn tes eee 8! Notiochelidon)pileatan(Gould)\ e222 seen ase none Genusio.uNeochelidon. Sclatensgas = 455 eee ee ae ee OZ Neochelidonmtiloialiss (Cassin) eee es ee nee Genus 6. "Pycochelidon, Baird Str sees waa ae ec ae Key to the Species (or Subspecies ?) of Pygochelidon- -- -- 20. Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vieillot) ---.-....--.-- Genus) Riparia Monster? ties ee eben os ekey se ee ane Zl. hRiparia riparian Lani satis) ate ce eee eee ee GenusisseEtinun do plinninse tse ae ee ye ee Keyatouthber Species! Ol Elimind.O ae ses eee eee ee 22H Os nuUS bl Ge Maia Se Us sae ae ee 23. Hirundo erythrogastra Boddaert....-...-.-:------ 2H ee LIU CLO styl Crd EKC Ole ese n = Rly ke eves eee ee Genus9) Tridoprocnei Cones: joes aan eee ein Keysto the Species Inidoprocnes 422322 e eee oe oe eee 20: Lridoprocne’ bicolor (iVseillof)ss3-82 see ne 26. Iridoprocne albilineata (Lawrence) -.-.-...--.-.-- Genus 105 Machiy cine tay Calo eamisyecis se = ee teres es era 27. Tachycineta thalassina thalassina (Swainson) .__- 28. Tachycineta thalassina lepida (Mearns) .......--- 29. Tachycineta thalassina brachyptera Brewster _._- Genus, til )*CalliehelidonmnBard pees. 222 shee ne eee ae 30. Calichelidon cyaneoviridis (Bryant) .......-....- Genus 12: Lamprochelidon, new genus @_____-_._.2.....- Key to the Species of Lamprochelidon...__...-........... 31. Lamprochelidon euchrysea (Gosse) ......----2.-- 32. Lamprochelidon sclateri (Cory) .-22 2 2212.22: Raminy Amprnipa: The Waxwings) 225225. 9252.2 2) eee Genus‘) Amipelis imneeus’ 9 20.0 ocean ae Famity Pritoconatip®. The Silky Flycatchers ......_.- Key tothe Genera of Ptilogonatids: 7.24222 Sa ee Genus’ 1. Phlogonys Swainson... cs 3256 oe ee eel eae Key to:the Species of) Piilozonys) 222 2 seer a eee ae 1. Ptilogonys cinereus cinereus Swainson .......---- 2. Ptilogonys cinereus molybdophanes Ridgway ---- Genus 2. Phainopepla Sclater _............- Sat A ta Swe 4. Phainopepla nitens (Swainson ) Genus 3. Phainoptila Salvin Famity Dutipe. The Palm Chats 2. Dulus nuchalis Swainson Famity VirEoNIDm. The Vireos Key to the Genera of Vireonidze 5. Phainoptila melanoxantha Salvin ..........------ Gens Dulas Vaeilot.. 200.2 So. fie iat ema Key stostheSpeciesiol Duduis’ 52-2 2 Gree eee 1D wlus -comumicus yO lamin x16) ee eee Genus;1:), VareosylvasBonaparte: 22 2-225 ee ee TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX Page Key to the Species and Subspecies of Vireosylva.......-.-....2------------- 13 1. Vireosylva magister magister Lawrence .........------.--------2+-- 13 2. Vireosylva magister cinerea (Ridgway). .-...--2.....232.+2+----2--<- 136 PV IreOsvIVA CAaviMEmensip. (COTY). =o. 2-4 2bocs fel eeek eos ee 136 Pa areosylya calldrs calidris: (Limneus) '. 0.2.2.2. 2oo. eee rei eee 137 5. Vireosylva calidris barbadensis Ridgway -..-.--..------------------ 140 Gx, Vireosylvaicalidris barbatula (Cabanis) -..-.. 2......212. 2.222222. 141 fea NiLeosy iva calidris grandior.( Kids way )'2-.2.2-2-cel22 cen. ie ek 143 Sy vaireosyiva calidris canescens (Cory )ie- 202 S20. Soe Panne thee 145 9. Vireosylva flavoviridis flavoviridis Cassin ..........-.-------------- 144 106 Vireosylva flavoviridis forrert (Madardsz) ..222. 26224. ... 2222-2222 146 Mee reonviva IMSilanis. (anes ts. 70. cc cote o ees SL ke beee 8 147 Paw ircosviva, olivacea (Lanneetls cos... 5-22 even eee ee eke 147 i pamrepsyi va pliladelphica Cassin: =. 24 Ves 22! seb Wee le 2 Palo) Meavarcos viva, wlva silva ( Vieillot)... 2222. sate ee Ue See 153 Mme sreosyiva ilva swainsonil (baird.). 82 220028252. eee Ok oS Pl 155 16.. Vireosylva gilva brewsteri, new subspecies @........:....-.--------- 158 17. Vireosylva amauronota amauronota (Salvin and Godman) ...------- 158 18. Vireosylva amauronota strenua (Nelson) ....-..-...---------------- 159 19. Vireosylva joseph costaricensis, new subspecies @_......----------- 159 20. Vireosylva josephe chiriquensis Bangs...................---------- 161 ‘CATAL IL Baa upp teal Be ee Waele See Cou OS a eae te eR ee ei Ae ee 161 Key to the Species'and Subspecies of Lanivireo.....2...2..5..2.--2-0-. 21-25. 162 PM eaninvA NCO havo). (VlClL] OG) peers cet celeste Rye tee Lk OID hae 2 163 Bee aAneyireo Dropliguus (sak, ses Se) Roe Shanes Boe suai he 166 Poa eAnLvireo SOltanus solitarius: jWalsom)) sees eee tase Ae jee ee 167 24 hanivireo solitarius alticola (Brewster): 225444. 25 2-222 222-452 See 169 Po; uanivireo solitarius plumbeus (Cowes): 22s... 2822s 25222 e. eke 170 2b; luanivireo solitarigs eassinit (Xantus) Scene sae ne es ee ee sa. bec 172 = 21. Lanivireo solitarius lucasanus (Brewster) =-.... 2222225002 2.322522. - 175 PETRI Scot WATE OM al Cllt © Wee sorta baw ad ey te ay anche UR pe IG SEA «oe 176 imev-to the Species and. Subspecies. of Vireo... 22. 22508252 eh le ts 2b shee 177 Pee INCOM DAT GU RIGO Ware eis 2 saa es a cele Mena etnte ota MEd ok 180 Boe NATO) SEICADLILOA WV GOCDOURE Is oe atne See es os ee ete Soe Le 181 30. Vireo noveboracensis noveboracensis (Gmelin) .......----.--------- 183 31. Vireo noveboracensis bermudianus (Bangs and Bradlee) ...-...----- 185 32. Vireo noveboracensis maynardi Brewster..-.......------1----------- 186 5a. ey reo, noveboracensis micrus Nelson (2. 20..0¢722 2.32822. csee eft c ects 186 Dae VIbCOLVeNgUISiLOMY NGISON < ea he coaag aes seo ee keeite ae eeisoes 187 ay, Vireomundlachn "Lembeye :...25.-.-.-..s225/e.<-. ere REID) at 188 36. Vireo crassirostris ¢rassirostris Bryant ....-.........2.-.---- 3 Pe 189 a7. Vireo crassirostris flaveseens Ridgway. ..---..2.l2 52-222 5.0- 2. - 26. 191 Boer ITED. Crass OStnis allenlGony- 2 2se-+ se aoces oe a Nee Seal 192 39. Vireo crassirostris approximans Ridgway-.-..........--.--------.--- 192 HiEmNMITeOOUCMTACCUS Sal Vile sane so cceeioe ane Seen cas madee tee oe Beet ace 193 BEM ATET ALOHA SEL YEN 2 Soak suo Se eR coat ek eaee es ween cue see 194 AUTON ULtOnL MUttoOnl CUssilieet Seto oo eee e sc cee et te See See 195 A VINCOMMULCON OMRCUMUA At OMY ss cest eewoteras oboe es oa ee cee 196 44, Vireo huttoni mexicanus, new subspecies 9............-....--..---- L96 AO VOC ONOUMEbODI Ste DOeNRL Brewsterca. Sas. 022e oh ake a as Sle 197 46. Vireo huttoni cognatus, new subspecies ©..........-----.----------- 199 aSee Addenda, p. 741. bSee Addenda, p. 742. eSee Addenda, p. 743. X TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. 472 Vireo buttoni maillardorum: (Grinnell) ese 5. 252e 52 oe ose e ae eee 745 48s Vareo CarmilOli Bards ss x, sara yo ease ey eT ose Ne fey hle Ine e seags pa 199 49r Vireo modestus|Sclaten- ne: 2. eee ee ee ey ee ee 200 50. Vireo hypochryseus hypochryseus Sclater---..2:--.----5--------=-- 201 bit Vareouhypochryseus sordidusNelsone 224 ss "ee ere eee Sane eee 202 BQ VATCORVICINIOT! COWES sys rea ee ee eae esi ep an te 202 53s Vareo nanuseNel sores ss ae tse aera eae eae ear cee ep re eo 204 HAE Vareo sellin ioe las A wr clital to or er arene eee pe 204 don Vireo bellit medius!Oberholsen 42524 ese ae ee eee eee eee 206 56) Vareo, bellat arizonee; mew subspeciesi@s.< = sas ses ee eee eee 207 die -Vareo! belli jousilluss(Cowes))\p 2s a tes ss re re ee ea ee 208 D8... Vireo latimerinBairds 4s eet wine cg ee eres een er eee eg 210 Genusyty Neochloe Sclatens see es es ep ee ee ee Zalal 598 INeochloe brevipennis Sclatera ass = 25 =a eee te ees 212 Genus b= LaletessS elation: <5 520s cre sey i ee le ee a ei gy rR 212 60); Laletes ‘osburniiSelaters ee aa ese eee ey ee oes 213 Genus! 6s sPachiy sya ona pante ae isin tae eee re Se ea cee eee 214 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pachysylvia .....-..-----------:------ 215 GlesRachysylvia.decuntatas (Bonaparte) =o = eee eee 216 62. Pachysylvia ochraceiceps ochraceiceps (Sclater) .....--------:------ 218 63. Pachysylvia ochraceiceps pallidipectus Ridgway ---------.---------- 219 64. Pachysylvia aurantiifrons aurantiifrons (Lawrence)-....--.---------- 220 Goy achiysyadivia pv ini clint easyer @liaryya etn Ce} ae sea ee nye ee pe 221 Gents'/:< Vireolanius: Dus us ps2 ete ce eee at ie ees Cha Ea ete ee es eee 221 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Vireolanius.......-.---.--------------- 222 66. Vireolanius pulchellus pulchellus Sclater and Salvin .-..-.-.-------- «228 67. Vireolanius pulchellus verticalis Ridgway .--.-.-222252---2--222-22: 224 68. Vireolanius pulchellus viridiceps, new subspecies ?._....------------ 224 69. Vireolanius melitophrys melitophrys Bonaparte -.....-------------- 225 (0:.Vareolanius melitophrys coldmantsNelsoniee a2 =o e eae ee ees 744 Genus Ss Gy Claris Sw eams merge aac eee ce eee ee ene ae pee ge ey ee 226 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cyclarhis. .-..--..---..--.---2:+------ 227 71. Cyclarhis flaviventris flaviventris Lafresnaye -..-...--.-+----------- 228 72. Cyclarhis flaviventris yucatanensis Ridgway .-.--.-.---..--+:--=----2 229 das GVClAr INS Wn SU NTS ER Chey etsy sees ce ae et ee ee ee ee 23 (4° Cyclarhis:colbseddantent 22 ss ee eaceys eh aoe Saree cae eee ee 745 75. Cyclarhis flavipectus subflavescens (Lawrence) ..--..--------------- 230 RAniiy:, LAN pas. "The Shiikes 2 = Gea. sees sinatra ote eee ee neeeeeiae 232 Genus. camisetas ee 23 Key to the: Species:and: Subspecies of Wiamilisi= Lanius ludovicianns-camibelishid twelya see ee == ee eee eee 249 7, banius tidovicianus,anthony1 Mearnsic See ob ee ee ares 251 8, Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi, new subspecies¢......-----.---------- 252 Hamity “Coryipm.. che Crows andiiaysasse mst cee ee sane eee eee 252 Key to‘the: Genera oti@onvidiectes so se cen see ste Slee ae eee eee iets 254 Genus: 1.) Corvins Jam eeiis sc ee age Stee oe Se tee ee terete eer ee 256 aSee Addenda, p. 748. b See Addenda, p. 744. cSee Addenda, p. 745. TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI Page. Key tothe Species and Subspecies of Corvus -.---.--.-.-.-2----4-----+-+----- 257 ie Oorvis coms Priucipalis Ridgeway 2.2.5 3.5002 1 2 ele se 259 SROonmusicorax ainuatiss@Wacler)P245s. 225 se soe eee ee ek ease 2 sl 262 3. Corvus corax clarionensis Rothschild and Hartert.........---:-..--- 264 Are COnvuRiChyplOlenGus@OUCK a s=a=)se kane nao oe fant a senate cmce saison n= 265 5. Corvus americanus americanus Audubon ...---...-----+------------ 267 Guconrvusiamericanus pascuus Gouesss: 25-2205. 222 ee. ee ee 269 7. Corvus americanus hesperis Ridgway -..2-.4-+-----------+=---2---2- 270 Sei@orvwmuis americanus cauninus (Baird) 25256S)55- 5-227) 5-2 eee ee aaa 272 Se Wonvusiossimacus: Wilsons... Sete las Seo Poe eon o's 273 lO mConwusimexicanus:Gmelinsa= ss =5 e265 So Sees Su Se eS ea ee “21D ie corvus paumnarim “WwW uribem berg co. 2 722 eos obs pee lee ss eo oe 276 ie Conwusiminutus: Gundlaches se so 2 2s see Sees Se ee oe ae Se ee 276 ieCOLvUs jamaicensis-Gineline 2 #3222 5 22s 50-5 eee ce ee 277 (dae ConvusmasicusLemminck +2 - a5 seo ee ee ee Nee bee ee se 278 15. Corvus leucognaphalus leucognaphalus Daudin-.......-------:------ 278 ~ 16. Corvus leucognaphalus erythrophthalmus (Wiirttemberg) -...-.----- 279 remiss NUCInNACS -SNISSOMe 2-5 Ase a5s5e Se Bek tee Se ee a 280 iepeto the Speciesot Nucifraga- - 2-2 20-5 22620 tle Meee Se 280 ie Nucimracas columibranas(\Walsoml) <2 a52 sae. Ste eee ee es ee 281 Benue: Ovanocephalus-bonaparte: =. 25 22-2 son 222. ho. Se eee eh 283 18. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Maximilian) ........--..----.------ 284 IPMS ee ECAR TISSOME eines esac he ba ele te ie [Rae eS eet 286 Seer UmOhSPeCles Gi Pies, oes aks OT ey See doy Set, aoe see 287 Roe bicngneahudsomiag (Sabime) iss ote oes Le Le See ee 287 PU seica muttallisAUduUbOn, a. e-.224 Stowers ee oes ee ee 291 Peernaa a Oa OClibar Guraiyis: Teltiee FB a SP SE I gS baeeha Pe Siena ole sie 292 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Calocitta .........-,--.--2.-----s0-+-- 293 ia G@alociuta, COLE ( VaeGrs) 2 see ela ee NS eae Sasa 294 POM Galocitia LOLMOsa TOMMOSAn(SWALDSON)es-eeee sae. Soe wee ae 295 25 Oalocitta tormosavazurea Nelson, .22225-52--42s85-ss5 224-52 e522 = 296 Senso bavlonnimus Rp pellecs Aeeee kee See ee Bee ee Soe te Se 298 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Psilorhinus........-...-.------------- 298 Poe OLMUMUsINOMO MON Ou (VV Alen) = 22 some nee aoe ee ee eee ok oes 299 25, Psilorhinus morio fuliginosus (dbesson)2 2..222.¢55:25--2- 22212. -- 422 300 26. Psilorhinus mexicanus mexicanus Rtippell ......-....-------------- 301 27. Psilorhinus mexicanus cyanogenys (Sharpe) ..------------.-------- 301 28, sPellorhinus mexicanus wvociferus. (Cabot). = 8.2222... <2.5222-.24- 303 Bete MUA OGCOrakr O10... 2. Sot) ee se ee aan tas eee Ieee Sa sae 303 Zo. (yanocorax afinis zeledoni-Ridpway. = .252-=-.0s2 2-45 222< 2.42225. <2 304 Pernclas x an thoura, BONSPATIG -=--6 = =2o5o55 Sat soe ON ot a 305 Key to the Species and Subspecies-of Xanthoura ......-.......:------------ 305 AOS exanthouralixuosaluxuosa (esson))o=c.082 se suse =. 222 seca. oe -t 306 31. Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens Ridgway-.--.-.-------------.-------- 308 Bean th OUralUx Osa Vivid a NIC ewalyers see ee tees ete ine na 309 33. Xauthoura luxuosa guatimalensis (Bonaparte)....-....-..-.------- 310 SE eeA TOUTS ix UOsa Apecloss NCISOMe. = 22-554 a0>.- 2 Saw alant cae ee 311 Beano naoinsiopna Bonapartess «222% 20 sc aac o. ee os oe ee Sw eds 312 ey to Species and Subspecies of Cissilopha.....2..+....-..:---..-.-+-.---- 313 35. Cissilopha san-blasiana san-blasiana ( Vigors) .....-..--------------- 313 36. Cissilopha san-blasiana pulchra Nelson.........---.-.---------+----- 314 PeECrecanig TICEtAnICa (OUDOIS) . 22 set ~.se- Sec coke hv eat qaden een de 315 Senoon ss (SSChell( VIEOIS)... stb irae elas necks o~ sme n en aaged ee set a 316 og, Cissilopha melanocyanea (Hartlaub).-....-.0..-...---+--.22-5----- 317 XII Genus:10” @yanolyca'Cabanis. 22 52 2 os tee ee nea eae eee eee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cyanolyca Cyanolyca argentigula Lawrence Cyanolyca mirabilis Nelson Cyanolyca nana (Du Bus) Cyanolyea pumilo (Strickland ) Cyanolyea mitrata Ridgway Cyanolyeca cucullata Ridgway Aphelocoma Cabanis Key to the Species and Subspecies of Aphelocoma ? cyanea: (Vieillot) Sess aoe = 2 Se ee oe a ae ee Aliforni cay calitonmlca 1 GV1e Ors) lee ees ee ee eee calitommicarobscunayAmth oO mye sas ee oe ee californica thy poleuca Ridgway 22-22-5552 se eee jnSulanismblens hawer = sr =< eeye ars eee ecs h oeaee woodhousei (Gard) eens See Sees ieee eee ee ee cyanotis Ridgway j2.2s5 05.22 Jastians-asaee eo eeet eee SUNT CAS Ele ETC Oa vareu Vere eee yee re ees ee eg texand Ridewayse ie bee 2k oe eae eee grisea: NEI SOMmoi ves eta Fes Lk ae le rn Fie ind ea Sate eae ne sieberucsi& bernie (\Wiagler)): fate cee es 0 ee ve eee eg t sieberitteoliml sey Niel Some sore ae aie ee ee ee eae ae eee sieberii, potosina Nelson 2: 220 2 tsa eee eee tee siebeniianizome i GRid ciety) i se see eee eee eee siéberii wollweberi.(Kaup),: 2.0. -J2222. eee Sslebemiikcouchik GBaird)) eee ee yes ee epee eee . (2?) Aphelocoma ultramarina (Bonaparte ) unicelor-unicolor|(DuvBus): 2c. S335 o4 se eee unicolor ccelestis, new subspecies... .-=4..2...--2.22tc se: Aphelocoma guerrerensis Nelson Genus 12. Cyanocitta Strickland Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cyanocitta Cyanocitta cristata cristata (Linnzeus) Cyanocitta cristata florincola Coues Cyanocitta stelleri stelleri (Gmelin) Cyanocitta stelleri carlottee Osgood Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea Grinnell Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis Ridgway Cyanocitta stelleri annectens Baird Cyanocitta stelleri diademata (Bonaparte) Cyanocitta stelleri azteca Ridgway . Cyanocitta stelleri coronata (Swainson ) Genus 13. Perisoreus Bonaparte Key to the Species and Subspecies of Perisoreus Perisoreus canadensis canadensis ( Linnzeus) Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus Ridgway Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons Ridgway Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Baird Perisoreus obscurus obscurus (Ridgway ) Perisoreus obscurus griseus Ridgway Gibhve Wit my ce 2 ees een ee ee sere Soc sre re ee an eR 40. 41. 42. 45. 44. 45. Genus 11. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Ol. 52. 9 ao. 63. 64. 65. 66, or Hea tT Se at) es oo or 76. ite 78. 79. 80. 81. Famity PAaripm. Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma Aphelocoma aSee aindaenaees pp. 747, 748. TABLE OF CONTENTS. bSee Addenda, p. 749 Page. 318 319 319 748 320 321 399 OLL 999 323 393 294 396 327 330 oo oo 99 ovo 333 380 326 99> ool 9907 301 338 309 340 340 od] 342 343 b44 B45 749 345 346 347 300 Bol 304 dot 30D oot 398 361 362 364 365 366 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XIII Page. mameenmntne Generd. Of Pande... 6525. 225-2 cen +e oes see nee ne 379 Rene Ri eOlOn MSA bANIS 20094. en. Secs. ens eee eee eae 380 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Bzeolophus ---.-.-.--------------------- 380 ep eplopius picolon(lainnees)\s 2222 224 o22 5. o 52. ee ete anh oa eee aim 381 2. Beeolophus atricristatus atricristatus (Cassin) ......--..----.-.------ 384 3. Beeolophus atricristatus sennetti, new subspecies -...---.------------ 386 ae Beolopous inordatus inornatus' (Gambel)(2-~ 22 2-5-2 222226222. 387 5. Beeolophus inornatus restrictus, new subspecies “.....--------------- 389 6. Beeolophus inornatus murinus, new subspecies“. .-..---------------- 389 7. Beeolophus inornatus griseus (Ridgway) ---------------------------- 390 8. Beolophus inornatus cineraceus (Ridgway) -.-..-.------------------- 391 9. Beeolophus wollweberi wollweberi (Bonaparte) ...-.---------------- 392 10. Beeolophus wollweberi annexus (Cassin) .....---------------------- 393 iPeniicees hentiestessnelchen bach sere = sn noe bee a pee ee eee eas a 394 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Penthestes.-...----------------------- 395 11. Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus (Linnzus) -.---...-------------- 397 12. Penthestes atricapillus septentrionalis (Harris) -....----.----------- 399 13. Penthestes atricapillus turneri Ridgway -.--.-.--+-22--.---=--------- 402 14. Penthestes atricapillus occidentalis (Baird) .......-----.-------.----- 402 15. Penthestes carolinensis carolinensis (Audubon) ......--------------- 403 16/-Penthestes carolinensis acilis’ (Sennett). .-.-s:-- 22- 22.2 22.0522... 406 i benthestes carolinensis impiper (Bangs) -o02 202220222 2 ee cL. 406 (SeaRenthestes sclatent (‘Klemschimicht) pa2it 2 ssee so aen a. sees cele cme 407 oo enthesves gambeli (Rid pway)\- cto sec ae gts sete. < cto enews 408 20: Penthestes:cictus alascensis (Prazik) 222252222025. 2- 32. e225 2-22 - 411 21. Penthestes hudsonicus hudsonicus (Forster) --.--------------------- 412 22. Penthestes hudsonicus columbianus (Rhoads) .---..----.------------ 414 Zoe eenthestes hudsonicus littoralis! (Bryant) 2222222222552 52 2 22 = 415 24. Penthestes rufescens rufescens (Townsend) -...-..------------------ 416 25. Penthestes rufescens neglectus (Ridgway) ----------.--------------- 418 26. Penthestes rutescens barlow1 ((Grinnell):- 222" S02 2222-22222 oe ee 418 eee er Tans AlN wes Sa ee oe iN oan Suan Oasis eee eens eee 419 27. Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps (Sundevall)-...--...--------.--------- 420 28. Auriparus flaviceps lamprocephalus Oberholser. ---.-.-----.---------- 422 peta. suiini paris bondparte 226 os soe eS Se, ease eee koe 423 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Psaltriparus -..........-----.--------- 425 PorePraltmparus melanotis.(Hantlaub), Jv > foSsl 22. 2. Sc eee ee ees 426 eo: Jepaliviparus melanous illus Wouy sos) 2 ozo. 2ee oot ele eee ses. 428 aie, Psaltriparus melanotis lloydi (Sennett) "=. 22225... Teese S IS see 429 SS ESaliripanicsp Em veus Bard): oo. \est.-~.-\s2- soe ona~ ate ee one 430 33. Psaltriparus minimus minimus (Townsend) .--....------.-----.---- 432 34. Psaltriparus minimus saturatus, new subspecies ?......-.------------ 454 35. Psaltriparus minimus californicus Ridgway -..-....-.--------------- 435 Breve HEM ATEAS PIT DelGine ae shee 5 ea te ee Shes emcee 4 ee 436 PMC OuOn a: hie Nut aAtches|-s 226 .ceseso enc Umeecelsaaa osu ee aceese 436 SSMS tetde CM Cce =o a ee ee eee eee ee eee eee Sees See 439 ey. tothe Species and Subspecies of Sitta’.2....-.. 222.0. 85-2222. 2.------ 440 Le Sitta carolinensis carolinensis Latham ¢2- Jo. 5-25-2022 -22-.2--...- 441 PItin CALOMMENSIS ALIS SCOURS sce ane eee ee ste chet gece ~~: = 444 Be slits CarOlnensis: acwleata,.( CS&SsIM) st 20245 aoe eo -- eee seen =e 444 AP lite carolinensis lacumes Brewster,.22s.2-.225--.-2---s+see~--5-<--- 446 aSee Addenda, p. 751, bSee Addenda, p. 752. 9 10. FAMILY Genus Certhia Linneeus Key to the American Subspecies of Certhia familiaris Certhia familiaris americana( Bonaparte ) Certhia familiaris montana Ridgway Certhia familiaris zelotes Osgood Certhia familiaris occidentalis Ridgway Certhia familiaris alticola Miller Certhia familiaris albescens ( Berlepsch) TROGLOD YL Dias. Dhes Wrens eS Shae Ao Ss tee ys, Sera Neue tance Key to the Genera of Troglodytidee Genus 1. Cistothorus Cabanis Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cistothorus Cistothorus stellaris (Lichtenstein ) 2. Cistothorus polyglottus elegans (Sclater and Salvin ) Cistothorus polyglottus lucidus Ridgway Genus 2. Telmatodytes Cabanis Key to the Subspecies of Telmatodytes . Telmatodytes palustris palustris (Wilson) lh 9» 9 o. 4. 5. 6. FAMILY ie 9 >. a 5. ue 2 ). 10. Ms 12: 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Zils 22. 99 a0. 24. 20. 26. 27. 28. 29. TABLE Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns Sitta carolinensis mexicana Nelson and Palmer Sitar camadenmei sill ssmmince ws Serre een ta ee ee eee ee eee Sitta.pusilla Wat harness ls se) se Se eee eS eee eee eee Sitta pygmzea pygmiea Vigors Sitta pygmeea leuconucha Anthony OF CONTENTS. CERDEIUD A, 4 Uhe, Creepers: sae iain see ae oe ae eee eee Telmatodytes palustris idacus Ridgway Telmatodytes palustris plesius Oberholser Telmatodytes palustris paludicolar (Baird))2o8.2 2222 = ee Telmatodytes palustris marianze (Scott) Telmatodytes palustris thryophilus Oberholser Telmatodytes palustris griseus (Brewster) Genus’: -Heleod ytesiCa bamisvs sas ie ee ee eee eee eee era re Heleodytes humilis (Sclater) Heleodytes zonatus zonatus (Lesson ) Heleodytes zonatus costaricensis (Berlepsch ) Heleodytes zonatus restrictus Nelson Heleodytes megalopterus (Lafresnaye ) Heleodytes nelsoni Ridgway Heleodytes guttatus (Gould) Heleodytes chiapensis (Salvin and Godman ) Heleodytes capistratus capistratus (Lesson ) Heleodytes capistratus nigricaudatus Nelson Heleodytes rufinucha (Lafresnaye ) Heleodytes brunneicapillus brunneicapillus (Lafresnaye ) Heleodytes brunneicapillus bryanti Anthony Heleodytes brunneicapillus affinis (Xantus) Heleodytes brunneicapillus obscurus Nelson Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi (Sharpe) Heleodytes jocosus (Sclater ) Heleodytes gularis (Sclater) Genus 4, Pheugopedins Cabanisesiet- so se ete eee eee eas 30. 31. 32. 33. Pheugopedius 34. Pheugopedius TABLE Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pheugopedius Pheugopedius atrogularis (Salvin) Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris albigularis (Sclater) OF CONTENTS. 59. Pheugopedius maculipectus umbrinus Ridgway 3b. 37. 38. oo. 40. Pheugopedit 46. Thryomanes 47. Thryomanes 48. Thryomanes 49. Thryomanes ol. Thryomanes 92. Thryomanes 53. Thryomanes 54. Thryomanes bewickii cerroensis (Anthony ) 55. Thryomanes bewickii nesophilus Oberholser 56. Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys (Anthony ) 57. Thryomanes bewickii drymoecus Oberholser 58. Thryomanes bewickii spilurus ( Vigors) 59. Thryomanes 60. Thryomanes 61. Thryomanes 62. Troglodytes 63. Troglodytes beani Ridgway 64. Troglodytes 65. Troglodytes 66. Troglodytes 67. Troglodytes 68. Troglodytes 69. Troglodytes 70. Troglodytes 71. Troglodytes 72. Troglodytes 73. Troglodytes 74. Troglodytes 75, Troglodytes felix pallidus (Nel 1S yn son) felix lawrencil (Ridgway) 41. Pheugopedius felix magdalenze (Nelson) Genus 5. Thryothorus Vieillot Key to the Subspecies of Thryothorus ludovicianus. - .-..- 42. Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus (Latham) 43. Thryothorus ludovicianus miamensis Ridgway 44. Thryothorus ludovicianus berlandieri (Baird) 45. Thryothorus ludovicianus lomitensis Sennett Genus 6. Thryomanes Sclater Key to the Species and Subspecies of Thryomanes Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris melanogaster (Sharpe ) hyperythrus (Salvin and Godman) maculipectus maculipectus (Lafresnaye).........--.-- Pheugopedius maculipectus cano-brunneus Ridgway Pheugopedius felix felix (Sclater) Pheugopedius felix grandis Nelsc Pheugopedius SU Ray (MO Ody ete eee Na er el ae ae aves bewickii bewickii ( bewickii cryptus O} bewickii eremophilus Oberholser 50. Thryomanes bewickii murinus (Hartlaub) AV GID OM ie 2 ee yerholser bewickii bairdi (Salvin and Godman) bewickii percnus Obersolser._...-.----- Bee oa boatiad bewickil charientur brevicaudus Ridgway insularis (Lawrence) Genus 7. Troglodytes Vieillot Key to the Species and Subspecies of Troglodytes tanneri Townsend peninsularis Nelson musculus hypaédon aédon aédon Vieillot acdon parkmanii (A us Oberholser musculus inquietus (Baird)......-.-- musculus intermedius (Cabanis) (Sclater ) udubon ) brunneicollis brunneicollis Sclater brunneicollis nitidus Nelson brunneicollis cahooni ( Brewster ) bewickii calophonus Oberholser - . . PITA Coed EMILE aE ae ate Ra a eS ochraceus Ridgway mesoleucus (Sclater) ROR ov 5936 536 537 538 538 539 539 540 541 545 546 547 548 549 551 552 55d 557 559 559 560 561 562 562 563 563 565 566 XxOVal TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. 76: Troglodytes musicus Gua wrence)st= a2. tees ue seen mee ees 591 Wien broglodytes.crenadensis (lawrence) ae ame eee eee sae ae 592 (8. Troclodytes martinicensis)(Sclater) ss. ese ee ee ee eee 593 ov Droclodytes rutescens: (lawrence) esas. eens seen ee rere erate 594 807 Droslodytes cuadeloupensiss(Corye) se aoe ae es arene ae 595 Genus/Sa. Oliorchullts)| Oberholser, kates ee eee a es rae ee ee 595 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Olbiorchilus -......2222222--22-22-2-2- 596 81. Olbiorchilus hiemalis hiemalis (Vieillot)- 2. 2.22 20 2 ee 597 82 Ol biorchilus#hvemalisspaciticuss(Baird))ee ses see see ae ee eee 600 83., Olbionrehilus hiemalis helleni-(@seood))) 222S2 2 sae Sa ae 602 SAV Olibrorehailusyal asc er sis Mek ain ckh) pe meee ees eaten 602 85 Olibiorchilustmeligerus: Oberholsen= see teste. eee eae ae ee ee 604 Genus)9) hry orchrlus!@bermol se rays as sees apes ah ae eee seem ine eee 605 865 DRryoxc lls storowant (7S aries) eet re a ep eae pea eee 606 Genusyl05 EHenicorhina Sclaterianad Salliviyse ae eee wae era eee oes 607 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Henicorhina....-...-.-.+.-----25.---. 608 87. Henicorhina prostheleuca prostheleuca (Sclater) -...........-.---- 610 88. Henicorhina prostheleuca pittieri (Cherrie) :............-.---...-- 612 89: Henicorhina leucophrys collina (Bangs) <2: 5. 2222252255. 5-2-2 ee 613 90. Henicorhina leucophrys castanea Ridgway .-..-.-.::.----2.2--....- 615 Oi.” Henicorhinaleucophrysicapitalis Nelson se 2455.5 oe eee 615 92. Henicorhina leucophrys mexicana Nelson: .252222 22: 2522222221222 616 93-\Elenicorhina leucophrysitestiva Nelsonizesn=--se same eee 616 Genus lee Nanmorelil ws mRic owe yikes eee a ene 617 Key to the Subspecies of Nannorchilus leucogaster....-......-..--...-..-.2- 618 94. Nannorchilus leucogaster leucogaster (Gould) ---..........-...-..- 618 95. Nannorchilus leucogaster pacificus (Nelson) ...........-.-.2.--..-- 619 96: Nannorchilus’leucogaster musicus' (Nelsom)= 22.2. 52 35-25 22a ee 620 97. Nannorchilus leucogaster brachyurus (Lawrence)........-.-.---.-- 620 Genusti2e Thryophilus: Baird (4x02 5 5.6 25 ie eee ee ee ee re 620 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Thryophilus= 22.2. .2--.5--22 7.2.2 ee 622 98. Thryophilus castaneus castaneus (Lawrence) ..........-...-------- 624 99. Thryophilus castaneus costaricensis (Sharpe)-.---..--.:.-.----.\.-- 625 100; Lhryophilusinigricapillus schottiie(Barmd)tg 4. e eee a ee 626 LOL, Chryophilus;semibadius)(Salvin)iG.* ses eee ee eas 627 102; Chryophilus:thoracicus (Salvin) 2 2sste eee se ee ae 628 103. Thryophilus pleurostictus pleurostictus (Sclater) .........-.--.-.-- 629 104. Thryophilus pleurostictus nisorius (Cabanis) ...............--2---- 631 105. Thryophilus pleurostictus ravus Ridgway ..........--..-..--.----- 631 106. Thryophilus rufalbus rufalbus (Lafresnaye) -............-..-.---.- 632 107. Thryophilus rufalbus castanonotus Ridgway......--.-2.-.---- OSS 108° ‘Thryophilus sinaloa sinaloa Baird’ - 9-2). _°2 552.2 oe ee 635 109. Thryophilus sinaloa cinereus Brewster ............-....222.-22222- 636 110°" Phryophilus:sinalea russeus, Nelson:22222 2 [20 22 as 637 111. Thryophilus galbraithii galbraithii (Lawrence) -_.........-2---.--: 637 12: Thryophilus'galbraithii conditus:Bangs | 5/2 23) eee 638 113. Thryophilus modestus modestus (Cabanis) ..........2....-22.2-.-- 659 14> "Thryophilus modestus*elutus Bangs-_- 222. (02 See 640 115:)Chryophilus modestus pullus Ridsway...2..22. 2-2 eee 641 i965 Thryophilus zeledoni’ Ridgway < 2205... 70S e S38 eee eee 642 Genus 13." Salpinctes Cabanis,.2< 2. 2i2s.-6 se oo eee 643 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Key to the Species and Subspecies of Salpinctes.-..-.....-.----..-------- ae 117. Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus (Say) ...-.....-.:..-.-..- 118. Salpinctes obsoletus notius Ridgway ..............------ 119. Salpinctes obsoletus pulverius Grinnell .......-..------- 120. Salpinctes obsoletus exsul Ridgway ......-....-..--...- 121. Salpinctes obsoletus guadeloupensis Ridgway ....-.---.-- 122. Salpinctes obsoletus neglectus Nelson .--.--.--..--.-.--- iss salpmectesimeachlatus hidowayss-2 sees5--cs-5on c--25 55: 124. Salpinctes guttatus Salvin and Godman ......-..-..-.--..-- 125. Salpinctes fasciatus Salvin and Godman..........------- eons CU UNer pes OaIrGc.8= 2 oe Cet Sei a See Lee eA Key to the Subspecies of Catherpes mexivanus ...---.....-----.--- 126. Catherpes mexicanus mexicanus (Swainson) .....-.----- 127. Catherpes mexicanus albifrons (Giraud) ............---- 128. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridgway..-......-.------ 129. Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus Ridgway.........-.--- 130. Catherpes mexicanus polioptilus Oberholser.......-.--.-- Sonudeto-skyiorchilus Nelson, 2-2 5S sees sac Sse ek Pe ese 131. Hylorchilus sumichrasti (Lawrence) .....--...-.-------- Benn tG.cvicrocercliis Sclaters: < F205 sole Lee shee was cee elcle evo tne, species Or, NuGrocerculus 22 = 2-2. 2-6 so. So-semcee~ ss i524. Microcerculus philomela Salvine -:5..2-225.-4.222-4<22- ipa. Mucrocerculns daulias, Ridgway <2: 2225 s2.2 225.4 225/53. io, NerocercWlusMuscinias calvin 32 268. 2 2el Seces cece Genus. Leucolepis Rerchenbachices=5-" se sssscs ee eos. Sees Key to the Species and Subspecies of Leucolepis..........-..--.-- ios. beucolepis lawrenciii(Sclater)/..05.2. 22.22.22 25.22 PMMINOCINCLID A... Phe Dipper: <=. .2.8leos ee Sse eee Ss Srebbisnls elmChus DOrRNAUSCM A S32. .0 Foe 2522s ores Sass2: SE tds Key to the American Species and Subspecies of Cinclus........-.-- 1. Cinclus mexicanus mexicanus Swainson.....-..-......-- 2. Cinclus mexicanus unicolor (Bonaparte) ........-..-.-.-- ae CANIS ATCesIACUs SALVINl- Sis. S28 ee ee eek oak 82 Pain OMA az. Dhe Wren=Dits 22s. o0 suse o. eos Sle 8 Pepa aLeAonam~roa Gampel ss. 257 W625. -e oe So hos satan See eat ney to the Subspecies of Chameea fasciata.................-..---. 1. Chameea fasciata fasciata Gambel ...............-.------ 2, Chamea fasciata rufula Ridgway... -=........2:.2222<-:-2< a. Chama tasciataphsea Ospood-< 2 ..=. 522 sue ese os. ce 4. Chameea fasciata henshawi Ridgway..._.......----..--- PRES SOE VELA. ©» Le Warblersch. <<: vo cnc cae saee Slee ee Key to the American Subfamilies of Sylviide@................-.. Put tern Cantniopneusie: DIASIUN: = <2. <.cuds~ ede Daaclios oacs.% 1, Acanthopneuste borealis kennicotti (Baird) .........---- eminnr a Mepis OUvien.: 0s ben wate ck toot ke aoe otelbe Key to the Species and Subspecies of Regulus ................---- 2. Regulus satrapa satrapa Lichenstein ...............-....- 3 Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird ..........---<-.<.:---.-- Sie ROP OLMGm wer AUCUVOMNs cc cee we 20s ote caw a dec w tense i eee —<— a For Key to the Genera of Sylviide, accidentally omitted from its proper place, see Addenda 10384—VvoL 3—03——1I XVII Page 644 645 648 649 650 650 651 651 ormer wt Ol CO Oo DP DS GS Or Ot Or ot > er) 1 ~I St CO 659 660 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 673 675 676 676 677 679 681 683 685 68t ee St bss 689 689 691 694 694 696 69S 699 700 702 704 oo — D ,p. 754. XVIII 5 =~ te Genus Key t 8 >. TABLE OF CONTENTS. . Regulus calendula calendula (Linnzeus) .--.-..---------- Leh aoe eae eg Regulus calendula grinnellisPalmer S25: 2222 ee eee Rerulusicalendula obscurus Ride wages ee a= == oe eee eee ee 3: sPolioptila:Selater: 22222022, 9222 bee ee eee y the Species and-Subspecies/of Pohoptilacs:—:=---- a+ ae ee eee ee 8) Polioptila crerulea cerulea) (uinnzeus)/2e ao oo eee eee eee 9. 10. luli Ze Le 14, tee 16. ie 18. 19. 20. Pile 22 Polioptila cserulea‘obscura Ridgway) 222 s225-.- a5== eee eee Polioptila ceerulea mexicana (Bonaparte) ..-.-....-.-.--.---------- Polioptilacserulea: ceesiogastra Ridgway 2: 2Sos2 95 - saeae e Eohioptila nelsoni Ridgway 2-224 e5---eo- ses < oe ee ee PolioptilaalbilorisiSclateriandySalyimese see ee eee Rolie ptilleyitoenn cloves ERC evar yae ts aes eee te Folioptla bilineata(Bonaparte)\--2 =. 6-253 a ee ee Polioptila superciliaris superciliaris Lawrence..-..-...-..-------<--- Pohoptila‘superciliaris magna Ridge way.2s_+-2--.5-5---ee-2=2 eee Rolioptilasalibiyentristitalwnence see See Polioptilamigriceps: Baird secs oe ae eee eee ee ee Polioptila plumbea Baird i= s22. 226 St eS eee RohoptilaicalifornicasBrewstersecssnae- sees ee eee eee ee eee Bolioptila lembeyei-(Gundlach)))< 2. 2525-2 225-55. 5e eee eee ANAS dag eee eh es os ne ee ae ee LS Sale ore ve bo wt Oo © vo ars Soase ont SIS ST ST SY ST IT ST = _ a e 4 hist OF FIGURES ILLUSTRATING GENERIC. DETAILS. Page Genus. | Piate. |Figure.| of text. 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GOUCS oc. tv coe se ce een ce tani eo oes eee cles Oo te Siamese scsi selbst Iil 4 85 PACER CAL CLE OAPI S. wctain aaa s sisle sic oe eine oat eactesice cud aioe rales celoe eee ceee Hil 5 92 Fem UI OCH CLOOUG ROS WAY hc en cene oases scacus ontauces ce ces Seceautes enene III 6 100 MPMI ICU A TITIOPUS 22 oe ect Pl. eats eee en ac ae ae eRe sean esto ee wane leans 1 104 EGE OMS SIV ALSO sto ~ ssieae cies Gt ain ocesis ce eevee melee soc Qabew emcee sees Denes Ly 23 114 SERA OMeDI ASC later seats: 1 ce tees: a -eee ee ene See ete | -V tele 120 20. Phainoptila Salvin............ RPh a ert Re ee ere a Sed Vi 2 123 RIMES DW HELUN Occ tole ~2te ceccianioe cose ic ae Seles ave Sinwia Saree Oslwee cite Saya ne oe Sesieniceies Vv 3 195 PIKEOS VLU dB ONADAT Cs Sac ae ano oo cr cums ces enie Seige sn cncesewuineeict sanees Wiles 1,2 130 LOTUS Os0s MIU e a ae ea coi Seay eee ies Sralcisisme eareleiainsee situate snacwiscebacmn sacs VI 6 161 ER ITCORUTE Gate aes 405. ers eee Saar eae ciara WON AE EE An ES ET Ve) eas 7G PrP COCMIOCPSCISECT ot..n dn cisircws Sey oew vests aetelse sid ave Se ace cRaseseseciceeesate VI ui 211 PReLAGiVSVLVis! BONRDALLG ss. cece ck. soon siak cies ckiisc events emielotceacaesce VI 3 214 PRUE LON SCLATED cyanea satan ie ela he eRe ciae Ma wis we cig Selclokr ide asiatae slsic cee Se Siec cect VII 1 212 PRC O OAT TOS TL) Ul Et S oe cela eiaeatare = Sas om o)k ae aecvedistae ww ccaiace oamaese ee was Stee VII 2 221 PA MMGML IMIS WA }TINOIN «ac oer a ctaste/ciceolu cwictersten welesec cues dcmesaccsScctsecueesscs VII 3 226 UN A ISAO TITA CONS S,. isiarec wie = oie iciete S etaae els csin «(cae s Seiemietfeecce Sas Seceettamace nes VIII 4 234 SOUND IRUIR MUD NNTA SOUS hoon We ect are Sec eee mie Sareea See cicinisie als Woe winjac'es VIII 5 256 PPTL CR INAS AES TINSOD! sions vac sei ware = «ale aan tin doace van at ous acess cnc sae aah’s Ix 6 280 PERO UANOCeDOAING) BONA DALE sta casi nvies ne cisetecc'sseacncees exvciecese sceeeceas ex | rai 283 PEON II TIS Fol PDE ers nae catia ee omens Soman a Nana n ead nae ee svice Sasetes ree || 8 298 STEALER CTL sey ice ees a Net aise ere aicle's coe Sem nuee earn same erecte seats x 1 292 PeINO CRAY DOM DAE UG Roe een nas sceicee nsec ow ncncp sehicuis ewe owe apace aoe cee xe) 1 312 SRM EE OC OLE RSD OLG Hea aa NS eee Baw ea ot ae we sane co cak nites ae ace se ces ee wine's XII 1 303 a EIO LY Co, OA DATS eh ce uct oo ee oceans = awake Cees Rise eas See uw et aces XII iD 318 PPR SIT CUS BOT ANANO me ose es ite oe oe aE ide cn ee ninth ene omen cn anak XII | 3 364 IOMAROGIUL MS ULIGKIONG. ossoue fo coce stone ce an sieeomeic a diotnwweseueae occa.ctes XIV 4 345 BERTIE LOCOMIA GADDIS. © hscc cic dso wawota\c baled cap Suse 2 odGneinuctcanccecusece XIV 5 323 SPEER OM TA DONADALIC ates te ne ewe Bectet Ns esce cle mae dvademeu cc wcdk tease XIV 6 305 PRRTAMEHEERERES SE tee octet Ne Rsts Seas Don Selene ion wean Shee esa ana cckanaeesas XV 1 286 RIEL OHA HILDEN foo sins octet < at 5 ORS ow cc eran's Ra scan ewe ee cca weweceees XV 2 685 SRMPE TN RG LAAN OSTAS erence ernioe when oe Ua) arena teed ceeds ccneueabeeesactcee ss XV 3 462 RPI RD TINY CCG ote ches rca Sa oa Ree ee he biais Sows ain aio Sane Cae mw ae.careis o's XV 4 439 PLEO IL ON SI ae cain a EES ee uw ne oe ee coos c ce on ewha ser babeceees XVI | 1H 380 XIX xx LIST OF FIGURES. List of figures illustrating generic details—Continued. | Page Genus. Plate. Figure. of | | text. | | AS eelOphoOphanmes Ka tp ase tesa cote ate yclecte aoe eee en See ree ee eeeceeeee XVI | 5 | 379 19% sPentihestes RelChenbachsesas-a2 -ee- eos neces see eee ee seie eee XVI 6} 394 50. Psaltriparus Bonaparte ....-- AE dice SaaS ois ee SS US ene eee a eee eEee XVI | a | 423 ep Lee ATURE SUT UTS els SUL Cle toce gsr re ae nite alee erat stent Corel stots oie siale etait ter XV 5) 8 419 Hoa Olnimv CenbhiaelueSSOn iG. oces< 5 Sas ee cao em sei eee else olailee te aise XVII | t | aa 5S ELVOre@hLUs Nelsonecs se aos acee tere ceien tae oe eee serene ee hay Net ane XVII | 2| 663 Dalen OOO TD OSHS I eee ete ene tape ee etree eit eae oe alee erate fare os ee Savile 3 653 Bp nebeleodtes: Galbanis: see caster icine oceanic on fee sale ae nacr aan inn near ee se eee SNGWAilteaey 4} 500 SOseP DEUS ODECIUIS CAIDAS Soper spae © crepes eer lere wete tote ates ate tc le ate eee ratte any patee ct garseat ie. Qo ult | D.|. 527 Se Sal pimetes!Cabamiss (asec meas sporeece cree Se eee lore cee aoe Me eee seseieete SKAVAETE GH} 6 | 643 Hoe LH GEVOUMOrUS; VieillO tes. or ciseiw oe ciao wee eine ia doe Stee Sinn etna aeteeete esi iae XVIIL 1} 539 59 —Phrvomines < pcein oe Le ek eee Ree SN et ee | 8| 710 a Extralimital genus. THESBERDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. By Roperr Ripeway, Curator, Division of Birds. Part III. Family MOTACILLID. THE WAGTAILS AND PIPITS. Terrestrial nine-primaried acutiplantar Oscines, with the tertials conspicuously elongated (often reaching nearly or quite to tip of longest primaries), the bill slender and notched, the tarsi long and slender, and the hind claw usually conspicuously elongated. Bill slender-conoid, decidedly shorter than head, its depth at nostril equal to less than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, its width at same point slightly greater; culmen shorter than middle toe without claw, slightly curved terminally, often depressed subbasally ; maxillary tomium obviously, but not conspicuously, notched subter- minally. Rictal bristles obvious, but only two conspicuously devel- oped. Nostril exposed, longitudinally ovate or subcuneate, overhung by a broad membraneous operculum. Wing rather long and pointed, but tip subtruncate, the four to five outermost primaries longest and subequal; outer webs of eighth, seventh, and sixth—rarely also the fifth—primaries slightly sinuated subterminally; shorter (innermost) primaries and secondaries emarginated at tips; innermost secondaries (tertials) conspicuously elongated, often nearly equally, sometimes exceeding, the longest primaries. Tail variable in relative length, but never conspicuously shorter than wing, usually nearly as long, some- times longer, the tip even, slightly emarginate, double-emarginate, rounded, or double-rounded. the rectrices rather narrow, usually 10384—von 3—@®—-| ~ 2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tapering terminally, but never (except sometimes middle pair) pointed at tip. Tarsus slender, of variable relative length, but always much longer than bill, the acrotarsium usually more or less distinctly scutellate, sometimes fused except on lower portion; toes slender, the middle one distinctly longer than the lateral toes, of which the inner is sometimes slightly longer than the outer; hallux about equal in length to lateral toes or slightly longer, but stouter; outer toe with basal phalanx adherent to middle toe, but inner toe almost entirely free; claws slender, variable in relative length, that of the hallux (except in genus J/otacil/a) elongated and but slightly arched, equal to or exceed- ing the digit in length. The Motacillide are birds of terrestrial habits, walking or running gracefully on the ground, instead of hopping; and feed upon insects. The wagtails are usually of pied (black, gray, and white) plumage, but sometimes partially bright yellow—always unstreaked. The pipits are of streaked plumage, with brownish or tawny tints prevailing, in which respect they present a remarkable resemblance to the larks (family Alaudide), as they do also in their habits and the character of their nests and eggs. The family is most developed in the Eastern Hemisphere, to which the wagtails are restricted; America possessing, as peculiar species, only the pipits, represented by about eight species, belonging to two or three genera or subgenera. KEY TO THE GENERA OF MOTACILLID®. a. Plumage without streaks; tail longer (nearly equal to wing, sometimes longer); under parts plain white or yellow, with or without black on chest and throat. (Motacillz. ) 6. Claw of hallux shorter than the digit, strongly curved; under parts of body white, or if yellow the throat or a jugular crescent black; back gray or black; no yellow on head: 29.55 ee ee ee Motacilla (p. 2) bb. Claw of hallux longer than the digit, slightly curved; under parts yellow, without black on throat or chest; back olive-green, or if gray or black the whole-head yellow: 22 02 22 Sue cee eee eee eee Budytes (p. 7) aa. Plumage more or less streaked; tail shorter (decidedly shorter than wing); under parts neither pure white nor yellow (more or less brownish or buffy), more or less streaked, at least on sides, and without black on chest or throat, except in form olstreaks. --\(Anthesem) = oe ae ee epi sera Os mee ere eee Anthus@ (p. 10) Genus MOTACILLA Linnezus. Motacilla Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 184. (Type, by elimination, M. alba Linnzeus. ) Calobates Kaur, Naturl. Syst., 1829, 33. (Type, Motacilla melanope Pallas. ) Pallenura BoNapartr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 250. (Type, Motacilla melanope Pallas. ) Motacillidze with the hind claw shorter than its digit and strongly curved; scutella of acrotarsium often indistinct, sometimes fused, “T must confess my inability to satisfactorily subdivide the genus Anthus. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3 except on upper portion; tail nearly as long as wing, sometimes longer;“ the rectrices narrow and tapering terminally, but with rounded tips; coloration black, gray, and white, or if with yellow on under parts the throat and chest partly black and the back and pileum gray.” Nidification.—Nest usually on ground, sometimes in holes among rocks or buildings, open above, bulky, composed of dried grasses, leaves, moss, ete., lined with wool, hair, or feathers; eggs with whitish, pale bluish, or brownish ground color, profusely speckled. PRange.—Palearctic, Indo-Malayan, and Ethiopian regions, most developed in eastern portion of the first named; two Palearctic species accidental or occasional in Greenland and Alaska, respectively (the latter once taken in Lower California). KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MOTACILLA. a. Under tail-coverts white; upper tail-coverts black or dusky gray. b. No black or dusky postocular streak, the sides of head entirely white; greater wing-coyerts with only their tip white, forming a narrow band. (Europe, northern Africa, and greater part of Asia; accidental in Greenland. ) Motacilla alba (p. 4) bb. A black or dusky postocular streak; greater wing-coverts with outer webs white, or broadly edged with white, forming a large patch. c. Black gray. d. Exposed culmen 12-13 mm. (Eastern Asia; occasional in Alaska and acci- dental in Lower California.) --..--------.------ Motacilla ocularis (p. 6) dd. Exposed culmen 13-14 mm. (Eastern Asia.) Motacilla lugens, winter plumages (extralimital) ¢ Cem ACKMD lACkKieean she we 2. fe erst yee Soe Se Motacilla lugens, summer adults. aa. Under tail-coverts yellow; upper tail-coverts olive-yellow or yellowish olive- green. (Europeand Asia.)..--....------ Motacilla melanope (extralimital) 7 @Much longer in M. longicauda. >The species of Motacilla having yellow under parts may at once be distinguished from the somewhat similarly colored species of Budytes by their short and strongly arched, instead of long and slightly arched, hind claw; furthermore, all the species of Budytes either have the back olive-green or else, if black or gray, the whole head is yellow, and none of the species have black on the throat or chest. ¢ Motacilla lugens ‘‘ Pallas’’ Kittlitz, Kupf. Vog., 1832, 16, pl. 21, fig. 1; Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 287 (synonymy, crit., descriptions, etc. ); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 474, pl. 4, figs. 1-4.—Motacilla leucoptera ‘‘ Brehm’’ Zander, Naumannia, iv, 1851, 14.—Motacilla ocularis, part, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 275.—Motacilla amurensis Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, 345, pl. 9.—Motacilla kamtschatica Stejneger, Naturen, 1882, 182; 1884, 5; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 71.—Motacilla blakistoni Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, 91; 1884, 38. This handsome species, which breeds in Kamchatka (including the Commander islands) very likely occasionally straggles to Alaska. @ Motacilla melanope Pallas, Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii, 1776, 696; Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 997; Dresser, Birds Europe, iii, 1875, 251, pl. 128. + BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. MOTACILLA ALBA Linnezus. WHITE WAGTAIL. Adult male in spring.—F¥orehead (broadly), sides of head and sides of neck (more narrowly) white; crown, occiput, hindneck, throat, and chest uniform deep black with a faint bluish gloss, that of chest with a sharply defined conyex posterior outline; rest of under parts white, shading into ash gray on outer portion of sides and flanks; back, scap- ulars, and lesser wing-coverts plain slate gray, the rump similar but rather darker, especially posteriorly, where shading into the blackish slate or slate black of upper tail-coverts, the latter with outer webs broadly white exteriorly; tertials dull blackish or blackish slate, the two innermost with outer webs broadly edged with pale gray, this becoming whitish outwardly, especially on second, the third broadly edged with white; middle and greater coverts dull black or slate black broadly tipped with pale gray or grayish white, the latter edged with pale gray; primaries and secondaries dull slate-gray or dark mouse eray narrowly edged with pale gray or whitish; tail dull black or blackish slate, the two outermost rectrices (on each side) white with a stripe of blackish along edge of inner web; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adult male in winter.—Similar to the spring plumage, but chin, throat, and upper chest white, the black restricted to a crescentic mark of black on lower chest and sides of throat; bill horn brownish, darker on culmen and tip. Adult female in spring.—Similar to the adult male of corresponding season, but smaller and duller in color; white of forehead more or less obscured by grayish tips to feathers; crown, occiput, and hindneck dusky gray, or slate-gray, usually mixed with black along lateral mar- gins. Adult female in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but chin, throat, and upper chest white, or yellowish white; bill brownish. Young in first winter. Similar to the adult female of correspond- ing season, but gray of upper parts somewhat paler, especially that of the pileum, which is not darker than the back, the latter tinged with light brownish or buffy; white on sides of head, throat, ete., more or less tinged with yellow. Young in jirst plumage.—Aboye, including whole pileum, plain brownish gray (deep buffy smoke gray), deepening into blackish gray on upper tail-coverts; lores paler gray; rest of sides of head, sides of neck, chin, throat, and upper chest dull white, tinged with buff, more or less clouded with grayish; under parts dull buffy white, becoming erayish on sides and flanks, the lower chest with a crescentie patch of dusky gray; rest of plumage essentially as in adult female, but duller, more tinged with buffy or yellowish; legs and feet brownish. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. » Adult male.—Length (skins), 179-196 (186.5); wing, 85-90 (S7.s); tail, 84-90 (87.5); exposed culmen, 11-13 (12.3); tarsus, 23-26 (24); middle toe, 15-15 (14).” Adult female.— Length (skins), one wing’, 80-86 (83); tail, 76-82 (79); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.5); tarsus, 23; middle toe, 12-14 9 ig Palearctic Region, breeding from British Islands eastward to the Yenesai Valley in Siberia, and from the Arctic coast southward over greater part of Europe to Egy pt (4) and to high mountains of Pales- tine, Asia Minor, and Persia; migrating in winter southward to north- ern Africa (as far as Senegal Nand Canary Islands); accidental in Greenland (Godhavn, two specimens) and Ungaya (near Fort Chimo, four specimens, August 29, 1883). [ Motacilla] alba Linnzxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 185; ed. 12, i, 1766, 331.— GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 960.—Gray, Hand" iiet 1, 1869, 205, no. 3562. Motacilla alba Temminck, Man. d@’Orn., i, 1815, 254; ii, 1820, 255; iv, 1835, 178.—Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., iii, 1828, 805, pl. 86, figs. 1-3.—Rovux, Orn. Proy., 1825, pl. 198. eae Atlas, Insectivores, 1827, pl. 73.— GouLp, Birds Eur., ii, 1837, pl. 143; 3irds Gt. Brit., iii, 1863, pl. 2.— MaAcariiivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1889, 221.—Krysertine and Buastvs, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xlix and 174.—DrGuanp, Orn. Eur., i, 1849, 433.— Bonapartr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 250.—KJarpoitinG, Danm. Fugle, 1852, pl. 19, fig. 1.—ScuirGce, Vog. Nederl., 1854, pls. 100,101; Dier. Nederl. Voég., 1861, pl. 9, figs. 7, 8, 8a.—SunpEvALL, Sv. Fogl., 1856, pl. 9, figs. 7, 8.— Waker, Ibis, 1860, 166 (Godhayn, Greenland, July).—Rernaroprt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Godhavyn, s. Greenland; 2 specimens).—Nerwton, in Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 409; ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1874, 548; Man. Nat. Hist. Greenl., 1875, 98.—Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 250.—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 152.—DrGLAND and GersBE, Orn. Eur., 1867, 383.— KEULEMANS Onze Vo6g., i, 1869, 25.—Herveiin, Orn. N. O.-Afr., i, 1869- 71, 316; iv, p. lxxxvili.i—Fritsca, Vog. Eur., 1870, pl. 21, fig. 14.— SHarPe, Cat. Afr. Birds, 1871, 73; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 464, part.—SaLvapori, Faun. Ital., Uee., 1871, 120.—Hartrine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 23.—Sneiitry, Birds Egypt, 1872, 126.—Barrp, Brewer and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 165, pl. 10, fig. 1.—Dressrr, Birds Europe, ili, 1875, 233, part, pls. 125, 126.—Giextiour, Icon. Avif. Ital., 1881, pl. 163.—Ripeaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 69.—Covurs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 86.—BririsH OrnirHoLoGists’ Unton, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 29.—Srrsoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 199.—Tristram, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 54.—Rapper, Orn. Caucas., 1884, 223, pl. 12.—Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 236 (near Fort Chimo, Ungava; 4 specimens, Aug. 29, 1883).—AmeErRICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 694. M[otacilla] alba Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 203.—Capanis, Mus. Hein., i » 1850, 12.—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 284.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 533. [ Motacilla] cinerea GMELIN, Syst. at. i, 1788, 961 (based on Cinereous Wagtail Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2 > 897), Motacilla albeola PAuuas, Zoogr. Raeaiaink: i, 1826, 506, part. “@Six specimens. »'Two specimens. 6 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Motacilla septentrionalis Bream, Vog. De oe 1831, 347. Motacilla sylvestris Bream, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 348. Motacilla brachyrhynchos BreuM, Vog. ee 1831, 348. Motacilla lotor RENNIE, in Montague’s Orn. Dict., 2d ed., May 24, 1831, 377 (new name for M. alba Linnzeus). Motacilla gularis Swainson, Birds W. Africa, ii, 1837, 38.—Hartriavs, Orn. W.- Nir W857 ui2: Motacilla cervicalis Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 143. Motacilla major Bream, Naumannia, 1855, 280. Motacilla fasciata Brrum, Naumannia, 1855, 280. MOTACILLA OCULARIS Swinhoe SWINHOE’S WAGTAIL. Similar to JZ. alba, but with a black or dusky streak through eye and much more of white on wing-coverts. Adult male in spring.—Forehead, superciliary, supra-auricular, auricular, and suborbital regions, lores, sides of neck, and under parts posterior to chest white, the sides and flanks shaded with gray; crown, occiput, nape, postocular streak (along upper edge of auricular region), chin, throat, and chest black; hindneck, back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts plain ash gray,” the rump darker, the upper tail-coverts black, or slate-black, with gray margins, the shorter ones along each side with outer webs largely white; middle and greater wing-coverts with exposed portion white, forming a large patch; tertials with inner webs dusky gray, their outer webs darker gray or blackish broadly edged with white; alula, primary coverts, primaries,and secondaries (except tertials) brownish gray narrowly edged with white or pale gray; eight middle rectrices black, the outer web of middle pair narrowly edged with pale gray or white; two outermost rectrices, on each side, white with black along edge of inner web, that on outermost rectrix extending more than halfway to tip, that on the next reaching nearly to tip; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adult female in spring. ilar to the adult male, but chin, malar region, and upper throat pure white. Young female in first winter.—Similar to the spring plumage, but gray of upper parts (especially the back) more brownish; pileum gray, like back, but gradually fading into white on forehead; black of under parts restricted to a crescentic patch on chest; white of sides of head, throat, etc., tinged with yellowish; basal half of maxilla pale brownish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 186-191 (189.3); wing, 87-92 (90); tail, 91-94 (92.6); exposed culmen, 12-18 (12.3); tarsus, 24; middle toe, 15. Adult female.—Length (skins), 176-198 (184.3); wing, 87-92 (89); tail, 83-90 (87); exposed culmen, 13; tarsus, 22-25 (23): middle toe, 12-15 (13.3).? Eastern Asia, breeding in eastern Siberia (Tschuktschi Peninsula to moet Bar hy MDS southward to sou sen China; occasional a Neaneat to gray no. 6 of my ANOWGE EES EF Cale » Three specimens. e BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 7 straggler to western Alaska (Attu Island, Aleutian Chain; mouth of Yukon River); accidental in Lower California (La Paz, 1 specimen, January 9, 1882). Motacilla alba var. lugens (not Motacilla lugens Wittlitz) Mippenporrr, Sibir. Reise, ii, pt. 2, 1855, 166. Motacilla ocularis Swrxnor, Ibis, Jan., 1860, 55 (Amoy, China; coll. R. Swinhoe) ; 1863, 94, 309; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 275; 1870, 129; 1871, 364.— TaczaNowskI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 82; 1874, 335; 1875, 252; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 150; 1882, 389; Orn. Fauna Vost-Sibir., 1876, 33; Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1887, 603 (Séoul, Corea, Apr.); 1888, 464 (Corea, fall and win- ter).—PryEVALSKI, in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., ii, 1877, 192.—Sresoum, Ibis, 1878, 345; 1883, 92; 1884, 39.—Davip and OvstaLet, Ois. Chine, 1878, 299.— Hume and Davison, Stray Feath., 1878, 518.—Humer, Stray Feath., 1879, 103, 413.—Scu.ty, Stray Feath., 1879, 312, 315.—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iv, 1882, 414 (La Paz, Lower California); vi, 1883, 145, part (crit.) ; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Oct., 1882, 257 (La Paz).—Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 147 (Plover Bay, Siberia).—NeELson, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1883, 62, pl. not numbered (Plover Bay); Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 205 (Plover Bay, etc.).—Brtpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1888, 535 (La Paz).—Oares, Birds Brit. Burma, i, 1883, 158.—Dysowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii, 1883, 360.—STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1884, 5 (Bering I., Kam- chatka; accidental); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 284 (do.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 145 (do.).—Buakiston, Amend. List Birds Jap., 1884, 54.—(?) Turner, Auk, ii, 1885, 157 (Attu I., Aleutians; accidental) ; Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 178, pl. 11.—SuHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 471, pl. 4, figs. 5, 6—AmeriIcaANn OrnirHo oaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 695.—BrsHop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 91 (Aphoon, mouth of Yukon R., Alaska, 1 flock, Aug. 28). [ Motacilla] ocularis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 246, no. 3576 (excl. syn. ). Mf{otacilla] ocularis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 284.—Rmeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 533. Motacilla alba . . . subsp. ocularis Patmén, Vega-Exp., 1887, 267 (Tschuktsch- halfon, n. e. Siberia, June 21). Motacilla baicalensis var. temporalis Swinnor, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 363. Genus BUDYTES Cuvier. Budytes Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1817, 371. (Type, Motacilla fava Linneus. ) Motacillide with vellow under parts, but with the hind claw longer than its digit, slender and slightly arched; otherwise essentially as in Motacilla, bat with tail relatively shorter and tarsus longer (the former decidedly shorter than the wing, the latter nearly twice to more than twice as long as exposed culmen), and tip of wing usually more pointed, with outermost (ninth) primary longest or at least decidedly longer than the sixth, which is abruptly longer than the fifth. Coloration. Under parts yellow, without black on throat or chest: back olive-green; or if gray or black the whole head yellow. Nidification.—Nest on ground, usually concealed by tufts of grass, open above, bulky, composed of grasses, mosses, rootlets, ete., lined with softer materials; eg@s whitish or pale bluish, freckled, mottled, or speckled with brown. Range.—Palearctic Region. 8 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. KEY TO SUBSPECIES OF BUDYTES FLAVUS. a. Under parts distinctly yellow; pileum and hindneck gray, in contrast with olive- greenish of back. (Adults. ) 6. Under parts deeper and purer yellow (lemon yellow), throat always (?) wholly yellow, only the chin being white; back brighter olive-green. (Europe; etc.) Budytes flavus flavus (extralimital )@ bb. Under parts paler and duller yellow; throat always (?) more or less white on upper portion; back duller olive-green. c. Brighter yellow below, with less of dusky spotting on chest; back and rump brighter olive-green; larger, especially the bill (adult male averaging wing 79.9, exposed culmen 12.6; adult female averaging wing 76.2, exposed culmen 12.8). (Eastern Siberia and Kamchatka, south in winter to south- ermrAtsia cetCs) See eee Budytes flavus leucostriatus (extralimital)? ce. Duller and paler yellow below, with more of dusky on chest; back and rump duller olive-green (the back more grayish); smaller, especially the bill (adult male averaging wing 77.4, exposed culmen 11.7; adult female aver- aging wing 74.6, exposed culmen 11.7). (Western Alaska, north of the Alaskan peninsula, in summer; probably migrating through eastern Asia to the Philippine Islands in winter. )....--- Budytes flavus alascensis (p. 8) aa. Under parts dull buffy yellow or light yellowish buff, or dull whitish sometimes clouded with dusky on chest; pileum and hindneck olive or grayish brown, like back. (Young. ¢) BUDYTES FLAVUS ALASCENSIS, new subspecies. 7@ ALASKAN YELLOW WAGTAIL. Similar to B. 7. leucostriatus, but slightly smaller, especially the bill; coloration duller, the yellow of under parts paler and less pure, the chest more distinctly clouded or blotched with grayish, the olive- green of rump, ete., less pronounced. @[ Motacilla} flava Linnzeus Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, 185.—Motacilla flava Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., ili, 1825, 839, pl. 88; Dresser, Birds Europe, iii, 1875, 261, pl. 129, part, figs. 1, 2; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 516, part.—Budytes flava Cuvier, Régne An., 1817, 371; Fritsch, Vog. Eur., 1870, pl. 17, figs. 17, 18. — Parus luteus Gmelin (S. G.), Reis. Russl., iii, 1774, 101, pl. 20, fig. 1.—Parus caspicus Gmelin (8. G.), Reis. Russl., iii, 1774, 104, pl. 20, fig. 2.—Motacilla chrysogastra Bechstein, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 327.— Motacilla flavescens Stephens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., pt. 2, 1817, 559.— Motacilla neglecta Gould, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1833, 129; Birds Europe, ii, 1837, pl. 146.—Motacilla gouldi Macgillvray, Man. Brit. Birds, 1, 1840, 163.—Motacilla flava vulgaris Sundeyall, Oty. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockh., 1840, 53.—Budytes fasciatus Brehm, Vogelf., 1855, 141. 6 Motacilla flaveola (part) Pallas, Zoogr, Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 501.—Motacilla flava (not of Linnzeus) Middendorff, Sibir. Reise, ii, pt. 2, 1853, 168: Schrenck, Reise Amurl., i, 1860, 345; Radde, Reisen Siden Ost-Sibir., ii, 1863, 229; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 516, part.—Budytes flava Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1863, 274 (n. China; crit.); Taczanowski, Journ. fir Orn., 1875, 252 (Ussuri).— Budytes flavus Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 364 (China).—Budytes leucostri- atus Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., xxvi, Jan., 1878, 128 (Baikal).—Budytes flavus leucostriatus Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 280 (Bering islands and Petropaulski, Kamchatka; syn., crit., ete.).—Budytes leucostria Taeczanowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, 389. ¢ The series of young birds available is much too small to enable me to give sub- specific characters. «Type no. 732381, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, St. Michael, Alaska, June 1, 1877; L. M. Turner. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ) Adult malein spring and summer.—Pileum and hindneck plain slate color or slate-gray; auricular region similar, but rather darker, the lores and suborbital region still darker, sometimes almost black; a distinct white superciliary stripe, narrower anteriorly; back and scapulars dull olive-green (the feathers somewhat darker centrally), becoming brighter olive-green on rump, the upper tail-coverts dusky, edged with olive-green; wings dusky, with pale grayish brown edgings, the middle and greater coverts margined terminally with pale olive or whitish, the tertials edged with the same; tail dusky (rather darker than wings), the rectrices edged with pale grayish brown or olive; exterior rectrix white, with inner portion of its inner web dusky, except toward end; next rectrix with inner web chiefly white for terminal half or more but dusky toward edge; anterior por- tion (sometimes the whole) of malar region, chin, and (usually, at least) more or less of upper throat white; rest of under parts light yellow (intermediate between canary and naples yellow), the chest more or less clouded or spotted with grayish dusky or olive; bill, legs, and feet black, or brownish black; iris brown; length (skins), 133-166 (153.4); wing, 74-82 (77.4); tail, 65-71 (67.5); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.7); tarsus, 23-26.5 (24.5); middle toe, 14-16 (15); hind claw, 9-13 (10.5).¢ Adult female in spring and summer.—Similar to the adult male of corresponding season and apparently not always distinguishable, but usually considerably duller in color, with gray of the head more brownish; length (skins), 144-161 (151.6); wing, 73-77 (74.6)); tail, 64-70.5 (65.8); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.7); tarsus, 23.5-26 (24.4); middle toe, 14-16 (15.1); hind claw, 10-13 (10-9).? Young male in jirst autumn.—Ahbove plain olive, more grayish on head and rump; wings and tail as in adults; superciliary stripe, chin, and throat pale straw yellow, the first two paler, nearly white; rest of under parts pale buffy yellow or yellowish buff, paler (nearly white) on under tail-coverts; chest tinged with brown, and with a distinct crescentic patch of darker brown; sides and flanks light grayish brown or olive. Young females in first autumn.—Similar to the young male of cor- responding season, but chest less strongly tinged with brown and with only a few spots of darker brown. Young, nestling plumage.—Above olive-brown, the wings and tail as in the autumnal plumage; superciliary stripe, malar stripe, and under parts pale yellowish buff, relieved by a conspicuous crescentic «Eleven specimens. » Five specimens. Specimens of Budytes flavus leucostriatus measure as follows: Adult males.—W ing, 77-82 (79.9); tail, 68-73 (70.3) ; exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.6); tarsus, 25; middle toe, 15-16.5 (15.6); hind claw, 10-13 (11.8). (Seven specimens. ) Adult females.—Wing, 73-78 (76.2); tail, 63-69 (65.4); exposed culmen, 12-15.5 (12.8); tarsus, 24-26 (25); middle toe, 14-16 (15.5); hind claw, 10-13 (11.8). (Six specimens. ) 10 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. patch on chest of sooty black, connected laterally with a submalar stripe of the same color along each side of throat; bill, legs, and feet brownish. Western Alaska (coast near mouth of Nushagak River, Norton Sound, Kotzebue Sound, Choris Peninsula, near Point Barrow, ete.) in summer; migrating westward through eastern Asia by an undeter- mined route;“ winter residence unknown; more western (nearer) Aleu- tian Islands in late summer. Budytes flava (not Motacilla flava Linnzeus) Barrp, Trans. Chicago Ae. Sci., i, 1869, 3, pl. 30, fig. 1 (St. Michael, Alaska).—Da.ti and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 277 (St. Michael, Alaska, June 9—Aug.).— Hartine, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 114 (Choris Peninsula, Alaska).— TristRAM, Ibis, 1871, 231 (St. Michael; crit.).—Fiyscu, Abh. Brem. Nat. Ver., iii, 1872, 37.—Barirp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 167, pl. 10, fig. 2.—Ripeway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 38 (St. Michael; abundant, breeding).—NeEtson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 34 (St. Michael); vi, 1881, 4 (St. Michael); Cruise of ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1881 (1883), 62 part (mouths of Yukon, Kotzebue Sound, ete., Alaska). B{udytes] flavus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 284. Budytes flavus TuRNER, Auk. ii, 1885, 157 (Nearer islands, Aleutian group, late summer visit.). Motacilla flava (not of Linnzeus) Adams, Ibis, 1878, 423 (St. Michael, breeding; descr. nest and eggs). Budytes flavus leucostriatus (not Budytes leucostriatus Homeyer) STEINEGER, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 128, part (Alaskan specimens).—AMERICAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 696, part.—TurNER, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 179 (St. Michael; mouths of Yukon, mouth of Kuskokwim, and Nushagak; habits).—Nertson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 205, part (St. Michael; St. Matthews, and St. Lawrence islands, Bering sea; habits; descriptions).—Sronr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, 33 (Point Barrow, Alaska, June, Aug. ). Bludytes] flavus leucostriatus Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 535. Genus ANTHUS Bechstein. Anthus Brecustein, Gem. Naturg. Deutschl., iii, 1807, 704. (Type, by elimina- tion, A. aquaticus Bechstein, = Alauda spinoletta Linnzeus. ) Spipola Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam. and Birds, 1816, 21. (Type, Alauda pratensis Linneeus. ) Corydalla Vicors, Zool. Journ., ii, 1826, 397. (Type, Anthus richardi Vieillot. ) Pipastes Kaup, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 38. (Type, Alauda arborea Gmelin, = A. trivialis Linnezeus. ) Leimoniptera> Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 39. (Type, Alauda pratensis Linnzeus. ) Agrodroma Swatnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 241. (Type, Anthus rufescens Tem- mineck, = Alauda campestris Linnzeus. ) Cichlops Honason, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, 83. (Type C. monticolus Hodgson, = Anthus richardi Vieillot. ) , Cinedium ¢ SunpEVALL, Ofy. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1850 (pub. 1851), 100. (Type, Anthus lineiventris Sundevall. ) “Winter specimens from the Philippine Islands apparently belong to this form; but owing to the fact that no winter specimens undoubtedly belonging to this sub- species are available for comparison their identification is uncertain. )Erroneously cited as Leimoniptila in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 534. ¢Krroneously cited as Cynedium in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 534. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 1] Neocorys ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond:, 1857, 5. (Type, Alauda spraguen Audubon. ) Notiocorys Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Oct. 1864, 151, 156. (Type, “‘Alauda rufa Gmelin,’? = Anthus parvus Lawrence. ) Pediocorys © Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Oct., 1864, 151, 157. (Type, Anthus bogo- tensis Sclater. ) Xanthocorys Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 457, 619. (Type, Anthus nattereri Sclater. ) Motacillidee, with the plumage more or less streaked, tail decidedly shorter than wing, the under parts neither pure white,’ yellow,’°@ orange,” nor red,” but more or less buffy or cinnamomeous, and more or less streaked, at least on sides, and without black on chest or throat, except in form of streaks; planta tarsi not scutellate, except the lower portion. Range.—Cosmopolitan (wanting only in Papuan islands and Poly- nesia). (Numerous species. ) Nidiyication.—Nest on ground, among grass tufts or rocks, open above, composed of grasses, etc., lined with softer materials; eggs profusely speckled with brown, often so densely as to appear almost uniformly of that color. The above combination of characters will serve to readily distinguish this genus from other Motacillide. I have not been able to satisfac- torily subdivide the group, for, notwithstanding very marked varia- tions in relative length of the hallux and its claw to that of the middle toe and tarsus and in the wing formula, there seems to be no correla- tion of these variations with one another or with other characters, while at the same time the most extreme variations seem to be con- nected by intermediate conditions. This is apparently the case both as to Weocorys and Xanthocorys; and if these are recognized as genera it will certainly be necessary to recognize other groups as of equal rank. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ANTHUS. a. Sixth primary conspicuously longer than fifth, the difference between them very much greater than that between fifth and fourth; wing more than 75 mm. (usually very much more). b. Hallux and claw together not longer than middle toe and claw and shorter than tarsus. c. Rump and upper tail-coverts not streaked; second rectrix partly white. (Wigntly Arneriea orto oo Ss es Se eee eee Anthus pensilvanicus (p. 12) ec. Rump and upper tail-coverts conspicuously streaked with darker. (Northern Europe and Asia, south in winter to northeastern Africa and southern Asia; accidental in Alaska and Lower California. ) - -----. Anthus cervinus (p. 15) aErroneously given as Pedicorys in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 534, and the page wrongly cited as 15 (as also in case of Notiocorys). >To exclude genera Motacilla and Limonidromus. ¢To exclude genera Motacilla, Budytes, and Macrony-. @To exclude genus Macronyx. eTo exclude genus Oreocorys. 12 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bb. Hallux and claw together longer than middle toe and claw, equal to or longer than tarsus. c. Sides and flanks conspicuously streaked with dusky; wing nearly four times as long as tarsus, the latter less than twice as long as exposed culmen. (Europe, south in winter to northeastern Africa and western Asia; occa- sionalin Greenland®)) sleteaee = a ae een ee eee Anthus: pratensis (p. 18) ce. Sides and flanks not distinctly, if at all, streaked (except in young); wing much less than four times as long as tarsus, the latter not less than twice as long as exposed culmen. (Interior plains of North America. ) Anthus spragueii (p. 20) aa. Sixth primary not conspicuously longer than fifth, the difference between them not greater than that between fifth and fourth; wing less than 65 mm., usually muchilessh i (isthmnstot (amends) eae a ee ‘Anthus parvus (p. 22) ANTHUS PENSILVANICUS (Latham). AMERICAN PIPIT. Adults (sexes alike) in spring and summer. —Above grayish olive or hair brown, usually more or less inclining to gray, especially on pileum and hindneck, the feathers of pileum, back, and scapulars darker centrally, forming indistinct streaks; wings and tail dusky with pale grayish olive or olive-grayish edgings, the middle wing- coverts margined terminally with pale grayish buffy, dull grayish, or dull whitish, the greater coverts also sometimes margined at tips with the same; pale edgings to tertials, especially the longer, sometimes passing into whitish terminally; outermost rectrix with outer web and shaft, except at base, and nearly the terminal half of inner web white, that on inner web extending much more than halfway to the base next to shaft, the dusky of basal portion extending more than two- thirds the distance toward tip along inner edge; second rectrix with a terminal white space, this also extending much farther externally than internally; third rectrix sometimes also with a small wedge-shaped mark of white at tip; a superciliary stripe and entire under parts varying from pinkish buff to deep cinnamon-buff or vinaceous buffy cinnamon, the chest, sides, and flanks usually more or less streaked with dusky, but sometimes the entire under surface immaculate, except for a few very indistinct streaks of dusky gravish on flanks; bill dusky brown, nearly black on culmen and tip, the mandible paler (more horn colored) basally; iris brown; legs and feet black or brownish black or else the tarsi dark brownish. Adults in winter. Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but general color of upper parts much browner or more olivaceous, super- ciliary stripe and under parts much paler, varying from dull cream- buff to dull buffy white, the chest, sides, and flanks (especially the first) more heavily streaked with brown or dusky; mandible more extensively light colored, and legs and feet never (4) blackish, but brown, the toes usually somewhat darker. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 13 Young in second summer.“—Upper parts grayish, as in summer adults, but superciliary stripe and under parts paler (dull pale buffy or dull buffy white) than in winter adults, the chest, sides, and flanks conspicuously streaked with dusky; bill and feet blackish, as in summer adults. Poung tn first autumn and winter.—Similar to winter adults, but upper parts decidedly brown and superciliary stripe and under parts ‘ather deeper brownish buff, with streaks on chest, etc., less sharply defined. Young, first plumage.—Similar to winter adults, but scapulars and interscapulars much darker centrally, the dorsal region being distinctly spotted with dusky, pale superciliary stripe indistinct or obsolete; streaks on chest and sides of lower throat blacker, usually heavier, those on sides and flanks indistinct or obsolete. Adult male.—Length (skins), 140-160 (149.6); wing, 78-92 (85.1); tail, 57.5-70 (64.7); exposed culmen, 11-13 (12.5); tarsus, 20.5-23 (21.7); middle toe, 18-15 (14.4); hind claw, 7-11 (8.9).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 135-155 (146.7); wing, 78-87 (81.9); tail, 60-66 (62.2); exposed culmen, 11-13 (12.1); tarsus, 21—-22.5 (21.7); middle toe, 13.5-15 (14.4); hind claw, 7-11 (9.4).°¢ «The species breeds in this plumage, which is very different from the fully adult summer dress. > Thirty specimens. ¢Twenty specimens. Specimens from separate geographic areas (nearly all breeding birds) average, respectively, as follows: | ye | | Locality. Wing. | Tail. dared leoaseanie Middle a = lf er | x : MALES. | | Ten adult males from northeastern North America. 83.6 64.5 11.9] 21.5 14.1 9.4 Ten adult males (breeding birds) from Colorado ~.. 89 66,3 12.6 | Oran Wal g 7.6 Ten adult males from Pacifie coast (nearly all Menene yet tents fe NA ahd BRS 4 2 82.6] 63.4] 119) 215] 143] 9 rEMALES. | Seven adult females from northeastern North PEELS IG Alcea s ee Re eels Ne ancien eee Ba Serctan ste cots (ee SlSaleeO2.l |) ae SH cOIS8 14.8 O27 Six adult females (all breeding birds) from Colorado! 83.2 62.2 12.5 21.5 14 8.5 Seven adult females (mostly breeding) from Pacifie FEST NR ERE Soe le, aloes oN G seh te an aCe Cah ta uister ee Sale 81.1 62.2 12 21.9 14.3 | 9:7 Nearly all the specimens from Colorado, especially the females, were taken after the middle of July, and have the primaries and rectrices much worn at ends; conse- quently Colorado specimens in unworn plumage would show greater average length of wing and tail. I am unable to make out any constant difference in coloration according to locality. Possibly western specimens (including both the Rocky Mountain and Alaskan series ) average a little paler, with the chest more often unstreaked, or but slightly streaked, than eastern, but the individual variation*is so great in examples from any localiry that I doubt the possibility of subdividing the species satisfactorily. 14 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The whole of North America, breeding from Newfoundland, Proy- ince of Quebec (Point de Monts?), high mountains of Colorado and the Sierra Nevada (above timber line, 13,000 feet and upward) northward, including the Shumagin and Aleutian islands, Alaska, and northeastern Siberia (Tschuktschi Peninsula); Greenland (breeding’?); in winter southward over whole of United States and greater part of Mexico to highlands of Gautemala, and to Bermudas; accidental in Heligoland (two specimens). | Alauda] pensilvanica Laraam, Synop. Birds, Suppl., i, 1787, 287 (based on The Lark from Pensilvania Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., ii, 185, pl. 297; IL Alouette de Pensilvanie Brisson, Orn., vi, App. 94). Anthus pensylvanicus THIENEMANN, Rhea, ii, 1849, 171 (monogr.).—ZANDER, Journ. fur Orn., 1, 1858, Extrah. 1854, 63 (monogr.); Naumannia, iv, 1854, 13 (monogr. ) Anthus pensilvanicus StpINEGER, Auk, 1, April, 1884, 168.—BicKknett, Auk, i, 1884, 209 (song).—Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 236 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, breeding); Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 180 (Aleutian Islands, St. Michael, etc.).—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGIST’s Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 697.—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 136 (Puebla, Mexico, Dec.).—NeEtson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 208.—Town- sEND, Auk, iv, 1887, 18 (Kowak R., Alaska, summer).—Bryanv, Bull. Coll. Ac. Sei., 1, 1887, 307 (Guadalupe I., Lower California, flock, Feb. 2).— Pautmen, Vega-Exp., 1887, 272 (Tschuktsch-halfon, n. e. Siberia, June 10).—Ripaway, Orn. Ills., i, 1889, 111.—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 39 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft).—Brartow, Auk, xix, 1902, 30 (Newfoundland, breeding). A[nthus] pensilvanicus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 536. Anthus pennsylvanicus GantKer, Journ. fir Orn., 1856, 71 (Heligoland ).—PatLmEr (W.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 265 (Cloud Hills, Canada Bay, New- foundland, breeding at 1,000 ft.).—Bryrr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat., 1897-99 (1900), 115 (Louisiana, winter resid.). [Anthus spipoletta.| Subsp. a. Anthus pennsylvanicus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 596. A[nthus] pennsylvanicus Jorpan, Man. Vert. E. U. S., 4th ed., 1884, 57. Anthus pennsilvanicus Turner, Auk, ii, 1885, 157 (Nearer Islands, Aleutian Chain, Alaska, breeding). [ Alauda] ludoviciana GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 793 (based on Louisiane Lark Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 376).—LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 494. Anthus ludovicianus LicuTENsTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 37.—BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 18.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 94; Birds Am., oct. ed., lii, 1841, 40, pl. 150.—Nurrauti, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., ed. 2, i, 1840, 517.—J ARpINE, Contr. Orn., 1848, 82 (Bermudas, autumnal visitor).—HurpIs, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 36 (Bermudas, Nov.).—Remuarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 439; Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland ).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 293 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1857, 126 (San José Valley, California); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 24 (Petaluma, California).—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 232; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 165; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 153.—Jonrs, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 29 (Bermudas, in autumn).— Brann, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1859 (1860), 287 (Bermudas) .—REtn- HARDT, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).—Sciarer and Saxviy, Ibis, 1859. 9 (Duenas, Guatemala, Feb. ).—Brastus, Ibis, 1862, 71 (Heligoland, accid.).— 3LAKISTON, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).—Ducks, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, / BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 15 140 (Guanajuato, Mexico).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I. ).—Datu and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 277 (Alaska).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 78.—A.tEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 267 (e. Florida, winter resid. ); iii, 1872, 161 (Mount Lincoln, Colorado, breeding) .—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 55; 2d ed., 1882, no. 89; Birds N. W., 1874, 40; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 193.—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 107.—LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 268 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, winter); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 14 (Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, Nov. 1).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 171, Meaty tes 1874, 504 (breeding on Mt. Lincoln, Colorado, above 13,000 ft. ).—Dresser, Birds Europe, iii, 1874, 331, pl. 189.—Cornravx, Ibis, 1875, 181 ( Heligoland; 2 specs.).—HensHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 187.—Nerwton, Man. Nat. Hist. Greenl., 1875, 98 (Greenland; breeding ?).—D’Ha MONVILLE, Ois. Eur., 1876, —— (Heligoland).—Brewenr, Bull. Nat. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 194 (Swampscott, Massachusetts, 1 spec., June 8).—Scorr (W. E. D.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 92 (Lake Co., Colorado, breeding at 13,000 ft.).—Satvin, and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 108.—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 426 (Nevada, winter); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 71.—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 88 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding above timber line; remarks on variations of plumage ).—Merrriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 234 (Point de Monts, Quebec; breeding? ).— Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 147 (Shumagin Islands, July; Cape Lisburne, Aug. ). A[nthus] ludovicianus Gray, Gen, Birds, i, 1847, 146.—CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 14.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 286. [Anthus] ludoviciana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 249. [Anthus] ludovicianus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 250, no. 3619.—CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 90.—Scuarer and Satvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 8. A[nthus] spinoletta, var. ludovicianus Sresoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1883, 249, in text. [Alauda] rubra Gettin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 794 (based on Red Lark Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. 2, 377; Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, 393).—Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 494. [Motacilla] hudsonica Larnam, Index Orn., Suppl., ii, 1801, 503 (based on Hud- sonian Wagtail Latham, Gen. Svnop., Suppl., ii, 231).—Vrertiort, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 47; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 409. Alauda rufa (not of Gmelin) Wiison, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 89, pl. 42, fig. 4.—Bona- PARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., iv, 1824, 181. Anthus rubens Merrem, in Ersch & Gruber’s Encycl., iv, 1820, 290. Anthus spinoletta (not Alauda spinoletta Linnzeus) Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., ii, 1826, 90.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 450.— TownsEnpD, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., viii, 1839, 154 (Columbia R.). Anthus aquaticus (not of Bechstein) AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i (name on pl. 10).— Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 231, pl. 44. Anthus pipiens Aupuson, Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 408, pl. 80; v, 1839, 449, pl. 80.— Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 28. Anthus reinhardtii HoLB6iL, Fauna Groenl. (ed. Paulsen), 1846, 25. Anthus hypogeus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 65. ANTHUS CERVINUS (Pallas). VINACEOUS-THROATED PIPIT. Adults in spring and summer (sexes alike).— Above light grayish brown (nearly hair brown or broccoli brown) streaked with dusky, the streaks broadest on back and rump; wings and tail dusky with pale 16 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. erayish brown edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly mareined at tips with dull white,’ the tertials broadly edged with the same; outermost primary narrowly edged with white; outermost rectrix with terminal and most of outer portion white, the next rectrix some- times with a small white spot at tip of inner web; a broad superciliary stripe, most of loral and suborbital regions, malar region, chin, and throat plain vinaceous-cinnamon or fawn color, this sometimes extend- ing over chest; rest of under parts pale buff or buffy white, the sides and flanks, usually also the chest, more rarely the longer under tail- coverts, rather broadly streaked with dusky; maxilla dark brown o1 brownish black, paler on tomia; mandible pale brownish, darker termi- nally; iris brown; legs and feet brownish, the tarsi usually paler than toes. Adults in autumn and winter.°—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but upper parts more buffy brown, with dusky streaks less sharply defined, and under parts of body more strongly buffy or buffy yellow. Immature (second year?).—Similar to adults, but malar stripe, chin, and throat pale buff or buffy whitish, like rest of under parts, super- ciliary stripe also pale buffy or buffy whitish (at least anteriorly) and chest always (4) heavily streaked with blackish. Young in jirst autumn. —Similar to the supposed immature plumage, as described above, but general color of upper parts much more decidedly brownish and under parts deep creamy buff. Adult male.—Length (skins), 125-158 (144.6); wing, 80-89 (84); tail, 57-62 (59.8); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.8); tarsus, 21-22 (21.5); middle toe, 15; hind claw, 9-12 (10).¢ Adult female.— Length (skins), #28-153 (140.5); wing, 80-83 (81.5); tail, 55-62 (58.5); exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 22; middle toe, 15; hind claw, 10-11 (10.5).¢ “These whitish tips usually worn away in midsummer, at least on the greater coverts. > Examination of specimens renders it quite certain that the vinaceous color of the throat in this species has nothing to do with season. CSix specimens. “Two specimens. Western and eastern specimens compare in average measurements as follows: Middle} Hind x- Locality. Wing. | Tail. spore’ Tarsus.| toe, | claw. MALES Three adult males from Norway (1) and Egypt (2).. 86 61 11.6 21 15 10 Three adult males from Japan (1) and China (2)....| 84 59.8 12 22 15 10 PEMALES. Qneadulitemaletrom Wey pisses. 5. ese ee ee 83 62 12 22 15 10 Oneadulttemaletrom'Chind.222: 2.2 bees esas. eee | SO BB «| 12e 5m 22 15 ll BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. i Entire Palearctic Region, but chiefly east of Ural Mountains; bre edine on the tundra districts of northern Siberia. and, locally => v9 northern Europe; migrating southward in winter to southern China, Burma, Andaman Islands, India, Persia, Egypt, Nubia, and Abys- sinia; accidental in western Alaska (Aleutian Islands; St. Michael, one specimen),” and in Lower California (San José del Cabo, one speci- men, January 26, 1883.) Motacilla cervina Pacuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 511. Anthus cervinus KnyseruinG and Buasrus, Wirb. Eur., i. 1840, pp. xlviii, 172.— Mippenporr®, Sibir. Reis., 1851, 165.—Zanper, Journ. fir Orn., 1853, Extraheft, i, 64 (Aleutian Islands).—SunpEva.1, Svensk. Vogl., 1858, pl. 8, fig. 6.—PAss.ter, Journ. fir Orn., 1859, 464-469 (monographic ).—DrGLanp and GERBE, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 369.—Locur, Exped. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 17.—GovuLp, Birds, Asia, iv, 1869, pl. 66; Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 1870, pl. 12.—F ritscu, Vog. Eur., pl. 16, fig. 5.—Satvaport, Fauna Ital., Ucc, 1871, 126.—HartinG, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 109.—Suetiey, Birds Egypt, 1872, 121.—NeEwton, ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1874, 579.—DresseEr, Birds Eur., iii, 1874, 299, pls. 135, 136.—BiytH and Waupen, Birds Burma, 1875, 96.—Davip and OustaLet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 306.—Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 156, 350 (San José del Cabo, Lower California, Jan. 26, 1883; 1 spec. ).—BE.tpinaG, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi., 1883, 350 (San José del Cabo ).— British OrnirHovoaists’ Unton, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 32.—SrErsoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1883, 229.—Tristram, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 55.— Ravppeg, Orn. Cauc., 1884, 219.—SHarpes, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 585.— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 699.—TuRNEr, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 180, pl. 9, lower fig. (St. Michael, Alaska. )—NE - son, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 209 (St. Michael; Aleutians?).—Sreyn- EGER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 144 (Bering I., Kamchatka, 1 spec., spring); xxi, 1898, 287 (Kuril Islands; breeding?).—Saunpers, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xii, 1901, 35 (Winfield, Sussex, England, 1 spec., Noy. 26, 1901). A[nthus] cervinus CaBaANis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 14 (Greece).—Rimpaway, Man. N. Am., Birds, 1887, 537. Anthus cecilii Aupourn, Hist. Nat. de l’ Egypte, Ois., 1828, 360, pl. 5, fig. 6.— Buanrorp, Geol. and Zool. Abyssin., 1870, 382. Anthus pratensis nubicus Hempricn and ExRMANN, Symb. Phys., 1828, fol. ed. Anthus rufogularis Bream, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 340.—Gouup, Birds Eur., ii, 1837, pl. 140.—Bonaprartrr, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 18.—MippENporer, Sibir. Reis., 1851, 164. [Anthus] rufogularis Licarenstetn, Nom. Ay. Mus. Berol., 1854, 38. - Anthus pratensis rufigularis SCHLEGEL, Rey. Crit., 1844, p. xxxvi.—Gou.p, Proc. ' Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 151.—Buyrn, Ibis., 1867, 31. Anthus cervinus, var. rufogularis Sypevertsoy, Turkest. Jevotn., 1873, 67, 140. Anihus pratensis (not Alauda pratensis Linnzeus) Naumann, VOg. Deutschl., iii, 774, part, 1823, pl. 85, fig. 1 (supposed summer plumage ).—Eversmann, Add. Pallas’s Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 1835, 15.—Covurs, Check List, 1873, 125, no. 55 bis. (St. Michael, Alaska).—Barrp, Brewer and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 178, part (St. Michael).—Netson, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1881 (1883), 62 (St. Michael). «Collected by Messrs. Dall and Bannister, of the Russian American Telegraph Survey, in 1867, but the exact date not recorded. The specimen is in the collection of the United States National Museum. 2 10384—voL 3—03 18 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Anthus rufosuperciliaris BLYTH, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, 1860, 105 (Pegu). Anthus thermophilus Swinwor, Ibis, 1860, 55, 429 (Amoy, China); 1861, 36, 411. Anthus japonicus (not Anthus pratensis japonicus Temminck and Schlegel) Swin- HOE, Ibis, 1861, 333 (n. China); 1863, 443 (n. Japan). Anthus ruficollis ‘‘Vieill.”” Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 424.—HeruGuiin, Orn. N. O.-Afr., i, 1869, 323. (?) Anthus pelopus Hopeson, in Gray’s Zool. Mise., 1844, 83. ANTHUS PRATENSIS (Linnzus). MEADOW PIPIT. Adults (sexes alike®.— Above clear, somewhat buffy, olive, conspicu- ously streaked, except on rump and upper tail-coverts, with black or dusky, the streaks: broadest on back; upper tail-coverts indistinctly darker medially; wings and tail dusky grayish brown, with pale olive edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly margined at tips with still paler olive or pale olive-buffy, the tertials edged terminally with the same; outermost rectrix with most of its outer web and much of the inner web dull white, on the inner web extending next to shaft halfway or more toward base, but for only a short distance along the edge; inner web of second rectrix with a white terminal spot; an indistinct superciliary stripe of pale yellowish olive or olive-yellowish, more or less streaked with darker; a broad malar stripe and entire under parts pale brownish buffy or dull buffy whitish, the throat some- times (in spring examples) more pronouncedly buff or cinnamon-buff; chest, sides, and flanks conspicuously streaked with black or dusky, the throat bordered along each side by a submalar series of black or dusky streaks; maxilla dark brown or blackish, becoming pale brown on tomia; mandible pale brownish, usually dusky terminally; iris brown; legs and feet pale brownish (in dried skins). Young in first autumn and winter.—Similar to adults, but more brownish or ochreous olive above, with dusky streaks less distinct, and under parts more strongly buffy, especially on sides and flanks, with the dusky streaks less sharply defined. Young in first plumage.—Similar to adults, but ground color of upper parts paler and grayer; under parts dull grayish white or pale buffy yellowish, with dusky streaks less sharply defined. Adult male.—Length (skins), 145-155 (152.4); wing, 78-82 (80); tail, 56-63 (59.4); exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 15; hind claw, 10-12 (10.8).? “1 am unable to detect, in a large series of specimens, any decided or constant dif- ference in coloration according to season. In the more freshly assumed plumage of autumn the general color of the upper parts is of a rather more decided olive hue, and that of the under parts more decided buffy than in most spring examples; but a considerable number of the latter are as strongly colored as any autumn or winter examples, while one taken in December is in no respect distinguishable from others taken in April. > Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 19 Adult female.—Length (skins), 141-154 (148.4); wing, 72-79 (75.4); tail, 52-58 (55.2); exposed culmen, 11-13 (12); tarsus, 21; middle toe, 15; hind claw, 11--12 (11.2).¢ Western division of the Palearctic Region, breeding over the greater part of Europe (in Spain, Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, and Palestine, only on higher mountains), migrating southward in winter to northern Africa. Accidental in Greenland (one specimen, taken in 1845). [ Alauda] pratensis Linn mus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10,1, 1758, 166 (based on The Titlark Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, i, 41, pl. 48, etc.) ; ed. 12, i, 1766, 287.—GmMeELIn, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 792. Alauda pratensis Forster, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, 76. Anthus pratensis Brcustein, Gem. Naturg. Deutschl., ii, 1807, 732.—TrmMinck, Man. d’Orn., i, 1820, 269.—Naumann, Voég. Deutschl., iii, 1823, 774, part.— Werner, Atlas, Insectivores, 1827, pl. 80.—Goump, Birds Europe, ii, 1837, pl. 186; Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 1870, pl. 18.—Macariitivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1839, 181.—KrysErRLInG and Buasrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, 172.—Srtys- Lonecuampes, Faun. Belg., 1842, 87.—Yarretu, Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1843, 389.—HeEwitson, Eggs Brit. Birds, 1, 1846, 133, pl. 36, fig. 1.—PauLsen, ed. Holboll’s Fauna Gron., 1846, 24.—Wo.tky, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 108 (Faroé Islands, breeding).—Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 69.—NrEwrton, in Baring Gould’s Iceland, 1863; ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1874, 575.— Ks#RBouiine, Orn. Dan., 1852, pl» 17, fig. 3.—Zanprer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, Extrah., 1, 60 (monogr.).—ScHLEGEL, Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 96; Dier. Nederl., Vog., 1861, pl. 9, fig. 5.—Sunprva.i, Svensk. Fogl., 1856, pl. 8, fig. 7.—LINDERMAYER, VOg. Griechenl., 1860, 77.—ReryHarpt, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland, 1 spec., 1845).—Barirp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 155 (Green- land).—DrGLanb and GeErsBE, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 367.—Locur, Exped. Sci. Algér., Ois.. ii, 1867, 16.—Hevueuin, Orn. N. O.-Afr., 1869, 323.—Fritscu, Vog. Eur., 1870, pl. 16, fig. 7.—Satvaporr, Faun. Ital. Uce., 1871, 125.— SHELLEY, Birds Egypt, 1872, 131.—Harrine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 24.— Dressrr, Birds Europe, iii, 1874, 285, pl. 132, fig. 1.—Barkp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 173, part, pl. 10, fig. 4.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 72.—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 88.— Brrrish OrnirHovoaists’ Unton, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 32.—Rappr, Orn. Caucas., 1884, 217.—Trisrram, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 55.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 580.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 698. A[nthus] pratensis Gray, Gen. Birds, 1, 1847, 206.—CapBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 14.—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 285.—Ripa@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 536. [ Anthus] pratensis BoNApartE, Cousp. Ay., i, 1850, 248.—Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 251, no. 3645. Spipola pratensis Leacu, Cat. Mamm., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 21.—Bovucarp, Cat. Ay., 1876, 211, no. 6523. Leimoniptera pratensis Kaur, Naturl. Syst., 1829, 39. Parus ignotus Briixnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 73 (see Strickland, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1852, 44, 45).—Gme.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1006. Anthus sepiarius Virruor, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 486 (based on Alauda sepiaria Brisson; Le Cujelier Daubenton Pl. Enl., pl. 660, fig. 2).— Rovx, Orn. Proy., 1825, pl. 188. “Seven specimens. 20 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Anthus palustris Breum, Lehrb., 1823, 244; Vog. Deutschl., 1851, 334. Anthus stagnatilis BrenM, Vog. Deutsehl., 1831. Anthus danicus Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus pratorum BreuM, Vog. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus alticeps Brrum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus tenuirostris Bream, Vog. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus musicus Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus viresceus Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus lichtensteini Bream, Vog. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus desertorum Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831. Anthus montanellus Bren, Vog. Deutschl., 1801. Anthus tristis Battty, Mém. Soe. d’Emul. Abbeville, 1833, 14. Anthus communis Biytu, ed. White’s Nat. Hist. Selbourne, 1850, 261. Anthus intermedius Syevertsoy, Ibis, 1876, 172. ANTHUS SPRAGUEII (Audubon). SPRAGUE’S PIPIT. Adults (sewes alike) in spring.“—Above pale buffy grayish brown broadly streaked with dusky, the streaks broadest on back, narrowest on hindneck; wings and tail dusky with pale buffy grayish brown edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts margined terminally with the same, the outermost primary edged with white; outermost rectrix white, with basal half, or more, of inner portion of inner web dusky grayish; next rectrix with approximately the outer half white, the inner half grayish dusky; sides of head, including superciliary stripe and lores, and entire under parts dull buffy white, becoming more or less pronouncedly brownish buffy on chest, sides and flanks, the chest narrowly streaked with blackish, the sides of breast more broadly but less distinctly streaked with grayish brown; axillars and under wing-coverts white; maxilla dusky brown or brownish black with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish (in dried skins), darker ter- minally; iris brown; legs and feet pale buffy brown (in dried skins). Adults and young in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring plumage, but more pronounced buffy, both above and below, lower throat, chest, breast, sides, and flanks rather deep dull buff, with dusky streaks on chest rather broader and less sharply defined than in spring and summer. Young, first plumage.—Pileum broadly streaked with black and pale buff, the former predominating; scapulars and interscapulars black edged with buff and conspicuously margined terminally with white; rump similarly marked, but terminal margins to feathers buff instead of white; wings and tail as in adults, but whitish or pale buffy terminal margins to middle and greater wing-coverts broader and more sharply detined; under parts as in adults, but white of chin and throat more strongly contrasted with the pale buff of chest, ete. “In summer the colors become paler, with less of a buffy tinge on under parts, the upper parts less buffy, with the paler wing-edgings less distinct. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 2] Adult male.—Length (skins), 140-152 (146.5); wing, 77-84 (81.5); tail, 538-59 (57); exposed culmen, 11.5-13 (12.2); tarsus, 22-24 (22.9): middle toe, 16-16.5 (16.1); hind claw, 11.5-14 (12.6).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 148-152 (150); wing, 77-80 (78.5): tail, 52; exposed culmen, 12.5-13 (12.7); tarsus, 22-23 (22.5): middle toe, 17-18 (17.5); hind claw, 12-15.5 (13.7).? Interior plains of North America; breeding from eastern Montana (Belt Mountains, Yellowstone River, etc.) and northern North Dakota (Red River Valley, ete.) to Assiniboia and the Saskatchewan district of Manitoba; in winter southward to Texas (Tom Green, Concho, Kendall, and Harris counties, ete.) and southern Louisiana, and through eastern Mexico to Vera Cruz and Puebla; occasional in winter on coast of South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, near Charleston, November). Alauda spragueii AuDuBON, Birds, Am., oct. ed., vii, 1843, 335, pl. 486 (Fort Union, North Dakota; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). [ Otocoris] sprangeri (typographical error) Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 246. Agrodroma spraguei Barry, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 399-Bowa. PARTE, Compt. Rend. xxxviii, 1856, 65. Neocorys spraguet Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 234; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 166.—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 80 (Upper Missouri and Sas- katchewan).—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 56; Birds N. W., 1874, 42.— Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 175, pl. 10, fig. 5.—ALLEN, eee Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 50 (Heart R., Fort Rice, Yellowstone R., ete.; habits; song; dae nest and eggs).—Brewer, Ibis, 1878, 116 (Fort set Texas).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 73.—NEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 8 (Harris Co., s. e. Texas, winter).—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 35 (Boerne, Kendall Co., w. Texas, Mar. 16 to Apr. 4) ——WriiAms, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 62 (Belt Mts., Montana, breeding). [ Neocorys] spraguei Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 91. Neocorys spraguti Scuaver, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 5.—BLaxkiston, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Forks of the Saskatchewan, May); 1863, 61 (Fort Carleton, Sas- katchewan, lat. 53°; abundant on prairies).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 90.—SHarpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 620 (Papillion, Nebraska, Sept.; Souris R., North Dakota). N[eocorys] spraguii Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 286. Anthus (Neocorys) spraguii Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 193, footnote. —SENNETT, Bull. U. S. Geog. and Geol. Surv. Terr., iv, no. 1, 1878, 10 (Galveston, Texas, Mar.). Anthus spraguei Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Oct., 1864, 155.—Covrs, Am. Nat., vii, 1875, 697.—Srron, Auk, ii, 1885, 269 (w. Manitoba; habits; song).— Witurams, Auk, v, 1888, 15 (near Grand Falls, Montana; song).—Satvin and GopMAN, Ibis, 1889, 236 (Vera Cruz, Mexico; Puebla).—Tuompson, Auk, x, 1895, 50 (Big Plain, Manitoba). [Anthus] spraguei Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 250, no. 3634. Anthus spragueti AMERICAN OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 700.— FerrRArRi-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 136 (Puebla, Mexico, Dec. ). ek sey Auk, iii, 1886, 327 (Assiniboine distr., w. Manitoba, sum- a F our specimens. > Two specimens. 22 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mer res.).—THORNE, Auk, iv, 1887, 265 (Fort Lyon, Colorado).—Luoyn, Auk, iv, 1887, 297 (Tom Green Co., Texas, 1 spec., Jan.; Concho Co., flock, Oct. 15).—Cooxer, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 264 (Mississippi Valley and - Texan range ).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 625 (Manitoba, common summer res. ; habits; song).—W&Ayne, Auk, xi, 1894, 80 (near Mount Pleasant, South Ciroieae Nov. 24, 1893; 1 spec.); xviii, 1901, 275 (same locality, Nov. 17, 1900).—Konn, Auk, xi, 1894, 181 (Averys Island, Loui- siana, Jan. 20, 1894).—Attison, Auk, xvi, 1899, 82 (near New Orleans, Louisiana, Noy. 24, 1898; 5 specs. ).—Bryrr, Proc. Louis. Soe. Nat., 1897-99 (1900), 116 (s. Louisiana, Oct. to Apr. ). A[nthus] spragueti Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 537 ANTHUS PARVUSé¢ Lawrence. PANAMA PIPIT, Adults (sexes alike).—Prevailing color of upper parts dusky, broken on pileum and hindneck by streaks of wood brown or brownish buff, these broad and very distinct in fresh plumage, narrower, sometimes obsolete in worn plumage; scapulars and interscapulars edged, more or less distinctly, with wood brown or isabella color, producing a more or less distinctly streaked appearance; rump nearly uniform isabella or raw-umber brown, the upper tail-coverts similar, but with a broad median streak of dusky; tail dull black, the middle pair of rectrices margined with light brown, the outermost rectrix mostly dull white or brownish white (the outer web becoming pale grayish brown terminally), the second rectrix similar, but with a stripe of dusky along edge of inner web; all the wing-feathers margined or edged with pale brown or brownish buffy, the edges of remiges inclining to pale brownish gray, the outermost primary with outer web white; under parts buffy whitish or dull yellowish white, more or less strongly washed with brown on chest, sides, and flanks, where streaked with eo prone or dusky; orbital ning) and malar stripe buffy white or ay find it very Sameult to Atte what name ak species should bear. Alauda rufa should be at once cast aside as being unquestionably not this species, the colored figures in the Planches Enluminées, upon which it is based, almost certainly representing a young Ofocoris. The next name in order of date, Alauda bonariensis Bonnaterre and Vieillot, has the same basis. The next, Anthus lutescens Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vii, 1855, 343, ex Lesson, Traité d’Orn, 1831, 424 (the latter a nomen nudum), can not be this ae according to the description. This brings us down to Anthus parvus Lawrence (1862), based on the Panama bird, the type being now before me, which name seems to be the first without question bestowed on the species. Anthus parvus is clearly divisible into several geographic forms, in different parts of South America, none of the numerous specimens which I have seen from south of the Isthmus of Panama being identical with Panama examples, all being larger and otherwise different. I shall not, however, in the present connection at least, further consider these South American subspecies, except to observe that the birds from Peru (Anthus peruvianus Nicholson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 390) is certainly different from the Brazilian and Guiana forms, respectively. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ey dull yellowish white, the auricular region pale brownish, indistinctly streaked with paler; maxilla dark brown or brownish black; mandible pale brownish basally, dark brown terminally; legs and feet pale yellowish brown or buffy (in dried skins). Young, first plumage.—Upper parts rather spotted than streaked, the feathers being narrowly margined at tips with pale brown; under parts brownish white or pale brownish buff, broadly streaked on chest, narrowly and rather indistinctly streaked on side, with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-115 (111.5); wing, 56-61 (59.2); tail, 41-44 (48.2); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 18-20 (19.2); middle toe, 12-14 (13.3) hind claw, 9.5-13.5 (10.7).@ Adult female.—Length (skin), 110; wing, 60; tail, 42; exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 19.5; middle toe, 13.5; hind claw, 8.? _ Isthmus of Panama (Panama City), Chiriqui (Divala), and Veragua (Santa Fe). Anthus rufus (not Alauda rufa Gmelin) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 322 (Panama R. R.).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 156 (Panama R. R. ).— SciaTer, Ibis, 1878, 360, part (crit.).—Satvin and GopMman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1880, 108, part (Panama; Veragua).—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 606, part (Panama; Santa Fe, Veragua). [ Anthus] rufus ScLaTER and Satyry, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 8, part. Anthus (Notiocorys) parvus LAwRENCcE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvii, June, 1865, 106, 107 (Panama City, Isthmus of Panama; coll. G. N. Lawrence). Anthus parvus Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,135 (Santa Fe, Veragua; crit.). Anthus rufus parvus Banas, Auk, xviii, Oct., 1901, 368 (Divala, Chiriqui). Family HIRUNDINID. THE SWALLOWS. Long-winged, fissirostral, ‘*‘nine-primaried” acutiplantar Oscines with the longest primaries more than twice as long as longest second- aries; the bill triangular in vertical profile, with exposed culmen not longer (usually shorter) than distance from nostril to eye; the feet small and weak (tarsus not longer than middle toe with claw, usually shorter), and with the dorsal pteryla forked on the lower back. Bill small, triangular in vertical profile, depressed, ** fissirostral,” with tip of maxilla distinctly but minutely uncinate, maxillary tomium distinctly notched subterminally, the gape deeply cleft (commissure more than twice as long as exposed culmen) but not extending beyond anterior angle of eye. Nostrils variable but usually longitudinally ovate, opening laterally, and overhung by a distinct membraneous operculum; frequently roundish, opening vertically, with little if any membrane along inner edge, rarely bordered above by feathering of the frontal anti. Rictal bristles few, short, and ine onspic uous, fre- @Six specimens. vOhG specimen, sex doubtful. 24 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. quently obsolete. Wings very long and pointed, reaching when closed to or beyond the end of the tail (or else the latter deeply forked with lateral rectrices much elongated); obvious primaries nine (the tenth very minute and wholly concealed), the longest (ninth or eighth and ninth) more than twice as long as longest sccondatiee: primaries with edges never sinuated; innermost secondaries (*‘tertials”) never elon- gated. Tail composed of twelve rectrices, more or less emarginated or forked (never rounded nor graduated), never longer than wing (usu- ally much shorter), the lateral pair of rectrices sometimes attenuated and eich elongated. Feet small; tarsus never longer than middle toe with claw (usually shorter), more or less distinctly scutellate“ (or else, ‘arely, feathered);? lateral toes about equal, their claws usually reach- ing about to or falling slightly short of base of middle claw, rarely (in genus Clivicola) extending decidedly beyond or falling decidedly short (in genus Zuchycineta); basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to both lateral toes for a portion of its length, more so to the outer toe, which is sometimes united for the whole of the basal phalanx or (more rarely) for a considerable part of the second (subbasal) phalanx; toes with the usual (Passerine) number of phalanges (1, 2, 3, and 4, respec- tively, exclusive of the ungual phalanges). Plumage compact, usually lustrous or semimetallic, at least on upper parts, but sometimes dull-colored throughout. The single annual molt takes place, usually at least, in autumn or winter.° Range.—Cosmopolitan. The swallows constitute perhaps the best-defined group among osci- nine birds, and are characterized by their very short, flat, triangular bill, wide gape, extremely long wings, and short tarsi and weak feet (fitted only for perching). They are eminently aerial and insectiy- orous,” feeding on the wing, in all these respects closely resembling the Swifts (Family Micropodide), from which, however, they differ greatly in structural characters. The sen is ere though most laurel represeuted aThe precise character of se taalaten of tarsus is somew ee | difficult to ae out, owing to a tendency to fusion of the plates, although not essentially different from most Oscines. There is a series of scutelle along the anterior face of the tarsus, and a longitudinal plate on each side, meeting, but not coalescing, behind. The anterior scutellze sometimes appear to fuse into the outer lateral plate; or sometimes the latter is more or less subdivided; the inner plate is generally more distinct from the anterior scutellze, and usually entire, except perhaps at the lower extremity. (Baird, Review Am. Birds, pp. 267, 268. ) >In one genus ( Chelidonaria Reichenow) both tarsi and toes are feathered. ¢See Sharpe and Wyatt, Monograph of the Hirundinide, i, xi, and Allen, Auk, xii, 374, 375. “ Although mainly insectivorous, the swallé6ws are not entirely so, some species feeding on berries of various sorts when their favorite insect food temporarily fails them owing to sudden or unseasonable changes of weather. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 20 in warmer countries. In the latest special treatise on the family“ one hundred and nine species, belonging to twelve genera, are recognized, of which thirty-one species and six genera’ are American—all but one of the former and two of the latter being peculiar to the Western Hemisphere. The number of American genera of Hirundinide is a question very difficult to determine. As already stated, the most recent authority allows but six— Progne, Petrochelidon, Atticora, Stelgidopteryx, Clivi- cola, and Lirundo—and these are the genera which are generally accepted. The second, fifth, and sixth of these are cosmopolitan in range; the first, third, and fourth being peculiar to America. It is chiefly with respect to the first, third, and sixth that the question of generic homogenity is concerned; and I am conyinced that each of these should be subdivided if we are to have generic groups which are naturally circumscribed. Certainly Kleven specimens. Specimens from separate geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: 1 Hote : Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ee culmen. | 4 | MALES. Monaault males tromeATIZONA.-- oo. a eae case cenncccessee 64.8 58.6 9.3 19 10 One adult male from southern California............-..--- | 67 5s 10 | 19 10.5 One adult male from Cape San Lucas ...........--------.-. | 63 | 38 10 | 20 10.5 FEMALES. | | | Mime ddult females trom Arizona. -<..c<.ccsewcevecncceese | 62.3 57.3 9.8 | 19,2 10.6 Two adult females from southern California.............-. | 68.2 56.5 9.8 19,2 10.5 Measurements of the few specimens examined from southern California and the Cape district are exactly matched by those of individuals in the Arizona series, and I am unable to appreciate the minutest difference in coloration. ¢ According to American Ornithologists’ Union Check List. 204 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Club, vii, 1882, 145 (Tueson, Arizona, Apr. 26; measurements, ete.) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 177 (Triunfo, Lower California, 1 spec., Apr., San José del Cabo, 1 spec., Nov. 10).—Brtpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 300.—Scort, Auk, ii, 1885, 321-326 (full biography ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- arsts’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 634.—Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 51 (Cajon Pass, s. California, breeding; descr. nest).—Cooxks, 3ird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 237 (w. Texas.).—AnrTHOoNY, Auk, ix, 1892, 367 (Apache, s. w. New Mexico).—FisHEr, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1898, 117 (Grapevine Mts., s. Nevada).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 313.—Batey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 400. Vireo vicinior californicus StppHENsS, Auk, vii, Apr., 1890, 159 ( Riverside, s. Cali- fornia; coll. F. Stephens). [ Vireo] vicinior Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 381, no. 5755.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 122. Vireo] vicinior Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 334.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 478. VIREO NANUS Nelson DWARF VIREO. Adult male.—Above plain deep mouse gray, slightly tinged with olive-green, especially on rump and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail dusky with light yellowish olive-green edgings, these pale olive-gray on remiges; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with grayish white, producing two narrow but rather distinct bands across wing; superciliary stripe, ending a little behind eye, grayish white; rest of sides of head similar in color to pileum but slightly paler; under parts white, faintly shaded with grayish on chest and sides of breast, but not on hinder portion of sides nor on flanks; axillars and under wing- coverts yellowish white; inner webs of remiges and rectrices edged with yellowish white; bill black; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skin), 98; wing, 53; tail, 43; exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17; middle toe, 9. “ Southwestern Mexico, in State of Michoacan (Querendaro). Vireo nanus Newson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, Mar. 24, 1898, 59 (Querendaro, Michoacan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). VIREO BELLII BELLII Audubon. BELL’S VIREO. Adults (sewes alike).—Pileum and hindneck dull grayish brown, sometimes tinged with olive; rest of upper parts dull olive-green or greenish olive, rather brighter on rump and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail deep grayish brown (hair brown) with paler edgings, these more olive-greenish on outer webs of rectrices; middle and greater wing-coverts (except the innermost) tipped with dull whitish, form- «Measurements of the type specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 205 ing two more or less distinct bands (more or less obsolete in worn plumage); narrow orbital ring (interrupted at each angle of eye) and supraloral streak dull white; auricular and suborbital regions pale grayish brown or brownish gray; a dusky mark at anterior angle of eye; median under parts dull white, more or less tinged with buffy yellowish, especially on chest, the sides and flanks light olive-yellow; under tail-coverts and axillars pale sulphur yellow; under wing-coverts yellowish white; inner webs of remiges edged with dull yellowish white; maxilla horn brownish, darker terminally; mandible paler brownish (in dried skins); iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (bluish gray in life ?). Young.—Much like adults, but pileum and hindneck soft drab, back and scapulars dark drab, under parts nearly pure white, with sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts tinged with sulphur yellow, wing-bands more distinct, and tertials edged with yellowish white or pale sulphur yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 97-113 (106.8); wing, 52-58.5 (55.5); tail, 41.5-46.5 (44.7); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.8); tarsus, 1S—19 (18.6); middle toe, 9.5-10.5 (9.9).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), LOO-LOY (104); wing, 53-56.5 (55.1); tail, 44-47 (45.4); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.9); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.9); middle toe, 9.5-11 (9.9).? Prairie districts of Mississippi Valley, from South Dakota, southern Minnesota, Iowa, northern Illinois, and northwestern Indiana south- rard to eastern Texas and northern Tamaulipas (Mier; Guerrero); in winter southward over greater part of Mexico, as far as States of Oaxaca (Tehuantepec City; Santa Efigenia), Guerrero (Acapulco), and Jalisco; accidental in Massachusetts. Vireo bellii Aupuspon, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1844, 333, pl. 485 (Fort Union, Dakota; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 150.—Woopunotss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 76 (Texas).—Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 487 (Mis- souri).—ScLarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 42 (Missouri).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 358 (localities in Kansas, Arkansas, and Texas).—Covrs, Check « Fifteen specimens. > Seven specimens. Adult males from different localities average, respectively, as follows: Ex- ; Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus. [icale | jculmen. | ; le he ees : : | MALES. | | : re : | Four adult males from southeastern Illinois (Richland MERULTEE ND) geet er ee cake orate Rete ra So Nan peatea oe oats Sean S 56.7 45.2 | 10 18.6 9.9 Orerat PIs OOM KANSAS. coc = oThree specimens. ¢Type no. 98790, coll. U.S. Nat. Mus., adult male, Tueson, Arizona, Mar. 21, 1884; kX. W. Nelson. 4 Ten specimens, 208 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Vireo bellii (not of Audubon) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 1861, 122 (Fort Mojave, Arizona). Vireo belli HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury. for 1873 (1874), 105 (Gila R., Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 225 (do.); List Birds Arizona, 1875, 157.—Covrs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 526, part (in synonymy). Vireo pusillus (not of Coues, 1866) Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 83 (Camp Grant, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 132, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 184, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 531, part (Arizona).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 360, part (Date Creek, Arizona).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 124, part (Arizona).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 391, part (Arizona).—Hensnaw, List Birds Arizona, 1875, 157; Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 226 (Camp Grant, Arizona, July; crit.).—STEPHENS, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 93 (Gila R., Arizona, breeding ).—BrewstsEr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 144 (Tucson, Cienega Station, and Camp Lowell, Arizona; deser. nest; measurements, etc. ); Auk, 1, 1885, 197 (Camp Lowell; deser. young).—BrLprne, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora).—Gapbow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1888, 302, part (Arizona).—BatLry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 400, part. V[ireo] pusillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 335, part.—Ripe@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 478, part. Vireo bellii pusillus Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., villi, Sept. 2, 1885, 354, part.—AMERICAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 633a, part.— OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., xvi, 1903, 17, 18, in text (part). Vireo] bellii pusillus Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 478, part.—(?) Morcom, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 51, part (Fort Yuma, Arizona, breeding). Vireo belli pusillus Scorr, Auk, v, 1883, 33 (Santa Catalina Mts., ete., s. Arizona, breeding up to 4,000 ft. ). VIREO BELLII PUSILLUS (Coues). LEAST VIREO, Similar to V. 6. arizone, but still grayer above and whiter beneath; the upper parts between olive-gray and mouse gray without distinct tinge of greenish olive except on rump and upper tail-coverts (and there obvious only in fresh plumage); under parts nearly pure white, includ- ing under tail-coverts, the sides and flanks washed with pale olive-gray or grayish olive, but with only the merest trace of yellow tinge; wing and tail averaging longer. Young with upper parts decidedly paler and grayer, and under parts of body, with under tail-coverts, pure white throughout. Adult male.—Length (skins), 104-113 (109.7); wing, 52.5-59 (55.4); tail, 47-54 (50.8); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.4); tarsus, 18-19.5 (19); middle toe, 9.5-10 (9.9).¢ Adult jfemale.—Length (skins), 105-114 (109.9); wing, 53.5—-56 « Kighteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 909 (55.2); tail, 48-53 (51.2); exposed culmen, 9-10 (9.6); tarsus, 18—19.5 (18.8); middle toe, 9-10.5 (9.6).” Central and southern California and northern Lower California; north to Stockton and Sacramento, east to southwestern Nevada (Ash Meadows); breeding southward to the San Pedro Martir Mountains and San Fernando, Lower California; in winter (only 4) southward to the Cape district of Lower California (San José del Cabo, August 30 to November; Triunfo, April; Santa Margarita Island, winter). Vireo pusillus CoyEs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 76 (Cape San Lucas, Lower California; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.); Check List, 1873, no. 132, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 184, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 531, part.—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 360, part (Cape San Lucas, San José, and Sierra San Gertrude, Lower California; San Diego, California).—Coorrr, Am. Nat., ili, 1869, 186 (near San Diego); Orn. Cal., 1870, 124, part (San Diego; Sacramento; Cape San Lucas).—Exuror, [lustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. i, 1869, pl. 7.—Batrp, Brewer, and Rripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 391, part, pl. 17, fig. 14; iii, 1874, 507 (San Buenaventura, California; descr. nest and eggs).—Rripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, 1874, 171 (Sacramenta, Cali- fornia, June); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 451 (do.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 146, part.—HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1876, 236 (Los Angeles, June; Santa Barbara, July; Fort Tejon, Aug.).—BE.piING, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 410 (Stockton, etc., California; habits); v, 1883, 537 (La Paz, Lower California).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 302, part.—Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 176 (Cape district, Lower California, autumn, winter, and spring).—Bat.ey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 400, part. V[ireo] pusillus Cooper, Am. Nat., vill, 1874, 17, in text (Cuyamaca Mts., San Diego Co., California). Vireo bellii pusillus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 3554, part.—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unrton, Check List, 1886, no. 6330, part.— HVERMANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 184 (Ventura Co., California, Jan.).—Morcom, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 51, part (Cohuilla Valley and San Bernardino, s. California). —GRINNELL (J.), Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 44 (Los Angeles Co., California; summer resid. in lowlands and foothills ).— OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, 1903, 17, 18, in text (part). : V[ireo] bellii pusillus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 478, part. « Kight specimens. Californian specimens compare in averege measurements with those from the Cape district of Lower California as follows: | | Ex- . Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Sa culmen. : MALES. | Bight adult males from Cape district. .........-.....5..--.. | a). 4 a0. 1 9.4 19 93/0 Ten adult males from California ................. ieee Doel meek 9.4 18.9 9.9 FEMALES. Three adult females from Cape district ................---- 55, 2 50.7 9.3 19 a) Five adult females from California ........................ 5d. 2 S16 9.7 18.7 9.5 There seems to be no difference in coloration between the two series. 10384—-voL 3—05- Lt 210 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [ Vireo] pusillus Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 381, no. 5756, part.—Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 124, part. V [ireo] pusillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 335, part.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 478, part. Vireo pusillus albatus GRINNELL (J.), Condor, ili, Nov., 1901, 187 (Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., California; coll. J. Grinnell); Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 63. VIREO LATIMERI Baird. LATIMER’S VIREO. Adults (seres alike).—Pileum and hindneck plain grayish brown (hair brown to broccoli brown), the auricular region and sides of neck similar but paler; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts plain brownish olive or olive-brown, in marked contrast with the grayish brown of hindneck; wings (except lesser coverts) and tail grayish brown with light olive-greenish edgings, some of the greater wing-coverts with pale yellow or olive-yellow tips, not, how- ever, forming a distinct band; lores grayish white or pale gray, be- coming white, or nearly so, along upper margin and dusky at anterior angle of eye; eyelids white; suborbital and malar regions pale gray; chin, throat, and upper chest dull white or grayish white; rest of under parts very pale yellow (primrose) or yellowish white, deepen- ing into straw yellow or maize yellow on sides and flanks; axillars and under wing-coverts clear primrose yellow; inner webs of remiges narrowly edged with white; maxilla brown, with paler tomia; mandi- ble pale brownish (in dried skins); legs and feet dusky in dried skins (grayish blue in life?). Young (first plumage).—Pileum and hindneck isabella color or between that and broccoli brown; back, scapulars, rump, upper. tail- coverts, and lesser wing-coverts wood brown or deep isabella color; wings (except lesser coverts) and tail as in adults, but middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with light cinnamon or dull buffy, pro- ducing two indistinct bands across wing; under parts white, changing to pale clive-yellow on flanks and under tail-coverts. Adult male.—Length (skins), 106-110 (107.6); wing, 56-57 (56.8); tail, 45-48 (46.2); exposed culmen, 10.5-12 (11.4); tarsus, 19-19.5 (19.2); middle toe, 10-11 (10.7).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 106-110 (109.4); wing, 57-58 (57.6); tail, 44-47 (46.2); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.3); tarsus, 19-20 (19.6); middle toe, 10.5-11 (10.8).“ Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. Vireo latimeri Bairp, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 364 (Porto Rico, north side, Greater Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc., x, 1866, 252.—Gunpb.LaAcH, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 135; Journ. fur Orn., 1878, 158.—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vill, 1883, 304.—Cory, Auk, iii ? ’ ’ >? ? 3 ? , « Five specimens. aii bial hve whan Ain le Metre oo lg imc BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Se 1886, 187 (synonymy and diagnosis); Birds W. I., 1889, 74 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 17, 116, 182.—Bownisn, Auk, xx, 1903, 16 (habits; song, etc. ). [ Vireo] latimeri Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 383, no. 5773.—Sciater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 10. Genus NEOCHLOE Selater. Neochloe ScuaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 213. (Type, N. brevipennis Sclater.) Small Vireonidee (wing less than 60 mm.), similar to V7reo in details of form, but tail strongly rounded and coloration very different, the back, rump, throat, chest, and sides being uniform slate-gray, in strong contrast with bright olive-green of pileum, wings, and tail. Bill small, relatively deep and compressed terminally, rather broad and depressed basally; exposed culmen not more than half as long as tarsus, gradually but strongly curved from near base, the tip of max- illa moderately uncinate; depth of bill at frontal anti about equal to its width at same point, but at base of gonys decidedly greater than its width at same place; gonys about equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, decidedly convex; maxillary tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched subterminally, the straight mandibular tomium with a corresponding very minute notch. Nostril oval, longitudinal or slightly oblique, in lower anterior portion of nasal fossx, posteriorly in contact with bristly antrorse feathers of frontal antix, the longer of which extend over and beyond nostril. Rictal bristles long, extend- ing beyond nostrils, at least three in number. Wing short and much rounded; tenth primary about half as long as ninth, ora little more, the ninth much shorter than secondaries; sixth, fifth, and fourth primaries longest and nearly equal, the eighth shorter than third, and seventh about equal to fourth; wing-tip about equal to exposed culmen, or shghtly longer. Tail nearly as long as wing,” considerably rounded (graduation about equal to length of maxilla from nostril). Tarsus long and slender (slightly more than one-third as long as wing and more than twice as long as exposed culmen), distinctly scutellate ante- riorly; outer toe distinctly longer than inner, the latter (without claw) apparently shorter?’ than hallux (without claw), its claw not reaching to base of middle claw. Coloration. —Uniform slate color or slate-gray, with pileum, hind- “According to Professor Baird (Review Am. Birds, pp. 371, 372) the tail is longer than the wing. This is true if the tail is measured to the base of the coccyx, but if the measurement is made to the end of the coceyx, between bases of the two middle rectrices, as is done throughout the present work, the tail is then found to be shorter than the wing. In fact, several species of Vireo have the tail relatively quite as long, and the wing quite as short and rounded, as Neochloe. >The toes of the single specimen examined have dried in such way that it is very difficult to determine their relative length. oe BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. neck, wings, and tail bright olive-green, edge of wing yellow, chin and abdomen white. Range.—Mountains of southeastern Mexico. (Monotypic.) In structural characters this genus comes very close to V7reo, the bill being almost exactly as in V. huttond, while V. hypochryseus has the wing almost equally rounded. The tail, however, is considerably more rounded than in any species of V77eo, and this character, together with the remarkable coloration (entirely different from that of any other member of the family and strongly suggesting that of P/ogonys), may suffice to separate the single known species generically. NEOCHLOE BREVIPENNIS Sclater. GREEN-WINGED VIREO. Adult male.—Pileum, outer surface of wings, and broad edging to outer web of rectrices clear olive-green, brighter and more yellowish on wings and tail; inner webs and proximal portion of outer webs of remiges and rectrices dull black or blackish slate, the inner webs of remiges edged with pale gray or grayish white; edge of wing canary yellow; under wing-coverts paler yellow or yellowish white; axillars mostly grayish; chin, lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white; lores blackish; rest of plumage, including sides of head and neck, throat, chest, upper breast, sides, flanks, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform slate-color, the rump and upper tail- coverts slightly tinged with olive-green; bill, legs, and feet black (in dried skin); length (skin), 117; wing, 58.5; tail, 56.5; exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 19; middle toe, 11.4 Eastern Mexico, in mountains of Vera Cruz ae Jalapa). Neochloe brevipennis ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 218 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; coll. Brit. Mus. ).—Barrp, a w Am. BPs 1866, 372 (Orizaba ).— Sumrcurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 547 (temperate region of Ori- zaba).—SALvin and Gopman, Biol. cee ae Aves, i, 1881, 205, pl. 13, fig. 2 (Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas., viii, 1883, 305 (Orizaba).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 26 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; habits; notes). [ Neochloe] brevipennis ScLarer and Satyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12. Genus ewe bate Sy oclater: Laletes Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 72. (Type, L. osburni Sclater. ) Rather large Vireonide (wing about 72 mm.) resembling the more plainly SUL ed species of Vireo, but vate the Bil Sy ely cu and «One specimen (no. 68582, ll Am. Mus. Nat. Haat. ), from fee Vera Cruz, alee tude 4,400 feet, Apr. 11, 1897, F. M. Chapman. An adult (sex not determined) in the National Museum collection (no. 38163), from Orizaba, Vera Cruz (M. Botteri, collector), measures as follows: Wing, 57; exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 11. The tail is defective. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 213 more compressed (its depth at frontal antix decidedly greater than its width at the same point), and with the sides of the maxilla ‘inely grooved’ longitudinally. Bill rather large and strong, decidedly compressed, with culmen strongly curved and tip of maxilla distinctly uncinate; exposed cul- S; men decidedly more than half as long as tarsus; gonys equal to dis- tance from nostril to tip of maxilla, strongly convex; maxillary tomium straight, distinctly notched subterminally, the straight man- dibular tomium with a slight corresponding notch, but tip of mandible not distinctly produced, its point obtuse; depth of bill at frontal anti slightly greater than its width at same point; sides of maxilla with several fine longitudinal grooves.“ Nostril exposed, longitudi- nally ovate, in lower anterior portion of nasal fossee, its posterior end scarcely touched by feathering of frontal anti, the latter bristle- tipped, with the fine, curved bristles extending across nostrils. Rictal bristles inconspicuous (apparently only two distinct). Wing moder- ately long, rounded; tenth primary about half as long as ninth, the latter slightly shorter than secondaries; seventh, sixth, and fifth pri- maries longest, the eighth shorter than fourth. Tail shorter than wing (the difference less than length of tarsus), slightly rounded. Tarsus less than one-third but more than one-fourth as long as wing, decidedly longer than commissure, much longer than middle toe with claw, distinctly scutellate anteriorly; outer toe distinctly longer than inner, the latter (without claw) nearly or quite as long as hallux (without claw), its claw not reaching to base of middle claw. Coloration.—Ahbove plain olive, rather grayer on the head; beneath plain yellowish buff, shaded with olive on chest. Range.—Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.) This genus is decidedly nearer to Vireo than to Cyclarhis; so nearly like the former, in fact, that if V/reosylva and Lanivireo be not recog- nized as genera La/etes certainly should not. LALETES OSBURNI Sclater. OSBURN’S VIREO. Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck plain brownish mouse gray or grayish hair brown; rest of upper parts similar but more olive, the rump inclining to grayish olive-green, the edges of remiges paler; sides of head light olive-grayish; malar region, chin, and throat olive- whitish; rest of under parts pale buffy yellow (between straw yellow and naples yellow), the sides of chest strongly, the sides and flanks faintly, shaded with olive; under wing-coverts primrose yellow; bill dusky (bluish gray or grayish blue in life?) the terminal third (more or less) pale brownish (in dried skins); legs and feet light brown (in «This character possibly not constant. 914 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. dried skins); length (skin), 135; wing, 72; tail, 58; exposed culmen, 13; depth of bill at nostrils, 6; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 14. Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. Laletes osburni Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1861, 72, pl. 14, fig. 2 (Jamaica; type in coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359.—ALBrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 195.—Ganow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vill, 1883, 318.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 190 (synonymy and diagnosis); Birds W. L., 1889, 77 (do.); Cat. W--I. Birds; 118925117, 116; 130: [ Laletes] osburni Sctater and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 12.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 10. L{aletes] osburni Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 106. Laletes osburnii Barrp, Review. Am. Birds, 1866, 383 (Trelawney, Jamaica). [ Cyclarhis] osburnii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 584, no. 5818. Genus PACHYSYLVIA Bonaparte.? Hylophilus (not Hylophila Hubner, 1816) Temminck, Pl. Col., ii, livr. 29, 1828, text to pl. 173, fig. 1. (Type, H. thoracicus Temminck. ) Pachysylvia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 309. (Type, Sylvicola decurtata 3onaparte. ) Small Vireonide (wing not more than 65 mm.), with rather slender- conoid, slightly uncinate bill, inner toe (without claw) as long as or longer than hallux (without claw), its claw reaching decidedly beyond base of middle claw; coloration plain and dull. Bill shorter than head (though sometimes nearly as long), slender- conoid, more tapering terminally than in other Vireonidz; exposed culmen about two-thirds as long as tarsus, nearly straight to near tip, where gradually and slightly decurved, the tip of maxilla distinctly produced but not strongly uncinate; gonys shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla (sometimes nearly as long), very slightly convex; depth of bill at frontal antiz about equal to its width at same point or slightly less. Nostril exposed, longitudinally ovate, in lower anterior portion of nasal fossee, sometimes narrowly margined ante- riorly by membrane, posteriorly in contact, or nearly so, with bristly feathers of frontal anti. Rictal bristles indistinct or with only one or two well developed, but either the frontal feathers or those of the malar or mental anti (sometimes all) with distinct terminal bristles. Wing moderate, much rounded; tenth primary about half as long as ninth, broad, with rounded tip; ninth primary not longer than second- aries, sometimes decidedly shorter; seventh, sixth, and fifth, or eighth to fifth longest, the eighth usually longer than fourth, sometimes longer than fifth. Tail decidedly, usually much, shorter than wing, the difference varying from more than length of tarsus (2. decurtata) to less than half as much (P. wridiflava), slightly rounded, the rec- trices rather pointed at tips. Tarsus less than one-third to slightly «One specimen. bThe fact that Hylophilus is preoccupied and can not, therefore, be used for this genus has been brought to my attention by Mr. Harry C. Oberholser. tire i) _ : BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 215 more than one-third as long as wing, much longer than middle toe with claw, distinctly scutellate anteriorly; outer toe distinctly longer than inner, the latter (without claw) about as long as hallux (without claw), its claw reaching to base of middle claw. Coloration.—Ahbove plain olive-green or brown, the head grayish olive-green, gray, brown, or russet, the wings and tail also sometimes russet or russet brown (in brown-backed species); beneath mostly pale yellowish or buffy, or grayish white becoming light olive-green on sides and flanks. Range.—Tropical America except West Indies and Galapagos A rchi- pelago, but including islands of Trinidad and Tobago. (Numerous species. ) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PACHYSYLVIA.@ a. Pileum and hindneck gray, in strong contrast with olive-green of back, ete. (Southern Mexico to Isthmus of Panama. )-_-..---- Pachysylvia decurtata (p. 216) aa. Pileum and hindneck not gray. b. Tail russet; pileum tawny-olive or olive-tawny, the former more yellowish anteriorly; back olive-brown. ( Pachysylvia ochraceiceps. ) c. Chest pale ochraceous-brown. (Southern Mexico to northern Honduras.) Pachysylvia ochraceiceps ochraceiceps (p. 218) cc. Chest pale buffy olive. (Southern Honduras to Chiriqui. ) Pachysylvia ochraceiceps pallidipectus (p. 219) bb. Tail olive-green; pileum brownish or grayish olive; back olive-green or grayish olive. c. Pileum distinctly browner than back, becoming yellowish on anterior portion of forehead. ( Pachysylvia aurantiifrons. ) d. Under parts paler, the chest very slightly, if at all, tinged with buff; smaller, with relatively shorter tarsus (adult male averaging wing 55.9, tail 43.5, exposed culmen 12.1, tarsus 15.7). (Coast district of Colombia, from Santa Marta to Panama.) -.-Pachysylvia aurantiifrons aurantiifrons (p. 220) dd. Under parts more brightly colored, the chest distinctly ochraceous or buffy; larger, with relatively longer tarsus (adult male averaging wing 56.5, tail 44.38, exposed culmen 12.6, tarsus 17.1). (Venezuela; Trini- dad; Guiana; Brazil. ) Pachysylvia aurantiifrons hypoxantha (extralimital?) «Several extralimital forms are included for the reason that they have been com- monly synonymized with Central American species. b Hylophilus hypoxanthus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., ii, Abth., 1869, 136 (Rio [canna and Rio Vaupé, n. Brazil; coll. Vienna Mus.) ; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 627, 629 (San Esteban, Venezuela).—Hylophilus insularis (not of Sclater) Léo- taud, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 186.—Hylophilus aurantiifrons (not of Lawrence) Sclater, Ibis, 1881, 303, part; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 310, part; Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 27 (Trinidad; ecrit.); Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1901, 177 (San Julian, Venezuela). Tam not entirely satisfied that the Trinidad bird is identical with that of the main- land, having only three specimens of the latter and two of these of doubtful locality. The single specimen of certain locality (from Guanaguana, province of Bermudez, Venezuela) is paler beneath, more as in true P. aurantiifrons, and has the pileum duller in color than either the Trinidad specimens or Colombian examples (J. a. aurantiifrons). Of Trinidad specimens 22 adults have been examined in the pres- ent connection, and these, without a single exception, can be distinguished from any Colombian specimens at a considerable distance by the much deeper coloration of the under parts. I have not seen examples from near the type locality, which is that portion of northern Brazil near the Venezuelan boundary. 916 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. cc, Pileum olive-green or grayish olive, not distinctly, if at all, different from color of back. d. Under parts of body distinctly yellowish. e. Brighter olive-green above; under parts clear naples or canary yellow, becoming pale grayish or grayish yellow on throat. (Isthmus of Panama, northsto Vierdaouar)a- s-20. =. 4-1 Pachysylvia viridiflava (p. 221) ee. Duller olive-green above, the pileum and back grayish, rather than greenish, olive; under parts very pale buffy yellowish, becoming pale grayish buffy on chest, the throat dull whitish. (Coast district of Colombia, east of Gulf of Uraba.)..Pachysylvia flavipes (extralimital) @ dd. Under parts of body not distinctly yellowish (only the under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and inner edges of remiges yellow). * e. Under parts dull buffy whitish, becoming more grayish on throat, the sides and flanks tinged with olive-yellow. (Margarita Island, Venez- LE Ap) eae Maret eee ee aa ae Pachysylvia griseipes (extralimital) ? ee. Under parts-dull pale grayish olive, becoming whitish on abdomen, the sides and flanks tinged with light olive-green. f. Smaller (wing 49, tail 45, exposed culmen 10.5, tarsus 17). (Venezuela. ) Pachysylvia acuticauda (extralimital) ¢ ff. Larger (wing 61-63, tail 46, exposed culmen 12-13, tarsus 19-20). @islandvot Tobago: 2252+ sss==- Pachysylvia insularis (extralimital)/? PACHYSYLVIA DECURTATA (Bonaparte). GRAY-HEADED PACHYSYLVIA. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck plain gray (mouse gray or deep smoke gray to slate-gray); rest of upper parts plain yellowish olive-green; narrow and rather indistinct supraloral streak and eye- lids dull white; lores pale gray or grayish white; auricular region and sides of neck pale buffy gray, the suborbital and malar regions paler; chin and throat dull white or grayish white; median portion of chest and breast, together with abdomen, white or yellowish white, the first sometimes tinged with olive-yellow; sides and flanks light « Hylophilus flavipes Lafresnaye, Rey. Zool., 1845, 342; Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 375; Selater, Ibis, 1881, 309; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vili, 1885, 312, part. b Hylophilus griseipes Richmond, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, no. 1093, Aug. 12, 1896, 678 (Margarita Island, Venezuela; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). ¢ Hylophilus acuticauda Lawrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 37 (Venezuela; coll. G. N. Lawrence); Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 378; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 166, 170 (Caracas, Venezuela; crit. ).—Hylophilus acuticaudus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 252 (Plain of Valencia, Venezuela) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1881, 304 (crit. ).—Hylophilus flavipes acuticauda Berlepsch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, Apr., 1902, 12 (Altagracia, Caicara, and Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela; erit.).—Hylophilus aurantiifrons Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 310, part. This species is evidently the mainland representative of P. imsularis, from which it differs only in size, the coloration being identical. The type is certainly not a young bird, as suggested by Selater, and it is equally certain that the form is entirely distinct from P. aurantiifrons. @ Hylophilus insularis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 128 (Tobago; coll. P. L. Selater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 45; Ibis, 1881, 305 (monogr.); Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 379.—Hylophilus aurantiifrons Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vili, 1883, 310, part. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Dig yellowish olive-green or olive-yellow; under tail-coverts sulphur yel- low; under wing-coverts yellowish white or white, tinged with sul- phur yellow; maxilla dusky brown, with paler tomia; mandible pale grayish brown in dried skins (bluish gray in life); legs and feet horn color in dried skins. Young (first plumage).—Pileum and hindneck vinaceous-drab; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and wing-coverts similar but browner (between cinnamon and isabella color); under parts white, the sides and flanks tinged with grayish and with traces of yellowish olive; under tail-coverts light olive-yellow; remiges and rectrices as in adults.“ Adult male.—Length (skins), 87-104 (96.4); wing, 47-57 (53.1); tail, 31-41.5 (86.9); exposed culmen, 10.5-13 (11); tarsus, 16-17 (16.4); middle toe, 8—9 (8.7).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 82-102 (95.5); wing, 47-57 (52.3); tail, 30-40.5 (35.9); exposed culmen, 10.5-12 (11.5); tarsus, 16-17.5 (16.7); middle toe, 8—9.5 (8.7).¢ “The specimen described has partly assumed the adult plumage, but is mainly colored as described above. > Kighteen specimens. ¢ Kleven specimens. Examples from different localities average, respectively, as follows: lines Locality. Wing. | Tail. sued Tarsus. aeedle ee. - a Pay SOE a ae MALES. | Four adult males from Vera Cruz and Oaxaca-....--------- 55. 2 39. 1 | NS 2 16.6 | 8.7 Three adult males from Tabasco and Chiapas ....-.---.--- 55.8 | 41.2 11 16.7 9 WOMACILeAMALes trom MUCHtAM. 5.2 Fred Hicks, on label. ¢ Five specimens—two from Panama, three from Santa Marta. @ One specimen, from SantaMarta. eThe Venezuelan and Trinidad birds represent different and strongly marked subspecies. (See pages 215.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 221 Colombia).—ALiEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii,-1900, 172 (Bonda, ete., Santa Marta; crit. ) (?) Hylophilus hypoxanthus (not of Pelzeln) Satyin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 118 (Valencia, Venezuela). PACHYSYLVIA VIRIDIFLAVA (Lawrence). _ -YELLOW-GREEN PACHYSYLVIA, Adults (seves alike).— Above plain yellowish olive-green, slightly duller and grayer or browner on pileum; shafts of rectrices blackish; loral, auricular and malar regions pale olive-grayish; chin dull whitish, deepening into a more grayish hue on upper throat, the lower throat, chest, and anterior portion of sides pale yellowish olive or buffy olive; rest of under parts naples yellow; under wing-coverts lighter and clearer yellow (approaching canary yellow); bill usually pale brown, sometimes blackish;’ iris dark brown;° legs and feet pale brownish (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 108-113 (111); wing, 56; tail, 49; exposed culmen, 11-11.5 (11.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.7); middle toe, 10-11 (10.7).¢ Adult female.—Length 106-117 (111.5); wing, 53-55 (53.9); tail, 46-52 (48.7); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.6) middle toe, 10-11 (10.5).¢ Isthmus of Panama, north to Veragua. . 5 Hylophilus viridiflavus LAwrencE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1861, 324 (Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Sciatrer and Satyr, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 348 (Panama R. R.).—Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 380 (Panama).—Satyry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 137 (Santa Fé, Vera- gua); 1870, 184 (Bugaba, Veragua).—Sciarer, Ibis, 1881, 309 (monogr. ).— Satvrn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, i, 1881, 208, pl. 13, fig. 1. [| Hylophilus] viridiflavus ScLavER and Satvixn, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 12. Hylophilus flavipes viridiflavus Banas, Auk, xviii, Oct., 1901, 368 (Divala and David, Chiriqui). [Hylophilus flavipes] 6. Northern Race (I. viridiflavus) Gavow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 312. Hylophilus flavipes (not of Lafresnaye) Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 312, part. Genus VIREOLANIUS Du Bus. Vireolanius DuBus, Esquisses Ornith., 1850, pl. 26. (Type I. melitophrys Du Bus. ) “ According to Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 172. I have not seen a speci- men from the locality mentioned. »In five adults from Panama the bill is pale brown (the mandible still paler) ; in one specimen from Panama the maxilla is blackish on culmen and below nostrils, the rest pale horn color, the mandible blackish laterally, pale horn color on under side; in two specimens from Chiriqui (Divala and Dayid) the bill is black. « Heyde, manuscript. “¢ Three specimens. « Four specimens, 222 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Rather large Vireonide (wing more than 70 mm.), with rather large and elongated, strongly uncinate bill, its depth at frontal anti nearly equal to its width at same point; inner toe (without claw) as long as or longer than hallux (without claw), its claw reaching to decidedly beyond base of middle claw; color bright parrot green above with blue on crown, or else a bright yellow superciliary stripe. Bill large, elongated (exposed culmen nearly to more than one- fourth as long as wing, commissure decidedly longer than middle toe with claw), nearly as broad as deep at base; culmen nearly straight basally (sometimes for most of its length), strongly decurved termi- nally, the tip of maxilla conspicuously uncinate; maxillary tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium more faintly notched, the tip of the mandible produced into an ascend- ing point. Nostril exposed, obliquely or horizontally oval, in lower anterior portion of nasal fosse, the membrane broadest behind it. Rictal bristles inconspicuous, the largest not better developed than bristly points of frontal feathers. Wing rather short and rounded; tenth (outermost) primary nearly half to more than half as long as ninth, the latter not shorter than first, sometimes longer than second; eighth to fifth longest. Tail much shorter than wing (the difference usually nearly equal to length of tarsus, sometimes much less), even or very slightly rounded or double-rounded. Tarsus much longer than middle toe with claw (much more than one-fourth but less than one-third as long as wing), distinctly scutellate anteriorly; outer toe longer than inner, the latter (without claw) as long as or slightly longer than hallux (with claw); both lateral claws reaching decidedly beyond base of middle claw. Coloration.— Above bright parrot green with or without blue on pileum, or olive-green with pileum gray bordered laterally by a super- ciliary stripe of yellow; beneath green or greenish yellow with yellow throat, entirely yellow, or white with a chestnut-rufous band across chest. Range. Continental tropical America. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF VIREOLANIUS. a. Above bright parrot green, with or without blue on pileum; beneath light yel- lowish green, the throat yellow. b. No yellow on sides of head (except, sometimes, an indistinct rictal streak). ( Vireolanius pulchellus. ) c. Forehead blue. d. Whole pileum and hindneck blue, the center of crown sometimes green. (Southern Mexico to Guatemala. ) Vireolanius pulchellus pulchellus (p. 223) dd. Only the forehead and part of hindneck blue, the entire crown green. (Nicaragua and Costa Rica.) ...Vireolanius pulchellus verticalis (p. 224) cc. Forehead green (together with entire crown and occiput and greater part of hindneck). (Veragua to Panama. ) . Vireclanius pulchellus viridiceps (p. 224) PY v BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 293 bb. A superciliary stripe of yellow. (Central Colombia. ) Vireolanius eximius (extralimital)4@ aa. Pileum and hindneck gray; rest of upper parts olive-green; under parts white, with chestnut across chest and along sides. (Southern Mexico to Guatemala. ) Vireolanius melitophrys (p. 225) VIREOLANIUS PULCHELLUS PULCHELLUS Sclater and Salvin. GREEN SHRIKE-VIREO, Adults (sewes alike).°—Pileum and hindneck cerulean blue (more verditer blue in worn plumage), the center of crown usually somewhat intermixed with green, occasionally with a well-defined patch of that color; rest of upper parts, together with sides of head (including superciliary region) and neck, bright parrot green; chin and throat yellow (sulphur to lemon);’ rest of under parts light yellowish green (apple green), deeper green on sides and flanks; under wing-coverts, axillars, and inner edge of remiges light yellow (sulphur to canary); under tail-coverts greenish yellow; maxilla dusky (bluish gray in life), becoming black terminally; mandible pale grayish (grayish blue or bluish gray in life’); legs and feet horn color (bluish gray or grayish blue in life?); length (skins), 125-149 (132.6); wing, 70-77 (72.9); tail, 48-59 (51.1); exposed culmen, 15.5-19 (17.8); tarsus, 21-23 (21.9); middle toe, 10-12 (11.6).¢ Southern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Mirador; Buena Vista), and highlands of Guatemala (Choctum; mountains of Rasché; Savana Grande; Volcan de Agua, above San Diego). Vireolanius pulchellus Scuater and Sarvin, Ibis, ser. i, i, Jan., 1859, 12 (Guate- mala; col]. Brit. Mus.); Exotic Orn., pt. 1, 15, pl. 8.—Saunvi, Ibis, 1861, 147 (mts. near Lanquin, Guatemala); 1878, 443, in text.—Scniarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 45 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Barirp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 397, part (Mirador, Vera Cruz; Choctum, Guatemala) .—Bov- « Vireolanius eximius Baird, Review Am. Birds, May, 1866, 398 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Orn., 1869, note to pl. 8 Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 316.— Vireolanius ini (not of Bonk. parte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1855, 151, pl. 103. b Among a series of fourteen specimens only one has the sex determined by the collector, consequently Iam unable to give separate measurements for the sexes, or to state whether there is an average difference in brightness of coloration according to sex. ¢Sometimes there is a more or less distinct indication of a yellow rictal streak. One specimen, labeled ‘‘ Central America,’’? but without definite locality (no. 42597, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., received from J. G. Bell), is remarkable for having the green entirely replaced by verditer blue and the yellow of throat and under wing-coverts by white. Possibly it was preserved in alcohol before skinning. @Nine specimens, those from Mexico and Guatemala, respectively, comparing in average measureme nts as s follow 8: Ex- : : Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. — }culmen. ? Three adults from Mexico (Vera Cruz) ...............----- 73.7 54.7 17.5 | 22.3 12 Sim adults trom Guatemala... ....--.<2.---sccecceceeeceses 72.5 19.3 18 eh 11.3 224 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. cARD, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 31.—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 210, part fumadoe Vera Cruz; Choctum, mountains of Rasen Savana Grande, and Volcan de Agua, Noe San Diego, Guatemala).— Gapbow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vill, 1883, 315, part (Guatemala). [ Vireolanius] pulchellus ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 13, part. VIREOLANIUS PULCHELLUS VERTICALIS Ridgway. CARMIOL’S SHRIKE-VIREO. Similar to V. p. pulchellus, but entire crown and part of occiput green, the blue being restricted to forehead and hindneck. Adult male.—Length (skin), 141; wing, 75; tail, 49; exposed cul- men, 18; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 12.“ Adult female.—Length (skins), 124-125 (124.5); wing, 65-67 tail, 42-45 (48.5); exposed culmen, 17-18 (17.5); tarsus, 21-22 (21.5); middle toe, 12.’ Nicaragua (Chontales; Rio Escondido; Bluefields) and Costa Rica (Angostura; Orosi). Vireolanius pulchellus (not of Sclater and Salvin) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix 1868, 97 (Angostura, Costa Rica).—Batirp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, Bole part (Angostura).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 314 (Chontales, Nicaragua ) _—ZELE- pon, Catal. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, no. 99.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 210, part (Chontales, Nicaragua; Angostura and Orosi, Costa Rica). [ Vireolanius| pulchellus ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 15. part. Vireolanius pulchellus verticalis Rripaway, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Apr. 20, 1885, 24 (Angostura, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Zr.epon, Anal. Mus. Nae. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Costa Rica).—CnHeErrig, Proc. U. S. Nat. Muss xiv, 1891, 529 (Costa Rica).—RicuHmMonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 487 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; crit. ). VIREOLANIUS PULCHELLUS VIRIDICEPS, new subspecies. °¢ PANAMA SHRIKE-VIREO. Similar to |. p. verticalis, but forehead, whole crown, and occiput green, and blue band across hindneck narrower. Adult male (?).—Length (skin), 130; wing, 74; tail, 47; exposed culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 13.¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 128; wing, 65; tail, 42; exposed cul- men, 16.5; tarsus, 22; middle toe, 12.< Veragua (Calobre, Calovevora) to Panama. Vireolanius pulchellus (not of Sclater and Salvin) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 468 (Panama R: R.).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 184 (Calovevora, Veragua).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1883, 210, part (Calovevora and Calobre, ‘Veragua; Panama kh. R.).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1885, 315, part. [| Vireolanius | Pe ulchellus SCLATER and SALVIN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 13 %5 part. “One specimen, from C osta Rica ‘(the type). »>Two specimens, from Bluefields, Nicaragua. ¢ Type, no. 40148, coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., adult female, Panama; J. McLeannan. “One specimen, from Calobre, Veragua. ¢ One specimen, the type. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 225 VIREOLANIUS MELITOPHRYS Bonaparte. DU BUS’ SHRIKE-VIREO, Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck plain slate-gray, the former bor- dered along each side by a broad superciliary stripe of saffron yellow, this paler anteriorly and posteriorly, terminating in a white spot on side of nape; lores dull white, except posterior portion; a broad black postocular stripe, occupying more than upper half of auricular region, anteriorly extending narrowly beneath eye to posterior portion of lores; lower portion of auricular region, suborbital region (except a narrow line on lower eyelid), malar region and under parts, white; a black submalar streak, or series of streaks, along each side of throat; band across chest chestnut, this continued along sides and flanks, becoming broken and less distinct on the latter, which are strongly tinged with olive-gray; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and wings, plain olive-green, the longer primaries edged for terminal half with white; bill black; iris greenish white; legs and feet light cinnamon-brownish, in dried skins, flesh color in life;¢ length (skin), 165; wing, 85; tail, 67; exposed culmen, 17; tarsus, 24.5; middle toe, 14.? Adult female (?)°.—Similar to the adult male, as described above, but decidedly paler and duller in color; gray of pileum and hindneck light mouse gray or deep smoke gray, instead of slate-gray, changing grad- ually into the dull grayish olive-green of back; superciliary stripe canary yellow, instead of saffron or cadmium yellow; stripe on side of head mouse gray, with whitish shaft-streaks, instead of black; black submalar streak broader, longer, and more ‘‘solid” or continuous; chestnut band across chest paler (cinnamon-rufous), and not continued laterally along sides, the sides of breast being ochraceous-buff, fading gradually to very pale olive-gray on flanks; breast and abdomen dull “« According to Salvin and Godman. > Description and measurements from no. 143387, coll. U. S. National Museum ( Bio- logical Survey collection), adult male, Jico, Vera Cruz, July 14, 1893; E. W. Nelson. An adult male from Calderas, Volcan de Fuego (7,300 ft. alt.), Guatemala (no. 40144, coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.), differs in having the yellow superciliary stripe uniform yellow from end to end, the color being lemon instead of saffron; the black submalar streak narrower and shorter, and the chestnut band across chest apparently narrower and darker chestnut; wing 78, tail 70, exposed culmen 17, tarsus 25, middle toe 15. ¢Described from no. 52358, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.; collected ‘‘near the City of Mexico;”’ received from Osbert Salvin. This specimen is so conspicuously different in coloration from the male from Jico, Vera Cruz, described above, that were it not for Salvin and Godman’s description of a female from Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego) in the Biologia Centrali-Americana, | would be inclined to consider it as representing a paler arid region (table-land) form. According to Salvin and Godman’s descrip- tion the female from Guatemala differs from the male in having the pileum tinged with ochraceous, stripe on sides of head fuscous-black, chestnut of chest paler, and the abdomen washed with ochraceous. 103884—voL 3—03 15 226 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. buffy white, instead of pure white; length (skin), 172; wing, 83; tail, 71; exposed culmen, 16.5; tarsus, 24; middle toe, 14. Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Orizaba; Jalapa; Jico; Capulalpam) and Mexico (Valley of Mexico?) to highlands of Guate- mala (Volean de Fuego, Coban, etc.). Vireolanius melitophrys BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 330 (Mexico; ex Du Bus, Esquisses Orn. pl. 26).—Sciatrer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 215 (Ori- zaba, Vera Cruz); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1862, 19 (Capulalpam, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 45 (Jalapa).—Satvin and Scrater, Ibis, 1860, 31 (Coban, Guatemala).—Batirp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 396 (Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (temp. region Vera Cruz).—Sciater and Sayin, Exotic Orn. pt. i, 1866, 16, pl. 7.—Sanvin, Ibis, 1878, 443, in text.—Satvin and Gopmany, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 209 (Valley of Mexico, etc.).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 314. [ Vireolanius| melitophrys Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 382, no. 5780.—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 13. ! Genus CYCLARHIS Swainson. Cyclarhis Swainson, Zool. Journ., i, Oct., 1824, 294, in text. (Type, Tanagra guianensis Gmelin. ) Cyclaris (emendation) Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 13, 14, 375, 382, in text. Cychlaris (emendation) Buastus, 1849. Cyclorrhis (emendation) ReicHENBACH, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 70 Cycloris (emendation) Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 330. Cyclorhis (emendation) CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 64. Laniagra LAarresNaye and D’Orsieny, Mag. de Zool., 1837 (Synopsis Avium, p. 9). (Type, Tanagra guianensis Gmelin. ) Large and stoutly built Vireonide (wing more than 70 mm.), with relatively high and compressed bill (its depth at frontal antiz nearly twice its width at same point), lateral toe (without claw) as long as or longer than hallux (without claw), its claw reaching to decidedly beyond base of middle claw; upper parts olive-greenish, varied by a rufescent superciliary stripe, the under parts with more or less of yellow or olive-yellowish. Bill large but relatively short, deep and compressed, the exposed culmen much shorter than tarsus but nearly equal to middle toe with claw, the depth of bill at frontal antize very much greater than its width at same point but decidedly less than length of gonys; culmen gradually curved for most of its length (sometimes nearly straight basally), the curve gradually more decided terminally, the tip of max- illa usually not strongly uncinate; gonys shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, strongly convex; maxillary tomium straight, or neatly so, distinetly notched subterminally, that of the mandibular tomium faintly notched. Nostril exposed, broadly oval or roundish, in lower anterior portion of nasal fosse. Rictal bristles weak, less stronely developed than those of latero-frontal and chin feathers. Wing rather short and rounded; tenth primary half as long as ninth, Sy i wee toe alah t bt tie 1) 21) bt) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 297 or more, the latter shorter than first, sometimes shorter than second- aries; seventh, sixth, and fifth longest. Tail shorter than wing but difference less than length of tarsus (sometimes less than exposed cul- men), even or slightly rounded. Tarsus less than one-third as long as wing but equal to or longer than commissure, stout, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; outer toe longer than inner, the latter (without claw) as long as hallux (without claw); claws of both lateral toes reaching decidedly beyond base of middle claw. Coloration. —Ahbove plain olive or olive-green, the pileum brownish or grayish, bordered on each side with a superciliary stripe of rufous. chestnut, or cinnamon; under parts with more or less of yellow or yellowish olive. Range.—Continental tropical America. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CYCLARHIS. a. Under parts entirely yellow (except chin). (Cyclarhis flaviventris. ) b. Brighter colored, with yellow of under parts deeper. (Southern Mexico and Guatemala Honduras) S222 522--- Cyclarhis flaviventris flaviventris (p. 228) bb. Duller colored, with yellow of under parts paler. (Yucatan. ) Cyclarhis flaviventris yucatanensis (p. 229) aa. Under parts with abdominal region white. b. Throat, chest, and sides yellowish olive; under wing-coverts pale straw or sul- phur yellow; back, etc., grayish olive-green. (Cozumel Island, Yucatan. ) Cyclarhis insularis (p. 230) bb. Throat, chest, and sides lemon yellow (usually more or less tinged with olive); under wing-coverts lemon yellow; back, ete., bright olive green. ( Cyclarhis flavipectus. ) c. Above brighter olive-green; averaging larger, especially the bill (exposed cul- men averaging 18). (Island of Trinidad; Venezuela? ) Cyclarhis flavipectus flavipectus (extralimital)@ ec. Above duller olive-green; averaging smaller, especially the bill (exposed cul- men averaging less than 17). d. Yellow of under parts brighter. (Colombia. ) Cyclarhis flavipectus canticus (extralimital)? dd. Yellow of under parts paler or duller. (Costa Rica and Chiriqui. ) Cyclaris flavipectus subflavescens (p. 250) @ Cyclorhis flavipectus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, +48 (Trinidad; coll. P. L. Selater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 45, part (Trinidad); Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 389, part (Trinidad); Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 320, part (Trini- dad); Berlepsch, Ibis, 1888, 85, 91, part (Trinidad); Chapman, Bull. -Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 26 (Trinidad; habits; song; crit.).—C[yclorhis] flavipectus trinitatis Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, no. 3, June 17, 1889, 131, in text (Trinidad). » Cyclarhis flavipectus canticus Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, June 3, 1898, 142 (Santa Marta, Colombia; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs); Allen, Bull’ Am. Mus. N. H., xili, 1900, 171 (Bonda, Santa Marta; crit.).—Cyclorhis flavipectus (not of Sclater) Authors, part (specimens from Colombia). 228 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CYCLARHIS FLAVIVENTRIS FLAVIVENTRIS Lafresnaye. MEXICAN PEPPER-SHRIKE. Adult male.—Forehead (at least laterally) and very broad superciliary stripe, cinnamon-rufous; crown and occiput mouse gray or dull slate- gray, sometimes (in younger birds?) tinged with cinnamon-rufous; hindneck and sides of head, including auricular, suborbital, and malar regions, lighter and clearer gray (cinereous or no. 6 gray);“ lores cin- namon-gray; rest of upper parts plain olive-green; chin whitish; rest of under parts yellow (canary, sometimes approaching lemon or gamboge), more or less tinged with olive on throat and chest; max- illa cinnamon-brownish, whitish terminally and on tomia; mandible dusky (bluish gray or grayish blue in life), the terminal portion whitish; iris reddish brown or brownish red; legs and feet pale brown in dried skins, flesh-colored in life; length (skins), 147-160 (152.4); wing, 75-81 (77.1); tail, 56-64 (60.6); exposed culmen, 16—18.5 (17.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.5—-10 (9.4); tarsus, 28-25 (23.9); middle toe, 11-13 (12.1).? Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and probably not always distinguishable, but usually slightly duller in color, especially the gray of the crown and occiput, which is more or less strongly tinged with brown; length (skins), 152-162 (155.7); wing, 72-79 (76.5); tail, 60-638 (61.7); exposed culmen, 16.5—-18 (17.6); depth of bill at nostril, 9.5-10 (9.8); tarsus, 22-25 (23.5); middle toe, 12-14 (13.5).¢ Young.—Similar to adults, but pileam more brownish gray (some- times decidedly brown), superciliary stripe paler (ochraceous-buff or cinnamon-buft), yellow of throat, chest, and breast more strongly tinged with olive-green, and mandible entirely ight brownish. Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; Orizaba; Jalapa; @Of Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors. > Fourteen specimens. ¢ Four specimens. Specimens from different localities average in measurements as follows: x: Depth ‘ Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed ot bill Tarsus. Middle Culmen nes: oe. trils. MALES. Six adult males trom! Vera! Cruz. o.oo 77.5 61.3 Hiren 9.4 24.5 11.8 Five adult males from Oaxaca.........-.-.--.-.--- ie: 61 17.6 9.7 23719) 12 One adult male from Chiapas ..........----------- 77 58 17 8.5 23 13 Two adult males from Guatemala..............--- 76 58. 5 17 9 24 12.5 FEMALES. Two adult females from Vera Cruz....-.- A SN 71.0 62.5 fee, 10 24.5 14 One adult female from Oaxaca .........-...--.--- 79 62 18 9.5 22 14 One adult female from Guatemala .........-...--- 72 60 18} 2 ise Ssioscee 23 12 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 229 Plan del Rio; Jico; Papantla; Motzorongo; Paso Nuevo), Puebla (Met- laltovuca), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Oaxaca (Tuxtepec; Petapa), and Chiapas (Guichicovi; mountains near Tonala), and Guatemala. Honduras? Cyc[laris] flaviventris LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1842, 133 (‘‘Santa Cruz,’’ i. e., Vera Cruz ?, Mexico; type in coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ). CyclLarhis] flaviventris LAFRESNAYE, Mag. de Zool., 1843, text to pl. 33. CLycloris] flaviventris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 330 (Jalapa). Cyclorhis flaviventris Tscuupt, Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1845, 363 (Mex- ico).—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 99 (Mexico); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 45 (Guate- mala, Mexico); Ibis, 1887, 322 (crit.).—Sciarer and Satya, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 386, part (Orizaba and Mirador, Vera Cruz; Coban, Guatemala).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 (temp. region Orizaba).—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 18 (Guichicovi Chiapas; Petapa, Oaxaca).—Saxvin, Cat. Strick- land Coll., 1882, 114 (Guatemala ).—Ganow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 321.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 211, part (excl. Yucatan references and localities).—FERRARI-PrREZ, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 138 (Jalapa and Plan del Rio, Vera Cruz).—Brruepscn, Ibis, 1888, 85, 91 (crit.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 131, 134, part (crit.; diagnosis; s. Mexico; Guatemala).—CuHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 26 (Jalapa). O[yclorhis] flaviventris CaBANis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 64 (Jalapa). [Cyclorhis] flaviventris ScLaTER and Satvrx, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 13. Cyclorhis amaurophrys LicutENsTEIN, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 11 (nomen nudum). CYCLARHIS FLAVIVENTRIS YUCATANENSIS Ridgway. YUCATAN PEPPER-SHRIKE. Similar to C. f. fawiventris, but gray of crown and occiput clearer and slightly paler; superciliary stripe usually paler (ochraceous or vinaceous-cinnamon), olive-green of back, etc., slightly duller or erayer, and yellow of under parts paler. Adult male.—Length (skins), 147-162 (153.9); wing, 74-80 (78); tail, 58-63 (60.6); &xposed culmen, 15-17 (16.7); depth of bill at nos- trils, 9-9.5 (9.2); tarsus, 21-24 (23.9); middle toe, 12—13.5 (12.9).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 148-155 (149); wing, 73-79 (76); tail, 61-63 (61.5); exposed culmen, 16-18 (17.2); tarsus, 28-24 (23.5); middle toe, 13-14 (13.2).? Yucatan (Merida; La Vega; Chichen Itza; Temax; Kangul) and Campeche (Campeche). Cyclorhis flaviventris (not of Lafresnaye) Barro, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 386, part (Merida, Yucatan).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 211, part (Merida, ete., Yucatan).—Satvin, Ibis, 1888, 255 (Meco I., Yuca- tan).-——ALLeN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 131, 134, part (Yucatan). aSeven specimens. > Four specimens. 230 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cyclorhis flaviventris yucatanensis Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, Nov. 26, 1886, 519 (Merida, n. Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Brrvepsca, Ibis, 1888, 91 (crit.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 132, 134 (crit. ).— CuapmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 278 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan). CYCLARHIS INSULARIS Ridgway. COZUMEL PEPPER-SHRIKE. Adults (sexes alike). —Pileum and hindneck deep brownish gray or erayish brown (hair brown); rest of upper parts grayish olive-green (very much duller than in C. flaviventris and its subspecies); a broad superciliary stripe of cinnamon-rufous or russet; sides of head, includ- ing auricular, suborbital, and malar regions, plain gray (no. 6); chin paler gray; lores pale brownish gray or light brownish; throat, chest, upper breast, sides and flanks light yellowish olive; lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white, sometimes tinged with dull yellow; under wing-coverts and edges of inner webs of remiges pale sulphur yellow; maxilla light brown; mandible grayish black (bluish eray or grayish blue in dried skins), the terminal half (more or less) pale brownish; legs and feet pale brownish (flesh colored in life ?). Adult male.—Length (skin), 161; wing, 82; tail, 61; exposed cul- men, 18; depth of bill at nostrils, 10; tarsus, 24; middle toe, 14.¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 1388-151 (144.5); wing, 75-82 (79); tail, 54-62 (59.3); exposed culmen, 18-18.5 (18.3); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.5-10 (9.8); tarsus, 23.5-25 (24.1); middle toe, 13-14.? Island of Cozumel, Yucatan. Cyclorhis insularis Ripaway, Descr. New Species Birds from Cozumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 2; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, iii, 1885, 22 (Cozumel I., Yucatan; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 565 (detailed descr. ).— Berweescu, Ibis, 1888, 85, 91 (crit.).—Saxnvin, Ibis, 1888, 255 (crit).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 132, 134 (crit). CYCLARHIS FLAVIPECTUS SUBFLAVESCENS (Cabanis). COSTA RICAN PEPPER-SHRIKE, Adult male.—Pileum dull brownish mouse gray, usually more or less tinged with rusty brown; a broad superciliary stripe of cinnamon- rufous or rufous-chestnut, broadest anteriorly, where sometimes extending narrowly across anterior portion of forehead; lower hind- neck, sides of head, including auricular, suborbital, and malar regions, clear gray (no. 6) or slate-gray; chin paler gray or grayish white; lores more brownish gray; rest of upper parts plain olive-green; throat, chest, breast, sides, and flanks lemon yellow, usually more or less tinged with olive, especially on throat and chest; abdomen (some- times lower breast also), anal region, and under tail-coverts white; @ One specimen. >» Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. vee under wing-coverts and edges of inner webs of remiges pure lemon yellow; maxilla brown (pale brown or flesh colored in life); mandible dusky (grayish blue in life), the terminal portion pale colored; iris yellow; legs and feet pale brownish (pale purplish or flesh color in life); length (skins), 130-145 (138.7); wing, 71-78 (75.6); tail, 52.5-58 (55.2); exposed culmen, 15-17 (16.1); depth of bill at nostrils, 8-8.5 (8.3); tarsus, 21-23 (21.2); middle toe, 12-13 (12.7).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and often not distinguish- able, but usually (?) vellow of under parts either slightly paler and more restricted or else more tinged with olivaceous, pileum rather more decidly brown, and olive-green of back, ete., slightly duller; length (skins), 135-148 (143.1); wing, 71-78 (75); tail, 56-60.5 (57.5); > exposed culmen, 16—17 (16.3); depth of bill at nostrils, 8-9 (8.2); tarsus, 29-23.5 (22.6); middle toe, 13-14.5 (13.6).? Young.—Similar to adults but superciliary stripe paler (cinnamon or ochraceous-cinnamon, instead of cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut), yellow of under parts purer (without olive tinge) and mandible wholly brown, like mawxilla. Costa Rica (Dota; Barranca; San José; Tucurriqui; Bebedero; Nicoya; Volcan de Ivazt) and Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete). @Six specimens. b Seven specimens. Examples of this species from various localities compare in average measurements as follows: | Ex- Depth ; Locality. | Wing.| Tail. | posed cc sea Tarsus. bree | | culmen. aril ||} ——- Sew ee a MALES. | | | Three adult males of C. /. subflavescens from Costa | | | | | rane ie ere ae arse 8 Se oe ae ee amare n aw rcle 76.2 54. 7 15.8 8 22 12.5 Three adult males of C. f. swbflavescens from Chiri- | | eee a Ses eae ee a eee | 75 a5. 7 | 16.3 8.5 21.8 12.8 Five adult males of (. f. canticus from Santa | RMR cee ee a PE oe cts hae wines 74.2.) 58.4 16.9 8.8 23 12.9 One adult male of ©. f. flavipectus (?) from Vene- | | | PET ee Renee Ee tS 8 ye S a OL uo he Seok | 69.5 53) (17.5 9 23 14 Two adult males of C./. flavipectus from Trinidad. 74 53.5 17 8 21.5 13.2 FEMALES. | Three adult females of C.f. subflavescens from Costa | CR tote wane aw Un 74.2 60.5 17 8.7 22.7 13.5 Five adult females of C. f. flavipectus from Trini- Ride eet ee rk oe ones goo Secs Sk 74.4 56 18.4 8.4 23.4 13.4 The differences between the so-called subspecies are not very strongly marked, and I am not entirely satisfied as to their validity. I32 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cyclorhis subflavescens CABANIS, Journ. fir Orn., viii, Noy, 1860 (pub. May, 1861), 405 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.); 1861, 93 (do.).—Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359 (Costa Rica).—Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 388 (Dota, Barranca, and San José, Costa Rica).—Lawrencer, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (Dota Mts.; San José).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 184 ( Volean de Chiriqui, Veragua).—FRranrzius, Journ. ftir Orn., 1869, 295 (Dota, Costa Rica) . Clyclorhis] subflavescens Satvin, Ibis, 1869, 313 (Costa Rica). Clyclorhis] flavipectus subflavescens ScuaTER, Ibis, 1887, 322, in text (Costa Rica; Veragua).—Brr.LEpscH, Ibis, 1888, 85, in text (crit.). Cyclorhis flavipectus subflavescens ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, no. 3, June, 1889, 131, 134 (Costa Rica; diagnosis ).—BrEr.LEpscH, Ibis, 1888, 91.—CHERRIE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 529 (Costa Rica; crit.); Auk, ix, 1892, 23 (San José, Costa Rica; song).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 59 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 4,800 ft. ). Cyclorhis flaviventris (not of Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 97 (Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica). [ Cyclorhis] flavipectus (not of Sclater, 1858) SctarEer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 13, part (Costa Rica). Cyclorhis flavipectus Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1878, 53 (San José, Costa Rica).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 320, part (Costa Rica) .— Satyvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 212, part (Barranca, Dota Mts., San José, Tucurriqui, Bebedero, Nicoya, and Irazt, Costa Rica; Volean de Chiriqui, Veragua).—ZrELEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 108 (Dota, Costa Rica).—Sciater, Ibis, 1887, 322, part (Costa Rica; Veragua; crit.).—BrR.LEpscH, Ibis, 1888, 85, part (Costa Rica, Veragua) . Family LANIID. THE SHRIKES, Medium-sized to rather small dentirostral ‘‘ten-primaried” acuti- plantar Oscines with strongly hooked and toothed compressed bill, rather short and distinctly scutellate tarsi, rather short, rounded wing, the nostrils non-operculate, pierced into the almost or quite completely ossified nasal capsule, and more or less concealed by bristle-pointed antrorse feathers of the frontal antie. Bill shorter than head, strong, compressed, almost abruptly hooked at tip, the maxillary unguis preceded by a distinct tomial notch and tooth; mandible with the tip acute and bent upward, the tomium more or less incised, but not notched nor toothed, subterminally; tarsus equal to or longer than commissure, with the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the outer plate of the planta tarsi somtimes also distinctly subdivided; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; lateral toes of equal length, their claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux (without claw) shorter than lateral toes (without claws) but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent for nearly its entire length to outer toe, but united to inner toe at base only; claws moderately developed, strongly curved, rather sharp. Wing rather short, rounded; outermost (tenth) primary sometimes more than half as long as ninth, usually less, sometimes rudimentary; BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 933 often longer, sometimes much longer, rounded, graduated, or nearly even, never emarginate nor forked; rectrices twelve. Plumage soft, blended, the head never crested, though feathers of the pileum are sometimes ‘ather longer than usual. Coloration.—Plaumage never with brilliant colors,“ but with plain gray, brown or rufous predominating, varied with black and white or pale vinaceous; sexes usually alike in color; young with the plumage always more or less distinctly barred or transversely vermiculated or undulated. Range.—Northern hemisphere in general, but in the western not south of Mexico; rather numerously represented in the Old World, only one genus and two species occurring in America. The above diagnosis covers the group of true Shrikes, consisting of the genus Zanius and two or three related genera, equivalent to Gadow’s *‘Subfamily Laniine,”? to which the term Laniide may, for present purposes at least, be properly restricted, since there is very great doubt whether the remaining groups comprising Dr. Gadow’s Laniide (Gymnorhinine, Malaconotine, Pachycephaline, and Vireo- nine) can, any of them, be properly included in the same family; and this is equally if not even more true of the Artamid, Campephagidee, Dicruride, and Prionopide, by some authors also included in the Laniide. As here restricted, the Laniide constitute a fairly well-defined group, peculiar to the Nearctic, Palearctic, Indian, and African Regions, but only sparingly represented in the first-named, which possesses but a single genus, with only two species, while in the East- ern Hemisphere four genera and about fifty species are recognized. Taking the genus Zandus as the most typical example of the family, it may be stated that the shrikes are peculiar in several of their habits, especially in their practice of impaling insects, small birds, and small mammals upon thorns. The purpose of this curious habit is not known with certainty; but the most plausible explanation seems to be that suggested by Mr. Seebohm,? which is that the shrike, not having sufficiently powerful feet to hold its prey while it is being torn to pieces, therefore avails itself of the aid of a thorn (or, in some case, a crotch) to hold its food while it is being eaten. This does not, however, explain why the shrike’s victims are so often found in such positions unmutilated, as if placed there for future use or from mere wantonness. The food of shrikes consists of the larger insects (grasshoppers, eighth to sixth primaries longest. Tail nearly as long as wing, “At least not in the typical members of the group, though the species of an African genus (Laniarius) usually, and perhaps correctly, referred to this family are very brightly colored birds. >Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, pp. 89, 228. ¢ History of British Birds and their Eggs, vol. i, p. 594. FH4. BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. heetles, etc.), spiders, small frogs, and reptiles, and frequently small birds and mammals, such as mice and shrews. Their favorite position, when resting, is the summit of an isolated small tree or stake, a tele- graph wire, or some other prominent object, from which they can com- mand a wide view in all directions. When flying from one resting place to another the shrike sweeps downward from its perch and then pursues an undulating flight a few feet above the surface of the ground. The ordinary notes of the true shrikes are harsh, often grat- ing, but most of the species are capable of producing a variety of sounds, in some closely approximating a song; some, indeed, are pos- sessed of considerable musical ability, which some persons, doubtless without reason, suppose to be practiced for the purpose of enticing small birds within their reach. Their bulky nests are placed in thickly branched trees, usually among thorny twigs or among inter- twining vines, and are usually lined with soft feathers; the eggs, four to seven in number, are spotted or freckled with olive-brown on a whitish, buffy, or pale greenish ground color. Genus LANIUS Linneus. Lanius Linnzus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 93. (Type, by elimination, L. excubitor Linneeus. ) Collurio Brisson, Orn., 11, 1760, 151. (Type, Lanius eacubitor Linneeus. ) Enneoctonus Bors, Isis, 1826, 973. (Type, Lanius excubitor Linneeus. ) Enneoctornis (emendation) LAayarp, Birds South Africa, 1867, 158. Phoneus Kaup, Entw. Europ. Thierw., 1829, 33. (Type, Lanius rufus Retzius. ) Fiscus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxvili, 1854, 386. (Type, Lanius collaris Linneeus. ) Leucometopon BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxvili, 1854, 586. (Type, Lanius nubicus Lichtenstein. ) Otomela BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 386. (Type, Lanius cristatus Linnzeus. ) Cephalophoneus Frrzincer, Sitz. K. Akad. Wien, xlvi, 1864, 205. (Type, Lanius bucephalus Temminck and Schlegel. ) The characters of the genus Zandus are the same as those given for the family Laniidx, on pages 232, 233, except that the tenth primary is always well developed, though never more than half as long as the ninth, the feathers of the pileum and neck are never lanceolate, the plumage never spotted (though barred or vermiculated in young birds), and the tail neither even nor excessively graduated. The American species, together with their nearest Old World allies, agree in the following characters of coloration: Adults.—Plain gray above, the sides of the head, wings, and tail black; the wings with a white patch at base of primaries and tail with much white on exterior rectrices; lower parts whitish. Young.—Essentially similar to adults, but colors less strongly con- trasted, the gray and white more or less tinged with brownish, and BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIGA. 235 more or less vermiculated, or ‘‘ waved,” with narrow dusky bars; wing-coverts tipped with dull light buffy. Nidification.—Nest bulky, placed in thorny trees or shrubs or among thick growth of vines, open above, composed of twigs, weed- stalks, grass-stems, ete.. lined with wool or feathers. Eggs 4-7, whitish, densely speckled with brown or olive. fange.—Entire Nearctic and Palearctic Regions, together with portions of the African and Indo-Malayan Regions; chiefly developed in the Eastern Hemisphere, the Western possessing only two species. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF LANIUS. a. Exposed culmen longer than middle toe without claw; wing not less than 110, usually much more; lores and nasal tufts never wholly black, sometimes without any black. b. A more or less obvious whitish mark on. lower eyelid; adults with chest and sides of breast more or less distinctly vermiculated with grayish or dusky. (Northern North America, southward in winter over greater part of United SEA EC ees OT A ia ee ae Lanius borealis (p. 237) bb. No whitish mark on lower eyelid; adults without vermiculations on chest, ete. (Northern Asia and Europe.) -...--...--.--- Lanius sibiricus (extralimital )? aa. Exposed culmen shorter than middle toe without claw; wing not more than 106 (usually much less); lores and nasal tufts wholly black in adults. (Lanius ludovicianus. ) b. More white on tail, the outermost rectrix with much less than one-third its sub-basal portion black (this usually mostly concealed by under tail-coverts). c. Tail averaging decidedly longer than wing (wing averaging 95.1, tail 99, in adult male); bill larger and more strongly uncinate, the exposed culmen averaging 16; under parts more purely and uniformly white. (South Atlantic and Gulf States.)......--- Lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus (p. 241) «If the wing measures less than 110 mm., as may sometimes be the case in imma- ture birds, the other characters mentioned, and also the conspicuously vermiculated under parts and more brownish upper parts, will serve readily to distinguish the species from any of the forms of L. ludovicianus. » Lanius borealis Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 80, part (e. Siberia).—Lanius major (not of Wilkes, 1812) Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 402 (northern Russia; Siberia).—Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1888, 595 (Scotland and England; rare winter visitant).—Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 75 (crit.).—Schalow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1875, 232 (crit.), 346 (northern Europe); 1876, 132, 232 (German locali- ties); Bericht. tiber die xxi, Versamml. deutsch. Orn. Gesellsch., 1875, 13, 14.— Tschusi yon Schmidhofen, Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 96.—Stejneger, Orn. Centralbl., 1878, 108.—Collett, Archiv. for Math. og Naturvidensk., 1878, 180-185 (crit.).— Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 239.—(?) L[anius] major Schalow, Auk, i, 1884, 292, in text (near mouth of Chilcat R., Alaska).—L[anius] excubitor, forma major, Collett, Ibis, Jan., 1886, 40 (crit.); Archiv. for Math. og Naturvidensk., 1893, 60 (erit.).—Lanius excubitor (not of Linneeus) Meves, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh., 1871, 762.—Nordmann, Demid. Voy., ii, 1839, 113.—Middendorff, Sibir. Reise, ii, 1853, 188.—Lanius borealis sibiricus Bogdanow, Russian Shrikes, ete., 1881, 102.—L[anius] borealis sibiricus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 466.—Lanius sibiricus Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, no. 931, June 6, 1893, 217, 218 (Askold, e. Siberia; Yesso, Japan; crit.).—Lanius borealis europaeus Bogdanow, Russian Shrikes, ete., 1881, 103.—Lanius lahtora (not of Sykes) David and Oustalet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 93. This form is introduced into the ‘‘key’’ on account of its alleged (and possible) occurrence in Alaska. 236 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. cc. Tail averaging shorter than wing; bill smaller and less strongly uncinate, the exposed culmen averaging much less than 16; under parts less purely or uniformly white. d. Back, ete., darker slate-gray, the upper tail-coverts less purely or abruptly white or not at all whitish, the scapulars less extensively white; under parts less purely white; slightly smaller (wing averaging not more than 98.2, tail not more than 97.8, in adult males). e. Gray of upper parts clearer, not passing into whitish on upper tail-coverts; chest never (?) with distinct undulations; tail relatively shorter (wing averaging 98.2, tail 94.6, in adult male). (More northern United States and more southern British Provinces, east of Great Plains; south to Louisiana, Texas, etc., in winter. )-Lanius ludovicianus migrans (p. 243) ee. Gray of upper parts duller, usually passing more or less abruptly into whitish on upper tail-coverts; chest often with more or less distinct undulations; tail relatively longer (wing averaging 98, tail 97.8, in adult male). (Pacific coast district, from British Columbia to Lower California; in winter southward through western Mexico as far as StatevoteMiorel ost) passe ae sae Lanius ludovicianus gambeli (p. 249) dd. Back, etc., paler slate-gray, or approaching no. 6 gray; the upper tail-coy- erts conspicuously white or whitish, the scapulars more extensively white; under parts more purely white; slightly larger (wing averaging 100.7, tail 99.4, inadult male). (Arid interior districts of North America, from the Saskatchewan Plains and eastern British Columbia to northern Mexico; southward in winter over whole of Mexico to Isthmus of Tehuantepec) asse—o- sees Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (p. 246) bb. Less white on tail, the outermost rectrix with more than the middle third black, showing conspicuously beyond under tail-coverts; gray of upper parts darker than in other forms. c. Upper tail-coverts abruptly white or whitish; sides and flanks more faintly tinged with gray; white spot at base of primaries larger. d. Larger, with smaller bill (adult female @ averaging wing 98.5, tail 98.5, exposed culmen 13.8). (Southern portion of Mexican plateau. ) Lanius ludovicianus mexicanus (p. 248) dd. Smaller, with larger bill (adult female averaging wing 94.3, tail 94.7, exposed culmen 15.7). (San Clemente Island, southern California, and Santa Margarita Island, Lower California). Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi (p. 252) cc. Upper tail-coverts concolor with back; sides and flanks deep gray (no. 6); white spot at base of primaries much smaller. (Santa Cruz Island, sOutwerig Calatornias) eae eee as eee ae Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi (p. 251) In addition to the forms mentioned in the *‘ key” two other species for a long time passed current as North American, but have since proven to be well-known Palearctic species. These are the following: (1) Lanius elegans Swainson (=Lanius lahtora Sykes). Lanius elegans Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 122 (‘‘ Fur Countries;”’ type in coll. Brit. Mus.).—Nurrautt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., 1840, i, 287.—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 328; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 324, footnote (excl. syn. part).—BonaparteE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1853, 295.—Cougs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 545. «Measurements of adult females only are given of these three dark-colored forms, for the reason that I have not been able to examine males of L. 1. mearnsi and L, 1. anthonyi. ty ¥ = £ —- * BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 23 Collyrio elegans Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, p. xxxv; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 239, part. Collurio elegans Baird, Review Am. Birds, June, 1866, 444, part (in synonymy ).— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 140, part (quotation of original description and in synonymy). Lanius lahtora Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 236. (See Dresser and Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 595; Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 609; Coues, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 545.) (2) Lanius ludovicianus robustus (Baird )—Lanius algeriensis Lesson. Lanius elegans (not of Swainson) Cassry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ix, 1857 (1858), 213 (‘‘California’”’).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 328, footnote, part (not the description); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 75, fig. 1. Collyrio elegans Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxxv; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 239, part. Collurio elegans Batrp, Review Am. Birds, Aug. 1866, 444, part.—Cooprr, Orn. ‘Cal., 1870, 140, part, including fig. Collyrio excubitoroides (not Lanius excubitorides Swainson) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 327, part. Collurio ludovicianus (not Lanius ludovicianus Linnzeus) Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 125, part. Collurio ludovicianus, var. robustus BAtrp, Am. Nat., vil, Oct., 1873, 608 (California; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.).—Bartrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 420; iii, 1874, 508. Lanius ludovicianus robustus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 175, 216; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 149d. Lanius robustus GApow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vili, 1883, 243.—SresneceEr, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, 91-96 (crit.).—Ripeway, Auk, xiv, 1897, 323 (Rita) L{anius] robustus Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 468. Collyrio ludovicianus, var. robustus Cotterr, Archiy. Mathem. og Naturvid. Kristiania, 1878, 181, in text (crit. ). Lanius bairdi Stesnecer, Archiy. Math. Naturvidensk. Kristiania, iii, 1878, 326, 330 (= Collyrio elegans Baird); iv, 1879, 263. LANIUS BOREALIS Vieillot. NORTHERN SHRIKE, Adult male.—Above plain light bluish gray,’ changing to white on lower rump, upper tail-coverts, posterior scapulars, superciliary region, and anterior portion of forehead; lower portion of latero- frontal tuft and spot in front of eye black, the intervening space dusky gray; auricular region black, this extending forward beneath lower eyelid and confluent with the black anteorbital space; wings and tail black; secondaries and innermost primaries tipped with white (the latter more narrowly); base of primaries (except three outermost) white across both webs, showing as a more or less conspicuous patch; outermost rectrix white with a black spot or patch near base of inner web; second rectrix with base and extensive terminal portion white, —_~— — «Between gray no. 8 and cinereous of Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors, 238 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. this extending farther toward base on outer web than on inner, on which the black of middle portion extends much farther toward tip on edge than next to shaft; third rectrix tipped with white for about 25-30 mm.; the remaining rectrices (except, sometimes, the middle pair) also tipped with white, but of decreasing extent; all the rectrices with concealed hase white; malar region and under parts white, the chest and sides of breast marked with more or less distinct wavy bars or vermiculations of dusky grayish; bill entirely black in summer, dusky horn color with base of mandible paler (flesh colored in life) in winter; iris brown; legs and feet black. Younger male (second year?).—Similar to the perfectly adult plumage, as described above, but gray of upper parts less pure, usually more or less tinged with olive; white of upper tail-coverts, etc., more or less obscured by gray; dusky vermiculations of chest, etc., much more distinct, extending more over sides. Adult female.—Similar to the younger male, just described, but still duller in color, the gray darker (between gray no. 6 and mouse gray), black of remiges (except tertials) duller, and white of wings and tail more restricted; bill wholly black in summer, as in adult males. Young male (first autumn and winter).—Similar to the duller colored adult females, but upper parts brownish gray or grayish brown (hair brown to broccoli brown or drab); lower rump and upper tail-coverts with more or less distinet vermiculations of darker; loral region entirely light grayish; auricular region dusky instead of black; middle wing-coverts margined with pale drab or brownish buffy, and under parts much more extensively vermiculated, only the chin, lower ~ abdomen, and anal region being immaculate. Young female (in first autumn and winter).—Similar to the young male of corresponding season but browner, the color of upper parts approaching isabella color, the scapulars, lower rump, and upper tail- coverts washed with cinnamon-buff, under parts more or less washed with the same, especially on sides and flanks, greater wing-coverts edged with the same, and white at tips of secondaries and rectrices more or less buffy. Young (jirst plumage).—Similar to the young in autumn and winter but posterior scapulars, lower back, and whole rump finely but indis- tinctly vermiculated, and throat, chest, and sides of breast pale butty grayish finely vermiculated with darker. Adult male.—Length (skins), 215-260 (239.3); wing, 112-121 (115.6); tail, 106-118 (111.1); exposed culmen, 17-19 (17.8); tarsus, 26.5-28 (27.3); middle toe, 15-17 (16.1).? «There is no difference in plumage according to season in perfectly adult birds. b Thirty specimens. een ey BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 939 Adult female.—Length (skins), 220-255 (233.1); wing, 110-118 (113.6); tail, 104.5-114 (108.7); exposed culmen, 17—-18.5 (17.6); tarsus, 25-28.5 (27.2); middle toe, 14-16.5 (15.8).¢ Northern North America, breeding from Labrador to Alaska, and to an undetermined distance southward; ? migrating southward in autumn and winter over greater part of United States, at least as far as Virginia, Kentucky, Kansas, New Mexico (Fort Wingate; Tulerosa), Arizona (Fort Whipple), and central California (Nicasio, Marysville, Calaveras County, ete.). Lanius excubitor (not of Linneeus) Forster, Fauna Amer. Sept., 1771, 9; Philos. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 386 (Severn River).—Wuison, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 74, pl. 5, fig. 1.—Bonapartr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1824, 357; iv, 1824, 272.—AupuBON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 534, pl. 192. Lanius borealis Vretuiot, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 80, part, pl. 50 (no type locality designated ); Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 728.—Swainson and Ricuarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 11, pl. 33 (young).—Townsrnp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 152 (Columbia R.).—Avupuson, Synopsis, 1839, 157; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 130, pl. 236.—THompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 75.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 212.—Jarprve, Contr. Orn., 1850, 67 (Bermudas).—Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 51.—Marrens, Journ. fur Orn., 1859, 212 (Bermudas).—Wiut tis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 281 (Nova Scotia).—Dresser and SuHarpr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 591 (monogr.).—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 39 (Chileat R., Alaska).—Coves, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 558; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 186.—MarsHa.u, Odlogist, v, 1879, 16 (habits).—Brewrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 120 (New England range).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 89 (San Juan Co., Colorado, fall and winter; feeds on titmice).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 148; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 198.—Ganpow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 240.—Harriavs, Journ. fiir Orn., xxxi, 1883, 270 (Berners Bay and Lynn Canal, Alaska).—BicKNELL, . “Nineteen specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: ete eaten e — Middle Loeality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. | “ino... culmen. So MALES, Ten adult males from Atlantic district..................-.- 114.3 | 109.8 17.6 Zot 15.8 Ten adult males from Mississippi Valley and plains dis- Sats pees Rahm OER Gy) ee St ued seuts | 115 111.8 17.9 27.8 16.1 es wei Teh ts : | as Ten adult males from Pacific district, including Alaska...) 117.4 112.7 17.9 97.5 16.2 FEMALES. | Ten adult females from Atlantic district ................... 111.9} 106.9 17.4 26.7) 15.4 Five adult females from interior district ................... 114.7 | 109.8 17.9 27.7 16.1 Four adult females from Pacific district............- peek 116.5 | 111.7 17.7 27.9 16.4 After carefully comparing 150 specimens, including 30 adult males, I am unable to appreciate any differences according to geographic area warranting separation of the species into two subspecies, the coloration being, apparently, quite the same where specimens of corresponding age and sex are compared. >T have not been able to find an unquestionable record of this species breeding anywhere within the limits of the United States, 240 ~ BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Auk, i, 1884, 324 (song).—McLernraan, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1884, 114 (Kowak R., Alaska).—Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 238 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, breeding).—American OrnirHo.ocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 621.—ButieEr, Bull. Brooky. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 33 (Franklin Co., Indiana, winter visitant); Birds Indiana, 1897, 1005 (whole state in winter, but rare in southern portion).—TownsENp, Auk, iv, 1887, 13 (Kowak R., Alaska).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 232 (localities and dates).— Evermann, Auk, vi, 1889, 26 (Carroll Co., Indiana, Jan. 8 and 19, 1884).— MacrarRLaAng, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 444 (Fort Anderson, Mac- kenzie; descr. nest and eggs).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 515 (common winter visitant ).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1903, 315.—BreEwstTeEr, Auk, xi, 1894, 329 (habits). —Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 79 (Hope and Fort Kenai, Alaska; crit.).—Barttry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U..S., 1902, 392: L{anius] borealis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 294.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 337.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 466. Collyrio borealis Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 324; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 236.—CoorEer and Suckiry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. il, 1860, 188 (Washington, winter).—Covrs and Prentiss, Ann. Rep. Smith- sonian Inst. for 1861 (1862), 409 (District Columbia, rare in winter).—BLak- ston, Ibis, 1862, 5 (bet. Hudson Bay and Lake Winnipeg); 1863, 65 (Sas- katchewan, winter).—FEILNer, Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1864 (1865), 425 (Fort Crook, n. California).—Covgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 73 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).—Lorp, Naturalist in Vancouver, ii, 1866, 295 (Vancouver I.).—LAwrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vili, 1866, 285 (near New York City).—McIiwrairn, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 87 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Coorrr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 35.—Haymonp, Cox’s Geol. Sury. Indiana, 1869, 219 (habits).—Dati and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 280 (Nulato, Alaska).—Srrvenson, Prelim. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv., 1871, 464 (Green R, and Rock Creek, Wyoming). Collurio borealis Barrp, Review Am. Birds, June, 1866, 440.—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 137.—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 134; Birds N. W., 1874, 101.— ArkENn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv., 1872, 198 (Colorado).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 181 (Colorado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 452 (Carson City, Nevada, Feb. 21, Mar. 25).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1878, 15 (e. Kansas, common in winter).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 415, pl. 19, figs. 1, 2.—Hnsuaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 233 (s. Utah, late fall). —Lanepon, Birds Cine., 1877, 7 (vicinity Cincinnati, rare winter visit). —Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 239 (as to alleged breeding in New England). [ Collurio] borealis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 125. C[ollurio] borealis Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 104, 152 (n. e. Illinois, last of Oct. to first of Mar. ). ; Li anius] excubitor, forma borealis Cotiert, Ibis, 1886, 40, in text; Archiv. for Mathem. Naturvid., 1893, 60, in text (crit. ). Lanius septentrionalis (not of Gmelin) SHaw, Gen. Zool., vii, 1809, 331.—BoNnaPARTE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ii, 1826, 72, 438; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 26; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 363; Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1853, 294.—GamBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 44 (California); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 44 (do. ).—Cassry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 213. Collyrio chemungensis GreaG, Proc. Elmira Acad., i, 1870, p. 9 of reprint (Chemung Co., New York;=young). Lams borealis americanus BoapANow, Russian Shrikes, ete., 1881, 102. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 241 (?)Lanius major (not of Pallas) Capanis, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1884, 251 (Chileat R., Alaska).—Scuatow, Auk, i, 1884, 292 (Chilcat R.). Lanius borealis invictus GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 1, Nov. 14, 1900, 54 (Kowak R., Alaska; coll. J. Grinnell); no. 3, 1902, 61 (south to BEGislO: Marysville, and Calaveras Co., California, in winter); Condor, iii, 1901, 22 (Kadiak, Alaska).—ALLen, Auk, xviii, 1901, 177 (republication of orig. descr. ). LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS LUDOVICIANUS Linnzus. LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain slate-gray, darkest (approaching slate-color) on pileum, fading gradually into paler gray (no. 6 to no. 8) on upper tail-coverts and into white on outermost scapulars; lores, orbital region, and auricular region black, forming a conspicuous ioneitodinul patch on sides of head: the gray of forehead paling slightly along upper margin of the loral portion of this black patch; wings and rl black; secondaries tipped with white; a white patch at base of primaries (except the outermost), this occupying both webs, and more extended but less sharply defined on inner webs than on outer; inner webs of secondaries dusky next to shaft for entire length, the marginal portion broadly” and rather abruptly grayish white on basal portion but becoming narrower and less definite terminally; rectrices (except two midds pairs’) broadly tipped with white, this greatly increasing in extent to the outermost, which is white for much the greater part, only a subbasal spot on inner web and part of shaft being blackish; entire under parts, including malar region, white, the gides and flanks faintly shaded with gray, the chest ‘also sometimes with a very faint shade of the same; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Young.—Above brownish gray (smoke gray), the pileum and hind- neck narrowly barred or vermiculated with narrow lines of darker gray and broader ones of pale buffy or brownish gray; scapulars, lesser and middle wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts with more distinct narrow dusky bars and with the paler bars broader, more buffy; greater wing-coverts and secondaries tipped with grayish buffy, vary- ing to pale cinnamon; chest, sides, and flanks pale buffy grayish or gravish buffy narrowly barred or vermiculated with dusky; otherwise similar to adults but with black patch on sides of head less sharply defined and duller black (especially the loral portion), white portion of tail more or less strongly (sometimes deeply) tinged with buff or cinnamon, and with bill and feet br ownish. «Occupying more than half the width of the w re >The pair next to the middle usually have a small white terminal spot. 10384—-voL_ 3—03—16 242 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 200-223 (211.3); wing, 91-99 (95.1); tail, 92-104 (99); exposed culmen, 14.5-17 (16); tarsus, 27-28 (27); middle toe, 16-18 (17).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 197-217 (211.1); wing, 88-98 (92.9); tail, 89-101 (96.3); exposed culmen, 15.5-16.5 (16.1); tarsus, 25-27 (26); middle toe, 15-17 (15.8).? Coast district of South Carolina and Georgia to southern Florida, and westward over the coastal plain of the Gulf States to Louisiana.° [ Lanius] ludovicianus Linn xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 154 (based on Pie-griesche dela Louisiane, Lanius ludovicianus, Brisson, Orn., ii, 1760, 162, pl. 15, fig. 2).—GmELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 298, part (not of p. 302 7).—Latnuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 69, part. Lanius ludovicianus Bonapartr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 26, 72; Geog. go Comp. List, 1838, 26; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 363.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., 1831, 300, pl. 37; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 135, pl. 237.—(?) eae Contr. Orn., 1848, 83 (Bermudas, 1 spec., ae 1847).—Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 118, in text (crit.).—Bream, Journ. flr Orn., 1854, 145 (monogr. ).—GunpuacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 469 (Cuba?; see Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 404).—Cassry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 213 (monogr. ).— (?) Brann, Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas ).— ScLiater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359.—Dresser and SHarpg, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 595, part (monogr. ).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 149, part.—Covurs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 187.—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 245, part.—AmeERICcAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 622, part.—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 14 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, ete., s. w. Florida; not observed at Key West).—Mortimer, Auk, vil, 1890, 342 (Orange Co., Florida; habits).—Suarper, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. xlvii, 1897, p. vii (Andros I., Bahamas). [ Lanius ludovicianus] a. ludovicianus Rripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 194, part (in synonymy ). Lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus Paumer (W.), Auk, xv, July, 1898, 248 (crit.). «Seventeen specimens. >Ten specimens, from Florida. Specimens from South Carolina and Georgia compare in average measurements with Florida examples as follows: | Ex- . Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. eee culmen. : MALES. | Penvadultomalestrom, WlOMGas-sseee ees sere eeeeeeeee sae 95. 2 99.2 | 16.2 | 17 Seven adult males from Georgia and South Carolina-.--... 96.3 98.8 | 15. 2 | 7 ~~] H In coloration the two series agree minutely. cI have not been able to examine satisfactory specimens from Louisiana, and have doubts as to whether the birds from that State (the true L. /udovicianus) are identical with those from Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. If different the latter (upon which, exclusively, the above descriptions are based) should be called Lanius ludo- vicianus ardosiaceus ( Vieillot), d = Tyrannus tyrannus, as ee on Ailcarte ian ieee nal pitti) Ie dtbale ita aa ati ti a nk: BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 243 L[anius] ludovicianus Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 74, part.—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 338.—Ripa@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 467, part. (?) Lanius ludovicus Hurvis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 8 (Bermudas, autumn and winter). Collyrio ludovicianus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 325; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 237.—Taytor, Ibis, 1862, 128 (Florida). [ Collyrio] ludovicianus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 391, no. 5935. Collurio ludovicianus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, June, 1866, 445 (Liberty Co. and Savannah, Georgia).—Covgs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 112 (South Carolina; habits); Check List, 1873, no. 135.—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 418, pl. 19, fig. 4. [Collurio ludovicianus] var. ludovicianus Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 413. [Collurio] ludovicianus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 125. [Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides] a. ludovicianus Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 561 (synonymy). [Lanius] americanus LatHam Index Orn., i, 1790, 69 (Louisiana; based on Pie- griesche de la Louisiane Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 397). Lanius ardosiaceus ViettLoT, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 81, pl. 51 (Georgia, Florida, and Louisiana); Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 729.—Bonapartrr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826. (?) Lanius ardesiaceus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 112. Lanius carolinensis Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 57, pl. 22, fig. 5.—LicHTEensTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, no. 505.—Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1824, 358; iv, 1824, 272.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 373.—HARTLAtR, Naumannia, ii, 1852, 52 (Cuba?). LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS MIGRANS Palmer. NORTHERN LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. Practically identical in coloration with ZL. /. /udovicianus, but gray of upper parts averaging slightly paler” (especially the gray along upper margin of the black loral space) and under parts less purely white, having, as a rule, a more decided tinge of gray to the white of the chest, sides, and flanks; proportions distinctly different, the bill being much smaller and the tail decidedly shorter than wing, instead of the reverse. Young practically indistinguishable from that of Z. /. ludovicianus, but perhaps averaging slightly more buffy and more coarsely vermiculated above. «One specimen, however, from southern Illinois (no. 107476, coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Mount Carmel, Jan. 5, 1886; J. J. Turner) has the upper parts quite as dark as the darkest example of L. /. ludovicianus and the under parts darker than in any other example of the species, being entirely pale gray (between no. 7 and no. 8 of my Nomenclature of Colors), including even the axillars, under wing-coverts, and under tail-coverts. An adult male from Lexington, Kentucky (no. 168822, coll. U.S. Nat. Mus., Nov. 21, 1898; Dr. Edgar A. Mearns), is absolutely indistinguishable in colora- tion from the darker specimens of L. /. ludovicianus. Both these specimens are, how- ever, referable to L. 1. migrans according to proportions. each having the small bill of that form and the tail shorter than the wing. 244 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male. Dit tail, 86-98 (94.6); aeponel sales 13. 2 416 (14. 9); forsne! 26-27 (26. middle toe, 16-18 (16.6).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 193-218 (205.7); wing, 92-101 (96.5); tail, 88-97 (93.1); exposed culmen, 14-16 (14.9); tarsus, 26-28 (27.2); middle toe, 16-17 (16.2).? Greater part of United States east of the Great Plains, but very local in more eastern districts; breeding north to New Brunswick (York County), Maine (Bangor), New Hampshire (Hanover), Vermont (Mount Mansfield, etc.), northern New York (Lewis and St. Lawrence counties), Quebec (Montreal), Ontario (Hamilton; Kingston; Beau- maris), Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and southward to mid- land Virginia and western North Carolina, Kentucky (probably also Tennessee’), and eastern Kansas; in winter, southward to Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas (El Paso, February; Fort Clark, January; West Caranchua Creek, January; Washburn, August). Lanius excubitroides (not L. excubitorides Swainson) PEaBopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 292 (Boston, Massachusetts, in winter). Lanius excubitoroides Hoy, Proc: Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 308 (Wisconsin ).— Haymonp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 290 (Indiana). Collyrio excubitoroides Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 327, part (Marion Co., Illinois; Racine, Wisconsin; Tidependence. Missouri); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 238, part.—McItwrairn, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 87 (Hamilton, Ontario). Collurio excubitoroides Barrp, Review Am. Birds, June, 1866, 445, part (Wiscon- sin; Michigan; Illinois).—Coves, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 277 (New Eng- land ).—Eaton, Oologist, iv, 1878, 2, 3 (New York; nesting habits). [ Collurio ludovicianus.| Var. excubitoroides Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 125, part. Collurio ludovicianus . . . var. excubitoroides Cours, Check List, 1873, no 135a, part. « Nineteen specimens. b Twelve specimens. There is a slight difference in measurements between eastern and western speci- mens, as indicated by the following averages: | Ex- | NA Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Midae | | culmen. : MALES. | Nine adult males from Ontario to Virginia ..............-- 99. 4 | 95.7 14.8 | 26.9 16.9 Ten adult males from Wisconsin to Kentucky.-..........-- 97.1 | 93. 6 14.9 2 16. 2 FEMALES. | let | | Six adult females from Maine to Virginia............-..--- | 97.2.) 94.3 14.7 | Wee 16.2 Six-adult females from chllimois® “2s sass ose eee ee eee | 95.8 | 91.8 | 15.2 | Die 16 ¢ Owing to lack of specimens and records, the exact southern limits of the breeding range of this form are, like the northern limits of that of L. /. /udovicianus, unknown. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 245 Collurio ludovicianus, var. excubitoroides Batrp, Brewrr, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 421, part.—Purpie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1887, 21 (Cranston, Rhode Island, 1 spec., Sept. 2).—Mzrrrram, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 54 (Lewis Co., New York).—Lanapon, Bull. Nutt. Orn.Club, iv, 1879, 120 (Madisonville, Ohio, Aug. 22). OC[ollurio] ludovicianus, var. excubitoroides Newtson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 104 (Illinois, chiefly on prairies). Lanius ludovicianus excubitoroides Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 228 (Lewis Co., New York, breeding). Collurio ludovicianus var. excubitoroides . . . b. excubitoroides Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 102, part. C[ollurio] ludovicianus . . . var. excubitoroides Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 371 (Illinois). Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 561, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 188, part.—Ripe@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 149a, part.—Canoon, Forest and Stream, xix, no. 12, Oct., 1882 (Taunton, Massachusetts, Sept. 12).—American OrnitHoxoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 622a, part.—Cooxkr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 233, part (Minne- sota; Iowa; Wisconsin; Illinois; Indian Territory ?).—Avertui, Auk, vi, 1889, 74 (Bridgeport, Connecticut, 5 specimens, August ).—Mrturr, Auk, viii, 1891, 119 (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Aug. 22).—McIiwrairn, Birds Ontario, 1894, 346 (Hamilton, Ontario, breeding).—Unrey and Wauuace, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sei., 1895, 156 (Wabash, Indiana, summer resid.) . [ Lanius ludovicianus] b. excubitorides Rripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 194 (excl. syn. part). Lanius ludovicianus (not of Linnzeus) Woopnouss, in Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 76 (Indian Territory; Texas).—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 308 (Wisconsin).—Minor, Birds New Engl., 1877, 105 (Massachu- setts). —Drane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club., iv, 1879, 119 (Concord, New Hamp- shire, Jan. 20); v, 1880, 50 (Abbott, Maine, breeding).—Purpir, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 186 (breeding at Bangor, Maine; Saybrook, Connecticut, Nov., Jan.).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 223 (Long Beach, New Jersey, Apr. 5).—Baae, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 237 (Oneida Co., New York, July 19).—Ler, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,*v, 1880, 118 (St. Law- rence Co., New York, July 23, Aug. 9).—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 118 (crit.).—KwNow.rton, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ili, 1882, 64 (w. Ver- mont, breeding).—Ripeway, Bull. Nutt. Crn. Club, vii, 1882, 253 (District of Columbia).—WiunttE, Auk, i, 1884, 193 (Montreal, breeding).—Brownep, Auk, i, 1884, 291 (Framingham, Massachusetts, Jan. 29).—Frost, Auk, ii, 1885, 379 (Hanover, New Hampshire, breeding; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 317 (Roane Co., Tennessee, Mar. 18, 20).— Durcuer, Auk, vi, 1889, 1388 (Suffolk Co., Long Island, Aug. 28).—CHAp- MAN, Auk, vi, 1889, 304 (Tappan, New Jersey, Aug. 24).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 517.—NrnrRurnG, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 316, part, pl. 17, fig. 4-—Sronr, Auk, xi, 1894, 189 (Cape May, New Jersey, summer).— McItwrairn, Birds Ontario, 1894, 345 (near Hamilton ).—Bur.er, Birds Indi- ana, 1897, 1006 (whole State; summer resid., wintering in southern pert ).— Fiemrne, Auk, xviii, 1901, 43 (Beaumaris, n. Ontario).—Moorr, Auk, xviii, 1901, 196 (York Co., New Brunswick, breeding). L{anius} ludovicianus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 467, part. Collurio ludovicianus ALLEN, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1868, 495 (w. Lowa); Am. Nat., 1869, 579 (New York and New England examples; crit.).—PuRDIE, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 115 (Massachusetts).—Maynarp, Am. Sportsman, v, 1875, 313 (Newtonville, Massachusetts).—Rmeway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 246 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ili, 1878, 164 (Wabash Co., Illinois, breeding).—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 53 (Lewis Co., New York, breeding).—Scotr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 82 (Princeton, New Jersey, Dec. 17).—Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 119 (Bangor, Maine, breeding).—Merrriuy (H.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 250 (Bangor, Maine, breeding). Collyrio ludovicianus TrrppE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1873, 235 (lowa).— Tenney, Am. Nat., xxi, 1887, 90 (Williamstown, Massachusetts). Lanius ludovicianus migrans PALMER (W.), Auk, xv, July, 1898, 248 (Kingston, Ontario; coll. U, S. Nat. Mus.).—Howetn, Auk, xviii, 1901, 343 (Mount Mansfield, Vermont, breeding).—Hown, Auk, xix, 1902, 92 (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Sept. 19). Lanius ludovicianus (migrans) Hows, Auk, xvi, 1899, 190 (Newport, Rhode Island, 1 spec., Aug. 29). LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS EXCUBITORIDES (Swainson). WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE, Similar to LZ. /. migrans, but gray of upper parts decidedly paler @ (between slate-gray and no. 6 gray), changing abruptly to white on upper tail-coverts; white of scapulars more extended (occupying prac- tically the whole of scapular region) and moreabruptly contrasted with gray of back; forehead and supraloral region paler gray than crown, sometimes whitish; under parts purer white; size averaging slightly larger. (Young practically undistinguishable from that of Z. 1. MAIGrans.) Adult male.—Length (skins), 197-215 (207.6); wing, 97-103 (100.7); tai', 92-105 (99.4); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.3); tarsus, 27— 29 (28.1); middle toe, 16.5-18 (17.1).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 200-216 (204.5); wing, 93-103 (98.7); tail, 92-102 (95.4); exposed culmen, 14-16 (14.8); tarsus, 27-29 (27.7); middle toe, 16-17 (16.6).? Arid districts of western United States and British Provinces, from eastern border of the Great Plains to western margin of the Great Basin (eastern Washington to southeastern California); north to Assiniboia (Long Lake), Saskatchewan (St. Louis), Manitoba (Car- berry, etc.); breeding southward to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southeastern California, and over northern Mexico at least as far as State of Durango (Papasguiero; Ciudad Durango)—probably — to Sinaloa (vicinity of Mazatlan and Guanajuato; in winter,’ southward over whole of Mexico, as far as Isthmus of Tehuantepec. «The gray is darker in worn midsummer plumage. 6 Ten specimens. ¢Some of the specimens from Guanajuato are in worn plumage, as if taken during the breeding season, but unfortunately no date is recorded on the labels. d Winter specimens have been examined from the following localities in Mexico: Oaxaca (Tehuantepec City; Cuicatlan); Colima (plains of Colima); Vera Cruz (Mira- dor); Mexico (Amecameca; Tlalpam); Territory of Tepic (Tepic); Sinaloa (Mazat- lan); Jalisco (Mascota); San Luis Potosi (Jesus Maria); Tamaulipas (several localities). Breeding birds have been examined from Durango (Papasquiero; Ciudad Durango), and Chihuahua (Casas Grandes). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 247 Lanius excubitorides Sw A1Nson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 115, pl. 34. Lanius excubitoroides Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 328.— Woopnovss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 77 (Texas). [Lanius] excubitoroides Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1872, 15, part. Collyrio excubitoroides Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 327, part (excl. Mississippi Valley and most Californian localities); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am. ), atlas, pl. 75, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 238, part; Rep. Ives’ Col. Exp., pt. v, 1861, 5; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 11 (San Elizario and El Paso, Texas; Gila R., Arizona; Fort Yuma, California. )— Kewnerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. iv, no. 3, 1859, 25 (Little Colo- rado R., etc.).—Covers, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 73 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).—Burcner, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas).—Coorrr, Am. Nat., ili, 1869, 34, 295; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, 75.—Srevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sury. for 1870 (1871), 464 (La Bonte Creek, Wyoming). [Collyrio] excubitoroides Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 391, no. 5940, part. Collurio excubitoroides Barry, Review Am. Birds, June, 1866, 445, part (localities in Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Dakota?, and Mexico; Lower California?).—(?) Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548, part (plateau region and temperate region Vera Cruz).—Coorerr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 138, part.—AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 198 (Colorado).— Merriam, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 677, 714 (Salt Lake, Utah; Fort Hall, Idaho).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrmeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 19, fig. 3. [ Collurio ludovicianus.] Var. excubitoroides Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 126, part. Collurio ludovicianus . . . var. excubitoroides Cours, Check List, 1875, no. 135a, part.—Rrpew ay, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov. 1873, 181 (Colorado).—HEnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 43 (Utah), 60 (Denver, Colorado), 78 (Fort Garland, Colorado), 107 (Bowie, Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 233 (localities in Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Arizona; habits). Collurio ludovicianus, var. excubitoroides BArrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 421, part.—Netson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 340 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming), 346 (Salt Lake City, Utah), 353 (near Elks, Nevada).—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 272 (Mazatlan, Oct. to Apr.; Colima); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 18 (Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca; Oct. ). Collurio ludovicianus excubitoroides Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 11 (Carson Valley, Nevada; breeding).—Srnnerr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 16 (Brownsville, Texas). Collurio ludovicianus . . . 8. excubitoroides Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 453, part (localities in Nevada and Utah). Collurio ludovicianus, 8. excubitoroides Rrpaway, Field and Forest, May, 1877, 197 (Colorado). Collurio ludovicianus var. excubitoroides . . . b. excubitoroides Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 102, part. [Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides] b. excubitorides Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 562, part. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 561, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 188, part.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 149a, part; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 138 (Huexotitla, Puebla, Oct.; crit).—NerHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 11 (s. e. Texas, breed- ing); Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 316, in text, part.—BrewsrTEr, Bull. 248 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 145 (Arizona; crit.); Bull., Mus. Comp. Zool., xh, 1902, 172 (Triunfo, Lower California, Dec. )..BrLpine, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 537 (La Paz, Lower California, winter ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- cists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 622a, part.—FrERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 138 (Huexotitla and Puebla, Puebla, Oct. ).—Luoyn, Auk, iv, 1887, 294 (Concho Co., etc., w. Texas; habits).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 31 (Tucson, Santa Catalina Mts., ete., Arizona).—BrckHam, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 683 (Corpus Christi, San Antonio, etc., Texas; habits).— Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 233, part (w. Manitoba, w. Texas, etc.—THompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 613 (Manitoba, summer; habits).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 520 (resident, but chiefly sum- mer).—FisHer, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 18938, 114 (desert region, s. Cali- fornia and Nevada).—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 778 (Soledad, San Luis Potosi, Dec.; Nogales, Sonora, breeding; descr. nest).—GRINNELL (J.), Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 48, (Los Angeles Co., California, winter straggler); Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 61 (resident e. of Sierra Nevada, from Shasta Valley and Plumas Co. to Fort Yuma and Indio).— Baiuey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 392. Ll anius] ludovicianus excubitorides Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 467, part. Lanius ludovicianus excubitoroides Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 89 (San Juan Co., Colorado; habits). —ALLEN and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ylii, 1883, 160 (Colorado Springs, Colorado).—Srron, Auk, ili, 1886, 325 (w. Manitoba).—ALuLen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 40 (n. e. Sonora and n. w. Chihuahua, Sept., Feb. ). CLollurio| lLudovicianus] excubitorides Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 338. Lanius ludovicianus (not of Linnzeus) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 312 (New Mexico).—Maxrmiuran, Journ. fir Orn. 1858, 191 (Upper Mis- souri R.).—DreEsser and SHarpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 595, part (crit.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, i, 1883, 213, part.— Gapbow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 245, part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Mexico). Collyrio ludovicianus (not of Baird) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106, (New Mexico).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 480 (San Antonio, Texas, sum. resid.). LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS MEXICANUS (Brehm.) MEXICAN SHRIKE, Similar in coloration to L. /. ludovicianus, but the deep slate-gray of upper parts giving way abruptly to white or grayish white” on upper tail-coverts; outermost rectrices with much less white, the inner web of outermost with more than middle third black; grayish white edging to inner webs of remiges broader, more distinct; bill decidedly smaller. Young decidedly darker than that of Z. 7. ludovictanus or any other of the conspecific forms, with chest and sides more densely vermiculated on a more decidedly grayish ground color. Adult male.—Lenegth (skins), 208-216 (206.2); wing, 96-106 (101.1); tail, 96—-LOT (100.3); exposed culmen, 14-16.5 (14.8); tarsus, 26-28 (27.1); middle toe, 16-17 (16.4).? «In females the color is more gray than in males, but it is always conspicuously and abruptly different from that of the rump. » Kight specimens. a Pe, ee een Pe ovina BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 249 Adult female.—Length (skins), 200-212 (204.3); wing, 95—-LOL (98.5); tail, 93-101 (98.5); aed culmen, 13-14.5 (13.8); tarsus, 26-27 (26.6); middle toe, 16-17 (16.3).¢ Southern Mexico, from southern Tamaulipas (Ciudad Victoria; Miquihuana)“ and Territory of Tepic (Tepic:” Santiago”) southward through States of Hidalgo (Irolo;¢ Tula), Vera Cruz (Orizaba, etc.), Puebla (Chalchicomula),’? Mexico (Ajusco; Amecameca; Tlalpam), Jalisco (Mascota), etc., to Oaxaca. (?) Lanius carolinensis (not of Wilson) Swainson, Philos. Mag., n.s., i, 1827, 368 (table-land of Mexico); Isis, 1834, 784.—LicutensTEeiIn, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2; Journ. fir aaa 1863, 58 (reprint). (?) Lanius ludovicianus (not of Linnzeus) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 112 (Mexico). L{anius] mexicanus BrexM, Journ. fiir Orn., ii, Mar., 1854, 145, 148 (Mexico).— CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 74, part (Mesica): (2?) Lanius mexicanus ScLATER,, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 375 (Oaxaca; Feb., Mar. ); 1864, 173 (crit.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 46.—Ducks, La Naturaleza, , 1869, 141 (Guanajuato). Lanius excubitoroides (not L. excubitorides Swainson) Scirarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 173 (City of Mexico). [ Lanius] excubitoroides ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 15, part. Collurio excubitoroides Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1866, 445, part.—SumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548, part, at least (plateau and temperate regions, Vera Cruz). (?) Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 398 (foot of Mount Orizaba, Vera Cruz, summer). LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS GAMBELI Ridgway. CALIFORNIA SHRIKE Most like Z. /. migrans in coloration, and sometimes not distin- guishable as to coloration of upper parts; but averaging slightly darker and duller gray above, with the upper tail-coverts usually abruptly white ¢ or much paler vray, asin L. J. excubitorides; under @Six specimens. Specimens from the Territory of Tepic and State of Jalisco have larger bills than those from more eastern localities, average measurements of the two series being as follows: Ex- | : Locality. Wing. Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ee culmen. : MALES. Six adult males from eastern and central Mexico.......--- 103 101.5 14.3 27 16.5 Two adult males from Territory of Tepec.....-..--.-.-.--- 96.5 96.5 16.7 27.5 16 FEMALES. Five adult females from eastern and central Mexico ...-.-. 98. 2 98. 4 13.6 26.7 16.4 One adult female from State of Jalisco..........-...------- 100 99 14.5 26 16 Tam unable to discern any difference in coloration. > Breeding specimens examined from these localities. 950 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. parts, however, usually either browner than in other forms or with more or less distinct transverse bars or vermiculations of pale gray or brownish gray on chest and sides of breast. Adult male.—Length (skins), 202-218 (210.4); wing, 94-99 (98); tail, 93-104 (97.8); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.2); tarsus, 26.5—-28 (27.6); middle toe, 16-17 (16.9).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 202-205 (203); wing, 95-97 (96.4); tail, 93-98 (95.6); exposed culmen, 14.5-15 (14.8); tarsus, 27-28.5 27.6); middle toe, 17-17.5 (17.3).? Coast and interior valleys of northern Lower California, California, Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia; south in winter to Cape San Lucas, and through western Mexico as far as the State of Morelos (Cuernavaca, January 10).° Lanius elegans (not of Swainson) GamBet, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1843, 261 (California) . Lanius excubitorides (not of Swainson) Sctarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 126 (San José, California). Lanius excubitoroides HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 2, 1859, 55 (California).—Ripeaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 391 (Murphys, Calaveras Co., California). Collyrio excubitorides Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 327, part (Presidio, Petaluma, Santa Clara, San José, Tulare Valley, and Fort Tejon, California) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 238, part.—(?) Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon ).—Cooprr, Proce. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1870, 75. Collurio excubitoroides Batrp, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1866, 445, part (San Francisco, etc., California).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 138, part. [ Collurio ludovicianus| Var. excubitoroides Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 125, part. Collurio ludovicianus . . . excubitoroides Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 135a, part —. Collurio ludovicianus, var. excubitoroides Barrp, BrREwErR, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 421, part. Collurio ludovicianus (excubitoroides?) Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, 1874, 171 (Sacramento, California, breeding). Collurio ludovicianus . . . 2. excubitoroides Rip@way, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 453, part (Sacramento, California). Collurio ludovicianus var. excubitoroides . . . b. excubitoroides Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 102, part. [Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides] b. excubitorides Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 562, part. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 561, part; Check List, 2d ed. 1882, no. 188, part.—Ripa@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 149a, part.—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 622a, part.—(?) Evermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 184 (Ventura Co., California).— (?) Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 46 (Grays Harbor, Washington).— Merriam (Florence A.), Auk, xiii, 1896, 121 (Twin Oaks, San Diego Co., California, breeding). a Ten specimens. » Five specimens. ¢ Specimen in Biological Survey collection, which also contains two from Alamos, Sonora (December 29 and January 27). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 951] Collurio ludovicianus, f. excubitorides Rrpaway, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 411 (Stockton, ete., California). Lfanius}] ludovicianus gambeli Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 467 (California; U.S. Nat. Mus. ). : Lanius ludovicianus gambeli Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 614.—CHApMAN, Auk, v, 1888, 399.—Brewsrer, Auk, x, 1893, 237 (Chilli- wack, British Columbia; crit.); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 172 (Cape St. Lueas district, winter).—AMERICAN OrnitrHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 622b.—AntHony, Auk, xii, 1895, 142 (San Fernando, Lower California).—GRINNELL (J.), Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 43 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107 (Chilli- wack, British Columbia).—ArKinson (W. L.), Condor, iii, 1901, 9 (Santa Clara Co., California; nesting habits). L[anius] l[udovicianus] gambeli Battry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 393. (?) Lanius ludovicianus (not of Linnzeus) ORNITHOLOGICAL Committers, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 193 (Columbia R.).—Townsenp (J. K.), Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1889, 152 (Columbia R.). Lanius ludovicianus GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., i, 1847, 44, part (California); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1847, 200 (California ).—Town- SEND (C. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 222 (Red Bluff and Mount Lassen, n. California). Collurio ludovicianus Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 66 (centr. Cali- fornia); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 411 (Marysville and Summit Meadows, California). LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS ANTHONYI Mearns. ISLAND SHRIKE, Darkest of all the forms of this species. Similar in coloration to LI. 1. ludovicianus, but gray of upper parts still darker (nearly slate color), especially on pileum, and more uniform, the scapulars almost wholly deep gray; white spot at base of primaries much smaller; under parts of body much more strongly tinged with gray, becoming distinctly gray (about no. 6) on sides and flanks; lateral rectrices with much less of white, this extending only about 22 mm. from the tip on inner web of exterior rectrix. Adult female.—Length (skin), 206; wing, 95; tail, 95; exposed culmen, 15; tarsus, 28; middle toe, 17.4 Santa Cruz Island (Santa Barbara group), southern California. [ Collurio ludovicianus] ludovicianus (not Lanius ludovicianus Linnzeus) HensHaw, Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, App. Hs, 237 (Santa Cruz I., California; crit.”). Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (not Lanius excubitorides Swainson) BLAKn, Auk, iv, 1887, 330 (Santa Cruz I.). Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi Mearns, Auk, xv, July, 1898, 261 (Santa Cruz L., Santa Barbara group, California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—AMERICAN ORNI- THOLOGISTS’ Union Commirrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 122 (Check List no. 622c).— OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, 233 (Santa Cruz I.; crit.). @One specimen, the type. (No. 163074, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Santa Cruz Island, California, June 5, 1897; R. H. Beck.) bIn text, under C. /. var. excubitoroides. 252 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ll anius] lLudovicianus] anthonyi Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 393. : Lanius anthonyi GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, June 25, 1902, 62. LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS MEARNSI, new subspecies.@ SAN CLEMENTE SHRIKE. Similar to Z. 7. anthony:, but upper tail-coverts abruptly white, more white on scapulars, white spot at base of primaries larger, and under parts of body much less strongly tinged with gray. In white upper tail-coverts, greater extent of white on posterior scapulars and at base of primaries, similar to LZ. /. gambeli, but the gray of upper parts very much darker (quite as dark as in LZ. 7. anthony?), and with much less of white at base of primaries and on lateral rectrices. Adult female.—Length (skins), 200-208 (204); wing, 98-96 (94.3); tail, 88-100 (94.7); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.7); tarsus, 26-27 (26.7); middle toe, 16-17 (16.3).? San Clemente Island, Santa Barbara group, southern California; Santa Margarita Island, Lower California (Pacific side). (2?) Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (not Lanius excubitorides Swainson?) BRYANT (W. E.), Bull. Calif. Acad..Sei., 1, 1887, 306 (Guadalupe I., Lower Califor- nia, 2 specs., Dec. ). Lanius ludovicianus gambeli (not of Ridgway) GRINNELL, Rep. Birds Santa Bar- bara Islands, ete., 1897, 19 (San Clemente I.; habits; descr. nest and eggs); (?) Auk, xv, 1898, 235 (Santa Catalina I.). Family CORVIDA. THE CROWS AND JAYS. Rather large to very large® ‘*‘conirostral” or ‘‘ ecultrirostral” ten- D> “ D> primaried acutiplantar Oscines without subterminal notch to maxil- lary tomium; the planta tarsi separated, more or less distinctly, from the acrotarsium by a narrow interval which is either smooth or occu- pied by small roundish or ovate scales, the outer plantar lamina, with the lower portion (sometimes one-third or more), divided into trans- verse scutella; nostrils covered, more or less, by a tuft of antrorse plumules, or, if exposed, circular and without distinct overhanging membrane, or else” longitudinal, with prominent superior operculum; outermost (tenth) primary shorter than secondaries, not more (usually less) than half as long as longest primary. Bill variable in shape, but always more or less elongate, compressed conical, with culmen more or less strongly curved terminally,’ never «Type, no. 134781, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult female, San Clemente Island, Santa Barbara group, southern California, Aug. 27, 1894; Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, U.S. A. >Three specimens; two from San Clemente Island, one from Santa Margarita Islands, Lower California. The latter and one of the former not quite adult, retain- ing traces of the juvenile plumage. ¢The ravens are the largest of Passerine birds. dn the genus Cyanocephalus. ¢ Except in Cyanocephalus, which also has the terminal portion of the culmen flattened. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 253 distinctly (usually not at all) notched, and never distinctly angulated (deflexed) basally. Nostril usually roundish and nonoperculate,“ usually completely hidden by an antrorse latero-frontal tuft.’ Rictal bristles distinct. Wing variable as to relative length; long and pointed in subfamily Corvine, short and rounded (often much shorter than tail) in subfamily Garruline; outermost primary (tenth) short, usually about half as long as ninth, ora little more; eighth to fifth primaries longest. Tail very variable as to form and relative length, but never emarginate nor forked; usually more or less rounded, often graduated (sometimes excessively so). Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw, variable as to relative thickness; acrotarsium distinctly scutellate;° lateral toes much shorter than middle toe (the inner usually Jonger than the outer); middle toe with its basal phalanx united fer about half its length to both lateral toes; hallux, with claw, shorter than middle toe, with claw, not longer than lateral toes (often shorter). | The preceding diagnosis is not entirely satisfactory and can only be regarded as a provisional one, since authorities are by no means unanimous as to the limits of the Corvide. This uncertainty as to the proper limits of the family has necessitated the framing of a diagnosis specially applicable to the American forms. Several of the Old World types which have been referred to the Corvidee are more or less aber- rant, and some of them certainly do not belong here. Among the latter may be specially mentioned the Australian genus Strepera, which, with the genus Cracticus, has by some authors been referred to the Laniide, though a more consistent view of their relationship would entitle them to the rank of a family, Streperide.? Besides the Streperide and Laniide, the nearest relations of the Corvide seem to be the Paradiseidee, which, according to Dr. Sharpe,’ differ chiefly in the abnormal character of the feet, which have the outer toe but little shorter than the middle one, and the hallux, includ- ing its claw, equal to or longer than the middle toe, with its claw. Some of the smaller Corvide of the subfamily Garruline present a remarkably close general resemblance to the Paride, notwithstanding the great difference in size. Nevertheless, the resemblance seems to be a purely superficial one, since the internal structure does not bear «Longitudinal and operculate only in genus Cyanocephalus. > Wholly exposed, the tufts being absent, in genera Cyanocephalus, Calocitta, and Psilorhinus among American genera. ¢ Booted in the Palearctic genus Fregilus, which, together with Pyrrhocggax, is otherwise aberrant, the two constituting the subfamily Fregilinse-of some authors. @See Parker, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 1875, 337, and Newton, Dictionary of Birds, pt. i, 1893, 116. According to Parker the true Corvidee are xgithognathous, while Gymnorhina is compoundly eegithognathous or desmognathous by ‘‘ankylosis of the inner edge of the maxillaries with a highly ossified alinasal wall and nasal septum.”’ ¢Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 4. 254 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. out the close relationship suggested by the external appearance. Even the external characters, when closely examined, show many points of difference. Thus, the divisions of the tarsal envelope are essentially different, the Paride lacking the longitudinal space between the anterior and outer postero-lateral plates; the basal phalanx of the middle toe is united in the Paride, almost if not quite to the whole length of the basal phalanx of the outer toe, but only for about half this length in the Corvide; the feathers of the antrorse nasal tufts are different in the two groups, being bristly throughout in the Corvyidee, ** with lateral branches reaching to the very tip,” while in the Paride they are ‘*broader, with the shaft projecting considerably beyond the basal portion, or the lateral branches are confined to the basal portion and extended forward” (Baird). The family Corvid is so nearly cosmopolitan that only New Zealand and portions of Polynesia are without representatives. The group is most developed, however, in the northern hemisphere. America possesses nearly half the genera and species of undoubted “ Corvide enumerated by Dr. Sharpe in his catalogue of the Corvide in the British Museum. A somewhat singular fact in connection with the distribution of this family on the Western Hemisphere consists in the circumstance that while members of the subfamily Garruline extend from the northern limit of forests almost to the southern extremity of the temperate districts of South America, no part of the continental portions of tropical America being without its representatives, the subfamily Corvine reaches its southern limit in the Greater Antilles and on the highlands of Honduras, no peculiar species occurring south of Central Mexico or Jamaica, the Greater Antilles lacking any representation of the Garrulinz and the Lesser Antilles being without a single member of either group. KEY TO THE GENERA OF CORVID#. a. Tail much shorter than wing, the latter long and pointed, with primaries exceed- ing longest secondaries by more than length of tarsus, the sixth, seventh, and eighth longest. (Subfamily Corvine.) ? “The genera Strepera, Struthidea, Picathartes, Glaucopis, Heteralocha, Creadion, Paleulia, Graculus, Pyrrhocorax, Corcorax, and Podoces are excluded from the above enumeration as being more or less doubtfully members of the family. bDr. R. Bowdler Sharpe (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 4) gives the subfamily Corvinze wider limits. He includes with the Corvine, as here defined, the Garru linze, separating only the Fregilinee. The latter are restricted in their range to the Palzearctic Region and Australia, and comprises the genera Graculus Brisson (= Fregi- lus Cuvier), Pyrrhocorax Vieillot, Corcorax Lesson, and Podoces Fischer. As already stated on page 253, the limits of the family are as yet by no means satisfactorily defined and it may here be stated that the subfamily divisions are equally unsettled. So far as the American forms are concerned, however, the groups Corvinz and Gar- ruline are sufficiently distinct, the only question being as to whether they should rank as subfamilies or groups of inferior grade, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 255 b. Nostrils roundish, non-operculate, more or less covered by antrorse latero- frontal tufts; bill more or less compressed, with base of culmen narrow and extended but little behind the frontal antize; color of plumage not blue; wing more than 175 mm. c. Larger (wing not less than 230 mm., usually much more); bill compressed (much higher than broad), the culmen strongly curved; nasal tufts more than one-third as long as maxilla; plumage (in American species) wholly fa Bearer eee ae Mee A ake Sod ost ei Lee alae Corvus (p. 256) cc. Smaller (wing much less than 230 mm.); bill nearly cylindrical (slightly higher than broad), the culmen nearly straight (slightly curved termi- nally); nasal tufts less than one third as long as maxilla; plumage mainly gray, or brown with white spots or streaks, the wings and tail black and NYU LE Aten tise io cette SA eh Dea bola Le oe © Nucifraga (p. 280) bb. Nostrils longitudinal, distinctly operculate, wholly exposed (no antrorse latero- frontal tufts); bill depressed, with basal portion of culmen broad and _ flat- tened, extending considerably behind the frontal antize;@ color of plumage nie: swine less: than. lo min. st 2. 2se2see. cee ssc 8 Cyanocephalus (p. 283) va. Tail nearly if not quite as long as wing, often longer, sometimes much longer, the latter comparatively short and rounded, with primaries exceeding longest secondaries by much less than length of tarsus, the fifth, sixth, and seventh longest. (Subfamily Garruline.) 6. Tail much longer than wing, graduated for half its length, or more. c. Nostrils covered by antrorse nasal tufts; orbits partly naked; no crest; tenth primary falcate; wings and tail metallic bluish and greenish, the latter without white tips; scapulars white. .------2--+..--5-2------ Pica (p. 286) ec. Nostrils wholly exposed; orbits entirely feathered; a conspicuous recurved crest; tenth primary normal; wings and tail plain blue or grayish blue, the latter with broad white tips; scapulars bluish, like back --.Calocitta (p. 292) bb. Tail not much, if any, longer than wing, not graduated for more than about one-third its length (usually much less, sometime nearly even). c. Nostrils completely exposed, with considerable of a naked space behind UI CU a eens Shey Nc ee er eet any 9 Me eee nay SN ray Oa Psilorhinus (p. 298) cc. Nostrils more or less hidden by antrorse nasal tufts. d. Under parts of body either white, yellow, green, or purplish, abruptly defined against black or dark brown of chest and throat. e. Larger (wing not less than 139.5 mm.); under parts of body white or pale yellow (purplish in some South American species); back, etc., blue OL Un MBN wt oleae So eee eS ec ar tte. Cyanocorax (p. 303) ee. Smaller (wing less than 139 mm.); under parts deep yellow or green; back, ete., green (sometimes tinged or washed with blue). Xanthoura (p. 305) dd. Under parts of body neither white, yellow, green, nor purplish. e. Under parts uniform black or with at least the anterior half abruptly black; head and neck entirely black -..-..----.---. .Cissilopha (p. 312) ee. Under parts not uniform black; if black anteriorly, the black merging gradually into blue of posterior portions and the head conspicuously crested. jf. Plumage partly blue; longest primaries exceeding secondaries by less than length of commissure. g. Without any distinct crest. h. Sides of head, including nasal plumes, black, conspicuously and abruptly contrasted with the color (blue or lavender) of crown OPhrOMt OF DOU ca. sce Se meee u se se se Cyanolyca (p. 318) @'The form of the bill in this genus is very similar to that of Sturnus and Sturnella, of the families Sturnidee and Icteridee, respectively, 56 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. hh. Sides of head and nasal plumes not black, nor conspicuously (if any) different from color of crown or throat. Aphelocoma (p. 323) gg. Conspicuously crested (crest pointed) .....----- Cyanocitta (p. 345) ff. Plumage without any blue (mostly grayish or brownish); longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than length of commissure. Perisoreus (p. 364) Genus CORVUS Linnezus. Corvus Linnaxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 105. (Type, by elimination, C. corax Linnzeus. ) Lycus (not of Fabricius, 1787) Born, Isis, 1822, 55. (Type, Corvus monedula Linneeus. ) ; Monedula (not of Linnzeus, 1762, nor Coquebert, 1798) Brexm, Isis, 1828, 1273. (Type, Corvus monedula Linneus. ) Corone Kaur, Naturl. Syst., 1829, 99. (Type, Corvus corone Linnzus. ) Coloeus Kaup, Naturl. Syst., 1829, 114 (Type, Corvus monedula Linneeus. ) Coleus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 25. (2?) Gazzola Bonaparts, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 75; Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1854, 828. (Type, G. typica Bonaparte. %) Amblycorax BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 829. (Type, Corvus violaceus BoNAPARTE. ) Pterocorax Kaur, Journ. fiir Orn., li, no. 12, Suppl. Nov., 1854, p. lv. (Type, Corvus scapulatus Daudin. ) Corax Kaur, Journ. fiir Orn., li, no. 12, Suppl. Noy., 1854, p.lv. (Type, Corvus corax Linnzeus?) Anomalocorax FrrzincEr, Sitz. Ak. Wien, xliv, Abth. 1, 1863, 209. (Type, Corvus splendens Vieillot. ) Trypanocorax SuNDEVALL, Meth. Av. Tent., 1872, 43 (ex Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1, 1854, 133=nomen nudum). (Type, Corvus frugilegus Linnzeus. ) (?) Heterocorax SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 11. (Type, Corvus capensis Lichtenstein. ¢) (2?) Rhinocorax Suarpx, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 45. (Type, Corvus affinis Ruppell.¢) Microcorax SuHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ii, 1877, 48. (Type, Corvus jamaicensis Gmelin. ) (?) Macrocorax SHarpx, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877,51. (Type, Corvus fuscica- pillus Gray.) Large Corvine, with the wing more (usually much more) than 230 mm. long; nasal plumes covering at least the basal third of the maxilla; wings long and pointed, reaching nearly or quite to tip of tail, the eighth or seventh primary longest, the four outermost with inner web sinuated; tail rounded or slightly graduated. Coloration (of American species).—Entirely dark colored, without any white except, sometimes, on concealed basal portion of feathers of the neck, etc.; all the species except one (C. jamazcensis) uniform black, more or less glossy, or glossy steel-blue and violet (C. mexicanus). Nidification.—Nest of twigs, strips of bark, ete., lined with finer materials, open above, placed in trees (more rarely on cliffs or build- «The type species of these supposed genera I have not been able to examine, } ¢ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 9D ings). Eggs 3-8, light bluish or greenish (more rarely whitish) more or less thickly speckled with brown or olive. Pange.—Nearly cosmopolitan (absent only in Lesser Antilles, Cen- tral and South America, Madagascar, New Zealand, and part of Polynesia). Three of the five West Indian species (C. jamaicensis, (. nasicus, and (. leucognaphalus) seem very distinct in their exposed nostrils, semierect nasal plumes, large naked postocular space, and more com- pressed bill, but the other two (C. solitarius and C. minutus) are intermediate in these characters between the above-mentioned forms and the continental type, or exhibit a combination of their char- acters. Consequently, I am obliged to consider the generic name Microcorax, Sharpe, a synonym of Corvus. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CORVUS. a. Feathers of throat elongated, lanceolate, distinctly outlined. (Ravens. ) 6. Feathers of neck, upper back, and breast gray basally. (Corvus corax. ) c. Eighth (third from outside) primary usually longer than sixth, sometimes longer than seventh. d. Larger, with stouter bill and relatively shorter and thicker tarsi (adult male with exposed culmen averaging 81.5, depth of bill at nostrils 29, tarsus 68). (Northern North America, from Arctic lands to New Bruns- wick, higher Alleghenies, British Columbia, ete. ) Corvus corax principalis (p. 259) dd. Smaller, with more slender bill and relatively longer and thinner tarsi (adult male with exposed culmen averaging 74.4, or less, depth of bill at nostril 25.6, or less, tarsus more than 68). e. Larger, with relatively larger bill (adult male averaging wing 430.8, tail 236.7, exposed culmen 74.4, depth of bill at nostrils 25.6, tarsus 69.8). (Western United States and southward through Mexico.to highlands of northern Honduras. ).........--2-.-:- Corvus corax sinuatus (p. 262) ee. Smaller, with relatively smaller bill (adult male averaging wing 402.6, tail 221, exposed culmen 68.2, depth of bill at nostrils 24.2, tarsus 68.4). (Revillagigedo Islands, western Mexico, north to San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands, California. )--..Corvus corax clarionensis (p. 264) ec. Eighth primary (third from outside) usually shorter than sixth, never (?) longer than seventh. (Commander Islands, Kamchatka. ) Corvus corax behringianus (extralimital) @ bb. Feathers of neck, upper back, and breast pure white basally. (Southwestern United States and Mexican plateau.).......---- Corvus cryptoleucus (p. 265) aa. Feathers of throat normal (short and blended). (Crows. ) b. Nostrils completely hidden by antrorse nasal plumes, the latter directed forward in line with longitudinal axis of maxilla. @Corvus corax behringianus Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 265 ( Bering Island, Commander group, Kamchatka).—Corvus grebnitzkii Stejneger, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ii, 1885 (pnb. Apr. 10, 1884), 97 (Bering I.; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). The characters of this form are given in view of the possibility that it may occur as a straggler in some of the westernmost Aleutian Islands. 10384—voL 3—03——17 258 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. c. Bill less compressed, higher terminally, where more abruptly decurved. d. Larger (wing 264.5 or more); plumage moderately lustrous, essentially black. e. Larger (wing averaging more than 279.5, exposed culmen averaging 47 or more, tarsus averaging 51 or more); under parts faintly glossed with violet. (Corvus americanus. ) f. Larger (exposed culmen of adult male averaging more than 51, tarsus averaging more than 60.5). : g. Larger, with relatively smaller bill and feet; wing of adult male aver- aging 321, tail 181, exposed culmen 51.5, tarsus 61.5. (Eastern North America, except Florida and extreme northern districts.) Corvus americanus americanus (p. 267) gg. Smaller, with relatively larger bill and feet; wing of adult male averaging 304, tail 174, exposed culmen 51.8, tarsus 62.5. (Penin- sularoisb loridas) Bases = seers Corvus americanus pascuus (p. 269) jf. Smaller (exposed culmen of adult male averaging less than 48, tarsus averaging less than 58). g. Larger, with relatively larger feet; wing of adult male averaging 302.5, tail 170.5, exposed culmen 48, tarsus 57.5, middle toe 36. (Western United States) Sas-eess—seoose Corvus americanus hesperis (p. 270) gg. Smaller, with relatively smaller feet; wing of adult male averaging 283.5, tail 137.5, exposed culmen 46.5, tarsus 51, middle toe 33. (Northwest coast, from Puget Sound to Kadiak Island and Alaska peninsulas) 2) eee ree Corvus americanus caurinus (p. 272) ee. Smaller (wing averaging less than 279.5, exposed culmen averaging less than 45.5, tarsus averaging less than 48); under parts rather distinctly glossed with green or greenish blue. (Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States, from Massachusetts to Texas. ) Corvus ossifragus (p. 273) dd. Smaller (wing less than 260); plumage highly lustrous, dark steel blue, with violet on pileum, wings, ete. (Mexico. ) Corvus mexicanus (p. 275) ce. Bill more compressed, less deep terminally, where culmen less strongly decurved. d. Larger (wing 261, tail 149, exposed culmen 51, tarsus 51.5); bill narrower, less high at base; nasal plumes reaching far in advance of nostrils. (CRT GPS) ep = ae BS Ge RR la es Sie ee Corvus palmarum (p. 276) dd. Smaller (wing 233, tail 134.5, exposed culmen 43.5, tarsus 48.5); bill more conical, higher at base; nasal plumes reaching but little in advance of TOS bralligoa (Chula) es oe a ae ee ete Corvus minutus (p. 276) bb. Nostrils exposed, the nasal plumes directed obliquely upward. : c. Smaller (wing less than 254); back and under parts sooty slate. (Jamaica. ) Corvus jamaicensis (p. 277 cc. Larger (wing 279.5 or more); back and under parts glossy black. d. Feathers of neck and body gray basally. (Cuba.)-.-Corvus nasicus (p. 278) dd. Feathers of neck and body pure white basally. (Corvus leucognaphalus. ) e. Larger, with smaller feet (wing averaging more than 305, tarsus averag- ing 53, middle toe averaging 40); plumage less glossy. (Porto Rico. ) Corvus leucognaphalus leucognaphalus (p. 278) ee. Smaller, with larger feet (wing averaging less than 305, tarsus averaging 57, middle toe averaging 44); plumage more glossy. ( Haiti.) Corvus leucognaphalus erythrophthalmus (p. 279) te Bi eth ye ni aa i Dies aad ee I rl Ne eS ee See eusteue : ‘ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 259 CORVUS CORAX PRINCIPALIS Ridgway. NORTHERN RAVEN. Adults (sexes alike).—Entire plumage deep glossy black; the wing- coverts, secondaries, innermost primaries and tail glossed with violet (the gloss on wings more purplish, sometimes inclining to bronze on secondaries); primary-coverts and longer and outermost primaries glossed with bluish or greenish; under parts glossed with blue or greenish blue, becoming more violaceous on lanceolate feathers of throat; shafts of primaries becoming whitish basally; feathers of neck, ete., light gray basally; bill, legs, and feet black; iris deep brown. Adult male.—Length (skins), 622-675.5 (648.5); wing, 419.5-464 (488); tail, 235-259.5 (247); exposed culmen, 76.5—92 (81.5); depth of bill at nostril, 26.5-81.5 (28.5); tarsus, 62-71 (68); middle toe, 43-54 (47.5); graduation of tail, 48-73.5 De 5). a Adult Jemale.—Length (skins), 572-667 (624); wing, 413-440.5 (426); tail, 229-246.5 (242); epost culmen, 68-81.5 (76.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 24-28 (26.5); tarsus, 63-73 (61.5); middle toe, 43-51 (46.5); graduation of tail, 44.5—-58.5 (50).? Arctic and Boreal Provinces of North America; south to eastern British Provinces, portions of New England, and Atlantic coast of «Sixteen specimens. > Fourteen specimens. Eastern and western specimens compare in average measurements as follows: | | | aa a Depth Ex- of bill | | = Middle Gradua- Locality. Wing. Tail. posed | at nos- | Tarsus. oe! | tion of culmen. | tris. | | tail. a we = aaa Seal tance | fe sz MALES. | | Ten adult males from Greenland, Un- | | DIRT ROLC aetna en eat | 432.5 | 244.5 | 81 | 928.5| 67.5| 46.5 57 Six adult males from Alaska............ 446.5 | 250 | 81555) 29.8 «| 69 48.5 | Baap Three adult males from British Colum- | PG erseet shia aisatsio nis sckic nus chee teelsihccces 37 | «252 79.5 28 69 50.5 58.5 One adult male from mountains of EMMA CLV Meee. ook Oe oct eee 432 241.5 | 79 | 28 S SeD ine deco 58 FEMALES. | Six adult females from Greenland, Un- PENNS eee cial cc’ oa toe oe woes core 425 246.5 76.5 26.5 66 46 47.5 Kight adult females from Alaska ....... 426 240 75.5 26.7 66.5 45.5 51.5 Two adult females from British Colum- Poe eee ye a See Son eh Se Tt 423 241.5 73.5 26 65 47 71.5 Two adult females from Michigan and mountains of Pennsylvania ........--. 109.5 241.5 7A 25 62.5 41 43 The specimens from British Columbia, Michigan, and Pennsylvania are not ty Pak but incline more or less toward C. ¢. sinuatus. Their measurements are not included in the extremes and ayerages given in the diagnosis, which are restricted to measure- ments of specimens from Greenland, Ungava, Alaska, and other extreme northern localities. 260 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. United States, higher Alleghenies,’ region of the Great Lakes. western and northern Washington, ete. Corvus corax (not of Linneeus) Witson, Am. Orn., ix, 1825, 136, pl. 75, fig. 3.— Doventy, Cab. Nat. Hist., i, 1830, 270, pl. 24.—Swarnson and RicHaRp- son, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 290.—Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 202.—AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 476, pl. 101; Synopsis, 1839, 150; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1843, 78, pl. 224.._Wix.is, Ann. Rep. Smithson Inst. for 1858 (1859), 283 (Nova Scotia; resid. ).—RerHarpt, Ibis, 1861, 7 (Green- land).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 313 (Kayne I., Bering Straits).—Scuircer, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 11, part (Greenland; Labrador).—Harrina, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 112 (Beechey I., Barrow Straits).—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 40 (Alaska); 1874, 104 (s. w. Greenland); Zweite Deutsche Nordpolfahrt, ii, 1874, 185 (e. Greenland; crit. ).—Cours, Check List, 1878, no. 226, part; 2d ed. 1882, no. 338, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 204, part; in Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 178 (Pribi- lof I.; introduced from Unalaska).—Newton, Man. N. H. Greenland, 1875, 99.—SuHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 14, part (Vancouver I.; FortSimp- son; 49th Parallel ?).—Frr_pra, Ibis, 1877, 405 (Smiths Sound, lat. 81° 44”).— Apams, Ibis, 1878, 426 (St. Michael, Alaska).—Kumuien, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 78 (Cumberland Sound, ete.; habits).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 228 (Long Beach, New Jersey).—Merritu (H.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 249 (coast Maine, resid.) .—BarcHELpeEr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 149 (Grand Falls, New Brunswick; Houlton, Maine).— Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 236 (bet. Godbout and Point de Monts, prov. Quebec, breeding).—Euurorr, Mon. Seal Islds., 1882, 128. C[orvus] corax Bonapartr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1824, 359; Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 387, part.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 416, part. [Corvus] coraa (var.?) Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 162, part. Corvus corax var. littoralis (not Corvus littoralis Brehm, 1831) Ho LBortn, in Kroyer’s Tidskrift, iv, 1843, 390 (Greenland; Labrador). Corvus lugubris AGAssiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1846, 188 (= nomen nudum). Corvus carnivorus ‘‘Bartram’’> Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 560, part (coast New Jersey); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 423, part.—CoopPErR and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 210, part (Vancou- ver I.; Washington ?).—Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 225 (Henley Harbor, ete., Labrador; habits).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolwich, iv, 1864, 12 (British Columbia).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vill, 1866, 289 (Long Island; coast New Jersey).—Dati and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 285 (Nulato, Alaska; habits, etc.).—Dauu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v, 1873, 27 (Unalaska; Shumagin), v, 1874, 274 (throughout Aleutians). a The southern limits of this form are not satisfactorily known, material being lack- ing for determination of the question. The few eastern specimens which have been examined seemed to be decidedly nearer typical C. ¢. principalis than C. c. sinuatus. I have not been able to examine a specimen of the raven which breeds along the coast of New Jersey, Virginia, etc., nor an example from the mountains of North Carolina or Tennessee. References to these more southeastern localities are therefore placed in the synonymy of C. ¢. principalis provisionally only. The same uncer- tainty pertains to the status of the ravens which breed in southern Illinois, southern Indiana, and other portions of the Mississippi Valley. References to them are, ten- tatively, placed under C. c. sinuatus. b Corvus carnivorus, the raven, Bartram, Travels in Florida, 1791, 290 (Pennsylvania). Bartram was not a consistent binomialist, and the birds he named: were rarely described so as to admit of positive identification. It is generally conceded, there- fore, that his names can not properly have a place in systematic nomenclature. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 261 Corvus carnivorous MAYNARD, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 153 (Magdalen Islands, ete. ). Corvus corax var. carnivorus BAIRD, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 233, part.—(?) NELson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 25 (n. e. Tllinois; rare winter visit. ). Corvus corax carnivorus RIDGWAY, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 280, part.—NELSON, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1881 (1883), 73 (Aleutian Islands, ete. ).—MerriaM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 231 (Lewis Co., New York, resident).—(?) Fox, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1882, 192 (Lookout Mt., Tennessee) .—CHAMBER- LAIN, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soe. N. B., i, 1882, 42 (New Brunswick) .—Bean, Proc. _ U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 158 (Sitka; Yakutat Bay; Eschscholtz Bay; Plover Bay, Siberia?).—BREwsTER, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 378 (Gulf St. Lawrence; habits).—Frvscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 270 (Chilcat R., Alaska ).— McLENEGAN, Cruise ‘‘ Corwin,”’ 1884, 116 (Kowak R., Alaska).—TURNER, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 241 (Fort Chimo, Ungava); Auk, ii, 1885, 157 (Nearer Islands, Alaska) . [Corvus corax] 7. carnivorus Dusors, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1873, 5, part. (?) Corvus corax sinuatus (not Corvus sinuatus Wagler) Brewster, Auk, ili, 1886, 106 (mountains w. North Carolina, above 3,000 ft.) _—Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 319 (Roane Co., e. Tennessee ).—Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 321 (w. Manitoba ).— Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 167 (habits, etc. ). —AMERICAN ORNI- rHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 486, part.—NELson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 165 (habits, etc. ).—Townsenp, Auk; iv, 1887, 12 (Kowak R.,n. w. Alaska); Cruise ‘¢Corwin,’”’ 1885 (1887), 92 (Kotzebue Sound; Kowak R.).—(?) Sronz, Auk, viii, 1891, 245 (Delaware Co., Pennsylvania, Dee.) .— (2?) McIuwrattH, Birds Ontario, 1892, 276.—(?) Harcu, Birds Minnesota, 1892, 266 (about Lake Superior and along Red R.).—Nvrrine, Bull. Labr. N. H. Univ. Iowa, ii, no. 3, 1893, 273 (lower Saskatchewan ).—ATKINSON, Biol. Rey. Ont., i, 1894, 99 (Port Arthur, n. shore Lake Superior, breeding ).— (?) Roaps, Auk, xvi, 1899, 311 (Clinton Co., w. Pennsylvania). (?) Corvus corax sinuatus ? Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 46, 63 (int. British Columbia). Clorvus] corax principalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 361 (St. Michael, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Corvus corax principalis Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed. 1896, 613.—BisHop, Auk, vi, 1889, 147 (Magdalen Islands, breeding ).—CHAMBER- tain and Hacerup, Auk, vi, 1889, 293 (s. Greenland; habits).—AMERICAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Uxron Commirres, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 11 (no. 486q) ; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 486a.—W ARREN, Birds Pennsylvania, 1890, 201 (mountain districts ).—F anny, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 32.—THomp- son, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 567 (localities in Manitoba; habits).— Macraruank, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 439 (Anderson Re etcy) Srong, Auk, xi, 1894, 137 (s. New Jersey, breeding); 1895, 505 (McCormick Bay, w. Greenland ).—BENDIRE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 400, pl. iv, figs. 1, 2 (eggs).—WoopruFF, Auk, xiii, 1896, 83 (Mendosia, n. e. Illinois, 1 spec., Oct. ).—Knicut, Bull. Univ. Maine, no. 3, 1897, 84 (common resid. on coast, more rare in int. ).—Jos, Auk, Xv, 1898, 55 (islands Penobscot Bay, breeding ).—GRINNELL (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, 128 (Sitka).—Rives, Auk, xv, 1898, 135 (spruce reg. mts. West Virginia).—Porter, Auk, xvii, 1900, 72 (Newfoundland) .—BiGELow, Auk, xix, 1902, 29 (Newfoundland, locally common ).—Batey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 280, pl. Corvus corax nobilis (not Corvus nobilis Gould) Patmer (W.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 262 (Canada Bay, Newfoundland; Black Bay; Straits of Canso). 262 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CORVUS CORAX SINUATUS (Wagler). MEXICAN RAVEN, Similar to C. ¢. principalis, but averaging smaller, with relatively smaller and narrower bill and longer and more slender tarsus. Adult male.—Length (skins), 618.1—694.3 (654.2); wing, 396.2-459.7 (430.8); tail, 218.4-254 (236.7); exposed culmen, 66-80 (74.4); depth of bill at nostrils, 23.4-27.9 (25.6); tarsus, 64.8-73.7 (69.8); middle toe, 39.4-58.4 (47.2); graduation of tail, 39.4—-63.5 (48.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 592.7-656.2 (631.6); wing, 386.1— 431.8 (408.9); tail, 208.3-251.5 (228.8); exposed culmen, 64.8-76.2 (69.8); depth of bill at nostrils, 22.9-27.4 (24.4); tarsus, 63.5—-73.1 (66.8); middle toe, 40.1-47 (41.7); graduation of tail, 34.3-61 (48.5).? Western United States in general and southward over plateau and mountains of Mexico and Guatemala to pine region of northern Hon- duras (between Opotelma and Seguatepeque). Range essentially coin- cident with limits of arid division of the Upper and Lower Sonoran or Austral life zones, but invading, locally, portions of the Boreal ‘‘islands,” and probably also, sporadically, the western and central portions of the humid division of the Sonoran or Austral life zones (to Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, etc.°). « Twenty-five specimens. >Twenty specimens. Specimens from Guatemala and southern Mexico are larger than those from northern Mexico and the southwestern United States, as shown by the following measurements: : Depth | XS) wiiiseaeesa || ~ 4 4) | Gradua- Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | ee By | Tarsus. Leer tion of culmen.} “3.4. 3 tail. | trils. MALES. One adult male from Guatemala.......- 435 241.5 | 71 24 "2.0 45.5 60.5 Eightadult malesfrom southern Mexico.| 434.5 | 238.5 76.5 26.5 70.5 49 51 Sixteen adult males from western United States and Sonora ..-...--.----- 429 235.5 73.5 2055 69 46 49 FEMALES. One adult female from Guatemala....-. 419 939 | 73.9 26.5 71.5 47 51 Four adult females from southern IMGXI COA sus a eee esis conte seese see ce 423 241.5 73 25.5 69 46 48.5 Fifteen adult females from western 7 United States and Sonora -..-.---.-.--.--- 405.5 | 227 69 24 66 42.5 48.5 Two adult females from Lower Cali- LOTMA ssa eee eee eee seeeeee 405.5 | 220 71 24 64.5 43 49.5 c As stated on p. 260, the status of the ravens breeding east of the Great Plains and south of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence (except those of the Boreal islands of the Appalachian Mountain district, which are almost certainly C. ¢. principalis) has not been satisfactorily determined, owing to the difficulty of acquiring material for study. The assignment of central Mississippi Valley records to C. ¢. sinuatus and Atlantic coast records to C. ¢. principalis is therefor purely provisional or tentative. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 263 CLorvus] sinuatus WaaGuer, Isis, 1829, 748 (Mexico; ex Lichtenstein, manu- script). Corvus corax sinuatus RipGway, Proc., U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 3559.— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 486,—FERRARI- Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 153 (Puebla, Puebla; Jalapa, Vera Cruz ).—CooPEr, Auk, iv, 1887, 92 (Ventura Co., California).—Cooxe, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 158, part (w. Kansas; Texas).—MEARNS, Auk, vii, 1890, 256 (mountains of Arizona, breeding down to 3,000 ft.)—MERRIAM, North Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 94 (San Francisco, Mt., etc. )—SToneE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 214 (Mount Orizaba to summit).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 381.—BENDIRE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, pt. 2, 1895, 396, pl. 4, fig. 3 (egg).—(?) GRINNELL, Pasadena Acad. Sci., pub. no. 1, 1897, 6, 10, 16 (Santa Barbara and San Nicolas islands, @ California).—(?) BuTLER, Birds of Indiana, 1897, 879 (Dubois and Martin counties, breeding). —Liyton, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, 68 (Los Angeles Co., California; descr. nests ).— Bartry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 279. Corvus corax sinatus (typographical error) Rrpaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 331. Corvus] corax sinuatus Ripeway, Man. N. Am. 3irds, 1887, 361. Corvus corax sinuatus ? Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 358 (Mount Orizaba). Corvus cacalotl WAGER, Isis, 1831, 527 (Mexico; based on ‘‘Cacalotl Hernandez, Thes. p. 48, cap. 174’’).—BoNAPARTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 115 (Mexico) .—MaxIMILIAN, Reise Nord-Am., ii, 1841, 289 (upper Missouri) ; Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 195 (do. )—GamBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1847, 47 (California) .—NEWBERRY, Rep. Pacific R. R., Sury., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 82 (California, ete. ).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 563; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 20; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 424,.— KENNERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. iv, 1859, 31, pl. 20, head (New Mexico; Arizona).—ScLATER and Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 21 (Chimaltenango and Duefias, Guatemala, alt. 6,000 ft.); 1860, 34 (plains of Duenas, Guate- mala).—Taytor, [bis, 1860, 112 (mountains of Honduras, bet. Opotelma and Seguatepeque, alt. 5,000 ft. ). Corvus cacalotl ? SUMICHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869 553 (alpine reg. and Cerro Colorado, near Tehuacan, Vera Cruz. ) Corvus] cacalotl BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 387 (North America). Corvus catotoll BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 28. Corvus major PAUL VON Wirrempure, Erste Reise in Nordl. Amerika, 1835, 294, footnote (Nebraska; nomen nudum). Corvus nobilis GouLp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., v, 1837, 79 (Mexico; type in coll. Brit. Mus. ). Corvus] nobilis BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 386 (Mexico). [Corvus corax] f. nobilis Duos, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1873, 5 (Mexico). Corvus splendens (not of Vieillot, 1817) ‘“‘Gould” Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 115 (erroneous citation of C. nobilis Gould). Corvus splendens (?) KENNERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 11 (Camp 110, New Mexico). Corvus corax (not of Linnzeus) Woopnovuse, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Colorado R., 1853, 78.—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., X, pt. vi, 1859, 54, part (California; New Mexico; habits).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 11, part (upper Missouri R.; Mexico).—ALLEN, (?) Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1868, 525 (Indiana); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 178 (Kansas; Colorado; Wyoming; Utah).—Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 226, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 338, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 204, part.—SHARPE, Cat. aSpecimens from these islands not seen by me; they may be referable to C. s. clarionensis. 264 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 14, part (Mexico).—McCuesney, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., v, 1879, 80 (Fort Sisseton, Dakota).—Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 486, excl. syn., part (Guanajuato, Guadalajara, Orizaba, alpine reg. Vera Cruz, Mazatlan, ete., Mexico; Estan- suelas, Duefias, Chimaltenango, ridge above Calderas, Volcan de Agua, Vol- can de Atitlan, Quezaltenango, and San Geronimo, Guatemala; between Opotelma and Seguatepeque, Honduras). [Corvus] coraz ScuaTerR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 40. C{orvus] corax Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 416, part. [ Corvus] corax (var.?) Cours, Key N. Am. Binde! 1872, 162, part. Corvus carnivorus ‘“‘Bartram’’ Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 560 (chiefly); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am,), atlas, pl. 21; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 423, part; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Survy., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 20 (Jama- cha Ranch, California; Espia, Sonora).—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—Coorrr and coe Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 210, part, pl. 21.—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 252 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 146 (Vera Cruz).—DREssER, Ibis, 1865, 494 (San Antonio, ete., Texas, winter).—Ducaks, La Nanas i, 1869, 189 (Guanajuato; Guadalajara).—Cooprrr, Orn. Cal., 1870; 282. StrEvVENSON, Prelim. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. for 1870 (1871), 465 (Oaleaao a Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8 (w. Kansas).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 37, fig. 6 (bill). [ Corvus] carnivorus Gray, Hand-list, 11, 1870, 11, no. 6154. Corvus corax, var. carnivorus BAIRD, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 234, part.—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 283 (Mazatlan); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 25 (Barrio nal Tapana, Oaxaca).— (?) Ripeway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 375 (s. Illinois, resid. ).—(?) NELson, Bull. Essex Inst., ix, 1877, 49 (Richland Co., Illinois, breeding).—BEnprirE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 123 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; descr. nest and eggs). Corvus coraz . . . var. carnivorus Ripe@way, Bull. Essex Inst., vy, Nov., 1873, 184, (Colorado).—Yarrow and HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1872 (1874), 20 (Nevada; Utah).—HernsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 65, 83 (Denver and Fort Garland, Colorado) , 122 (New Mexico; Arizona; habits); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 324 (habits). [Corvus corax] y. carnivorus Duspors, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1873, 5, part. Corvas corax carnivorus RrpGway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 10 (Nevada); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 280, part.—(?) Lanapon, Journ. Cine. Soe. N. H., 1880, 125 (Union Co., Ohio, 1 spee., Sept., 1879).—BeE.p1nG, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 531, 541 (Cerros I. and La Paz, Lower California) ; vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora), 348 (Victoria Mts., Lower California). Corvus corax, f. carnivorus Ripaway, Field and Forest, June, 1877, 208 (Colorado). Corvus corax . . . . carnivorus Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 512 (Nevada; s. Idaho; Utah; habits, etc. ). CORVUS CORAX CLARIONENSIS Rothschild and Hartert. CLARION ISLAND RAVEN. Similar to CO. c. sénuatus, but smaller, especially the bill. Adult male.—Length (skins), 552.4; wing, 395-412.7 (402.6); tail, 215.9-226.1 (221); exposed culmen, 64-71.6 (68.2); depth of bill at BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 965 nostrils, 23-25.4 (24.2); tarsus, 66.8-70 (68.4); middle toe, 43.2-44.2 (48.7); graduation of tail, 38.1—-53.3 (45.7).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 527-571.5 (544.5); wing, 393.7—-408.9 (400.7); tail, 210,8-232.4 (220.3); exposed culmen, 66-68.6 (66.9); depth of bill at nostrils, 22.9-25.4 (23.4); tarsus, 64-69.8 (66.9); mid- dle toe, 40.4-45.7 (44); graduation of tail, 35.6-44.4 (41.1).? Clarion and San Benedicto islands, Revillagigedo group, off western Mexico; San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands, Santa Barbara group, southern California.° Corvus corax sinuatus (not Corvus sinuatus Wagler) TowNnsenpb, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 136 (San Benedicto I.).—GriINNELL, Pub. i, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1897, 16 (San Clemente I., California).—ANrHony, Auk, xv, 1898, 315, 318 (San Benedicto and Clarion islands). Corvus corax clarionensis RoruscHiLp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix, July 25, 1902, 381 (Clarion I., Revillagigedo group; coll. Tring Mus. ). CORVUS CRYPTOLEUCUS Couch. WHITE-NECKED RAVEN, Similar to C. coraxr sinuatus, but decidedly smaller, with relatively shorter and deeper bill, longer nasal plumes, and with the feathers of the neck and breast pure white for at least the basal half. Adults (sexes alike).—Entirely glossy black, the upper parts (except hindneck) with a violet sheen, the under parts faintly glossed with bluish; feathers of hindneck, sides of neck, lower throat, chest, and «Three specimens; one each from Santa Catalina and San Benedicto islands, one from Clarion Island, the latter measured by Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert, only the wing, culmen, and depth of bill being measured. » Five specimens, from San Benedicto and San Clemente islands. The two males from San Benedicto and Santa Catalina islands compare in measure- ments with that from Clarion Island, as follows: | > Depth | 1 Ex- eas = Gradua- : : | 2 see : Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | 2 ed Tarsus. Bic als tion of | culmen. ae tail. MALES. One adult male from Santa Catalina NESTOR Sh, Sere Ee ay Ss yc RelA Tf 412.7 226. 1 71.6° 24.1 68.6 44, 2 53.3 One adult male from San Benedicto We eetae as osin Icewae coumc tte oees< 400 215.9 69.1 25.4 | 66.8 43, 2 38.1 One adult male from Clarion Island ....) SOO ae sae 64 23 MOP Nowa cate a lnc omar ¢None of the specimens examined from San Benedicto, Santa Catalina, and San Clemente islands are as small as the single specimen from Clarion Island (Revilla- gigedo group) whose measurements are given by Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert, except the length of the tarsus, which is in all of them less than in the latter; but some allowance should doubtless be made for differences in methods of measure- ment, and the Clarion Island specimen may have been an unusually small one. At any rate, the island birds which I for the present refer to this form are evidently nearer to it than to the mainland bird. 266 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. breast with basal half or more (concealed) pure white; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Young.—Head, neck, and body dull black, the plumage of neck, chest, and breast white beneath the surface; feathers of throat short, not lanceolate; wings and tail as in adults; basal half of mandible light-colored (flesh color in life). . Adult male.—Length (skins), 457.5—-508 (484); wing, 337-3879 (355.5); tail, 193-214 (199); exposed culmen, 52-59 (57); depth of bill at nos- trils, 20-22.5 (21); tarsus, 58-68.5 (62); middle toe, 37.5-43.5 (40.5).¢ Adult female.—Lenegth (skins), 439.5-489 (459); wing, 327.5-360.5 (347.5); tail, 181.5-211 (195.5); exposed culmen, 49.5—-58 (53); depth of bill at nostrils, 20-22.5 (22); tarsus, 55.5-64 (59); middle toe, 35—-42.5 (38). Great Plains, from southeastern Wyoming (Cheyenne) and western Nebraska (Cherry County, Sidney, etc.), southward to central Mexico, through States of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas, and Guanajuato; westward through New Mexico and Arizona to coast of southern California (Los Angeles County). Corvus cryptoleucus Coucu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, no. i1., 1854, 66 (Tamau- lipas, n. e. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 565; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 22; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ij, 1859, 20 (Janos and Charco Escondido, Tamaulipas) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 425.—KeEnNeERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 31, pl. 22 (Llano Estacado, Texas).—DreEsser, Ibis, 1865, 494 (Eagle Pass, Texas).—Burcner, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas).—Coorrer, Orn. Cal., 1870, 284 (Arizona; Texas).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 227; 2d ed., 1882, no. 339; Birds N. W., 1874, 206.—A1KEn, Proc. Bost., Soc. N. H., 1872, 203 (e. base Rocky Mts., Colorado); Am. Nat., vil, 1873, 16 (Cheyenne, Wyoming).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 184 (Colorado); Field and Forest, June, 1877, 208 (Boulder Co., Colorado, breeding); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 281.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 233, 242, pl. 37, fig. 8 (bill); iii, 1874, 518 «Thirteen specimens. Fourteen specimens. Specimens from the Lower Rio Grande Valley seem to average smaller than those from Arizona to western Texas, as the following measurements show: ie Depth : Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed ot bill | parsus. Middle | eulmen.| 2¥ 20s- toe. | trils. MALES. Nine adult males from Arizona to western Texas.| 359 204 57.5 21 62.5 40.5 Three adult males from the lower Rio Grande | Viale ye eats op eee ec aes eS et 351 195.5 53.5 20.5 61 40.5 One adult male from Guanajuato, Mexico ........ 351 199.5 55 21.5 60.5 40 FEMALES. Ten adult females from Arizona to western Texas.| 352.5 | 196 53.5 20 59.5 | 38.5 Four adult females from lower Rio Grande | Valley ccaes cs eae. 7 eal) aR aR 337 192.5 53 19 5S ee ee 7 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 267 (descr. eggs).—HEnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 122 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, Dec.), 160 (Tucson, Arizona, breeding); Zool. Exp. w. 100th Merid., 1875, 326 (habits).—Snow, Birds of Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 8 (Phillips Co., w. Kansas).—McCautey, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 669 (Red R. valley, n. Texas).—SHArpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 15, footnote.—Goss, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 118 (San Marcial and Galisteo, New Mexico; habits); Auk, i, 1884, 100 (Wallace, w. Kansas, Oct.); Hist. Birds of Kansas, 1891, 382 (w. Kansas, resident ).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vili, 1882, 201 (Tucson, Ari- zona; notes).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 487.—Sa.vIn and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 488.—Cooxkkr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 158 (w. Kansas and Nebraska; Texas localities).— BeEnpDIRE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 555 (Fort Huachuca, Arizona; habits; descr. nest and eggs); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 402, pl. 4, figs. 4-7 (eggs).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., v, 1893, 37 (San Pedro, n. e. Sonora).—Sincuey, Rep. Geol. Sury. Tex., 1894, 371 (Rio Grande City; Duval Co.).—BruneEr, Rep. Nebr. Hort. Soc. for 1896, 122 (Cherry Co.; near Sidney; Republican R.).—GRinNELL (J.), Pasadena Acad. Sci. pub. no. li, 1898, 32 (Los Angeles Co., California).—Baitey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 280. [ Corvus} eryptoleucus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 13, no. 6222.—CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 162. CLorvus] cryptoleucus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 41.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 362. CORVUS AMERICANUS AMERICANUS Audubon. AMERICAN CROW, Adults (sexes alike).— Entire plumage deep black; the back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, wing-coverts, and secondaries with a gloss of metallic violet; the alula, primary coverts, primaries, and outermost rectrices glossed with greenish blue; the middle rectrices glossed with duller or more bluish violet than the back, etc; under parts slightly glossed with bluish violet; bill, legs, and feet, deep black; iris brown. Young (in first winter).—Similar to adults, but the violet and bluish green gloss of upper parts less distinct, especially on wings and tail; under parts duller black, with a grayish or dull slaty cast to the lower abdomen and anal region. Young.—Head, neck, and body dull sooty or grayish black, the back slightly glossed with violet; wings and tail as in adults, but less strongly glossed with violet, ete.; iris grayish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 406.5-489 (450.5); wing, 305-337 (321); tail, 167.5-195.5 (182); exposed culmen, 48-53.5 (51.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 17.5-20.5 (19.5); tarsus, 60-65.5 (62); middle toe, 35.5-40 (38).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 385-470 (421.5); wing, 282-326.5 (805); tail, 154.5-198 (177); exposed culmen, 45.5-50 (48); depth of bill at nostrils, 17.5-19.5 (18); tarsus, 55-61 (57.5); middle toe, 32.5-36.5 (35). « Eleven specimens. » Fourteen specimens. 968 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Temperate eastern North America (Canadian district of Boreal Province southward), except peninsula of Florida; north on Atlantic coast to Newfoundland and Magdalen Islands (southern Labrador‘), on west side of Hudson Bay to Nelson River, and in the interior nearly to the Arctic coast (lower Anderson River); west to beginning of the arid region. Corvus corone (not of Linnzeus) Witson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 79, pl. 25, fig. 3.— BonapartE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 56.—Swainson and RicHaRpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 291.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 209. Corvus americanus AupuBON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 317 (e. United States; type in coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ?); v. 1839, 477, pl. 156; Synopsis, 1839, 150; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 87, pl. 225.—BonaparteE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 29.— Nutratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 221.—Jarpine, Contr. Orn., 1848, 79 (Bermudas, resident ).—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 5 (Bermudas, introduced!).—Woopnovuss, Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 78, part (Indian Territory).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 566, part (Nelson R., Hudson Bay territory; District Columbia; Illi- nois; Fort Riley, Kansas; Fort Union, etc., Nebraska?); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 23; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 426, part.—ScHLEGEL, Bijdr. Dierk., ii, 1859, 10 (monogr.); Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 24.— Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 226 (off coast Labrador, 1 spec., July 14); Check List, 1878, no. 228, part.—SciatTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 146 (Nova Scotia).—Briaxisron, Ibis, 1862, 7 (plains Saskatchewan ).—(?) ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 61 (North Dakota).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 233, part, pl. 37, fig. 5. -McCuHEsney, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., v, 1879, 80 (Fort Sisseton and Fort Berthold, Dakota).—Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1883, 379 (Gulf St. Lawrence; habits).—(?) Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 321 (w. Manitoba, sum- mer).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 488, part.— Cooker, Bird Migr. Mississippi Val., 1888, 158 (dates, etc. ).—Ripe@way, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 331.—BisHop, Auk, vi, 1889, 147 (Magdalen Islands, breed- ing).—Patmer (W.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 262 (Magdalen and Mingan Islands; St. Johns, Newfoundland).—Macrar.ang, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 439 (lower Anderson R., breeding).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 568 (Manitoba; habits, ete.).—Nurrime, Bull. Labrat. N. H. Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 274 (lower Saskatchewan; habits).—Dwiaut, Auk, x, 1893, 10 (Prince Edwards I., breeding).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 405, pl. 4, figs, 8-12, pl. 5, figs. 21, 22 (eggs).—NEuR- LING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 309.—CouBEaux, Ottawa Nat., 1900, 29 (s. Saskatchewan, summer res.).—FLemiInc, Auk, xviii, 1901, 40 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. w. Ontario). —BarLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W.U.S., 1902, 281, part. Clorvus] americanus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 385.—Maximrian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 198 (critical, habits, etc.).—Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 112 (n. e. Ilinois).—Ripa@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 362. | Corvus americanus] Barrows and Scuwarz, Bull. U. 8. Dept. Agric., no. 6, 1895, 1-98 (range, habits, food, ete. ). [ Corvus] americanus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 12, no. 6198.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 162, part. [Corvus americanus] a. americanus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 206, part. [Corvus americanus] var. americanus Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 233, part. re. ees ee eh leh BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 269 Corone americanus Boucarp, Catal. Avium, 1876, 202, no. 8808. Corone americana Suarpk, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus.. iii, 1877, 34, part (Toronto, Ontario; ‘‘Upper Canada’). Corvus frugivorus Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, 346 (ex Corvus frugi- vorus, the common crow, Bartram, Travels, 290; Pennsylvania); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 340.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 282.— (?) Newruina, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 168 (Galveston Bay and near Brazos R., s. e. Texas).—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 236 (Point du Monts, prov. Quebec, Canada).—CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., i, 1882, 42 (New Brunswick, sum. resid.).—(?) Oaripy, Scient. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., iii, 1882, 49 (Navarro Co., n. e. Texas, resident; habits) . CLlorvus] frugivorus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 417. CORVUS AMERICANUS PASCUUS Coues. FLORIDA CROW. Similar to C. a. americanus, but averaging smaller, except bill and feet. Adult male.—Length (skins), 413-482.5 (452); wing, 279.5-324 (304); tail, 153-185.5 (175); exposed culmen, 48-55.5 (51.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 18-20 (19): tarsus, 58.5-66.5 (62. 5); middle toe, 36—38.5 (38).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 425.5-457.5 (438); wing, 293.5-311.5 (304); tail, 166.5-175 (169); exposed culmen, 48-53.5 (51); depth of bill at nostrils, 18-20.5 (19); tarsus, 58.5-63.5 (62); middle toe, 37.5-39.5 (88}.¢ Peninsula of Florida.’ Corvus americanus, var. floridanus (not Corvus floridanus Bonaparte, 1826) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 568 (near Fort Dallas, s. Florida; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am. )s atlas, pl. 67, fig. 1.—Barrp, BREWER, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 247.—(?) Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 10 (Coosada, aaa Clorvus] var. floridanus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 560. [ Corvus americanus] var. Corvus floridanus Barry, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 427. [ Corvus americanus] var. floridanus Cours, Key, 1872, 163. Corvus americanus . . . var. floridanus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 228a. Corvus floridanus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 37, fig. 9 (bill). [Corvus americanus] b. floridanus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 206 (synonymy). [ Corvus americanus] var. floridanus HensHaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1879, 305 (crit.). Corvus frugivorus floridanus Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 184; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. eee ours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 341. Clorvus] f[rugivorus] floridanus Cours, Key, N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 417. Corvus americanus floridanus AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 488a.—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 319 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and Key West, Florida); vii, 1890, 311 (East Key, Florida).—Morrmer, Auk, vii, 1890, 341 (Orange Co., Florida; habits).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, pt. 2, 1895, 413, pl. 4, figs. 13, 14 (eggs). @Six specimens. b(?) ic coast district ae Georgia, Alabama, ete. 270 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. C[orvus] americanus floridanus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 362. Corone floridana Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 35, footnote. Corvus americanus (not of Audubon) ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 11, 1871, 297, part, excl. syn. part (e. Florida).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 155, part (Florida). CLorvus] almericanus] pascuus Cours, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1879, 84, in text (in lieu of Corvus floridanus, preoccupied ). Corvus americanus pascuus AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union Commirresr, Auk, xvi, 1899, 112. CORVUS AMERICANUS HESPERIS Ridgway. WESTERN CROW. Similar to (. a. americanus, but decidedly smaller, with bill rela- tively smaller and more slender. Adult male.—Lenegth (skins), 387.5-444.5 (412.5); wing, 282-825 (302.5); tail, 159-190 (171); exposed culmen, 45.5-50.5 (47.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 15-17.5 (16.5); tarsus, 54.5-58.5 (57.5); middle toe, 33-38 (35.5). Adult female.—Length (skins), 394-426 (408.5); wing, 278-800 (295); tail, 160.5-183 (169.5); exposed culmen, 43-48 (45.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 15-16.5 (16); tarsus, 58-59 (55.5); middle toe, 30.5-37.5 (34).? Western North America, from Rocky Mountains (from eastern portion of arid region?) to Pacific coast, except coast district from Straits of Fuca and Puget Sound northward; north, in the interior, to British Columbia (Fort St. James); south to southwestern Texas, New Mexico, and southern Arizona, but not recorded as breeding at extreme southern localities. Corvus ossifragus (not of Wilson) Gampet, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 47 (coast California); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 203 (do.).— Woopuovss, Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 78, part (Texas ?, New Mexico; California).—Nerwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1857, 83 (Willamette and Columbia rivers; coast Oregon and California).—(??) Harcu, Birds Minnesota, 1892, 270. ¢ Corvus americanus (not of Audubon) Maximinran, Reis. in Nord-Amerika, i, 1839, 140 (upper Missouri R.)—Gampset, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 47, (California and ‘‘interior’’).—McCatt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 214 (New Mexico, Texas, etc.).—Woopnovss, Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 78, part (New Mexico, etc. ).—Nrwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1857, 82 (California; Des Chutes R., Oregon).—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 566, part (Tulare Valley and Presidio, Califor- nia; Fort Vancouver, Washington); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 426, part.— Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 54 (California ).—CooPErR and SuckK- Ley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 211 (Washington, chiefly e. of «Thirteen specimens. > Ten specimens. cA flock of ‘‘not less than a hundred and fifty’’ said to have been seen near Minneapolis. Sept. 21, 1869. — eae . Fs BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. O71 Cascade range).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 494 (San Antonio, etc., Texas).— STEVENSON, Prelim. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. for 1870 (1871), 465 (La Bonte Creek, W yoming).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 178, part (Utah?) ; Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 46 (upper Missouri R.), 61 (Yellowstone, Heart R., etc., Montana).—Ho.upen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1872, 203 (Sherman, Wyoming).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 228, part; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 606, part (Souris R., North Dakota, and Missouri R., Montana, breeding).—Yarrow and HernsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1871-73 (1874), 20 (Provo, Utah).—HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 160 (Apache, Arizona, Noy.); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 7 (Provo, Utah); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 327 (Provo, Utah; Navajo Creek, New Mexico; Apache, Arizona; habits. )— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 243, part.— Ripeway, Field and Forest, June, 1877, 208 (Colorado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 514 (Sacramento Valley, California; Truckee Valley and Humboldt marshes, Nevada; habits, etc.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 422 (central California, resident; crit. ).—(?) McCautry, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv., Terr., 111, 1877, 669 (McClellan Creek, n. Texas).—SrrepHens, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 94 (Rio Mimbres, New Mexico, Apr.; South Park, Colorado, Oct.).—Me8arns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 166 (Fort Kla- math, e. Oregon, May); Auk, vii, 1890, 256 (Mogollon Mts., ete., Arizona, breeding in pine and spruce belts).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 143 (San Juan Co., Colorado).—AmeErRIcAN OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 488, part.—ANTHony, Auk, iil, 1886, 166 (Washington Co., Oregon ).—EvERMANN, Auk, ili, 1886, 181 (Ventura Co., California, resi- dent).—Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 21 (Mineral Creek and Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona; not in summer).—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 290 (Concho Co., w. Texas, breeding).—TownsEnpD, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 212 (upper Sacramento Valley, California; habits).—Emerson, Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., no. 7, 1887, 422 ( Volcano Mts., San Diego Co., California).—(?) BreckHam, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 669 (Leon Springs, Texas, Mar.).—Hassprouck, Auk, vi, 1889, 240 (Eastland Co., Texas).—Brupinec, Land Birds Pacific Coast Distr., 1890, 113 (localities in California, Oregon, Washington, and Nevada).— CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ili, 1890, 142 (British Columbia).—Mer- RIAM, N. Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 94 (San Francisco Mt., Arizona); no. 5, 1891, 100 (Lemhi Valley, Fort Lapwai, etc., Idaho).—Fisner, N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 71 (Pahrump Valley, Nevada, Feb., Mar.; Bakersfield, San Joa- quin Valley, ete., California).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 46, part (int. British Columbia; crit.).—Ricamonp and Kwnowuron, Auk, xi, 1894, 305 (Gallatin Valley, etc., Montana).—THorneg, Auk, xii, 1895, 215 (Fort Keogh, Montana).—Benoire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, pt. 2, 1895, 405, part.—Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 117 (Okanogan Co., Washington ).— MERRILL, Auk, xiv, 1897, 356 (Fort Sherman, Idaho).—Cooxksr, Birds Colorado, 1897, 92 (resident; descr. nest and eggs).—GRINNELL (J.), Pasadena, Ac. Sci., Pub. ii, 1898, 32 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident).—(?) Koppert, Auk, xvii, 1900, 354 (Cape Disappointment, Washington, abundant resid. ).— (?) Rarupun (S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 136 (Seattle, Washington; common ),.— Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 201, part. CLorvus] americanus HensHaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury. 1879, 305 (habits). [Corvus americanus] a. americanus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 206, part. Corone americanus Boucarp, Cat. Avium, 1876, 282, no. 8833, part (California). Corone americana Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 34, part (Colville, British Columbia; California; 49th Parallel ?), 272 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Corvus frugivorus (not of Coues ex Bartram) Rripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 282, part.—Covers, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 340, part.—Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 40 (Boerne, w. Texas).—(?) Horrmann, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxi, 1882, 400 (Fort Berthold, Dakota).—HeEnsHaw. Auk, iii, 1886, 75 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, Oct. ). Clorvus] frugivorus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 417, part. CLorvus] americanus hesperis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 362 (Fort Kla- math, Oregon; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. ). ‘ Corvus americanus hesperis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 613.—Merritu, Auk, v, 1888, 262 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon).—FAaNnNIn, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 33 (e. and w. sides Cascade range, British Columbia). Corvus caurinus (not of Baird) (?) Cooprr and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 211, part (coast Oregon).—Cooperr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 285, part (California; n. Rocky Mts.).—HrnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 251 (Los Angeles, California; habits; notes).—Brnprire, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1877, 123 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon).—EvERMANN, Auk, ili, 1886, 181 (Ventura Co., California; resident). Corvus americanus var. caurinus NELSON, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 360 (Nevada; California). Corvus (americanus var.) caurinus CoopEr, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., vi, 1875 (1876), 197, (crit.; descr. nest and eggs). CORVUS AMERICANUS CAURINUS (Baird). NORTHWEST CROW. Similar to C. a. hesperis, but smaller, with relatively smaller feet. Adult male.—Length (skins), 374.5-413 (401); wing, 274.5-292.5 (283.5); tail, 152-170.5 (163); exposed culmen, 43.5-49 (47); depth, of bill at nostrils, 16-17.5 (16.5); tarsus, 46-53 (51); middle toe, 31.5- Boaa)ee Adult female. —Length (skins), 326.5-409 (381.5); wing, 256.5-284.5 (272); tail, 144.5-162.5 (153); exposed culmen, 41.5-47.5 (45); depth of bill at-nostrils, 15-17 (16); tarsus, 45-51 (48); middle toe, 28-33 (30.5).? Northwest coast of North America, from northwestern Washington (Neah Bay, Puget Sound, ete.) to Kadiak Island and Alaskan penin- sula (Kukak Bay). Corvus caurinus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, June 29, 1858, 569 (Fort Steilacoom, Washington; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 24; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 428.—Cooprr and Sucktey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 211, part, pl. 24 (coast Washington; habits).—Datu and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 286 (Sitka, Alaska).—Cooperr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 285, part.—Finscn, Abh. Nat. Brem., iii, 1872, 41 (Sitka); Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 270 (Chilcoot and Tsetchli, Alaska).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 248, pl. 37, fig. 8.—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 664 (Barclay “Sixteen specimens. > Fourteen specimens. . 5 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. a Sound, Alaska).—Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 159 (Sitka, Georges I., and Port Althorp, Alaska).—Covurs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, 342.— AMERICAN OrnitTHoLOGIstTs’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 489.—NeE.son, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 168 (Sitka; Georges I.).—Bruprna, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 115 (British Columbia; notes).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 142 (Ashcroft, Westminster, Mount Lehman, and Van- couver I., British Columbia; Cape Disappointment and Kalama, Washing- ton; crit.; measurements).—Fanniy, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 33 (coast).—Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 45 (Grays Harbor, Washing- ton).—Rwoaps, Auk, x, 1893, 18-21 (crit.; measurements) ; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 46, part (coast British Columbia, crit.).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 414, pl. 4, fig. 15 (egg).—GrinneELu (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, 128 (Sitka).—(?) Koppr, Auk, xvii, 1900, 354 (Cape Disappoint- ment, Washington; abundant resid.; habits; food).—Bow.rs, Condor, ii, 1900, 84 (near Tacoma, Washington; habits; descr. nest and eggs) .—GRIN- NELL, Condor, iii, 1901, 23 (Prince William Sound, Alaska).—Rarupun (S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 136 (Seattle, Washington; common resid. ).—BaILry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 282. [Corvus] caurinus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 15, no. 6214. CLorvus] caurinus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 417.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 363. [Corvus americanus.]. Var. caurinus Cours, Key, 1872, 163.—HeEnsHaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1879, 305 (crit. ). Corvus americanus . . . var. caurinus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 228d. [Corvus americanus.] b. ? caurinus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 206, part (syn- onymy ). Corone caurina SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 36 (Vancouver I. ). Corvus americanus caurinus Ruoaps, Auk, x, Jan., 1893, 31, part (includes C. a. hesperis); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1893, 63, part (do.). Corvus frugivorus caurinus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 184; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 232b. CORVUS OSSIFRAGUS Wilson. FISH CROW. Similar to C. americanus, but smaller than the smallest race of the latter (C. a. caurinus), with relatively smaller bill; plumage much more glossy black, the gloss more bluish above, more greenish beneath. Adults (sexes alike).—Entire plumage glossy black, the upper parts glossed with bluish violet (more purplish violet on lesser wing-coverts and secondaries), the under parts glossed with bluish green or green- ish blue; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adult male.—Length (skins), 379-394 (882.5); wing, 264.5-300 (278); tail, 148-176.5 (158.5); exposed culmen, 40.5-45 (48); depth of bill at nostrils, 14.5-15.5 (15); tarsus, 45.5-50 (48); middle toe, 33.5—40 (39.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 356-406.5 (873); wing, 264.5-282.5 (271.5); tail, 187.5-165 (152); exposed culmen, 39-42 (40.5); depth of a ee = _ — — « Nine specimens. 10384—voL 3—03——18 974 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bill at nostrils, 13.5-15 (14); tarsus, 44.5-47 (46); middle toe, 32.5— 38-5 (34). Atlantic and Gulf coast districts of United States, including penin- sula of Florida; north to lower Hudson Valley and shores of Long Island Sound (breeding in eastern Connecticut near Rhode Island border), casually to Massachusetts (Plymouth County, Wareham, Springfield, etc.); west along the Gulf coast to Louisiana; not restricted to the immediate coast, but extending back to base of Blue Ridge Mountains (at least in summer), and abundant about lakes and streams throughout interior of Florida. Corvus ossifragus Writson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 27, pl. 37, fig. 2.—BoNAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1824, 360; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 57; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27.—WaGuLrEr, Sept. Av., 1827, Corvus, sp. 12.— Nurrau, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 216.—Aupugon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 268; v, 1839, 479, pl. 146; Synopsis, 1839, 151; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 94, pl. 226.—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 751; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 67, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 429.— ScuunceL, Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterd., 1859, 14; Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 32.—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 85 (s. New England); Bull. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 297 (e. Florida).—Lawrenceg, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 289 (near New York City). —Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 229; Birds N. W., 1874, 207, footnote (synonomy).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, li, 1874, 251, pl. 37, fig. 7.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 19 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Mar. 16); Auk, iv, 1887, 162 (Ware- ham, Massachusetts, 1 spec., July 16).—Merriam, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv, 1877, 49 (rare sum. visit. to Connecticut).—Purpig, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 13 (New England records); v, 1880, 240 (Long and Staten islands, New York, breeding).—Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 45 (near West Point, New York, 1 spec., May 7).—Eacur, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 47 (Rockaway, Long I., July 17).—AL.EN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 47 (as to New England occurrences ).—BicKNELL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 151 (Riverdale, New York, 1 pair, Feb. 24).—Zerreca, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 239 (Seabright, New Jersey, Apr. 14); v, 1880, 205 (New Jersey, Long I., etc.; habits; measurements).—Purpin, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 240 (Long I.; Staten I.).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 159).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 283; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vil, 1882, 250 (Charlottesville, Virginia, common).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- aists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 490.—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 159 (s. Louisiana).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 319 (Punta Rassa, s. w. Florida, resident).—Eames, Auk, vi, 1889, 338 (Stratford and Fairfield, Con- necticut, breeding); x, 1893, 89 (Bridgeport and Fairfield, Connecticut, « Kight specimens. Florida specimens compare in measurements with more northern ones as follows: | bx et Depth | A Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed of bill | parsus, | Middle eulmien | at nos- toe. | | ‘| onils: fe oe Z SS: | = Alt MALES. | Five adult males, Long Island to North Carolina.) 275.5 LY, 42.5 | 15 48.5 3120: Four adult- males from Florida................:<.. | 281.5 159 42.5 15 47 34 FEMALES. | | | Four adult females from District of Columbia -...| 273.5 153 40 | 14 46.5 34.5 Four adult females from Florida.............-.--- 269.5 | 151 40 | 14 45.5 aa00 ; BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 275 Mar. to May; Mount Vernon, New York, breeding).—Scuicxk, Auk, vii, 1890, 329 (Seven-mile Beach, New Jersey, breeding).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 124 (Cuba ?; very doubtful).—Bernpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, pt. 2, 1895, 415, pl. 4, figs. 16, 17 (eggs).—Nenriine, Our Native Birds, etc., 1896, 311.—Morris, Auk, xiv, 1897, 100 (Springfield, Massachusetts, 1 spec., June 9).—Hiiui, Auk, xix, 1902, 98 (New London, Connecticut, and near Rhode Island border, breeding). Clorvus] ossifragus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 315.—Bonaparre, Consp. Avy., i, 1850, 385.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 363. : [ Corvus] ossifragus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 13, no. 6213.—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 163.—(?) SctaterR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 40 (Cuba).—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14 (Cuba?). Corone ossifraga Boucarn, Catalog. Avium, 1876, 282, no. 8853. Coleus ossifragus Suarpn, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 29. Corvus maritimus ‘‘ Bartr[am]’’ Cougs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 343 (ex Cornus maritimus, the great sea-side crow or rook, Bartram, Travels). CLorvus] maritimus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 417. CORVUS MEXICANUS Gmelin. MEXICAN CROW. Somewhat like C. osszfragus, but decidedly smaller and plumage much more lustrous. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum, hindneck, wing-coverts, and second- aries lustrous dark violet; sides of neck, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and primary coverts, lustrous dark violet-blue; alula, primaries, and tail dark steel blue, the middle rectrices tinged with violet and the outermost primaries more greenish blue; sides of head and under parts lustrous dark steel blue or greenish steel blue, becom- ing more decidedly greenish posteriorly, the anterior portions some- times inclining to violet; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adult male.—Length (skins), 362-388.5 (870.5); wing, 246.5-259 (250.5); tail, 146.5-158 (155.5); exposed culmen, 40-42 (41); depth of bill at nostrils, 13-14.5 (14); tarsus, 38.5-42.5 (41); middle toe, 28-31.5 (30). Adult female.—Length (skins), 338-355.5 (844); wing, 231-241.5 (236); tail, 143.5-158.5 (148); exposed culmen, 37.5—40.5 (38.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 12.5-13 (i3); tarsus, 38-41 (39); middle toe, 27.5-29 (28).? « Right specimens. >Six specimens. There seems to be no difference between specimens from opposite sides of Mexico; following are their average measurements: Feeney Depth | \ Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed Bis Ly | Tarsus. middle cuimen.) “trils. | MALES, Four adult males from Tamaulipas ........----.-. 253 153. 5 41.5 l4 iL 30.5 Four adult males from Sonora to Tepic -....-...-. 250 157 10.5 13 40.5 29.5 FEMALES. One adult female from Tamaulipas ..........-.... 236.5 | 144.5 38.5 13| 38 28 < p Sait : Five adult females from Sonora and Sifialoa...... | 284.5 | 147.5 38.5 | 13 39 28.5 | 276 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The greater part of Mexico; north to Sonora (Alamos; Camoa; Altata) and Tamaulipas (Linares; Alta Mira), south to San Luis Potosi (Valles) and Territory of Tepic (San Blas; Acaponeta; Navar- rete) and Colima (Manzanilla). [Corvus] mexicanus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 375 (based on Mexican Crow Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, i, 396).—Larnam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 164.— Gray, Hand-list, 11, 1870, 13, no. 6219. Corvus mexicanus LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. V6g., 1830, 1; Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 56 (reprint).—ScHLEGEL, Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterd., ii, 1859, 11, pl. 1, fig. 25; Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 25.—Batrp, Brewrr, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 37, fig. 11.—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 283 (Mazatlan; Colima; habits).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 488.—Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 782 (Tampico, Tamavlipas).—RicHmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 630 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).—Netson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1898, 50 (Tres Marias Islands; straggler).—Lantz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Altata, Sinaloa). CLorvus] mexicanus Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 11, 1874, 233.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 363. Corone mexicana SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 11, 1877, 36. CORVUS PALMARUM Wiirttemberg. PALM CROW. Adults (sexes alike).—Entirely black, strongly glossed with violet on upper parts, the under parts faintly glossed with the same; edges of alule, primary coverts, and primaries glossed with violet-bluish; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown ? Adult female.—Length (skin), 368.5;-wing, 260.5; tail, 149.5; exposed culmen, 51; depth of bill at nostrils, 16; tarsus, 51.5; middle toe, 29.5. Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. Corvus palmarum PAuL von WitRrTEMBERG, Erste Reise Nordlich. Amerika, 1835, 68, footnote (Cibao Mts., Santo Domingo). . Corvus solitarius PAuL VoN WitRTTEMBERG, Naumannia, ii, Zweites heft, 1852, 55 (Loma de San Juan, ‘‘ Haiti,’’ i. e., Santo Domingo?).—Bonaparts, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 829.—Scuuraet, Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterd., ii, 1859, pl. 1, fig. 17; Mus. Pays.-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 24 (Santo Domingo).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 75 (Gantier, Haiti); Auk., iil, 1886, 229; Birds ‘ W. I., 1889, 116; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 131, 146 (Haiti; Santo Domingo).—CHERRIE, Field Col. Mus., Pub. 10, Orn. Ser. i, no. 1, 1896, 17 (Maniel, Santo Domingo; notes). [ Corvus] solitarius Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 18, no. 6216 (Haiti).—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 14. Microcorax solitarius SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 49 (Santo Domingo). Corvus jamaicensis (not of Gmelin) Sauib, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 232 (Santo Domingo).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1886, 94 (Santo Domingo). CORVUS MINUTUS Gundlach. LESSER CUBAN CROW. Adults (sexes alike).—Similar in coloration to C. americanus, but very much smaller; first primary shorter than secondaries, nasal plumes ’ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 277 shorter and less dense (quite covering nostrils, however), and bill dif- ferently shaped, being much more compressed and more rapidly taper- ing to the point; length (skin), 330.5; wing, 232.93 tail, 135; culmen, 43.5; depth of bill at nostrils, 15; tarsus, 48.5; middle toe, 32.5.7 Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. Corvus minutus GunpLacH, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1852, 315 (Cuba); Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 97; 1874, 139; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 290.— Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 569, footnote. —BREWER, Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 234, footnote. —Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 229; Birds W. I., 1889, 116; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 129, 146 (Cuba). [Corvus] minutus GRAY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 13, no. 6218.—Cory, List Birds W. L., 1885, 14. CLorvus] minutus Rrpa@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 363. Coleus minutus Suarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 29, footnote. CORVUS JAMAICENSIS Gmelin. JAMAICAN CROW, Adults (sees alike.)—General color uniform sooty slate, deepening into black on head; wings and tail darker sooty slate or dull slate- blackish, very faintly glossed with violet; bill, legs, and feet black; iris grayish brown. Adult male.—Length (skin), 384; wing, 237.5; tail, 145; exposed culmen, 51; depth of bill at nostrils, 17.5; tarsus, 50; middle toe, 3. Adult female.—Length (mounted specimen), 330.5; wing, 224; tail, 136; exposed culmen, 46; depth of bill at nostrils, 17.5; tarsus. 48; middle toe, 32.5. Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. Corvus jamaicensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 367 (based on Chattering Crow Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, 1, 377). —LaTHAM, Index Orn., i, 1790, 154. Corvus jamaicensis GOSsE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 209; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pl. 52.—Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38.—ABrecut, Journ. fur Orn., 1862, 202.—ScraTErR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 146.—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 300.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 228; Birds W. I., 1889, 115; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 109, 130 (Jamaica).—Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 178. [Corvus] jamaicensis GRAY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 13, no. 6215.—ScLaTER and SALvIN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 40.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. CLorvus] jamaicensis BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 385.—Batrp, Brewer, and Riweway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 934,—Newton (A. and E.) Handb. Jam., 1881, 103. Corone jamaicensis BoucaRD, Catalogus Avium, 1876, 282, no. 8854. Microcorax jamaicensis Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 48. [Corvus] nasicus (not of Temminck) Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 13, no. 6217 (fide Sharpe). aThe single specimen examined is in worn plumage, so that the color characters can not be satisfactorily made ‘out. In coloration it is of a duller black than most specimens of C. americanus; but Mr. Cory describes the species as ‘‘glossy black, showing purple reflections,’’ ete. The measurements given by Mr. Cory are larger than the above, being as follows: ‘‘ Length (skin), 15 [=381 mm.]; wing, 10.35 [362 mm.]; tail, 6 [162.4 mm.]; tarsus, 2 [50.8 mm. ]; bill, 1.80 [45.7 mm. ].”’ 278 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CORVUS NASICUS Temminck. CUBAN CROW, Adults (sexes alike).—Entirely black, the plumage with a dull violet gloss; feathers of head, neck, and body gray basally; rictal and post- ocular regions naked; nasal plumes short, inclined upward terminally, exposing the nostrils; bill black, becoming paler (more or less horn- colored) terminally; iris brown; legs and feet black. Adult male.—Length (mounted specimen and skin), 406.5-419.5 (418); wing, 284.5-286 (285); tail, 165.5-174 (169.5); exposed culmen, 58-58.5 (58); depth of bill at nostrils, 21—-21.5 (21); tarsus, 53.5-58 (55); middle toe, 38.5-40.5 (39.5). Adult female.—Length (mounted specimen), 406.5; wing, 279.5; tail, 165.5; exposed culmen, 58; depth of bill at nostrils, 20; tarsus, 53.5; middle toe, 37.5. Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. Corvus nasicus TEMMINCK, Pl. Col., li, 1838, pl. 413 (type in coll. Leyden Mus. ).— Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—Gunpiacn, Repert. Fistco- Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 290; Journ. fir Orn., 1874, 137.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 229; Birds W. I., 1889, 116; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 110, 146 (Cuba; Isle of Pines; Grand Caicos, Bahamas).—CHApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, 1892, 303 (San Pablo, Cuba; notes). Clorvus] nasicus Wacurr, Isis, 1829, 749.—Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 315.— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 234.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 363. [ Corvus] nasicus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14. Microcorax nasicus SHARPER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 49 (Cuba). Corvus americanus (not of Audubon) LemBerye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 65. Clorvus] americanus CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 231, excl. syn. (Cuba). Corvus jamaicensis (not of Gmelin) Gunpuacn, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1853, 316 (Cuba); 1859, 296 (do.) ; 1861, 414 (do. ).—Caxants, Journ. fir Orn., 1856, 16 (Cuba).—THieneman, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 152 (Cuba). Corvus ossifragus (not of Wilson) ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 32, excl. syn. part (Cuba). CORVUS LEUCOGNAPHALUS LEUCOGNAPHALUS Daudin. PORTO RICAN CROW, * Adults (sexes alike).—Entire plumage black, the wings and tail with a violet gloss; feathers of the neck and body pure white at base, this white occupying the basal half or more of the feathers of the hind- neck, upper back, breast, sides, abdomen, and flanks; bill, legs, and feet black; iris red?; length (skins), 439.5-457.5 (447.5); wing, 300- é 321.5 (308.5); tail, 189.5-208.5 (195); exposed culmen, 53.5-58 (55); depth of bill at nostrils, 19-22.5 (21.5); tarsus, 51.5-55.5 (53.5); mid- dle toe, 38.5-40.5 (40).¢ « Three specimens. bo ~J Je) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. Corvus leucognaphalus Dauprn, Traité d’Orn., ii, 1800, 231 (Porto Rico; coll. Paris Mus. ).—Scuiecet, Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterd., ii, 1859, pl. 1, fig. 28; Mus. Pays- Bas, Coraces, 1867, 32.—Tayuor, Ibis, 1864, 168 (Porto Rico).—SuNpDEVALL, Se k. Vet. Ak. Férh. Stockh., 1869, 598 (Porto Rico).—Gunptacu, Anal. c. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 214 (Porto Rico).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 227, a (Porto Rico); Birds W. I., 1889, 114, part (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 109, part (do.). Clorvus] leucognaphalus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 315.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 234 (Porto Rico). Corvus leuccgnaphilus Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 14, 145, part (Porto Rico). Corone leucognaphalus Boucarp, Catalogus Avium, 1876, 282, no. 8855 (Porto Rico). Microcorax leucognaphalus SuHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 49, part (Porto Rico). [Corvus] leucognaphalus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 13, no. 6220.—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 40, part (Porto Rico).—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14, part (Porto Rico). CORVUS LEUCOGNAPHALUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS (Wiirttemberg). HAITIAN CROW, Similar to (. leucognaphalus, but smaller (except bill), with larger feet; plumage of head, neck, and body distinctly glossed with bluish; iris varying from light reddish brown to bright orange-red.¢ Adult male.—ULength (skins), 413-442 (427.5); wing, 293.5-302 (297.5); tail, 178.5-186.5 (182.5); exposed culmen (one specimen), 53.5; depth of bill at base, 20-22.5 (21.5); tarsus, 56-58 (57); middle toe, 43.544 (43.5)? Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. Corvus erythrophthalmus Paut von WirtrremBure, Erste Reise Nordlichen Amer- ika, 1835, 68, footnote (Santo Domingo).—Harriaus, Naumannia, 1852, 54.— Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxyii, 1853, 829. [Corvus] erythrophthalmus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 13, no. 6221. Corvus leucognaphalus (not of Daudin) Sauue, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 232 (Santo Domingo).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 94 (Haiti).— ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 32 (Santo Domingo).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 153 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 74 (Gantier, Haiti; Almercen, Santo Domingo); Auk, iii, 1886, 228, part (Santo Domingo); Birds W. I., 1889, 114, part (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 109, part (Santo Domingo).—Srong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 446 (Santo Domingo).—Currrig, Field Col. Mus., Pub. 10, Orn. Ser., i, no. 1, 1896, 17 » (Santo Domingo; habits). Corvus leucognaphalus ? Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 153 (Haiti). [Corvus] leucognaphalus Scuarer and Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1878, 40, part (Haiti).—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 14, part (Haiti). Corvus leucognaphilus Cory, Cat. W. T Birds, 1892, 14, 145, part (Santo Domingo). Microcorax leucognaphalus Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 49, part. [Corvus] dominicensis Cory, Auk, iii, no. 2, Apr., 1886, 228, in text (Santo Domingo; coll. C. B. Cory). a Reeaiae to C herrie. » Two specimens. 280 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus NUCIF RAGA Brisson. Nucifraga Brisson, Orn., ii, 1760, 58. (Type, Corvus caryocatactes Linnzeus. ) Caryocatactes Cuvibr, Régne Anim., i, 1817, 399. (Type, Corvus caryocatactes Linnzeus. ) Picicorvus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Avy., i, May 6, 1850, 384. (Type, Corvus colum- bianus Wilson. ) Small Corvine (wing less than 200 mm.) with under tail-coverts and part of rectrices white, the body uniform gray, or else brown spotted or streaked with white. Bill about as long as head (or a little longer or shorter), very varia- ble as to relative length and thickness, the basal depth from one-third to nearly one-half the length of exposed culmen; basal width of mandi- ble (at malar anti) about equal to basal depth, but anterior to nostril the bill decidedly compressed; culmen varying from nearly straight to decidedly convex; gonys also variable, sometimes decidedly convex and ascending terminally, sometimes with terminal portion slightly concave; commissure nearly straight or slightly arched. Nostril cir- cular, hidden by well-developed antrorse tufts. Rictal bristles distinct. Wing long, the tip well produced (equal to more than one-fourth to nearly one-third the length of wing), rounded; tenth primary much shorter than secondaries, not more (usually less) than one-half as long as ninth; seventh, seventh and sixth, or sixth primaries longest; inner webs of five outer primaries more or less distinctly sinuated. Tail about three-fifths to two-thirds as long as wing, more or less rounded. Tarsus usually shorter than exposed culmen (slightly longer in NV. hemispila); middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; lateral toes with claws reaching decidedly beyond base of middle claw; hallux about as long as lateral toes, much stouter, its claw nearly as long as digit. Coloration. —Under tail-coverts and more or less of lateral rectrices white; wings black, with or without white markings; head, neck, and body brown, streaked or spotted with white, or else plain gray, becoming white on anterior portion of head. Nidification.—Nest in coniferous trees, bulky, open above, com- posed of dry twigs, strips of thin bark, pine needles, etc. Eggs usually 3, pale greenish, more or less speckled or spotted with brown, gray, etc. Range.—Boreal coniferous forests of the Palearctic and western portions of Nearctic Regions. (Four species, only one in America.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF NUCIFRAGA. a. General color brown, more or less streaked or spotted with white; secondaries not broadly (if at all) tipped with white; lateral rectrices extensively black at base. ( Palearctic species) aa. General color plain brownish gray; secondaries broadly tipped with white; lateral rectrices white for entire length. (Western North America.) Nucifraga columbiana (p. 281) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 281 NUCIFRAGA COLUMBIANA (Wilson). CLARKE’S NUTCRACKER, Adults (sewes alike) in winter.—Nasal tufts, anterior portion of fore- head, lores, eyelids, anterior portion of malar region, and chin, white, usually more or less soiled or tinged with dirty yellowish; rest of head, neck, back, scapulars, and under parts (except chin and under tail-coverts), plain smoke gray or drab-gray, the head somewhat paler than other portions; rump darker gray than back, deepening into grayish black on upper tail-coverts; under tail-coverts pure white; wings and two middle rectrices black, glossed with purplish blue or violet, especially on wing-coverts and secondaries, the latter (but not the tertials) very broadly tipped with white; four outermost pairs of rectrices white, the fifth pair with outer web mostly white and inner web mostly black; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adults in summer.—Similar to winter adults but the gray paler and browner (light brownish drab-gray). Young.—Similar to summer adults, but gray rather paler (that of the head fading gradually into the white of anterior portions), lesser wing-coverts dusky grayish brown, middle, greater, and primary coverts indistinctly tipped with the same, and black of wings and tail duller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 292.5-815 (302.5); wing, 190.5-198.5 (194.5); tail, 114-118.5 (116.5); exposed culmen, 37.5-45.5 (42); depth of bill at tip of nasal tufts, 11.5-12.5 (12); tarsus, 35-38 (86.5); middle toe, 23-25 (23.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 279.5-297.5 (289); wing, 187.5-192.5 (189.5); tail, 111-118.5 (114); exposed culmen, 37-39.5 (88); depth of bill at end of nasal tufts, 10.5-11.5 (11); tarsus, 32.5-36 (85); middle toe, 20.5-25 (22.5.)4 Coniferous forests of western North America, from high mountains of New Mexico, Arizona (San Francisco and White Mountains), and northern Lower California (San Pedro Martir Mountains) to north- western Alaska (Kowak River, Bristol Bay, etc.). (Western forest districts of Boreal Province and Boreal *t islands” within arid division of Transition and Upper Austral life-zones.) Casual in southeastern South Dakota, Nebraska, western Kansas (Finney and Marshall counties), western Missouri (Kansas City), and Arkansas (Crittenden County). Corvus columbianus WiLtson, Am. Orn., ili, 1811, 29, pl. 20, fig. 8 (Columbia R. ).— Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1824, oa Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii 1828, 57.—NurraLu, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 218. Nucifraga columbiana Avpuson, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, ise. ei 362; Synopsis, 1839, 156; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 127, pl. 235.—Bonaparte, Geog. and @Six specimens. 282 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Comp. List, 1838, 28.—Nurraty, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 251.—McCauu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 217 (Santa Fé and Taos Mts., New Mexico).—SnHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 11, 1877, 56 (Black Hills, Dakota; Vancouver I.; Colorado, etc.).—RicHmMonp and KNow.ron, Auk, xi, 1894, 305 (Mystic Lake, etc., Montana).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, pt. 2, 1895, 418, pl. 3, figs. 22, 23 (eggs).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 491.—Nrnrurne, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 312.—MircHeti, Auk, xv, 1898, 309 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, 9,000 ft. to timber line).—GRINNELL (J.), Pasadena Acad. Sci., pub. ii, 1898, 32 (Los Angeles Co., California, above 6,000 ft.).—BRuNER, Rep. Nebr. Hort. Soe. for 1896 (1898), 123 (Sidney; Pine Ridge; Fort Kearney; North Platte, abt. winter 1895-96).—Merrrram, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 119, fig. (Mount Shasta, California; habits).—ParKer (W.H.), Condor, ii, 1900, 115 (Wasatch Mts., Utah; descr. nest and eggs).—JoHnson (H. C.), Condor, iv, 1902, 87 (Wasatch Mts.; descr. nest and eggs).—BarLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 282, fig. 349. [ Nucifraga] columbiana Gray, Hand-list, 11, 1870, 9, no. 6165. N[uecifraga] columbiana Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 312. Nucifraga columbianus Jounson (H. C.), Condor, 11, 1900, 49-52 (Wasatch Mts., Utah; breeding habits; descr. nest and eggs). [ Picicorvus] columbianus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 384.—CouEs, key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 163. Picicorvus columbianus NeEwpBerry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. iv, 1857, 83 (Cascade Mts., Sierra Nevada, etc.; habits).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 573, 925; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 480.—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).—HeEnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—KENNERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 32 (75 miles w. Albuquerque, New Mexico).—Cooper and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 212 (Washington, e. of Cascades; Fort Laramie, Wyoming; Fort Kearney and Milk R., Nebraska).—Covers, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 91 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, Oct. to Mar.; crit,); Ibis, 1872, 52 (biography ); Check List, 1873, no. 230; 2d ed., 1882, no 344; Birds N. W., 1874, 207.—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolw., iv, 1864, 121 (Vancouver I.; Fort Colville, Washington; ete. ).— Dau and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci.,i1, 1869, 286 (Sitka, Alaska).— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 289.—Srrvenson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sury., 1870, 465 (Colorado).—HoLpEn and ArKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1872, 203 (Wyoming).—Bartrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 255, pl. 38, fig. 4—Yarrow and HrensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Survey, 1872 (1874), 20 (Otter Creek, Utah; habits).—Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury. 1873 (1874), 83 (Fort Garland and Rio Grande, Colo- rado; measurements, ete.), 122 (White Mts., Arizona); 1876, 252 (Tejon Mts., California); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 328 (Nevada; near Fort Garland, Rio Grande, Rio Blanco, and Huerfano R., Colorado; White Mts., Arizona; habits); Auk, iii, 1886, 75 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, breeding in mts. ).—Benpire, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 44 (breeding habits; descr. nest and eggs); Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii, 1877, 159 (Camp Harney, Oregon; descr. nest and eggs); Orn. and Ool., vii, 1882, 105-107, 113-114 (breeding habits, etc.); Auk, vi, 1889, 226 (breeding habits, ete.); vii, 1890, 92 (Boulder Co., Colorado; descr. nest and eggs).— Rrpaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 515 (Sierra Nevada, East Humboldt, and Wahsatch mountains; habits), Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 284; Auk, iv, 1887, 255 (Nushagak, Alaska), 256 (Kowak R., Alaska).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 189 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding at 6,500 to 13,000 5 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 283 ft.; notes).—Goss, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 44-45 (Sangre de Cristo Mts., Colorado; breeding habits); Auk, vi, 1889, 123 (Marshall Co., w. Kan- sas, 1 spec., Aug. 13; Fort Kearney, Nebraska); Hist. Birds, Kansas, 1891, 386 (Marshall Co.).—Barcnetprr, Auk, i, 1884, 17 (descr. young. )— AGeErsporG, Auk, 1i, 1885, 282 (s. e. Dakota, 2 spees., Oct., 1883).—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 491.—Townsenp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 212 (Mount Shasta, ete., n. California; habits).—Ne.son, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 168 (Sitka).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1883, 159 (Vermilion Co., Dakota, 1 spec., Oct.; Nebraska).—Merarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 257 (San Francisco Mts., Arizona, breeding in pine and spruce belts; Mogollon Mts., Oct.; habits).—Merrriam, N. Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 94 (San Francisco Mts., Arizona).—AnrHony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 239 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California).—KeEtLoae, Auk, xi, 1894, 260 (Finney Co., w. Kansas, 3 specs., Oct. 10).—Mircneiti, Auk, xi, 1894, 327 (Crittenden Co., Arkansas, Apr. 1, 1891).—Bryanr (J. A.), Auk, xii, 1895, 82 (near Kansas City, Missouri, 1 spec., Oct. 28, 1894). Plicicorvus] columbianus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 418.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 364. Corvus megonyx WAGLER, Syst. Av., 1827, Corvus, sp. 20. Genus CYANOCEPHALUS Bonaparte. Gymnorhinus (not Gymnorhina Gray, 1840) Maxrinran, Reise Nord. Amer., ii, 1841, 21. (Type, G. cyanocephalus Maximilian. ) Cyanocephalus BONAPARTE, Oss. Stat. Zool. Eur. Vert., 1842, 17. (Type, Gymno- rhinus cyanocephalus Maximilian.) (See Salvin, Ibis, 1873, 103.) Gymnokitta BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 382. (Type, Gymnorhinus cyano- cephalus Maximilian. ) Gymnocitta (emendation) Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 98. Small Corvine (wing less than 160 mm.) with wholly exposed and slightly operculate nostrils, flattened mesorhinium, and uniform bluish gray or grayish blue plumage. Bill about as long as head, elongate subcuneate, nearly as broad as deep, with nearly straight outlines, its depth at base less than one- third the length of exposed culmen, its basal width about the same; culmen straight to near tip, which is slightly decurved, the tip rather broad, the mesorhinium broad and flattened; gonys slightly convex; commissure straight to near base, where slightly deflected to the rictus. Nostril wholly exposed, longitudinal, more or less oval, but nearly straight on upper edge, where a slightly developed opercu- lum is more or less evident. Rictal bristles distinct but small. Wing long, its tip well produced (longer than exposed culmen) and rounded; tenth primary shorter than secondaries, but more than half as long as longest primary; eighth and seventh primaries longest, the sixth a little shorter; inner webs of four or five outer primaries slightly sinu- ated. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing, even or very slightly rounded. Tarsus about equal to exposed culmen or slightly longer; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; outer toe, with claw, reaching to or very slightly beyond base of middle claw, the 284 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. inner toe a little shorter; hallux about as long as lateral toes, much stouter, its claw shorter than the digit and strongly curved. Coloration.—Uniform bluish gray or grayish blue (more decidedly blue on head), the throat streaked with white. Nidification.—Nest essentially similar in form and composition to that of Vuctifraga, but in open pifon woods of arid districts, instead of moister pine and fir forests. Eggs similar to those of Wucifraga. Range.—Western United States, in mountains. (Monotypic.) CYANOCEPHALUS CYANOCEPHALUS (Maximilian). PINON JAY. Adult male.—General color uniform dull grayish blue, paler on posterior under parts, deepening on pileum, hindneck and auricular region into a much darker and more purplish blue, the malar and sub- orbital regions brighter blue (almost azure blue); chin, throat, and median portion of chest broadly streaked with grayish white; anal region very pale bluish gray or grayish white; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but averaging decidedly smaller and usually much duller in color, the prevailing color bluish gray rather than grayish blue. Young.—Similar to the adult female, but still duller, without any blue except on wings and tail; color of pileum, hindneck, back, ete., plain gray, darker on the first; under parts entirely uniform pale gray, becoming grayish white on anal region. Adult male.—Length (skins), 259-287.5 (272.5); wing, 148-159.5 (154); tail, 104-116.5 (114); exposed culmen, 33.5-37.5 (36); depth of bill at nostrils, 9-10 (9.5); tarsus, 37.5-88.5 (88); middle toe, 22.5-23 (28).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 244-267 (254.5); wing, 142-147 (144.5); tail, 101-108 (104); exposed culmen, 31-32.5 (31.5); depth of bill at nostrils 8; tarsus, 34-36.5 (35.5); middle toe, 18—20.5 (19.5).? Pifton and juniper woods of western United States; north to south- ern British Columbia (interior), Idaho, ete., south to northern Lower California (San Pedro Martir Mountains), Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas; east to eastern side of Rocky Mountains, in winter (sometimes regularly) to Nebraska (Long Pine, Cherry County, Sioux County, Fullerton, Nance County, near Fort Robinson, etc.), casually to eastern Kansas (Lawrence). Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Maxrmittan, Reise in Nord-amerika, ii, 1841, 21 (upper Missouri River). [ Gymnokitta] cyanocephalus BonaParRtE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 382.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 163. « Five specimens. > Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 285 Gymnokitta cyanocephala Barrp, Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Rocky Mts.); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 574; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 431.—Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., ete., 1854, 165, pl. 28.— IK ENNERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 10 (95 miles w. Albuquerque, New Mexico); x, pt. iv, 1859, 32 (do.; habits).—Nrwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1857, 88 (Des Chutes Basin, e. Oregon; habits).—HeEnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—Frr~yer, Ann. Rep. Smithson Inst. for 1864 (1865), 427 (Fort Tejon and Fort Crook, California; habits ).—Covgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 91 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, resid.; habits); Ibis, 1872, 152 (biogr.); Check List, 1878, no. 231; Birds N. W., 1874, 209.—Coorkr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 292 (more barren districts of Sierra Nevada).—ArkEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 204 (Wyoming).— Barry, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 260, pl. 38, fig. 2.— Yarrow and HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1872 (1874), 21 (Nevada; Utah).—HeEnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 84 (Fort Garland, Colorado; habits), 122 (Silver City, Tulerosa Lake, and Fort Wingate, New Mexico; habits); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 331 (Nevada; locs. in Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico; habits); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 112 (habits; deser. nest and eggs).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 8 (near Lawrence, e. Kansas, 6 or 7, Oct. 23, 1875).—Ripaway, Bull: Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 24 (City of Rocks, s. Idaho, Oct.); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 517 (pifion and cedar woods, Sierra Nevada to Wasatch Mts.; habits, descr. nest, etc.).—BrnpirgE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xviii, 1877, 156 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; descr. nest and eggs).—SuHARpPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 138.—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 139 (San Juan Co., Colorado, 7,000 to 13,000 ft. ).—-Goss, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 43 (Sangre de Cristo Mts., Colorado; breeding habits). G[ymnokitta] cyanocephala Maximitian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 193 (deser., ete. ).— Hensuaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Survy., 1879, 306 (Des Chutes Basin, etc., e. Oregon; habits; dese. nest and eggs). Gymnocitia cyanocephala Cours, Ibis, Apr., 1865, 165, in text (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 98; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 345.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 285. G[ymnocitta] cyanocephala Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 418. P(silorhinus] cyanocephalus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 14. [ Nucifraga] cyanocephala Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 10, no. 6166. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus Sresjnecer, Auk, i, July, 1884, 230.—AmERrIcAN OrnitTHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 492.—Townsenp, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 213 (Fort Crook, n. California).—Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 21 (Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona, 3,000 to 4,000 ft., Sept. to Nov.; habits).— Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 159 (Lawrence, Kansas).—BELDING, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 116 (localities in California, Oregon, and Nevada) .—Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 257 (Mogollon and San Francisco Moun- tains, Arizona; habits).—Merrrram, N. Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 94 (San Francisco, Mts., Arizona) .—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 388 (Lawrence, Oct., 1875).—AnrHony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 239 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower Cali- fornia, abt. in May).—Ketioaa, Auk, xi, 1894, 260 (Finney Co., w. Kan- sas, winter resid. up to 1891).—Benprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 424, pl. 3, figs. 24, 25 (eggs).—Nruriinec, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 314.—GRINNELL (J.), Pasadena Ac. Sci., Pub. ii, 1898, 32 (Los Angeles Co., California; irreg. visit.).—Mariiarp, Auk, xv, 1898, 198 (Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., California, Dec., 1895).—Mrircneii, Auk, xv, 1898, 309 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, 8,000 ft. upward).—Bruner, Rep. Nebr. Hort. Soc. for 1896 (1898), 124 (Pine Ridge near Fort Robinson, ete. ).—MeEr- 286 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM r1AM, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 121 (Shasta Valley, etc., n. Cali- fornia, Sept. 28).—Bares, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., sec. ann. meeting, 1901, 74 (Long Pine and Kennedy, n. w. Nebraska, Sept. to Nov.; numerous).— Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 235 (Black Hills, Wyoming, breeding; habits).— OperRHotser, Auk, xix, 1902, 300 (Guadalupe Mts., w. Texas) .—JoHNSON (H. C.), Condor, iv, 1902, 14 (American Fork, Utah; habits).—BaiLtry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 284. O[yanocephalus] cyanocephalus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 364. Cyanocephalus wiedi BoNApartr, Obs. Stat. Zool. Eur. Vertebr., 1840-41 (1842) (See Salvin, Ibis, 1878, 103). Cyanocorax cassini McCauu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., vy, June, 1851, 216 (Santa Fé, New Mexico). Cyanocorax cassinii Barrp, Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Santa Fé). Genus PICA Brisson. Pica Brisson, Orn., ii, 1760, 35. (Type, Corvus pica Linneeus. ) Cleptes@ GAmBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, Dec. 1847, 46. (Type, Corvus hudsonius Sabine. ) Large long-tailed Garruline with tenth (outermost) primary falcate, the head without any crest, and the plumage black and white in large, conspicuously contrasted areas.’ Tail very long, forming much more than half the total length, excessively graduated (lateral rectrices but little if any more than half as long as middle pair), outermost primary narrow, falcate, about half as long as ninth primary; bill rather stout (depth at nostrils more than half the distance from nostrils to tip of maxilla), its width at base of nasal plumes a little greater than its depth at the same point; nasal plumes well developed, covering nearly basal half of maxilla; tarsus slender, about twice as long as distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; middle toe (without claw) a little more than half as long as tarsus. Coloration.— Wings metallic greenish blue, varied with greenish or violet (sometimes both), the inner webs of primaries chiefly white; tail rich metallic green varied with bronze, purple, and violet near end; scapulars, belly, sides, and flanks, pure white; other parts blackish. Nidification.—Nest in trees; nest proper more or less completely inclosed within an open ‘‘lattice-work” of large dead twigs. Eggs 7-10, dull grayish white or pale grayish (sometimes slightly greenish), densely speckled with grayish brown or olive. PRange.—Palearctic Region and western portion of Nearctic Region. The genus cv is most nearly related to the Palearctic genus Cyano- polius Bonaparte,’ but differs conspicuously in the falcate first pri- a‘*«XEéntns, a thief.”’ b Whence the term ‘‘pied.”’ ¢ Cyanopolius Bonaparte, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Ady. Sci., 1849, 75. (Type, C. cooki Bonaparte. )—Cyanopica Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1850, 86. (Type, C. vaallanti Bonaparte, = Corvus eyanus Pallas.) —Dolometis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 222. (Type, Corvus cyanus Pallas. ) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 287 mary and style of coloration; Cyanopolius having only the pileum, sides of head, and hindneck black, the under parts being whitish or pale vinaceous-gray, the hack, scapulars, and rump light gray or vinaceous- gray, the wings and tail light grayish blue. The only other American genus of Jays with a very long and grad- uated tail is Calocitta, of Mexico and Central America, which has uncovered nostrils, a conspicuous recurved crest, and the plumage chiefly blue. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PICA. a. Bill and naked orbital space black. (Western North America in general.) Pica pica hudsonia (p. 287) aa. Bill and naked orbital space yellow. (California.)...-..-- ica nuttalli (p. 291) PICA PICA HUDSONIA (Sabine). AMERICAN MAGPIE, Similar to P. p. pica,” but averaging decidedly larger; feathers of throat with setaceous shafts less developed, and with more or less con- cealed white spotting; white spot on inner web of first (innermost) primary averaging much smaller, rarely, if ever, occupying the edge of the web; secondaries averaging more greenish blue. Adults (sexes alike).— Head, neck, chest, upper breast, back, lesser wing-coverts, lower rump, upper and under tail-coverts, anal region, thighs, lower abdomen, and under wing-coverts, uniform black, the crown glossed with bronze or bronzy greenish, the back faintly glossed with bluish green or bluish in certain lights; scapulars, lower breast, upper abdomen, sides, and flanks, white; a broad band of grayish white across upper rump; prevailing color of middle and greater wing- coverts and secondaries metallic steel blue, varying to bronzy green; alula, primary coverts, and primaries blackish, glossed, more or less, with greenish bronze, bluish green, or steel bluish, the inner webs of the primaries mostly white; this most extensive on the longer quills, on the first restricted to a large subterminal patch or spot, usually more or less broadly margined along the edge of the web with blackish; occasionally the outermost secondary also is marked with a subtermi- nal white spot; tail bright metallic bronzy green, passing into metallic @[ Corvus] pica Linnzeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 106.—Pica pica Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 62, part.—Corvus rusticus Scopoli; Ann., i, 1769, 38.—Pica rustica Dresser, Birds Europe, pt. xxii, 1873 (vol. iv, 509, pl. 260).—Pica melanoleuca Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 121.—Pica albiventris Vieillot, Faun. Frang., 1820, 119.—Pica europxa Boie, Isis, 1826, 551.—Pica germanica Brehm Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 177.—Pica septentrionalis Brehm, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 178.—Pica hiemalis Brehm, Vig. Deutschl., 1831, 178.—Pica caudata Keyserling and Blasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, 45; Gould, Birds Europe, iii, 1835?, pl. 216; Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 1873, pl. 216; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1839, 107.—Pica varia Schlegel, Rey. Crit., 1844, 54; Dier. Nederl., Vég., 1861, pl. 13, figs. 7, 7a; Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 390.—Pica vulgaris Brehm, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 173. (Europe. ) 288 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. purple subterminally, the latter into darker and more bluish green for the terminal portion (extensively); inner webs of rectrices uniform blackish, slightly glossed with greenish, and outer web of outermost rectrix wholly dark bronzy greenish; bill, bare orbital space, legs, and feet black; iris brown, with a grayish outer ring (concealed by eyelids). Young.—Similar to adults, but black of head, neck, ete., much duller, without metallic gloss; feathers of throat usually with the basal white spots much larger, often conspicuously exposed and frequently occu- pying, as large wedge-shaped spots, the central portion of the feathers of chest and upper breast, as well as throat; white of scapulars and sides of breast usually more or less tinged with sooty brown, espe- cially on tips of feathers; grayish band across upper rump indistinct, sometimes obsolete; wings and tail as in adults, but metallic colors rather more brilliant; bare suborbital space much larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 404-493 (459.5); wing, 181,5-211.5 (208); tail, 235-302.5 (268); exposed culmen, 33-39.5 (36.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 11.5-15 (13.5); tarsus, 45-50 (48); middle toe, 23.5—28 (26).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 404-473.5 (440.9); wing, 190-206 (197.5); tail, 231.5-283.5 (259.5); exposed culmen, 31-36.5 (84.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 19.5-14.5 (13); tarsus, 48-48.5 (46); middle toe, 22.5-28 (25).? Treeless or more sparsely wooded districts of western North Amer- ica, except coast and interior valleys of California; north to north- western Alaska (Kowak River, Hotham Inlet, head of Bristol Bay, Oe Peninsula, Shumagin piesa ee ete. C)5 souen to south- a iftesn specimens. > Twelve specimens. Specimens from the coast of Alaska (Kadiak, Shumagin Islands, Nushagak, etc. ), apparently have decidedly shorter tails, on the average, than those from elsewhere, but with a larger series the difference may prove less marked than the following measurements seem to indicate: | Ex. | Depth | | aie Locality. | Wing. | Tail. posed of bill Tarsus. | Middle | P at nos- toe. culmen. | tril. a rs a= i heer Sees = MALES. | Fight adult males from Western United States....| 205.5 281.5 36.5 13 48.5 25.5 Seven adult males from coast of Alaska.....-.-.-- | 200.5 258 37.5 | 14.5 47.5 26 FEMALES. | | | Eight adult females from Western United States..| 197.5 | 270.5 33.5 12.5 46 24 One adult female from interior of Alaska (Fort | | Relinnee) siete ances See peace Ao aes be es 36 14.5] 46.5] 28 Four adult females from coast of Alaska-.......--.} 197.5 | 242.5 34 14 45.5 27 | The supposed female from Fort Reliance may possibly be a male, the length of wings and tail slightly exceeding the same measurements of any other adult female in the series measured. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 289 ern Arizona (Santa Catalina Mountains, September, November), New Mexico (San Miguel County, where breeding at 7,000 to 12,000 feet, Raton Mountains, etc.), and western Texas; east to western portion of the Great Plains, and to Lake Winnipeg; rare or casual winter visitant or straggler to southwest side of Hudson Bay (York Factory), Ontario, Michigan, northeastern Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, lowa, eastern Nebraska, ete. Corvus pica (not of Linnzeus) Forster, Philos. Trans., lxxii, 1772, 382 (Hudson Bay ).—Witson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 75, pl. 35, fig. 2.—Bonaparre, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1823, 360, Ann. Lyc. N. Y, , li, 1828, 57.—SwaInson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 292.—NurraLt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 219.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iv., 1838, 408, pl. 357. Pica pica Suarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 62, part (American references and localities) . Corvus hudsonius SaBinb, App. Franklin’s Journ., 1828, 25, 671 (Cumberland House, Hudson Bay). Pica hudsonica BoNaParte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27.—MAxXIMILIAN, Reise in Nord-Amerika, i, 1839, 508 (upper Missouri R.); Journ. fiir Orn., iv, 1856, 197 (erit.).—WoopHovss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 77 (New Mexico).—KeEnNeERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., iv, pt. vi, 1857, 10 (Little Colorado R., Arizona); x, pt. 3, 1859, 32 (do.). a BERRY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1857, 84 (Mptolyas R., Oregon, Gitamibis Res and n. coast California). —Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R., Surv., ix, 1858, 576; 2d ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 25; x, pt. 3, no. 2, 1859, 14 (near Fort Massachusetts aaa Cochetope Pass, New Mexico); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 432.—Cooprr and Suckuiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 213, pl. 25 (Oregon and W alin oien e. of Cascades; Puget Sound after breeding season).—BuLaxkisron, Ibis, 1862, 8 (Forks Saskatchewan, Noyvy., Feb.; plains Saskatchewan; breeding).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Wool- wich, iv, 1864, 121 (British Columbia) .—Coves, Ibis, 1865, 159, in text (Raton Mts., New Mexico); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 93 (do.).—Da tu and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 286 (Sitka; Unga, Shumagin group; Kadiak).—Cooprer, Orn. Cal., 1870, 296 (Vancouver I.; Fort Col- ville, Washington).—Srrvenson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. for cae (1871), 465 (Colorado).—Ho.tpeEn and Arken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1872, 204 (Wyoming).—Frxscu, Abh. Nat. Brem., iii, 1872, 39 OR sk, Alaska).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8 (Shawnee Co., Kansas, Oct. ).—Datt, Proe. Cal. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 28 (Shumagins; Alaska ee eecals ).—MERRIAM, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 687 (Idaho; Utah).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 38, fig. 1. [ Pica] hudsonicus Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 382. Cleptes hudsonicus GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sei, Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 46 (New Mexico). [ Pica] melanoleuca var. hudsonica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 164. Pica melanoleuca . . . var. hudsonica Cours, Check List, 1875, no. 233.—Y arrow and HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1872 (1874), 20 (e. Nevada; Utah).—Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1875 (1874), 65 (Den- ver, Colorado), 84 (Fort Garland, Colorado; habits), 123 (Rio Puerco, New Mexico); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 334 (habits); Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1877, 1309 (Carson City, Nevada). Pica melanoleuca . . . Var. hudsonica Sxow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 8 (rare summer resid. ). 10384—voL 3—03 1 290 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Pica melanoleuca var. hudsonica Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 211, part.—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 94 (Twin Lakes, Colorado). [| Pica melanoleuca var. hudsonica] b. hudsonica Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 211 (synonymy). Plica] melanoleuca hudsonica HensHaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1879, 306 (Nevada; eastern California; habits). Pica melanoleuca hudsonica Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, Jan., 1875, 11, 15 (Carson City and Truckee Valley, Nevada).—Covrs, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. iii, 1877, 669 (Fort Garland, Colorado; Fort Union, New Mexico, ete.); iv, 1878, 607 (mouth of Milk R., etc., Montana). Pica caudata var. hudsonica AuuEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., in, July, 1872, 150 (e. Colorado), 157 (South Park), 169 (Ogden, Utah), 178 (w. Kansas; Colo- rado, up to 11,000 ft.; Wyoming; Utah).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 184 (Colorado).—Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 266.—BenprirE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 125 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; habits). P{ica] caudata . . . var. hudsonica Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 375 (n. Illinois, accid. in winter). Pica] caudata var. hudsonicus Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 112 (n. e. Illinois, accidental). Pica caudata hudsonica Frxscu, Journ. fur Orn., 1883, 270 ( Portage Bay, Alaska). Pica rustica, var. hudsonica Barrp, Orn. Simpson’s Exp., 1876, 380 (Utah). Pica rustica, £. hudsonica Rirpaway, Field and Forest, ii, June, 1877, 208 (Colorado). Pica rustica . . . f. hudsonica Rip@way, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 520 (e. slope Sierra Nevada to Wahsatch Mts.; habits, ete. ). Pica rustica hudsonica Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ii, Mar. 27, 1880, 4; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 286.—Horrman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1882, 400 (Fort Berthold, Dakota).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 347.— NeEtson, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1881 (1883), 73 (head of Bristol Bay, Alaska).— BeckHam, Auk, ti, 1885, 142 (Pueblo, Colorado).—McLEnrGan, Cruise “Corwin,’’ 1884, 116 (Kowak R. and Hotham Inlet, Alaska).—AGERSBORG, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota, winter). [ Pica pica] €. hudsonica Dusotis, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1873, 5. P{ica] rustica hudsonica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 420. Plica] pica . . . var. hudsonica Jorpan, Man. Vertebr. KE. U.S8., 4th ed., 1884, 94. Pica pica hudsonica Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vili, 1885, 355; xvi, 1893, 664 (Shumagins, Alaska); Orn. Illinois, 1, 1889, 333.—AMERICAN ORNITHOL- ogists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 475.—ANnrHony, Auk, ili, 1886, 166 (Washington Co., n. w. Oregon, resident).—Srron, Auk, ii, 1886, 321 (w. Manitoba).—Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 166 (Fort Yukon, Fort Reliance, etc.).—Nertson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 163 (Shumagins, Kadiak, etc. ).—Townsenp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 210 (Fort Crook, n. e. California).—Cookr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 157 (w. Manitoba; w. Kansas; Vermilion, Dakota—formerly, in winter; w. Dakota).—BrLpING, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 107 (Alpine Co., California; e. slope Sierra Nevada, up to 7,000 ft.).—Fannry, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 32 (breeding e. of Cascades; coast in winter).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 375 (fall and winter visit, formerly resident).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 565 (Lake Winnipeg, York Factory, etc.).—McIiwrairn, Birds Ontario, 1892, 272 (Sault Ste. Marie, rare winter visit). —FisHer (A. K.), N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 68 (Toquerville, Utah, Dec. ).—Lowr, Auk, xi, 1894, 268 (Wet Mts., Colorado).—Dunn, Auk, xii, 1895, 395 (Chicago, Illinois, 1 spec., Oct. 17, 1892).—Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 349, pl. 3, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 291 figs. 11-13 (eggs). —NeEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 315.—Bruner, Rep. Nebr. Hort. Soc. for 1896 (1898), 118 (West Point; Norfolk; Harrison; Cherry County; breeding); Proc. Nebr. Orn. Union, sec. ann. meeting, 1901, 54 (Cherry and Sioux counties, n. w. Nebraska, breeding ).—CLARKE, Auk, xv, 1898, 274 (Odessa, e. Ontario, 3 specs. ).—MurcHeti, Auk, xv, 1898, 309 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding at 7,000 to 12,000 ft. ).—McGrecor, Auk, xvi, 1899, 78 (Alturas, Modoc Co., n. e. California, abundant ).—MeEr- r1AM, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 118 (e. side Shasta Valley, n. Cali- fornia, 1 spec., Sept. 29).—Bares, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., sec. ann. meeting, 1901, 74 (Chadron, n. w. Nebraska, breeding).—FLremine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 40 (Port Sydney, Ontario, 1 spec., summer, 1887 ).—Fisuer (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 11 (Mono Lake, s. e. California, Sept.).—Batry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 270, pl. Pica] pica hudsonica Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352. Pica melanoleuca (not of Vieillot) AupuBoNn, Synopsis, 1839, 152; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 99, pl. 227.—Caxor, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1845, 73 (Mich- igan; crit.).—McCatu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 217 (w. Texas, lat. 29° 157, Nov.). PICA NUTTALLI Audubon. YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIE, Similar in coloration to P. pica hudsonia, but bill and bare orbital skin bright yellow, and size decidedly less.@ Adult male.—Lenegth (skins), 381-443.5 (406.5); wing, 181.5-196.5 (187.5); tail, 299-254 (237); exposed culmen, 30.5-32.5 (31.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 12-13 (12.5); tarsus, 48.5-49.5 (47.5); middle toe, 22.5-25 (23).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 409-451 (423.5); wing, 182-194.5 (186.5); tail, 230.5-249.5 (239); exposed culmen, 30-31 (30.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 12; tarsus, 44.5-50 (48); middle toe, 22.5-26.5 (23.5).¢ «The average measurements of P. nuttalli agree more nearly with those of P. p. pica than with any other form, comparing with the latter as follows: ihe | Depth , Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed ot pik Tarsus. Middle | jean: trils. | = = a Zit —— : ee MALES. Six adult males of Pica pica pica (Europe) -.-.--- | 190 | (289 33.5 12.5 48 | 27.5 Six adult males of Pica nuttalli...........-2.-.---- 187 | 237.5] 31.5] 125) 47 | 23 Eight adult males of Pica pica hudsonia from { Mester United States........2....--~--.0+---- | 205.5 | 281.5 36.5 13 | 48.5 25,5 | | FEMALES. | | | Seven adult females of Pica pica pica (Europe)...| 186 932.5] 82.5} 12.5 47 | 26 Seven adult females of Pica nuttalli..........-.... | 186 -| 289.5 30.5 12 18 | 23 Eight adult females of Pica pica hudsonia from MeseernUMLted States: 2... 0.2.01 5..c02seeeccess 197.5 | 270.5) 33.5) 12.5 46 | 24 »Six specimens. “Seven specimens. ~ 292 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Central California, from Ventura, Kern, and Tulare counties on the south to Tehama County on the north; chiefly the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, more rare and irregularly distributed along the coast. Pica nuttalli Aupupon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 450, pl. 862 (Santa Barbara, Califor- nia; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 104, pl. 228.— BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27.—Nurrany, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 236.—Nrwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1857, 84, pl. eke Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 578; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 26; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 433.— HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 54 (w. slope Sierra Nevada, California and Oregon ).—Cooperr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 295 (int. valleys and coast s. of Monterey to Santa Barbara).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 38, fig. 3.—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 519 (s Sacramento ) ; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 287.—SHaRpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 66 (Santa Clara Co. ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 476.—EvrErRMANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 181 (Ventura Co., California).—TownsEnp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 211 (upper Sacramento Valley; habits).—Sronr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 442 (‘‘Columbia River’’)}.—FisHer (A. K.), North me Fauna, no. 7, 1393, 68 ( Visalia; Tulare Co.; San Luis Obispo; Santa Ynez R., etc. ).—Brnpirg, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 355, pl. 3, fig. 14 (egg).—Bartow, The Avifauna, i, 1885, 20 (habits).—FisHer (W. K.), Condor, 11, 1900, 137 (Mount St. Helena, Napa Co., California).—Noacx, Condor, iv, 1902, 78 (vocal powers).— BarLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.8., 1902, 271. Plica] nuttalli Bonapartrr, Consp. Avy., i, 1850, 383.—CovrEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 421.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352 =“ echecon: Auk, xvi, 1891, 78, in text (Shasta Co.). Pica nuttallii AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 152.—WoopuHousk, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zui and Col. R., 1853, 77 (San Francisco to San José). Cleptes nuttalli GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., 1, 1847, 46 (Santa Bar- bara; habits). [Pica melanoleuca.] Var nuitallii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 164. Pica melanoleuca . . . var. nuttalli Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 2380, [ Pica melanoleuca var. hudsonica] c. nuttalli Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 212 (syn- onymy ). Pica melanoleuca nuttalli Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 172 (Sacra- mento ).—Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 252 (Santa Clara Valley and Santa Barbara, California). Pica caudata, var. nuttalli Barry, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 270. Pica rustica nuttalli Cougs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 348. Plica] rustica] nuttalli Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 421. Pica ? (Pica var.) nuttalli Cooper, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., vi, 1875, 198. Genus CALOCITTA Gray. Calocitta Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 50. (Type, Pica bullockii Wagler, = P. formosa Swainson.) Callicitta (emendation) CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 225. Cyanurus (not of Swainson, 1831) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 380. (Type, Pica bullockii Wagler, = P. formosa Swainson. ) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 293 Large, long-tailed Garruline with wholly exposed nostrils, a con- spicuous recurved crest, conspicuous white tips to shorter rectrices, and underparts mainly white. Bill stout, its depth at nostrils greater than half the distance from anterior edge of nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen and gonys distinetly convex. Nostrils wholly exposed, beveled off anteriorly, margined above and behind by the membranous covering of the nasal fossve. Nasal tufts entirely absent (C. collie?) or but slightly developed (C. formosa and subspecies). A long and very conspicuous erectile crest springing from forehead or anterior portion of crown, composed of rather narrow, rather stiff, somewhat. spatulate, and more or less recurved feathers. Wings rather long, the primaries exceeding second- aries by about the length of the bill; seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest and nearly equal, the tenth more than half as long as the longest. Tail very long (middle rectrices at least one and one-third, sometimes nearly three times, as long as wing), much graduated (middle rectrices much more than twice as long as lateral pair). Tarsus much longer than exposed culmen (about equal to length of commis- sure), with planta tarsi undivided, except on lower portion; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus, Coloration.—Ahbove plain blue (the back, etc., sometimes grayish); crest black (sometimes with white tips); four outermost rectrices very broadly tipped with white; underparts mainly white, the chest and throat black or else chest crossed by a curved black band. Nidification.—Nest bulky, composed of thorny twigs, placed in a thorny tree. Eges unknown. Range.—Western Mexico to Costa Rica. (Two species.) ‘KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CALOCITTA. a. Throat and chest black, or mostly black; sides of head black, with pale blue malar patch. b. A pale blue superciliary spot; crest-feathers entirely black or with indistinct bluish tips. (Western Mexico.)...........--- Calocitta colliei, adult (p. 294) bb. No blue superciliary spot; crest-feathers conspicuously tipped with white. Calocitta colliei, young (p. 294) aa. Throat and chest white, the latter margined below by a curved band or collar of black; sides of head white, or bluish white (sometimes with a blackish triangular malar or suborbital patch). b. A more or less distinet triangular malar or suborbital patch of black; back and scapulars distinctly gray, with little if any bluish tinge; oeciput with more or less of black (often wholly black). (Southwestern Mexico, from States of Colima and Puebla south to Oaxaca. )....-- Calocitta formosa formosa (p. 295) bb. No trace of any dusky malar or suborbital patch (or else back and scapulars distinctly bluish); back and scapulars distinctly bluish; oeciput bright blue, without any black. (Chiapas to Costa Rica. ) Calocitta formosa azurea (}). 206) 294 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CALOCITTA COLLIEI (Vigors). COLLIE’S MAGPIE-JAY. Adults (sexes alike).—Frontal, loral, postocular, and auricular regions, chin, throat, and chest, uniform black; crest black, the longer feathers more or less distinetly bluish at tips; a superciliary spot of pale blue or bluish white, extending posteriorly to beneath the crest, where deepening into the dull campanula blue of. the occiput; a bifurcated malar patch of flax flower blue, the upper arm extending upward to the lower eyelid, the lower edge margined with white; upper parts, except as described, plain blue, duller or more grayish on back and secapulars, deeper (dull french blue, or approaching cyanine blue) on upper tail-coverts and tail; four lateral rectrices very broadly and abruptly tipped with white; under parts, posterior to chest, white, the sides and flanks tinged with gray; bill, legs, and feet black. Young.—Similar to adults, but all the feathers of the crest broadly and abruptly tipped with white, feathers of occiput and hindneck also tipped with white (these tips broader on lateral portions, forming con- tinuous white bordering upper and posterior margins of black auric- ular space), and pale blue superciliary patch absent (replaced by black). Adult male.—Length (skins), 654-749 (693); wing, 210.5221 (214.5); tail, 485-508 (463.5); exposed culmen, 33-36 (34.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 14.5-15 (15); tarsus, 44.5-48 (47); middle toe, 27.5-30.5 (29.5).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 575-724 (658.5); wing, 198-216 (205); tail, 406.5-508 (448.5); exposed culmen, 33-36 (34); depth of bill at nostrils, 13-15 (14.5); tarsus, 44.5-47.5 (46); middle toe, 30-31.5 (30.5).¢ Western Mexico, north to southern Sonora (Alamos, Camoa, Plomosas, etc.) and western Chihuahua (Jesus Maria, El Carmen, ete.), south to Jalisco (San Sebastian, Zapotlan, Guadalajara, etc.), east to Guanajuato and Durango (Huasamota). [Occasional specimens show a greater or less amount of white or pale bluish on the throat and chest, sometimes forming a large patch, mar- gined below bya black collar. Such examples have the appearance of being hybrids or ‘‘intergrades” between C. col/iec and C. formosa; but since among them are specimens from extreme northern localities, they can only be considered as representing individual variation; hybridism or intergradation with C. formosa being of course possible only where the two occur together, which, if anywhere, would be in the extreme southern portion of the range of (. col/ie7. | Pica colliei Vicors, Zool. Journ., iv, 1829, 353, pl. 12 (San Blas, Territoria de Tepic, w. Mexico; type in coll. Brit. Mus.); Zool. Voy. ‘‘ Blossom,’’ 1839, 22 pl. 7 (San Blas; Mazatlan).—Scuiecer, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 43 (w. Mexico). aSeven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 295 [ Cyanurus] colliei BonAPArtE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 381.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 6, no. 6126. Cyanurus colliei Dues, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 139 (Guadalajara; Guanajuato). Calocitta colliaei Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 592. Calocitta colliei Fixscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., i, July, 1870, 334 (Mazatlan ).— LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 284 (Mazatlan; habits).— SHarPeE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 89 (San Blas).—Rip@way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 236.—Sarvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 507.—Sronr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 442 (‘‘Aca- pulco’’).—Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 782 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco; habits, etc. ). [Calocitta] colliei Sctaver and Sarvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 40. _C[alocitta] coltiei Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 350, footnote. Pica bernettii Gray, in Griffith’s ed. Cuvier’s Anim. Kingd., Aves, if 1834, 334, plate (Mazatlan). Corvus bullockii (not Pica bullockii Wagler) Aupupon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 483, pl. 96 (‘‘Columbia River’’). Pica bullockii (not of Wagler) AupusBon, Synopsis, 1839, 152; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv., 1842, 105, pl. 229 (‘‘ North California’’ ). Garrulus bullockiiw Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8S. and Can., i, 1832, 230 (‘‘Colum- bia R.’’). Cyanura bullocki Bonaparrr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 115. Cyanurus bullocki Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 115; 1850, 84 (diagn. and synonymy); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27; Nuovi Ann. Se. Nat. Bolong., li, 1839, 348. C[alocitta] bullockii Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 50, part. P{silorhinus] bullockii Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 308 (excl. syn. part). Calocitta elegans Fixscn, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., i, June, 1870, 335 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; coll. Bremen Mus. ;=young). CALOCITTA FORMOSA FORMOSA (Swainson). BULLOCK’S MAGPIE-JAY, Similar to (. collzez, but smaller, with relatively much shorter tail; sides of head chiefly white; chin, throat, and chest white (the latter crossed by a black collar), and the back gray instead of blue. Adult male.—Pileum (including occiput and crest), a patch on side of neck (behind auriculars), a more or less well developed triangular patch on malar region (extending upward to eye), and a curved band or collar across chest, black (crown and occiput sometimes mixed or ‘tinged with blue); hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and wings plain ash gray, the first and last more or less tinged with blue, especially the secondaries, basal half of primaries, primary coverts, and alule; upper tail-coverts and tail plain blue (dull cobalt or ultramarine), the four outermost rectrices very broadly tipped with white and with their inner webs blackish; sides of head (except as described) and under parts (except collar across chest) white, the first sometimes tinged with pale purplish blue, especially on malar region; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown;“ length (skins), 457-520.5 (486); wing, « According to Xantus, manuscript. 296 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 187-193.5 (191); tail, 284.5-334 (806.5); exposed culmen, 30.5-53 (81); depth of bill at nostWls, 12.5-15 (14.5); tarsus, 42-46 (44.5); middle toe, 28-30 (29.5).4 Adult female.—Similar to adult male, but somewhat smaller and with the crown and occiput more or less blue (sometimes entirely blue except along lateral edges); length (skins), 482.5-514.5 (490.5); wing, 178-193.5 (183); tail, 267-314 (287.5); exposed culmen, 29-34 (80.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 12.5-14 (13.5); tarsus, 39-45.5 (42.5); middle toe, 28.5-30 (29.5)? Southwestern Mexico, from the States of Colima and Puebla to Oaxaca. Pica formosa Swarxson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 437 (Temascaltepec, Mexico). [ Cyanurus] formosus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 495, in text. Calocitta. formosa ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 381 (Oaxaca; crit. ).— LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 285 (Colima; Manzanilla Bay; Rio de la Armeria).—LAwRENCcE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24 (Juchitan and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca).—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 88, part (Oaxaca; San Juan del Rio).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1883, 428 (Acapulco, Guerrero).—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 153 (Chietla, Puebla).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1887, 508, part (Mexican references and localities).—StTonr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 442 (Mexico). [Calocitta] formosa Scuater and Saryix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1& (Mexico). C[alocitta] formosa Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 350, footnote, part (Mexico) . Pica bullockii WaaueEr, Syst. Av., 1827, fol. 11, p. 6 (Mexico).—ScHirGEt, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 43 (e. Mexico). Calocitta] bullockii Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 50, part. [Cyanurus] bullocki BoNapartE, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 380 (‘‘ Vera Cruz’’). C{allicitta] bullocki CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 225 (Mexico). Garrula gubernatrix TEMMINCK, Pl}. Col., ii (livr. 73, Jan. 1828), pl. 436 (Mexico; Leyden Mus. ). P{silorhinus| gubernatrix Gray, Gen. Birds, 11, 1849, 308. Cyanurus gubernatrix BONAPARTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1850, 84 (Mexico). > ( 3, 40, part CALOCITTA FORMOSA AZUREA Nelson. CENTRAL AMERICAN MAGPIE-JAY, Similar to C. f~. formosa, but more brightly colored (back, scapulars, . and wings dull cerulean or glaucous blue instead of gray), crown and occiput bright (deep flax-flower or azure) blue, sides of head entirely white,’ or bluish white (except a black post-auricular spot), white tips @ Six specimens. »Five specimens ¢The blackish triangular malar patch of C. f. formosa sometimes indicated in speci- mens from Chiapas, but in all specimens examined from Guatemala and southward entirely absent. In many specimens the sides of head, and occasionally the chin, strongly tinged with flax-flower blue. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 997 to rectrices more extended, and size (except length of tail) averaging somewhat larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 413-571.5 (500.5); wing, 181.5-208.5 (192.5); tail, 285-343 (291.5); exposed culmen, 28.5-36.5 (32.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 14-1675 (15); tarsus, 42.5-48.5 (46.5); middle toe, 28-32 (30).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 470-488 (471); wing, 180.5-193 (185.5); tail, 231-975.5 (251.5); exposed culmen, 30-35.5 (33); depth of bill at nostrils (one specimen), 14; tarsus, 45.5-48 (46): middle toe, 29.5-31.5 (30.5).? State of Chiapas (Huehuetan), southern Mexico, and southward through Guatemala to western Costa Rica; chiefly on the Pacific side, but occurring in southeastern Guatemala (Rio Managua) and in Honduras (7%). Calocitta formosa (not Pica formosa Swainson) ScuaTer and Sayin, Ibis, 1859, 22 (both coasts, Guatemala).—Scuatrer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 145 (Guate- mala).—Satvin, Ibis, 1870, 114 (Costa Rica).—Snarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 88, part (Honduras; Nicaragua).—Bovucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 37.—Nuttine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 393 (La Palma de Nicoya, w. Costa Rica); vi, 1883, 374 (San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua), 384 (Sucuya, Nicaragua), 392 (Ometepe, Nicaragua; habits, etc. ).—ZeELepon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 113 (Nicaragua; Bojaces and Liberia, w. Costa Rica).—Satviy and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1887, 509, part (Savana Grande, Escuintla, Retalhuleu, Rio Montagua, Chuacas, and Zacapa, Guatemala; Tigre I. and Comayagua, Hon- duras; Ometepe I., Nicaragua).—UNpeErwoop, Ibis, 1896, 487 (Volean de Miravalles, Costa Rica).—LaAnvtz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Naranjo, Guatemala). [ Calocitta] formosa ScuaTER and Satvix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 40, part (Guate- mala, Costa Rica). C[alocitta] formosa Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 350, part (Costa Rica). «Twelve specimens. »>Three specimens. Specimens from Guatemala and southward are smaller than those from Chiapas, and, asa rule, are appreciably less distinctly blue in the color of the back, ete.; but without a much larger series I am unable to determine whether the differences are sufficiently obvious or constant to justify further subdivision of the species. Average measurements according to locality are as follows: Ex- | Depth Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | » bill Tarsus. ag adle culmen.| ®t 2OS- wee s}) truls: MALES. Five adult males from Chiapas. -.-- Bere to ein as Sates 202 315 35 15.5 46.5 3 Three adult males from Guatemala ..........-.--- 190.5 266.5 30.5 15 45.5 29.5 Four adult males from Nicaragua and Costa Rica. 188.5 273.5 31 14.5 15.5 30 FEMALES. Two adult females from Chiapas..........-------- 186.5 261.5 34.5 14 47 30.5 One adult female from Niearagua..........------- 182.5 | 231 BOt alse sece cet 43.5 30 298 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Calocitta bullockii (not Pica bullocki Wagler) Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 358 (Comayagua, Honduras). [Cyanurus] bullockii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 6, no. 6125 (Guatemala). Cyanurus gubernatrix (not Garrula gubernatric Temminck ) Tayror, Ibis, 1860, 115 (Tigre I., Pacific side Honduras; habits). Calocitta formosa azurea Newson, Auk, xiv, Jan. 1897, 55 (Huehuetan, Chiapas, s. e. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). Genus PSILORHINUS Ruppell. Psilorhinus Riprrtt, Mus. Senckenburg, 1837, 188. (Type, P. mexicanus Riippell. ) Large, plainly colored Garruline, with the nostrils wholly exposed. Bill stout, compressed (much higher than broad at nostrils); culmen curved throughout, shorter than tarsus. Frontal feathers bristly, erect posteriorly, semi-antrorse anteriorly, forming a slight crest over base of the maxilla. Nostril rounded, beveled off anteriorly to the sur- face of the maxilla. Wings and tail about equal in length, the latter averaging a little the longer; seventh to fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, the tenth much longer than the tarsus, the longer with tips rather narrow and straight; longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than length of middle toe, or of bill from nostril. Tail graduated for more than length of tarsus, the rectrices rather broad. Tarsus about twice as long as length of bill from nostril, the planta- tarsi entire, except at extreme lower portion; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus. Coloration.—Head, neck, aad chest plain deep sooty brown, darker on pileum and sides of head; upper parts plain sooty brown, grayer (sometimes somewhat glaucous) on remiges and rectrices, the latter sometimes tipped with white; under parts of body varying from white to sooty gray or brown. Nidification.—(Unknown. ) PRange.—Kastern Mexico to Costa Rica. (Two species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PSILORHINUS. a. Rectrices without white tips. (Psilorhinus morio. ) b. Under parts of body very pale brownish gray or grayish brown, passing into white posteriorly. (Northeastern and arid portions of east-central Mexico. ) Psilorhinus morio morio (p. 299) bb. Under parts of body deep brownish gray or grayish brown. (Southern and humid portions of east-central Mexico. ) - -Psilorhinus morio fuliginosus (p. 300) aa. Rectrices (except middle pair) broadly tipped with white. (Psilorhinus mexi- canus. ) b. Larger (wing and tail averaging more than 203, tarsus averaging 52); white tips to rectrices narrower (averaging 29). (Southeastern Mexico. ) Psilorhinus mexicanus mexicauus (p. 301) bb. Smaller (wing and tail averaging decidedly less than 203, tarsus averaging decidedly less than 51); white tips of rectrices broader (averaging more than 30.5). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 999 c. Larger (wing averaging 195, tail 195.5); bill much larger (length from nostril averaging 27.5, depth at nostrils 15.5); white tips to retrices smaller (that on inner web of outermost averaging 32); under parts less purely white. (Guatemala to Costa Rica.) ------ Psilorhinus mexicanus cyanogenys (p. 3()1) cc. Smaller (wing averaging 187, tail 190); bill much smaller (length from nostril averaging 24, depth at nostrils 14.5); white tip to rectrices larger (that on inner web of outermost averaging 44.5); under parts more purely white. (@Miucatank) ees see eee ae See Psilorhinus mexicanus vociferus (p. 303) PSILORHINUS MORIO MORIO (Wagler). BROWN JAY. Adults (sexes alike).—Head and neck plain dark sooty brown, fading gradually into uniform grayish brown or sepia on back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail plain deep olive-grayish, appearing more bluish or glaucous in certain lights; dark sooty color of throat fading on chest into light grayish brown or drab, this into very pale brownish gray or dull grayish white on remaining under parts; bill wholly black, wholly yellow, or partly of both colors; iris brown?; legs and feet yellow or black or partly of both colors. Young.—Not essentially, if at all, different in coloration from adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 397.5-442 (421); wing, 201.9-215.9 (208.5); tail, 210.3-226.1 (218.2); bill from nostril, 26.2-31.7 (28.4); depth of bill at nostrils, 15.5-16.5 (16); tarsus, 47.5-52.1 (50); middle toe, 30.5-34.3 (32.3).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 393.5-426.5 (414); wing, 198-206 (202); tail, 200.5-214.5 (209); bill from nostril, 25.5-28 (26. 5): depth of bill at nostrils, 15-15.5 (15.5); tarsus, 49.5-51.5 (50.5); middle toe, 30-33 (31).? Northeastern Mexico, in States of Nuevo Leon (Boquillo; China; Monterey), Tamaulipas (Montemorelos; Alta Mira), : and i in arid districts of San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, and Vera Cruz. P\ica] morio Wac rr, Isis, 1829, 751, part © (Mexico; ex Corvus morio Lichten- stein, manuscript). Pica morio WaGcueEr, Isis, 1831, 527.—Scuitecer, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 44, part (Mexico). Corvus morio LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 1; Journ. fiir Orn. 1863, 56 (reprint).—Eypoux and Gervais, Voy. ‘‘ Favorite,’’ v, Zool., 1839, 54 (‘San Francisco, California’? ). Psilorhinus morio Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 51. P(silorhinus] morio Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 308.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 419.—Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352, part.—Sronr, ‘Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci: Phila., 1891, 94, 95, 96, part (crit. ). [ Psilorhinus] morio Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 381.—Gray, Hand-list, ii 1870, 6, no. 6127.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 164.—Sciarer and Satyiy, Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873, 40, part. “Seven specimens. » Four specimens. ¢Based on young. 300 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ps(ilorhinus| morio CABANis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 226, excl. syn. part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Psilorhinus morio ScuatTer, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1856, 300 (Cordova, Vera Cruz) ; 1859, 365 (Jalapa); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 145, part (in synonymy ).— Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 592 (Boquilla, San Diego, and ee Nuevo Leon); ed. 1860 fee N. Am.), atlas, pl. 68, figs. 1, 2; Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Sury., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 21 (Boquilla, ete., Nuevo Leon); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. eee and Satyr, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1869, 363 ie of Mexico; Atlantic tierra caliente).—SumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, 1869, 554 (hot and temperate regions, Vera Cruz, up to 9,000 ft).—Cours “Cheek List, 1873, no. 232.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Gore i, 1874, 304, part, pl. 42, fig. 2 (Cordova and Mirador, VeraCruz; Boquilla, a , Nuevo Leon ).—Bovucarp, Catalog. Avium, 1876, 280, no. 8765 (Mexico; ‘‘ Texas’”’).—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 139, excl. syn. part (Orizaba).—FErRRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 153 (Jalapa and Plan del Rio, Vera Cruz).—Satyiy and GopmMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1887, 505.—Sron#&, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 442 (Mexico).—RicHmonp, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 630 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. H., x, 1898, 31 (Jalapa). Psilorhinus mexicanus, part, RipPELL, Mus. Senckenb., 1837, 189 (supposed young from Tamaulipas).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. aa Am., Aves, 1, is: 506, part (localities Tamaulipas, and Boquilla and China, Nuevo Leon). PSILORHINUS MORIO FULIGINOSUS (Lesson). SOOTY JAY. Similar to P. m. morio, but darker, especially the under parts, which from the breast backward are deep sooty gray or grayish brown, instead of whitish or pale brownish gray. Adult male.—Length (skins), 380-420 (386.4); wing, 190-217 (200); tail, 190-224 (203); bill from nostril, 27-30 (28.3); depth of bill at eee 16-17.5 (16.8); tarsus, 49-55 (51.8); middle toe, 31.5-35 too: i): b Adult female.—Length (skins), 380; wing, 190-198 (194); tail (one specimen), 193; bill from en 25-27 (26); depth of bill (one speci- men), 16; tarsus, 49-49.5 (49.2); middle toe, 29-32 (30.5).° eraiheasterh Mexico, in humid districts of San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo’, Vera Cruz (Pasa Nueva; Buena Vista), Chiapas (Guichicoy1), and Tabasco (Montecristo). Pica fuliginosa Lesson, Traité d’Orn., i, 1831, 333, part (descr. supposed adult; Mexico).—Pucnerran, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1858, 550 (crit. ).—HARTLAUB, Journ. fir Orn., 1855, 424 (crit. ). (?) Psilorhinus morio (not Pica morio Wagler?) ScuaTER and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 363, part (Atlantic tierra caliente?).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554, part (hot region of Vera Cruz).—SHarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1875, 139, part.—Sarvin and Gopman, Biol.’ Centr.- Am., Aves, 1, 1887, 505, parts at aThese specimens are in the poe of the Us 8. Nasional Muccoes Pa are true P. morio. >Seven specimens, from Pasa Nueva, southern Vera Cruz. ¢Two specimens, from Buena Vista, southern Vera Cruz. ~ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. B01 Psilorhinus morio LAwrencr, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 25 (Guichicovi, Chiapas). P{silorhinus] morio Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352, part.—Sronr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 94, 95, 96, part (crit. ). [ Psilorhinus] morio Scuarer and Sarvix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 40, part. PSILORHINUS MEXICANUS MEXICANUS Riippell WHITE-TIPPED BROWN JAY. Similar to 2. wordo morio, but rectrices (except middle pair) broadly tipped with white. Adult male.—Leng th (skins), 419-457 (433); wing, 199.5-212 (206.5); tail, 200.5-213.5 (206); bill from nostril, 28-31.5 (29.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 16.5-17.5 (17); tarsus, 51-53.5 (52.5); middle toe, 31-33 (82); length of white tip to inner web of outermost tail-feather, 98-31.5 (29.5).“ Adult female.—Length (skins), 414-419 (416.5); wing, 190.5—202 (196); tail, 190.5-207 (198.5); bill from nostril, 26—26.5 (26.2); depth of bill at nostrils, 16.5; tarsus, 51-51.5 (51.2); middle toe, 33; length of white on inner web of outermost tail-feather, 16.5-85.5 (26).” Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; Catemaco) Oaxaca, Chiapas (Guichicovi) and Tabasco (Montecristo). Plica] morio, part, WAGLER, Isis, 1829, 751 (supposed female or young; Mexico). Psilorhinus morio Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 304, part (spec. no. 23917, from Mirador, Vera Cruz). Pica fuliginosa, part, Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 333 (supposed young; Mexico). Psilorhinus mexicanus Riippetyu, Mus. Senckenb., 1837, 189, pl. 11, fig. 2.— . SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iil, 1877, 140, part (Mexico).—Sarviy and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1887, 50, part, in text (Mirador). P{silorhinus] mevicanus Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352, part (s. Mex- ico).—Sronk, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 94, 95, 96, part (s. Mexico). P{silorhinus] cyanogenys (not of Sharpe) Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 302, part (Mirador, Vera Cruz) .¢ (2) Psilorhinus cyanogenys Lantz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1898), 222 (Rinconada, Mexico). PSILORHINUS MEXICANUS CYANOGENYS (Sharpe). CENTRAL AMERICAN BROWN JAY. Similar to P. wm. mericanus, but smaller, and with the white tips to the rectrices larger. Adults.—Length (skins), 362-416.5 (893); wing, 182.5-206 (195); tail, 185.5-209.5 (195.5); bill from nostril, 26-29 (27.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 14.5-16.5 (15.5); tarsus, 47-51 (48.5); middle toe, 29-32.5 (30.5); length of white tip to inner web of outermost tail-feather, 25-2 (32). “Four specimens. » Two specimens. “Specimen with distinct bluish gray malar patch. “Fifteen specimens, so few of which have the sex determined that 1 am unable to give separate measurements for the two sexes. 802 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica). Although the name cyanogenys was based by Dr. Sharpe on what was clearly an unusual development of the lighter colored triangular malar patch, and is therefore misleading, it is nevertheless necessary to retain it for the southern form, since it is the only one based on the Central American bird. In most specimens this malar patch is obsolete, sometimes quite obliterated, and in no specimen is it blue in color, but dullgray. In none of the Central American birds is it nearly so distinct as in an example of true ?. mexicanus from Mirador,’ State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, in which it is very conspicuous, its color being clear ash gray. Psilorhinus morio (not Pica morio Wagler) Moores, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Omoa, Honduras; Belize, British Honduras ).—Scuarerand Satyvin, Ibis, 1859, 22 (Quirigua and Iguana, e. Guatemala).—Tay.or, Ibis, 1860, 113 Tauleyi, Honduras).—Capanis, Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 83 (Costa Rica) .— Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 145, excl. syn. part (tierra caliente, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Lawrencer, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 104 (San José and Turrialba, Costa Rica).—FRanrzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 304 (Nicoya, Turrialba, etc., Costa Rica).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rroaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 304, part (Guatemala; Honduras; Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 59 (San José, Costa Rica). Pica morio (not of Wagler) ScuueGcrL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 44, part (Costa Rica). Psilorhinus mexicanus (not of Ruppell) Scuarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 363 (Guatemala; Honduras; Costa Rica), 1870, 837, 889 (San Pedro, Honduras; crit.).—Sauvriy, Ibis, 1869, 314 (Costa Rica; ecrit.).— SHArpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ii, 1877, 140, part (Honduras; Costa Rica). — Boucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 37.—ZELEpDoN, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 113 (Cartago, Alajuela, and El Zar- cero de Alajuela, Costa Rica. )—Nurrine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 496 (Irazvi, Costa Rica).—Saryin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 506, part (localities in Guatemala, British Honduras ?, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica).—Rrpeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352, part (Costa Rica); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 588 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Sronz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 443 (Nicaragua).—CHeErrib, Auk, ix, 1892, 250 (Costa Rica, 2,500-4,500 ft.).—UnprErwoop, Ibis, 1896, 437 (Volean de Mira- valles, Costa Rica).—Lantz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1898), 222 (St. Tomas, Guatemala). [ Psilorhinus|] mexicanus ScuaTER and Sauyrx, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 40, part (Guatemala; Honduras; Costa Rica). P{silorhinus] mexicanus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352, part (Costa Rica).—Sronr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 94, 95, 96, part (crit.; Nica- ragua; Costa Rica). Psilorhinus cyanogenys SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 140, pl. 9 (Pearl Bay Lagoon, e. Nicaragua; coll. Brit. Mus. ). P{silorhinus] cyanogenys Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 352, part (Pearl Bay). @No. 23917, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.; Dr. C. Sartorius, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 308 PSILORHINUS MEXICANUS VOCIFERUS (Cabot). YUCATAN BROWN JAY, Similar to 7. m. cyanogenys, but smaller, especially the bill; the white at tips of rectrices more extended, and the under parts of the body whiter (posterior half, including thighs, pure white). Adults.—Length (skins), 374.5-401.5 (885.5); wing, 181-189 (187); tail, 183-196 (190); bill from nostril, 23.5-25 (24); depth of bill at nostrils, 14.5-15 (15); tarsus, 43.5-50 (46); middle toe, 27.5-30 (29); length of white spot on inner web of outermost tail-feather, 38-51 (44.5).¢ Yucatan. Corvus vociferus CaBor, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, 1848, 155 (Yucatan; coll. S. Cabot, jr.); Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H.. iv, 1844, 464 (do. ). P{silorhinus] vociferus Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1891, 95, in text. Psilorhinus mexicanus (not of Ruppell) CuHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 282 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan). Genus CYANOCORAX Boie. Cyanocorax Botr, Isis, 1826, 975. (Type, Corvus pileatus Temminck, = Pica chrysops Vieillot. ) Coronideus ® CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 225. (Type, Cyanocorax hya- cinthinus Cabanis, =C. violaceus Du Bus. ) Large-sized Garruline with frontal, loral, and posterior nasal plumes erect and stiff, the nostrils hidden by well-developed antrorse tufts, and the crown more or less crested. Nodification.—(Unknown?) Range.—Costa Rica (Atlantic side) to Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Para- guay, and southern Brazil. (Eight species, only one of them occur- ring north of the Isthmus of Panama.) There is much difference in certain respects involving external structure among the species which are here referred to Cyanocorag in au more restricted sense than that usually employed, and a further subdivision may be desirable. - The type, Pica chrysops Vieillot, differs conspicuously from all the rest in the structure of the crest, which is well developed on the crown and occiput (especially the latter), and is composed of very stiff feathers, the tips of which turn upward, producing the appearance of coarse velvet. The style of coloration, however, even to the head markings, is quite the same as in (. cayanus, C. uffinis, C. sclater7, and C. cya- nopogon, in which the crest is very different, the feathers being decumbent at their tips instead of the reverse. (. mystacal/s is a little aberrant in its more slender bill and wholly white five outer «Three specimens. b&Von yop@rvidevs, €@s, O nom. prop.” 304 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. retrices. C. violaceus (type of Coronideus Cabanis) is structurally quite identical with C. cyanopogon, C. cayanus, ete., but lacks any white on the tail, has no blue or white markings on the head, and has the under parts of the body grayish violet instead of white or pale yellow. ©. cyanomelas agrees with C. violaceus in the respects men- tioned, but has the crest scarcely if at all developed, and has no light- colored nuchal area. It will be seen, therefore, that any further sub- division of the genus would necessitate a considerable addition to the number of genera. Pica cerulea Temminck (= Corvus azureus Vieillot) is. however, so different in its conspicuously exposed nostrils and differently con- structed crest that its removal from Cyanocorar seems to me to be quite necessary. CYANOCORAX AFFINIS ZELEDONI Ridgway. TALAMANCA JAY. Similar to C. a. afinés,“ but decidedly brighter colored, with under parts of the body and tips of rectrices light creamy yellow instead of white or yellowish white. Adults (sexes alike).—Head (except occiput), neck (except hind- neck), and chest uniform black; a conspicuous superciliary patch, a smaller patch immediately beneath posterior half of eye, and an elongated patch on anterior and upper portion of malar region, cam- panula blue; occiput and nape duller and more purplish blue; lower hindneck, back, and rump plain dull heliotrope purple or dull brown- ish violet-blue, the scapulars similar but rather darker; wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail dull violet-blue or plum purple, the latter broadly tipped with pale creamy yellow or yellowish white; under parts of body light creamy yellow; bill, legs, and feet black; iris sulphur-yellow.’” Adult male.—Length (skins), 345.5-362 (854); wing, 158-167.5 (161.5); tail, 159-169 (163); bill from nostril, 20.5-23 (21.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 12.5-15 (14); farsus, 48.5-50 (49.5); middle toe, 30-33 (31).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 805-830 (319.5); wing, 156-157.5 (157); tail, 147.5-151 (149.5); bill from nostril, 20.5-21.5 (21); depth of bill at nostrils, 13; tarsus, 49.5-51.5 (50); middle toe (one specimen), 30.5.4 « Cyanocorax affinis Pelzeln, Sitz. Ak. Wien, xx, 1856, 164.—Cyanocorax sclatert Heine, Journ. fir Orn., viii, Mar., 1860, 115. » Zeledon, manuscript. ¢ Four specimens. @ Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 305 Isthmus of Panama northward to eastern Costa Rica (Talamanca). (2) Cyanocorax pileatus (not Corvus pileatus Temminck) Casstx, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei, Phila., 1860, 138 (Rio Truando and Nercua, n. w. Colombia).“ Uroleuca pileata Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 296 (Panama R. R.). Cyanocorax affinis (not of Pelzeln) Scuarer and Sanvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 354 (Panama R. R.).—Sarviy, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lt md., 1870, 191 (Calobre and Bugaba, Veragua ).—Suarpe, Cat. 3irds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 121, part (Chepo, Isthmus of Panama).—SALvrn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1887, 504, part (Costa Rica; Veragua,; Isthmus of Panama).— ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, 1887, 113 (Talamanca).—SaLvADORI, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xiv, 1899, 5 (near Pita, Isthmus of Panama). [Cyanocorax] affinis SCLATER and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part (Veragua). Cyanocorax affinis zeledoni Rwaway, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 255 (Talamanca, Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—Banes, Auk, xviii, 1901, 368 (Divala, Chiriqui). Genus XANTHOURA Bonaparte. Xanthoura BoNAPaRtE, Consp. Av., i, May 6, 1850, 380 (Type, Corvus peruvianus Gmelin, =C. yncas Boddaert. ) Xanthura (emendation) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1850 (pub. Mar. 14, 1851), 83. Xanthocitta Capants, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 223 (ex. Bonaparte, manuscript) (Type, Corvus peruvianus Gmelin, =C. yncas Boddaert. ) Rather small Garruline, allied to the genus Cyanocorar, but distin- guished by smaller size (wing less than 139.9, usually less than 127 mm.) and different coloration; upper parts (except of head and neck, but including four middle rectrices) uniform green; under parts of body and four lateral pairs of rectrices yellow (under parts of body sometimes light green); chin, throat, chest, lores, and auricular region black; prefrontal plumes and malar patch (sometimes pileum and hind- neck also) blue; forehead more or less white or yellowish white (this sometimes extending over pileum and hindneck). Nidification.—Nest in small trees or bushes, open above, composed of thorny twigs, ete. Eggs, 3-9, erayish, greenish, or buffy white, speckled with grayish brown, ete. Range.—Southern Texas to Peru and Venezuela. (Two species. ) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF XANTHOURA. a. Spots on eyelids deep blue, like malar patch; breast unicolored (yellow or green). b. Naso-frontal plumes much developed, conspicuously erect, or else whole pileum and hindneck whitish.” (Xanthowra yncas and subspecies. )° a This reference may possibly pertain to true C. affinis, but in the absence of speci- meus for examination I am unable to determine the matter. The geographical position of the loealities mentioned would, however, rather favor the supposition that the reference belongs here. >The two characters often combined. ¢ All extralimital (South American ). 10384—voL 3—03 20 306 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bb. Naso-frontal plumes slightly developed, scarcely, if at all, erect; pileum (except forehead) and hindneck always bright blue. (Xanthoura luxuosa and sub- species. ) c. Under tail-coverts light green. d. Larger and brighter colored, with more white on forehead; back distinctly green (rarely tinged with blue); wing of male averaging 119, tail 134, exposed culmen 26, tarsus 38.5. (Eastern portion of Mexican plateau, from Vera Cruz and Puebla to highlands of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas. ) Xanthoura luxuosa luxuosa (p. 306) dd. Smaller and duller colored, with less white on forehead; back more bluish green, more or less tinged with pale blue; wing of adult male averaging 113, tail 126, exposed culmen 25, tarsus 37.5. (Lower Rio Grande Walleye) Beniienem=ner ne sere se = Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens (p. 308) ce. Under tail-coverts yellow (sometimes tinged with green). d. Under parts of body mostly light yellowish green; wing of adult male averaging 122, tail 141.5, exposed culmen 28, tarsus 39.5. (States of Oaxaca, Guerrero, Michoacan, and Chiapas, southern Mexico; north- western -Guatemala\ines-e> asee. oe aoe Xanthoura luxuosa vivida (p. 309) dd. Under parts of body wholly clear yellow or (in some Guatemalan exam- ples) slightly tinged with green; wing of adult male averaging 114, tail 135, exposed culmen 26, tarsus 37. (Eastern and central Guatemala to Yucatan and northern Honduras. ) Xanthoura luxuosa guatimalensis (p. 310) aa. Spots on eyelids white; breast bicolored (a conspicuous yellow crescent between black of chest and green of breast). (State of Jalisco, southwestern Mexico). Xanthoura luxuosa speciosa (p. 311) XANTHOURA LUXUOSA LUXUOSA (Lesson). GREEN JAY. Adults (sexes alike).—Nasal tufts, broad malar patch (extending up to and involving posterior half of lower eyelid), and small spot imme- diately over posterior half of eye deep campanula blue; crown, occi- put, and hindneck campanula blue (slightly paler than malar spot, etc.), forehead white, or yellowish white; lores, chin, throat, chest, auricular region, and a superciliary line connecting the latter with the loral space deep black, the jugular portion with a strongly convex, abruptly defined outline; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and wings plain yellowish green (varying from clear parrot green to nearly oil green), the wings, rump, and upper tail-coverts rather lighter or brighter than back; four middle rectrices duller or darker green, becoming more bluish green terminally; four lateral rectrices clear yellow (between maize yellow and lemon yellow); under parts, poste- rior to chest, including under tail-coverts, pale yellowish green, the lower portion of the abdomen and anal region pale yellow, and feathers of other portions pale yellow beneath the surface; under wing-coverts pale yellow; bill black; legs and feet brownish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 254-299.5 (273.5); wing, 112.5-123 (118.5); tail, 129-145.5 (134); exposed culmen, 25-27.5 (26); depth of BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 307 bill at nostrils, 10-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 36.540 (38.5); middle toe, 21- 98.5 (21.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 254-274.5 (264); wing, 112.5-118 (114.5); tail, 121.5-136.5 (127.5); exposed culmen, 23-27 (25); depth of pill at nostrils, 9.5-11 (10); tarsus, 35-38.5 (36.5); middle toe, 20-22.5 (ai)? Eastern edge of Mexican plateau, from States of Vera Cruz and Puebla to Nuevo Leon (Monterey) and southern Tamaulipas (Victoria, Alta Mira, etc.). P{iea] chloronota, part, WAGLER, Isis, 1829, 750 (description of supposed young male; Mexico). Garrulus luxuosus Lesson, Rev. Zool., Apr., 1839, 100 (Mexico). Cyanocorax luxuosus Du Bus, Esquis. Orn., iv, 1848, pl. 18.—SciaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 300 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 144 (Mexico ).—ScHLeE- GEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 53, part (Mexico). [Cyanocorax] luxuosus SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39, part (Mexico). [ Xanthoura] luxuosus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 380 (Mexico). - Xanthoura luxuosa Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554 (hot and temp. regions Vera Cruz).—Ferrrart-Perez, Proc. U. 5. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 153 (Jalapa).—(?) Sronz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 444 (Mexico).— CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 30 (Jalapa) . X[anthoura] luxuosa Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 358, part. Xanthura luxuosa SHaRpE, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 132, part (Jalapa) .— SciateEr, Ibis, 1879, 88, part (crit. ).—SaLvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Ayes, i, 1887, 502, part (Guanajuato; Valley of Mexico; Perote, Puebla; Cordova and Jalapa, Vera Cruz). . [Cyanocorax yneas.] Var. 6. luxuosa Dusots, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., 2™° ser., xxxviii, 1874, 494, part (Mexico). [Cyanurus] luxuosus GRAY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 5, no. 6119 (Mexico). Cyanocitta luxuosa Ducks, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 139 (Guanajuato). @ Bight specimens. » Seven specimens. Specimens from northern and southern extremes of the range of this form average, respectively, as follows: Depth a Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed ef Ee Tarsus. d ee | culmen. | trils. ee pacan alee 4 i ADULT MALES. : : : Five specimens from Monterey, Nuevo Leon...--- | 120 | 132.5 25 10K) 3) so. o 21.5 Three specimens from Vera Cruz and Puebla ...-.. 116 137 27 10.5} 38 | 21.5 | ADULT FEMALES. Three specimens from Monterey, Nuevo Leon ....,| 115 127 24 9.5| 36.5 20.5 Four specimens from Vera Cruz and Puebla --..-. 114.5] 128 2.5) 10.5 38.5 22 The specimens from Nuevo Leon are practically identical with those from Vera Cruz and Puebla in coloration, in this respect differing quite obviously from Rio Grande Valley examples (XY. /ucuosa glaucescens ). 308 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. NX[anthocitta] luauosa CABANis, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 224 (Mexico). Nanthoura luauosa luxuosa Ripeway, Auk, xvii, Jan., 1900, 28 (crit. ). Cyanocorax peruvianus (not Corvus peruvianus Gmelin) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1848, 89 (mountains of Vera Cruz). Corvus peruvianus (not of Gmelin) LicuTEnsrein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 1 (Mexico). Clyanocorax] cyanocapillus CaBants, in Tschudi’s Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1849, 233, footnote (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; coll. Berlin Mus. ). XANTHOURA LUXUOSA GLAUCESCENS Ridgway. RIO GRANDE GREEN JAY, Similar to 1.7. duxuosa, but smaller (the bill especially) and colora- jon paler and duller; back, etc., chromium green or sage green, usu- tion pal d duller; back, et hromium green or sage gree ally more or less glossed (often extensively) with pale blue; white of forehead usually more restricted, sometimes obsolete; prevailing color gs of under parts very pale glaucous-green, often glossed with pale blue; yellow of lateral rectrices, etc., rather paler. Young. —Pileum, hindneck, and malar patch greenish blue, the fore- head and palpebral spots similar but paler, and the nasal tufts darker; paly 5 black of chin, throat, chest, etc., much duller than in adults; under parts of body very pale yellowish green or greenish yellow anteriorly, fading on flanks, abdomen, under tail-coverts, ete., into very pale creamy yellow; otherwise, like adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 256.5-277 (268); wing, 110-117.5 (113); tail, 118-131 (126); exposed culmen, 23—25.5 (25); depth of bill at nos- trils, 9-10 (9.5); tarsus, 35.5-38.5 (87.5); middle toe, 20-22 (21).¢ ; ’ ’ Adult female.—Lenegth (skins), ?46.5—-275.5 (258.5): wine, 104-116.5 « 5 4 5? (112); tail, 122-131.5 (127.5); exposed culmen, 24—25.5 (24.5); depth of billat nostrils, 10; tarsus, 34-39.5 (87.5); middle toe, 19.5—22.5 (20).¢ Lower Rio Grande Valley, in southern Texas and northern Tamau- lipas (Matamoras) and Nuevo Leon (San Diego, Rodriguez), from the i 80. g coast as far up the valley as Laredo, Texas. Cyanocorax luxuosus (not Garrulus luxuosus Lesson) Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 (Rio Grande, Texas).—Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1854, 1, part, pl. 1? (Texas).? Xanthoura luxuosa Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 589 (Rio Grande, Texas; Matamoras, Tamaulipas; San Diego, Nuevo Leon); Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 21 (do.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 442.—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 495 (lower Rio Grande Valley).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway; Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 42, fig. 1 (Nuevo Leon).— AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 483.—BrnprIRgE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 383, pl. 3, figs. 15-17 (eggs).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 326, pl. 32, fig. 5.—Srneiny, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex. 1894, 371 (Hidalgo). X[anthoura] lucuosa Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 358, part. «Seven specimens. » The plate is colored more like true Y. duauosa, and may have been made from a specimen of that form. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 809 Nanthiura lixwosa Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 182, part (Texas). Merrity, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 136 (Fort Brown, Texas; habits, ete.).—Srennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Sury., ivy, 1878, 29 (Browns- ville and Hidalgo, Texas; habits, descr. nest and eggs, measurements, ete. ); y, 1879, 400 (Lomita, Texas; habits, ete. \—Scrater, Ibis, 1879, 88, part (crit.).—Rrpaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 296.—Sa vin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 502, part (Rio Grande Valley; San Diego, Nuevo Leon). [ Xanthoura] yncas var. luxuosa Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166. Nanthoura yneas . . . var. luxuosa Cours, Check List, 1875, no. 258. Nanthoura luauosa var. luwuosa Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dee., 1872, 456 ? ? >? part. Nanthura yncas var. luxuosa Merrity, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, Noy., 1876, 89 (near Hidalgo, Texas; descr. nest and eggs). Nanthoura ineas, var. luxuosa BAarrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, li, 1874, 295, part. [ Cyanocorax] luxuosus Scuarer and Saryiy, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 39, part. [ Cyanocorax yneas.] Var. 6. luxuosa Dusots, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., 2™ ser XXXxviii, 1874, 493, part (Texas). NXanthura luxuriosa Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 358. NX {anthura] luxuriosa Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 424. Cyanocorax yncas (not Corvus yncas Boddaert) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., v, 1852, 115 (Texas). Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens Rrpaway, Auk, xvii, Jan., 1900, 28 (Fort Brown, Texas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—American OrntrHoLoaists’ Union Commrit- TEE, Auk, xviii, 1901, 302. —Barzry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 277. mY. XANTHOURA LUXUOSA VIVIDA Ridgway. TEHUANTEPEC GREEN JAY Similar to WY. /. duxwosa, but larger (especially the bill); under tail- coverts pure yellow or but slightly tinged with green (instead of wholly light green); coloration in general brighter; white of forehead more extended and often tinged with yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 275.5-297 (289); wing, 118-131 (122); tail, 182.5-153.5 (141.5); exposed culmen, 27—29 (28); depth of bill at nostrils, 10.5-18 (11.5); tarsus, 36-42.5 (39.5); middle toe, 20.5—-24 (22.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 256.5-285 (276.5); wing, 114-123 (119.5); tail, 122.5-148 (135); exposed culmen, 25.5-26.5 (26); depth of bill at base, 10-12 (10.5); tarsus, 837-40 (38.5); middle toe, 20-21.3 (20.3).? Southwestern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (St. Efigenia; Cacoprieto; Pluma; Santo Domingo), Guerrero?, Michoacan?, Chiapas (Guichi- coyi),” and northwestern Guatemala (Nenton). «Ten specimens. » Five specimens. © No specimens have been examined from the States of Guerrero and Michoacan, but two examples from the Sierra Madre of Colima (collected by Xantus), though 310 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (?) Cyanocorax luxuosus (not Garrulus luauosus Lesson?) SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays- Bas, no. 32, livr. 9, 1867, 53, part (spec. no. 3). [ Cyanocorax | luxuosus SCLATER and Saryin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39, part. Xanthoura luxuosa (not Garrulus luxuosus Lesson) LAwRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 285 (Sierra Madre, Colima). NXanthura luxuosa ScuatTer, Ibis, 1879, 88, part (ecrit.).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 502, part (Sierra Madre, Colima; Cacoprieto and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca). Xanthura guatemalensis (not of Bonaparte) Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 25 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca). Nanthoura luxuosa vivida Rripaway, Auk, xvii, Jan., 1900, 28 (Pluma, Oaxaca; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). XANTHOURA LUXUOSA GUATIMALENSIS (Bonaparte). GUATEMALAN GREEN JAY. ‘ - Similar to XY. 7. w/e¢da, but under parts of body entirely yellow or but slightly tinged with green, and green of upper parts duller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 264-284.5 (276); wing, 110-118 (114); tail, 132-139 (135); exposed culmen, 25-28 (26); depth of bill at nostril, 10.5-12 (11); tarsus, 35-40 (87); middle toe, 18—21.5 (19.5). Adult female.—Length (skins), 244-272 (257); wing, 107-109 (108); tail, 119-126 (122.5); exposed culmen, 24-25 (24.5) depth of bill at base, 10-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 34-36 (35); middle toe, 18.5-20.5 (19.5).? Yucatan; Campeche; eastern and central Guatemala; British Hondu- ras; northern Honduras (San Pedro, Santa Ana, Omoa, Chamelicon, etc. ) intermediate, are rather nearer to this form than to YX. /. speciosa, the Jaliscan sub- species. Two fine specimens from Nenton, northwestern Guatemala, although appreciably more yellow below, are clearly referable to this type and not to the bird of central and eastern Guatemala (XY. /. guatimalensis). It may therefore be considered as reasonably certain that the range of the present subspecies includes all of the Mexican States named above. a Fight specimens; five from Yucatan, three from Honduras. > Three specimens, from Yucatan. Yucatan and Honduras specimens, respectively, average as follows: | | Ex. | Depth : Locality. | Wing. | Taal. posed | of bill Tarsus. Middle culmen.| 2¢ 205 toe. | trils. Five adult males from Yucatan..........---.-----| 113 | 135 25.5 | 10.5 36.5 19 Three adult males from Chamelicon and Santa | Ane PHONO GURaS: 2 cece fose Hae 1 eee See ee 115 | 134.5 27 11.5 38. £ Nine adults (none sexed) from Guatemala ......- | 112] 128 26 en ality Sune | | oo to bo Specimens from central Guatemala (Choctum, Vera Paz, Coban to Clusec, etc. ) are less purely yellow beneath than those from Yucatan and Honduras, some speci- mens being quite strongly tinged with green. The three specimens from Chameli- con, Honduras, and those from Yucatan are wholly pure yellow (intermediate between naples yellow and canary yellow) below, a few only of those from the last-named country being very slightly washed with green on sides. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. al X[anthoura] guatimalensis Bonarartr, Consp. Ay., i, May 6, 1850, 380 (Guate- mala; see Sclater, This, 1879, 88“). Cyanocorax guatemalensis ScuatER and Saxyin, [bis, 1859, 22 (Cahabon, Guate- mala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Omoa, Honduras).—Tay or, Ibis, 1860, 113 (Honduras).—Scrarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 144 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala) . [NXanthoura incas] var. guatemalensis Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 295. NXanthoura luxuosa var. guatemalensis Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iy, Dec., 1872, 456. X[anthoura] luxuosa guatemalensis Rinaway, Auk, vii, Oct., 1890, 192, in text. Narthoura guatemalensis CHapmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vili, 1896, 281 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; crit. ). Xanthoura luxuosa guatemalensis Ripaway, Auk, xvii, Jan., 1900, 29 (crit. ). Cyanocorax yncas (not Corvus yncas Boddaert) ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, no. 52, livr. 9, 1867, 53, part (spec. no. 4, from Guatemala; said to be Bonaparte’s type). [ Cyanocorax yncas.] Var. 3. cyanocapilla (not Cyanocorax cyanocapillus Cabanis ) Dusors, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., 2™ ser., xxxviii, 1874, 493, excl. syn. part (erit.; Guatemala). Xanthura cyanocapilla Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 131 (Guatemala). X[anthoura] luxuosa cyanocapilla Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 358. Xanthoura luxuosa cyanocapilla Stonn, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1890, 208 (Tekanto, Izamal, and Ticul, Yucatan).—Lanrz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1898), 222 (St. Tomas, Guatemala). [Cyanurus] cyanocapillus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 5, no. 6118 (Vera Paz, Guatemala) . Cyanocorax luxuosus (not Garrulus luxuosus Lesson) LAwRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 201 (Merida, Yucatan).—Bovcarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 37. [ Cyanocorax] luxuosus ScLatER and Sarvixn, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39, part (Guatemala; Honduras). NXanthura luauosa Sauvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 502, part (Merida, Yucatan; Belize, British Honduras; Cahabon, Yzabal, Choc- tum, Zapote, Savana Grande, Rio Chiguati, Patio Bolas, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Omoa and San Pedro, Honduras). XANTHOURA LUXUOSA SPECIOSA Nelson. JALISCAN GREEN JAY. Similar to _Y. /. wwida, but larger (except bill and feet); palpebral spots white or bluish white, instead of rich blue; forehead yellow- ish white or light yellow, this more extended than the white in 1. /. vivida, and extended backward, more or less distinctly, along edges of the blue occipital and nuchal patch; occiput, nape, and hind- neck much paler blue than in _X. /. »/véda (pale campanula or purplish azure instead of rich campanula or almost smalt blue), the hindneck paler than occiput, and all the feathers of this blue area distinctly pale «Dr. Sclater’s argument against the applicability of the name to the present form is, however, quite untenable, some examples having the under parts exactly as purely and wholly yellow as the Venezuelan bird (XN. yneas chloronota), to which Dr. Sclater thinks the above name referable. oe BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. yellow at bases; black jugular patch bordered posteriorly by a con- spicuous curved band of clear lemon or deep canary yellow, confluent in the middle portion with a longitudinal area of the same color occu- pying the median portion of breast and abdomen, both strongly, though not sharply, contrasted with the general light apple green color of the under parts of the body; sides of neck, behind black auricular area, distinctly and more or less extensively yellow, this confluent with the above-mentioned post-jugular collar. Adult male.—Length (skins), 297-309.5 (801.5); wing, 124-125 (124.5); exposed culmen, 26.5—29 (28); depth of bill at nostrils, 10.5-12 (11.5); tarsus, 40-41.5 (40-5); middle toe, 21-24 (28).“ Adult female.—Length (skins), 279.5-294.6 (287); wing, 120-124 (122); tail, 129.5-138.5 (134); exposed culmen, 26-27 (26.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 10.5-11 (10.9); tarsus, 39.8—-40.6 (40.4); middle toe, 21.5-22.1 (21.8).” State of Jalisco, southwestern Mexico (San Sebastian). Nanthoura luxuosa speciosa Netson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 265 (San Sebastian, Jalisco; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Genus CISSILOPHA Bonaparte. Cissilopha Bonapartn, Consp. Ay., i, May, 1850, 380. (Type, Pica san-blasiana Lafresnaye. ) Cissolopha (emendation) Bartrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 592. Rather large Garruline (wing more than 127), with the head, neck, and at least anterior half of the under parts uniform black, the rest of the plumage blue (in some species with white spots at tips of rectrices in female or young). Nidification.—(Essentially as in related genera.) Range.—Mexico to northern Nicaragua. This genus is rather difficult to characterize, for the reason that, while the style of coloration is remarkably uniform and distinctive, no two of the species agree exactly in structural details. All are very stout-billed, except C. melanocyanea, which further differs from the rest in having the feathers of the pileum much developed, especially on the occiput, forming, when erected, a bushy crest, and also in having the posterior half of the under parts blue. (. san-blasiana has a slender median crest on the forehead composed of narrow, nearly straight, elongated feathers. (. beechedt and C. yucatanica are with- out any crest. ©. san-blausiana has the nostrils wholly exposed; in C. yucatanica they are partly exposed, the nasal plumes being very short; while in (. beechedi and C. melanocyanea the nasal plumes are longer, quite covering the nostrils. The wing is decidedly more rounded in C. melanocyanea than in the others, the sixth, fifth, fourth, «Three specimens. »Two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3138 and third primaries being longest, instead of the seventh, sixth, fifth, and fourth, as in the other three. Any further subdivision would, however, hardly be justifiable, except possibly in the case of C. melanocyanea, which differs in more respects from any of the other species than any two of them do from one another. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CISSILOPHA. a. A distinct frontal crest of narrow, nearly straight, feathers; nostrils largely exposed. (Cissilopha san-blasiana. ) b. Back, ete., bright cerulean blue. (States of Jalisco and Colima and Territory of Tepic, southwestern Mexico. ) - -Cissilopha san-blasiana san-blasiana (). 315) bb. Back, ete., bright cobalt or ultramarine blue. (State of Guerrero, south- WESLCTHIMVIESI CON) seine see a eeeeee ee Cissilopha san-blasiana pulchra (p. 314) aa. No frontal crest, but feathers of whole pileum more or less elongated; nostrils mostly or wholly concealed. b. Under parts entirely black, except thighs and under tail-coverts; feathers of pileum only slightly elongated, not forming a distinct crest. c. Nostrils partly exposed; back, ete., light cerulean or turquoise blue; smaller (wing less than 203). d. Bill black; rectrices without white terminal spots. (Yucatan; eastern Guatemala; British Honduras. ). .Cissilopha yucatanica, adult male, ( p. 315) dd. Bill yellow; rectrices with white terminal spots. Cissilopha yucatanica, young (p. 515) ce. Nostrils wholly covered; back, ete., rich smalt blue; larger (wing more than 203). (States of Sinaloa and Sonora, northwestern Mexico. ) Cissilopha beecheii (p. 316) bb. Under parts dull blue posterior to chest; feathers of pileum distinctly elon- gated, forming a bushy, decumbent crest. (Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, andemorthenn INICHTaAGUa, \in- aes sess se cee a Cissilopha melanocyanea (p. 317) CISSILOPHA SAN-BLASIANA SAN-BLASIANA (Vigors). SAN BLAS JAY. Adults (sexes alike).—Entire head, neck, upper portion of back, and under parts, except thighs and under tail-coverts, uniform black; thighs and under tail-coverts dull or dusky ultramarine blue; upper parts (except of pileum, hindneck, and upper back) uniform bright cerulean or sevres blue, more greenish on wings (verditer blue on ter- tials), the tail cobalt or almost ultramarine blue; under surface of remiges and rectrices slate-black; bill black; iris brown;” legs and feet (in dried skins) horn color. Young.—Similar to adults, but black of under parts duller (some- times tinged with dull blue), feathers of hinder crown and occiput more or less tinged or tipped with blue, and bill partly (sometimes wholly) yeNlowish or flesh colored. Adult male.—Length (skins), 274.5-305 (294.5); wing, 185-139.5 (137); tail, 137.5-145 (142); exposed culmen, 30-31 (30.5); depth of bill a Xantus, manuscript. o14 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. at nostrils, 12.5-14 (18.5); tarsus, 40-42 (40.9); middle toe, 25-26.5 25.5).2 Adult female.—Length (skins), 266.5-317.5 (297.5); wing, 127-142 (184.5); tail, 184.5-151 (143.5); exposed culmen, 28.5-30.5 (30); depth of bill at nostrils, 12.5-14 (13); tarsus, 38.5-41 (389.5); middle toe, 2326.5 (25).” States of Jalisco and Colima and Territory of Tepic, southwestern Mexico. Pica san-blasidna LAFRESNAYE, Mag. de Zool., 2° sér., année 1842, Ois., 1, 2, pl. 28 (San Blas, Jalisco, s. w. Mexico; Geai de San- Blas Néboux, Rey. Zool. 1840, 290, 323). Clyanocorax] sanblasianus Gray, Gen. Birds, 0, 1849, 307. [ Cissilopha] sanblasianus BonapartE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 380 (‘‘California’’ ). Cissolopha sanblasianus LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 284 (plains of Colima, Manzanilla Bay, and Los Trochos, Colima).—Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 444. Cissilopha sanblasiana Cours, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 7, 1877, 11 (Mita Point, ‘‘Sinaloa,’’ i. e., Territory of Tepic). Cissolopha sanblasiana Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 592 (San Blas). C[issolopha] sanblasiana Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 350, footnote. | Cyanurus] sanblasianus Gray, Hand-list, 11, 1870, 4, no. 6091. Cyanocitta sanblasiana ScuaterR and Sauvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 269 (crit. ). Xanthura sanblasiana SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 182 (w. Mexico). Cyanolyca sanblasiana SALvIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1887, 496, part (San Blas; plains of Colima; Manzanilla Bay; Los Trochos). [Cyanurus] geoffroyi (not Cyanocorax geoffroyi Bonaparte) Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6094 (‘‘ California;’’ fide Sharpe). CISSILOPHA SAN-BLASIANA PULCHRA (Nelson). ACAPULCO JAY. Similar to C. s. san-blasiana, but tail decidedly longer and color of back, ete., rich ultramarine blue, deepening into smalt or cyanine blue on tail; under tail-coverts and thighs cyanine blue. Adult male.—Length (skins), 324-330 (328); wing, 135-144 (138.5); tail, 146-159 (153); exposed culmen, 30-32 (31); depth of bill at nos- trils, 13.5; tarsus, 40.5-42.5 (41.5); middle toe, 23.5-26.5 (25).° State of Guerrero, southwestern Mexico. Pica san-blasiana, part, LAFRESNAYE, Mag. de Zool., 2° sér., année 1842, Ois., 1, 2, part (Acapulco). Cissolopha pulchra Newson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 56 (Acapulco, Guerrero, s. w. Mexico; coll U. S. Nat. Mus.). a Five specimens. ¢ Three specimens. > Seven specimens. ee BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 315 CISSILOPHA YUCATANICA (Dubois), YUCATAN JAY. Adults (sexes alike).—Head, neck, and under parts uniform black, the latter passing into dusky blue on under tail-coverts; upper parts (except pileum and hindneck), bright cerulean or deep turquoise blue, the tail deeper blue (approaching cobalt), and the tertials more greenish (glaucous-blue or verditer blue); bill black; legs and feet yellow. Immature.—Similar to adults, but bill yellow, rectrices (except middle ones) more or less broadly tipped with white, and black of under parts rather duller, with thighs and under tail-coverts more distinctly bluish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 310.5-326.5 (820.5); wing, 137—-147.5 (141); tail, 184.5-150 (142.5); bill from nostril, 21-23 (22.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 12-13 (12.5); tarsus, 40.5-43.5 (42); middle toe, 93.5-25.5 (24.5).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 317.5-330 (825); pene ele 143 (139.5); tail, 134.5-148.5 (141.5); bill from nostril, 21.5-23 (22.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 12.5-13 (12.7); tarsus, 39.542 ie middle toe, 2425.5 (25).? Yucatan (including Meco and Mugeres islands); British Honduras; eastern Guatemala (Peten district); State of Tabasco (Frontera) south- eastern Mexico. G [Cyanocitta] beachii (not Pica beecheti Vigors) Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 378 (excl. syn. ). Corvus (Pica) beecheiti Eypoux and Gervais, Mag. de Zool., 1836, pl. 72; Voy. ‘* Favorite,’’ 1839, pl. 20. Cyanocitta crassirostris (not of Bonaparte) PucnEeran, Rey. Zool., 1858, 196 (Old R., British Honduras).—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (near Belize, British Honduras).—Satv1, Ibis, 1861, 353 (Guatemala; Belize, British Hon- duras).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 201 (Merida, Yucatan). [ Cyanocitta] crassirostris ScLaTER and Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39 (Belize, British Honduras; Yucatan). [ Cyanurus] crassirostris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 5, no. 6103. Cyanocitta yucatanica Dusots, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., 2™° ser., xl, no. 12, Dec., 1875, 13, 16 (Yucatan; coll. Brussels Mus.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, pl. 35. Xanthura yucatanica Suarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 133 (‘‘ Honduras”’; Yucatan). Cyanolyca yucatanica SAuviIn and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 498 (Meco and Mugeres islands, Yucatan; Old River, British Honduras). Cissolopha yucatanica Stonr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 208 (Shkolak, ete., Yucatan); 1891, 444.—Crapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 282 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; habits; crit. ). Cyanocitta germana SCLATER and Satvry, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., Feb. 15, 1876, 270 (Belize, British Honduras; coll. Salvin and Godman ). Corvus er tanaoe Donp&, La Emulacion, iii, no. 16, 1878, 15 (Yucatan). «Six specimens. b Four specimens. 316 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CISSILOPHA BEECHEII (Vigors). BEECHEY’S JAY. Adults (sexes alike).—Head, neck, and under parts (except thighs and under tail-coverts) uniform black; thighs and under tail-coverts dull hyacinth or dark cyanine blue; upper parts (except pileum and hindneck) uniform rich smalt blue; under surface of wings and tail slate-black; bill usually black, sometimes yellow; iris yellow;” legs and feet yellow. (Young not seen.) Adult male.—Length (skins), 362-413 (880); wing, 164.5-175 (171); tail, 176.5-199 (187.5); bill from nostril, 27-30.5 (28); depth of bill at nostrils, 14-15.5 (14.5); tarsus, 48.5-50 (49.5); middle toe, 28.5-30.5 (30). Adult female.—Length (skins), 345.5-368.5 (354.5); wing, 155.5— 171.5 (167); tail, 165-186.5 (179.5); bill from nostril, 25-97.5 (26.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 14.5-15.5 (15); tarsus, 47-52 2 (50); middle toe, .5-31 (29.5).° States of Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Culiacan, ete.) and southern Sonora (north to Alamos), northwestern Mexico; State of Jalisco (San Blas) ?. Pica beecheii Vicors, Zool. Journ., iv, Jan., 1829, 353 (Montereale@, s.w. Mexico); Zool. Voy. ‘‘Blossom,’’ 1839, 22, pl. 6 Pica beecheyii Barrp, in Stansbury’s Great Salt Lake, 1853, 333 (Monterey ). OC[yanolyca] beechii CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 223, footnote. Cyanolyca beecheyi Satvtin and GopMman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 497 (Mazatlan and Tres Marias, Sinaloa; San Blas, Colima).—Lanrz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Culiacan, Sinaloa). [Cyanocitta] beachii Bonaparts, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 378 (‘‘ Monterey”? ). Cyanocorax beecheyi Scuupcet, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 44 (‘‘Califor- nia’’).—Fr1nscu, Abh. nat. Verh. Brem., i, 1870, 333 (Mazatlan). [Cyanurus] beecheti Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6101 (‘‘California;’’ w. Mexico). Cyanocitta beecheiti ScuaTER and Sauyiy, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 269, 270 (erit. ). Cyanocitta beecheyi LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 283 (Mazatlan; ‘“Tres Marias’’; habits). Cyanocitta beecheyii Barro, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 592. Xanthura beecheii SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 183 (n. w. Mexico). [ Cyanocitta] beecheyii SctateR and Sarvrix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1875, 39 (w. Mexico). C[issolopha] beecheti Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 350, footnote, in text. Cissolopha beecheyi Netson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 50 (Tres Marias, fide Xantus; doubtful!). Cissolopha beecheii Stonr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 444. «Tris and feet gamboge yellow’? (Xantus, manuscript). DSix specimens. ¢ Four specimens. Two specimens from Alamos, Sonora, have much more slender bills than any from the State of Sinaloa, but I am not able to discern any other difference. “71 have not been abie to identify this locality. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. O17 C[yanocitta] crassirostris BoNapartrr, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 378 (‘Mexico orien- tale’’). Cyanocorax geoffroyi BoNApartE, Compt. Rend., xxxi, 1850, 564 (San Blas, Jalisco; coll. Paris Mus.).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 592. [ Cyanocitta] geoffroyi Boucarn, Catalog. Avium, 1876, 279, no. 8736. CISSILOPHA MELANOCYANEA (Hartlaub). HARTLAUB'S JAY. Adults (sexes alike).—Head, neck, chest, and breast uniform black; -back, scapulars, rump, and wings uniform verditer blue, varying to cerulean blue; upper tail-coverts and tail deeper and less greenish (cerulean to almost cobalt) blue; abdomen, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts dull grayish blue; bill black, sometimes (in younger individuals?) partly yellow; iris yellow; legs and feet black or yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 279.5—297 (288); wing, 130-139 (135); tail, 142-153.5 (149.5); exposed culmen, 26.5—28.5 (28): depth of bill through nostrils, 11-12.5 (11.5); tarsus, 38.5—-42 (40); middle toe, 24— 25.5 (24.5).? Adult female.—Length (skin), 320; wing, 133.5; tail, 155; exposed culmen, 25.5; tarsus, 38.5; middle toe, 22.5. ¢ Highlands of Guatemala (up to 8,000 feet), Salvador, Honduras, and northern Nicaragua (Chontales). [I have not seen a young bird in first plumage, but have examined several that are evidently less than a year old. These have the bill mostly yellow, and the black of the head, etc., less intense. Two specimens labeled as from Honduras are quite like Guatemalan examples; but a third,’ also said to be from Honduras, is so different in coloration from all the other specimens examined (eleven in num- ber) that I suspect it may have come from some different district of Honduras from the other specimens mentioned. In this example, the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are bright cerulean blue, deepen- ing into cobalt on the tail, instead of verditer blue and dull cerulean blue, respectively, as in true C. melanocyanea, while the under parts of the body ure dusky cobalt blue instead of grayish glaucous-blue or dull grayish cerulean blue. It thus appears to agree with a specimen from Chontales, Nicaragua, mentioned by Salvin and Godman (Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, p. 499), which ‘*is darker, as regards the blue colour” than any Guatemalan example examined by those authors; hence it seems not improbable that northern Nicaragua and adjacent parts of Honduras may be the home of a darker race of this species. ea » “ Heyde and Lux, manuscript; a specimen with bill partly yellow and probably a younger bird, though in fully adult plumage, had the irides ‘light brown.”’ > Three specimens. © One specimen. 4 No. 42292, coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Lawrence collection ), Honduras; A. Edwards. 318 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM A specimen from Salvador in the National Museum collection agrees in color with Guatemalan specimens. | Garrulus (Cyanocorax) melanocyaneus Harriaus, Rey. Zool., 1844, 215 (Guate- mala). C[yanolyca] melanocyanea CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 223, footnote. Cyanolyca melanocyanea SALviN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 498 (Duefias, Volean de Fuego up to 8,000 ft., Santa Maria, below Quezaltenango, San Gerdnimo, Tactic, and Conaa Gantemala: bet. Seguatepeque and Tau- levi, Honduras; Chontales, Nicaragua).—Lanrz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Palin and Amatitlan, Guatemala). [ Cyanocitta] melanocyaneus BonarartE, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 378 (Guatemala). Cyanocitta melanocyanea SCLATER and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 21, pl. 5, fig. 6 (Duenas, Guatemala; deser. eggs).—Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 144 (Guatemala) ; Ibis, 1873, 373 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—Owen, Ibis, 1861, 63 (San Gerénimo, Guatemala ).—Boucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 37. [ Cyanocitta] melanocyanea Sciratpr and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39 (Guatemala). Cyanocorax melanocyaneus ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 359 (between Seguatepeque and Tauleyi, Honduras).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 112 (Hon- duras).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 45 (‘‘Colombia;’’ Guate- mala?). [Cyanurus] melanocyaneus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6102 (Guatemala). Xanthura melanocyanea SHarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 134, pl. 6 (Coban, Guatemala). Cissolopha melanocyanea Stonr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 444 (Coban). Genus CYANOLYCA Cabanis. Cyanolyca” CaBANts, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 228. (Type, Cyanocorax armillatus Gray and Mitchell.) Neotropical Garrulin with nasal tufts and sides of head black, con- spicuously contrasted with the color (blue or lavender) of the pileum or throat, and with the frontal feathers more or less erect and bristly. Nidification.—(Unknown.) Range.—Southeastern Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, and Venezuela. (Nine species. ) The above imperfect diagnosis characterizes a group of Neotropical jays which are obviously related to one another more closely than to any others, the very considerable difference between certain specific types rendering a more satisfactory diagnosis difficult. It may be found necessary to subdivide the group and restrict the generic name Cyanolyca to C. armillata and its nearer allies (meridana, quindiuna, turcosa, jolyea, and viridicyanea); but in this case it would be neces- sary to make three additional genera for the four Central American species, only two of which (C. ornata and C. cucullata) are closely allied. Cyanolyca is related to Aphelocoma through two small species of southern Mexico and Guatemala (C. nana and C. pumilo), which with the ¢ a of Cyanolyca have the more slender form of f Aphelocoma: ean KUQYV EOS, males ar Neon, Dohle.” BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 319 KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CYANOLYCA. a. Throat bluish or silvery, abruptly contrasted both with black on sides of head and color of chest. hb. Chest bicolored (blue, crossed above by a band of black or white). (South American species, except C. pulchra. ) bb, Chest unicolored (brown, black, or dull grayish blue). c. Back and chest sooty brown; whole crown very pale blue or bluish white; throat purplish blue. ( Cyanolyca pulchra.@) cc. Back and chest black or blue; only part of the crown (if any) bluish; throat silvery white or pale purplish blue. d. Pileum and back black or dusky blue; chest black; depth of bill at nostrils 9 or more. (Highlands of Costa Rica, Chiriqui, and Veragua. ) Cyanolyca argentigula (p. 319) dd. Pileum, back, and chest blue; depth of bill at nostrils not more than 8. (Seutbeastenm Mexico; w= = sa aciotw eso sees Cyanolyca nana (). 320) aa. Throat black or very dark blue, not abruptly contrasted (sometimes concolor) with black of sides of head and color of chest. b. Bill slender (depth at nostrils not more than 10); chest and hindneck blue; crown and occiput purplish blue, like hindneck. (Guatemala; State of Chi- apas.sOUtMer MeXICO.,))o..22i52<5— face is Three specimens; two from Volcan de Chiriqui, one from Talamanca, Costa Rica. «Five specimens. “One specimen. pe? 2 NOD : BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ooL into the cull bluish of lower throat and chest; dull blue of pileum without any lateral paler stripe, and forehead same color as crown. Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (mountain district), Mexico, and Oaxaca (Llano Verde; Mount Zempoaltepec; Reyes). Cyanocorax nanus Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux., xiv, pt. ii, 1847, 103 (Mexico; coll. Brussels Mus.); Rev. Zool., 1848, 243; Esquis. Orn., 1848, pl. 25.— Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1857, 204 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (do.).—ScHircer, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 49 (Mexico). | Cyanocitta] nanus Bonaparte, Consp. A-v., 1, 1850, 378 (Mexico). Cyanocitta nana Scuater, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 381 (Llano Verde, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 143 (Jalapa).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554 (alpine reg. Vera Cruz). [ Cyanocitta] nana Scrarer and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 39. [Cyanurus] nanus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 5, no. 6108 (Jalapa). Aphelocoma nana SHarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 118 (Cordova, Vera Cruz).—SaLvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 495 (near City of Mexico, ete. ). Cyanolyca nana Stonr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 444 (Jalapa). CYANOLYCA PUMILO (Strickland). STRICKLAND’S JAY. Adult male.—Nasal tufts, forehead, and loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions uniform black, this black area margined above by a line of white crossing the hinder part of the forehead and extending thence backward along sides of crown and occiput to end of auricular region; crown and occiput dull ultramarine or cobalt blue, the remaining upper parts less purplish blue (dull cerulean blue on wings and tail); under parts uniform blue (similar to upper parts, but slightly paler and duller), deeper and more purplish blue on chest, this shading into dull black on throat and chin; under surface of wings and tail slaty black; bill, legs, and feet black; length (skin), 256.5; wing, 119; tail, 120.5; exposed culmen, 24; depth of bill at nostrils, 10; tarsus, 33.5; middle toe, 20.4 Adult female.—Sometimes quite indistinguishable from the adult male in coloration, but averaging slightly smaller and usually with the blue of a slightly more greenish hue (inclining more or less to verditer blue on under parts, etc.); length (skins), 282.5-238.5 (235); wing, 109.5-117 (112.5); tail, 108.5-117 (113); exposed culmen, 20- 20.6 (20.3); depth of bill at nostrils, 8-9.5 (9); tarsus, 20.5-38 (31.5); middle toe, 17—17.9 (17.5).? Young.—Similar to adults, but with the black portions of head and throat replaced by dull dusky grayish, and without the white line across forehead and along sides of crown. Highlands of Guatemala and State of Chiapas (Tumbala) southern Mexico. * «One specimen. > Three specimens. 10384—yoL 3—03 21 322 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cyanocorax nanus? (not of Du Bus) SrrickLanp, in Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1849, 122, pl. 33 (Guatemala). Cyanocorax pumilo SrricKLaND, in Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1849, 122, in text (Guatemala; coll. H. E. Strickland).—Snarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii 1877, 127 (Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala). 4 C[yanocorax] pumilo SctatErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 204 (crit. ). [ Cyanocitta] pumilo Bonapartr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 378.—ScLaTeR and Sanyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39 (Guatemala). Cyanocitta pumilo ScLaTER and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 21 (Guatemala).—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 292. [Cyanurus] pumilio Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1878, 5, no. 6107. | Cyanolyca pumilo Satyin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., i, Apr., 1887, 500 (Calderas, Volcan de Fuego, Sierra de las Nubes, and San Pedro Carcha, Guatemala ). 3 CYANOLYCA MITRATA Ridgway. AZURE-HOODED JAY. Adults (sexes alike).—A broad patch covering the occiput and posterior half of crown (wider posteriorly), light azure blue, paler (sometimes silvery white) anteriorly, and margined along each side by a line of white, which at its posterior extremity curves downward behind the auriculars; rest of the head and neck, all round, uniform black, more or less brownish posteriorly, where, on chest and upper back, the brownish black merges gradually into dull cyanine blue, and this into the general dull french blue of the upper and under parts; under surface of wings and tail grayish black; bill, legs, and feet, black; length (skins), 266.5-317.5 (289); wing, 125.5-139 (133.5); tail, 132-148.5 (139); exposed culmen, 22.5-25.5 (23.5); depth of bill through nostrils, 11-11.5 (11.3); tarsus, 39.5-43 (41.9); middle toe, 20.5-23 (21.5).¢ Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (temperate region), Oaxaca, and Chiapas; Guatemala; northern Honduras? Pica ornata (not of Wagler, 1829 ®) Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1839, 41 (Mexico). C[yanocorax] ornatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 307. Cyanocorax ornatus ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 204 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (do.).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 47 (Mex- ico).—SHaArpPrE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 127, part (Jalapa; Guate- mala).—FERRARI-PrEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 153 (Jalapa).— Ripeway, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 153 (Jalapa; crit.).—Srongr, Proe. Ae. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 443 (Jalapa). [ Cyanocitta] ornata BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 379.—ScLaTER and SaLvIn, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part (Mexico; Guatemala). Cyanocitta ornata Scuater and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 21 (Cahabon, Guatemala; Honduras).—Sciater, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 381 (Teotalcingo, Oaxaca); 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 143 (Jalapa; Coban, Guatemala).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, 1869, 554 (temperate reg, Vera Cruz).—Bovucarp, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 37. «Eleven specimens. So few of the specimens ae the sex qemenined that Tam unable to indicate the sexual difference in measurements. 5 Isis, 1829, 749; India orientale; (=Cissa ornata). ods oh) ee ate BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 323 _ C[yanolyca] ornata CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 223 (Mexico). ~ Cyanolyca ornata SALviIn and GopMAN, ‘Biol. Cente Am., Aves, i, eo 499,— CHarmMaN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 30 (Jala Kans. Ac. Sei. for 1896-97 as 222 (Coatepec, Vera Cruz). [Cyanurus] ornatus Gray, Hand-list, ii. 1870, 4, no. 6099 (Mexico). [Cyanocitta] cyanicollis LicHTENSTEIN, intan al Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 9 (Mex- ico; nomen nudum!). Cyanolyca mitrata Ripeway, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 255 (to replace preoccupied name ornata). CYANOLYCA CUCULLATA (Ridgway). COSTA RICAN AZURE-HOODED JAY. Similar to C. mitrata, but slightly smaller, blue hood without any lateral white margin, and hindneck deeper (less brownish) black. Adult male.—Length (skins), 250-260 (254); wing, 116-120 (118); tail, 122.5-129 (127.1); exposed culmen, 24-27.5 (26.1); depth of bill at nostrils, 12-12.5 (12.2); tarsus, 36-39 (37.5); middle toe, 21—-21.5 (21.4).¢ Eastern Costa Rica (Navarro, El Zarcero de Alajuela, Rio Sucio, __ ete.); Veragua (Chitra); Chiriqui (Volean de C Jhiriqui, 7 7,000 ft.); Isth- mus of Panama. Cyanocitta ornata (not Pica ornata Lesson) Satyr, Ibis, 1870, 114 (Costa Rica).— ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 10. [Cyanocitta] ornata Scuater and Sarvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39, part (Costa Rica). Cyanocorax ornatus (not of Gray) Saarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 127, | part ( Veragua). Cyanocorax cucullatus Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Apr. 20, 1885, 23 (Navarro, e. Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—ZeLepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 113 (El Zarcero de Alajuela and Rio Sucio, e. Costa ° Rica). Cyanolyca cucullata. SaAuvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i Apr., 1887, 500 (Rio Sucio and Navarro, e. Costa Rica; Isthmus of Padi —BAnas, Proc. New Engl. Zovl. Club, iii, 1902, 57 (Volean de Chiriqui, 7,000 ft. ). een APHELOCOMA Cabanis. Aphelocoma® Capants, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 221, footnote. (Type, Gar- rulus californicus Vigors. ) ws Sey ee om ee Pe Medium-sized or rather small jays, without any crest, and with the prevailing color uniform blue or blue and gray Nidification.—Nest in bushes, small trees, or vines. open above, composed of dry twigs, etc., lined with finer materials. Eggs 3-6, _ pale greenish or bluish speckled with brown, etc. (immaculate greenish blue in A. steberti arizone.) _ —- Range.—-Western United States to highlands of Guatemala: Florida - (one species). Sos nine species. ) : “Four specimens; ies from Volean de Chiriqui (Caribbean slope), one from Chitra, proy. Coclé, Panama. b“Von &pedns, Schlicht, und «67,7, Haupthaar.”’ 324 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. No other genus of jays is likely to be confounded with this, the only form closely approaching Ap/elocoma being the two small and aber- rant species of Cyanolyca (C. nana and C. pumilo) found in southern Mexico and Guatemala. These small Cyanolycee come so very close to Aphelocoma in structural characters that Iam unable to discover any points of material difference, but their style of coloration is very distinct. Aphelocoma is, ou the other hand, closely related to Cyanocctta, from which it differs chiefly in total absence of any crest. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF APHELOCOMA. a. Under parts chiefly light grayish or whitish. b. Tail longer than wings; a more or less streaked jugular and gular area, differ- ent in color from breast, ete. (or else pileum, hindneck, and sides of head gray, not blue). c. Blue of pileum fading anteriorly and laterally into a much paler (sometimes whitish’) Jnuete “(Hlondar:) os. .2ae sso. eaee eee Aphelocoma cyanea (p. 326) cc. Blue of pileum equally intense throughout. d. Sides of chest extensively uniform blue, and feathers of lower median por- tion of chest blue with median spots or broad streaks of white. e. Under parts paler, the breast and sides not darker than pale brownish gray. jf. Smaller and lighter colored (back brownish gray, blue of a dull cobalt hue). (Aphelocoma californica.) y. Blue of head, etc., darker; under parts darker. h. Larger, except bill (wing of adult male averaging 128.5, tail 141, exposed culmen 26.5, tarsus 41.5); back paler gray; under parts paler, with under tail-coverts usually white or but faintly tinged with blue on longer feathers. (California, except portion south of San Fernando, San Gabriel, and San Bernardino mountains and north into Oregon; east slope of Sierra Nevada.) Aphelocoma californica californica (p. 327) hh. Smaller, except bill (adult male averaging wing 123, tail 136, exposed culmen 27.5, tarsus 40); back darker gray; under parts darker, with under tail-coverts usually pale blue or strongly tinged with this color. (Southern California south of San Fer- nando, San Gabriel, and San Bernardino mountains; northern Lower California. )_.-..-- Aphelocoma californica obscura (p. 330) gg. Blue of head, ete., paler; under parts nearly pure white. (Cape district of Lower California. ) Aphelocoma californica hypoleuca (p. 331) jf’. Larger and darker colored (back deep sooty, blue of a dull ultramarine hue). (Adult male averaging wing 135.5, tail 148.5, exposed culmen 38, tarsus 46.5.) (Santa Cruz Island, southern California. ) Aphelocoma insularis (p. 331) ee. Under parts darker, the breast and sides ash gray or light mouse gray. f. Under tail-coverts grayish blue. (Rocky Mountain plateau of United States, east to Davis Mountains, Texas. ) Aphelocoma woodhouseii (p. 333) i. Under tail-coverts white (the longer sometimes tinged with pale gray or bluish at tips). (Plateau of Mexico, south to States of Hidalgo and Mexico, and north to Sutton Co., Texas. ) Aphelocoma cyanotis (p. 335) — bo On BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. dd. Sides of chest not extensively, if at all, blue, and feathers of lower median portion of chest whitish, with indistinct grayish edges. e. Larger (adult male averaging wing 143, tail 147, exposed culmen 27, tarsus 43); no distinct white superciliary streak. (Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Tlaxcala, Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Oaxaca.) Aphelocoma sumichrasti (p. 336) ee. Smaller (adult male averaging wing not more than 133.5, tail 146, exposed culmen 27.5, tarsus 40.5); a distinct white superciliary streak. f. Darker, the blue of a light cobalt or azure hue, back and breast dis- tinctly brownish gray; bill and feet much stouter (exposed culmen of adult female averaging 26, depth of bill at base 9.5, tarsus 39.5). (Southwestern Texas, from Davis Mountains east to Kerr County. ) Aphelocoma texana (p. 337) if. Paler, the blue of a light grayish cerulean hue, back and breast ashy gray; bill and feet much more slender (exposed culmen of adult female 25, depth of bill at nostrils 8, tarsus 38). (Southern Chi- huahua. ) ae ee a eA rand ee bra ae oe a Aphelocoma grisea (p. 337) bb. Tail decidedly shorter than wing; no streaks on throat or chest, the under parts being plain grayish, deeper on chest, paler (often white) posteriorly. c. Tail distinctly rounded at tip. (Aphelocoma sieherii. ) d. Larger (wing of adult male averaging more than 165, tail averaging more than 146). e. Brighter colored,. the pileum, hindneck, wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail distinctly blue. J. Darker, the blue of a cobalt hue; posterior under parts pale grayish, even the under tail-coverts at least partly gray. (Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, southern Hidalgo, Mexico, Morelos, and Michoacan. )-Aphelocoma sieberii sieberii (p. 338) ff. Paler, the blue of acerulean hue; posterior under parts white, the under tail-coverts pure white or with the longer ones but slightly grayish. gy. Larger, except bill and feet (wing of adult male averaging 178, tail 158.5); breast, etc., more brownish gray. (Southwestern part of Mexican plateau in States of Jalisco and Colima. ) Aphelocoma sieberii colime (p. 359) gg. Smaller, except bill and feet (wing of adult male averaging 167, tail 146.5); breast, etc., more bluish gray. (Northeastern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Hidalgo, eastern San Luis Potosi, southern Tamaulipas, southern Coahuila, and eastern Zacatecas. ) Aphelocoma sieberii potosina (p. 340) ee. Duller colored, the pileum, hindneck, wings, tail, etc., dull grayish blue. (Southern Arizona and New Mexico; northern Chihuahua and Sonora. ) Aphelocoma sieberii arizone (p. 540) dd. Smaller (wing of adult male averaging less than 158.5, tail averaging less than 139.5). e. Larger, with smaller bill (wing of adult male averaging 158, tail 136, exposed culmen 26.5, depth of bill at nostrils 9.5); coloration slightly paler. (Northwestern and central portion of Mexican plateau, in States of western San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas, northern Jalisco, southwestern Chihuahua, and Sinaloa. )..-- - - Aphelocoma sieberii wollweberi (p. 541) ee. Smaller, with larger bill (wing of adult male averaging 146, tail 126.5, exposed culmen 29, depth of bill at nostrils 10); coloration slightly deeper. (Northeastern Mexico, in State of Nuevo Leon and north to Chisos Mts., southwestern Texas. ) Aphelocoma sieberii couchi (p. 542) cc. Tail even or truncated at tip. (‘‘ Mexico.’’) -Aphelocoma ultramarina (p. 343) 326 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. aa. Under parts uniform bright blue, similar in color to upper parts. (Aphelocoma unicolor. ) b. Smaller, with the blue of a cobalt hue (wing of adult male averaging 161.5, tail 153.5). (Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Mexico. ) Aphelocoma unicolor unicolor (p. 344) bb. Larger, with the blue of a cerulean hue (wing of adult male averaging 167, tail 157.5). (Highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas. ) : Aphelocoma unicolor celestis (p. 345) APHELOCOMA CYANEA (Vieillot). FLORIDA JAY. Adults (sewes alike).—Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck, scapulars, Wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail plain dull azure blue, the first fading anteriorly and laterally into paler blue on forehead and superciliary region (the latter sometimes white or bluish white); sides of head (auricular, orbital, and malar regions) duller blue, becoming dusky on lores and immediately around eyes; back and rump smoke gray or drab-gray, the latter tinged with blue; chin and upper throat grayish white, gradually shading into light gray on chest, the feathers with narrow shaft-lines of dusky; feathers of lower chest blue, forming a semicircular collar confluent laterally with blue of sides of neck; breast, abdomen, sides, and flanks light smoke gray, deepest laterally, fading into white on anal region; under tail-coverts dull azure blue; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Young.—Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck, auricular region, ete., deep mouse gray (rather browner posteriorly, where feathers some- times indistinctly tipped with paler); back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts paler and browner gray (sometimes pale drab-gray or hair brown), the feathers sometimes with paler tips; chin, throat, and abdo- men dull whitish; under tail-coverts light gray; rest of under parts light grayish, deeper across lower part of chest, where forming a more or less strongly indicated semicircular collar; wings and tail as in adults, the smaller wing-coverts, however, grayish, and the greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with pale grayish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 288—294.5 (291); wing, 112-117 (115.5); tail, 186.5-145.5 (140.5); exposed culmen, 25-27.5 (26); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 37.5-40 (38.5); middle toe, 21.5-22.5 (22).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 266.5-282 (273); wing, 105-113.5 (109); tail, 129-137.5 (132.5); exposed culmen, 24—25.5 (25); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.4-9.1 (8.9); tarsus, 35.5-39 (37); middle toe, 19.5-22.5 (21). Peninsula of Florida (in oak scrub, irregularly distributed). Garrulus cyaneus ViertLot, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xii, 1817, 476 (Florida, ete. ). Aphelocoma cyanea Cours, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 84, in text.—AMERICAN ORNI- THOLOGISTSs’ Unron Commirtrrer, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 112. «Five specimens. ‘oe BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. a20 Garrulus cerulescens VierttoT, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xii, 1817, 480 (‘* Ken- tucky’’ ).—Orp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1818, 347. P{ica] cxrulescens WacuEr, Syst. Av., 1827, Pica, sp. 11. Corvus floridanus Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ii, 1828, 58 (based on Corvus floridanus, pica glandaria minor, the little jay of Florida, Bartram, Travels, p. 290.).—NurratLt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 230.— AupupBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 444, pl. 87. farrulus floridanus Bonapartr, Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 59, pl. 14, fig. 1.—AupvuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 154; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 118, pl. 233.—ScHLEcEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 64, part (Florida). Cyanurus floridanus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 495. [Cyanurus] jloridanus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6096. Cyanocorax floridanus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27. [Cyanocitta] floridanus Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 377. Cyanocitta floridana Bartrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 586; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 439.—Taytor, Ibis, 1862, 129.—SciarEr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 360.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 298, excl. syn. part (Dummitts and Blue Springs, e. Florida).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 285, pl. 40, fig. 4-—Covrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, 346 (nomencl.).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 164. A[phelocoma] floridana CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 221, footnote. —Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 423.—Ripeaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 355. [ Aphelocoma] floridana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166. Aphelocoma floridana Cours, Check List, 1875, no. 236; 2d ed., 1882, no. 354..— Snarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 117.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 291.—AmerIcAN OrnitrHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 479.—Scort, Auk, vi, 1889, 319 (Gulf coast Florida, north of Punta Rassa) .— Benprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 370, pl. 5, fig. 18 (egg).—NeEHR- Lina, Our Native Birds, ete., 11, 1896, 324. [Aphelocoma floridanau var. woodhousei] a. floridana Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 219 (synonomy ). APHELOCOMA CALIFORNICA CALIFORNICA (Vigors). CALIFORNIA JAY. Similar to A. cyanea, but entire pileum uniform blue (deeper blue than in A. cyanea), margined laterally by a superciliary line of white streaks; back browner and rather darker gray; chin, throat, and chest purer white; sides and flanks paler (dull white instead of distinctly grayish). Adults (sexes alike).—Entire pileum, hindneck and sides of neck uniform dull cobalt blue; suborbital, malar, and auricular regions similar but darker, especially the last, which is sometimes quite dusky; back brownish mouse gray or drab-gray; scapulars and rump more bluish gray; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts rather dull azure blue; chin, throat, and median portion of chest white, the last more or less streaked with blue, especially the posterior portion, where the feathers are mainly white with blue edges; sides of chest uniform blue; breast very pale drab-gray fading into dull white on other under parts, the anal region and shorter under tail-coverts pure white, the longer under 328 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tail-coverts usually more or less tinged with pale blue: bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Young.—Piieum, hindneck, auricular and suborbital regions, sides of chest, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform mouse gray, the pileum slightly more bluish gray; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts deep drab-gray; lores dusky; a broad postocular or supra-auricular space, narrowly streaked with dusky gray; anterior portion of malar region, chin, throat, median portion of chest and under parts generally white, faintly tinged across upper breast and on anterior portion of sides with very pale brownish gray: wings (except smaller coverts) and tail as in adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 283.9-315 (288.8); wing, 125.5-132 (129.8); tail, 137-147 (142.7); exposed culmen, 24.9-27.4 (26.4); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.1-10.5 (9.6); tarsus, 40.445 (41.1); middle toe, 21.6— 27 (23.1). Adult female.—Length (skins), 254-295 (274.5); wing, 115.6-127 (121.7); tail, 124.5-187 (130.2); exposed culmen, 20.8—26 (24.4); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.9-10.2 (9.6): tarsus, 37.6-46 (41); middle toe, 20.3- 23 (22.2), ? Pacific coast district of United States (north of San Fernando, San Gabriel, and San Bernardino mountains), north to southwestern Wash- ington, east to, and including, eastern slope of Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges. Garrulus californicus Vicors, Zool. Voy. ‘‘ Blossom,’’ 1839, 21, pl. 5 (Monterey, California ).—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1853, 333 (Monterey ). Cyanocitta. californica SvrickLAND, Ann. Nat. Hist., xv, 1845, 342.—GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3d ser., i, 1847, 45.—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1857, 127 (San José Valley, California); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 143 (San Francisco).—KENNERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 32, part (California ).—Nrwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 85 (Sac- ramento Valley, etc., California).—Barirp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, aTen specimens. bNine specimens. Specimens from Oregon (A. ¢. immanus Grinnell) compare in average measurements with those from northern and central California as follows: i Depth : Locality. Wing.| Tail. posed | gt bill Tarsus. | aiaale culmen.| 22 20S: | oe le -trils: -)| | ! | | | MALES. . 2 : Six adult males from California.-...........-..---. 128.8 | 142.2 | 26.4 | 9.6 41.1 23.1 Four adult males from Oregon........------------ | 130.2 | 142.7 | 26.2 | 10.2 43.9 | 25.5 FEMALES. | | | Seven adult females from California.........-..-. | 18056) ipl oee3) lie DA 94)| sy 40a Sooo Two adult females from Oregon..........--------- | 125 1B oa ew 2a 10 43.5 23 In-coloration the two series seem to be identical. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 329 584, part; Cat. N. Anf. Birds, 1859, no. 437, part; Rep. U. 8S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 20, part (San Felipe, Santa Clara Co., Califor- nia).—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 55 (California; habits).—Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 143 (San Francisco ).—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 302, part.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 288, part, pl. 40, fig. 1; iii, 1874, 518 (Verdi, w. Nevada, 4,500 ft., July).—Rmeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 525 (Sacramento, Val- ley and w. foothills Sierra Nevada, California; Carson City, Nevada). C[yanoeitta] californica GamBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 45. [ Cyanocitta] californicus Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 377. Cyanocorax californica GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1847, 201. A[phelocoma] californica Capants, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 221, footnote.— Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 356, part. Aphelocoma californica Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., wkxii, 1853, 828; Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854.—Snarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 113 (San Francisco, California).—Brtprina, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 422 (centr. California); Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 422, part (localities in centr. and n. California, Oregon, and Washington).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 293, part.—AmERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 481, part.—AnrHony, Auk, iii, 1886, 167 (Beaverton, Oregon ).— (?) Evermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 181 (Ventura Co., California).—TowNsEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 211 (Mount Shasta, Red Bluff, ete. ).—Law- RENCE (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 301 (near Vancouver, Clarke Co., Washing- ton).—Fisuer, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 70 (localities in California) .— Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 374, pl. 5, figs. 15-18 (eggs).— NenruinG, Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 325.—Fisner (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 11 (Mono Lake, s. e. California, Sept.).—Batvey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 275, part. [ Cyanurus] californicus GRAY, Hand-list, 11, 1870, 4, no. 6092. [ Cyanocitta californica] var. californica Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284. [Aphelocoma floridana.] Var. californica Cours, Key N. Am. 3irds, 1872, 166, part. a Aphelocoma floridana . . . var. californica Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 2364, part. Aphelocoma floridana yar. californica Netson, Proc. Bost. Soc. No His xviit, 1875; 360 (Nevada, California). [ Aphelocoma floridana var. woodhousei] ¢. californica Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 219, part (synonymy). Aphelocoma floridana californica Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 356, part. A[phelocoma] f{loridana] californica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 424, part. Cyanocitta floridana var. californica Rrpaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 172 (Sacramento Valley; both slopes Sierra Nevada); vii, 1875, 37 (foot-slope Sierra Nevada, near Carson City). f Cyanocitta floridana californica Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 174 (e. slope Sierra Nevada); vii, 1875, 18 (Carson City, Nevada). Cyanocitta floridana . . . var. californica Hensiaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1876, 253, part (Fort Tejon, Walker’s Basin, and near Kernville, s. California); 1877, 1309 (Carson City, Nevada). Cyanocitta var. californica Hexsuaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler’s Survy., 1877, 1305 (e. slope Sierra Nevada). C[yanocitta] floridanus californicus Hexsnaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1879, 307 (Carson, Nevada, to Dalles, Oregon; descr. young). Cyanocitta superciliosa SvricKLAND, Ann. Nat. Hist., xv, 1845, 260, 343 (crit. nom. ). 3830 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Corvus ultramarinus (not of Bonaparte) AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 456, pl. 362. Garrulus ultramarinus (not of Temminck) AupuBoN, Synopsis, 1839, 154; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 115, pl. 232. Garrulus floridanus (not Corvus floridanus Bonaparte) SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 64, part (Fort Tejon, California; ‘‘l’Amerique Russe ’’ ). Aphelocoma californica immanis GRINNELL (J.), Auk, xviii, Apr., 1901, 188 (Scio, Oregon; coll. J. Grinnell). APHELOCOMA CALIFORNICA OBSCURA Anthony. BELDING’S JAY. Similar to A. ¢. californica, but smaller (except bill) and darker; back deep brownish mouse gray, the blue parts of a deeper hue; under parts of the body decidedly gray for the anterior half, only the lower abdomen and anal region being distinctly white; under tail-coverts usually strongly tinged with grayish blue. Adult male.—Length (skins), 266.5-287 (273); wing, 122-125 (128); tail, 128-142 (186); exposed culmen, 26.5—-29.5 (27.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.5; tarsus, 38-41.5 (40); randlile. toe, 20-21.5 (20.5).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 259-270.5 (265.5); wing, 116.5-119.5 (118); tail, 124.5-133 (127); exposed culmen, 25-26 (25); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.5—9 (9): tarsus, 38.5-43.5 (41); middle toe, 19.5—-21 (20).? Southern coast district of California, north and east to San Fernando, San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains; northern Lower Califor- nia, as far as San Pedro Martir mountains. Cyanocitta californica (not Garrulus californicus Vigors) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 584, part (San Pasqual, San Diego Co., California); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 20, part (do.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 437, part.—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 302, part (San Diego).— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 288, part. [Aphelocoma floridana.] Var. californica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166, part. Aphelocoma floridana . . . var. californica Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 2365. [ Aphelocoma floridana var. woodhousei.] ¢. californica Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 319, part (in synonymy). Aphelocoma floridana californica Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 356, part. A[phelocoma] f{loridana] californica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 424, part. Aphelocoma californica Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 293, part.— AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 481, part. —Mor- com, Bull. Ridgw.Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 47 (San Bernardino Valley, up to 8,000 ft. ). ERSON, Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., no. 7, 1887, 422, 426 (Volcano. Mts. and Poway, San Diego Co., California; crit.).—Brtprnc, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 110, part (San Bernardino and San Diego counties).—MERRIAM (Wicrecee A.), Auk, xiii, 1896, 120 (San Diego Co.; habits).—Baitey (Flor- ence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 275, part. « Six specimens. b » Fiv e specimens. — ~ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 331 A[ phelocoma] californica Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 356, part. Aphelocoma californica obscura ANTHONY, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d ser., iii, Oct. 11, 1889, 75 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California; coll. A. W. Anthony); Zoe, iv, 1893, 239 (crit. ). Be irtorenis OrnrrHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 481b.—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 379.— Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 600.—GriINNEL (J.), Pasadena Ac. Sci., Pub. ii, 1898, 31 (Los Angeles Co., California, probably n. to Tehachapi). e APHELOCOMA CALIFORNICA HYPOLEUCA Ridgway. XANTUS’ JAY. ~ Similar to A. ¢. californica, but smaller (except the bill) and much paler; the blue portions lighter and clearer azure, and the under parts usually whiter, or less strongly tinged with pale brownish gray. Adult male.—Length aan 259-296.5 (273); wing, 121-128 (124); exposed culmen, 27.4—28.7 (27.7): depth of bill at nostrils, 910.5 (9, 5); tarsus, 36-40 (38.5); middle ne 22.524 (23.5).“ Adult female.—Length (skins), 249-259 (272); wing, 121-126 (123.5); tail, 124.5-136 (131.5); exposed culmen, 27.4—28.4 (27.7); depth of bill at nostrils, 9-10 (9.5); tarsus, 37-40.5 (89); middle toe, 22.3-23 (22.6).” Cape district of Lower California (Cape St. Lucas, San José del Cabo, San Nicolas, Triunfo, La Paz, ete.), north to about latitude 28°. Cyanocitta. californica (not Garrulus californicus Vigors) Bairp, Proc. Ac. Na Sci. Phila., 1859, 301, 305 (Cape St. Lucas; crit.).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., rs 302, part (Cape St. Lucas). Aphelocoma californica Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 293, part.— Betpine [and Ripaway ], Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 541 (La Paz, Lower California), vi, 1883, 848 (Victoria Mts., Lower California).—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoatsts’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 481, part (Cape St. Lucas). Aphelocoma floridana californica Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 356, part. A[phelocoma] f[loridana] californica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 424, part. A[phelocoma] californica hypoleuca Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 356 (La Paz, Lower California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Aphelocoma californica hypoleuca Rripaway, Man. N - Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 613.—Bryant, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., ii, 1889, 20 (San Igna- cio, Lower California; descr. nest and matics ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Commirrer, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 11 (no. 48la); Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 48la.—Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 378.— Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 123 (crit.; variations; habits; deser. nest and eggs). APHELOCOMA INSULARIS Henshaw. SANTA CRUZ JAY, Most like A. californica obscura in coloration but very much darker, and larger even than A. c. californica. a Fiy e specimens. > Three specimens. wow BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck and sides of chest uniform dull ultramarine cr french blue; auricular region, sub- orbital region, and greater part of malar region similar but rather duller or darker; lores and postocular region (upper margin of auric- ular region) Blac: a series of white streaks beginning immedi- ately above the eye and continued backward, above the auricular region; back very dark brownish gray or grayish sepia; scapulars and rump similar but (especially the latter) tinged with blue; wings, upper tail- coverts, and tail dull ultramarine or french blue; chin, throat, and median portion of chest dull white, indistinctly streaked with grayish, the chest streaked with blue; under parts of body pale brownish gray or grayish brown (dull or soiled whitish in worn plumage); under tail- coverts light grayish blue, the thighs tinged with the same; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Young.—Pileum, hindneck, auricular and suborbital regions, and sides of chest dull slate color, slightly tinged with dusky blue; back, scapulars, rump, and smaller wing-coverts dark brownish mouse gray; upper tail-coverts dull grayish blue; chin, throat, and median portion of chest white, the last somewhat streaked with gray; under parts of body pale smoke gray, separated from the white of the chest by a nar- row collar of bluish slaty, connecting the two slaty areas on sides of chest; under tail-coverts and thighs smoke gray; wings (except smaller coverts) and tail as in adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 284.5-313.5 (298); wing, 133.5-140.5 (135.5); tail, 188.5-153.5 (148.5); exposed culmen, 31.5-83.5 (33); depth of bill at nostrils, 11-11.7 (11.4); tarsus, 44.2-47.2 (46.5); mid- dle toe, 21.8-26.5 (25.1).@ Adult female.—Length (skins), 277-305 (292); wing, 127.5-136 (132.5); tail, 142-148.5 (145); exposed ae 31.5-31.7 (81.6); depth of bill at nostrils, 10.2-10.4 (10.8); tarsus, 43.5-45.5, (44.7); middle toe, 23-24.5 (23.5).? Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara group, southern California. Cyanocitta floridana . . . var. californica (not Garrulus californicus Vigors) HEN- sHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 253, part (Santa Cruz I., Cali- fornia). Aphelocoma insularis Hensuaw, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 452 (Santa Cruz L., California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593.—BLAkKE, Auk, iii, 1887, 329 (habits).—Amertcan OrnrirHoLocists’ Union CoMMITTEE, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 11 (no. 481.1); Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 481.1.—Townsenp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 141.—Bxrnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 379.—Maruuiarp, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, 42, in text (habits); Condor, ii, 1900, 42 (measurements ).—OBERHOL- ser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, 230 (deser. young).—Bartey (Flor- ence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.8., 1902, 276. A[ phelocoma] insularis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 356. a nee specimens. b »Fo our specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. — 3338 APHELOCOMA WOODHOUSEII (Baird). WOODHOUSE'S JAY. Similar to A. californica obscura, but larger, with more slender bill, and more uniform coloration; under parts of body distinctly gray throughout; under tail-coverts blue; blue of upper parts lighter. Adults (semes alike).—Head and neck (except chin and throat). wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail, plain dull azure blue, brightest on pileum, where margined laterally by a narrow streak (or series of streaks) of white, the blue dullest on sides of head, where more or less dusky on loral, orbital, and postocular regions; back and scapulars deep mouse gray, sometimes tinged with blue; rump more bluish gray; chin, throat, and chest grayish white, streaked with bluish gray, these streaks broad and very distinet on chest, which is margined laterally by an exten- sion of the blue from sides of neck; breast, sides, and flanks pale mouse gray or smoke gray, the abdomen paler, fading into white on anal region; under tail-coverts light grayish blue or china blue; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Young.—Pileum plain mouse gray; resb of upper parts (except wings and tail) plain brownish gray or deep drab-gray; an indistinct superciliary line, or series of streaks, of white; general color of under parts dull light brownish gray, paler on chin, throat, chest, and abdo- men, deeper and more brownish on upper portion of breast, against pale grayish jugular area; wings and tail as in adults, but smaller wing-coverts gray and lesser coverts indistinetly tipped with the same. Adult male.—Length (skins), 272-292 (285.5); wing, 129.5-139.5 (133); tail, 189-147.5 (143); exposed culmen, 26.5-29 (28.9); depth of pill at nostrils, 9-9.5 (9.4); tarsus, 40-42 (41); middle toe, 20.5-23 (22).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 961.5-279.5 (271); wing, 120.5-130.95 (126.5); tail, 128.5-140 (135.5); exposed culmen, 24.5-28 (26); depth of bill at nostrils, 9; tarsus, 37—41.5 (3925); middle toe, 19.5—21 (20.5).? Western United States east of Sierra Nevada, chiefly in transition zone: north to southeastern Oregon (Steen’s Mountain), southern Idaho (City of Rocks), and southern Wyoming (Henry’s Fork, Green River, ete.); east to Colorado, western Nebraska (North Platte), New Mexico, and northwestern Texas (east to Davis Mountains); south to southern Arizona and New Mexico; west to southeastern California (White, Inyo, Argus, Coso, and Panamint mountains’), west to western Nevada (West Humboldt Mountains, Truckee Valley ?, ete.). Cyanocorax ultramarinus (not Corvus ultramarinus Bonaparte) McCau, Proe. Ac. Nat. Scit Phila., 1851, 216 (New Mexico). Cyanocorax californica (not Garrulus californicus Vigors) Wooprouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Mui and Col. R., 1853, 77 (‘‘ New Mexico,”’ i.e., Arizona). (?) Cyanocitta californica KENNERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 16 (Mojave R., s. e. California). «Five specimens, b Five specimens, ¢ Mojave River? 334 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cyanocitta californica (not of Strickland) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—KENNERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 32 (Rocky Mts. ). Cyanocitta woodhouseti Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 585 (type from Fort Thorn, New Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); ed., 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 59. Cyanocitta woodhousii Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 925 (Fort Burg- wyn, New Mexico); Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 20, pl. 21 (near Coppermines, Arizona); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 438; Rep. Ives’ Expl. Col., pt. iv, 1861, 6.—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 304 (Arizona, etc.).—Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. for 1871 (1872) , 688 (Ogden, Utah.) — Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 40, fig. 3.— Rrpaway, Orn, 40th Parallel, 1877, 526 (West Humboldt and Ruby moun- tains, Nevada; City of Rocks, s. Idaho; Salt Lake City and Parley’s Park, Utah; habits, ete. ). Cyanocitta woodhousei Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 92 (Fort Whipple, Arizona; habits).—STEVENSon, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv., for 1870 (1871), 465 (Henry’s Fork and Green R., Wyoming).—AIKeEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1872, 205 (Colorado).—Y arrow and Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1871 (1874), 35 (Nevada). Aphelocoma floridana var. woodhousei ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, July, 1872, 150, 169, 179 (Colorado City, Colorado; Ogden, Utah).—Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 219, excl. syn. part. [Aphelocoma floridana.|] Var. woodhousei Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166. Aphelocoma floridana . . . var. woodhousei Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 236a. Aphelocoma floridana woodhousei Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, July, 1881, 140 (San Juan Co., Colorado). Aphelocoma floridana woodhousii Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 355. A[ phelocoma} f{loridana] woodhousii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 423. [ Aphelocoma floridana var. woodhousei] b. woodhousei Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 219 (synonymy). Cyanocitta californica var. woodhousei Rrpaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 169, in text (Wasatch Mts., Utah).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 291. C[yanocitta] floridana woodhousii Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 174 (Rocky Mts. ). Cyanocitta floridana woodhousii Rrpaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 19, 21, 24 (West Humboldt and Ruby mountains, Nevada; City of Rocks, s. Idaho). Cyanocitta floridana . . . var. woodhousei Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 2 1873, 184 (Colorado).—HeEnsHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 337 (Utah; Colorado; Arizona; habits). Cyanocitta floridana . . . var. woodhousit Y ARRow and HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1871-1873 (1874), 21 (Nevada; Utah).—HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 123 (Fort Wingate, New Mexico; Apache and Camp Grant, Arizona).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 37 (centr. and e. Nevada). Aphelocoma woodhousii Ripaway, Field and Forest, ii, June, 1877, 208 (Colo- rado).—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 114 (Colorado; Arizona).— Bruner, Rep. Nebr. Hort. Soc. for 1896 (1898), 121 (North Platte, Nebraska, common). Aphelocoma woodhousei Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ili, Aug. 24, 1880, 184; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 292.—AmeERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 480.—Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 20 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona).—Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 39 (Grand Canon of eRe Ae By a ~~ eo ae Ta. ee ~~ ee OP BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 335 the Colorado), 94 (San Francisco Mts., etce., Arizona).—FisnHrer, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 69 (White, Inyo, Argus, Coso, and Panamint mountains, s. e. California; Charleston, Grapevine, Juniper, and Pahroe mountains, Nevada; Beaverdam Mts., Utah).—Auuen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1895, 37 (Bisbee, s. Arizona).—Lownr, Auk, xi, 1894, 268 (Wet Mts., Colorado, 6,000 to 8,000 ft. ).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 372, pl. 5, fig. 14 (egé).—MitcHeut, Auk, xy, 1898, 309 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding up to 8,000 ft. ). A[ phelocoma] woodhousei Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 355. Aphelocoma woodhouseii Battny (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.$., 1902, 274. [Cyanurus] woodhouseti Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6097. APHELOCOMA CYANOTIS Ridgway. BLUE-CHEEKED JAY, Similar to A. woodhoused/, but wing decidedly longer and posterior under parts (including under tail-coverts) white; back more frequently tinged with blue, sometimes almost uniform blue; white superciliary streak much reduced, sometimes obsolete. Male.—ULength (skins), 277-302 (287.5); wing, 137.5-146 (140); tail, 138-147.5 (143); exposed culmen, 26-28.5 (27); depth of bill at nos- trils, 9.4-10 (9.6); tarsus, 39-42 (40.5); middle toe, 21-23 (22.5). Female.—Length (skins), 269-282 (275); wing, 133-137 (135.5); tail, 134.5-140 (136.5); exposed culmen, 23.5-26.5 (25); depth of bill at nostrils, 9-9.6 (9.4); tarsus, 39-41.5 (40.5); middle toe, 20.5-22.5 (21). Mexican plateau, in States of Mexico (City of Mexico, Tlalpam, D. F.), Hidalgo (Real del Monte, El Chico, Tula, etc.), San Luis Potosi (Jesus Maria, La Parada, mountains near Charcas, etc.), Coahuila (Car- neros, Sierra Encarnacion, Sierra Guadalupe, etc.), and Durango (Cerro Prieto); north to southwestern Texas (Japonica, Kerr County; Paisano, Brewster County; Sonora, Sutton County). Cyanocitta woodhouseii Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 585 (spec. no. 8465, Mexico). Cyanocitta californica (not Garrulus californicus Vigors) SCLATER and SaLvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 362, part, excl. syn. part (City of Mexico; Tierra fria?). [Cyanocitta] californica Scuarer and Satvry, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 39, part. [ Cyanocitta californica] var. sumichrasti (not Cyanocitta floridana var. sumichrasti Ridgway, 1873) Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 283, part (City of Mexico). Aphelocoma sumichrasti Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 214, part (Mounts Ixtaecihuatl and Popocatapetl, Mexico, up to 11,000 ft. ). A[phelocoma] cyanotis Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 357 (Mexico; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). Aphelocoma cyanotis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 613.— Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 781 (25 m. s. of Charcas, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 7,000-8,000 ft. ).—American OrnrrHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 480.1, part (Mexico); Auk, xix, 1902, 321 (Sutton Co., Texas).—BarLry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 274. « Five specimens. b Three specimens. . 3386 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. APHELOCOMA SUMICHRASTI Ridgway. SUMICHRAST’S JAY. Similar to A. cyanotis, but larger (except bill), the back and scapu- lars hair brown or drab, abruptly contrasted with blue of hindneck, and under parts much paler and more uniform; chest very indistinctly streaked, with little if any blue; rest of under parts white, shading into very pale grayish brown on upper part of chest, or else merely tinged with this color. Youny.—Similar to the young of A. woodhousei,“ but blue of wings and tail darker, back rather browner, and under parts white, instead of gray, only the chest being tinged with the latter color. Adult male.—Length (skins), 284.5-211 (298.5); wing, 136.5-149 43); tail, 188-153 (147); exposed culmen, 25.5—28.5 (27); depth of bill at nostrils, 8-10.5 (10); tarsus, 40-45.5 (48); middle toe, 22—23.5 (22.5). Adult female.—Length (skins),. 272-287 oe wing, 134.5-141 (188); tail, 186.5-144.5 (140); exposed culmen, 23-27 (24.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 9-10 (9.5); tarsus, 40.5-41.5 (41); middle toe, 21.5-24 (23).¢ Southeastern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova; Orizaba; Perote), Puebla (Mount Orizaba; Chalchicomula; Tochimilco; San Martin; Tehuacan), Tlaxcala (Huemantla), and Oaxaca (La Parada; Cinco Sefiores; Atlisco; Ejutla, Nacaltepec; Mount Zem- poaltepec; Coixtlahuaca; Tlalpancingo). Cyanocitta floridana (not Corvus floridanus Bonaparte) Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1856, 300 (Cordova, Vera Cruz). Cyanocitta californica (not Garrulus californicus Vigors) SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 302 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 381 (Cinco Sefiores, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 148, part (in synonymy ).—ScuaTer and Sayin, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 362, part, excl. syn. part (Oaxaca).—SuMIcHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554 (alpine reg. Vera Cruz). [ Cyanocitta] californica ScuatEeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part. _iphelocoma californica SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1887, 492, excl. syn. part (Mexican localities). Cryanocitta floridana var. sumichrasti Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Dec., 1873, 199 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). [| Cyanocitta californica] var. sumichrasti Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 283, pl. 40, fig. 2, part (Orizaba). Cyanocitta sumichrasti BatrpD, BREWER, aad Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 283, footnote. Cuanocitta californica var. sumichrasti Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, = - 1876, 24 (Nacaltepec, Oaxaca). [ Aphelocoma californica var. woodhousei] d. swmichrasti Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, ; 219 (synonymy). Aphelocoma floridana var. sumichrasti Cours, Birds'N. W., 1874, 219, in synonymy. Aphelocoma sumichrasti SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 114 (Atlisco, Oaxaca).—Srong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 214, part (Chalchicomula, Puebla, 9,000 to 10,000 ft. ). A [phelocome sumichrasti Rripew WAN, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 356. —_—— ee Sia ener — = a et a The young of a ae ater seen. d ‘Gee specimens, Fi ive specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 337 APHELOCOMA TEXANA Ridgway. TEXAN JAY, Similar in coloration of upper parts to A. cyanotis, but white super- ciliary line more developed and back slightly paler and less bluish gray; in coloration of under parts much paler than A. cyanotis, and closely resembling in this respect A. swmichrast/, the chest being equally devoid of distinct blue streaks and the breast of the same pale grayish brown, this color, however, extending farther backward, especially along the sides; smaller than either A. cyanotis or A. sumichrasti, except bill. Young.—Similar to the young of A. sumichrast/, but gray of upper parts purer and more uniform, that of the pileum quite concolor with that of the back, instead of being considerably dar ker. (Much whiter below than young of A. woodhousei/.) ' Adult male.—Length (skins), 274.5-294.5 (285); wing, 131.5-135.5 (183.5); tail, 145- 147 (146); exposed culmen,.26.5—28.5 (27.5): depth of bill at nostrils, 9.5; tarsus, 40-41 (40.5); middle toe, 20.5-22.5 ee 5 Adult female.—Length (skins), 277-292 (289.5); wing, 122.5-13( (126); tail, re (133.5); exposed culmen, 25.5—26.5 (26); depth of bil at nostrils, 9-9.6 (9.4); tarsus, 38-41 (39.5); middle toe, 20-22 (21).? Southw ee Texas, from Concho and Kerr counties west to the Davis Mountains (Alpine, Fort Davis, Paisano, ete.). Aphelocoma woodhousei (not Cyanocitta woodhouseti Baird) Luoyp, Auk, iy, 1887, 290 (Concho and Tom Green counties, w. Texas). Aphelocoma cyanotis (not of Ridgway) Fisher, Auk., xi, 1894, 327 (Paisano, Brewster Co., w. Texas, breeding).—Brnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 382, part, in footnote (Edwards and Kerr counties, Texas; crit. ).— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNIoN ComMirrer, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 480.1, part; Auk, xii, 1895, 165, exel. syn. Aphelocoma terana Rrpaway, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 70 (near head of Nueces River, Edwards Co., Texas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Amerrican ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton ees PSGUL ope RL Ree ae ee (Check List no. 480.2).—BatLEy (Florence M.), Handb. pads W. U.S., 1902, 275 APHELOCOMA GRISEA Nelson. BLUE-GRAY JAY. Similar to A. tevana, but coloration much paler above, less brown- ish gray below, and with bill and feet decidedly more slender; blue of upper parts pale grayish cerulean, instead of azure; back, scapulars, and rump smoke gray, tinged with pale grayish blue; breast, ete., pale smoke gray. Adult female.—Length (skin), 275; wing, 134; tail, 139; exposed culmen, 25; 3, depth of bill at nostrils, 8; tarsus, 38: middle toe, 20.5, a Three specimens. > Four specimens. 10384—voL 3—03 22 338 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sierra Madre of southern Chihuahua (near Guachochi) and Durango (Cerro Prieto). Aphelocoma grisea Netson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, May 29, 1899, 27 (near Guachochi, Sierra Madre of southern Chihuahua; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). APHELOCOMA SIEBERII SIEBERII (Wagler). SIEBER’S JAY. Adults (sexes alike).—Above, including sides of head and neck (except lores), plain dull cobalt or deep azure blue, the back usually, but not always, duller and grayer, sometimes distinctly so; chin and upper throat very pale bluish gray or grayish white, the shafts of the feathers black; the grayish white or pale grayish of upper throat gradually deepening into mouse gray or smoke gray on chest, breast, and sides, this gradually fading into paler gray on flanks and abdomen, the lower portion of the latter, together with anal region and under tail-coverts white; the gray deepest on sides of breast, where more or less tinged with blue (whole breast sometimes tinged with blue); bill, legs, and feet black.” Young.—Pileum and sides of head deep gray, sometimes tinged with blue; hindneck, sides of neck, back, scapulars, rump, and lesser wing-coverts rather lighter and browner gray; gray of under parts browner, the under tail-coverts pale gray; wings (except smaller coverts) and tail as in adults; mandible with basal half (sometimes tip also) light-colored (flesh color in life), also basal half of maxillary tomium. Adult male. —Length (skins), 316-332.5 (326); wing, 173-188.5 (182); tail, 158-169.5 (164); exposed culmen, 27—28.5 (27.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.9-10.7 (10.2); tarsus, 48-44.5 (44); middle toe, 23-25 (24).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 309-326.5 (318.5); wing, 174-184.5 (178); tail, 156.5-169.5 (162.5); exposed culmen, 28-28.5 (28); depth of bill at nostrils, 10-10.5 (10.2); tarsus, 42-43.5 (48); middle toe, 23-25 (24).% Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Mirador, Orizaba, Cofre de Perote, ete.), Puebla (Mount Orizaba, Cerro San Pedro, ete.), Mexico (north slope Volean de Toluca), Morelos (Huitzilac, Titela del Volcan), and Michoacan (Patzcuaro, Nahuatzin, etc.). P[ica] sieberii WaciEr, Syst. Av., 1827, [page 365, by count], Pica, sp. 23. C[yanocorax] sieberii Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 307. «Younger individuals, though in adult plumage, have more or less of the basal portion of the mandible, sometimes the basal portion of the maxillary tomium also, light colored (said to be flesh-colored in life). > Four specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 339 [ Cyanocitta] sieberi Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 378. A[phelocoma] sieberi CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 221, footnote. Aphelocoma sieberii FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 153 (Cerro de San Pedro, Hacienda de San Pedro, and San Salvador el Verde, Pueblo) .— Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 214 (Mount Orizaba, Vera Cruz, 10,000 it..). Se Auk, xii, 1895, 558 (Mount Orizaba).—Cnapman, Bull. Am. Mus. NSE 1898, 42 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft. ). Eieicincoma ieee Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 358. [ Cyanurus] sieberi Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6093, part (Mexico). Garrulus sordidus Swainson, Philos. M: ag., new ser., i, June, 1827, 437 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Weeraor: Zool. Ilustr., 2d ser., ii, 1831?, pl. 86. Cyanurus sordidus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 495. [Cyanogarrulus] sordidus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 378. Aphelocoma sordida Suarrer, Cat. B ims Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 116. Cyanocitta sordida Barro, Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Sury., ii, pt. ii, 1859, pl. 22, fig. 1 (not the text; Mexico); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 60, fig. 1 (not the text, p. 587, except in part).—ScLarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 143 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Sumicurast,4 Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554 (plateau and alpine reg. Vera Cruz).—Barirp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284, footnote, pl. 41, fig. 1 [ Cyanocitta] sordida ScLarer and Sarvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39, part. [Cyanocitta ultramarina] var. sordida Barrp, Brewer and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284 (Orizaba and Mirador, Vera Cruz). Garrulus ultramarinus (not Corvus ultramarinus Bonaparte?) Temmrncx, Pl. Col., 1838, pl. 459.>—Scuiecet, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 64, part. Cyanocorax ultramarinus ScuaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 204 (Jalapa); 1859, 365 (do.). [Garrulus] wtramarinus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6095, part. Aphelocoma ultramarina (not of Sharpe?) Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 493, part (excl. synonyms ultramarinus, couchi, and arizonex). Corvus azureus (not of Temminck, 1822) Licurensrern, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1850, 1 (Mexico); Journ. fiir Orn. 1863, 56 (reprint). APHELOCOMA SIEBERII COLIMZE Nelson. COLIMA JAY, Similar to A. s. s/eber/7, but slightly smaller (except bill), and some- what lighter colored, especially the under parts, which are more extensively white posteriorly and of a more brownish, as well as lighter, gray anteriorly; the blue of a more cerulean hue, as in A. s. potosina. Adult male.-—Length (skins), 317.5-3825 (321.5); wing, 176-180 (178); tail, 158-160 (158.5); exposed culmen, 26.5-29 (27.5); depth of bill at Dostrils. 10.5; tarsus, 43-44 (48.5); middle toe, 23.5-25 ake Pivwivtita ultramarina of Samichrast (Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554) seems to be A. wnicolor, since the latter name is omitted from hi Gite while the present species is given as CL sordida. » According to Schiegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 64), the specimen figured is the type of Pica sieberii Wagler. ¢ Three specimens. 340 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Length (skins), 302-310.5 (306.5); wing, 172.5-174.5 (173.5); tail, 150.5-153.5 (152); exposed culmen, 26.5-27 (26.9); depth of bill at nostrils, 10.5; tarsus, 41-43.5 (42.5); middle toe, 22-26 (24).¢ Southwestern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Jalisco (La Laguna; Jacala; San Sebastian; Sierra Nevada) and Colima (Sierra Madre). Aphelocoma sieberi colime Netson, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 27 (Jacala, Jalisco, s. w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). APHELOCOMA SIEBERII POTOSINA Nelson. SAN LUIS POTOSI JAY. Similar to A. s. steberi7, but decidedly smaller, bill larger, and colora- tion of upper parts paler, the blue of a light azure or almost cerulean hue, and the posterior under parts more extensively white (entire flanks and lower abdomen white, or nearly so). Adult male.—Length (skins), 284.5-808 (299); wing, 160-172 (169); tail, 137-151 (146); exposed culmen, 28-29.5 (29); depth of bill at nostrils, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 42.5-44.5 (48.5); middle toe, 24-95.5 (24.5).° Adult jfemale.—Length (skins), 282-302 (293); wing, 154—-160.5 (157.5); tail, 182-141 (136); exposed culmen, 26.5—29 (27.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 10.5; tarsus, 41-42 (41.5); middle toe, 22.5-24 (23).¢ Northeastern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Hidalgo (El Chico, Tulancingo) San Luis Potosi (mountains near Jesus Maria; Villar), southern Tamaulipas (Miquihuana), and southern Coahuila (Carneros); Guanajuato / (?) Cyanocitta sordida (not Garrulus sordidus Swainson?) Ducks, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 139 (Guanajuato). Aphelocoma siebert potosina Newtson, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 27 (mountains near Jesus Maria, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). APHELOCOMA SIEBERII ARIZONZ: (Ridgway). ARIZONA JAY. Similar in coloration to il. s. wollweberi, but much larger; about the same size as A. s. potosina, but very much paler and duller colored. Adult male.—Length (skins), 291-318.5 (303.5); wing, 163.5-173 (167); tail, 143.5-154.5 (149); exposed culmen, 27.5-32.5 (30.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 41.5-44.5 (42.5); middle toe, 225-24 (23.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 282-805 (297.5); wing, 152.5-167.5 (162.5); tail, 136-151 (146.5); exposed culmen, 26.5-80 (28); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.9-10.7 (10.4); tarsus, 40.5-44 (42.5); middle toe, 21.8-22.6 (22.1).° ———— — «Three specimens. > Four specimens. ¢ Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 341 Southern Arizona (Santa Catalina, Santa Rita, Huachuca, and Chiri- cahua mountains), southwestern New Mexico (Grant County), and northern parts of Sonora (Cachuta and Bavispe rivers, etc.) and Chi- huahua (San Diego). Cyanocitta sordida (not Garrulus sordidus Swainson) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, ee se (Copper Mines, Arizona); Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Sury., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 21 (Copper Mines); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. mot oat ES, Brae Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 92 (Fort Buchanan and Copper Mines, Arizona).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 305, part (s. Arizona). [Aphelocoma] sordida Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166. Aphelocoma sordida Cours, Check List, 1878, no, 237. [Cyanurus] sieberi (not Pica sieberii Wagler) Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6093, part (Arizona). Cyanocitta ultramarina, var. arizone Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Dee., 1875, 199 (Fort Buchanan, Arizona; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 292.—HrnsHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, pl. 12 Cyanocitta ultramarina . . . var. arizone Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 124 (Camp Grant, etc., Arizona; habits); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 338 (30 miles s. of Apache, Camp Grant, and Rock Canyon, Arizona; habits, ete. ). [Cyanocitta sordida] var. arizone Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 41, fig. 2. [Aphelocoma sordida.] Subsp. a. Aphelocoma arizone SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 117 (Fort Bayard, New Mexico; Camp Crittenden, Arizona). Aphelocoma sordida arizone Rrpaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ili, Aug. 24, 1880, 185; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 295.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vi, 1881, 73 (Chiricahua Mts., s. Arizona); vii, 1882, 201 (Chiricahua and Santa Rita mountains, Arizona; Hebi descr. nest and eggs; crit. ). Aphelocoma sieberii arizone Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 355.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 482.—Scorr, Auk, iii, 1886, 81 (Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona; breeding habits; descr. nest and eggs); iv, 1887, 20 (Santa Catalina Mts. ).—AuLen, Auk, iv, 1887, 21 (crit.).—BrnprrE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 554 (Fort Huachuca, Arizona; habits; descr. nest and eggs); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, 11, 1895, 380, pl. o figs. 19, 20 (eggs). —BaiLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 2 Pe sieberti arizone Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 357. Aphelocoma sieberi arizone ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1898, 387 (Cachuta and Bavispe rivers, n. e. Sonora; San Diego, n. w. Chihuahua). Aphelocoma ultramarina ... var. arizone Covers, Check List, 1874, p. 129 (no. 287). Aphelocoma ultramarina arizone Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 357. A[ phelocoma] ultramarina arizone Cours, Key N. Am. ae 2d ed., 1884, 424. Aphelocoma ultramarina (not Corvus ultramarinus Bonaparte) Sarvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1887, 493, part. APHELOCOMA SIEBERII WOLLWEBERI (Kaup). ZACATECAS JAY, Similar in coloration to 4. s. ar/zone, but much smaller; similar in dimensions to A. s. potosina, but the blue of a light dull cerulean hue, or intermediate between this and glaucous-blue; back and scapulars 842 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. usually distinctly gray (deep ash gray to bluish gray, rarely grayish blue); under parts paler, more extensively white posteriorly. Adult male.—Length (skins), 274.5-294.5 (284); wing, 148-164.5 (158); tail, 128.5-144 (135.5); exposed culmen, 24.5-27.5 (27); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 39-42 (40.5); middle toe, 20.5- 24 (23).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 272-288.5 (281); wing, 150.5-155 (154.5); tail, 129-136 (132.5); exposed culmen, 24-27 (25); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.5-10.5 (9.5); tarsus, 37-41 (39); middle toe, 19.5-24.5 (22).? Northwestern and central portions of Mexican plateau, in States of western San Luis Potosi (Villar), Zacatecas (Valparaiso, Plateado, Monte Escobedo, Sierra Madre), northern Jalisco (Bolafos, Florencio, Colat- lan), Durango (El Salto; La Providencia), southwestern Chihuahua (Jesus Maria, Colonia Garcia, etc.), and eastern Sinaloa (Sierra de Choix), and Territory of Tepic (Santa Teresa). Aphelocoma wollweberi © Kaup, Journ. fiir Orn., ii, no. 12, Suppl., Nov., 1854, p. lv, footnote (Zacatecas, Mexico; coll. Wollweber). Aphelocoma gracilis Miuuer, Auk, xiii, Jan., 1896, 34 (Sierra Bolafos, Jalisco, Mexico; coll. G. 8. Miller, jr.). APHELOCOMA SIEBERII COUCHI (Baird). COUCH’S JAY. Similar to A. s. potosina in coloration, but much smaller and bill more slender; simiJar also to A. s. wollweber?, but still smaller, with larger bill. Adwt male.—Length (skins), 261.5-289.5 (273.5);? wing, 144.5- 152.5 (147.5);° tail, 124.5-137 (129);° exposed culmen, 25-28 (27);¢ depth of bill at base, 9.5-12 (10.5);? tarsus, 39-43.5 (41);? middle toe, 91.5-25.5 (23.5). Adult female.—Length (skin), 261.5-269 (265.5);? wing, 142-152.5 (147.5); exposed culmen, 25—26.5 (25.5); depth of bill at base, 10-11.5 (10.5); tarsus, 89-40.5 (39.5); middle toe, 22-93.5 (22.5).4¢ Southern Nuevo Leon (Guajuco,’ Monterey, Parras, etc.) to south- western Texas (Chisos Mountains). a@Seven specimens. bSix specimens. é*Teh unterscheide Aphelocoma Wollweberi, die zwischen ultramarina und siebert steht. Sie ist weniger intensiv blau, mit réthlich grauem Ricken. Wangen und Ohrfedern dunkler blau. Ziigel schwiirzlich. Schwanzschwach gegabelt, in dem die mittleren Schwanzfedern ktirzer als die seitlichen sind. In geeignetem Licht zeigen die Schwanzfedern Spuren von Binden. “‘Wollweberi, Liinge 10 Par.’’, Schnabel 13’, Fliigel 5” 5’””, Schwanz 4” 57-4” 9/”, “‘Ultramarina, Linge 11 Par.”, Schnabel 13’, Fluigel 53”, Schwanz 4” 5/4” 9/”, “‘Sieberi, Liinge 13 Par.”, Schnabel 13’’’, Fliigel 6” 10’, Schwanz 67”. “Zaccatekas, durch Hrn. Wollweber in hiesiger Sammlung.’’ @ Two specimens. eGuajuco is about 18 miles southeast of Monterey, and is the type locality, as shown by the original labels of the type specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 343 Cyanoeitta ultramarina (not Corvus ultramarinus Bonaparte) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 588 (Monterey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 60, fig. 2; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 45, pl. 22, fig. 2 (Monterey west to Parras); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 441. [Cyanurus] ultramarinus GRAY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6095, part. Aphelocoma ultramarina SALvIN and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 493, part. C[yanocitta] couchii Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 588, in text _ (**Monterey,”’ i. e., Guajuco, 18 miles s. e. of Monterey, Nuevo Leon; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). [Cyanocitta ultramarina] var. couchi Barry, Brewer, and Rmeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284. Cyanocitta ultramarina, var. couchi Barrp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 293. [Aphelocoma ultramarina.] Subsp. @. Aphelocoma couchi SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 116. Aphelocoma ultramarina couchit RipGway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 185, 229. Aphelocoma ultramarina couchi Rrpaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 294. A[phelocoma] couchi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 357. Aphelocoma couchi Mi.uEr, Auk, xiii, 1896, 34, 36, in text.—Barvey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. §., 1902, 276. [Cyanocitta] sordida (not Garrulus sordidus Swainson) ScuaTerR and SALvIN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part. Aphelocoma sieberii couchi OBERHOLSER, Auk, xix, July, 1902, 300 (Chisos Mts., s. w. Texas). (?) APHELOCOMA ULTRAMARINA (Bonaparte). ULTRAMARINE JAY. Similar in size and coloration to A. sieberii sieberii, but tip of tail “perfectly even” or truncated.“ ‘** Mexico.” Clorvus] wtramarinus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, pt. ii, no. 12, May, 1825, 387 (Mexico). [Cyanocitta] ultramarinus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 378. aC. ultramarinus. Cceruleus subtus cinerascenti-albidus, cauda equali. “Length, thirteen inches. Bill one inch and a half long, strongly notched at tip, and with the feet black; incumbent setaceous feathers of the base of the bill, partly black and partly blue; whole plumage above, including the wings and fail, bright azure, most vivid and somewhat sericeous on the head and tail-coverts, duller and slightly intermixed with dusky on the back; inner webs and tips of quill feathers dusky; shafts of the wings and tail feathers black; dora black; cheeks dull blackish blue; chin whitish, intermixed with black bristles; whole inferior surface dirty whitish, more tinged with cinereous on the anterior parts, and becoming purer towards the vent; inferior wing and tail-coverts slightly intermixed with blue; inferior surface of the wings and of the (ail dusky-gray, the latter darker; wings when closed reaching almost to the middle of the tail, which is seven inches long, and perfectly even at tip.” (Original description. ) This very doubtful form continues to be known only from Bonaparte’s description, quoted above. It is probably the same as one of the larger forms of A. sieberii, but which one can not be determined without examination of the type. 044 BULLETIN 50, UNITED-STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cyanocitta ultramarina STRICKLAND, Ann, and Mag. N. H., xv, 1845, 260.—Gam- BEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 45 (diagnosis).—Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284, footnote. [ Cyanocitta ultramarina] var. ultramarina Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284. [ Cyanurus] ultramarinus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6095. A[phelocoma] ultramarina CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 221, footnote.— Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 357. Aphelocoma ultramarina SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 115. APHELOCOMA UNICOLOR UNICOLOR (DuBus). UNICOLORED JAY. Adults (sexes alike).—Entire plumage uniform dull cobalt blue, except lores and under surface of rectrices, which are dusky, and under surface of remiges, which are brownish gray; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Young.—Plumage of head, neck, and body, including tail-coverts, lesser wing-coyerts, and under wing-coverts, uniform sooty, or dark grayish brown; remiges, rectrices, and larger wing-coverts as in adults; bill partly light-colored (the mandible especially). Adult male.—Length (skins), 274.5-321 (810); wing, 154.5-169 (161.5); tail, 143.5-159 (153.5); exposed culmen, 28-30 (29); depth of bill at nostrils, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 41-43.5 (42); middle toe, 21—23.5 (22.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 294.5-310.5 (803); wing, 157-165 (161); tail, 148-160.5 (154.5); exposed culmen, 28.7—80 (29); depth of bill at nostrils, 11; tarsus, 40.5-42 (41.5); middle toe, 20.5-23 (21.5).? Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Mexico. Cyanocorax unicolor Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xiv, pt. li, 1847, 103 (Mexico; coll. Brussels Mus.); Esquis. Orn., 1848, pl. 17.—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1857, 204 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (do.).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces (no. 23, livr. 9), 1867, 49 (Jalapa). [Cyanocitta] unicolor Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 378 (Mexico).—ScLaTer and Sanvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 39, part (Mexico). Cyanocitta wnicolor SctaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 143 (Jalapa); Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284, footnote, part (Cordova and Mirador, Vera Cruz). C[yanocitta] unicolor Bairp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284, part. Aphelocoma unicolor SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ii, 1877, 118 (Jalapa).— SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 494, part (Valley of Mexico; Puebla; Jalapa).—Lanrz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Coatepec, Vera Cruz). A[phelocoma] unicolor Rinaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 358, part. [Cyanurus] wnicolor Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 5, no. 6106 (Mexico). Cyanocorax concolor Cassin, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, Feb., 1848, 26 (‘‘South America’; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila), 90 (Puebla, Mexico). (?) Cyanocitia ultramarina (not Corvus ultramarinus Bonaparte) SumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554 (alpine reg. Vera Cruz). @Six specimens, from Jico, Vera Cruz. Two specimens, from Jico, Vera Cruz. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 345 APHELOCOMA UNICOLOR CCELESTIS, new subspecies. “ CERULEAN JAY. Similar to A. wv. wazcolor but larger, and the blue color lighter, more cerulean. Adult male.—Length (skins), 321.5-330 (325.9); wing, 165-168 (167); tail, 155-159.5 (157.5); exposed -culmen, 28.7-29.2 (29); depth of bill at nostrils, 10.5: tarsus, 43-44.5 (44); middle toe, 23-23.5 (23.1).” Adult female.—Length (skin), 317.5; wing, 167.5; tail, 155.5; exposed culmen, 28; depth of bill at nostril, 10.5; tarsus, 48.5; middle toe, 23.° Highlands of Guatemala (Totonicapam, Quiche, Chilasco, etc., 4,000 to 10,000 feet), and Chiapas (San Cristobal). Cyanocitta unicolor (not Cyanocorax unicolor Du Bus) Saryry, Ibis, 1866, 194 (Totonicapam, Quiche, and Chilasco, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284, footnote, part (Guatemala). [Cyanocitta] wnicolor ScuarerR and Sanvrx, Nom, Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39, part (Guatemala). C[yanocitta] unicolor Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 284, part (Guatemala). Aphelocoma unicolor Suarpn, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 118, part (Vera Paz).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 494, part (Totonicapam, Quiche, and Chilasco, Guatemala). A[phelocoma] wnicolor Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 358, part (Guate- mala). Genus CYANOCITTA Strickland. Cyanocitta STRICKLAND, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xv, 1845, 261. (Type, Corvus cristatus Linnieus. ) Cyanogarrulus BoNAPARtTE, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1850, 83; Consp. Av., i, May 5, 1850, 376. (Type, Corvus cristatus Linnzeus. ) Lophocorax Kaur, Journ. fiir Orn., ii, Nov., 1854, p. lv. (Type, Corvus stelleri Gmelin. ) Rather small Garruline with the head conspicuously crested. Coloration.—U pper parts mainly blue, the secondaries and tail (some- times greater coverts also) barred with black; head black or varied with black; lower parts uniform blue, or whitish with a black collar across chest. Nidification.—Nest usually in trees (rarely in abandoned buildings), open above, rather bulky, composed of dry twigs, etc., lined with fine rootlets or similar materials, usually with plastering of mud between lining and outer portion. Eggs 3-6, light greenish, olive, or clay color, more or less speckled with deep olive, brown, lavender, ete. Range.—North America in general, including highlands of Mexico and Guatemala. “Type, no. 144685, coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey collection), adult male, San Cristobal, Chiapas, Sept. 24, 1895; Nelson and Goldman. > Three specimens, from San Cristobal, Chiapas. ¢ One specimen, from San Cristobal. 346 BULLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The possession of a conspicuous crest will readily serve to distin- guish members of this genus from any other American jays except Calocitta, which has the tail excessively elongated and graduated and the nostrils exposed; and certain species of the purely tropical genera Cissilopha, Cyanocorax, and Uroleuca, in all of which (as in Calocitta) the crest is very different in shape, and the size much greater. The relationships of Cyanocitta are decidedly with Aphelocoma and related American genera, and not with the Palearctic genus Garrulus, to which Cyanocitta bears some superficial resemblance. Garrulus has the bill much deeper and more compressed, with the gonys strongly convex; the tail much shorter than the wing and nearly even; the primaries much longer, more pointed, and rigid, and the style of col- oration very different. & KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECI2S OF CYANOCITTA. a. Under parts whitish (more brownish gray on breast and sides), interrupted by a black coHar across chest; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and rectrices broadly tipped with white. (Cyanocitta cristata. ) b. Larger and brighter colored (adult male averaging wing 131.6, tail 129.3, exposed culmen 25.1, tarsus 35); white terminal spot on outermost rectrix averaging 26.9 in length. (Eastern North America, except Florida. ) Cyanocitta cristata cristata (p. 347) bb. Smaller and duller in color (adult male averaging wing 126, tail 119.9, exposed culmen 24.4, tarsus 33.5) ; white terminal spot on outermost rectrix averaging 24.1 in length. (Peninsula of Florida. ).Cyanocitta cristata florincola (p. 350) aa. Under parts blue (sometimes dusky or sooty anteriorly); wing-coverts, second- aries, and rectrices without white tips. ( Cyanocitta stelleri. ) b. No white spot over eye. c. Head (including crest) and neck black or sooty black; back sooty slate color to sooty black; rump, upper tail-coverts, and posterior under parts dull cerulean blue to china blue. d. Larger (adult male averaging wing 156.2, tail 148.1); coloration darker, with the blue more purplish. (Queen Charlotte Islands and Prince of Wales Island, British Columbia.)........--- Cyanocitta stelleri carlotte (p. 354) dd. Smaller (adult male averaging not more than wing 151.5, tail 140); colora- tion less dark, with blue less purplish. e. Back and foreneck dark sooty to sooty slate-black, that of foreneck grad- ing more gradually into blue of under parts; forehead usually with few streaks of blue (sometimes with none); blue color darker; size slightly larger (adult male averaging wing 151.5, tail 188.6, exposed culmen 31, tarsus 46.5). (Coasts of Puget Sound northward to eastern shores of Cook Inlet, including Vancouver Island and other coast islands except Prince of Wales and Queen Charlotte group.) Cyanocitta stelleri stelleri (p. 351) ee. Back and foreneck slaty brown or brownish slate, that of foreneck more abruptly contrasted with blue of under parts; forehead more conspicu- ously streaked with blue; blue color lighter, more greenish; throat more extensively streaked with pale grayish; size slightly less (adult male averaging wing 150.5, tail 140, exposed culmen 27.7, tarsus 44.5). (Coast district from Monterey County, California, northward to the Columbia River: 0) 23.222 eases Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea (p. 354) «The area between the Columbia River and Puget Sound occupied by intergrades between this and C. s. stelleri. : BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 347 cc. Head (including crest) and neck grayish brown, the crest often tinged with blue; back light brownish grey or grayish brown; rump, upper tail-coverts, and posterior under parts light cerulean or turquoise blue. (Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino ranges of California and mountains of northern Lower California. ) « Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (p. 355) bb. A white or grayish white spot immediately above eye. c. Head and foreneck black (crest sometimes tinged with blue). d. Back brownish gray or sooty, without distinct blue tinge; crest very slightly, if at all, tinged with blue. e. Back dusky grayish brown, or sooty; superciliary spot smaller, or else more grayish; forehead streaked with light blue or else streaks obso- lete; blue of rump, etc., deeper. (More northern Rocky Mountains, from Wyoming, ? Utah,? Idaho, and eastern Washington northward. ) Cyanocitta stelleri annectens ()p. 397) ee. Back clear or light brownish gray or smoke gray, strongly contrasted with black of crest; superciliary spot larger, or else purer white; fore- head conspicuously streaked with bluish white; blue of rump, etc., paler. (More southern Rocky Mountains, from Colorado, ¢ and Utah ¢ to States of Zacatecas and northern Jalisco, west-central Mexico. ) Cyanocitta stelleri diademata (p. 358) dd. Back distinctly blue (dull blue or grayish blue); crest distinctly tinged with blue. (South-central Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Morelos, Mexico, and Michoacan. ) - - - -Cyanocitta stelleri azteca (p. 361) ee. Head and foreneck blue (sides of head more blackish). (Southern Mexico, in States of Hidalgo, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Colima, and Chiapas; Guatemala; Honduras.) -------------- Cyanocitta stelleri coronata (p. 362) CYANOCITTA CRISTATA CRISTATA (Linnzus). BLUE JAY. Adults (sexes alike). —Pileum (including crest), hindneck, back, scapu- lars, rump, upper tail-coyerts, and lesser and middle wing-coverts plain dull campanula blue or grayish violet-blue, the frontal feathers sometimes tipped with paler blue or bluish white; superciliary space, suborbital and malar regions, greater part of auricular region, chin, and throat very pale bluish gray; a loral patch (extending more or less broadly across base of forehead), narrow postocular streak, and a black collar beginning on nape (beneath crest) and extending thence downward across end of auricular region and along side of neck and connecting with a broader, somewhat crescentic patch across chest, black; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and rectrices rich cobalt or azure blue, broadly tipped with white (except middle pair of rectrices), and barred with black; primaries plain azure blue, paler on exterior quills, the portion beyond sinuated edge grayish; breast, sides, and flanks smoke gray or drab-gray (less brown in winter plumage), paler posteriorly; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts dusky blue; bill and feet black; iris brown. = as als Wal ee aIntergrading with C. s. carbonacea on east slope of Northern Coast Range and southern portion of Southern Coast Range. bIn winter only. ¢ Breeding. } 348 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young.—Remiges and rectrices as in adults, but white tips less sharply defined (sometimes tinged with grayish) and black bars usually narrower or less distinct; black markings of head and neck less dis- tinct, grayish black or dusky; pileum (including short crest) bluish gray; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and smaller wing- coverts dull grayish; greater wing-coverts without black bars. Adult male.—Length (skins), 247.5-295 (265.5); wing, 125-148 (131.5); tail, 120.5-147.5 (129); exposed culmen, 23-28 (25); depth of bill at nostrils, 8-10 (9.5); tarsus, 33-37 (35); middle toe, 19-22.5 (20.5); length of white patch on inner web of lateral tail-feather, 21.5-33.5 (27).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 242-279.5 (262.5); wing, 120-139 (129); tail, 117-130 (122.5); exposed culmen, at base, 8-10 (9); tarsus, 31.5-36.5 (34); middle toe, 18-21 (19.5); length of white patch on inner web of lateral tail-feather, 20-31.5 (26).? « Thirty-four specimens. > Kighteen specimens. 29-26 a ad (24); depth of bill Series from different parts of the country average as follows: Length | | Bx- | Of bill Middle| tip to. Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed | 2+ nog. | Tarsus. | “toe. ones | ee trils. most | rectrix. MALES. | | Five specimens from Massachusetts to | | Minnesota and northward .......-...- | 187.5 134.5 25.5 9.5 36.5 20.5 26 Nine specimens from Pennsylvania, | Maryland, District of Columbia, and WAP OINIA, coils crecetae swe hese sees 13 132 25 10 35 21 27.5 Nine specimens from southern Indiana AuiGaLimOis “22 7c cosest SNe eae est otce | 12055 4| 27 25 9.5 34 20.5 29 Ten specimens from Louisiana, Missis- | | SIppl,andAlabamarse ose -eeecesaaeeee | 128.5 | 126 24.5 10 35.5 20 25 One specimen from South Carolina | 134 133.5 25 10 35 21 27 (GAGIcem) i Ste ae ose ace Seticemeesc Secsce Two specimens from Texas...........-.- | 181 128 27.5 | 10 36.5 20 25.5 Eleven specimens from Florida (=C. | CHISLALOJLOTUILCOLG)) acta ea ysete sees eiae | 126 120 24.5 9 33.5 20 24 FEMALES. | Three specimens from Massachusetts, New York, and Minnesota ..........-- 134 127 24 S| 35 19.5 | 26 Five specimens from Pennsylvania and | | ale ab eee sas aWASE AAR eRe ea asagcc 131 122.5 24.5 9 33.5 18.5 27 Five specimens from southern Indiana and sWMOIS.: eee ane eae saeeiee aes 125 119.5 23.5 9 34 20.5 27 Three specimens from Louisiana and | MlapaMal Joss anccrehee sees eee see 125 ha 24 24.5 9 35. 5 19.5 23 Two specimens from Texas......-..-..-- 132 123 24.5 10 34 19 22.5 Five specimens from Florida (=C. cris- LQLOMLOTUN COLO) ae emer eee eee 121 113 , 24 9 33.5 18.5 | 21 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3849 Temperate eastern North America, except peninsula of Florida; north on Atlantic coast to Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick (resident), etc., in the interior to about latitude 52°, casually to 56°; west to eastern Assiniboia, eastern North and South Dakota, eastern half of Nebraska, eastern two-thirds of Kansas, eastern Oklahoma and eastern half (approximately) of Texas; south to the Gulf coast, except in Florida. [Corvus] cristatus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i,1758, 106 (based on the Blew Jay Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 13, pl. 138; The Blue Jay, Pica glandaria carolinensis cerulea, Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist. v, 60, pl. 289; Le Geay bleu, du Canada, Brisson, Orn. ii, 55; Buffon, Pl. Col., pl. 529); ed. 12, i, 1766, 157.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 369.—Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 158. Corvus cristatus Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 11, pl. 1, fig. 1.—Dovuanry, Cab. Nat. Hist., 1832, 62, pl. 6.—Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., iii, 1828, 58.—Nuira.1, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 224.—AupusBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 11; 1839, 475, pl. 102. Garrulus cristatus Vir1LLor, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xii, 1817, 477; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 890; Gal. Ois., 1834, 160, pl. 102. Be aneos and RIcHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 293.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 154; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 110, pl. 231.—Maxininian, Journ. flr Orn., 1858, 192 (Indiana; Missouri).—-ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 62.—Trrippp, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 177 (Minnesota, resident). P{ica] cristata WaGurr, Syst. Av., 1827, Pica, sp. 8. Cyanurus cristatus Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 495.—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 580.—Dressrr, Ibis, 1865, 494 (s. Texas).—Covuks, Check List, 1873, no. 234, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 214; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., iv, 1878, 607 (Pembina, North Dakota).—McCues- nEY, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 80 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota). [Cyanurus] cristatus Gray, Hand- list, ii, 1870, 3, no. 6085.—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 165, part. Cyanura cristata Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 434.—Buaxriston, Ibis, 1862, 8 (Forks of Saskatchewan ).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 273, part, pl. 42, fig. 8.—A.LiEn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 138 (Fort Hays, w. Kansas, abundant), 178 (e. Kansas). C[yanura] cristata Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 112 (n. e. Illinois, abt. resid. ). Cyanocorax cristatus BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27.—WoopHovussp, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufi and Col. R., 1853, 77 (Indian Territory; Texas). C[yanocorax] cristatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 307. Cyanocitta cristata StRICKLAND, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xv, 1845, 261.—ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 142.—Lawrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 289 (vie. New York City).—Suarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 107 (Toronto, Ontario; Ann Arbor, Michigan; 49th Parallel).—Covrs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 98; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 349.—Ripeaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 289, part; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 335.—CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. N. H. Soe. New Bruns., i, 1882, 43 (New Brunswick, resid. ).—Nrnr- LING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 168 (s. e. Texas, breeding); Our Native Birds, ete., ii, 1896, 317, pl. 17, fig. 1.—Oarmy, Scient. Proc. Roy. Dubl. 350 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Soe., iii, 1882, 50 (Navarro Co., n. e. Texas, resident; habits).—AGERSBORG, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota, resid. ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 477.—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 321 (w. Manitoba, summer).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 157 (dates, etc. ).—Has- Brouck, Auk, vi, 1889, 239 (Eastland Co., Texas).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 565 (localities in Manitoba).—Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 377 (w. to beyond mid. of State).—Dwicut, Auk, x, 1893, 10 (Prince Edwards I.).—Nurrine, Bull. Labr. N. H. Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 273 (near Chemawawin, lower Saskatchewan).—Benprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 356, pl. 5, figs. 5, 6 (eggs).—Brat, Yearbook U. 8. Dept. Agric. for 1896, 197-206, fig. 40 (food, etc. ).—Kennarp, Auk, xv, 1898, 269 (nesting ).— Deane, Auk, xvi, 1899, 182 (habits).—Morre.1, Auk, xvi, 1899, 251 (Cum- berland Co., Nova Scotia, frequent).—FLemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 40 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. w. Ontario, resident).—Crawrorp, Proc. Nebr. Orn. Un., sec. ann. meeting, 1901, 77 (Sioux Co., w. Nebraska, May).—GRAVEs, Proc. Nekr. Orn. Un., sec. ann. meeting, 1901, 84 (Valentine, w. Nebraska, Sept. ).-Cousraux, Ottawa, Nat., 1900, 29 (s. Saskatchewan, resident).— Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 271, part. C[yanocitta] cristata CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 221.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 421.—Rrpeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 358. [ Cyanogarrulus] cristatus BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 376. Cyanocitta cristata florincola (not of Coues) AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 477a, part (Gulf coast to Texas).—BrcKHAM, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 669 (Leon Springs, San Antonio, and Corpus Christi, Texas); Auk, v, 1888, 112 (Leon Springs; San Antonio).—ALLEN, Auk, v, 1888, 324 (Mandeville, Louisiana).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 361, part (Louisiana; Texas). ’ C[yanocitta] cristata florincola Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 353, part (Gulf coast to Texas). CYANOCITTA CRISTATA FLORINCOLA Coues. FLORIDA BLUE JAY. Similar to C. ¢. cristata, but smaller, and coloration averaging paler and duller, with white tips to greater wing-coverts, secondaries and rectrices smaller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 244-255 (253.5); wing, 119.5-136 (126); tail, 114.5-125.5 (120); exposed culmen, 23.5-26 (24.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 9-9.5 (9); tarsus, 31.5-35 (33.5); middle toe, 18-22 (20); length of white spot on inner web of lateral tail-feather, 20.5- 29 (24).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 241.5-249 (244); wing, 117.5-127 (121); tail, 108-117 (113.5); exposed culmen, 23-25.5 (24); depth of bill at nostrils, 8-9.5 (9); tarsus, 32-84.5 (33.5); middle toe, 17-19.5 (18.5); length of white spot on inner web of lateral tail-feather, 19.5— 25.5 (21).? « Kleven specimens, » Five specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3 Peninsula of Florida.“ ae cristatus (not Corvus cristatus Linnzeus) ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., , 1871, 297 (e. Florida; crit.; measurements ).—CovEs, Check List, 2d ed., 1860, no. 234, part.—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 162, part. [Cyanurus] cristatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 165, part. Cyanura cristata Merrtam, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 87 (St. Johns R. and Okahum- kee, Florida; crit. ). Cyanocitta cristata Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 289, part.—BarLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. §., 1902, 271, part (Florida). C[yanocitta] cristata] florincola Cours, key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 421 (Florida). Cyanocitta cristata florincola AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 477a; 2d ed., 1895, no. 477a, part. —CHapMman, Auk, v, 1888, 272 (Gaines- ville, Florida).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 319 (Tarpon Springs, Florida; not at Punta Rassa nor Key West).—Bernprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 361, part, pl. 5, figs. 7, 8 (eggs). inarontia| eect florincola Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 353; 2d ed., 1896, 353, part. CYANOCITTA STELLERI STELLERI (Gmelin). STELLER’S JAY, Adult male.—Head (including crest), neck, and upper portion of chest, plain black or sooty black, the forehead usually more or less streaked with blue (cerulean or azure) and chin and upper throat usually more or less streaked with pale grayish; back and scapulars plain dark sooty brown (less brown or more slaty in fresh plumage); rump and under parts posterior to chest blue, varying from greenish blue (china blue) to a less greenish hue, the upper tail-coverts similar, but brighter (almost cerulean blue); wing-coverts and primaries dull cerulean or sevres blue, the greater coverts usually with narrow (some- times indistinct) bars of black; secondaries deep cobalt or dull ultra- marine blue, with four to six innermost ones (including tertials) marked with sharply defined (usually very distinct) curved bars of black; tail dull cobalt blue, with terminal portion usually distinctly barred with black and with indications of bars farther toward base; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown; length (skins), 282-317 (300.2); wing, 144—160.5 (151.5); tail, 133-150 (138.6); exposed culmen, 27.5-32 (31); tarsus, 44.5-50.5 (46.5); middle toe, 22.5-26 (24.7).? Adult female.—Similar to the male and often quite undistinguish- able, but usually slightly smaller, with black bars on secondaries and «Tt is ae difficult to aaa, ite line ae between this re and C. c. cristata, for the reason that, as in similar cases, there is a gradual transition between the extremes. After carefully examining, comparing, and measuring a very large series, however, it seems that there is upon the whole more difference between Florida specimens and those from other Southern States than between the latter and northern examples. This is no less true of coloration than of size. (See average measurements under (. cristata, on page 348, footnote. ) Twelve specimens, 352 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tail less distinct, sometimes obsolete; length (skins), 280-313 (301.8); wing, 142.5-157 (149.1); tail, 128.5-147 (137.4); exposed culmen, 27.5- 81 (30); tarsus, 44-47.5 (45.8); middle toe, 22.5-25.5 (24.1).¢ Young.—Wings and tail as in adults, but the blue usually more greenish (china blue to cerulean blue) and usually (7) without dis- tinct black bars on secondaries or rectrices; under parts, rump, and and upper tail-coverts dull slate-grayish, the former becoming darker and more sooty anteriorly; head and neck plain sooty or dark sooty slate, the forehead without any blue streaks. Coniferous forests of northern Pacific coast district, from shores of Puget Sound northward to eastern shores of Cook Inlet, including Vancouver Island and other coast islands, except Prince of Wales island and the Queen Charlotte group. [Corvus] stelleri Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 370 (Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island; based on Steller’s Crow ieee Gen. Synop. Birds, i, 389; Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, pt. 1, 249).—LatxHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 158. Corvus stelleri Pauuas, Zool. Rosso-Asiat., 1, 1826, 393, pl. 17 (promontory of St. Elias, Alaska).—BoNAPARTE, Zool. JOUFNe, lip 27 49" AMM sliy.cauNe ver ili, 1828, 483; Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 44, pl. 13, fig. 1.—Nurrauit, Man. Orn. WS) and: Canes 1 l832229) Garrulus stelleri rcereon! Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xii, 1817, 481; Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 893.—Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 294, part (not pl. 54, which=C. s. annectens).—SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pave Bas, Coraces, 1867, 62 (Sitka; Nootka Sound). P{ica] stelleri Wacurr, Syst. Nat., 1827, Pica, sp. 10; Isis, 1839, 750. [ Cyanurus] stelleri Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 495. Cyanurus stélleri Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 235, part. [ ¢ ese! stellerii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, ee 165, Pere “Ten specimens. Specimens from Vancouver Island, Sitka, and Kenai peninsula compare in average measurements as follows: Ex- ee Locality. Wing. | Tail.-| posed | Tarsus. Middle culmen. : MALES | | | | Four adult males from Vancouver Island.........-.-...--- 153.3 | 141.1 30.8 48.1 24.4 Sixvadulitimaleskinomisivkatescs-sss-eeer eet reetaerneeaes 150 137.4 29.4 45.8 24.8 Six adult males from Kenai peninsula (west side)......... 154.1 | 1389.4 30.6 44.2 25 FEMALES. | Three adult females from Vancouver Island...........-.--- | 147 137.3 28.8 47 | 24.7 Four adult females from: Sitkas— 3-22... 2.2 -b2c- cece-eee 151 SS? 9 foe 46 | 24 Three adult females from Kenai peninsula (west side)....) 151.3 | 187.2 30 43.8 | 25 | } | The series from Cook Inlet, on which Mr. Chapman’s C. s. borealis was based, are in very fresh fall plumage and therefore distinctly darker and more slaty in color of back, ete., and slightly richer blue than specimens taken at other seasons, which greatly predominate in collections. Compared with specimens from Vancouver Island and other more southern localities taken at the same season they are, how- ever, nowise different, so far as I am able to discern. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ado Cyanura stelleri Barro, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 581, part (Alaska; Cape Flattery, Straits of Fuca, Fort Steilacoom, and Fort Vancouver, Washington; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 435, part.—Cooprr and SucKLey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 214, part (Washington ).—Lorp, Proe. Roy. Art. Inst., iv, 1864, 122 (British Columbia) ; Naturalist in Van- couver, ii, 1866, 73.—Dauu and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 286 (Sitka, Alaska; British Columbia).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 298, part (description).—Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., v, 1873, 43 (crit.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 277, part, pl. 39, fig. 1.—Finscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 271 (Portage Bay, Alaska). Cyanura stelleri var. stelleri Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., vy, Jan., 1873, 41, footnote. Cyanocorax stelleri BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27.—Frysca, Abh. Nat. Verh. Brem., iii, 1872, 40 (Sitka). C[yanocorax] stelleri Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 307. [ Cyanura stelleri] var. stelleri Baird, Brewrr, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 272, part. [Cyanurus stelleri var. macrolophus] a. stelleri Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 214, part (synonymy ). Cyanocitta stelleri SrRicKLAND, Ann. Nat. Hist., xv, 1845, 261.—Nrwserry, Rep. ‘Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1857, 85, part (Puget Sound).—S#arpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 108, part (Sitka; San Juan de Fuca; Saturna I., British Columbia @).—Covgs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vy, Apr., 1880, 98; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 350, part.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 290, part.—BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 161 (Sitka, Baranoff I., and Port Althorp, Alaska).—AmeErican OrniTHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 478, part.—NeEtson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 163 (Sitka; Kuskokwim R. ?).—Benprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 362, part.— NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 321, part.—Grinneti (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, 128 (Sitka).—Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 77 (Graham Harbor, Cook Inlet).—Rarupun (8. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 136 (Seattle, Washington, resident).—Bartry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.8., 1902, 272, part. C[yanocitta] stelleri Capants, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 221 (‘‘ Kamtschatka’’).— Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 421, part.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 353, part. Cyanocitta stelleri stelleri FisHer (W. K.), Condor, iv, Mar., 1902, 42, 43 (description; crit.; geog. range). [ Cyanogarrulus] stelleri BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 377. [| Lophocorax] stelleri Kaur, Journ. fiir Orn., ii, Nov., 1854, p. lv. (?) Garrulus melanogaster Vireriior, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 891 (no locality given). (?) Pica] cyanochlora W acurr, Syst. Av., 1827, Pica, sp. 9 (‘‘ Nova Caledonia” ). Cyanocitta stelleri litoralis Maynarp, Ornithologist and Oologist, Apr., 1889, 95 (Vancouver J., British Columbia). Cyanocitta stelleri littoralis CHAPMAN, Auk, vii, 1890, 91 (crit. ). Cyanocitta stelleri borealis CHarMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xvi, Aug. 8, 1902, 240 (Homer, Cook Inlet, Alaska; coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. ). ea ae 5A eg a ee er BE “Dr. Sharpe has inadvertantly transposed the respective ranges of the present species and C. cristata. Of C. stelleri he says: ‘‘Hab. Eastern North America, west to the Missouri, northeastern Texas, north to the Red River and Moose Factory ( Ridgway),”’ which is the range assigned to C. cristata by the authors of the History of North American Birds (ii, p. 273). The range of C. cristata is given by Dr. Sharpe as ‘‘North America,’’ whereas it is strictly confined to the Atlantic water- shed of the continent. 10384—voL 3—03 23 354 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CYANOCITTA STELLERI CARLOTTZ Osgood. OSGOOD’S JAY. Similar to C. s. stellerz, but larger and decidedly darker, the blue of a more violet hue (dull cyanine or approaching hyacinth blue on secondaries and rectrices, the rump, upper tail-coverts and posterior under parts dull antwerp blue), the back and foreneck slightly sooty slate-black (decidedly less brown than in C. s. steller?). Adult male.—ULength (skins), 310-322 (817.2) wing, 155.5-161 156.2); exposed culmen, 29-32 (30.4); tarsus, 46.5-49.5 (48); middle toe, 26-28 (27.1).¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 324; wing, 162; tail, 152.5; exposed culmen, 30.5; tarsus, 48; middle toe, 28.? Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia; also southern portion (at least) of Prince of Wales Island (Howkan), Cyanocitta stelleri carlotte Oscoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 21, Sept., 1901, 46 (Cumshewa Inlet, Moresby I., Queen Charlotte group, British Columbia; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—American ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, xix, 1902, 321 (Check List no., 478d).—FisHer (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 41, 42, 43 (crit.; geog. range). CYANOCITTA STELLERI CARBONACEA Grinnell. GRINNELL’S JAY. Similar to C. s. stelleri, but paler throughout, and averaging slightly smaller; color of head very nearly as in C. s. stelleri, but averaging browner or more sooty, the forehead always conspicuously streaked with blue, and throat more extensively or uniformly pale grayish; back and foreneck much paler, slaty brown or brownish slate, instead of deep sooty; blue of rump, upper tail-coverts, and under parts of body light dull cerulean or verditer blue, advancing more over chest, where more abruptly defined against the sooty or brownish slate color of foreneck. Adult male.—Length (skins), 275-317 (280.8); wing, 140.5-158 (150.5); tail, 184-146 (140); exposed culmen, 27-31.5 (29.1); tarsus, 42-46 (44.5); middle toe, 22.5-25 (23.8).°¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 254-290 (276); wing, 136-147 (143); tail, 125-138 (131); exposed culmen, 25-29.5 (27.7); tarsus, 39-45 (42.7); middle toe, 22-25 (23.7).2 Coast district of California and Oregon, from Monterey County, California, to the Columbia River.‘ « Four specimens, from Skidegate and Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Islands. >One specimen, from Howkan, Prince of Wales Island. ¢ Nine specimens. @Ten specimens. ¢Intergrading with C. s. frontalis in the district between Monterey County and the San Bernardino Mountains, and from the eastern slope of the northern Coast Range to Trinity Mountains and Mount Shasta; intergrading with C. s. sfelleri in the district between the lower Columbia River and Puget Sound. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 355 Corvus stelleri (not of Gmelin) Nurrati, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 229 (Columbia R.).—Avupuson, Orn. Biog., iy, 1838, 453, pl. 362, fig. 2 (Colum- bia R.). Garrulus stelleri (not of Vieillot) AvpuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 153. [Cyanurus] stelleri Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6088 (California).—Covgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 165, part. Cyanura stelleri Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 581, part (Columbia R.; Fort Dallas, Cascade Mts., and Willamette Valley, Oregon; Petaluma, San Francisco Co., Redwoods, and Monterey, California ).—Cooprr and Suck.ey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 214, part (Oregon ).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 298, part; Proc. Cal. Ac. Sei., 1875, 10 (Monterey, California).— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 277, part. [Cyanura stelleri] var. stelleri BAtrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, li, 1874, 272, part. [Cyanurus stellert var. macrolophus] a. stelleri Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 214, part (synonymy). Cyanocitta stelleri (not of Strickland) Newserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1857, 85, part (northern California; Oregon).—(?) SHarpsx, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ii, 1877, 108, part (California).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 350, part.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 290, part.—Amert- cAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 478, part.—TowNnsenp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 211 (Humboldt Co., California).—FisHEr (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 68 (Monterey and San Francisco, California).—Bernprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 362, part, pl. 5, fig. 9 (eggs).—NeEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 321, part.— Antuony, Auk, ili, 1886, 166 (Washington Co., Oregon ).—Merriut, Auk, v, 1888, 261 (Fort Klamath, Oregon).—BrewsrEr, Auk, v, 1888, 261 (Fort Klamath, crit.).—Brxtprxc, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 109 (n. coast California).—BarLry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S8., 1902, 272, part. Clyanocitta] stelleri Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 421, part.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 353, part. Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (not Cyanura stelleri var. frontalis Ridgway) Mrarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, Oct., 1879, 194 (Ft. Klamath, Oregon ).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 365, part, pl. 5, fig. 10 (Santa Cruz, Cali- fornia). Cyanocitta s{telleri] frontalis Matiu1arp, Condor, ii, 1900, 64 (Marin Co., Cali- fornia). Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea GRINNELL (J.), Condor, ii, Nov., 1900, 127 (Stevens Creek Canyon, Santa Clara Co.. California; coll. J. Grinnell).—Bartrow, Condor, ii, 1900, 132 (Los Gatos, Santa Clara Co., California).—ALLEN, Auk, xviii, 1901, 174 (republication of orig. deseription).—Fisner (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 41, 44 (crit.; geog. range).—Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 273, footnote. CYANOCITTA STELLERI FRONTALIS Ridgway. SIERRA NEVADA JAY. Similar to C. s. carbonacea, but much lighter colored, and average size decidedly less; head, neck, and upper chest deep hair brown (varying to rather dark grayish brown), the pileum (including crest) darker brown and often extensively tinged with blue; forehead usually more extensively streaked with blue; back and scapulars hair brown, broe- coli brown, or drab; rump, upper tail-coyerts, and under parts of body 356 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. light cerulean or turquoise blue, the secondaries and tail, however, nearly as deep blue as in (C. s. stellert. Young much paler and browner than that of C. s. stelleri. Adult male.—Length (skins), 284.5-297 (291); wing, 144-149.5 (146.5); tail, 133.5-139.5 (136); exposed culmen, 27.5—-30.5 (29.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 9.5-10 (9.9); tarsus, 41-44.5 (42); middle toe, 23-25 (24). Adult female.—Length (skins), 256-292 (284); wing, 1386-145 (140.5); exposed culmen, 25.5-27.5 (26); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.5-9 (8.9); tarsus, 38-41 (40.5); middle toe, 23-23.5 (23.1).? Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino ranges and mountains of northern Lower California (San Pedro Martir Mountains). (Intergrading with C. s. carbonata in southern portion of southern Coast Range and on eastern slope of northern Coast Range.) Cyanocorax stelleri (not Corvus stelleri Gmelin) GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 201, part (California). Cyanura stelleri Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 581, part (Fort Tejon, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 435, part.—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. vi, 1859, 55 (Warner’s Ranch, ete., California).— Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).— FermiNer, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 427 (Fort Crook, n. e. California; habits).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 165, part. Cyanurus stelleri NELtson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 360 (Nevada, Cali- fornia). Cyanocitta stelleri GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 45, part (California).—Nerwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 85, part (California ).—SHArpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 108, part (California). (2?) Garrulus coronatus (not of Swainson) ScHLEeGeL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 63, part (California). Cyanura stelleri var. frontalis Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., v, Jan., 1873, 41, 43 (Sierra Nevada, near Carson City; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 37 (Carson City).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 279, pl. 39, fig. 2.—Brnpire, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., 1877, 126 (California; descr. eggs). Cyanura stellert . . . var. frontalis Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 235).—HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 252 (Tejon Mts., Walkers Basin, Mount Whitney, and near Kernyille, s. California) . Cyanura stelleri frontalis RripGway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 173 (Sierra Nevada). Clyanura] stelleri frontalis Hensnaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Survy., 1879, 307 (e. slope Sierra Nevada; crit.; descr. young). [Cyanurus stelleri var. macrolophus] b. frontalis Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 215 (synonymy) . Cyanura stelleri . . . £. frontalis Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 523 (Sierra Nevada; habits, ete. ). Cyanura var. frontalis HensHaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1877, 1305 (e. slope Sierra Nevada). Cyanura frontalis Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 319, 333, 536, 347, 388. [ Cyanocitta] stelleri var. frontalis BoucArp, Catalogus Avium, 1876, 279, no. 8732 (California ). 4 Four specimens. > Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 357 Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis Rrpaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 184, 218; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 290a.—Couxs, 3ull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 98; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 353.—Goss, Auk, ii, 1885, 217 (descr. nest and eggs).—AMERICAN OrnirHoLoaists’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 478a.—EverMANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 181 (Ventura Co., California).—TownsEnD, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 211 (Mount Shasta, California).—Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no, 2, 1887, 46 (Bear Valley, San Bernardino Co., California). —Emerson, Bull. 7, Cal. Ac. Sci., 1887, 422 (Volcano Mts., San Diego Co., California, resident ).—Fisuer, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 69 (Owens Lake, Walkers Basin, etc., California ).— Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 365, pl. 5, fig. 10 (egg).—GRIN- NELL (J.), Pasadena Ac. Sei., Pub. ii, 1898, 31 (Los Angeles Co., California, breeding).—Fisner (W. K.), Condor, ii, 1900, 137 (Mount St. Helena, Napa Co., California); iv, 1902, 41, 42 (crit.; geog. range). C[yanocitta] s{telleri] frontalis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 422.— Bariry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 273. C[yanocitta] stelleri frontalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 354. Cyanocitta frontalis Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, Mar. 20, 1879, 391 (Cala- veras Co., California). Cyanocitta stelleri, 8. frontalis Rrpaway, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, Mar. 21, 1879, 422 (breeding in pine belt of Calaveras Co. from 3,000 ft. up; a few winter in Sacramento Valley). CYANOCITTA STELLERI ANNECTENS Baird. BLACK-HEADED JAY. Similar to C. s. stelleri, but with a distinct (though sometimes small) elongated spot of grayish white immediately above the eye; streaks on forehead (if present) paler blue or bluish white; chin and upper throat more conspicuously streaked (the streaks grayish white rather than gray); back and seapulars rather paler and grayer, and the blue of rump, upper tail-coverts, and under parts of body paler and greener (nearly verditer or china blue). Adult male.—Length (skins), 292-305 (297); wing, 147-164.5 (154); tail, 141-159.5 (148); exposed culmen, 25.5-28 (26.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.5-10 (9.5); tarsus, 42-43.2 (42.9); middle toe, 23-25.5 (24).“ Adult female.—Length (skins), 294.5-305 (299); wing, 147.5-150 (148.5); tail, 139-145 (143); exposed culmen, 25-27.5 (26); depth of bill at nostrils, 9-10 (9.5); tarsus, 41-48.5 (42.5); middle toe, 23-25 (24).2 Eastern British Columbia and more northern Rocky Mountains in general, south to eastern Oregon (Camp Harney), eastern Washington (Walla Walla, ete.), Idaho, Utah (Provo, November 30), Wyoming (Shoshone Lake, September 7); accidentally to western Nebraska (Sioux Co., 1 spee., April, 1891). Garrulus stelleri (not Corvus stelleri Gmelin) Swainson and RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 294, part, pl. 54 (headwaters Columbia R. ). bs ’ ? ’ ? Cyanura stelleri Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 581, part (St. Marys Mission, Idaho): Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 435, part.—Brnprre, Proc. ? , ? ? ? ’ Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 126 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; descr. nest and eggs). «Five specimens. b Four specimens. 358 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cyanura macrolopha (not of Baird) Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 688 (Teton Canyon, Idaho; Shoshone Lake, Wyoming). Cyanurus stelleri . . . var. macrolopha Yarrow and Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’sSury. 1872 (1874), 20( Provo, Utah, Nov. 30).—HensnHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 335, part (spec. from Provo Canyon, Utah, Noy. 30. [ Cyanura stelleri] var. annectens Barrp, in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway’s Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 281, in text (Hell Gate, Montana; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). Cyanocitta stelleri annectens Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ui, Aug. 24, 1880, 184, 218; Nom. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 290); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 229 (Fort Walla Walla, Washington; crit. ).—Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 351.—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNton CommiTrer, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 11 (no. 478c); Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 478c.—CHaApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890 141, (high mts. int. British Columbia; crit.).—Fannry, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 32 (e. side Cascades; Rocky Mt. district).— Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 99 (Salmon R. Mts., Teton Basin, etc., Idaho).—RuHoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, 45, 63 (int. British Columbia).—RicumMonp and Know tron, Auk, xi, 1894, 304 (Gallatin Basin, Montana, 9,000 ft.).—Brnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 369.— Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 177 (Okanogan Co., e. Washington ).—MERRILL, Auk, xiv, 1897, 356 (Fort Sherman, n. w. Idaho).—Brunrr, Rep. Nebr. Hort. Soc. for 1896 (1898), 118 (Sioux Co., w. Nebraska, 1 spec., Apr., 1891).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (British Columbia, 40 miles from coast) .—FisHER (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 41, 44 (crit.; geog. range). C[yanocitta] s{telleri] annectens Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 422.— Battery (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 275. Clyanocitta] stelleri annectens Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 354. CYANOCITTA STELLERI DIADEMATA (Bonaparte). LONG-CRESTED JAY. Similar to C. s. annectens, but lighter colored, with white super- ciliary patch much larger (or else purer white), forehead more con- spicuously streaked with bluish white, greater wing-coverts distinctly barred with black, and the deep black crest very strongly contrasted with the clear brownish gray (nearly mouse gray) of the back and scapulars; rump, upper tail-coverts, and under parts of body light glaucous-blue. Adult male.—Length (skins), 287-305 (296); wing, 148-159.5 (153.5); tail, 182.5-153 (149.5); exposed culmen, 27.5-29.5 (28.5); depth of bill at nostrils, 8-10 (9.5); tarsus, 41.5-45 (43.5); middle toe, 22.5-25.5 (24.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 279.5-297 (295.5); wing, 136.5-153 (145); tail, 122-141.5 (131); exposed culmen, 25.5—27.5 (26.5); depth of billat nostrils, 8-10 (9); tarsus, 40.5-48.5 (42); middle toe, 21.5-24 (28).? Rocky Mountain district of United States and Sierra Madre of north- western Mexico; north to northeastern Utah (Wasatch and Uintah mountains) and southern Wyoming; west to Wasatch range and higher mountains of Arizona; east to Colorado and New Mexico; south through Mexican states of eastern Sonora and Sinaloa and western Chihuahua @ Hight specimens. » Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 359 and Durango to northern Jalisco (Bolafos), Territory of Tepic (Santa Teresa), and Zacatecas (Plateado, Valparaiso Mountains, etc.).@ Oyanocitta stelleri (not Corvus stelleri Gmelin) GAmpBet, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 45, part (Rocky Mts.).—Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 20 (Santa Catalina and Pinal mountains, Arizona). Cyanocorax stelleri (not of Bonaparte) GAmBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 201, part (Rocky Mts.).—McCatt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 216 (New Mexico).—Woopnovsg, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 77 (New Mexico). Cyanura stelleri Cours, Ibis, 1865, 159, in text (Raton Mts., New Mexico). Cyanurus stelleri Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 94 (Twin Lakes, Colorado). CLyanogarrulus] diadematus Bonararrr, Consp. Av., 1, May 6, 1850, 377 (Zaca- tecas, w. centr. Mexico; coll. Darmstadt Mus. ). [ Lophocorax] diadematus Kaur, Journ. ftir Orn., ii, Noy., 1854, p. ly. Cyanocitta diademata Satvrxn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 490, part (Zacatecas; not description, which =C. s. azteca Ridgway). «Four specimens from Durango (Cerro Prieto) and the above-mentioned localities in Zacatecas and northern Jalisco are decidedly smaller than more northern examples, and are appreciably though not distinctly different in color. Instead of showing an approach in the latter respect to C. s. azteca or C. s. coronata, as might reasonably be expected from geographical considerations, exactly the reverse is the case, the dis- tinctive features of the macrolopha type reaching their maximum development in this series. The differences from typical examples of C. s. macrolopha, while appreciable, are, however, of such a character that I would not, without more ample material, favor the subspecific separation of these southern birds. The average maximum and minimum measurements of this series and of a series from the United States are given herewith: | x ie Depth | oe : Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Of Di! | Tarsus, | Middle culmen,| 2t 2OSs- toe, | | trils. AVERAGE, MALES. Fight specimens from United States..........---- 158.5 | 142.5 28.5 9.5 | 43.5 24.5 Two specimens from Durango and Zacatecas.....) 147.5 | 185 25.5 9.5 43 22 AVERAGE, FEMALES. . Seven specimens from United States..........---- | 145 131 26.5 9 42 23 Two specimens from Zacatecas and northern { TASTES Or}. 5 Ia as en oe ee 136 127.5 23.5 8 38 20.5 MAXIMUM, MALES. Eight specimens from United States .....-.-.-..-- 159.5 | 153 29 10 45 25.5 Two specimens from Durango and Zacatecas -...- 151 | 189.5 26 10 43 22.5 MAXIMUM, FEMALES. Seven specimens from United States..........---- 153 141.5 27.5 10 43.5 24 Two specimens from Zacatecas and northern SPORE CEE ne cer a ge A eA oe op nee 139.5 131.5 24 8 39 20.5 MINIMUM, MALES. Eight specimens from United States ...........--- 148 131 27.5 8 41.5 22.5 Two specimens from Durango and Zacatecas ...-- 143 130 25 9 12.5 21 MINIMUM, FEMALES. Seven specimens from United States..........---- 186.5 | 122 25.5 8 40.5 21.5 Two specimens from Durango and Zacatecas -...- 132 124 23 8 36.5 20.5 ED 360 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. C[yanocitta] s[telleri] diademata Rivaway, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 256, in text.— Baiiey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.8., 1902, 273. Cyanocitta stelleri diademata AvERICAN OrNrTHOLOGISTS’ Unton Commitrer, Auk, xviii, 1901, 302 —Oxsernotser, Auk, xix, 1902, 300 (Davis and Guadalupe mountains, w. Texas). Cyanocorax coronatus (not Garrulus coronatus Swainson) Barrp, in Stansbury’s Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Texas). Cyanocitta macrolopha Barrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, June, 1854, 118 (100 miles w. of Albuquerque, New Mexico; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ).—KENNERLY, Rep. Pacifie R. R. Sury., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 10, 11 (100 miles w. Albuquerque, New Mexico, ete.).—SciaTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 143 (n. Mexico).— Sarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 110 (Colorado).—Ripeway, Field and Forest, 1877, 208 (Colorado).—Satvrin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 489 (Ciudad, Durango, Mexico). [Cyanocitta] macrolopha Scuater and Sarvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1878, 39 (n. Mexico). Cyanura macrolophus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 582, part (Lara- mie Peak, Wyoming; Fort Massachusetts, Fort Thorn, and 100 miles w. of Albuquerque, New Mexico; Camp 105), 925 (Cant. Burgwyn, New Mexico); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 436.—KeEnneRLy, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 32 (100 miles w. Albuquerque, ete., New Mexico ).—Exiror, New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, i, 1869, pl. 17.—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 300 (Arizona, etc. ).—AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 205 (e. Colorado). Cyanura macrolopha Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 92 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, resident; habits; crit.); Am. Nat., v, 1871, 770 (biography ).— Srrvenson, Prelim. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sury. for 1870 (1871), 465 (Green R., Wyoming).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 39, fig. 3. [ Cyanurus] macrolophus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6087. Cyanura stelleri var. macrolopha AvimNn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 163, 169, 178 (Colorado; Wyoming; Utah).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 281. Cyanura stelleri . . . var. macrolopha Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 184 (Colorado).—Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1873 (1874), 84 (Georgetown, Fort Garland, etc., Colorado), 123 (Apache, Gila R., ete., Arizona; habits). [Cyanurus stellerii.] Var. macrolophus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 165. Cyanurus stelleri . . . var. macrolopha Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 235a.—HEN- sHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 335 (localities in Utah, Colorado, and Arizona; habits). Cyanurus stelleri var. macrolophus ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ili, July, 1872, 150 (e. Colorado).—Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 214, excl. syn. part. Cyanura stelleri . . . var. macrolophus HexsHaw, Annot. List Birds Utah, 1874, 7. [ Cyanurus stelleri var. macrolophus] ¢. macrolophus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 215 (synonymy). C[yanura] stelleri macrolopha Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 174 (Rocky Mts. ). : Cyanura stelleri macrolopha Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 33 (Wa- satch Mts., Utah). Cyanura coronata var. macrolopha Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., v, Jan., 1873, 41. Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 98; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 352.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 290c.—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 1389 (San Juan Co., Colo- rado, breeding).—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 201 (Chirica- BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3861 hua Mts., Arizona; habits).—Amrrican OrniTHovoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 478b.—Mrarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 256 (Mogollon and San Francisco mountains, Arizona).—Merrriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 39 (Grand Canyon of the Colorado), 94 (San Francisco Mts. ).—Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 781 (mountains s. of Nogales, Sonora).—ALven, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 37 (1 Pinita, n. e. Sonora).—Brnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii 1895, 367, pl. 5, figs. 11, 12 (eggs). PRcaannnt aielert macrolopha Gone, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 422. Cl yanocitta] stelleri macrolopha Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 354. CYANOCITTA STELLERI AZTECA Ridgway. AZTEC JAY. Similar to C. s. diademata, but neck, back, and scapulars dull blue instead of brownish gray, crest more or less tinged or washed with blue, and the general blue color much deeper (rump, upper tail-coverts, and under parts of body azure blue instead of pale blue or light tur- quoise blue, the wing-coverts, secondaries, and tail dull paris blue instead of dull cobalt); str ah on forehead more tinged with blue. Adult male.—Length (skins), 279.5-294.5 (284.5); wing, 143.5-152 (149); tail, 139.5-149.5 (143.5); exposed culmen, 25-28 (26); depth of bill at neacrls 9.5-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 40.5-44.5 (42.5); middle toe, 23-24 (23.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 279.5-292 (281); wing, 137.5-148 (142); tail, 134-139 (137); exposed culmen, 23.5-25.5 (25); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.9-9.6 (9.4); tarsus, 41-45 (42.5); middle toe, 22.5- 23.5 (23).° South-central Mexico, in the States of Vera Cruz (Orizaba, Mira- dor), Puebla (Hacienda de San Pedro and Tochimilco), Morelos (Tetela del Volcan), Mexico (Popocatapetl, Iztacciahuatl, Ajusco, Valley of Mexico, ete.), and Michoacan (Patzcuaro).° @ Hight specimens. » Five specimens. ¢Specimens from Patzcuaro, Michoacan, are somewhat different from examples representing the other localities mentioned above, being slightly deeper in color, with the crest more strongly washed with blue. They also average slightly smaller. They show an approach toward C. s. coronata, which is the form of the adjacent States of Colima and Guerrero, but are dec idedly, nearer the present form. Speci- mens average in measurements as follows: Ex- | Depth Hea Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | by er Tarsus. | mde | culmen.| frills: Eee ————————— : -|——_|—__|- ah pS ADULT MALES. | | i | Four specimens from State of Mexico (Popocata- BEER eat. ete ANS oe 151 144.5 | - 27 10 | 425] 23.5 Four specimens from State of Michoacan (Patz- RA PEOCH Re rept A Ye et one on owen 147 143 25.5 10 43 | 23 ADULT FEMALES. Four specimens from State of Mexico.........-.-. 143 136.5 24.5 | 9.5 42 | 23 One specimen from State of Michoacan........--. 139.5 139 25.5 | 9.5 a3) 11110 YOR.5 362 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [ Cyanogarrulus] coronatus (not Garrulus coronatus Swainson) BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, May, 1850, 377 (at least part). C[yanocitta] coronata CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 222 (Mexico). Cyanocitta coronata SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 111, excl. syn. (highlands of Mexico). Cyanocitta diademata (not Cyanogarrulus diadematus Bonaparte) ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 252 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 148 (Mexico).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 490 (Valley of Mexico; Hacienda de San Pedro, Puebla; Orizaba@). KC aoa diademata SCLATER and Satyry, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39. [Cyanurus] diadematus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6090. Cyanura coronata var. diademata Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., v, Jan., 1873, 40, 42. [Cyanura stelleri] var. diademata Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, li, 1874, 272. Cyanura macrolophus (not of Baird, 1854) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 582, part (City of Mexico). [ Cyanurus stelleri var. macrolophus] d. diadematus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 215 (synonymy ). Cyanocitta stelleri diademata FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 152 (Hacienda de San Pedro, Puebla).—Sronr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Si Phila., 1891, 445. CLyanocitta] stelleri diademata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 354. Cyanocitta stelleri azteca Rrpaway, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 256 (mountains near Mirador, Vera Cruz, s. e. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). CYANOCITTA STELLERI CORONATA (Swainson). BLUE-CRESTED JAY. Similar to C. s. azteca, but much more extensively blue; the whole crest distinctly blue (dull cobalt or dull ultramarine), the neck, back, and scapulars similar, but (especially the dorsal region) slightly duller, the grayish white on chin and throat more distinct (usually forming a distinct patch), and lower eyelid usually with a distinct (often conspicu- ous) white spot. Adult male.—Length (skins), 266.5-309.5 (286.5); wing, 134.6-148.5 (139); tail, 185.5-146 (139); exposed culmen, 24.5-27.5 (25.5); depth of bill at fecceiel 9-10 (9.5); tarsus, 41-45.5 (42.5); middle toe, 22-95 (23).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 254-297 (281.5); wing, 182.5-147.5 (140.5); tail, 127.5-137.5 (133); exposed culmen, 2326.5 (25); depth of bill at nostrils, 8.5-10 (9.5); tarsus, 38-48 (41); middle toe, 20.5—24 (22.5).¢ Highlands (pine region) of Guatemala, southern Mexico, and part of Honduras; north, along eastern side of Mexican plateau through Vera Cruz (Mirador, Orizaba, Jalapa, Las Vigas, etc.), to Hidalgo «Not the locality Zacatecas, which is the type locality of true C. s. diademata. Fourteen specimens. ¢Twelve specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 363 (Encarnacion, El Chico, etc.), along the southwestern side, through Oaxaca and Guerrero, to Colima (Sierra Madre).@ Garrulus coronatus Swatnson, Philos. Mag., new ser., i, 1827, 437 (table-land of Mexico; type lost; see Salvin and Godman, Biol.-Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 491).—JARDINE and Sevsy, Illustr. Orn., ii, 1828 (17), pl. 64 (table-land of Mexico).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 63, part (Mexico). P{ica] coronata WaGcurr, Isis, 1829, 750 (Mexico). Cyanurus coronatus SwAtNson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 495 (Mexico) .—ScLaTEer and Satyr, Ibis, 1859, 22 (Los Choyos and Altos, Guatemala). [ Cyanurus] coronatus GRAY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 4, no. 6086. Cyanura coronata Barro, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 583, footnote.— Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 381 (Juquilla, Oaxaca).—SumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 554 (alpine reg. Vera Cruz).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 39, fig. 4. Cyanocorax coronatus BoNAPARTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 109 (Mexico), 115 (Guatemala); 1850, 115 (Mexico); Nuoy. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, ii, 1839, 343. Clyanocorax] coronatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 307. [Cyanogarrulus] coronatus BonaPartE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 377 (Mexico). Cyanocitta coronata SrricKLAND, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1845, 261.—Sciarer, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 302 (La Parada, Oaxaca), 359 (pine region of Hondu- ras, between Seguatepeque and Taulevi); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 142 (Mexico; Guatemala).—Tay tor, Ibis, 1860, 112 (pine reg. Honduras).—LawReEncer, «Specimens from Guatemala and Chiapas have, as a rule, the white spot on lower eyelid better developed (apparently it is never absent, as is frequently the case with Mexican examples), the grayish white throat-patch larger and almost unbroken, and the general coloration slightly more uniform blue. Specimens from Hidalgo, while having the crest equally blue, have the frontal streaks whiter, the back slightly grayer, and the general blue color lighter, thus showing an approach toward C. s. azteca and C. s. diademata, especially the former, from which they differ decidedly in their distinctly blue instead of black or blue-black crest and foreneck. In fact, unless these Hidalgo specimens are considered to represent an additional subspecies, they must be referred to C. s. coronata, since they are distinctly more similar to the typical form of the latter than to C. s. azteca. Separation of the Hidalgo bird would, however, necessitate separation of the birds from Chiapas and Guatemala also as another form. Average measurements of specimens from different localities are as follows: ee | pepe | Middle Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed at nos. | parsass|> gto culme n.| “trils. | | » i | | al ADULT MALES. Four specimens from Hidalgo and Vera Cruz..... 147.5] 141.5 25.5 | 9.5 | 42.5 | 22 Three specimens from Guerrero............------- 144 138. 5 | 26. | 10 43.5 23.5 Two specimens from Chiapas ....- Se eee 146 1370 )|) ee 2baD 9.5 42 | 28.5 Four specimens from Guatemala...........---.--- 146 139 | 25. 5 9.5 42.5 23 ADULT FEMALES. | Four specimens from Vera Cruz............-.----- | 141 134.5 25.5 9.5 41 ih W22%5 Two specimens from Guerrero ..............-..--- 137 131, | 25.5 10 40.5 21.5 Three specimens from Chiapas...............----. 142 133 24.5 9 41 23 Three specimens from Guatemala..............--. 140.5 | 181.5 24.5 9 41.5 22.5 364 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24 (Cienguilla, alpine reg. Oaxaca).— (?) Ducks, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 1389 (‘‘Tierras calientes’’).—Sanvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1887, 491 (table-land; alpine reg. Vera Cruz; La Parada, Cienguilla, and Juquilla, Oaxaca; Volcan de Fuego, Bar- ranco de los Chocoyos, Totonicapam, San Raymundo, Santa Barbara, and Chilasco, Guatemala; between Seguatepeque and Taulevi, Honduras). [ Cyanocitta] coronata ScuaTeR and Satyvrn, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 39 (Mexico; Guatemala). , Cyanura coronata var. coronata Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., v, Jan., 1873, 42. [Cyanura stelleri] var. coronata Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 272 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Belize, British Honduras). [Cyanurus stelleri var. macrolophus] e. coronatus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 215 (synonymy ). Clyanocitta] stelleri coronata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 355. Cyanocitta stelleri coronata Stone, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 445 (Jalapa). CLyanocitta] galeata® CaBantis, Mus. Hein., i, Oct., 1851, 222 (Bogota, Colombia? ; coll. Heine Mus. ). Cyanocitta diademata (not Cyanogarrulus diadematus Bonaparte) SHARPE, Cat. 3irds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 111, excl. synonymy (Sierra de Oaxaca and La Parada, Oaxaca). Genus PERISOREUS Bonaparte. Perisoreus BoNnapartr, Saggio di una dist. met., 1831, 43. (Type, Lanius infaustus Linneeus. ) Dysornithia» Swatnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 495. (Type, Corvus cana- densis Linnzeus. ) Plumage very fluffy, especially on the back; head without distinct crest, but with feathers of entire pileum, very long; bill very short (less an half length of head), depressed, the culmen straight to near tip, where slightly decurved; gonys decidedly convex; nostrils com- pletely hidden by the antrorse nasal tufts; tarsus decidedly more than one and one-half times as long as exposed culmen, rather slender; middle toe about half as long as tarsus, decidedly shorter than exposed culmen; tail nearly (sometimes quite) as long as wing, graduated for considerably more than length of exposed culmen. Coloration. —No bright colors, but uniform gray or dusky hues prevailing;’ adults with forehead, nasal tufts, sides of head, throat, and chest white or whitish; occiput (sometimes nearly whole pileum) grayish, dusky, or blackish; upper parts uniform dusky grayish or «Clearly this form, and the suppored locality erroneous. A translation of the original description is as follows ““C. galeata has the blue falas still more predominating [than in C. coronata Cabanis=C. s. azteca, the true C. s. coronata being evidently unknown, as such, to Cabanis]; the topknot is handsome blue, but its border is blackish; on the other hand, the auricular region and the other parts of the head are blue; the back is also more brightly colored and as blue as the lower parts. “The native place of the species eRe to be doubtful. us b “Avis infausta. Th. Svs et oprvis.’ ¢In the single Palearctic species the plumage partly rusty ’ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3865 brownish, the rectrices indistinctly (though sometimes broadly) tipped 3 . > oJ with whitish; lower parts plain grayish or whitish; youne entirely 5 > ‘a iia 2 “ plain dusky, varying froma slaty to a brownish hue, the crown and malar region sometimes whitish. Nidification.—Nest in coniferous trees, open above, bulky, com- posed of dry twigs, strips of bark, plant fibers, etc., lined with softer materials, including feathers. Eggs 3-4, pale gray or grayish white 3 > oD > . 5 “ 9 speckled with brown, gray, and lavender. Range.—Northern coniferous forests of the Palearctic and Nearctic g Regions (south in high mountains of western United States almost to the Mexican boundary). (Three species, two exclusively North American, one Palearctic.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PERISOREUS. a. Abdomen and under tail-coverts light. tawny or tawny-ochraceous; greater and primary wing-coverts partly cinnamon-rufous. (Northern Europe and Asia.) Perisoreus infaustus (extralimital) @ aa. No tawny or rufous in the plumage. (North American species. ) b. Forehead, sides of head, throat, and chest whitish. (Adults. ) c. Feathers of back without distinct paler shaft-streaks; breast, belly, ete., deep grayish, much darker than white or whitish of throat and chest. (Perisoreus canadensis. ) d. Hindneck blackish or blackish slate, this color invading the occiput to at least the middle portion, and laterally extended broadly to and surround- ing the eye; general coloration darker. e. At least the fore part of crown distinctly white; gray of upper and under parts less brownish. jf. Dusky area of hindneck, ete., more slaty, at least anteriorly, and crown more extensively white; under tail-coverts white, or nearly so; gen- eral coloration not so dark. (New Brunswick, Maine, northern New York, ete., to South Dakota, Alberta, and north to Mackenzie. ) Perisoreus canadensis canadensis (p. 366) jf. Dusky area of hindneck, ete., more blackish; crown less extensively white; under tail-coverts deep brownish gray; general coloration darker. (Labrador, north to Davis Inlet.) Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus, adults (p. 368) ee. Crown grayish anteriorly, dusky posteriorly, only the forehead being white or whitish; gray of upper and under parts more brownish. (Alaska, north and west of Cook Inlet. ) Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons, adults (p. 369) dd. Hindneck gray, or if inclining to blackish this color restricted to the hind- neck, the whole crown, to the occiput, being white; the gray scarcely, if at all, extending laterally to the eyes; general coloration paler. (Rocky Mountain district, from eastern British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, Idaho, and Montana to New Mexico and Arizona. ) Perisoreus canadensis capitalis, adults (p. 370) ec. Feathers of back with distinct paler shaft-streaks; breast, belly, etc., very pale gray or grayish white, little if any darker than color of throat and chest. (Perisoreus obscurus. ) @Corvus infaustus Linnzeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 107.—Perisoreus infuustus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27. 366 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. d. Smaller and browner (wing averaging less than 136, tail averaging less than 127; back, ete., deep hair-brown to almost sepia, under parts brownish white). (Coast of northern California, Oregon, Washington, and British Colum biah)-2 224 seer Perisoreus obscurus obscurus, adults (p. 372) dd. Larger and grayer (wing averaging more than 139.5, tail averaging more than 133.5; back, ete., deep mouse gray, under parts grayish white). (Interior of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern Cali- fornia’) \- 2 6526 ch ay wee ee Perisoreus obscurus griseus, adults (p. 373) bb. Forehead, sides of head, throat, and chest dusky grayish, or mostly so. (Young. ) c. Feathers of back with distinct paler shaft-streaks. dd. Browner 52: oseemeeceeese aes Perisoreus obscurus obscurus, young (p. 372) ddReGrayer st ee eae. sere Perisoreus obscurus griseus, young (p. 373) ce. Feathers of back without paler shaft-streaks. d. Crown not paler than back (usually darker). e.. Less dark. f. General gray color more slaty. Perisoreus canadensis canadensis, young (p. 366) jf. General gray color more brownish. Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons, young (p. 369) ces Darkers. 222 teen Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus, young (p. 368)¢ dd. Crown paler than back----- Perisoreus canadensis capitalis, young (p. 370) PERISOREUS CANADENSIS CANADENSIS (Linnzus). CANADA JAY, Adult.—¥orehead (including nasal tufts), fore part of crown, loral, suborbital, auricular and malar regions, chin, throat, and chest white; hindneck, occiput, posterior portion of crown, and postocular region dull brownish slate-black or blackish slate, more or less tinged with gray anteriorly, next to white of forehead; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain mouse gray, paler next to the blackish of the hindneck; wings and tail slate-gray, the primaries slightly more bluish; remiges and rectrices tipped (not abruptly) with white, the middle and greater wing-coverts also some- times tipped with white, but much more narrowly; under parts of body plain drab-gray, paler (almost, sometimes quite, white) on anal region and under tail-coverts; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Yourg.—Above, including pileum and hindneck, slate color or brownish slate; nasal plumes, and loral, orbital, and auricular regions slate-blackish; under parts, including chin, throat, and chest, plain brownish slate-gray, the under side of head sometimes slightly mixed with whitish; wings and tail as in adults, but whitish tips to remiges and rectrices less distinct; bill partially light-colored. Adult male.—Length (skins), 266.5-289.5 (276); wing, 142-148 (145.5); tail, 185-151. (144.5); exposed culmen, 21.5-22.5 (22); depth of bill at base, 10-12 (11); tarsus, 34-87 (35.5); middle toe, 17-19 (18).? «The differences between the young of these forms are by no means well defined, but they average as above. D Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 367 Adult female.—Length (skins), 254-274.5 (268); wing, 139.5-147 (144); tail, 139-149 (145); exposed culmen, 19-20.5 (20); depth of bill at base, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 34~-36.5 (35.5); middle toe, 17.5-20 (19).4 Eastern division of the Boreal Province (except Labrador and New- foundland), from northern limit of coniferous forests south to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern Maine, higher mountains of New Hampshire, Vermont, and northern New York (Adirondacks), north- ern Ontario, northern Michigan, and northern Minnesota—irregularly, casually, or during winter to Massachusetts (Cambridge, ete.), vicinity of New York City, Pennsylvania (Lancaster County), southern Ontario, southern Michigan, southeastern Wisconsin (Racine), and South Dakota (Crystal Cave, October); west to Alberta (Blueberry Hills, Grand Cache, Banff, St. Anns, ete.); north to Lower Anderson and Mackenzie rivers and westside of Hudson Bay (to south of latitude 60°), ete. [Corvus] canadensis Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 158 (based on Le Geay brun de Canada Brisson, Orn., ii, 54, pl. 4, fig. 2).—Gmetrn, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 376.—LatHAm, Index Orn., i, 1790, 160. Corvus canadensis Forster, Philos. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 386 (Hudson Bay).— Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 33, pl. 21, fig. 1.—Sapine, App. Franklin’s Journ., 1828, 572.—Bonapartes, Journ. At. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1823, 360; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., iii, 1828, 58.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 232.—AvupuBON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 53; v, 1839, 208, pl. 107. Garrulus canadensis Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 295.— Avupupon, Synopsis, 1839, 155, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 121, pl. 234.—Purnam, Proce. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 228 (Massachusetts, casual).— ScHLeGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 65, part (Hudson Bay ).—Trippr, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 117 (Minnesota, resident) . Perisoreus canadensis BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 27.—Batirp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 590, part (Minnesota; n. United States); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 443, part.—Verritt, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 152 (Oxford Co., Maine, winter).—BoarpMan, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., ix, 1862, 127 (Calais, Maine, resident).—Lawrencer, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 289 (New York City, accidental).—McItwrairna, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 91 (Hamilton, Ontario); Birds Ontario, 1892, 274 (Oshawa, Ontario, 1 spec. ).—TuRNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 43 (winter straggler).— Maynarp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, i872, 375 (Lake Umbagog, Maine, breeding ).—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 239, part; 2d. ed., 1882, no. 359, part.—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 299, part, pl. 41, fig. 3, pl. 42, fig. 4.—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 104.—Gisps, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geod. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 488 (Michigan; in winter as far as s. boundary).—Roserrs, Rep. State Geologist Minn., 1886, 376 (n. Minnesota, abt.).—Rinaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 297.—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 167.—Guwnn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 120 (Sturgeon R., Michigan, Aug.)—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 231 (Lewis Co., New York, resident).—Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 112 (Scarborough, near Portland, Maine, 1 spec., Oct. 15).—Jerrries, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 181 (Grand Falls, New Brunswick; descr. nest and eggs).—CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. N. H. Soc. New @ Four specimens. 368 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Brunsw., i, 1882, 43 (resident).—Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 380 (Anticosti I., resident); Auk, vii, 1890, 91 (near Cambridge, Massachu- setts, 1 spec., Oct. 17).—Srron, Auk, ii, 1885, 335 (Toronto, Ontario, winter 1836 and spring 1837, numerous) .—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 484.—(?) Netson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 164 (head- waters Yukon R. to mouth of Tarnac R.).—CHApDBoURNE, Auk, iv, 1887, 104 (White Mts., New Hampshire, common).—Cuark, Auk, iy, 1887, 256 (Somerset, Vermont, 1 spec., Aug. 5).—Cooxer, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 158 (breeding in n. Minnesota).—Ciarkk (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay Territory).—Warren, Birds Penn., 1890, 201 (Lan- caster Co.,1 spec., Feb.,1889).—THompeson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 566 (localities in Manitoba; habits). —Macraruang, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 439 (lower Anderson and Mackenzie rivers; descr. nest ).—Morris, Auk, ix, 1892, 395 (Mount Graylock, Massachusetts, 1 spec., June 18).—Wuirs, Auk, x, 1893, 225 (Macinac I., Michigan, July 10).—Coox, Birds Mich., 1893, 100 (s. to mid. of s. peninsula).—Nurrine, Bull. Labr. N. H. Univ. Towa, ii, no. 3, 1893, 273 (Grand Rapids, lower Saskatchewan).—ATKINSON, Biol. Rey. Ont., i, 1894, 99 (Port Arthur, n. shore Lake Superior).—BrEn- pirE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 385, pl. 3, figs. 18, 19 (eggs).— NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 327.—Bruner, Rep. Nebr. Hort. Soc. for 1896-97 (1898), 121 (West Point and Crawford, Nebraska; no date).—WarrEN (O. B.), Auk, xvi, 1899, 12 (Mahoning, Michigan; habits; deser. nest and eggs; 4 photographs).—Morre i, Auk, xvi, 1899, 251 (Cum- berland Co., Nova Seotia, common resid.; habits).—CouBEaux, Ottawa Nat., 1900, 29 (s. Saskatchewan, winter resid.).—AmeEs, Aux, xix, 1902, 94 (Ayl- mer, Ontario, 1 spec., Nov. 9, 1901), i | Perisoreus] canadensis BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 375.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166, part. P[erisoreus] canadensis CaBanis, Mus. Hein, i, 1851, 219.—NeEtson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 113 (near Racine, Wisconsin, winter, 1839).—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d. ed., 1884, 425, part.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 359. [Perisoreus canadensis.] Var. canadensis Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 194 (diagnosis) . [ Perisoreus canadensis] var. canadensis Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 298. [ Perisoreus canadensis var. capitalis] a. canadensis Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 221 (synonymy ). Perisoreus canadensis canadensis Howk, Osprey, new ser., i, July, 1902, 104, part (crit.) . Dysornithia canadensis Swanson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 495. Garrulus fuscus VieruLor, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xii, 1817, 479; Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 892. Plica] nuchalis Waauxr, Syst. Av., 1827, Pica, sp. 14. Garrulus brachyrynchus Swarxson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1851, 296 (=young).— Nutrauu, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., ii, 1834, 599. Garrulus brachyrhynchus Swanson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1851, pl. 55. PERISOREUS CANADENSIS NIGRICAPILLUS Ridgway. LABRADOR JAY. Similar to P. c. canadensis, but smaller and decidedly darker in color; the dusky hood blacker, covering most of the crown, and surrounding eyes more broadly, the back, etc., much darker mouse gray, the under BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 369 parts deep smoke gray instead of light drab-gray, and the under tail- coverts gray instead of white. : Adult male.—Length (skins), 248-274.5 (261); wing, 136-145 (140); tail, 128.5-146.5 (187.5); exposed culmen, 20-21.5 (20.5); depth of bill at base, 10-11.5 (10.5); tarsus, 33.5—-87 (35); middle toe, 17.5-18.3 (18).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 241.5-256.5 (250); wing, 132.5-137.5 (136.5); tail, 125.5-141 (132.5); exposed culmen, 19-21 (20); depth of bill at base, 9.5-12 (10.5); tarsus, 33.5-35 (384); middle toe, 16.5- $8.5 (17.3).# : Peninsula of Labrador, north to Davis Straits; island of Newfound- land. Perisoreus canadensis (not Corvus canadensis Linnzeus) Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 226 (Rigolet, etc., Labrador; habits; notes); Check List, 1872, no. 239, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 359, part. —Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 299, part.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 297, part.—Porrer, Auk, xvii, 1900, 72 (Newfoundland). [ Perisoreus] canadensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 116, part. P[erisoreus] canadensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 425, part. Garrulus canadensis SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, 65, part (Labrador). Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vy, June 5, 1882, 15 (Labrador; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 258.— REICHENOW and ScHAtow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 401 (republication of orig. descr. ).—TurNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 241 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, resident).—AMerRICAN OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 484c.—PatMER (W.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 263 (Fogo L.; Mingan Islands; Canada Bay, Newfoundland; habits).—Brnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 392, pl. 3, fig. 20 (egg).—Norron, Proc. Portl. Soc. N. H., ii, 1901, 155 (Northwest R., Labrador).—BicrLtow, Auk, xix, 1902, 29 (coast n. e. Labrador). P(erisoreus] canadensis nigricapillus Rinaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 359. Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons (not of Ridgway) Hows, Osprey, new ser., i, July, 1902, 105, part (crit.). PERISOREUS CANADENSIS FUMIFRONS Ridgway. ALASKA JAY, Similar to 2. ¢. canadensis, but dusky hood extending over the crown, leaving only the forehead white; the latter often more or less tinged with smoky gray; the general color of upper and lower parts browner, and size less. Agreeing with P. ¢. nigricapillus in greater extent of the dusky hood, but this browner, with the anterior portion more distinctly ashy, the forehead less purely white, and the general color, both above and below, decidedly paler, the under tail-coverts dirty whitish or very pale brownish gray. Adult male.-—Length (skins), 256.5-273 (266); wing, 131.5-145 (139); tail, 128.5-138.5 (135); exposed culmen, 18—22.5 (20); depth of bill at base, 10-12 (11); tarsus, 32.5-36 (34.8); middle toe, 16.5—-19 (18).” «Six specimens. » Five specimens. 10384—VoL 3—03 24. 370 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSUEM. Adult female.—Length (skin), 264; wing, 134; tail, 182; exposed culmen, 20; tarsus, 34.5; middle toe, 17.4 Alaska, except treeless coast district north of Alaska peninsula and coast forest from Cook Inlet east and southward. Perisoreus canadensis (not Corvus canadensis Linneeus) DALLand BAnnisTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 286 (St. Michael, Fort Yukon, etc., Alaska).— Fryscu, Abh. Nat. Forh. Brem., iii, 1872, 40 (Kenai Peninsula, Alaska).— Covers, Check List, 1873, no. 289, part.—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 426 (30 miles n. of St. Michael). [ Perisoreus] canadensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166, part. Perisoreus canadensis var. obscurus, part, Ripa@way, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 194, part (Alaska); v, Dec., 1873, 199, part (Alaska).—Barrp, BREWER, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 11, 1874, 302, part (specimens from Alaska). Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Mar. 27, 1880, 5 (St. Michael, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 297b.—REIcHENow and ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 401 (reprint of orig. descr. ).—Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 360.—NELson, Cruise “‘Corwin,’’ 1881 (1883), 73 (Alaska Peninsula to Kotzebue Sound); Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 164, pl. 11 (lower Yukon; ‘‘Kadiak and Sitkan districts’’).—McLrnraan, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1884, 117 (Kowak R., n. w. Alaska).—AMERICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 484b.— TurNER, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 167 (St. Michael; Yukon R.).— TownsEND, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1885 (1887), 92 (Kowak R.); Auk, iv, 1887, 12 (do.).—Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1895, 390.—Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 77 (Hope City and Tyonek, Cook Inlet).—Howe, Osprey, new ser., i, 1902, 105, part (crit. ). Plerisoreus] canadensis fumifrons Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 360. Plerisoreus] cLanadensis] fumifrons Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 425. PERISOREUS CANADENSIS CAPITALIS Baird. WHITE-HEADED JAZ. Similar to P. c. canadensis, but larger and lighter colored; whole head white, except immediately round and behind eyes, which, together with the hindneck, are slate-grayish (in more northern specimens inclin- ing to blackish slate); gray of wpper and under parts paler. Young paler than that of P. c. canadensis or P. c. fumifrons, with pileum much paler gray or grayish white, the feathers of under parts more or less tipped with white or pale grayish. Adult male.—Uength (skins), 263-287.5 (273.5); wing, 146.5-157.5 (153.5); tail, 139-151.5 (146.5); exposed culmen, 20.5-22.5 (21.5); depth of bill at base, 10.5-11.5 (11); tarsus, 34.5-38 (36); middle toe, 18-21 (19.5).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 264-283 (270); wing, 143.5-151 (148.5); tail, 140-149 (143.5); exposed culmen, 19.5-21.5 (21); depth of billat base, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 832-35.5 (84.5); middle toe, 17-19.5 (18).¢ Higher coniferous forests of the Rocky Mountain district, from «One specimen, > Ten specimens, ¢ Seven specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 301 eastern British Columbia (Lac la Hache, Bonaparte, Vernon, Nelson, Field, etc.), northwestern Montana, eastern Washington (Sinzoknoteen Depot, etc.), Idaho (Teton Canyon, Salmon River Mountains, Sawtooth Mountains, etc.), eastern Oregon (Camp Harney, Canyon City Moun- tains, Blue Mountains, Maury Mountains, ete.), to Arizona (White Mountains) and New Mexico (upper Pecos River, breeding above 8,000 feet; San Miguel County. breeding from 9,000 feet to timber line); east to Black Hills, western South Dakota. Perisoreus canadensis (not Corvus canadensis Linnzeus) GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., 1, 1847, 45 (Rocky Mts.); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 201 (do.).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iii, 1857, 14 (Sangre de Cristo Pass, Colorado); ix, 1858, 590, part (Black Hills and Laramie Peak, Wyoming; Sangre de Cristo Pass); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 443, part.— Haypen, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., 1862, 171 (Laramie Range and Black Hills).—Srrvenson, Prelim. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1870 (1871), 465 (Henrys Fork and Green R., Wyoming).—Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr. for 1871 (1872), 689 (Teton Canyon, ete., Wyoming), 712 (Teton Basin, Idaho).—A..en, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 163, 179 (moun- tains of Colorado; Wasatch Mts., Utah).—Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 239, part.—Benprrg, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 126 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, resident ).—Scorrt, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 94 (Twin Lakes, Colorado, breeding). [ Perisoreus] canadensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166, part. Perisoreus canadensis canadensis Howk, Osprey, new ser., i, 1902, 104, part (Black Hills, Wyoming; crit. ). Perisoreus canadensis, var. capitalis ‘‘ Baird MS.”’ Rripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Noy., 1873, 193 (Henrys Fork, Wyoming; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); v, Dec., 1873, 199.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 302, pl. 41, fig. 4.—Covrs, Birds N. W., 1874, 221, excl. syn., part.—HEnNsHAw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, pl. 13.—NeEtson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 344 (30 miles s. of Fort Bridger, Wyoming). Perisoreus canadensis . . . var. capitalis Cours, Check List, 1873, 129, App. no. 239b.—HENsHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1873 (1874), 85 (Fort Garland and South Park, Colorado, May, June; habits), 123 (White Mts., Arizona, Aug.); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 339 (Snake R., Fort Garland, South Park, Sangre de Cristo Pass, and Alamosa Creek, Colorado; White Mts., Arizona; habits). Perisoreus canadensis, (3. capitalis Ripaway, Field and Forest, ii, June, 1877, 208 (Colorado). [ Perisoreus canadensis] var. capitalis Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 194.— Barirp, Brewer, and Ripeway, *Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 298. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Cours, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 608 (Rocky Mts., lat. 49°); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 362.— Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 239 (Colorado; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 140 (San Juan Co., Colo- rado; habits; notes).—Ripa@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 297a.— WixtiaMs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 62 (Belt Mts., Montana ).—HeEn- sHaw, Auk, iii, 1886, 75 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, breeding above 8,000 ft.).— AMERICAN OrnNiITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 484a.— Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 256 (White Mts., Arizona, resident).—Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 100 (Salmon River Mts., Sawtooth Mts., etc., Idaho).—Ruoaps, Auk, x, 1893, 16 (British Columbia); Proc. Ac. Nat. Bu BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sci. Phila., 1893, 45, 63 (Lac la Hache, Bonaparte, Vernon, Nelson, and Field, int. British Columbia).—RicHmMonp and Know.ton, Auk, xi, 1894, 304 (Montana, up to 9,000 ft.).—Brnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 388.—Merritt, Auk, xiv, 1897, 356 (Fort Sherman, n.w. Idaho).— Mircuetit, Auk, xv, 1898, 309 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding from 9,000 ft. to timber line).—Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 235 (Black Hills, Wyoming, breeding).—Howr, Osprey, new ser., i, 1902, 104 (crit.).— Baitey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S8., 1902, 277. P{erisoreus] cLanadensis] capitalis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 425. P{erisoreus] canadensis capitalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 360. Perisoreus capitalis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ili, 1877, 106, pl. 5, fig. 1 (Colorado). PERISOREUS OBSCURUS OBSCURUS (Ridgway). OREGON JAY. Similar in general appearance to 2. ¢. canadensis, but smaller; upper parts brownish instead of grayish, the feathers of back with distinct whitish shaft-streaks, and under parts dull white instead of grayish. Adults (sexes alike).—Nasal tufts and forehead white, the latter more or less tinged with smoky brown, and often with feathers of the pos- terior portion tipped with sooty brown; rest of pileum dark sooty brown, approaching sooty black; an indistinct whitish collar across lower hindneck; back, scapulars, and rump deep hair brown, varying to deep broccoli brown or almost sepia, the interscapulars with whitish shaft-streaks; wings and tail deep drab-gray, the middle and greater wing-coverts and tertials narrowly margined terminally with whitish, the rectrices more broadly but indistinctly tipped with the same; loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions white or grayish white, usually more or less tinged or mottled with brown; chin and throat white; rest of under parts brownish white, the flanks tinged with grayish brown; bill, legs, and feet black; iris brown. Young.—Entire pileum and hindneck dull sooty brown or grayish sepia, the feathers narrowly and indistinctly margined with paler; no whitish collar across lower hindneck; sides of head similar in color to pileum, the auricular region with indistinct dull whitish shaft-streaks; nasal tufts sepia brown; chin and anterior portion of malar region dirty brownish white; throat dull grayish brown, intermixed with dull grayish white; rest of under parts pale broccoli brown, some of the feathers with indistinct paler shaft-streaks; wings, tail, back, etc., essentially as in adults; bill partly light-colored (fleshy in life ‘). Adult mate.—Length (skin), 245; wing, 135.5; tail, 128; exposed culmen, 18; tarsus, 33.5; middle toe, 17.” Adult female.—Length (skins), 240.5-259 (244); wing, 129.5-137 (135); tail, 122-128.5 (126); exposed culmen, 17.5-19 (18); depth of bill at, base, 8.5-10 (9.5); tarsus, 32.5-33.5 (32.7); middle toe, 16.5-18 (17).? « One specimen. bSix specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 373 Pacific coast district, from Humboldt County, California, to southern British Columbia (Vancouver Island and coast of opposite mainland). (?) Garrulus canadensis (not Corvus canadensis Linnzeus) AupUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 155, part (Columbia R.).¢ Perisoreus canadensis Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 590, part (Port Townsend, Shoalwater Bay, and Cascade Mts., Washington); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 443, part.—Cooprr and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 216, excl. syn. and description (mouth of Columbia R.; Puget Sound; habits; notes).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 307, part; excl. syn., deser., and figs. —Cours, Check List, 1878, no. 239, part. [ Perisoreus] canadensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 166, part. [ Perisoreus canadensis.) Var. obscurus Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Noy., 1873, 194 (first deser. ). Perisoreus canadensis, var. obscurus Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Dec., 1873, 199 (redescribed; type from Shoalwater Bay, Washington; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 302, part. Perisoreus canadensis . . . var. obscurus Cours, Check List, 1873, 129, App. no. 239a. [ Perisoreus canadensis var. capitalis] b. obscurus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 221, excl. syn., part (synonymy )- Perisoreus canadensis obscurus (not of Mearns, 1879) Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 361, part.—Howe, Osprey, new ser., i, 1902, 105 (crit. ). P{erisoreus] cLanadensis] obscurus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 425, part. Perisoreus obscurus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1877, 105, pl. 5, fig. 2 (British Columbia; Straits of Fuca).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 298, part.—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 485, part.—Anrnony, Auk, iii, 1886, 167 (Washington Co., n. w. Oregon; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—TownsEnD, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 211, part (Humboldt Co., n. w. California).—Brtprne, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 111, part (mouth of Columbia R.; Beaverton, Willamette Valley, Puget Sound, ete.).—Swauiow, Auk, viii, 1891, 397 (Clatsop Co., n. w. Oregon; descr. nest).—Fannrn, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 32.—LAWRENCE (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 45 (Grays Harbor, Washington).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ae. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 45, 63 (Nisqually, Washington; Vancouver I. and opp. coast of mainland).—Bernpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 394, part, pl. 3, fig. 21 (egg).—(?) Rarupun (S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 136 (Seattle, Washington, fall and winter, breeding in mountains to eastward ).—HELLEr, Condor, iy, 1902, 46 (s. Mendocino Co., California, resident).—BAILEy (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.8., 1902, 278. Plerisoreus] obscurus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 360, part. PERISOREUS OBSCURUS GRISEUS Ridgway. GRAY JAY. Similar to P. 0. obscurus, but decidedly larger (except feet), and coloration much grayer; back, etc., deep mouse gray, instead of brown, remiges and tail between gray (no. 6) and smoke gray, instead of drab-gray, and under parts grayish white instead of brownish white. @¥Fither this or P. 0. griseus. 374 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 231-269 (254); wing, 138.5-151 (143.5); tail, 130.5-148.5 (138); exposed culmen, 18—20.5 (19.5); depth of bill at base, 9.5-11 (10); tarsus, 33.5-36 (34.5); middle toe, 16.5-18.5 (17).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 246.5-269 (254.5); wing, 134.5-144 (140.5); tail, 181-139.5 (135); exposed culmen, 17.5—20.5 (19); depth of bill at base, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 32.5-33.5 (33); middle toe, 16.5- 17.5 (17). Interior districts of northern California’ (northern Sierra Nevada, upper Sacramento Valley, Mount Shasta, ete.), north through central Oregon and Washington to interior of British Columbia. Perisoreus canadensis (not Corvus canadensis Linnzeus) NEwBEerryY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. vi, 1857, 85 (upper Sacramento Valley and Fort Reading, California; Columbia R.).—FrmtNrer, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 427 (Lassens Butte and Shasta Butte, n. California; habits).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 307, part (n. California and higher Sierra Nevada). Perisoreus canadensis canadensis Howe, Osprey, new ser., 1, 1902, 104, part (crit. ).¢ Plerisoreus|] obscurus (not Perisoreus canadensis, var. obscurus Ridgway) HeEn- sHaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1879, 308 (n. e. California to Columbia R.; habits; crit.).—Ripa@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 360, part. Perisoreus obscurus Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 298, part.—AMERT- CAN OrNITHOLOGIST’S Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 485, part.—TowNseEnp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 211, part (Mount Shasta, near timber line).— Merritt, Auk, v, 1888, 261 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon).—Brtptne, Land Birds Pacific Distr., 1890, 111, part (upper Sacramento Valley, Lassens Butte, Shasta Butte, Camp Bidwell, etc.).—Brnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, 11, 1895, 394, part.—Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 119 (Mount Shasta, 5,900-6,600 ft. ). Perisoreus canadensis obscurus MEARNS, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, Oct., 1879, 195 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon).—Covers, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 361, part. Perisoreus canadensis (yv. obscurus?) Rrpa@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 423 (Summit Meadows, California). [ Perisoreus canadensis var. capitalis] b. obscurus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 221, part (in synonymy)... Plerisoreus| cLanadensis] obscurus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 425, part. Perisoreus obscurus griseus Ripaway, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 255 (Keechelus Lake, Kittinas Co., e. Washington; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—AMErICcAN ORNITHOL- oatsts’ Unton Commirrer, Auk, xviii, 1901, 302 (Check List no. 485a). Plerisoreus] o[bscurus] griseus Bartry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 279. « Kight specimens. b Six specimens. ¢Specimens from northern California (Mount Shasta, Camp Bidwell, ete.) and adjacent parts of Oregon (Fort Klamath) are not typical, being both browner and smaller than examples from eastern Washington and British Columbia. They are, however, nearer the latter than to the coast form (true P. obscurus). ¢ Comment on the critical remarks in the paper cited are quite unnecessary. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 375 Family PARIDZ. THE TITMICE, Small ‘‘ten-primaried” acutiplantar Oscines, with the bill much shorter than the head (much shorter than tarsus), unnotched; nostrils small, nonoperculate, concealed by antrorse latero-frontal plumules; hallux not distinctly, if at all, longer than longest (outer) lateral toe; outer toe not distinctly, if at all, longer than inner; acrotarsium dis- tinctly scutellate; wing rounded, with seventh to fourth primaries longest, the ninth shorter than fifth (usually shorter than first), the tenth at least one-third as long as the ninth.“ Bill small, very much shorter than head, more or less conoidal, but extremely eaanie in relative length and thickness and curvature of culmen, the maxillary tomium without trace of subterminal notch, the rhamphotheca smooth throughout; gonys relatively long (twice as long as mandibular rami or more). Nostril very small, roundish, non- operculate, latero-basal, entirely hidden by antrorse latero-frontal plumules. Rictal bristles usually distinct, but never conspicuous (obsolete in Auriparus, Psaltriparus, and allied Palearctic genera). * Tongue obtuse, beset at tip with horny bristles.”’ Wing w ell devel- oped, but rounded; eighth to fourth primaries longest, the tenth (outer- most) less than half as long as ninth, sometimes scarcely more than one- fourth as long, rarely’ rudimentary, scarcely obvious. ‘Tail variable in relative length, rarely only about half as long as wing,’ usually about as long, sometimes much longer, usually slightly rounded, some- times excessively graduated, rarely? emarginate. Tarsus variable as to relative length, but oi nRES decidedly longer than middle toe with claw, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; outer toe slightly longer than inner toe, its claw reaching to or beyond base of middle Glee hallux equal in length to inner toe, but much stouter, its claw much larger than that of any of the anterior toes, sometimes nearly as long as the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe for most if not the whole of its extent, to the inner by not less than half (sometimes all) of its length. Coloration.—Extremely variable, but never streaked, spotted, nor barred. Range.—Northern hemisphere in general, chiefly the Palearctic region; one genus, apparently, in Australia. «Except in the Palearctic genus Remiza Stejneger (2 denanalas of Hothors not Aegithalos Hermann, 1804). b Gadow, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 2. ¢In the Asiatic genus Cephalopyrus. @Tn genera Cephalopyrus and Sylviparus of the Himalayan district ( Paleearctic region ). e Judging from external characters alone, I am inclined to consider the Australian genus Aphalocephala Oberholser (Xerophila Gould) a member of the Paride. A related Australian genus or subgenus, Sphenostoma Gould, I have not been able to examine. Certhiparus Lafresnaye, of New Zealand, I certainly would exclude. 376 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The characters given above apply to the group which Dr. Gadow @ designates as the ‘‘Parine typice,” his ‘‘Parine australes” and ‘**Panurine” being excluded, as having probably different relation- ships, as are also the genera Suthora Hodgson and Cholornis J. Verreaux, by some authors placed among the Paride. Even as thus restricted there is reason for doubting the naturalness of the group, the Remizine and Psaltriparine together possessing both skeletal and external characters of sufficient importance to suggest the propriety of their separation from the Paride,? while certain genera (for exam- ple Cephalopyrus Bonaparte) are of still more questionable aflinity. Chamea undoubtedly should be removed if we are to have definable groups of Oscines. In order to show what appear to me to be the relationship of the Paride to allied groups, the following ‘‘ key” is here presented: a. Outer toe but little if any longer than inner; hallux (without claw) not longer than inner toe (without claw). b. Bill notched, slender, depressed basally; nostrils operculate, the operculum extending anteriorly to end of nasal fossa .............-..--------- Sylviide ¢ bb. Bill without trace of notch, stout (relatively shorter and thicker) , not depressed basally; nostrils small, nonoperculate, or else (Chameeidee) the operculum not extending to anterior end of nasal fossa. c. Tarsus nearly half as long as wing, twice as long as middle toe without claw; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe by only half its length, to inner toe by less than half its length; nostrils large, longitu- dinal, distinctly operculate, wholly exposed; eighth primary not longer bhaMrebort Sees Lee eres Sook ASR centages meen eee Chameide cc. Tarsus less than one-third as long as wing, much less than twice as long as middle toe without claw; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe by greater part of its length, to inner toe by at least half its length (entirely adherent in typical forms) ; nostril small, roundish, nonopercu- late, concealed by antrorse latero-frontal plumules; eighth primary longer cham blair ss Sees 32 Ge ee ES OES A Ee a ee ee Paride aa. Outer toe much longer than inner toe; hallux (without claw) longer than inner toe (without claw). b. Hallux (without claw) equal to or longer than outer toe (without claw), the latter not reaching beyond middle of penultimate phalanx of middle toe, its «Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, viii, 1883, 2. >In a paper entitled Notes on the Osteology of the Paridee, Sittidse, and Chameea (Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 337-345, pl. 27), Mr. Frederic A. Lucas states his “inability to assign osteological characters to the group,’’ equivalent to the family Paridze as here circumscribed, and adds, ‘‘That the group is not a natural one I should hesitate to assert, but it is by no means so homogeneous as the Swallows, Wrens, or Thrushes, so far as I have studied them.’’ The genera upon which Mr. Lucas’s conclusions were founded are Bexolophus, Parus, Penthestes, Psaltriparus, Atgithalos, and Auriparus, and the osteological characters which he points ‘out show clearly that these are quite trenchantly separated into two groups, of which only the first two constitute the typical form. ¢ Including ‘‘ Regulinze’’ and Polioptiline. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 377 claw scarcely reaching to middle of that of middle toe; bill straight; nostrils concealed, non-operculate;% tenth primary less than one-third as long as PUA epee 2 os seen I Nene BO as ate 4 oe aeele Belen a Sao eee Sittide ? bb. Hallux (without claw) shorter than outer toe (without claw), the latter reach- ing to beyond middle of penultimate phalanx of middle toe, its claw reaching beyond middle of that of middle toe; bill curved, at least terminally; nostril exposed, operculate; tenth primary more than one-third (sometimes more than Gne-lalb)) as Loman NG HS 512. d.c sca ccce wa cesae c= ame Certhiide ¢ The Paride, as here restricted, are arboreal, omnivorous, very active, and essentially non-migratory. They are (with perhaps one or two exceptions2) peculiar to the Northern Hemisphere and are tar better represented in the Old World than in the New, North America, including Mexico, possessing less than thirty species and subspecies and but four genera, while about seventy species and at least five genera belong to the Palearctic, Indian, and African regions. Following is an attempt to define the subfamilies of Paride: a. Maxilla straight and narrow terminally, with the nasal opening occupying much less than basal half; interorbital septum well ossified up to point of exit of olfactory neryes, or else with foramina much less than half as long as distance, longitudinally, across the orbit; tarsus much less than twice as long as middle toe without claw; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent for entire length to inner toe, to outer toe for more than half its length; exposed culmen equal to or longer than inner toe without claw, the bill much longer than deep or else with gonys more strongly curved than culmen; tail even, very slightly rounded, or emarginate. b. Interorbital septum without any large central foramen; bill with either the culmen or gonys (usually both) distinctly convex, its tip not acute; ninth primary shorter than third, the tenth about half as long as ninth; rictal bristles distinct; nest hidden in holes of trees, etc.; eggs white, with or with- Pina TOONMINEN ADOC KS peiets kel cas ete Ses at eta ne Narra iais as oA ee Paring bb. Interorbital septum with a large central foramen; bill with both culmen and gonys nearly straight, its tip acute; ninth primary not shorter than fourth, the tenth much less than half as long as ninth, sometimes almost rudi- mentary; rictal bristles obsolete; nest attached to branches or twigs of trees or bushes, very bulky; eggs pale greenish blue, speckled with reddish RSIS UA eng ere em rene ete Sepa eae, ie ae a ee rare Remizine ¢ «Except in the Australian genus Neositta Hellmayr. > Comprising, besides Sitta, the genera Callisitta Bonaparte (Indian; Dendrophila Swainson ‘not of Hodgson), and Neositta Hellmayr (Sittella Swainson, 1837, not of Rafinesque, 1815!) (Australian). Hypositta Newton (Madagascar), I would exclude from Sittidse on account of its excessively elongated middle and outer toes (the latter twice as long as the inner toe) and hallux (nearly as long as tarsus) , strongly notched and uncinate maxilla, and other characters which together justify the recognition of a special family (Hyposittide) for its reception. ¢ Comprising, besides the genus Certhia, the genera Tichodroma Bonaparte ( Pals- arctic) and Climacteris Temminck (Australian), each of these, however, constituting a separate subfamily. 4The Australian monotypic genus Yerophila Gould; also, possibly, the Australian (monotypic) genus Sphenostoma Gould, which I have not seen. ¢The term Agithalinz has been used for this group; but the name -2githalos, on which it was based, having been transferred, in accordance with requirements of 378 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. aa. Maxilla abruptly contracted terminally, with upper outline strongly convex, the nasal opening occupying more than basal half; interorbital septum contracted to a slender horizontal bar separating two very large foramina which extend much the greater part of the distance, longitudinally, across the orbit; tarsus little if any less than twice as long as middle toe without claw; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent for decidedly less than its entire length to inner toe but for its entire length to outer toe; exposed culmen much shorter than inner toe without claw, the bill nearly as deep at base as long, or else culmen strongly convex, and bill much compressed terminally; tail graduated (some- times excessively so). (Nest suspended to twigs of trees or bushes, purse-like, very bulky; eggs white, with or without reddish brown specks. ) --Psaltriparine I have been greatly perplexed as to the question of genera in the sub- family Parine, and it is only after a very careful consideration of the subject and close examination and comparison of a majority of the known species that I have reached a decision in the matter; for at the very outset it was clearly evident that no middle course can be taken between two extremes—the recognition of a single genus (Purus) for all the Nearctic and Palearctic” forms or a considerable number of genera. Many authors who oppose or disapprove of the latter course favor the recognition of a genus Lophophanes for the crested species of the group; but nothing can be more clear than the fact that if Lophophanes be allowed, consistency, or rather scientific accuracy, requires that this genus be restricted to Z. cr¢status and its nearer Palearctic allies, for the crested species of the Nearctic region are all very different in certain structural characters and should, therefore, be segregated as a separate genus (Bexolophus Cabanis). The breach once made by elimination of the species comprising these two groups, disintegration must go still further, and the plainly colored black- or brown-capped ‘‘ chickadees,” represented by Purus atricapillus and P. hudsonicus and their allies be set apart, for certainly they are very different-looking birds from P. major (the type of Parus by elimina- tion) and the many Palearctic species of bright or variegated plumage. Although averse to so-called ‘‘innovations” and extremely reluctant to take what may seem like radical action in the case, I am convinced that it is best, all things considered, to do so; and that conservatism in this case, as in all others of like kind, simply retards the progress of systematic ornithology, for whose advancement we all profess to strive. the nomenclatural code, from a genus of this group to one belonging to the next, it obviously can not now be used for either group, and I therefore propose Remizine and Psaltriparinx, respectively, the first being based on the generic name Remiza (Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 387), and preferred to one based on Auriparus for the reason that the latter genus does not represent so extreme a type of structure. “The Indo-Malayan genus Melanochlora Lesson seems very distinct from Parus (in the broader sense), judging from the single species (MV. su/taneus) which I have been able to examine. The African Melaniparus niger (Vieillot) I have not seen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 319 KEY TO THE GENERA OF PARIDZE. a. Exposed culmen equal to or longer than inner toe without claw; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent for entire length to inner toe, for about half its length to outer toe; tarsus much less than twice as long as middle toe without claw. 6. Bill with either the culmen or gonys (usually both) distinctly convex, its tip not acute; ninth primary shorter than third, not more than twice as long as tenth; rictal bristles distinct. (Subfamily Parine.“) c. Head crested. d. Bill slender, its depth at base equal to not more than half its length; tail emarginate; longer feathers of crest recurved terminally. : Lophophanes (extralimital) ” dd. Bill very stout, its depth at base equal to more than half the length of exposed culmen; tail more or less rounded; longer feathers of crest not neguryed terminally]. 8-2 ooo. os enn c ek ect kee s 52 Beolophus (p. 380) ce. Head without crest. d. Antrorse latero-frontal plumules shorter, only partially covering nostrils; outer side of planta tarsi divided in middle; larger (wing more than 70 mm. ); a glossy blue-black band across side of neck connecting the simi- larly colored vertical and gular areas; under parts olive-yellow with black median stripe; wings and tail dull blue, the former with a yellow- ighpband as | (Palsancticn sso ss Ss eae ee ee Parus (extralimital) ¢ dd. Antrorse latero-frontal plumules longer, forming a distinct tuft completely covering and overreaching nostrils; outer side of planta tarsi not divided in middle; smaller (wing usually much less than 70 mm.); no black band across side of neck, but black or brown vertical and gular areas separated by a broad space of white or gray; under parts white medially, gray, brown, buffy, or rufescent laterally; wings and tail dusky, with gray or whitish edgings, the former without light-colored band. (Cir- GCHIO Laas) eae ae So see ten Sah ean ees Loe Penthestes (p. 394) 6b. Bill with both culmen and gonys nearly straight, its tip acute; ninth primary not shorter than fourth, more than twice as long as tenth; rictal bristles obso- letese"(Subiamily Renizina®)ic 22 5225s. 3.5 oe ek Auriparus (p. 419) aa. Exposed culmen much shorter than inner toe, without claw; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent for decidedly less than its entire length to inner toe, but for its entire length to outer toe; tarsus nearly twice as long as middle toe without claw. (Subfamily Psaltriparine. ¢)......-.----- Psaltriparus (p. 423) @§See p. 377. b Lophophanes Kaup, Entw. Gesch. Eur. Thierwelt, 1829, 92. (Type, Parus cris- tatus Linneeus. ) ¢ Parus Linnezeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 189. (Type, by elimination, P. major Linneeus.) I shall not here include other Palearctic groups ( Cyanistes Kaup, type Parus cyaneus; _Periparus Selys-Longchamps, type P. ater; Sittiparus Selys-Long- champs, type P. varius, ete.). 4 See p. 377. eSee p. 378. 380 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus BZXHOLOPHUS Cabanis. Baeolophus@ Caranis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 91. (Type, Parus bicolor Linnzeus. ) Bacolophus (typographical error?) BonapartrE, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 63. Baelophus Srvys-Lonacuames, Bull. Zool. France, ix, 1884, 48. Crested Parinze, with the bill very stout (its depth at base equal to more than half the length of exposed culmen); the longer feathers of crest not recurved terminally, and the tail more or less rounded at tip. Bill short and stout, its depth at base equal to more than half (sometimes more than two-thirds) the length of exposed culmen, the culmen distinctly, though not strongly, convex for terminal half (more or less), the gonys also distinctly convex, and strongly ascend- ing terminally. Wing rather long, but rounded; seventh, sixth, and fifth, or seventh to fourth, primaries longest, the eighth about equal to fourth or third, the ninth not longer than first (sometimes shorter), the tenth about half as long as ninth, or slightly less. Tail shorter than wing (shorter than distance from bend to tip of secondaries in one species’ only), slightly rounded or nearly even. Tarsus decid- edly longer than middle toe with claw (about twice as long as exposed culmen). Coloration. —Ahbove, plain gray or olive, with or without black on head; beneath, dull white or pale gray, the sides and flank sometimes rusty; one species with throat, band across posterior margin of sides of neck, another across sides of head at end of auricular region and margin of pileum black. Range. —Warmer portions of Nearctic region. (Four species.) In coloration one species of this genus strongly resembles Lopho- phanes cristatus, of the Palearctic region, in its black throat, two black bands across side of head and neck, and admixture of black in the crest, but the two are very different in other respects, especially in the shape of the bill, which is very slender in Z. cristatus, whereas in BL. wollwebert it is shorter and relatively stouter than in any other member of the American group. ZL. eristatus furthermore has the longer feathers of the crest more elongated, with narrower and dis- tinctly recurved tips, and the end of the tail is emarginate instead of slightly rounded. In its perfectly plain coloration B. énornatus agrees with Lophophanes dichrous of northern India (Nepaul, Sikkim, etc.), the latter being a true Lophophanes in structural characters. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF BHOLOPHUS. a. Throat white or gray; no black on sides of head or neck. b. Above slate-gray or olive-gray, the head with black on forehead or crown or else the forehead rusty; sides and flanks cinnamon-rufous or cinnamon-buff. c. Crown and crest gray, like back; forehead black or dusky. (Eastern United States, west to edge of Great Plains.)............ Beolophus bicolor (p. 381) « “ Baids, unbedeutend; Ad@os, Schopf.’’ > B. inornatus. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, d81 cc. Crown and crest black or blackish; forehead whitish or rusty. (Bzolophus atricristatus. ) d. Smaller (adult male averaging wing 71.2, tail 61.6, culmen 9.4, tarsus 19.6); gray of upper parts darker, more strongly tinged with olive. (Rio Grande Valley and southward to Vera Cruz. ) Beolophus atricristatus atricristatus (p. 584) dd. Larger (adult male averaging wing 77.1, tail 66.9, culmen 10.7, tarsus 20.5); gray of upper parts lighter, less tinged with olive. (Central and southern Texas, except Rio Grande Valley. ) Beolophus atricristatus sennetti (p. 386) bb. Above brownish gray or grayish brown, the head without any black or rusty; sides and flanks pale brownish gray or grayish brown. (Bexolophus inor- natus. ) Smaller (wing of adult male averaging less than 70, of female not more than 68); color of upper parts browner. d. Lighter in color, especially the under parts. (California north of San Bernardino Mountains, except shores of San Francisco Bay. ) Beolophus inornatus inornatus (p. 387) dd. Darker, especially the under parts. (Vicinity of San Francisco Bay. ) Beolophus inornatus restrictus (p. 389) ce. Larger (wing of adult male averaging more than 70, of female more than 68); color of upper parts grayer. d. Upper parts darker brownish gray. (Southern California and northern Rawer Oglifomia.) -<22.-.-5-- 55. Beolophus inornatus murinus (p. 389) dd. Upper parts lighter brownish gray. e. Under parts more decidedly grayish; tail and tarsus decidedly longer, bill larger, and middle toe shorter (adult male averaging wing 72.2, tail 59.6, culmen 12.9, tarsus 21.5, middle toe 12.3). (Arid interior dis- tricts, north to Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, south to New Mexico, Arizona, and Panamint Mountains, California. ) Beolophus inornatus griseus (p. 590) ee. Under parts more whitish; tail and tarsus decidedly shorter, bill smaller, and middle toe longer (adult male averaging 71.4, tail 56.5, culmen 11.4, tarsus 19.9, middle toe 13). (Cape district of Lower California. ) Beolophus inornatus cineraceus (p. 391) aa. Throat black, or partly so; a black band across end of auricular region and another across side of neck. (Bxolophus wollweberi. ) b. Darker, with gray of upper parts more olive; the under parts light olive-gray. (South-central Mexico, from Durango and Jalisco to Vera Cruz and Oaxaca. ) Beolophus wollweberi wollweberi (p. 392) bb. Paler, with gray of upper parts clearer, the under parts dull grayish-white. (New Mexico and Arizona and southward into Chihuahua and Sonora. ) Beolophus wollweberi annexus (p. 395) c. BAZOLOPHUS BICOLOR (Linnzus). TUFTED TITMOUSE, Adults (sexes alike) in spring and summer.—F¥orehead black, or sooty black, margined posteriorly, more or less distinctly, with sooty brown; rest of upper parts plain slate-gray; lores dull white, sharply defined against the black frontal patch; orbital region dull white, relieved by a black mark on upper eyelid; auricular region pale gray; malar region and under parts dull white, passing on sides and flanks into 382 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. light cinnamon-rufous; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky (bluish gray in life). Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but gray of upper parts more or less tinged with olive brownish, especially on back, and under parts tinged with pale buffy brownish, especially on chest. Young.—Similar to adults, but black of forehead duller and more restricted, not forming a distinct or sharply defined patch, and color of sides and flanks paler and duller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 130-157 (146.2); wing, 74.5-83 (79.8); tail, 65-75 (68.5); culmen, 11-13 (12.1); tarsus, 19.5-22 (20.4); middle toe, 12-14 (13.7).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 133-149.5 (144); wing, 72-79.5 (76.7); tail, 61.5-71 (66.8); culmen, 11-13 (12); tarsus, 19-21.5 (20.2); middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.4).? Eastern United States; north, regularly, to southern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, central Ohio, northern Indiana (upper Wabash Valley), northern Illinois (except extreme northern portion), southern Iowa (Des Moines, Decatur, and Mahaska counties, etc.), and north- eastern Nebraska (Dakota County); irregularly or casually to Con- necticut (Lyme, Hartford, ete.), southern New York (Long Island, Staten Island, Riverdale, Orleans County, Chemung County, etc.), extreme northern portions of Indiana and Illinois, and southern Min- nesota (Nobles County); west to eastern portion of the Great Plains « Thirty-nine specimens. b Twenty-three specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. |Culmen.) Tarsus. ree MALES. Ten adult males from Pennsylvania to Virginia........-..-. 80.4 69.4 11.9 21 13.6 Ten adult males from Mississippi Valley (except Kansas)-..} 80.9 69.8 1253 20.8 | Sea Three adult males from eastern Kansas ........---.-------- 82.5 73.3 1027 | 5.2058 13.5 Nineladultmales trom exas sees odeeeee amacrine riser steele 79.3 68. 2 12.2 20.9 | Load Four adult males from Louisiana, Mississippi,and Alabama.| 79 68 12.5 20.7 13.6 Ten adultamalesdrom-Hloridalcese-= so-so eee eee 77.6 66.4 11.9 20.3 13.3 FEMALES. Seven adult females from Maryland to Virginia............ Thee 66.7 11.6 20.7 | 13.6 Seven adult females from Mississippi Valley ......-.----.-- 17.9 68. 2 12.2 19.9 | 13.6 One adult female from eastern Kansas ..........--.--..---- 82 70 12 2Aleoa| 13 Six adulftemales trom Vlexasseseessosee eee ae eee ee ee 74.8 64.7 1253 20) Sipe sal One‘adultiemale) fromelouisianae esses sseeee seas eee 75 65 12 19.5 | 13 Hightadulttemales from Mloridacs 22-5 5----peeee eee 76.4 67.9 TAR9 20:2) | 12.6 IT am unable to appreciate any color differences. ¢Said by Dr. Hatch (Birds of Minnesota, 1892, 427) to breed in the county named, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 383 (Nebraska to Texas); south to the Gulf coast, including south-central Florida and eastern and central Texas (south and west to Matagorda, , oD Victoria, and Bexar counties). [ Parus] bicolor Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 340 (based on Crested Tit- mouse, Parus cristatus, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, pl. 57).—GmeE tin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1005.—Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 567. Parus bicolor Wiison, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 137, pl. 8, fig. 5—BoNnaparrsr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, 255; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ui, 1826, 100; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 20.—Lxsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 456.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 199, pl. 89; Synopsis, 1839, 78; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 143, pl. 125 (‘‘Nova Scotia’’).—LinstEy, Am. Journ. Sci., xliv, 1843, 255 (Connecticut).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vili, 1883, 32.—Amert- cAN OrnitHouoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 731.—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 277 (north rarely to Minnesota, common to s. Towa).—Dutcner, Auk, x, 18938, 277 (Brooklyn, Long I.).—Burier, Bull. Brooky. Soc. N. H., No. 2, 1886, 38 (Franklin Co., Indiana, resident).— Becxuam, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 692 (San Antonio, Texas, common; Leon Springs, Texas, 1 spec. ).—Rrpe@way, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 79.—Evrr- MANN, Auk, vi, 1889, 29 (Carroll Co., Indiana, breeding).—CuHapman, Auk, vi, 1889, 305 (Englewood, New Jersey, 1 spec., Aug. 19, 1888).—McBripg, Proce. Ind. Ac. Sci. for 1891 (1892), 167 (Elkhart Co., Indiana, breeding) .— Dutcuer, Auk, x, 1893, 277 (Brooklyn, New York, 1 spec.).—U.trey and Wa twacer, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 158 (Wabash Co., Indiana, common resident ).—H Aap ky, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897, 196 (Wayne Co., Indiana, com- mon resident ).— Wayne, Auk, xiv, 1897, 98 (deser. remarkable nest).—Pos- son, Auk, xvi, 1899, 196 (Holly, Orleans Co., New York, 1 spec., Mar. 17, 1889).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-1899 (1900), 43 (Louisiana, resident ).—Braistin, Auk, xix, 1902, 148 (Sheepshead Bay, Long I., 1 spec., Mar.). P(arus] bicolor Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 561. P{arus] bicolor bicolor Banas, Auk, xv, Apr., 1898, 181, in text. P(arus] bicolor Maximrur1an, Journ. fir Orn., 1858, 118 (New Harmony, Indiana; Missouri). Lophophanes bicolor Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 228.—Cassry, [lustr. Birds Cal., Tex., ete., 1853, 18.—WoopHouss, in Rep. Sitgreaves, Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 68 (Indian Territory).—Barirp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 384; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 285; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 78.— Barnarp, Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1860 (1861), 437 (Pennsylvania ).— Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 14 (Nortia Carolina).—Haypen, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xii, 1862, 164 (St. Joseph, Missouri).—Dressrr, Ibis, 1865, 485 (Medina R., near San Antonio, Texas, Apr.).—LAwreEnce, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 283 (vicinity New York City).—Greae, Proc. Elmira Acad., 1870 (Chemung Co., New York).—A.L.eEn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 261 (e. Florida, winter); ili, 1872, 125 (Topeka, Kansas).—Triepr, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., xv, 1872, 236 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, s. Iowa, resi- dent).—Maynarp, Birds Florida, 1872, 32.—Covrs, Check List, 1878, no. 27; 2d ed., 1882, no. 40; Birds N. W., 1874, 19; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 113 (synonymy ).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 6 (e. Kansas, resident).—Trrppe, Proc. Essex Inst., xv, 1873, 236 (Iowa).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 87, pl. 6, fig. 1.—Brewsrer, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875, 133 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia; habits; notes); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 19 (deser. young). —Merriam, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 1877, 384 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ) (Connecticut).—LANGpon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 4 (resident).—BrEweER, Bae Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., xix, 1878, 302 (Lyme and Hartford, Connecti- cut).—BicKNELL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ili, 1878, 129 (Riverdale, New York, 1 spec., Nov. 29-Mar. 28).—Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 34 (Riverdale, s. e. New York, rare winter resident).—Scorr (W. E. D.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 81 (Princeton, New Jersey, Jan.), 223 (Long Beach, New Jersey).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 36.— Neururna, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 8 (Harris Co., Texas, resident ).— Moran, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 52 (Staten I., New York).— Agerrsporc, Auk, ii, 1885, 277 (Dakota Co., Nebraska, abundant ).—BurT Ler, Birds Indiana, 1897, 1134 (whole State, but rare and irregular in extreme northern counties). [ Lophophanes] bicolor Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 80. L{ophophanes] bicolor Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 95 (n. e. Illinois, winter straggler); ix, 1877, 33 (Wabash Co., Illinois, very numerous).— Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 264. B{aeolophus] bicolor CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 91, footnote. P{arus] (Blaeolophus]) bicolor bicolor Hrtitmayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 42. Lophophanes missouriensis Barro, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 384, in text (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). [Lophophanes bicolor] var. missouriensis Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 78, in text (under list of specimens). Parus (Lophophanes) bicolor floridanus Banes, Auk, xv, Apr., 1898, 181 (Clear Water, Hillsboro Co., Florida; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). P{arus] (Blaeolophus]) bicolor floridanus HetuMayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 42. BAEOLOPHUS ATRICRISTATUS ATRICRISTATUS (Cassin). BLACK-CRESTED TITMOUSE, Adult male.—¥orehead dull white, sometimes faintly tinged with brown; rest of pileum, including crest, black, sharply defined against whitish of forehead; rest of upper parts, including sides of occiput and superciliary region, plain gray, strongly washed with olive, except on superciliary region, where the gray is paler, gradually fading into still paler gray on auricular region and sides of neck, and this fading into white or grayish white on lores and malar region; upper eyelid mostly black; under parts grayish white, becoming clearer buffy white posteriorly, the sides and flanks pale cinnamon-rufous; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky (bluish gray in life); length (skins), 122.5-142 (132.1); wing, 67.5-74 (71.2); tail, 56.5-66 (61.6); culmen, 9-10.5 (9.4); tarsus, 18-20.5 (19.6); middle toe, 11.5-18 (12.4).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and often not distinguish- able, but usually slightly smaller, with black of crest sometimes appreciably less intense; length (skins), 122.5-135.5 (150.1); wing, «Twenty-two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 385 65.5—71.5 (69); tail, 55.5-63.5 (59.9); culmen, 9-10 (9.4); tarsus, 18—-19.5 (18.7); middle toe, 11.5-13 (11.9).¢ ' Young.—Essentially like adults, but black of crown and crest much duller (the feathers often narrowly tipped with grayish), less sharply defined laterally and posteriorly against the gray, and anteriorly invading the forehead almost (sometimes quite) to base of culmen; throat and chest pale gray; color of sides and flanks much paler (cin- namon-buff instead of rufous-cinnamon); back sometimes suffused with sooty or blackish. Rio Grande Valley, and Mexican States of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, and Vera Cruz (highlands). Parus atricristatus Casstx, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1850, 103, pl. 2 (Rio Grande, Texas; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1888, 31, part (Mexico, s. to Vera Cruz).—AMERICAN ORNITHOL- oaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 732, part.—Srennert, Auk, iv, 1887, 28 (deser. young).—Cooxkg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 277, part (Rio Grande Valley).—Baitry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 455, part. P(arus] atricristatus Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 561, part. Plarus] (Blaeolophus}) atricristatus Hetiumayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 43, part. Lophophanes atricristatus Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (Rio Grande, Texas); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 385; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 286; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 14 (China, ete., Nueyo Leon, Mexico); Review Am. Birds, 1864, 78, part.—Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1853, 13, part.—Burcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 48 (Rio Grande Valley ).—HerErMAnNN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, no. 1, 1859, 12 (Fort Clark, Texas; habits).—Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1865, 397 (Vera Cruz, Mexico).—Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 29, part.—Barirp, Brewer, and « Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 90, part—Merriut (J. C.), Proc. U. «Ten specimens. Specimens from separate geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: Locality. Wing. Tail. Culmen. Tarsus. edie MALES. Nine adult males from Lower Rio Grande (Brownsville) -.- 70.8 61.9 9.2 | 19.8 12.7 Eight adult males from Nuevo Leon..........-........--... 72.7 62.9 9.8 | 19. 4 12S Five adult males from Vera Cruz, San Luis Potosi, and | SUE RMA aL DAR 'omcs eee ce aaa cite ae aes ane eae 69.5 8.3 92) 1806 12.5 FEMALES. | Four adult females from Lower Rio Grande (Brownsville) -| 69 59.7 9.1 19 12 Five adult females from Nuevo Leon......................- | 669.8 61.1 9.5 | 18.6 11.9 One adult female from San Luis Potosi..............-.-.--- 65.5 25.5 10 18.5 11.5 Specimens from Mexico average very slightly more olivaceous above than those from the Rio Grande Valley, but the difference is too slight and inconstant to war- rant separation. 10384—voL 3—03 25 386 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 120 (Fort Brown. Texas; descr. nest and eggs).— Savin and Gopman, Biol. Centr. Am., Aves, i, 1879, 55 (Rio Grande Valley to Vera Cruz). [| Lophophanes] atrocristatus SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 5. Lophophanes atrocristatus Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 116, footnote, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 42, part.—Srnnetr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 6 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas); v, 1879, 378 (Lomita, Texas).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 37, part. , L{ophophanes] atrocristatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 265, part. BAEOLOPHUS ATRICRISTATUS SENNETTI, new subspecies.é SENNETT’S TITMOUSE. Similar to B. a. atricristatus, but decidedly larger; upper parts much clearer gray, with little, if any, olive tinge; adult female with crest feathers more often and more extensively tipped with gray, and both sexes with forehead more often tinged with brown or rusty, sometimes deeply so.” Adult male.—Length (skins), 137-148 (142.2); wing, 75-79.5 (77.1); a@Type, no. 112939, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, Leon Springs, Bexar County, Texas, March 18, 1887; C. W. Beckham. » Any pronounced rusty tinge to the color of the forehead indicates, in the writer’s opinion, admixture of B. bicolor blood. This reaches its extreme development in individuals corresponding to Parus atricristatus castaneifrons Sennett and P. bicolor texensis Sennett, the former comprising those with a black crown and crest and deep rusty or chestnut forehead, the latter those with a gray crown and crest and rusty or chestnut forehead. That these are all merely hybrids between Bb. atricristatus sennetti and B. bicolor is almost certain from the fact that they occur together in the same localities along with the two hypothetical parent species; furthermore, the National Museum collection contains two pairs, shot at San Antonio, by Mr. H. P. Attwater, the males of which are typical B. a. sennetti and the females B. b. texensis. The synonymy and characters of the two alleged forms are as follows: Beolophus atricristatus castaneifrons (Sennett). Parus atricristatus castaneifrons Sennett, Auk, iv, Jan., 1887, 28 (Bee Co., Texas; coll. G. B. Sennett).—Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 594.—Chapman, Auk, v, 1888, 400.—Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 277. P(arus] atricristatus castaneifrons Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 561. Similar to B. a. sennetti, but forehead deep rusty brown o. chestnut, and black of crown and crest duller, sometimes intermixed with gray. Beolophus bicolor texensis Sennett. Parus bicolor texensis Sennett, Auk, iv, Jan., 1887, 29 (Bee Co., Texas; coll. G. B. Sennett).—Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593.—Chapman,. Auk, v. 1888, 400; Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1891, 327 (Corpus Christi).—Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 342 (San Antonio, winter).—Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 277.—American Ornithologists’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 731a.—Carroll, Auk, xvii, 1900, 348 (Refugio Co. ), P{arus] bicolor texensis Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 561. Plarus] (Blaeolophus]) bicolor texensis Hellmayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 42. Similar to B, a, castaneifrons, but crown and crest wholly gray or but slightly BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 387 tail, 64.5-68.5 (66.9); culmen, 10—-11.5 (10.7); tarsus, 19.5-21 (20.5); middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.3).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 133-142 (138.4); wing, 70-76 (72.7); tail, 61-69 (64.5); culmen, 9.5-11 (10.1); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.6); mid- dle toe, 12-13 (12.5).? Central Texas, east to the valley of the Brazos River (Young County to Harris County), south to Nueces’ and Bee’ counties, west to «Concho and Tom Green counties, north to Young County (possibly to the Red River).@ Lophophanes atricristatus (not Parus atricristatus Cassin, 1850) Cassry, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1853, 13, part, pl. 3—WoopnHovss, in Sitgreaves’s Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 69 (near San Antonio, Texas, etc. ).—Barrp, Review, Am. Birds, 1864, 78, part (San Antonio).—Dressrer, Ibis, 1865, 485 (San Antonio and Houston, Texas).—Covegs, Check List, 1875, no. 29, part.— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 90, part, pl. 6, fig. 2.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 76 (Comal Co., Texas; descr. nest and eggs). Parus atricristatus (not of Cassin) AMERICAN OrNriTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 732, part.—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 298 (Tom Green and Concho counties; resident.—Cooxker, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 277, part (Concho, Tom Green, Comal, and Kendall counties, Texas).—Brcknam, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 692 (San Antonio, Leon Springs, and Beeville, Texas).— rae Auk, vi, 1889, 241 (Kastland Co., Texas).—CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1891, 327 (Corpus Christi, Texas, breeding).—ATrwatTER, Auk, ix, 1892, 343 (San Antonio, Texas, resident; food; location of nest, etc.).—Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8:, 1902, 455, part. Lophophanes atrocristatus Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 116, footnote, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 42, part.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 37, part.—RagspaLe, Bull. Nut. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 114 (Texas range).— Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nut. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 35 (Boerne, Kendall Co., Texas, resident). / L[ophophanes] atrocristatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 265, part. P{arus] (Blaeolophus] ) atrocristatus HeLuMayr, Tierreich, 18 en , Mar., 1908, 43, part. BHOLOPHUS INORNATUS INORNATUS (Gambel). PLAIN TITMOUSE, Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain hair brown or light grayish brown, becoming more distinctly brown and slightly olivaceous pos- teriorly, especially on edges of rectrices; sides of — id and under tinged with blackish; similar to B. Ginn, but forehéad rusty Drewra or chestnut instead of black. The castaneifrons type is connected with purely typical atricristatus sennetti on the one hand and with the texensis type on the other, and the latter is similarly con- nected with B. bicolor. ¢'Ten specimens. » Nine specimens. eT have not seen specimens from these two counties; possibly they may be refer- able to the Rio Grande form a B. atricristatus). 4 According to Ragsdale (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 114). 388 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. parts very pale brownish gray or dull grayish white, more buffy gray- ish on sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts; auricular region more or less barred or mottled with darker brownish gray; bill dusky horn color (more grayish in life), with paler tomia; iris brown; legs and feet dusky (bluish gray in life). Young.—Similar in coloration to adults, but larger wing-coverts, indistinctly paler and somewhat buffy at tips, and texture of plumage distinetly different. ; Adult male.—Length (skins), 121-131 (127.2); wing, 66.5—71.5 (€ tail, 54-59 (57.1); culmen, 10.5-11.5 (11.2); tarsus, 20.5-21.5 (21. middle toe. 12-13.5 (12.9).¢ Adult fematle.—Length (skins), 110-135 (124.9); wing, 63-70 (67.8); tail, 50-60.5 (55.8); culmen, 10.5-12 (11.1); tarsus, 19.5-22 (20.5); middle toe, 12-13 (12.4).? California in general (in oak woods) north of San Bernardino Mountains and Colorado Desert; north to Mendocino and Siskiyou counties; south to Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Kern counties; ”@ east to western slope of Sierra Nevada. Parus inornatus GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, Aug., 1845, 265 (near Mon- terey, California); iii, 1846, 154; Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., 1, 1847, pl. 8, fig. 2.—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vili, 1883, 32, part (California).— AMERICAN OrNiITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 733, part.—Town- sEND (C. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 228 (Red Bluff, etc., n. Cali- fornia; descr. nest).—FisHpr (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 138 (Cajon Pass, Walkers Basin, ete., California).—Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S8., 1902, 456. Plarus]| inornatus GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 35, (near Mon- terey).—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 561. Parus inornatus inornatus GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, June 25, 1902, 70, part. Lophophanes inornatus Batrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (California); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 386, part (Californian local- ities); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 287, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 78, part (Californian localities).—Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1853, 19.—HEERMANN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., li, 1853, 263 (at least in /part); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 42 (California).—XAnTus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—Scua- TER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 14 (Sacramento, California).—Coopgrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 42, part.—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vy, 1873, 189, part (crit.); Nom. - N. Am. Birds, 1881, 38, part. —Covers, Check List, 1873, no. 28, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 41, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 20, part (in synonymy); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 114, part.—Bairp, Brewer, and Rirpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 91, part, pl. 6, fig. 3.—HensHaw, Am. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 229 (Santa Barbara (Fort Tejon, Walkers Basin, etc., California).—Coorrer (W. A.), Bull. Nutt Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 68, 69 (Santa Cruz, California; breeding habits).—Brewstrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 39 (Oakdale, Stanislaus Co., California; descr. young).—BELDING, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 400 (Stockton, Calaveras Co., ete.; descr. nest and eggs). «Ten specimens, » Also northern portion of Los Angeles County. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 389 [ Lophophanes] inornatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 80, part. L{ophophanes] inornatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 264, part. [Lophophanes inornatus.] Var. inornatus Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 344 (diagnosis). P[arus] (B{aeolophus]) inornatus inornatus HELLMAYR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 48, part. BAOLOPHUS INORNATUS RESTRICTUS, new subspecies. SAN FRANCISCO TITMOUSE. Similar in size to B. 7. ¢nornatus, but decidedly darker, the young conspicuously less brown. Adult male.—Length (skin), 126.5; wing, 68; tail, 57; culmen, 11.5; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe, 12.5.” Adult female.—Length (skin), 125; wing, 66; tail, 56; culmen, 11; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 13.? San Francisco Bay district, California (Oakland). Lophophanes inornatus (not Parus imornatus Gambel) Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 42, part (San Francisco, California).—Hensnaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 182 (Oakland, California; breeding habits; deser. nest and eggs). Parus inornatus inornatus GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, June 25, 1902, 70, part. Parus inornatus (not of Gambel) Barney (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.8., 1902, 456, part. P[arus] (B[aeolophus]) inornatus ‘nornatus Hetpmayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., March, 1903, 45, part. BAOLOPHUS INORNATUS MURINUS, new subspecies. ¢ SAN DIEGO TITMOUSE. Similar to B. 7. nornatus, but larger; upper parts much grayer, and under parts darker, more decidedly gray. Similar to B. 7. griseus, but decidedly darker. Adult male.—Length (skins), 122-148 (131.9); wing, 68-75.5 (70.8); tail, 57-63 (59.4); culmen, 11-13 (11.9): tarsus, 21-22.5 (21.7); middle toe, 12.5-13.5 (12.9).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 118-137 (129.1); wing, 66-72 (69.3); tail, 57-61 (59.2); culmen, 12-12.5 (12.2); tarsus, 20.5-22.5 (21.4); middle toe, 13-14 (13.1).° Southern California, in Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties, and northern Lower California (Nachoguero Valley, San Pedro Martir Mountains, etc.). aType, no. 163569, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, Oakland, California, March 24, 1896; Dr. Hornung. » One specimen. Type, no. 133812, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, Nachoguero Valley, Lower California, June 4, 1894; Dr. E. A. Mearns, U. 8. A. @ Fifteen specimens. éSeven specimens. 890 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Lophophanes inornatus (not Parus inornatus Gambel) Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 42, part (near San Diego, California).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ringway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 91, part. [ Lophophanes] inornatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 80, part. L[ophophanes] inornatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 264, part. Parus inornatus AMERICAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 733, part.—Baitry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 456, part. (2?) Parus inornatus (not of Gambel?) Morcom, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 55 (San Gorgonio and Cajon Pass, s. California. —GRINNELL (J.), Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 49 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident). Parus inornatus inornatus GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, June 25, 1902, 70, part. Parus imornatus griseus (not Lophophanes inornatus griseus Ridgway, 1882) AntTHOoNY, Zoe, ivy, 1893, 246 (San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California). Parus inornatus Emerson, Bull. 7, Calif. Ac. Sci., 1887, 424 (San Diego Co., California). P(arus] (B[laeolophus]) inornatus inornatus HELLMAYR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., March, 1903, 48, part. BAEOLOPHUS INORNATUS GRISEUS (Ridgway). GRAY TITMOUSE. Similar to Z. 7. murinus, but paler and grayer, the upper parts drab-gray or smoke gray; wing and tail longer, and bill larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 123.5-135 (131.6); wing, T0-75 (72.2); tail, 54.5-62.5 (59.6); culmen, 12.5-14 (12.9); tarsus, 20.5-22.5 (21.5); middle toe, 12-13 (12.3).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 122-131.5 (127.9); wing, 69-73.5 (70.1); tail, 55.5-60 (57.1); culmen, 12-13.5 (12 co tarsus, 19.5—21 (20.6); middle toe, 11-12 (11.8).? Mountains of the arid interior districts of western United States; north to Nevada (Washoe and Storey counties), Utah (Beaver County), and Colorado (El Paso and Fremont counties); east to western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains); west to eastern base of Sierra Nevada and southeastern California (Panamint Mountains); south to Mexican boundary line in New Mexico and Arizona, probably into northern Chihuahua and Sonora. Lophophanes inornatus (not Parus inornatus Gambel) WoopHouss, in Rep. Sit- greaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 69 (San Francisco Mt., Arizona) .— Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., 1x, 1858, 386, part (Mimbres to Rio Grande, New Mexico); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 287, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 78, part (San Francisco Mts., Arizona; Fort Defiance and Fort Thorn, New Mexico).—Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 79 (Fort Whip- ple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 28, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 41, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 20, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 114, part.—Coopsr,- Orn. Cal., 1870, 42, part (New Mexico).—Arken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 195 (Colorado).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 179 (Colorado), 189, part (crit. ); vii, 1875, 12 (Carson City, Nevada); Field and Forest, iii, 1877, 196 Cy Orn. 40th Parallel, ee 410, excl. syn., par (e. slope Sierra a aTen s specimens. ay Niner specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 391 Nevada, near Carson City and Truckee R.); Nom. N, Am. Birds, 1881, no. 38, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 91, part; iii, 1874, 502 (El Paso Co., Colorado).—Y arrow and Hensnaw, Rep, Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 7 (Lron City and Beaver, Utah).—Hen- sHAw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 40 (Utah, resident), 99, 155 (s. Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Ntcndie 1875, 167 (Iron City, Beaver, and Cove Creek, Utah; Colorado; New Me ao Arizona; habits); Ann. Rep. Geol. Sury. W. 100th Merid., 1877, 1315 (Carson City, Nevada).—Horr- MAN, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., vi, no. 2, 1881, 212 (Nevada).— Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 87 (Colorado).—Brewstrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 79 (Chiricahua Mts., s. Arizona). L[ophophanes] inornatus Cours, Ibis, 1865, 164, intext (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 264, part—Hrnsnaw, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sury. W. 100th Merid., 1879, 288 (Nevada). Tophophanes (typographical Se inornatus Barrp, in Ives* Rep. Col. R., pt. v, 1861, 6 (Fort Defiance, New Mexico). Parus bicolor (not of Linnzeus) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (New Mexico). Lophophanes bicolor (not of Bonaparte) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 107 (New Mexico). Lophophanes inornatus griseus (not Parus griseus Miller, 1776) Rrpa@way, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, Sept. 5, 1882, 344 (Iron City, s. Utah; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 257.—RrtcHenow and ScHaLow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 421 (reprint of orig. descr. ). [ Lophophanes inornatus] Var. griseus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vy, 1882, 344. Parus inornatus griseus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354.— AMERICAN ORrNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 733a.—FIsHER (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 138 (Panamint Mts., s. e. California; Charleston Mts., s. w. Nevada).—Lower, Auk, xi, 1894, 270 (Wet Mts., Colo- rado, 8,000 ft.).—Cooxkr, Bull. 37, Col. State Agric. Coll., 1897, 122 (s. Colo- rado, n. to El Paso Co.; 5,000-9,000 ft.); Bull. 44, Col. State Agric. Coll., 1898, 169 (Canon City, Colorado, resident ).—Wutson (S. 8.), Auk, xvi, 1899, 189 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico).—OpBeruotser, Auk, xix, 1902, 301 (Guadalupe Mts., w. Texas).—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 70 (s. e. California, e. of Sierra Nevada). P(arus] inornatus griseus Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 562. P{arus] i{nornatus] griseus Battny (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8 1902, 456. Parus inornatus ridgwayi RicuMonp, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., xv, June 20, 1902, 155 (to replace Lophophanes inornatus griseus Ridgw a on oa eats of pre- occupation @), P{arus] (B{aeolophus]) inornatus ridgwayi Hettmayr, Tierreich, 18. Lief., Mar. 1903, 43. 2 BAOLOPHUS INORNATUS CINERACEUS (Ridgway ). ASHY TITMOUSE. Similar in coloration of upper parts to B. 7. gr/seus, but under parts much paler, and size slightly smaller. Adult mite. Length (skins), 121-129 (124.6); wing, 69-74.5 (71.4); a aren, griseus ST ee Zool. Dan., 1776, 34. The present species being fated from the genus Parus, the proposed change of name becomes, of course, unnecessary. 392 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tail, 55.5-58 (56.5); culmen, 11-12 (11.4); tarsus, 18-21 (19.9); middle toe, 12=13.5 (13): Adult female.—Length (skins), 118.5-126 (122.5); wing, 66-70 (68.2); tail, 59-56.5 (54.9); culmen, 11-12 (11.6); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.1); middle toe, 12-13.5 (12.6).@ Cape St. Lucas district of Lower California (Sierra de la Laguna; Victoria Mountains). Lophophanes inornatus cineraceus Rrpaway, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, Oct. 5, 1883, 154 (Laguna, Lower California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.), 547 (Victoria Mts., Lower California).—RrIcHENow and Scrarow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1886, 438 (reprint of orig. descr. ). Parus inornatus cineraceus Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354.— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 733b.—Brews- TeR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 204 (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California; crit. ). P{arus] inornatus cineraceus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 561. Plarus)| (Blaeolophus]) inornatus cineraceus HELLMAYR, Tierreich, 18. Lief., Mar. 1903, 43. BAOLOPHUS WOLLWEBERI WOLLWEBERI (Bonaparte). WOLLWEBER’S TITMOUSE, Adults (seres alike).—Pileum, including crest, black, with a large central patch of deep gray covering whole crown; a broad and sharply defined superciliary stripe of white extending posteriorly to beneath hind part of crest, where confluent with a broad white band across side of neck; a postocular streak of black, broader posteriorly, where confluent with a black band across terminal portion of auricular region; rest of auricular region, together with suborbital and malar regions, white; a black spot or short streak at anterior angle of eye; chin and throat uniform black, forming a conspicuous patch with sharply defined posterior outline; upper parts (except as described) plain deep olive-gray, more strongly tinged with olive posteriorly; under parts of body pale olive-gray, passing into pale olive-butty on abdomen and under tail coverts; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky (bluish gray in life). Adult male.—Length (skin), 117.5; wing, 67; tail, 56; culmen, 9; tarsus, 17: middle toe, 10.5.? Adult female.—Length (skins), 114-116 (115);-wing, 64-64.5 (64.2); tail, 55-57 (56); culmen, 8-9 (8.5); tarsus, 16.5-17 (16.7); middle toe, 9.5-10.5 (10).¢ Young.—Similar to adults, but throat mostly grayish or largely intermixed with gray, only the chin being uniform black. «Ten specimens. bOne specimen, from Talpa, Jalisco. ¢Two specimens, from Talpa and Jacala, Jalisco. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 893 Highlands of Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (La Parada; Talea), Puebla (Chachapa), Vera Cruz (Orizaba, ete.), and northward to Zacatecas Lophophanes wollweberi Bonapartr, Compt. Rend., xxxi, Oct., 1850, 478 (Zaca- tecas, Mexico; coll. Darmstadt Mus.).—Cassrtx, [lustr. Birds Cal., Tex., ete., 1853, 19, part.—Scriater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 299 (La Parada Oaxaca); 1859, 373 (Talea, Oaxaca); 1865, 397 (Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 14 (Talea, Oaxaca).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 79, part (Mex- ico).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 544 (alpine reg., Vera Cruz; mountains of San Diego and valley of Orizaba).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 93, part.—Covurs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 117, part (in synonymy).—Sarvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr. Am., Aves, i, 1879, 56 (La Parada and Talea, Oaxaca; mountains of San Diego; Orizaba, Tierra Fria). [ Lophophanes] wollweberi ScuatER and Saryin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 5 Parus (Lophophanes) wollweberi WESTERMANN, Bijdr. Dierk, ili, 1851, 15, plate. Parus wollweberi AMERICAN OrnitTHOLOoGIsTS’ Unton, Check ae 1886, no. 734, part.—FeErRRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. ae ix, 1886, 135 (Chachapa, Puebla).—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 135 (C a ‘hapa; crit. ). Plarus] wollweberi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 562, part. Plarus] (Llophophanes]) wollweberi Hettmayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 46, part. L{ophophanes| galeatus CAaBANis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 90, footnote (Mexico; coll. Berlin Mus.; ex Parus galeatus Lichtenstein, manuscript) . BZOLOPHUS WOLLWEBERI ANNEXUS (Cassin), BRIDLED TITMOUSE., Similar to B. aw. wollweber, but paler; gray of upper parts paler; under parts of body dull grayish white rather than gray, with the olive-bufty tinge to abdomen, ete., paler (almost wholly wanting in summer plumage). Adult male.—Lenegth Gans); 110-120 (115.3); wing, 63-67.5 (65.1); culmen, 8.5-9.5 (9); tarsus, 15.5-17.5 (16.8); middle toe, 10-11 (10.4).¢ Adult female.—Length eae 107-124 (114.7); wing, 60-65 (62.6); tail, 58-59 (55.6); culmen, 8-9 (8.5); tarsus, 15.5-17.5 (16.7); middle toe, 9.5-10.5 (10).¢ Mountains of Arizona (Copper Mines, Fort Whipple, Apache, Rock Canon, Bowie, Chiricahua Mountains, Pinal Mountains, Santa Catalina Mountains, etc., and New Mexico (Pueblo Creek) and Mexican States of Sonora (Oposura; Napolera; Puerto de los Pinitos) and Chihuahua (Mina Abundancia; Bravo; Carmen; Hacienda San Rafael). Lophophanes wollweberi (not of Bonaparte) Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 332 (‘‘ Rio Grande, Texas’’); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 386; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 53, fig. 1; Rep. U. 8S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 14, pl. 15, fig. 1 (Copper Mines, Arizona); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 288; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 79, part.—Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., ete., 1853, 19, part.—KEnNeERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. vi, 1859, 27 ‘Pueblo Creek, New Mexico).—Henry, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Coves, Ibis, 1865, 164, in text (Fort Whipple. nag Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 79 a Ten specimens. 894 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (Fort Whipple, resident); Check List, 1873, no. 30; 2d. ed., 1882, no. 43; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 117.—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 43 (Arizona; New Mexico).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 93, part, pl. 6, fig. 4.—Hrnsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 99 (Apache, Arizona), 155 (Fort Whipple, etc.); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 168 (Rock Canon, Bowie, Camp Crittenden, and Apache, Arizona; habits).—Rip@way, Nom. N. Am, Birds, 1881, no. 39.—Brewsrrr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 79 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona), [ Lophophanes] wollweberi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 81, part. L{ophophanes] wollweberi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 265, part. Lophophanes wolweberi Scorr (W. E. D.), Auk, ili, 1886, 84 (Arizona; breeding habits). Parus wollweberi Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (New Mexico).— AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 734, part.—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat Mus., xvi, 1884, 776 (32 miles s. of Nogales, Sonora).—Scorr, W. E. D.), Auk, v, 1888, 166 (Pinal and Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, in evergreen oak belt).—ALbLeN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 41 (Puerto de los Pinitos and Napolera, Sonora).—BarLry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 457. Plarus]| wollweberi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 562. Plarus] (L[Lophophanes] ) wollweberi HeriMayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar. 1903, 46, part. Parus annexus Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, Oct., 1850, 103, pl. 1 (‘‘ Rio Grande, Texas’’). @ Genus PENTHESTES Reichenbaeh. Pecile (not Poecilus Bonelli, 1809) Kaur, Entw. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 114. (Type, Parus palustris Linneeus. ) Pecila (emendation) Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 191.—Bonaparrr, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 230. Paecila (emendation) Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 4, i, 1854, 121. Poikilis (emendation) Buastus, List Birds Eur., 1862, 8. Poecilia (emendation; not of Schranck, 1802, nor Heinemann, 1870) Tacza- NOWSKI, Journ. flr Orn., 1872, 448. Paecilia (emendation; not of Bloch-Schneider, 1801) DyBowsxk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii, 1883, 361. Penthestes REICHENBACH, Ay. Syst. Nat. Trepidat., March 1, 1850, pl. 62. (Type, Parus lugubris Temmincek. ) Phaeopharus MaparaAsz, Magyar. Mad., 1900, 139. (Type, Parus palustris Lin- nzeus. ) Similar to Beolophus bat without crest, the bill more slender, and general form less stout; throat always black (at least in part) or deep sooty brown; pileum and hindneck always uniform black or brown. Coloration.—Ahbove plain gray or brown (one species deep rusty or chestnut) with the pileum and hindneck uniform black or brown, the larger wing-feathers, especially the tertials, sometimes conspicuously edged with whitish; beneath white medially, becoming more or less buffy, grayish, brown or chestnut on sides and flanks, the throat always black (at least in part) or sooty brown. “The locality where the type was actually taken is extremely doubtful, but almost certainly was not any part of the Rio Grande Valley or Texas. I have examined the original specimen and find it to represent the northern form. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 895 Range. —Northern portions of Palaearctic Region and entire Nearctic Region. (About twelve species. ) In structural characters Penthestes is quite similar to Leolophus except that the species are all of more slender build, the bill and feet especially, and there is no trace of crest, the feathers of the pileum, although rather long, being of uniform length and blended. In coloration the species of this group much more nearly resemble those of Beolophus than any of the peculiarly Palaearctic groups (Parus, Cyanistes, etc.), which are much more brightly colored, with the pat- tern more varied. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PENTHESTES. a. Pileum black. b. No white superciliary streak. ce. Sides and flanks more or less buffy, or else white, very different in color from back. d. Black of throat with posterior edge much broken by white tips to feathers; ereater wing-coverts and secondaries conspicuously edged with white; gail relatively longer (difference between length of tail and length of wing decidedly less than length of culmen). ( Penthestes atricapillus.) e. Larger and paler; wing of male averaging 66 or more, of female more than 62; tail of male averaging more than 61, of female more than 58. jf. Smaller and darker, with tail relatively shorter; male averaging wing 66, tail 61.5, female wing 63.3, tail 59.5. (Kastern North America, chiefly north of 40°; area between Cascade and Rocky mountains, in Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. ) Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus (p. 597) jf. Larger and paler with tail relatively longer; male averaging wing 66.3 or more, tail 65 or more, female wing 64.5 or more, tail 63.7 or more. g. Gray of back, ete., slightly darker and more buffy, the sides and flanks more strongly buffy; male averaging wing 69.7, tail 67.7, female wing 66.5, tail 64.4. (Rocky Mountain and Great Plains districts, from Kansas and New Mexico to Cook Inlet, Alaska. ) Penthestes atricapillus septentrionalis (p. 399) gg. Gray of back, ete., slightly paler and purer; the sides and flanks paler buffy, sometimes entirely white. (Alaska, west and north oi Cook Inlet: a2 2 se see Penthestes atricapillus turneri (p. 402) ee. Smaller and much darker; male averaging wing 61.9, tail 56.5, female wing 59.5, tail 55. (Pacific coast district, Oregon to British Columbia. ) Penthestes atricapillus occidentalis (p. 402) dd. Black of throat with posterior edge more ‘‘solid,’’ very abruptly defined against white of chest; greater wing-coverts and tertials edged with light gray; tail relatively shorter (difference between length of tail and length of wing much greater than length of culmen). ( Penthestes carolinensis.) e. Larger, the back, etc., clearer gray; male wing more than 54, averaging 61.8 in male, 61.2 in female; tail more than 46, averaging 51.9 in male, 53.3 in female. J. Gray of upper parts slightly darker. (Eastern United States, south of 40°, except eastern Florida, Texas, and southern Indian Territory. ) Penthestes carolinensis carolinensis (p. 403) Jf. Gray of upper parts slightly paler. (Eastern and central Texas and southern Indian Territory) ....Penthestes carolinensis agilis (p. 406) 896 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ee. Smaller, the back, etc., browner gray; wing 53.5 in male, 52.5 in female; tail 46 in male, 44.5 in female. (Eastern Florida. ) Penthestes carolinensis impiger (p. 406) cc. Sides and flanks gray, like back. (Highlands of Mexico, north to southern aN VAOY ae EN | Ween ta te Re eS 8 A a ae Penthestes sclateri (p. 407) bb. A white superciliary streak. (Mountain districts of western United States. ) Penthestes gambeli (p. 408) aa. Pileum brown. b. Back grayish brown; tail 54.5-68. c. Sides of neck white; sides and flanks pale wood brown or brownish buff. ( Penthestes cinctus. ) d. Darker and browner above; the sides light wood brown or fawn color. (Northern Europe.)-..---.---- Penthestes cinctus cinctus (extralimital). @ dd. Palerand grayer above; the sides much paler fawn color or cinnamon-buff. e. Bill larger (culmen 10). (Eastern Siberia. ) Penthestes cinctus obtectus (extralimital). ? ee. Bill smaller (culmen 9-9.5). (Northern Alaska. ) Penthestes cinctus alascensis (p. 411) ce. Sides of neck gray; sides and flanks rusty brown or cinnamon-brown. (Penthestes hudsonicus. ) d. Larger (wing 66 or more in male, 65 or more in female; tail 64 or more in male, more than 63 in female). 4 e. Palerand browner above; the throat more sooty. (Labrador to Alaska. ) Penthestes hudsonicus hudsonicus (p. 412) ee. Darker and less brown above; the throat blacker. (Northern Rocky Mountain district, from northern Montana to Cook Inlet, Alaska. ) Penthestes hudsonicus columbianus (p. 414) dd. Smaller (wing averaging 63.9 in male, 60.8 in female; tail averaging 60.6 in male, 59.1 in female). (Southern Labrador, New Brunswick, Nova Seotia, and northern New England to northern New York. ) Penthestes hudsonicus littoralis (p. 415) bb. Back chestnut; tail 43.5-54. ( Penthestes rufescens. ) @ Parus cinctus Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 46 (based on La Mésange de Sibérie Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 708, fig. 3); Dresser Birds, Europe, ili, 1871, 112; Gadow, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., viii, 1888, 35, part; Poecila cincta Prazik, Orn. Jahrb., vi, Heft 2, March-April, 1895, 87 (monogr.).—[Parus] sibiricus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 1013 (based on Siberian Titmouse Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, 556); [ Poecila] sibiricus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 230; P[oecile] sibirica Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 91; Poecile sibirica vera Brehm, Naumannia, 1856, 369.—Parus lapponicus Lun- dahl, Notis. Fauna et Flora Fenn. Férh. Helsingf., 1848, pt. i, 1, pl. 1, fig. 1. D(?) Poecila sibmicrorhynchos Brehm, Naumannia, 1856, 369 (Siberia).—Parus sibiricus (not of Gmelin) Radde, Reis. 8. O. Sibir., ii, 1861, 198; Poecila sibirica Taczanowski, Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1, 1876, 363.— Poecile cincta (not Parus cinctus Boddaert) Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1871, 362 (near Pekin, north China); David and Oustalet,Ois. Chine, 1877; 288.—Purus (Poecila) obtectus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., xix, May, 1871, 237 (Lake Baikal, south Siberia); Poecilia obtecta Taczan- owski, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 443; Plarus] obtectus Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vii, 1883, 35, part (synonymy, under P. cinctus; excl. syn. Poecila affinis Prjevalsky); Poecilacinctaobtecta Prazik, Orn. Jahrb., vi, Heft 2, March-April, 1895, 90 (monogr. ).— (?) Parus grisescens Sharpe and Dresser, Birds of Europe, ili, 1871 [129], in text (south shores of Lake Baikal; coll. Sharpe and Dresser); Paruscimctus . . | subsp. grisescens Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, 2 (Yenesai River, Siberia); Poecila cincta grisescens Prazik, Orn. Jahrb., vi, Heft 2, Mareh-April, 1895, 91 (monogr.).—P[arus] (PLoecile]). cinctus obtectus Hellmayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., March, 1903, 70, part. ‘ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 397 c. Sides and flanks extensively chestnut. (Northern Pacifig coast, from north- ern California to east side of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. ) Penthestes rufescens rufescens (}. 416) ec. Sides and flanks pale brownish-gray with little, if any, chestnut. d. Sides and flanks obviously tinged or intermixed with chestnut. (Northern side of San Francisco Bay, in Marin County, California. ) Penthestes rufescens neglectus (p. 418) dd. Sides and flanks without any chestnut, or with a very slight tinge of that color. (Coast range south of San Francisco Bay, California. ) Penthestes rufescens barlowi (). 418) PENTHESTES ATRICAPILLUS ATRICAPILLUS (Linnzus). CHICKADEE. Adults (sexes alike) in spring and summer.—Entire pileum and hindneck (except lateral portion of the latter) uniform deep black; back, scapulars, middle and lesser wing-coverts plain olive-gray,/ passing into more buffy gray on rump and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail dusky slate color or dull blackish slate; greater wing-coverts and secondaries broadly edged with pale gray or grayish white, the primaries narrowly edged with the same; rectrices edged with light olive-gray, or nearly ash gray, these edgings becoming white on outermost ones; chin and whole throat black, the feathers near poste- rior margin of this black area more or less conspicuously tipped with white; sides of head and neck white; under parts of body white, the sides and flanks tinged with buff; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky (bluish gray in life). Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage but much more richly colored, the gray of back, etc., more buffy, the rump and upper tail-coverts more decidedly buffy, the sides and flanks deep brownish buff, in strong contrast with white of the abdomen, and the whitish edgings of larger wing-coverts, secondaries, and outermost rectrices broader and more conspicuous. Young.—Similar to summer adults but black of head much duller (entirely without gloss) and texture of plumage much looser. Adult male.—Length (skins), 119.5-129.5 (124); wing, 63.5-67.5 (66); tail, 58-63 (61.5); culmen, 8-9.5 (9); tarsus, 16-17.5 (16.5); middle toe, 9-10.5 (10.1).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 112.5-126 (121.6); wing, 60.5-66.5 (63.3); tail, 56.5-63 (59.5); culmen, 9-9.5 (9.1); tarsus, 16-17 (16.9); middle toe, 9-10.5 (9.8).” Northeastern United States and southeastern British Provinces; north to Newfoundland, southern Labrador, Quebec, Ontario, and southern Keewatin (Severn River); south, regularly, to about latitude 40°, in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, northern Indiana (south to Tippecanoe, Carroll, and Wayne counties), northern Illinois, Lowa, “Much deeper in tone than that of Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors, > Ten specimens. 398 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. etc., in Allegheny Mountains to North Carolina (in spruce belt); irreg- ularly (in winter) to northern Virginia, Kentucky, southern Illinois, Missouri, ete. A separate ‘‘ colony ” inhabits the area between the Rocky Mountains and Cascade Range, in eastern Washington (Walla Walla, Ellensburg, etc.), western Idaho (Lemi, Fort Sherman, etc.) and central British Columbia (Sicamores, Clinton, Ashcroft, etc.)” [Parus] atricapillus Linnamus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 341 (based on La Mésange a teste noire de Canada, Parus canadensis atricapillus, Brisson, Orn., iii, 553, pl. 29, fig. 1).—Gmetrn, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1008.—Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 566.—Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 232, no. 3354.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 81. Parus atricapillus, Forster, Philos. Trans., lxii, 1772, 407 (Fort Albany, Severn R.).—Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 134, pl. 8, fig. 4.—Vierttor, Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 508.—BonapPartTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, 254; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 100; Geog. and Comp. List., 1838, 20.—Lxrsson, Man. @VOrn., i, 1828, 320; Traité d’Orn., 1831, 456.—Swarnson and RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 226.—Nurrauu, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., 1841, 260.—AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 374, pl. 353, fig. 3; Synopsis, 1839, 79; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 146, pl. 126.—Cassin,-Illustr. Birds California, Texas, etc., 1853, 17.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 390; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 290; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 80.—(??) WoopnHotsk, in Rep. Sitgreaves’s Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 68 (Indian Territory ).—ScuaTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 13 (Philadelphia; Montreal) .— VeRRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 150 (Oxford Co., Maine).—BoarpMaAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 126 (Calais, Maine).—MclIiwraira, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 88 (Hamilton, Ontario).—ALLEN, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1868, 493 (Iowa); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 261, part (crit. ).— TurNnBuLL, Birds E. Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 1869, 21.—Tripper, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 115 (Minnesota); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 236 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, s. Iowa; breeding).—Maynarp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871 (New Hampshire).—Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 31; 2d ed., 1882, no. 44; Birds N. W., 1874, 20.—(?) Snow, Birds Kan- sas, 1873, 6 (com. resid.).—Barrp, Brewrr, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 96, pl. 7, fig. 1.—Lanepon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 4 (winter visitor?).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 19 (descr. young); iii, 1886, 177 (Black Mts. w. North Carolina, in balsam belt; crit.).— Scorr (W. E. D.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 140 (Johnson Co., s. w. Missouri; breeding; crit.).—Covertr, Annot. List Birds Washtenaw Co., Michigan, 1881, 175 (resident).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. «The present example of an isolated colony of a particular form, or what must be regarded as the same form in the absence of obvious distinctive characters, is one of several instances which are very troublesome to both the systematist and the student of geographic distribution. The birds of this species occurring, exclusively, in the area defined above are clearly intermediates between P. a. septentrionalis, a form larger and paler than P. «a. atricapillus, which occupies the region immediately eastward, and P. a. occidentalis, a form smaller and darker than P. a. atricapillus, which inhabits the region immediately westward. It thus happens that, while these puzzling birds are practically, if not absolutely, indistinguishable from P. a. atri- capillus they can hardly be considered exactly the same, since they are everywhere widely cut off from the latter by the very extensive area occupied by P. a. septen- trionalis. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 399 41; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 80—Ganow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 44, part.—BicKneLi, Auk, i, 1884, 135 (song period ).—Patmer (W.), Auk, ii, 1885, 304 (District Columbia, Mar. and Apr., 1885; common); Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 265 (St. John, Newfoundland ).—American OrnirHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 735.—Cooxr, Bird Mier. Miss. Val., 1888, 277, part (w. Iowa, e. Kansas, and ‘‘southern Illinois,’ northward; St. Louis, Missouri, Mar. 20-2 Auk, vi, 1889, 29 (Carroll Co., Indiana; resident).—Prinpar, Auk, vi, 1889, 316 (Fulton Co., Kentucky; rare winter resid. ).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 631, part (e. Kansas; mid. and w. Kansas ?).—Dwieut, Auk, x, 1893, 14 (Prince Edward I., breeding).—Topp, Auk, x, 1898, 41, 46 (Indiana and Clearfield counties, w. Pennsylvania; breeding).—Butrier, Birds Indiana, 1897, 1136 (resident south to Tippecanoe, Carroll, and Wayne counties; south in winter to Monroe Co.).—Hapuiry, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897, 196 (Richmond, Wayne Co., Indiana; common resid. ).—Sanprrson, Auk, xv, 1898, 150 (food, habits, ete.).—Biaretow, Auk, xix, 1902, 30 (Labrador, wooded districts).—Presir, N. Am. Reena, no. 22, 1902, 128 (Moose Fac- tory, Ontario). P{oecila] atricapillus BoNararrr, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 230 P{oecile] atricapilla CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 91. Peecile atricapillus Cours, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1868, 279. ‘Plarus] (Poecile) atricapillus atricapillus Hetumayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 55. Parus palustris (not of Linnzeus) Nurraty, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 79. P(arus] atricapillus Maxmitran, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 119, part. eee Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 95, 152 (n. e. Illinois, ecient) .—Covugs, Key N. Am. es Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 265.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 563. [ Parus atricapillus] var. atricapillus Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 94. Parus atrocapillus Unrey and Wauuacer, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 159 (Wabash Co., Indiana, abt. winter resid. ). Western ‘‘Colony.”’ Parus occidentalis (not of Baird) Brnprrre, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., 1877, 112 (Camp Harney, Oregon, winter). Parus atricapillus occidentalis Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 228 (Walla Walla, e. Washington; crit. ). Parus atricapillus Merriuy (J. C.), Auk, xv, 1898, 20 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, resident ).—BrewstEr, Auk, xv, 1898, 20 (Fort Sherman, Idaho; crit. ).— Baruey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 457, part (Fort Sher- man, Idaho). Parus atricapillus septentrionalis (not P. septentrionalis Harris) Caarman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1900, 153 (Asheroft, int. British Columbia; crit. ).— Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 44 (east of Cascade range). PENTHESTES ATRICAPILLUS SEPTENTRIONALIS (Harris). LONG-TAILED CHICKADEE, Similar to ?. a. atricapillus, but larger, with wing and tail averag- ing decidedly longer; coloration paler, oat whitish édeines to greater wing-coverts, secondaries and lateral rectrices broader, more con- spicuous. Adult male.—Length (skins), 124,5-140,5 (131.2); wing, 65.5-73 400 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (69.7); tail, 63.5-71 (67.7); culmen, 9.5-11 (9.7); tarsus, 16.5-18.5 (17.2); middle toe, 9.5-11.5 (10.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 119-137 (122.2); wing, 63.5-68.5 (66.5); tail, 61-67 (64.4); culmen, 8.5-10 (9.5); tarsus, 15-18 (16.7); middle toe, 8.5—11 (9.9).? Great Plains and Rocky Mountain districts of central North Amer- ica, from New Mexicoand Kansas to the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, and province of Mackenzie (Slave Lake district); east to eastern Kansas (Topeka, etc.), lowa (Mitchell and Winnebago counties),° eastern South Dakota, western Minnesota, Manitoba, and southwestern Keewatin (lower Echimamish); west to Salt Lake Valley, Utah. Parus septentrionalis Harris, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, Dec. 1845, 500 (near mouth Yellowstone R., w. North Dakota; coll. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pe Ann. and Mag. N. H., xvii, 1846, 452, 454.—Batrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 316 (Yellowstone R.); Rep. Pacific R. R. cua 1x, 1858, 389; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 289; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 79.—Cassin, Illustr. Birds, Tex., Cal., ete., 1853, 17, 80, pl. 14.—Sciatrer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 14 Fort Riley, Kansas).—Hayprn, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xii, 1862, 164 (Upper Missouri Valley).—Buaxisron, Ibis, 1862, 5 (Saskatchewan); 1863, 67 (Saskatchewan ).—(??) Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri).—Srrevenson, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sury. for 1870 (1871), 464 (Fort Bridger, Green R., etc., Wyoming).—ArIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., xvi, 1872, 195 (Colorado).—Merrriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 713 (Utah).—(?) Snow, Birds, Kansas, 1873, 6. Lophophanes septenrionalis Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 332. Parus atricapillus, var. septentrionalis ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1872, 166 (Ogden, Utah), 174 (Kansas; Colorado; Utah); Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 396, in text (Ogden and Weber R., Utah); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 49 (Yellowstone, Musselshell, and Heart rivers, Montana).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 99.—Covrs, Birds N. W., 1874, 21.—Trrpps, in Coues’s Birds N. W., 1874, 230 (Colorado; plains up to 9,000 ft.).—NeELson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 339 (Utah). Parus vay. oe eae Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 7, fig. 2 a mene specimens. > Sixteen specimens. Specimens from the Great Plains (Alberta and Saskatchewan to Nebraska) and those from the Rocky Mountains (Montana to New Mexico) compare in average measurements as follows: Middle Yi 1p Locality. | Wing. | Tail. ey Tarsus. ae | |, : | | MALES. | Ten adult males from Great Plains district.......-...-.---- 69.5 68.2 | 10 a2 10.5 Ten adult males from Rocky Mountains district .....-.---- 69.9 | 67.2 | 9.5 | 17.2 | 10.6 FEMALES. Ten adult females from Great Plains district...........---- | 66. 2 64.1 9.5 16.5 9.7 Six adult females from Rocky Mountains district .......--- 67.1] 64.7 9.5 17 10,2 The coloration appears to be quite the same in the two series when specimens of corresponding season are compared, ¢ Breeding. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 40] [Parus atricapillus.] Var. septentrionalis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 81. Parus atricapillus . . . var. septentrionalis Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 3la.— Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vy, 1873, 179 (Colorado).—Yarrow and HeEn- SHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 7 (Provo R., Utah, July).— Henspaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 40 (Provo, Utah), 57 (Denver, Colorado, May), 72 (Fort Garland, Colorado; habits); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 170 (Provo, Utah; Fort Garland and Pueblo, Colorado). Parus atricapillus septentrionalis Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 35 (Provo R., Utah); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 41a.—Covurs, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 554 (Upper Missouri R. and Chief Mountain Lake, Montana), Birds Col. Val., 1878, 120; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 45.—Mznort, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 225 (mountains of Colorado above 7,000 ft. in summer; notes).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 87 (San Juan Co., Colorado; breeding).—Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 146, part (Port Chatham, Cook Inlet, Alaska).—A.uex and 3REWSTER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 154 (Austins Bluffs, Colorado; crit.) —AGersporG, Auk, ii, 1885, 277 (s. e. South Dakota; resident).— AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 735a.—Cooxkr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 278 (Missouri; e. Nebraska; w. Minnesota; s. e. South Dakota; Manhattan, Kansas; breeding).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 631 (Manitoba; resident ).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 634 (w. Kansas).—Nurrine, Bull. Labr. N. H. State Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 279 (Grand Rapids, lower Saskatchewan ).—Cooxkk, Bull. 37, Col. State Agric. Coll., 1897, 122 (resident, breeding from 7,000-10,000 ft. ).—Cov- BEAUX, Ottawa Nat., 1900, 31 (s. Saskatchewan).—Oscoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 80 (Turnagain Arm and Tyanook, Cook Inlet, Alaska; crit. ).—PREBLE, North Am. Fauna, no. 22, 1902, 129 (lower Echimamish, s. w. Keewatin). Parus atricapillus, 3. septentrionalis Rrpaway, Field and Forest, ii, May, 1877, 196 (Colorado). Parus atricapillus . .. 3. septentrionalis Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 412 (Proyo R., Utah). Plarus] a[tricapillus] septentrionalis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 266.— 3AILEY (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 457. Plarus] atricapillus septentrionalis Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 563. Plarus] (Ploecile]) atricapillus septentrionalis He uumayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief. March, 1903, 56. Plarus} albescens Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, p. xxxvii (Rocky Mts.; nomen nudum; but characters given, without name, on p. 389, in text). Parus septentrionalis, yar.? albescens Cooper, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 299 (Sun R., North Dakota). [ Parus septentrionalis.] Var. Parus albescens Barro, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 289a. 2 Parus septentrionalis (2), var. albescens Coorer, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 74 (Upper Missouri R.). P(arus} atricapillus (not of Linnveus) Maximiiran, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 119 (Missouri R., ete. ). Parus atricapillus ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 134 (Fort Hays, Kan- sas), 142 (n. w. Kansas), 155 (South Park, Colorado), 261, part (crit.) 270 (Fort Hays).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 44, part. (2) Parus atricapillus ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 125, 265, in text (Topeka, e. Kansas).—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 298 (e. Concho Co., w. Texas, | spec., spring).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 631, part (mid, and w, IKansas ). L0384—Vor 3 O38 26 ’ 402 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PENTHESTES ATRICAPILLUS TURNERI (Ridgway). YUKON CHICKADEE. Similar to P. 7. septentrionalis but slightly smaller, coloration grayer above and more extensively or purely white beneath, and white edgings of greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and outermost rectrices broader, more purely white; in spring and summer plumage the gray of upper parts without perceptible tinge of buff, except on rump and upper tail-coverts, where very faint, and white of sides and flanks very faintly, if at all, tinged with buff; in fall and winter plumage the buffy tinge on sides and flanks very much paler than in 2. a. septen- trionalis. Adult male.—Length (skins), 125-138 (129.5); wing, 62.5-69.5 (66.3); tail, 61.5-67 (65); culmen, 8.5-10 (8.9); tarsus, 15.5-17 (16.3); middle toe, 9-10.5 (9.5). @ Adult Jemale.—Length (skins), 129-133.5 (131.7); wing, 64-65 (64.5); tail, 62.5-64.5 (63.7); culmen, 8.5—9.5 (9); tarsus, 15-16.5 (15.8); middle toe, 9-9.5 (9.2). Alaska, west and north of Cook Inlet. Parus atricapillus (not of Linnzeus) Dati and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ae. Sci., i, 1869, 280 (Nulato, St. Michael, and Kadiak, Alaska).—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 423 (St. Michael, Alaska). Parus atricapillus septentrionalis (not Parus septentrionalis Harris) Netson, Cruise ‘*Corwin”’ in 1881 (1883), 60 (shores of Norton and Kotzebue sounds, etc., Alaska); Rep. Nat. Hist. Spec. Alaska, 1887, 211 (Alaska; habits, etc.).— AMERICAN OrniTHOLoGIsts’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 735a, part.—Ripe@- way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 665 (Kadiak).—Bisnop, North Am. Fauna, no. 10, 1900, 92 (Bennett, Caribou, Crossing, Lake Lebarge, lower Yukon, etc., Alaska).—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 1, 1900, 9 (Hunt R., Alaska); Condor, iii, 1901, 22 (Kadiak).— Parus atricapillus occidentalis (not Parus occidentalis Baird) TurNER, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 182 (Yukon district, St. Michael, etc. ). Parus atricapillus turneri Rrpaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 11, Apr. 10, 1884, 89 (St. Michael, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Plarus] a[tricapillus] turnert Osaoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 80, in text. Plarus] ( Poecile) atricapillus turneri HeLtMayRr, Tierreich, 18. Lief., Mar., 1903, 56. PENTHESTES ATRICAPILLUS OCCIDENTALIS (Baird). OREGON CHICKADEE. Similar to 2. a. atricapillus but decidedly smaller (except bill and feet) and coloration very much darker; back varying from deep mouse gray or very slight buffy slate-gray in spring and summer to deep hair brown or light olive in fall and winter plumage; sides and flanks (broadly) pale grayish buff in spring and summer, deep brownish buff, wood brown, or isabella color in fall and winter; whitish edgings of innermost greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and exterior rectrices more nee ee ea in ae a. atricapillus. a Biteen specimens. > Three specimens. i et 8 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 403 Adult male. —Length (skins), 110.5-126.5 (118); wing, 60-65 (61.9); tail, 53.5-58 (56.5); culmen, 9-10 (9.3); tarsus, 16-17.5 (16.9); middle toe, 9.5-11 (10.4)¢. Adult female.—Length (skins), 113.5-121 (119.5); wing, 58-61.5 (59.5); tail, 58-57.5 (55); culmen, 9-10 (9.5); tarsus, 15.5-17 (16.5); middle toe, 10-10.5 (10.2)”. Humid northwest coast district, from the Columbia River to British Columbia (Port Moody; Agassiz). Parus atricapillus? (not Parus atricapillus Linnzeus) NewBerry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. iv, 1857, 79 (California, Oregon). Parus atricapillus ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 261, part (crit. ).— Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 44, part. Parus occidentalis Barrp, Rep. Pacfic R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 391 (Shoalwater Bay, Washington; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 291; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 81.—Coorrr and Sucktey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 194 (Puget Sound and Fort Vancouver, Washington; Willa- mette Valley, Oregon).—Sciatrrr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 14 (Shoalwater Bay).—Ettiot, Illustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, i, 1869, pl. 8.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 45. ‘| [ Parus atricapillus| Var. occidentalis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 81. Parus atricapillus . . . var. occidentalis Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 31e. Parus atricapillus, var. occidentalis Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 101. Parus var. occidentalis Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 7, fig. 3. (2) Parus atricapillus occidentalis RipGway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 172 (Sacramento Valley, California).—EvrermMann, Auk, iii, 1886, 186 (Ventura Co., California, rare winter resid. ). Parus atricapillus occidentalis Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 168; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 416.—American OrniTHOLOGIsts’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 735b.—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 44 (west side of Cascade Range ).—CuHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1900, 153 (coast British Columbia).—Rarupun (S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 140 (Seattle, Washington, resident). P(arus] a[{tricapillus] occidentalis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 266.— Baivey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S8., 1902, 458. P(arus] atricapillus occidentalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 563. [Parus atricapillus] y. occidentalis Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 412 (synonymy). P{arus] (Poecile) atricapillus occidentalis Hetumayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 56. PENTHESTES CAROLINENSIS CAROLINENSIS (Audubon). CAROLINA CHICKADEE, Similar to 7. atricapillus atricapillus but decidedly smaller, with relatively shorter tail and larger bill, darker coloration, with little if any white on wings and tail, and with the black throat-patch abruptly defined posteriorly. @ Ten specimens. 404 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adults (sexes alike) in spring and summer.—Pileum (including upper half of lores and whole postocular region), hindneck, malar region, chin, throat and upper portion of chest uniform black, the last abruptly defined against white of lower chest; sides of head and neck, between the two black areas, white; back, scapulars, and lesser wing- coverts plain gray (between olive-gray and mouse gray), the rump and upper tail-coverts similar but slightly more buffy; wings and tail darker gray with paler gray edgings, these sometimes approaching white on outer webs of tertials; under parts of body dull white, becoming faintly buffy on sides and flanks; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet bluish gray in life (dusky in dried skins). Adults in fall and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but gray of upper part more strongly tinged with buff, and sides and flanks more strongly buffy. Young.—Similar to adults but black of head, especially that of chin and throat, duller and less glossy. Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-123 (111.2); wing, 57.5-66.5 (61.8); tail, 47-57.5 (51.9); culmen, 7.5-9 (8.4); tarsus, 14.5-16.5 (15.8); middle toe, he (9.8).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 96.5-118 (104.2); wing, 54.5-63.5 (61.2); tail, 46.5-57.5 (538.3); culmen, 7,5-9 (8.4); tarsus, 13.5-16 (15.4); ee toe, 8.5-10 ae o) : a mieeevees specimens. > Twenty-six specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average in measurements, respectively, as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. |Culmen. Tarsus. Middle pra pier By MALES. | Ten adult males from Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Ten- | TIEHSE OS So ceidh Ses tates ci oe ais ae oe Oro aarare eee 64.3 | 04.9 | 8.6 16.2 10.1 Ten adult males from Maryland, District Columbia, and Aarti aeietns eet 8 atin Peg A 1298, Mn) a ke eae a 62:4) |S 5oe4-| Stays 15.6 | 7 Three adult males from North Carolina...................- Haan OiLlct2 oll NO i | 7.8 15.7 9:7 Two adult males from South Carolina ...............-..... 60. 2 | 50.5 | 8.5 16a) 10 Twowdultamailes tromiGeorgiaen.- eres cee ae eee eer eere | 59.7 | 48.5 8.5 15.5 9.5 Four adult males from northwestern Florida...........--- | 58 | 48.4] 8.6 15.1 8.9 Two adult males from Louisiana..-...........-. Bele eee sete MapeS ot lia a Ag eey: 8.7 15.5 9.7 FEMALES. | | Eight adult females from Indiana, Illinois, and Ten- | | NESSES Sh 2 eke Se ee Se hE aan eA a ee a jpg Belle 53:81 oh 8:4 15.4 9.6 Ten adult females from Maryland and District Columbia. | 59.3 49.8 | 8.1 14.6 9.1 Three adult females from North Carolina..........-....--- | 58.5 48.3 | 8.2 | 15 9.2 One adult female from South Carolina...........2-2-2-+-+- | 58:5] 48.5 ie weSres Hegel 9.5 9| 48.1 | BA 14.6 8.9 Four adult females from northwestern Florida .-.......-.-- | 55. | Specimens from the Ohio Valley, besides being larger are appreciably darker than those from the Potomac Valley, in the latter respect very closely matching those from the Gulf States. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 405 Eastern United States, chiefly south of-parallel of 40°; north to southern New Jersey (Cape May, Long Beach, Princeton, pine barrens, etc.), southeastern Pennsylvania (uancaster “ and Chester “ counties), southern Ohio, southern two-thirds of Indiana (north to Carroll County), and greater part of Illinois (rare beyond middle portion); south to northern and western Florida (as far as Caloosahatchee River“ and Gulf coast westward to Louisiana. Parus carolinensis AvupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 341, pl. 160 (nedr Charleston, South Carolina; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Synopsis, 1839, 79; Birds Am., oct. ed., li, 1841, 152, pl. 127.—Nurrati, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., 1840, 265. aa Illustr. Birds Tex., Cal., etc., 1853, 17.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 392; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 293; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 81.—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 13 (District of Columbia).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 102, pl. 7, fig. 4. —Brewsrer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 133 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia; habits; notes); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 39 (deser. young); ms Auk, iii, 1886, 177 (mountains of w. North Carolina, up to 4,000 ft.; notes ).— Ripaeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 42; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 81.— Lanapon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 4 (resident ).—Cours, Check nee 2d ed., 1882, no. 47.—AMERICAN OrnirHoLoGists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 796. Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 278, part.—Burier, Bull. Brooky. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 38 (Franklin Co., Agnes common resid.); Birds Indiana, 1897, 1187 (north to Carroll Co.).—EvermMann, Auk, vi, 1889, 29 (Carroll Co., Indiana, resident).—Scorr (W. E. D.), Auk, ix, 1892, 214 (Caloosahatchee R., Florida, breeding).—Sronr, Auk, ix, 1892, 204 (Cape May, New Jersey); xi, 1894, 140 (pine barrens, New Jersey, common).— Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soe. Nat., 1897-99 ( ee 43 (Louisiana, resident). P{arus] carolinensis Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 366 (s. half Illinois, resident); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 562. a ELSON, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 95 (n. e. Illinois, rare in summer); ix, 1877, 33 (Mount Carmel, Illi- nois).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 266. [Parus atricapillus.| Var. carolinensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 81. Parus atricapillus . . . var. carolinensis Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 31b. Parus atricapillus var. carolinensis Scorr (W. E. D.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 81 (Princeton, New Jersey, breeding). [ Parus atricapillus.] Subspecies @. Parus carolinensis Ganow, Cat. Birds Brit Mus., viii, 1883, 46. Parus atricapillus carolinensis Scorr (W. E. D.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 223 (Long Beach, New Jersey). [ Pecila] carolinensis Bonapartr, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 230. P(oecile] carolinensis CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1851, 91. Plarus] (Poecile) carolinensis carolinensis HeLtuMayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 54. Parus atricapillus (not of Linnzeus) WoopnHouss, in Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 68 (Indian Territory).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool’, 1871, 261, part (crit.).—Maynarp, Birds Florida, 1872, 30, part (crit.). « Breeding. 406 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PENTHESTES CAROLINENSIS AGILIS (Sennett). TEXAN CHICKADEE, Similar to P. ¢. carolinensis but slightly larger,” with gray of upper parts slightly paler and clearer. Adult male.Length (skins), 110.5-122 (115.5); wing, 60-66 (62.9); tail, 52.5-58 (53.8); culmen, 8-9.5 (8.8); tarsus, 14.5-17 (16); middle ‘toe 9.5-10.5.? : Adult female.—Length (skins), 102.5-124.5 (109.8); wing, 57.5-61.5 (59.9); tail, 47-55 (50.8); culmen, 8.5-9 (8.8); tarsus, 14-16 (15.2); middle toe, 9-10 (9.4).¢ Eastern and central Texas (south to Bee, and Refugio counties, west to Bexar, Kendall, and eastern Comal counties), Indian Territory (Stillwell) and Oklahoma (Fort Reno). Parus carolinensis (not of Audubon) Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 486 (San Antonio, Texas).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 76 (Comal Co., Texas, resident ).—Brown (N.C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 33 (Boerne, s. w. Texas).—NEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 8 (Harris Co., Texas, resident ).—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 298 (e. Concho Co., w. Texas, spring and winter).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Valley, 1888, 278, part (Concho and Comal counties, Texas; e. Texas). Parus carolinensis agilis Sennett, Auk, v, Jan. 1888, 46 (Bee Co., Texas); coll. G. B. Sennett).—CHapman, Auk, v, 1888, 400.—BrckHam, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 693 (San Antonio and Leon Springs, Texas).—HAsBrouck, Auk, vi, 1889, 241 (Eastland Co., Texas).—Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 344 (San Antonio).—AMERICAN OrnNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 736 a.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 610.—Carro.1, Auk, xvii, 1900, 348 (Refugio Co., Texas). Plarus] (Poecile) carolinensis agilis HmiuMayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 54. PENTHESTES CAROLINENSIS IMPIGER (Bangs). FLORIDA CHICKADEE, bill). Adult male.—Length (skin), 106; wing, 53.5; tail, 46; culmen, 8; tarsus, 14.5; middle toe, 8.5.¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 111.5; wing, 52.5; tail, 44.5; culmen, 8; tarsus, 14.5; middle toe, 8.¢ « Averaging slightly smaller, however, than specimens of P. ¢. carolinensis from the Ohio Valley. bTen specimens. ¢ Nine specimens. @ One specimen. € One specimen (the type). Similar to P. ¢. carolinensis but darker and decidedly smaller (except a ee BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 407 Eastern Florida (Deep Creek, near Enterprise). Parus carolinensis tiinpiger BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iv, Mar, 16, 1903, 1 (Deep Creek, near Lake Ashby, e. Florida; coll. EK. A. and O. Bangs). PENTHESTES SCLATERI (Kleinschmidt). MEXICAN CHICKADEE, Similar to 2. carolinens/s but larger and darker, and with the sides and flanks olive-gray. Adults in spring and summer.—Pileum (including postocular and upper half of loral regions) and hindneck uniform black, with a faint bluish gloss; malar region, chin, throat, and upper chest uniform deep black, very sharply defined posteriorly; sides of head and neck between the two black areas, white; back, scapular, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail coverts plain deep olive-gray or mouse gray, the rump more strongly tinged with olive; wings and tail dull slate color with gray edgings, these paler on primaries and (except in worn plum- age) on tertials; sides and flanks (broadly) and under tail-coverts olive- gray (paler and more tinged with olive than back); median portion of lower chest, breast, and abdomen, white; bill, black; iris, brown; legs and feet, dusky (bluish gray in life’). Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but slightly more strongly tinged with olive, especially on sides and flanks. Young.—Sinilar to adults, but black of head duller, and texture of plumage different. Adult male.—Length (skins), 111.5-134.5 (120.4); wing, 65-71.5 (68.5); tail, 54.5-61.5 (57.9); culmen, 8-10 (9.2); tarsus, 17-19.5 (17.8), middle toe, 9-11 (10.1).” Adult female.-_Length (skins), L08-126.5 (119.5); wing, 64.5-68.5 (66.5); tail, 54.5-58.5 (56.7); culmen, 9—9.5 (9.3); tarsus, 17—18.5 (17.4); middle toe, 9—10.5 (9.8).? « Twenty specimens. > Ten specimens. Specimens from central and southern Mexico compare in ayerage measurements with those from northwestern Mexico and southern Arizona, as follows: Middle Locality. Wing. Tail. Culmen. Tarsus. : | toe. eu - nes Eee = | a een = MALES. Ten aduit males from central and southern Mexico....--. 67.3 56.5 9.2 17.9 10.3 Ten adult males from Chihuahua and southern Arizona... 69.8 59.3 9.3 17.8 9X8 FEMALES. Six adult females from central and southern Mexico ..... 66.1 | 56.4 9.2 17.5 10 Four adult females from Chihuahua and southern Arizona. 67.2 57.2 94 17.4 9.5 The northern series, perhaps, averages a very little oaler aed re olivaceous, but ’ ? the difference seems too slight and inconstant te warrant subspecific separation, 408 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Highlands of Mexico, from States of Oaxaca (La Parada, ete.), Vera Cruz (Orizaba, Las Vigas, Jalapa, etc.), and Puebla (Teziutlan) northwestward to southern Arizona (Chiricahua Mountains). Parus meridionalis (not of Lilljeborg, 1852) ScLtarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 293 (El Jacale,“ s. Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1857, 81 (crit.); 1858, 299 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 14 (La Parada).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 392 (El Jacale); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 292; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 81 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 544 (Moyoapam, near Orizaba).—Saryin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 57.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 252 (Chiricahua Mts., s. Arizona); vii, 1882, 79 (do., alt. 7,000-10,000 ft. ).—Rme@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 43; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 134 (Teziutlan, Puebla; crit.).—CovrEs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 879 (p. 1385); Key, 2d ed., 1884, 266.—Ganow, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., viii, 1885, 46.—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 737.—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 134 (Teziutlan, Puebla).—AL.Len, Bull. Am. Mus., N. H., v, 1893, 41 (Tatuaca, etc., n. Chihuahua).—CHapman, 3ull. Am. Mus. N. H., ix, 1898, 38 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.; notes). [Parus] meridionalis ScuavER and Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 4. Plarus] meridionalis Barry, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 94.—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 266.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 562. P[arus] selateri Kieiscumipr, Journ. fir, Orn., xlv, Apr., 1897, 183, in text (to replace Parus meridionalis Sclater, preoccupied ). Parus sclateri Nevson, Auk, xv, 1898, 160 (note on specific name).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Goins Auk, xvi, 1899, 126.—Batnry (Florence ), Handb. Birds W. U. S8., 1902, 458. P{arus] (Poecile) sclateri WELLMAYR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 52. , PENTHESTES GAMBELI (Ridgway). MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE, Similar to 2. sclater’ but paler (especially color of sides and flanks) and with a white superciliary stripe. Adults in spring and summer.—Pileum (including postocular and upper half of loral regions) hindneck, part of malar region, chin, throat, and upper chest uniform deep black, the first broken by a nar- row superciliary stripe of white;’ sides of head and neck between the black areas white; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain, deep olive-gray, or mouse gray; wings and tail darker gray with paler gray edgings; median portion of lower chest, breast, and abdomen dull white; sides, flanks, and under tail- coverts pale olive-gray; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky (bluish ey in bee a eaten in State of von Cae or in Buehion cele ye Feat bNarrower and less distinct in worn midsummer plumage, in which there is a series of narrow white streaks rather than a continuous stripe. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 409 Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage but white superciliary stripe broader, feathers of forehead more or less (sometimes broadly) margined with white, the gray parts more buffy (that of back, etc., between smoke gray and hair brown, that of sides and flanks light buffy drab-gray). Young.—Similar to adults but the black of head and neck duller, white superciliary streak much less distinct (pale gray rather than white) and edgings of greater wing-coyerts and tertials faintly tinged with pale brownish buff. Adult male.—Length (skins), 121.5-138 (128.4); wing, 66.5-72.5 (70.2); tail, 57.5-65.5 (61); culmen, 9.5-11.5 (10.4); tarsus, 16.5-19 (18.2); middle toe, 9.5-11 (10.4).“ Adult female.—Length (skins), 118.5-140 (122.8); wing, » 65-72 (67.3); tail, 54.5-60.5 (58.7); culmen, 9.5-11 (10.1); tarsus, 16.5-19 (17.7); middle toe, 9.5—-10.5 (9.9).? Mountains of western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the coast ranges; north to British Columbia (east of Cascade Range), northern Idaho (Fort Sherman), Montana, et¢.; south to western Texas (Davis Mountains), New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Lower Cali- fornia (San Pedro Martir Mountains, Villadares, ete.). Parus montanus (not P. cinereus montanus Baldenstein, 1827) GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1848, 259 (Santa Fé, New Mexico); iii, 1846, 155; Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 35, pl. 8, fig. 1.—Cassry, Illustr. Birds Texas, California, ete., 1853, 18.—Woopnousr, in Rep. Sitgreaves Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 68 (San Francisco Mt., Arizona).—Nerwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 79 (Des Chutes Basin, Oregon).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 394; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 294; in Rep. Ives’ Expl. Col. R., pt. v, 1861, 6 (San Francisco Mt.); Review Am. Birds, 1864, 82.—Xanrtus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cali- «Twenty-four specimens. » Seventeen specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average respectively as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. aes Tarsus. Apis | ; MALES. | Eight adult males from Pacifie coast (southern California CLES OM aeons Sens cckiede ane tem crese eco tetun oe ans Oe |S O9k2 10.4 17.9 10.6 Two adult males from eastern Oregon ...........-.------ ass 71.7 59 10.5 18 10.2 Two adult males from western Nevada ................---- 69.5 60 10 18.2 10 Eight adult males from Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado 70.7 62.9 10.1 18.1 10.3 Four adult males from Wyoming (1) and Montana (3) ....) 69.1 60.6 11 18.9 10.1 FEMALES. Five adult females from California to Washington ........ 66.7 58 9.9 17.1 10 Four adult females from western Nevada ........-...-.-.-- | 65.5 56. 2 10.1 | Lo 9.9 Eight adult females from Arizona and New Mexico to Mon- 410 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. fornia) .—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. iv, 1859, 42 (Tejon Pass, ete., California).—HeEnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mex- ico).—Cooprer and Suckiry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 194 (Fort Dalles, Oregon).—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 14 (Tejon Pass, California ).—Covrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., xviii, 1866, 79 (Fort Whip- ple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 32; 2d ed., 1882, no. 48; Birds N. W., 1874, 22; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 122.—CoorEr, Am. Nat., iil, 1869, 75; (Montana); vil, 1874, 17; Orn. Cal., 1870, 46.—Srrvenson, Prelim. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. aes 1870 (1871), 464 (Uintah Mts., Wyoming).— AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 195 (Colorado).—Atuen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 111, 1872, ae (Mount Lincoln, Colorado), 174 (mountains of Colorado).—Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 672 (Teton Canon, Idaho; Shoshone Lake and Snake R., Wyoming; habits), 712 (Teton Basin and Cation, Idaho), 713 (Fire-hole Basin, Wyoming; Utah.—Yarrow and HeEnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 7 eee Utah).—HernsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 40 (Utah), 72 (Fort Garland, Colorado; habits), 99 (Arizona and New Mexico), 155 Caeanes: Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 169 (localities in Utah, Colorado, and Arizona).—Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 95, pl. 7, fig. 5.—Brnpire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 111 (Camp Harney, s. Oregon, breeding; deser. eggs).—BELpinG, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 102 (breeding habits); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 400 (Big Trees, Soda Springs, etc., California; descr. nest and eggs).—Scort, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 92 (Twin Lakes, Colorado, breeding).— Merritu (J. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 204 (descr. nest and eggs).— Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 411 (Sierra Nevada, Wahsatch, and Uintah Mts.; habits); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 40.—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., villi, 1883, 47. Plarus] montanus GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1847, 35 (New Mexico and Arizona; habits)—HernsHaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1879, 288 (e. slope Sierra Nevada).—Covgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 266. [ Parus] montanus Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 232, no. 3357.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 81. Poecile montana Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 79 (Arizona). Parus gambeli Ripaway, in American Ornithologists’ Union’s Check List, 1886, p. 335 (no. 738; paper for P. montanus Gambel, preoccupied ).— EMERSON, Bull. 7, Cal. Ac. Sci., 1887, 424 (San Diego Co., California).—WILLIAMs, Auk, v, 1888, 118 (Belt Mts., Montana; descr. spotted eggs).—Mbrrinn (J. C.), Auk, v, 1888, 363 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, resident; habits; descr. nest and eggs); xv, 1898, 21 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, resident).—MB5ARNs, Auk, vil, 1890, 263 (Mogollon and San Francisco Mts., Arizona, up to 11,000 ft.; descr. nest, ete. ).—Fanniy, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 44 (e. side of Cascade range).—FisHer (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 139 (Sierra Nevada, Panamint, Argus, Grapevine Mts., ete., California; deser. nest).—ANTHONY, Zoe, iv, 1893, 246 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower Cali- fornia; Valladares and ieee valleys in winter).—CookE, Bull. 37, Col. State Agric. Coll., 1897, 123 (Colorado, resident); Bull. 56, 1900, 222 (Trin- idad, Colorado, 6,000 ft., breeding). —CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ili, 1900, 153 (interior of British Columbia).—Bar.ow, Condor, ii, 1901, 111 (habits, ete.; fig.).—Oprruotser, Auk, xix, 1902, 301 (Guadalupe and Davis Mts., w. Texas).—Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 458, pl. Plarus} gambeli Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 562. Rl le ie BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 411 Plarus] (Poecile) gambeli Hetumayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., March, 1905, 51. Parus gambeli thayeri Brrpweii, Auk, xviii, April, 1901, 166 (near Albuquerque, New Mexico; coll. F. J. Birtwell).@ PENTHESTES CINCTUS ALASCENSIS ( Prazak). ALASKAN CHICKADEE, Similar to P. ¢. obtectus’ but with decidedly smaller bill and slightly darker coloration. Similar to 7. hudsonicus but sides of neck white instead of gray, and coloration paler throughout. Adults in spring and summer.—Pileum and hindneck plain, deep drab- gray, becoming much darker on loral and postocular regions; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain drab, slightly paler and more buffy posteriorly; wings and tail slate color with pale slate-gray edgings, these broader and nearly, if not quite, white on tertials; malar region, chin, and throat plain dark, sooty brown or very dark sepia, the feathers of lower throat broadly tipped with white; sides of head and neck, between the dusky gular area and grayish brown pileum, white; chest and median portion of breast and abdomen, white; sides and flanks pale wood brown or brownish buff, the under tail-coverts similar, but paler; bill dusky horn color; iris brown; legs and feet brownish dusky (grayish in life 4). Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but very slightly deeper in color. Adult male.—Length (skins), 121.5-138.5 (1381.3); wing, 69-70 (69.5); tail, 65.5-68 (66.5); culmen, 9-9.5 (9.2); tarsus, 15.5-16.5 (15.8); mid- dle toe, 8.5-9.5 (9).¢ Adult female.—W ing, 65.5-69.5 (67.5); tail, 63-68 (65.5);7% culmen, 9;¢ tarsus, 16;° middle toe, 8.¢ Northern Alaska (St. Michael, valley of Kowak River, ete.) and eastward to northern Mackenzie (Fort Anderson, breeding); shores of Okhotsk Sea, northeastern Asia // Parus cinctus (not of Boddaert) Rrpaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, Jan., 1878, 37 (St. Michael, Alaska); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 13, 168, 215, 230 (do); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 44.—ALuEeNn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vy, «The type now in the United States National Museum collection. The only reason for considering this specimen different from P. gambeli consists in its dusky colora- tion, obviously caused by contact with charred trees. »See foot note on page 396. ¢ Three specimens. 4 Two specimens. e One specimen. f Specimens from the Asiatic side not seen, but the above locality (Okhotsk) given by Prazik in his original description. 412 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1880, 89.—Covgs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 52.—McLenercGan, Cruise ‘“Corwin,’’ 1884, 113 (Kowak R., Alaska). P[arus] cinctus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 267. Parus cinctus obtectus (not Parus obtectus Cabanis) RrpGway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354. —American OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 739. —MACEARLANE, Proce Us 452 Nat. | Musie> xive soils S445 ea hort Anderson, Mackenzie, breeding; descr. nest). Plarus] cinctus obtectus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 564. Plarus] (Poecile) cinctus obtectus WeitMayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1908, 70, part. Poecila obtecta alascensis PrazAKx, Orn. Jahrb., vi, Heft 2, Mar.-Apr., 1895, 92 (Alaska; Ochotsk). Plarus] cinctus alascensis Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 564. Parus cinctus alascensis AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton Commitrer, Auk, xiv, 1897, 132.—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 1, 1900, 59 (Kowak R., Alaska). PENTHESTES HUDSONICUS HUDSONICUS (Forster). HUDSONIAN CHICKADEE, Adults in spring and summer.—Pileum and hindneck plain, soft grayish brown (varying from drab or broccoli brown to pale sepia,” darker on loral and orbital regions; back, scapulars, lesser wing- coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts hair brown, often much tinged with drab or broccoli brown, especially on back and scapu- lars; wings and tail dull slate color with slate-gray edgings, then becoming whitish on middle portion of longer primaries; rictal and suborbital regions white, gradually shading into pale gray on auricular region and this into clear gray (no. 6) or olive-gray on sides of neck; malar region, chin, and throat uniform sooty black; under parts of body white medially, the sides of chest shaded with gray, the sides and flanks cinnamon-brown, the under tail-coverts similar but paler; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky (bluish gray in life). Adults in autumn and winter. plumage, but colors rather deeper. Young. —Essentially like adults, but texture of plumage different (more lax) and color of sides and flanks paler and duller. Adult male.—Length (skins) 117.5-187.5 (126.9); wing, 60-70 (66.2); tail, 58.5-70 (64.1); culmen, 8—9.5 (9); tarsus, 16-17.5 (16.9); middle toe, 8.5-9.5 (9).? Adult female. Similar to the spring and summer Length (skins), 117.5-132.5 (127.4); wing, 62.5-68 «The average color is not closely approximated by any hue on plate iii of Ridg- way’s Nomenclature of Colors, that coming nearest being drab or broccoli brown, both of which are much too pale, except for specimens in considerably worn or faded plumage. » Nineteen specimens. i BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 413 (65.3); tail, 60-65.5 (63.7); culmen, 8—9 (8.7); tarsus, 16-17.5 (16.7); middle toe, 8.5-9.5 (8.9).@ From shores of Hudson Bay (including district of Ungava) north- westward to Alaska (north and west of Cook Inlet) as far as valley of Kowak River. Parus hudsonicus Forster, Philos. Trans., lxii, 1772, 383, 408, 480 (Severn R.., Hudson Bay).—‘‘Miturr, Cimel. Phys., 1796; pl. xxi, A’’ (Gray).—Bon- NATERRE and Vreriuor, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 509.—Aupuson, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 543, part, pl. 194; Synopsis, 1839, 79, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 155, part, pl. 128.—Nurraty, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., 1840, 266.—Cassin, Illustr. Birds California, Texas, etc., 1853, 18, part.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 395, part; Cat. N. Am., Birds, 1859, no. 296, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 82, part.—Buakisron, Ibis, 1862, 5 (bet. Hudson Bay and Lake Winnipeg).—Da.t and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 280 (Nulato, Alaska).—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 33, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 49, part.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 105, part.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 45, part; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 82 (Rock Island, Illinois, accidental ).—McLeEne- GAN, Cruise ‘‘Corwin,’’ 1884, 114 (Kowak R.).—Ganow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 34 (Fort Simpson).—Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 236 (Davis Inlet and Fort Chimo, Ungava, resident ).—Srton, Auk, iii, 1886, 327 (Porcupine Mts. and Winnipeg Basin, Manitoba).—AmERICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 740, part.—Townsenp, Auk, iv, 1887, 15 (Kowak R., Alaska).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 632 (n. and e. Manitoba, resident ).—Nurrine, Bull. Labr. N. H. State Univ., Towa, ii, 1893, 279 (Grand Rapids, lower Saskatchewan ).—Ruoaps, Auk, x, 1893, 327 (crit.; geog. range).—FLemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 45 (Port Sydney, n. Ontario, 2 specs., Nov., 1892).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xvi, 1902, 245 (w. side Hudson Bay to lower Yukon; diagn.; crit.).—PREBLE, «Ten specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: | Liddle Locality. | Wing. | Tail. Culmen, Tarsus. Maile | | hae MALES. Nine adult males from Ungava (Fort Chimo).............. 66.1 | 62.5 i / 17 9.1 Three adult males from Athabasca ....................---- 66.5 65.3 | 9.5 7 9 Six adult males from Yukon Valley, Alaska ............... 66.1 65.1 | 9.3 17 9 One adult male from Kowak River, Alaska................| 66.5 69 9.5 | 16 9 FEMALES, : 5 miveadult females irom Ungavaw..-< 220. sccccccccccc cee nu 65.8 63.3 | 8.6 | 16.9 9.1 Two adult females from Athabasca ...................----- 64.5 63.5 9 | 16 8.5 One adult female from Nushagak, Alaska .............--.. 63.5 65 9 16.5 8.5 One adult female from Nulato, Alaska.®................... 68 64.5 8.5 17.5 | 9 One adult female from Kowak River, Alaska.............. 64 64.5 9 17 9 Tam notable to discern any difference in coloration between the several series, except that those from Ungava are possibly a little darker than the others, while several specimens from Fort Simpson and Fort Rae, Mackenzie, are a little paler and browner. The latter (not included in the above measurements) are, however, very old skins, and their paler and browner coloration may be due to fading. 414 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM North Am. Fauna, no. 22, 1902, 129 (Echimamish, Robinson Portage, Oxford House, Knee Lake, York Factory, and Hill R., Kewatin). [ Parus] hudsonicus LAtHAM, index Orn., i, 1790, 566.—GrRay, Hand-list, i, 1869, 232, no. 3359.—Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 81, pet Plarus| hudsonicus Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 95 (Rock Island, n. w. Illinois; n. e. Illinois, rare winter visitant; Racine, Wisconsin (1 spec., Jan., 1852).—Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 267, part.—Ripe@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 564, part. Plarus| (Poecile) hudsonicus hudsonicus HetuMayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 71, part fa Plarus] h{udsonicus] evura Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 267 (Alaska; neither type locality nor type specified). Parus hudsonicus evura Ruoaps Auk, x, Oct., 1893, 331 (deser., crit., etc. )— Bisoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 10, 1900, 98 (Caribou Crossing, Lake Tagish, Lake Lebarge, St. Michael, etc., Alaska); Auk, xvii, 1900, 118 (crit. ).—GrIN- NELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 1, 1900, 60 (Kowak R., Alaska; habits; crit. ).—McGrecGor, Condor, iv, 1902, 144 (Signal Cairn, Norton Sound, Alaska). : Plarus| (Poecile) hudsonicus evura HELLMAYR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 72. Parus hudsonicus ungava Ryoaps, Auk, x, Oct., 1898, 328 (Fort C Eo Ungava; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Parus hudsonicus littoralis (not of Bryant) Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xvi, 1902, 245, part (Ungava). Parus stoneyi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 591, 592 (Kowak R., n. w. Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—CHapman, Auk, vy, 1888, 400. Parus hudsonicus stoneyi AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Commirrer, First Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 17; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 740 a.—RHOoADs, Auk, x, 1893, 24, 330 (crit.; range).—Ripa@way, Man. N . Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 611.—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. ae Xvi, 1902, 245 (Giae ace Kowak R.) Plarus] (Poecile) hudsonicus stoneyi HeLuMAYR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 72. PENTHESTES HUDSONICUS COLUMBIANUS (Rhoads). COLUMBIAN CHICKADEE, Similar to /. hudsonicus, hut slightly darker and less brown above, ei he pileum | hindneck; chin and throat more decidedly black; bill relatively larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 117.5-140.5 (128.7); wing, 63-69 (66); tail, 61-66.5 (64); culmen, 8.5-10 (9.6); tarsus, 16-17.5 (17); middle toe, 9-9.5 (9.2).4 Adult jfemale.—Length (skins), 120-127.5 (124.3); wing, 64-68.5 (65.6); tail, 61.5-66.5 (63.4); culmen, 9-9.5 (9.1); tarsus, 16.5-17.5 (16.9); middle toe, 8.5-9.5 (9.1).? Northern Rocky Mountain district, from interior of British Colum- bia (Field, Eagle Pass, Toad Mountain, ete.); northern Montana (St. Marys Lakes), and Alberta (Edmonton, Smoke Valley, Grand Cache, Wisiemudss ete. ), to Kenai Panne ha Alaska. « Thirteen specimens. > Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 415 Parus hudsonicus columbianus Rroaps, Auk, x, Jan., 1893, 23 (Field, British Columbia; coll. S. N. Rhoads), 331 (Field, Eagle Pass, and Toad Mt., Brit- ish Columbia; St. Marys Lakes, n. Montana; crit., ete. ).—AMERICAN ORNI- THovoaists’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 740b.—Rinaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 611.—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107 (e. British Columbia, w. to Nicola).—CHApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xvi, 1902, 244, 245 (Homer, Cook Inlet, Alaska, to Be Columbia; crit.; diagnosis ).— Barttey (Florence M.) Handb. Birds W. s., 1902, 459. Plarus] (Poecile) hudsonicus columbianus ee Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1905, 72. Parus hudsonicus (not of Forster) OsGoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 80 (Tyonek, Hope, Fort Kenai, etc., Cook Inlet, Alaska; crit. ). PENTHESTES HUDSONICUS LITTORALIS (Bryant). ACADIAN CHICKADEE, Similar to P. h. hudsonicus, but smaller and with the upper parts slightly browner. Adult male.—Length (skins), 111-129 (122.5); wing, 58.5-66.5 (63.9); tail, 54.5-64.5 (60.6); culmen, 8—9 (8.6); tarsus, 15.5-17.5 (16.9); mid- dle toe, 8.5-9.5 (9.2).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 117.5-127 (122.1); wing, 59-63 (60.8); tail, 56-61.5 (59.1); culmen, 8.5-9.5 (8.7); tarsus, 16-17 (16.4); middle toe, 8.5-9 (8.8).? Southeastern British Provinces (southern Labrador, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, etc.) and extreme northeastern United States, Maine, mountains of New Hampshire, Vermont, and northeast- ern New York (Lewis County); casually or irregularly southward to Massachusetts (numerous records), Rhode Island (near Providence), and Connecticut (New Haven). Parus hudsonicus (not of Forster) AupuBon, Orn. Biog., li, 1834, 534, part, pl. 194; Synopsis, 1839, 79, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 155, part, pl. 128.— Cassin, Illustr. Birds, Cal., Tex., etc., 1853, 18, part.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific Rk. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 395, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 82, part (Nova Scotia).—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 33, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 49, part.— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 105, part, pl. 7, fig. 7.—Brewstrer, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 306" (Coneord, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Oct. 30, 1870); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 20 (deser. young); vi, 1881, 54 (Concord, Massachusetts, 1 spec., oak: 7, 1880).—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 52 (New Haven, Connecticut, 1 spec., Noy. 13, 1875); vi, 1881, 226 (Lewis Co., n. e. New York; breeding?).—BREWER. Proce. Bost. Soe: N. H., xix, 1878, 302 (New England records).—SPre_Man, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 114 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Dec. 31; 1880).—JeNcKs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 54 (near Provi- dence, Rhode Island, 1 spec., Noy. 1, 1880).—CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 10 (Edmundston and St. John, New Brunswick, breeding); Canad. Nat., iii, 215-217 (biography); Auk, iv, 1887, 261 (St. « Twelve specimens. > Ten specimens, 416 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. John, New Brunswick; nesting habits).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 740, part.—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.., i, 1886, 261 (Massachusetts records).—CHADBoURNE, Auk, iy, 1887, 107 (White Mts., New Hampshire, above 3,000 ft.); xiii, 1896, 346 (Plymouth, Massa- chusetts, 1 spec., June 5, 1896).—Faxon and ALLEN, Auk, y., 1888, 153 (Mount Lafayette, New Hampshire, 3,900 ft.; 2 specs., July 12).—BrsHop, Auk, vi, 1889, 149 (Magdalen Islands, breeding).—Ratpn and Baaa, Auk, vii, 1890, 232 (Remsen, Oneida Co., New York, 1 spec., Dec. 25, 1886).— Kiwpatt, Auk, vii, 1890, 291 (Worcester Co., Massachusetts, | spec., Mar. 17, 1890).—Faxon, Auk, vii, 1890, 407 (Sutton, Vermont, several young, Aug. 16, 1889; Arlington, Massachusetts, Oct. 18 and Noy. 17 to Apr. 5).— Dwieut, Auk, x, 1893, 14 (Prince Edward I., breeding).—ALLEN (F. H.), Auk, xiii, 1896, 345 (Stratton Mt., Vermont, 3,800 ft., June 29).—Faxon and Horrmann, Birds Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, 1900, 12 (Graylock Mt., 1 spec., Dec., 1889). [ Parus] hudsonicus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 81, part. P{arus] hudsonicus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 267, part.—Rupe- way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 564, part. P{arus] (Poecile) hudsonicus hudsonicus HetuMAyrR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 71, part. Parus hudsonicus, var. littoralis Bryan, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1865, 368 (Yarmouth, Nova Scotia). Parus hudsonicus littoralis CHApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xvi, Aug. 18, 1902, 245, part (diagnosis; geog. range). PENTHESTES RUFESCENS RUFESCENS (Townsend). CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE. Adults in spring and summer.—Pileum and hindneck plain sepia brown, becoming darker along lateral margin, the lores and post- ocular region dark sooty brown or blackish; back, scapulars, and rump plain chestnut; upper tail-coverts and lesser wing-coverts brownish gray or hair brown, the latter more or less tinged with chestnut; wings and tail deep brownish gray with paler gray edgings, these broader and paler (sometimes nearly white) on tertials and ter- minal portion of greater wing-coverts; malar region, chin, throat, and upper part of chest uniform dark sooty brown, abruptly defined pos- teriorly; sides and flanks (broadly) chestnut; under parts of body otherwise (medially) white; under tail-coverts more or less tinged with brown; bill dusky; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brownish (grayish in life 4). Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but brown of pileum and hindneck darker, more sooty, sometimes nearly clove brown. Young.—Similar to adults, but chestnut of back, etc., duller and that of sides and flanks both duller and paler. Adult male,—Length (skins), 107.5-120.5 (112); wing, 59.5-64 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 417 (61.2); tail, 46.5-51.5 (49.1); culmen, 8-10 (9.1); tarsus, 16-17 (16.6); middle toe, 9.5-10.5 (10). Adult female.—Length (skins), 100-112 (107); wing, 53.5-60.5 (58.4); tail, 48.5-48.5 (46.2); culmen, 9-10 (9.7); tarsus, 16-17 (16.4); middle toe, 9.5-10 (9.7). ? Pacific coast district, from northern California (Sonoma County) to Prince William Sound and head of Lynn Canal, Alaska: east to Montana (Great Falls). Parus rufescens Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, pt. ii, 1837, 190 (Co- lumbia R.; type in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—Avupuson, aa ie iv, 1838, 371, pl. 353; Synopsis, 1839, 80; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 158, pl. 129.— Nurratt, Mar Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., 1840, 267. Gian. Ilustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1853, 18, part.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 394, part (Fort Steilacoom and Fort Vancouver, Washington; Columbia R.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 295, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 83, part (Chiloweyuck, Camp Kootenay, Fort Vancouver, Simiahmoo, and Fort Steilacoom, Dene ee Columbia R.).—Coorer and SucKuey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 194, part (Steilacoom, ete., Wash- ington ).—SciaTeEr, Cat. Fas Bees 1862, 14 (Fort Steilacoom ).—Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 280 (Sitka, Alaska).—Coorprr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 75 (Montana); Orn. Cal., 1870, 47, part.—Covurs, Check List, 1873, no. 34, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 50; Birds N. W., 1874, 22, part.— Barrp, Brewer, and Ringway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 104, part, pl. 7, fig. 6.—Hensuaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1879, 288 (w. side of Cascade Range, Oregon ).—Rip@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 46.—Ganow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 34, part (Alaska; w. side Rocky Mts.; Vancouver I.; Upper Klamath L., Oregon).—American OrnirHotoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 741.—Anrtnony, Auk, iii, 1886, 171 (Washington Co., Oregon; descr. nest).—TownseEnD, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 229 (Mount Shasta, California).—Fannry, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 44 (w. side of Cascade Range).—Merriit (J. C.), Auk, xv, 1898, 21 (Fort Sherman, Idaho; resident).—GRINNELL (J.), Auk, xy, 1898, 130 (Sitka, Alaska).—Kopss, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, 84 (Cape Disappointment, Washington; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Fisuer (W. k.), Condor, ii, 1900, 138 (Mount St. Helena, Napa Co., California); iv, 1902, 135 (redwood belt, Humboldt and Del Norte counties).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.., iii, 1900, 153 (coast British Columbia).—Brsnop, North Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 93 (Haines, Skagway, and Glacier, Alaska). —Rarupun (8. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 140 (Seattle, Washington, resident).—Barey (Florence, M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 459. Plarus] rufescens Hensuaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1879, 288 (w. side of Cascade Range, Oregon).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 267.— Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 564. [Parus] rufescens Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 232, no. 3358.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 81, cont Parus rujescens rufescens GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, June 25, 1902, 71. [Parus rufescens] a. rufescens Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, May 22, 1879, 486 (synonymy ). 4 Ten specimens. + Seven specimens. 10384—vyoL 3—0: | 418 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [ Pecila] rufescens BoNAPartE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 230. P{arus] ( Poecile) rufescens rufescens HELLMAYR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 73. Parus sitchensis Kirriirz, in Lutké’s Voy. Le Seniavine, 1836, 268, in text (Sitka, Alaska; nomen nudum); Denkw., i, 1858, 200 (nomen nudum). PENTHESTES RUFESCENS NEGLECTUS (Ridgway). NICASIO CHICKADEE, Similar to P. vr. rufescens but with much less of chestnut on sides and flanks, which exteriorly are pale gray, the chestnut also paler and duller. 3 Adult male.—Leneth (skins), 105-114.5 (110.7); wing, 58-64 (60.8); tail, 48-52.5 (50.1); culmen, 9-9.5 (9.2); tarsus, 16.5-17 (16. 7); middle toe, 9.5-10 (9.8).¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 108.5; wing, 58; tail, 46.5; culmen, 9; tarsus, 16.5; middle toe, 9.5.” Marin County, California. Parus rufescens (not of Townsend) Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1878, 20 (Nicasio, Marin Co., California; descr. young).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 34, part (California). Parus rufescens 2. neglectus Rrpeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, May 22, 1879, 435 (Nicasio, Marin Co., California; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. ). [Parus rufescens] £. neglectus Rrpaway, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 486 (synonymy ). Parus rufescens neglectus ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 89.—Ripe- way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 169, 215; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 46a.—Coukrs, Char List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 51.—AMERICAN ORNI- THOLoGIstTs’ Unrton, Check List, 1886, no. 741a, part.—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 71. Plarus] rufescens neglectus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 564, part. Plarus] rlufescens] negiectus? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 267. Plarus| r[ufescens] neglectus Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. &., 1902, 459. P{arus] ( Poecile) rufescens neglectus HetuMayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 73, part. PENTHESTES RUFESCENS BARLOW/I (Grinnell). BARLOW’S CHICKADEE, Similar to P. 7. neglectus, but sides and flanks wholly pale gray (very rarely with a faint rusty tinge on outer posterior portion of flanks). Adult male.—Length (skins), 108.5-115 (112.6); wing, 57-64 (60.1); tail, 46-54 (50.3); culmen, 9-10 (9.2); tarsus, 16-16.5 (16. 3); middle toe, 9.5-10.5 (10.1).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 108-114 (111.4); wing, 57—-61.5 (59.4); tail, 48.5-52 (50.2); culmen, 8.5-9.5 (8.9); tarsus, is -16.5 (16.1); middle toe, 9.5-10 (9 os “Five specimens, >One specimen. ¢ Ten specimens. @ Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 419 Middle coast district of California, south of San Francisco Bay, in San Francisco, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Monterey counties (acci- dental in Alameda County). Parus rufescens (not of Townsend) Gampet, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 155 (Monterey, California).—Hrermann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2nd ser., ii, 1852, 364 (near San Francisco); Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. iv, 1859, 42, part (San Francisco).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 394, part, (San Francisco); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 295, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 83, part (San Francisco).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 47, excl. syn. (mountains of Santa Cruz Co., California).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 104, part (San Francisco; Monterey); iii, 1874, 502 (Santa Cruz, California; descr. nest and eggs). P{arus] rufescens GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1847, 36 (Monterey ). Parus rufescens neglectus (not of Ridgway) AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 741a, part (Monterey Co., California).—FIsHER (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 140 (Boulder Creek, Monterey Co. ). EMERSON, Condor, ii, 1900, 19 (Haywards, Alameda Co., California, Dec. ). Parus rufescens barlowi GRINNELL (J.), Condor, ii, Nov., 1900, 127 (Stevens Creek Cafion, Santa Clara Co., California; coll. J. Grinnell); Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 71.—AuLEeN, Auk, xviii, 1901, 178 (republication of original descr. ). Plarus] (Poecile) rufescens barlowi Hettmayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 73, part. Genus AURIPARUS Baird. Auriparus Barro, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 85. (Type, dgithalus flaviceps Sundeyall. ) Very small Paride, with conical, acute bill; the outermost (tenth) primary much less than half as long as ninth; plumage without any black, but adults with head partly yellow and lesser wing-coverts bright reddish chestnut. Bill much shorter than head (exposed culmen about half as long as tarsus, but shorter than middle toe without claw), with nearly straight outlines and acute tip; culmen very faintly curved terminally. Nos- trils as in Beolophus and Penthestes, but antrorse latero-frontal feath- ers less produced. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing rather long, but rounded; eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, usually the eighth; ninth primary equal to or longer than fourth, much more than twice (nearly three times) as long as tenth, which is very small and narrow. Tail nearly as long as wing, slightly rounded. Tarsus about twice as long as exposed culmen, decidedly longer than middle toe with claw, less than one-third as long as wing, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; outer toe slightly longer than inner, its claw reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux (without claw) about as long as inner toe (without claw), but stouter, its claw much shorter than the digit; 420 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe for more than half its length, entirely adherent to inner toe. Coloration.—Ahbove plain brownish gray, beneath plain grayish white; adults with head partly yellow and lesser wing-coverts reddish chestnut. , Nidification.—Nest among twigs of thorny trees or bushes, globular or retort-shaped, very bulky, composed of thorny twigs, with entrance a small hole in side; eggs pale greenish blue speckled with reddish brown. Range. typic.) While evidently related to the Palearctic genus Remiza,¢ Auriparus is very distinct, having the bill broader with tip less attenuate, the tail rounded instead of emarginate, the outermost (tenth) primary much larger (in emiza it is almost rudimentary), and the style of coloration very different. Arid Lower Sonoran district of Nearctic Region. (Mono- AURIPARUS FLAVICEPS FLAVICEPS (Sundevall). VERDIN. Adult male.’—Head dull gamboge or wax yellow, clearer yellow on malar region, chin, and throat (where the yellow sometimes extends over upper chest), more olivaceous on crown and occiput, the posterior portion of forehead sometimes tinged with orange-rufous (rarely with a distinct though partially concealed spot of this color); hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain brownish gray (between smoke gray and hair brown), the rump usually more or less tinged with yellowish olive; wings and tail decidedly darker with pale brownish gray or grayish brown edgings, the lesser wing-coverts uni- form bright reddish chestnut or bay; underparts of body pale brownish gray, becoming nearly white on lower abdomen and under tail-coverts, the median line sometimes faintly tinged with yellow; bill dusky horn color; iris brown?; legs and feet dusky (bluish gray in life); length (skins), 95-110 (107.6); wing, 50-55 (58); tail, 46-50 (47.9); exposed culmen, 8-9 (8.5); tarsus, 14.5-16 (15.4); middle toe, 8.5—-10 (9.3).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but averaging very slightly duller in color, especially the yellow of head; length (skins), 93-112 « Aegithalus of authors (not Aegithalos Hermann, 1804), ex Boie, Isis, 1822, 556.— Remiza Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, sig. 25, Oct. 30, 1886, 387 (type, Parus pendulinus Linneeus). >There is no marked seasonal difference in coloration. In late spring and summer the plumage is more harsh, through abrasion, and the yellow of the head is possibly a little brighter, especially on the pileum. ¢ Twenty-three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 491 (101.8); wing, 49.5-53 (52.5); tail, 43.5-48 (46.3); exposed culmen, 8-9.5 (8.7); tarsus, 14.5-16 (15.4); middle toe, 8-10 (9.1).¢ Young.—Essentially similar to adults, but without yellow on head or chestnut on lesser wing-coverts; whole pileum, together with lesser wing-coverts, uniform grayish brown (hair brown), concolor with back, ete.; malar region, chin, throat, and upper chest very pale brownish gray, the sides of head similar, but slightly darker; mandi- ble pale-colored, at least basally. Southern Texas (north to Refugio and Bexar counties), New Mexico, Arizona, southwestern Utah, southern Nevada (Great Bend of Colo- rado River), and southern California (San Bernardino and San Diego counties), northern Lower California, and Mexican States of Sonora (except southern portion), Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas. Aegithalus flaviceps SuNDEVALL, Cfiv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh., vii, 1850, 129 (‘‘Sitka or California’’).—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. iv, 1859, 43 (Fort Yuma and m. Mojave R., s. e. California). Aigithalus flaviceps Gavow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 7 fornia’’). Psaltria flaviceps ScuatEer, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1856, 37 (crit.); Ann. and Mag. N. H:, 2d:ser., xix, 1857,'92; 93.(do:). Paroides flaviceps Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 400; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 53, fig. 2; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 14, pl. 15, fig. 2 (El Paso, Texas; Saltillo, Nuevo Leon); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 300; in Rep. Ives’ Expl. Col. R., pt. v, 1861, 6 (Fort Yuma ).—Burcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas). 2, part (‘‘ Cali- “Fourteen specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average, respec- tively, as follows: Ex- + 5 Locality. Wing. |. Tail. posed | Tarsus. Male | culmen. iS MALES. Ten adult males from Rio Grande Valley .................. 53.8 48.5 8.7 15.5 9.6 Men AGM AlLes fron ATIZONG =~. --/20cecnecces ens ete jas ener 52.7 47.7 8.3 15.4 9 Three adult males from southern California .............-- 51.3 46.3 | 8.3 15.2 9.2 Ten adult males (of A. f. lamprocephalus) from Cape St. RRC ere re oe tN ra aie ec nit tietatde ee ae idee 50. 6 42 8.8 14.9 9 Three adult males (of A. f. Jamprocephalus) from southern SLO ae ee at iat RoR wach einaane satujeae veeeealad aes 49.8 43 8.3 14.3 9 One adult male from Durango (Ciudad Durango)......-..-- 52 47 9.5 1525 9.5 One adult male from Coahuila (Monclova) .........---.--- od 48 9 15.5 9 FEMALES. Seven adult females from Rio Grande Valley.......-.-..--- 51.7 46.4 9.1 15.3 9.3 Seven adult females from Arizona and northern Sonora... 52.1 46.1 | 8.3 | 15.4 Six adult females (of A. f. lamprocephalus) from Cape St. EA OR EE a so Sere os ated cio tian a widkiclom Seememeocecce 48.9 41.2 8.8 14.7 32 | Specimens from Arizona, northern Sonora, and southern California are apparently very slightly paler and possibly a little browner than those from the Rio Grande Valley, but Iam unable to detect any decided difference in coloration. 429 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Psaltriparus flaviceps ScLaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 13 (Texas). Auriparus flaviceps Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 85, part.—Covurs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 79 (Arizona); 1868, 83 (do.); Check List, 1873, no. 37, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 56, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 129, part.—Coorrr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 474, in text (Fort Mojave, Califor- nia); Orn. °Cal., 1870, 51, part.—Bartrp, Brewpr, AND Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 112, pl. 7, fig. 11.—Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 99 (Camp Goodwin and Gila R., Arizona), 155 (Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 173 (Camp Lowell, Camp Goodwin, and Gila R., Arizona).—SeEnnetT, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., iv, no. 1, 1878, 6 (Hidalgo, Texas; habits, etc.); v, no. 3, 1879, 378-381 (Lomita, Texas; nesting habits, crit., measurements, etc.).—MErRILL (J. C.), Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 121 (Edinburg, Texas; descr. nest).—SaLvin and GopMaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 59 (Saltillo, Nuevo Leon, ete. ).— Rrpeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 50, part.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 81 (Cienega Station and Tucson, California).—AMERI- CAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 746, part.—BrckHaM, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 693 (San Antonio, Texas, Dec., Jan.).— Morcom, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 55 (Coahuila Valley, San Bernardino Co., Califorma, breeding; descr. nests).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888. 278 (San Antonio, resident).—Scorr (W. E. D.), Auk, v, 1888, 166 (s. Arizona, up to 4,000 ft.).—Arrwarer, Auk, ix, 1892, 344 (San Antonio, Texas, resident; descr. nests).—FisHpr (A. K.), N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 142 (Amargosa R., s. e. California; Great Bend Colorado R., Nevada; s. w. Utah).—Auuen, Bull: Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 41 (Grana- dos and Bacadehuachy, n. Sonora).—Carroii, Auk, xvii, 1900, 348 (Refn- gio Co., Texas, summer resid. ).—Giiman, Condor, iv, 1902, 88 (San Gorgo- nio Pass, s. California, breeding).—Baritry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 462. [ Auriparus] flaviceps Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 82, part. A[uriparus] flaviceps Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 269, part.—Ripe- way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 565, part. [ Parus] flavifrons Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 234, no. 3394. A[nthoscopus] flaviceps flaviceps HELLMAYR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 134. Conirostrum ornatum LAwReENcE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1852, 112, pl. 5, fig. 1 (Rio Grande, Texas; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Bairp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 327 (Texas).—McCown, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1853, 9 (Texas). AURIPARUS FLAVICEPS LAMPROCEPHALUS Oberholser. CAPE VERDIN, Similar to A. f. flaviceps but decidedly smaller (except bill), with yellow of head averaging brighter, and the forehead more frequently (4) tinged with orange-rufous; young, however, distinctly different in coloration from that of A. f. flaviceps, the upper parts being olive, strongly tinged with olive-green, and the under tail-coverts (sometimes most of under parts) tinged with olive-yellow. Adult male.—Length (skins), 90.5-99.5 (94.8); wing, 48.5-52 (50.6); tail, 39.5-44 (42); exposed culmen, 8.5-9.5 (8.8); tarsus, 14.5-15.5 (14.9); middle toe, 8-10 (9).¢ «Ten specimens, from Cape St. Lucas district. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 423 Adult female.—Length (skins), 85-100 (93.5); wing, 47-51 (48.9); tail, 39-44 (41.2); exposed culmen, 8-9.5 (8.8); tarsus, 14-15 (14.7): middle toe, 9-9.5 (9.2).” Cape St. Lucas district of Lower California (San José del Cabo, Triunfo, La Paz, Concepcion Bay, Santa Margarita Island, etc.), and opposite parts of southern Sonora (Guaymas, Alamos, Batomotal, ete.).” Paroides flaviceps (not Aegithalus flaviceps Sundevall) Barrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 301, 304 (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California). Auriparus flaviceps BarrD, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 85, part (Cape St. Lucas).— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 51, part (Cape St. Lucas).—Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 37, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 56, part; Birds. Col. Val., 1878, 129, part.—Bairp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 112, part.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 50, part.—BELDING, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora), 534 (Cape St. Lucas).— AMERICAN OrniTHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 746, part.— TownsEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 137 (Cape St. Lucas). [Auriparus] flaviceps CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 82, part. A[uriparus] flaviceps Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 269, part.—RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 565, part. Mygithalus flaviceps Gavow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 72, part (La Paz, Lower California). Auriparus flaviceps lamprocephalus OBERHOLSER, Auk, xiv, Oct., 1897, 391 (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- cists’ Unton Commirrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 126 (check list no. 746a).—Brew- ster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 206 (Cape district, Lower California, except Sierra de la Laguna). A[nthoscopus] flaviceps lamprocephalus Hetitmayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 135. Genus PSALTRIPARUS Bonaparte. Psaltriparus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxi, Oct., 1850, 478. (Type, P. per- sonatus Bonaparte,=Parus melanotis Hartlaub. ) Pysaltriparus (typographical error) WESTERMANN, Bijds. Dierk., i, 1851, 16. Psaltrites (emendation) CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., xxix, July, 1881, 333, in text. Very small, slender Paridie, with the bill much less than half as long as head (exposed culmen about equal to length of hallux without claw) and half as deep at base as long; tarsus about twice as long as middle toe without claw; tail longer than wing, much rounded or graduated, and coloration very plain (sometimes with black on sides of head). Bill very small, much less than half as long as head (exposed culmen about as long as hallux without claw), much deeper than broad, its depth at base equal to more than half the length of exposed culmen; culmen strongly curved, gonys less so. Nostril small, roundish or broadly ovate, concealed by antrorse latero-frontal plumules. Rictal bristles minute, obvious only on close inspection. Wing rather long «Six specimens, from Cape St. Lucas district. >For comparative measurements of the Cape St. Lucas and Sonoran series see footnote on p. 421. 424 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. but much rounded; seventh, sixth, and fifth, or seventh to fourth, primaries longest, the eighth shorter than fifth (sometimes shorter than fourth), the ninth shorter than second (sometimes shorter than secondaries), the tenth about half as long as ninth. Tail longer than wing, the rectrices narrow but with broadly rounded tips, much rounded or graduated. Tarsus about twice as long as middle toe without claw, about one-third as long as wing, slender, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; outer toe slightly longer than inner, its claw reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux (without claw) about as long as outer toe, its claw shorter than the digit, strongly curved; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe for greater part of its length to inner toe for same distance. Coloration.—Above plain gray or olive (if the former, the pileum sometimes brownish, if the latter the pileum gray); beneath pale gray or whitish, sometimes tinged with buffy or vinaceous posteriorly; sides of head sometimes black. Nidification.—Nest a very bulky purse-like structure, suspended to twigs of bushes or small trees, composed of moss, lichens, spiders’ webs, and other soft materials, the entrance a small hole on one side near top. Eggs immaculate white. Range.—Western United States and temperate parts of Mexico. (Four species. ) Among the Old World allies of Psaltr/parus that I have been able to examine’ the form most nearly related is, apparently, Acanthiparus Gould’ from northern India. The type species of this genus is so simi- lar in structural characters to Psaltriparus as to raise serious doubt as to whether their supposed generic difference can be maintained unless based chiefly on great difference in style of coloration. In Acanthipa- rus, however, the tail is shorter than the wing, instead of longer, and the rectrices relatively narrower; the tarsus and wing have the same relative length as in Psa/triparus (being as one to three); the wing- formula is essentially the same, while the relative size and shape of the bill are identical in the two genera; but in Acanthiparus the pri- maries, like the retrices, are relatively narrower, and the adhesion of the anterior toes is apparently more extensive, involving the whole of the basal phalanx of the middle toe. The style of coloration is, in part, very different in the two groups, Acanthiparus having a large white patch on the forehead and fore part of crown, and the under parts of the body vinaceous-brown, darker across the breast, where abruptly contrasted with the pure white of the chest, throat, and sides of neck. The legs and feet are light brown, instead of black as in Psaltriparus. “1 have not seen representatives of Anthoscopus Cabanis nor Aegithalopsis Heine. » Acanthiparus Gould, Birds of Asia, ii (pt. vii), 1855, pl. 67 (type, A. niveogularis Gould). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 495 Aegithaliscus Cabanis,“ also of southeastern Asia (including north- ern India), is less nearly related to Psaltriparus, having the bill very much thicker. It is very near, however, to Acanthiparus, from which it otherwise differs chiefly in style of coloration, the pileum and hind- neck being rufous, in strong contrast with the gray back, and a black patch on the throat, and there is ground for doubt as to whether the two groups should be separated generically. Aegithalos,? another Palearctic genus, is still more remotely related to Psaltriparus, having the tail very much longer than the wing and graduated for half its length or more, the bill being short and deep, as in Aegithaliscus, but more compressed. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PSALTRIPARUS. a. With black on sides of head. b. Entire side of head black. c. Back, scapulars, and rump decidedly brown or olive. d. Back, ete,, olive-brown; under parts of body strongly buffy. (Southern Mexico and Guatemala. )..Psaltriparus melanotis melanotis, male (p. 426) dd. Back, ete., olive or grayish olive; under parts of body dull white, very slightly, if at all, tinged with buff. (Central and western Mexico. ) Psaltriparus melanotis iulus, male (p. 428) cc. Back, scapulars, and rump olive-gray. (Northern Mexico, southwestern Texas, southern New Mexico, and southern Arizona. ) Psaltriparus melanotis lloydi, male (p. 429) bb. Side of head only partly black (the black usually confined to a patch on gide of occiput, sometimes continued forward toward eye). c. Back, ete., decidedly brown or olive. d. Back, ete., olive-brown; under parts of body strongly buffy. Psaltriparus melanotis melanotis, female (p. 426) dd. Back, ete., olive or grayish olive; under parts of body dull white or but faintly tinged with buff -.-.-- Psaltriparus melanotis iulus, female (p. 428) cc. Back, ete., olive-gray. Psaltriparus melanotis lloydi, female and young male (p. 430) aa. Without any black on sides of head. b. Pileum gray, like back, ete. ce. Averaging whiter beneath (especially on throat) and more olive-gray on back... )Psaltriparus melanotis lloydi, some females and young (pp. 429, 430) cc. Averaging more grayish and more uniform beneath, with back clearer gray. (Arid western United States, from eastern Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming to southwestern Texas, southeastern California, and northern parts of Sonors ands @hihughua- )y-ss2 sss < seo eee Psaltriparus plumbeus (p. 430) @ Aegithaliscus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 90 (type, Parus erythrocephalus Vigors). » Aegithalos Hermann, Obs. Zool., i, 1804, 214 (type, Pipra europea Hermann). Mecistura Leach, Syst. Cat. Mam. and Birds Brit. Mus., 1816, 17 (type, J. vagaus Leach=Parus caudatus Linnzeus). Acredula Koch, Bayr. Zool., i, 1816, 199 (type, Parus caudatus Linnzeus). Paroides Brehm, Isis, 1828, 1284 (type, Parus caudatus Linneus). Orites (not of Keyserling and Blasius, 1840) Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 32 (type, Parus caudatus Linnzeus). See Stejneger, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 382, 383. 426 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bb. Pileum brown, very different from gray of back. c. Back, ete., darker and browner gray. (Psaltriparus minimus. ) d. Darker, the sides and flanks strongly smoky brown. @ e. Darker. (Vicinity of Puget Sound, Washington; southern British - Columbia?) 2 eee see eee Psaltriparus minimus saturatus (p. 434) ee. Paler. (Coast district, from the Columbia River to northern Lower Caliionmias pee ste a eee Psaltriparus minimus minimus (p. 432) dd. Paler, the sides and flanks more faintly smoky brown. (Interior dis- tricts of California and Oregon, from Walkers Basin to the Columbia Ry Crs) Meee sae ee eee Psaltriparus minimus californicus (p. 435) ce. Back, ete., paler and clearer gray. (Cape St. Lucas district, Lower Califor- TENT EA!) atc Apel Se eee tA age ea ms a ape se Psaltriparus grinde (p. 436) PSALTRIPARUS MELANOTIS MELANOTIS (Hartlaub). BLACK-EARED BUSH-TIT. Adult male.—Pileum plain slate-gray, usually paler anteriorly, the forehead sometimes whitish; sides of head, including loral, orbital, suborbital, malar, and auricular regions glossy greenish black or bluish black, this continued round hindneck as a narrow collar; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts, plain brownish olive or olive-brown, the rump slightly browner; wings (except lesser coverts) and tail dull slate color with pale gray edging; chin and sides of upper throat black, or mostly so; throat (except sides of upper portion), chest, and sides of neck white; breast very pale buffy gray or grayish buff, deeper and more buffy posteriorly; femoral and anal regions cinnamon-buff, the under tail-coverts simi- lar, but paler; sides and flanks, grayish écru drab; thighs, dull buffy whitish; axillars and under wing-coverts clear buffy white; bill, legs, and feet black; length (skins), 90-106 (100); wing, 48—50.5 (49.2); tail, 50.5-55 (52.3); culmen, 6-7.5 (6.9); tarsus, 14.5-17 (15.9); middle toe, 7.5-9 (8.5). Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but sides of head light brown (hair brown, broccoli brown, or drab) instead of black,? and «Owing to the circumstance that there is a very decided seasonal difference in coloration, autumnal and winter birds being much darker than those taken in spring and summer, a very concise statement of the differential characters of the several forms in the ‘‘ Key”’ is scarcely practicable. The comparison is therefore based on the autumnal and winter plumage alone, in which the color differences are more obvious than in the spring and summer plumage. It may be explained, further, that the winter plumage of the palest form (californicus) is much like the summer plumage of the one next darker (minimus), while the winter plumage of the latter is much like the summer plumage of the darkest form (saturatus). These seasonal differences of coloration should, of course, be taken into account in the determination of specimens; any comparison which ignores them being, obviously, without value. » Usually there is more or less of a black patch on sides of occiput (behind auric- ular region), the two of opposite sides often connected across the hindneck, and sometimes the black is continued anteriorly as a postocular streak. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 427 under parts of body more strongly buffy, without vinaceous tinge on sides or flanks; leneth (skins), 90—105.5 (100.8); wing, 47.5-51 (48.5); tail, 52-57 (54); culmen, 6.5-7.5 (7.2); tarsus, 15.5-17 (16); middle toe, 8-9 (8.4).% Southern Mexico, in States of Guanajuato (Santa Rosa), Hidalgo (Real del Monte), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Puebla (Teziutlan; Chal- chicomula), Vera Cruz (Las Vigas; Mirador), Michoacan (Patzcuaro), Oaxaca (La Parada; Mount Zempoaltepec; Tehuantepec), and Chiapas (San Cristobal), and highlands of Guatemala (Solola; Godines; Vol- can de Fuego; San Lucas; Hacienda Chancol). Parus melanotus SANDBACH, Rep. Brit. Assoc., iv, 1837 (1838), 99 (Mexico; =nomen nudum!). Parus melanotis HartLAus, Rev. Zool., 1844, 216 (Guatemala; coll. Bremen Mus. ). [ Parus] melanotis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 254, no. 3391. [ Poecila] melanotis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, 1850, 230. Af[egithaliscus] melanotis CABANis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 90, footnote. Psaltria melanotis WrEstERMANN, Bijdrag. Dierk., 1851, 16, pl.—Cassry, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1853, 20. Psaltriparus melanotis BoNAPAR?E, Compt. Rend., xxxvili, 1854, 62.—ScLaTeErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 299 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1864, 172 (City of Mexico), Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 13 (Mexico).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 396 (Guatemala; ‘‘Texas’’ ); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 53, fig. 3; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 14, pl. 15, fig. 3; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 297; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 84 (Cayuilalpam ¢).—Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 190 (Sololé, Guatemala); 1874, 99 (do.).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 544 (alpine reg. Vera Cruz).—Dvuaks, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 140 (Guanajuato).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 108, pl. 7, fig. 8.—Ripeway, Nom, N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 49; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 134 «Ten specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas compare in average measurements as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. | Culmen. Tarsus. | mie = ed é : AO seh fissose MALES. | Nine adult males from Vera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico, FGM Oy and, MICHORCAN cl. 24 .2acns wnewe cece dec eccee se 49.3 52.8 Toe ean oes | 8.7 Phree adult males! from, Oaxaca ....-..5 j2<In table of measurements. ¢State of Vera Cruz? 428 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (Teziutlan, Puebla; crit.; descr. female).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1880, 58, part (Valley of Mexico, alpine reg. Vera Cruz, and Cayuilalpam, Mexico; Sololaé, Godines, Volcan de Fuego, and San Lucas, Guatemala ).—Satrvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882766 (Guatemala).—Cougs, . Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 55.—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 745, part.—FErRARI-PEREz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 134 (Teziutlan, Puebla).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 38 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft. ). Acredula melanotis GApow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 55 (La Parada, Oaxaca; ‘‘California”’ ). Psaltriparus personatus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxi, Sept., 1850, 478. (Mountains of southern Mexico. ) Psaltria personata WESTERMANN, Bijdrag. Dierk., 1851, 16, plate. Psaltrites helviventris CaBanis, Journ. fir Orn., xxix, July, 1881, 333 (Tehuan- tepec?; =female; coll. Berlin Mus.); Oct., 1881, pl. 4, fig. 1.—REIcHENow and Scnatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 421 (reprint of orig. descr. ). [ Psaltriparus] melanotis SCLATER and Satvrin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 4. P{saltriparus| melanotis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 268.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 565, part; 2d ed., 1896, 565. Afegithalos] melanotis melanotis HELLMAYR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 111. PSALTRIPARUS MELANOTIS IULUS Jouy. JOUY’S BUSH-TIT, Similar to P. m. melanot/s but color of back, etc., much less brown (grayish olive or olivaceous hair brown, instead of olive-brown), and under parts slightly paler. Adultmale.—Length (skins), 93.5-109.5 (102.6); wing, 47.5-52 (49.8); tail, 52-56.5 (54.2); culmen, 6.5-7 (6.9); tamsus, 15.5-16 (15.6); middle toe, 8-8.5 (8.2).¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 100; wing, 47.5; tail, 50.5; culmen, 7; tarsus, 15.5; middle toe, 8.? Western and central Mexico, in States of Jalisco (Hacienda el Molino; _ La Laguna; Sierra Nevada), Zacatecas (Valparaiso), San Luis Potosi¢ (mountains near Jesus Maria), and Territory of Tepic (Santa Teresa). Psaltriparus melanotis iulus Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, no. 975, Apr. 18, 1894, 776 (Hacienda El Molino, Jalisco, s. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. ).—Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 611, in text. A[egithalos] melanotis iulus HELLMAYR, Tierreich, 18. Lief., Mar., 1903, 111. aSix specimens. >One specimen. ¢The single specimen examined from San Luis Potosi is in reality intermediate in coloration between the present form and P. m. loydi, but seems rather near the former. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 429 PSALTRIPARUS MELANOTIS LLOYDI (Sennett). LLOYD'S BUSH-TIT. Similar to P. m. zulus but back, ete., olive-gray instead of grayish olive ov hair brown, and under parts much paler, with little if any buffy tinge. Adult male.—Pileum plain slate-gray; sides of head, including loral, orbital, suborbital, malar, and auricular regions, glossy green- ish black; back, scapulars, Jesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail- coverts plain deep olive-gray; wings (except lesser coverts) and tail deep smoke gray or mouse gray with pale gray edgings; chin and sides of upper throat black, or mostly so; rest of throat, together with chest and sides of neck, white; under parts of body slightly duller white, the sides and flanks more or less strongly washed with grayish écru drab, the flanks sometimes touched with vinaceous; under tail-coverts, anal region, and thighs dull buffy whitish; under wing-coverts and axillars white; bill black; legs and feet black (in dried skins); length (skins), 97-110 (103.5); wing, 47-52.5 (49.9); tail, 48.5-58.5 (53.4); culmen, 6.5-7.5 (7.1); tarsus, 15-17 (16); middle toe, 8-8.5 (8.3).4 Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but with black on sides of head usually replaced, at least in part, by pale drab or broccoli brown,’ and under parts of body very pale dull buffy; length (skins), 93.5-107.5 (102.2); wing, 46.5-51 (49); tail, 50-57 (53.6); culmen, 6.5-7.5 (7); tarsus, 15-16.5 (15.6); middle toe, 7.5—8.5 (8.1).¢ « Fifteen specimens. bIf the black occupies the same area as in the adult male, it is duller and usually more or less broken. As a rule, the black is present as a post-auricular patch, of greater or less extent, sometimes extending anteriorly, as a narrow streak toward the eye. Females of this form, as well as some young males, without any black on the sides of the head are exceedingly difficult to distinguish from P. plumbeus, perhaps the most certain distinctive character being the obvious, though slight, difference in color between the pileum and the back, the latter being a more oliva- ceous gray than the former. ¢ Fifteen specimens. Texan speciméns compare in average measurements with those from Chihuahua and Sonora as follows: Middle Locality. Wing.) Tail. Culmen. Tarsus. toe MALES. | Five adult males from southwestern Texas............---- 15.9 51.2 7.4 16 8.5 - : © } c = . Ten adult males from northern Chihuahua .........--.--- 50.4] 54.3 7 16 8.2 FEMALES. | Five adult females from southwestern Texas.........-..-- i) 48:2 | 53.6 7.4 15.7 8.2 Ten adult females from northern Chihuahua (4) and | SEEMING) Mase eee ee oe non a acs a mateuctatcratice cass 19.3 53.7 6.8 15.6 8.1 | | I am unable to percieve any difference in coloration between the two series. 430 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young male.—Similar to the adult female, but under parts as in the adult male (without buffy tinge), except that the sides and flanks are very slightly, if at all, tinged with écru drab or vinaceous. , Young female.—Similar to the young male, but always (4) without blackish spot or suffusion on sides of occiput” and with the under _ parts of body faintly tinged with buff. Southwestern Texas (Chisos, Guadalupe, and Davis mountains, Alpine, Paisano, etc.), southern New Mexico (Silver City) and south- ern Arizona (Chiricahua, Huachuca, and Santa Rita mountains, Camp Bowie, ete.), and southward into northern Sonora (Bavispe River; Puerto de los Pinitos) and Chihuahua (Jesus Maria; Bravo; Pinos Altos). Psaltriparus loydi Spnnerr, Auk, v, Jan., 1888, 43 (Limpia Cafion, near Fort Davis, Presidio Co., s. w. Texas; coll. G. B. Sennett).—CHapman, Auk, v, 1888, 400.—AmERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 745.—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 41 (Bavispe R., n. e. Sonora, Dec.).—Rirpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 611.—BatLEy (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 462. Psaltriparus melanotis lUoydi OBERHOLSER, Auk, xix, July, 1902, 301 (Fort Davis, Chisos Mts., and Ord Mts. south of Alpine, s. w. Texas). Al[egithalos| Uoydi HetuMayr, Tierreich, 18. Lief., Mar., 1903, 112. (2?) Psaltriparus melanotis (not Parus melanotis Hartlaub) Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vil, 1875, 20, 35 (East Hamboldt Mts., Nevada); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 415 (do.). -saltriparus melanotis Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 49, part; Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 565, part (Rio Grande Valley).—AMeERICAN ORNITHOL- oaists’ Unton, Check List., 1886, no. 745. Psaltriparus santarite Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, Oct. 12, 1888, 697 (Santa Rita Mts., s. Arizona; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 611.—AMERICAN OrNiITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 744, 1.—Bat.ey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 462. A[egithalos] santaritae HELLMAyR, Tierreich, 18. Lief., Mar., 1903, 113. PSALTRIPARUS PLUMBEUS (Baird). PLUMBEOUS BUSH-TIT. Entirely similar to those females of P. m. Voydi having no black on sides of head, but averaging grayer and more uniform beneath, with the throat and chest usually little, if any, paler than other under parts; adult male never with any black on sides of head. ? «The young male (if specimens are correctly sexed) sometimes lacks any black on side of head. >The relationship of this form to P. melanotis lloydi affords a problem very difficult of solution and of exceptional interest in connection with the discrimination between species and subspecies. Judging from specimens alone, it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the two forms intergrade completely; at least [ find myself unable to satisfactorily refer a very large percentage of specimens obtained within the area of overlapping of their respective ranges. But Mr. Oberholser, who has had excel- lent opportunities of studying both forms in life, assures me that they not only both BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 431 Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain, deep olive-gray or smoke gray, the pileum usually very slightly clearer gray, or less tinged with olive, than back, ete.; wings and tail darker and more brownish gray, with light gray edgings; sides of head, including loral, orbital, suborbital, malar, and auricular regions, plain hair brown or drab; under parts plain pale smoke gray or drab-gray (more whitish in worn midsummer plumage), the chin and sides of upper throat tinged with drab; bill, legs, and feet black; iris pale yellow or yellowish white (sometimes present only as an outer ring and concealed by eyelids). Young.—Similar to adults, but sides of head less distinctly brownish (nearly concolor with pileum) and plumage of looser texture. Adult male.—Length (skins), 100.5-114 (107.3); wing, 48.5-53 (51); tail, 54.5-62 (56.7); culmen, 6.5-7.5 (7); tarsus, 15.5-16.5 (16.2); mid- dle toe, 7.5-8.5 (8.2).? Adult jemale.—Length (skins), 94-111 (105.5); wing, 49-53.5 (50.6); tail, 51-58.5 (55.8); culmen, 6.5-7.5 (7); tarsus, 15-16.5 (15.8); middle toe, 8-8.5 (8.1).? Arid interior districts of western United States; north to eastern Oregon (Camp Harney, Caton City, etc.) and southwestern Wyoming (Green River); east to Colorado (El Paso, Fremont, Pueblo, and Gar- field counties) and southwestern Texas (Guadalupe, Davis, and Chisos Mountains, El Paso, Jeff Davis, and Brewster counties); west to west- ern Nevada and southeastern California (Panamint Mountains, Lone Valley, ete., Inyo County); south to about parallel of 30° in south- western Texas, northern Chihuahua (4), and northern Sonora (near Oposura). P{arus] minimus (not of Townsend) Gamer, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1847, 36, part (Rocky Mts.). Parus minimus (not of Townsend) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sei. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (New Mexico). Psaltriparus minimus (not of Bonaparte) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., x1, 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—HeEnsnaw, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1874, (3) (Utah); Annot. List Birds Utah, 1874, 40; Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 99. Psaltria plumbea Bairp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, June, 1854, 118 (Little Colorado R., Arizona; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—KeEnnerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Survy., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 10 (sixth camp, Little Colorado R.). Psaltriparus plumbeus Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 398; ed. 1860 _ (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 33, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 299; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 84.—Kennerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, 1859, 27, pl. 33, fig. 2 (Little Colorado R. and Bill Williams’ Fork, Arizona).—Hewnry, Proc. ul breed in the same localities in southwestern Texas, but that they each have distine- tive peculiarities of voice, etc. It is true that apparent intergradation does not involve adult males, which are always very distinct, the difficulty being in distin- guishing those females and some young examples of P. m. //oydi which have no black on the head from adults (both sexes) of P. plumbeus. @In some specimens (both inales and females, according to labels) the flanks are tinged with grayish vinaceous or ecru drab. 2 \ >Ten specimens. 432 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., xi, 1859, 107 (New Mexico) .—Covss, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 79 (Fort Whipple, Ari- zona); Check List, 1873, no. 36; 2d ed., 1882, no. 54; Birds N. W., 1874, 23; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 125.—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 49 (Arizona, etc.) .— AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 195 (Colorado).—STEvENson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1871 (1872), 464 (Green R., Wyo- ming).—Yarrow and HeEnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Survy., 1874, 7 (Iron City and Beaver, Utah).—Rip@way, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 413 (Peavine and Virginia Mts., near Carson City, and West Humboldt Mts., Nevada; near Salt Lake City, Utah; habits); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 48.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 80 (Chiricahua Mts., Ari- zona).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 744.— Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 278 (Fort Davis, w. Texas, Nov.); Bull. 37, Colo. State Agric. Coll., 1897, 123 (Colorado; breeding from plains to 7,800 ft.; resident); Bull. 56, 1900, 222 (Beulah, near Cafion City, and Glenwood Springs, Colorado, breeding).—BeEnpirk, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 557 (Fort Huachuca, Arizona; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Scorr (W. E. D.), Auk, v, 1888, 166 (Santa Catalina and Pinal Mts., s. Arizona, up to 7,500 ft.; resident).—FisHEr (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 141 (Grapevine, White, and Juniper Mts., etc., Nevada; Panamint Mts., ete., s. e. California).—Lowr, Auk, xi, 1894, 270 (Wet Mts., Colorado, up to 7,800 ft.).—Wutson (S. S.), Auk, xvi, 1899, 189 (San Miguel Co., s. w. New Mexico).—Osernotser, Auk, xix, 1902, 301 (high mountains of s. w. Texas).—BaiLery (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 462. [ Psaltriparus] plumbeus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 82. P{saltriparus| plumbeus HensHaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1879, 288 (near Carson City, Nevada, July).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 268.— Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 565. Psaltriparus minimus ... var. plumbeus Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 180 (Colorado)—.HrnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 40 (Utah), 99 (Fort Wingate, New Mexico; Apache, Arizona), 155 (Arizona) ; Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 171 (Iron City and Beaver, Utah; Fort Wingate and Santa Fe, New Mexico; Camp Apache and Camp Bowie, Ari- zona; habits). Psaltriparus minimus var. plumbeus BAtrD, BrEwrEr, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 110.—Brnprire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 112 (Camp Harney and Cafion City, e. Oregon, summer resident). Psaltriparus var. plumbeus Bairp, Brewer, and Ripa@way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 7, fig. 10. = Psaltriparus minimus plumbeus Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 10, 11 (Carson City, etc., w. Nevada), 19 (West Humboldt Mts., Nevada), 20 (East Humboldt Mts. ). [ Acredula minima.] B. Eastern Race (A. plumbea) Gavow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viil, 1883, 56 (excl. syn. Psaltrites helviventris Cabanis). | Parus] plumbeus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 234, no. 3393. A[egithalos] plumbeus Hetumayr, Tierreich, 18. Lief., Mar., 1903, 113. PSALTRIPARUS MINIMUS MINIMUS (Townsend). BUSH-TIT. Adults in spring and summer.—Pileum and hindneck plain, warm broccoli brown or drab; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts, plain deep smoke gray; wings (except lesser coverts) and tail darker gray (dull slate color), with pale-gray edgings; BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 433 sides of head (including loral, orbital, suborbital, malar, and auricular regions) similar in color to pileum, but much paler and duller; under parts dull brownish-white, deepening on sides and flanks into pale, dull écru drab; bill, legs, and feet black; iris light yellow. Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but coloration darker, the pileum and hindneck more sooty brown, the sides and flanks more decidedly vinaceous-brown. Young.—Similar to spring and summer adults, but color of pileum and hindneck deeper and duller (more as in winter adults); under parts of body tinged with pale brownish buffy, and edgings to tertials and greater wing-coverts pale brownish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 92.5-108.5 (102.4); wing, 45.5-49.5 (47.6); culmen, 6.5-7.5 (6.9); tarsus, 15-16.5 (15.9); middle toe, 8-9 (8.4). Adult female.—Length (skins), 92-108.5 (101.6); wing, 45.5-49.5 (47.5); tail, 46.5-55 (51.4); culmen, 6.5-7 (6.9); tarsus, 15-16 (15.7); middle toe, 8.9 (8.5). ? West slope of coast mountains in Oregon, California, and northern Lower California, north to the Columbia River, south to Nachoguero Valley, Lower California (also to San Pedro Martir Mts.,° and San Fernando’). ° Parus minimus Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 190 (Columbia R.); viii, 1839, 152.—BonaPparter, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 20.—AvpuBon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 382, pl. 352, figs.5,6; Synopsis, 1839, 80; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 160, pl. 180.—Nurraui, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 269 (Columbia R.; Santa Barbara).—GamBeL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, 155 (California); Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 36 part (California). [ Poecila] minimus Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 280. Psaltria minima Cassrn, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., ete., 1853, 20.—HrERMANN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1853, 264, part; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 43, part.—Scriater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 126 (Santa Clara Valley, California). \ Psaltriparus minimus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 62.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 397 (Santa Clara and Los Angeles, California) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 298, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 84, part (Napa Valley, California).—Coorrr and Suck.ey, Rep. Pacific R. kh. Sury., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 195, part (California).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 48, part (San Francisco and San Diego, California); Am. Nat., iv, 1871, 757 (Mon- terey, California).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 35, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 53, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 124, footnote, part.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 7, fig. 9.—AmprIcAN ORNITHOLO- cists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 743, part. —AnTHony, Auk, iii, 1886, 171 (Washington Co., Oregon, resident). —Evermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 186 (Ven- tura Co., California, resident).—BaiLtey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 460. « Twenty-four specimens. » Eleven specimens. ¢ Specimens from these localities not seen by me. 103884—voL 3—03-——28 434 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [ Psaltriparus] minimus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 82, part. P{saltriparus| minimus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 268, part.— Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 565, part. Psaltriparus minimus, var. minimus BAtRD, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 109, part. Psaltriparus minimus minimus Goopr, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1888, 338, part.—GRINNELL, (J.) Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 72, part. A[egithalos] minimus minimus HeELLMAYR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 112, part. Psaltriparus minimus californicus, part, Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ii, 1884, 89 (southern coast distr., California).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 743a, part.—Emerson, Bull. 7, Calif. Ac. Sci., 1887, 424, 431 (San Diego Co., California).—(?) ANrHony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 246 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California, chiefly below 3,000 ft. ; (?) Auk, xii, 1895, 143 (San Fernando, Lower California ¢).—Mrrriam (Florence A.), Auk, xiii, 1896, 123 (Twin Oaks, San Diego Co., California; habits).—GRINNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 50 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident). P{saltriparus] minimus californicus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 565, part. P{[saltriparus|] m[inimus] californicus Baitny (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 461, part. Alegithalos| minimus californicus HetuMayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar. 1903, 112, part. PSALTRIPARUS MINIMUS SATURATUS, new subspecies.? PUGET SOUND BUSH-TIT. Similar to P. m. minimus, but darker in corresponding plumages, the spring and summer plumage about as dark above as the autumn and winter plumage of P. m. minimus, and decidedly darker below, especially the brown of sides and flanks; young with color of pileum duller, more grayish sooty. Adult male.—Length (skins), 101-106.5 (104); wing, 46-48.5 (47.5); tail, 52-54 (53.1); culmen, 7-7.5 (7.1); tarsus, 16-16.5 (16.1); middle toe, 8.5.° Adult female.—Length (skins), 102.5-108.5 (106.2); wing, 46-48 (46.6); tail, 51-52.5 (51.9); culmen, 6.5-7 (6.9); tarsus, 15.5-16 (15.7); middle toe, 88.5 (8.4).7 Vicinity of Puget Sound (Fort Steilacoom, Seattle, Mount Vernon, etc., Washington). Psaltriparus minimus (not Parus minimus Townsend) Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 397, part (Fort Steilacoom, Washington); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 298, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 84, part (Fort Steila- coom ).—Cooper and Suckuey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 195, part (Fort Steilacoom ).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 48, part (in synonymy ).— Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 35, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 53, part; Birds Col. «Specimens from the localities mentioned not seen by me. bType, no. 136372, coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey coll.), Mount Vernon, Washington, December 11, 1895; C. P. Streator, ¢ Four specimens. d Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 435 Val., 1878, 124, footnote, part.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 47, part.—AmeErRIcAN OrNiITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 743, part.— Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107 (British Columbia Base n(S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 140 (Seattle, Washington, resident).—Bariey (Florence M.-), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 460, part GWasbinie wa): [ Psaltriparus] minimus Covers, Rey N . Am. Birds, 1872, 82, part. P{saltriparus] minimus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 268, part.—Rrpa- way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 565, part. A[egithalos] minimus minimus HELLMAYR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 112, part. PSALTRIPARUS MINIMUS CALIFORNICUS Ridgway. SACRAMENTO BUSH-TIT. Similar to P. m. minimus but decidedly paler, the pileum light broccoli brown in spring and summer, the back, ete., olive-gray instead of deep smoke gray. (The autumnal and winter plumage very similar to the spring and summer plumage of P. m. minimus.) Adult male.—Length (skins), 97.5-101 (99.4); wing, 47-49.5 (48.¢ 5 tail, 50-53.5 (52.4); culmen, 7; tarsus, 16-17 (16.6); middle toe, 8-9, (8..1).¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 97.5; wing, 48.5; tail, 50.5; culmen, 7; tarsus, 16; middle toe, 8.5.? Interior districts of Oregon and California, east of the Cascade range in Oregon, and between coast mountains and crest of the Sierra Nevada in California; north to northeastern Oregon (Wilbur, Uma- tilla County), south to the valley of Kern River (Walkers Basin, ete.), southern California. Psaltria minima (not Parus minimus Townsend) HrermMann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1853, 264, part; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 43, part. Psaltriparus minimus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 397, part (Sacra- mento Valley and Fort Tejon, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 298, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 84, part (Sacramento Valley, ala and Fort Tejon, California).—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 48, part (Sierra Nevada, California).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 35, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 53, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 124, footnote, part.—NeEtson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 356 (Nevada City, California; habits).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 47, part.—Amertcan OrnirHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 743, part.—TownsEnp (C. H.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 229 (Red Bluff, etc., upper Sacramento Valley; habits; descr. nest). [ Psaltriparus] minimus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 82, part. P{saltriparus] minimus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 268, Boa Psaltriparus minimus, var. minimus Barro, Brewer, and Rina ay, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 109, part (Fort Tejon). saltriparus minimus minimus Goopr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 338, part.—GRrINNELL, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 72, part. Psaltriparus minimus californicus Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ii, Apr. 10, 1884, 89 (Baird, Shasta Co., California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—AmeErIcan OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 743a, part. P{saltriparus] minimus californicns Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, ae 565, part. @Six specimens. 2One' 5 specimen, 436 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. P{saltriparus] m[inimus] californicus Batuey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 461, part. A[egithalos] minimus californicus Hetumayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 112, part. PSALTRIPARUS GRINDZ& Belding. GRINDA’S BUSH-TIT, Similar to P. minimus californicus but slightly smaller, with rela- tively smaller feet; color of back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail- coverts much purer (less brownish or olive) gray, and under parts paler. Adults in spring and summer.—Pileum and hindneck plain broccoli brown; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail- coverts plain gray (between gray no. 6 and mouse gray), abruptly contrasted with brown of hindneck; wings (except lesser coverts) and tail deep brownish gray or hair brown with pale gray edgings; sides of head (including loral, orbital, suborbital, malar, and auricular regions) plain dull brownish white or very pale grayish brown; under parts dull white, the sides and flanks inclining to very pale grayish brown; bill, legs, and feet black. Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage but colors deeper, especially sides of head and under parts, which are pale grayish brown rather than brownish white. Adult male.—Length (skins), 93.5-103 (98.6); wing, 44.5-49 (47.5); tail, 48.5-55.5 (52.1); culmen, 6.5—7 (6.6); tarsus, 14.5-16 (15.3); mid- dle toe, 7.5-8.5 (7.9). @ Adult female.—Length (skins), 91.5-99 (95.7); wing, 45-48 (46.6); tail, 47.5-538.5 (50.6); culmen, 6.5-7 (6.8); tarsus, 14-16 (15); middle toe, 7-8 (7.8).¢ Cape St. Lucas district of Lower California (Sierra de la Laguna; Miraflores; San Francisco Mountains; Victoria Mountains). Psaltriparus grinde Belding, Ms., Rrpaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, Oct. 5, 1883, 155 (Laguna, Lower California; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington, ii, 1884, 96 (crit.).—BrLpine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 347 (San Francisco and Victoria Mts., Lower California).—RrIcHENow and ScuHavow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1886, 438 (reprint of orig. descr. ).—Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 205 (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California; descriptions; crit.; descr. nest). Psaltriparus minimus grinde Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vili, Sept. 2, 1885, 354.—AMERICAN OrnNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 7486. P{saltriparus] minimus grindze Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 565. A[egithalos] minimus grindae HELLMAYR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 113. Family SITTID. THE NUTHATCHES. Small, scansorial ‘‘ ten-primaried” acutiplantar Oscines with the bill straight, nearly as long as head, neither uncinate nor notched; hallux (without claw) equal to or longer than outer toe (without claw), «Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 437 its claw distinctly shorter than the digit; outer toe (without claw) not reaching beyond middle of penultimate phalanx of middle toe, the lat- ter with claw projecting more than half its length beyond claw of outer toe; tail much shorter than wing, even; outermost (tenth) pri- mary less than one-third as long as ninth. Bill nearly as long as head (exposed culmen nearly, sometimes quite, as long as tarsus), straight, but with at least the gonys perceptibly convex, the latter more or less strongly ascending terminally. Nos- tril roundish, or broadly oval, non-operculate, or with operculum narrow and inconspicuous,“ more or less concealed by antrorse bristly latero-frontal plumules. Rictal bristles obvious,’ but rather short, sometimes minute. Wing long, rather pointed; eighth, sev- enth, and sixth, or ninth, eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, the ninth equal to or longer than fifth (equal to or longer than sixth in Weositta), the tenth very small, never one-third as long as ninth, sometimes scarcely longer than primary coverts; wing-tip longer than bill or tarsus. Tail much less to a little more than half as long as wing, even or slightly rounded, the rectrices broad, with rounded tip. Tarsus about as long as exposed culmen (approximately one-fifth to one-fourth as long as wing), decidedly longer than middle toe without claw (sometimes equal to middle toe with claw), the acrotarsium dis- tinctly scutellate, lateral toes very unequal, the inner (without claw) reaching only to second joint of middle toe, the outer reaching to middle of penultimate phalanx of middle toe; basal phalanx of middle toe joined to outer toe for greater part or the whole of its length, to inner toe adherent for a less distance; hallux (without claw) equal to outer toe (without claw), its claw decidedly shorter than the digit. Coloration. —(1) In subfamily Sittinee above plain bluish gray or blue, including upper tail-coverts, the pileum and hindneck, at least partly, sometimes black or brown; the rectrices partly black and white (with- out white in genus Callisitta); under parts white, buff, cinnamomeous, grayish, vinaceous, or chestnut, or with a mixture of two or more of these colors. (2) In subfamily Neosittine above gray streaked with dusky, or plain brown, the upper tail-coverts mostly white, the pileum white, dark gray, or black; beneath whitish, with or without streaks; inner webs of primaries with middle portion (broadly) cinnamon- rufous; outermost rectrices broadly tipped with white. Range.—Palearctic Region (except African portion), Indo-Malayan Region, and Nearctic Region; Australia, where represented by a dis- tinct subfamily. @¥Except in the Australian genus Neositta Hellmayr (Sitlella Swainson, 1837, not of Rafinesque, 1815), in which the operculum is very distinct (sometimes as broad as the nostril itself), the wholly exposed nostril much narrower or more elongate than in Sitta and Callisitta (Dendrophila). > Except in Neositta. 4388 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Osteological characters.“—Interorbital septum nearly closed and pre- palatines broad as in Paridee (Parus), but skull slightly depressed instead of elevated; no fronto-nasal nor maxillo-premaxillary hinge; narial openings elongate ellipses; nasals peculiar in form, with the external process carried for a considerable distance along the pre- maxillary, and the transpalatines and postyalatines but slightly bent downward; prepalatines overlying and fusing with the premaxillaries; a large free lachrymal, much as in Corvidee; quadrate so compressed vertically that the pterygoid lies immediately under, and almost in contact with, the ascending process; pelvis much narrower anteriorly than in Paridee, the ischium and pubis projecting farther downward and backward, and the obdurator foramen connected with the very large obdurator space; arm and manus relatively (compared with humerus) more elongate than in Paridee (very much as in Corvide); proximal portion of tibia thin and bent inward (much as in Certhia); tibia proportionally shorter than in Paride, and first phalanx of first digit remarkably long.’ I find it somewhat difficult to draw the line satisfactorily between the Sittidee and the Certhiide, certain genera (Zichodroma and Cli- macteris) being distinctly intermediate so far as external characters are concerned, though apparently more nearly related to Certhza than to Sitta; and though disliking very much to differ from so excellent an authority as Dr. Stejneger,’ I can not help believing that the group here named Sittidze is much more closly related to the Certhiide than to the Paridee, a view which is in harmony not only with Mr. Lucas’s @ Based on Sitta carolinensis; from Lucas, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 342, 343. b“*Taking all skeletal characters into consideration, the differences between Sitta and the Paridze are such as would seem to preclude their being grouped together, while the peculiarities of the wing of Sita, slight as they may appear, when added to the other characters, seem sufficient to warrant the assignment of the genus to a separate family.’’ (Lucas, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 343.) The following additional characters of the Sittidze are given by Oates, in his ‘‘ Birds of British India,”’ i, 298: “‘The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the bronchial semirings; the edges of both mandibles smooth, or the upper one simply notched; hinder aspect of tarsus smooth, composed of two entire longitudinal laminze; wings with ten primaries; tongue nontubular; nostrils clear of the line of forehead, the lower edge of the nostril nearer to the commissure than the upper edge is to the culmen; plumage of the nestling resembling that of the adult female, but paler; nostrils overhung by some hairs; rictal bristles present; rectrices twelve; hind toe and inner front toe very unequal in length; sexes generally different in color; an autumn moult only.” ¢ With regard to the ‘‘quite doubtful” relationships of the Certhiidee Dr. Stejneger says: ‘The only thing which we know at present with any degree of certainty is that the old notion of the creepers being nearly allied to the nuthatches [Sittidze] is wrong, and that in some way or another they are related to the ‘Cinnyrimorphe’ of modern authors.’”’? (Standard Natural History, iy, 539. It should be noted that in the work cited, as well as in more recent writings on the subject, Dr. Stejneger treats of the nuthatches as a subfamily, Sittinze, of the Paridee. ) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 439 conclusion in the matter, but also with those of Dr. Gadow.” I must, however, dissent from the views of those (Dr. Gadow among the number) who would place the Madagascaran genus //ypositta? among the Sittidee, and would, without hesitation, place it in a distinct family, Hyposittidee.° The Nuthatches are a limited group of small, slender-billed, scanso- rial Oscines, occupying, as above stated, an intermediate position between the Paride and Certhiide, but apparently most nearly related to the latter. Besides differing from the Paride in the structural characters mentioned on pages 376, 377, they differ very much in their scansorial habits, being perhaps the most expert ‘‘climbers” among birds, running nimbly up or down the trunk of a tree or the face of a cliff or stone wall, often head downward, which Woodpeckers and creepers (Certhiide) are unable to do. Leaving out the Australasian genus Veos7tta, which may be regarded as constituting a separate subfamily (Neosittinee), the Nuthatches com- prise two genera (by some authors combined into one), of which S/tta has representatives in all portions of the Palearctic and Nearctic regions, and as far south in the Indian region as Burmah, while Callisitta is peculiar to India, Ceylon, Java, Timor, and the Philip- pines. The family is therefore chiefly an Old World one, especially since of the twenty-two species of S7tta recognized by Dr. Gadow in the British Museum ‘‘ Catalogue” only four are American. Genus slit A, Limnceus: Sita Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 115 (Type, S. ewropxa Linnzeus). Sittella (emendation!) Rarinesque, Analyse de la Nat., 1815, 68. Sittidee with non-operculate nostrils, concealed by antrorse bristly latero-frontal plumules; rictal bristles obvious; upper parts bluish gray, with or without black on head; tail marked with both black and white. _ Range.—Temperate portions of northern hemisphere. (Nearly forty known species and subspecies. ) «Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, viii, 340. » Hypositta Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 488 (type, Zypherpes corallirostris Newton). ©The characters of which are as follows: a. Maxilla uncinate at tip, with tomium distinctly notched subterminally, the man- dibular tomium also notched near tip; hallux (without claw) nearly as long as middle toe (without claw); outer toe very nearly as long as middle toe and united to the latter for the whole of the basal and half of its subbasal phalanges; inner toe only about half as long as outer; acrotarsium booted; tail three-fourths as ST AOMCARME CAT RNAP SDR: ace gr rth cma A Ng RS ips Ae eh he Hyposittide. aa. Maxilla not uncinate at tip and neither maxillary nor mandibular tomia notched; hallux (without claw) decidedly shorter than middle toe (without claw); outer toe decidedly shorter than middle toe and united to the latter for not more than the basal phalanx; inner toe three-fourths as iong as outer toe; acrotarsium scutellate; tail about half as long as wing .......-..------ Sittide. 440 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND: SUBSPECIES OF SITTA. a. Larger; wing more than 79 mm., usually much more; whole side of head and neck white. (Sitta carolinensis.) b. Black markings on greater wings-coverts and tertials larger, more sharply defined, deeper black, more conspicuously contrasted with the clear bluish gray of marginal and terminal portions, the black space on outer web of third tertial with its posterior extremity broadly rounded. c. Slightly larger (except feet), with bill relatively shorter or stouter; black central spaces of greater wing-coverts and black areas on tertials more restricted; under parts more purely white, the sides and flanks faintly, if at all, tinged with gray; adult female with pileum usually bluish gray, strongly contrasted with black of hindneck. (Eastern United States, except Florida and Gulf coast, and southeastern British Provinces. ) Sitta carolinensis carolinensis (p. 441) ce. Slightly smaller (except feet), with bill relatively longer or narrower; black central spaces of greater wing-coverts and black areas on tertials more extended; under parts duller or more grayish white, the sides and flanks strongly grayish; adult female with pileum often glossy black, like hind- neck, never (?) light bluish gray. (Florida, and along Gulf coast to IMSSISSIp PIM) Naseere rears eee ere Sitta carolinensis atkinsi (p. 444) bb. Black markings on greater wing-coyerts and tertials less sharply defined, duller black, less conspicuously contrasted with the duller or darker gray of mar- ginal and terminal portions, the black area on outer web of third tertial with its posterior extremity narrowly pointed or acuminate. c. Smaller (wing averaging decidedly less than 90 mm.), with under parts more purely white. . d. Larger, especially the feet; bill relatively more slender; gray tip and white subterminal patch of lateral rectrices averaging broader; adult male averaging wing 87.3, tail 46, culmen 19.2, tarsus 18.1, middle toe 14.4. (Pacific Coast district, from northern Lower California to British Colum- Ibias) See ee ee ete Sitta carolinensis aculeata (p. 444) dd. Smaller, especially the feet; bill relatively stouter; gray tip and white subterminal patch of lateral rectrices averaging narrower; adult male averaging wing 86.7, tail 44.5, culmen 18.5, tarsus 17, middle toe 13.4. (Cape St. Lueas district, Lower California. ) Sitta carolinensis lagune (p. 446) cc. Larger (wing averaging 90 mm. or more); under parts less purely (more grayish) white. d. Under parts paler, the sides and flanks more faintly tinged with gray; bill averaging decidedly longer; adult male averaging wing 91.4, tail 48.1, culmen 19.8, tarsus 18, middle toe 14.5. (Rocky Mountain and Great Plains districts, from eastern British Columbia and western Manitoba to Sonora, Chihuahua and western Texas. ) Sitta carolinensis nelsoni (p. 447) dd. Under parts darker, the sides and flanks nearly as deeply gray as back; bill averaging decidedly shorter; adult male averaging wing 91.8, tail 47.5, culmen 17.8, tarsus 17.6, middle toe 14.5. (Mountains of southern and. icentral Mexico.) 22. sae. see Sitta carolinensis mexicana (p. 448) aa. Smaller (wing not more than 70 mm., usually much less); sides of head and neck not entirely white. b. A white superciliary stripe; pileum glossy black or bluish gray. (Northern North America, southward to southern Alleghanies and through western MIO UM tAlM GIStriGiSs) seme sae Soe eA ee ee Sitta canadensis (p. 450) bb. No white superciliary stripe; pileam and hindneck brown, olive or clive-gray. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 441 ce. Pileum and hindneck brown, the posterior median portion with a large white spot; no white patch on middle rectrices. (More southern portions of east- ern United States, in coast pine belt.).........-..--.-- Sitta pusilla (p. 453) cc. Pileam and hindneck olive, the latter without large whitish median spot (except in worn midsummer plumage); middle rectrices with basal half or more of inner web white. (Sitta pygmea. ) d. Smaller, with pileum and hindneck more deeply or decidedly olive, the latter with whitish or buffy median spot obsolete or indistinct; back more bluish gray; adult male averaging wing 64.9, tail 34.3, culmen 14.5, tarsus 14.9, middle toe 11.2. (Mountains of western North America, from Brit- ish Columbia to southern Mexico. )..-.-.--- Sitta pygmea pygmea (p. 456) dd. Larger, with pileum and hindneck paler or less decidedly olive, the latter with whitish or pale buffy median spot well developed; back less bluish gray; adult male averaging wing 66.8, tail 36.7, culmen 16.3, tarsus 16, middle toe 11.5. (San Diego County, California to San Pedro Martin Misi ower Caliiornia.) a=. -.= ess Sitta pygmea leuconucha (p. 459) SITTA CAROLINENSIS CAROLINENSIS Latham, WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH. Adult male.—Pileum, hindneck, and extreme upper back uniform black with a bluish or bluish green gloss; a slight indication of a black postocular streak; back scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform bluish gray (between slate-gray or gray no. 6 and plumbeous); middle, greater, and primary wing-coverts and alule, black margined with bluish gray (like color of back), the tips of the greater coverts sometimes whitish, forming a narrow indistinct band; tertials with inner webs black (except next to shaft on second and third), their outer webs bluish gray, that of the third with an elongated basal patch of black, rounded at the posterior extremity, the terminal portion (for about 6—9 mm.) and edge, nearly or quite to base, bluish gray; secondaries black, edged with bluish gray; prima- ries blackish slate or slate color, more narrowly edged with bluish gray, these edgings becoming white or whitish on middle portion of longer quills and on terminal portion of outermost; two middle rectrices plain bluish gray, sometimes slightly darker terminally; rest of rectrices black, crossed by a broad subterminal band of white, this broader and farther from tip on exterior rectrix (where involving greater portion of outer web), reaching to tip on inner web of third rectrix, very narrow, terminal, and more or less grayish, on fourth and fifth (sometimes obsolete on latter); lores, superciliary region (broadly), rest of sides of head, sides of neck, and under parts plain white or grayish white (faintly tinged with brownish posteri- orly, especially on flanks, in winter); anal region, smaller anterior and central under tail-coverts, and a large oval spot on inner webs of larger lateral and terminal under tail-coverts, light chestnut, the outer webs and terminal portion of inner webs of the latter chiefly, 1f not entirely, dull white or grayish white; under wing-coverts black; under 449 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. primary-coverts and basal portion of inner webs of longer primaries white, forming a conspicuous patch; maxilla black or blackish slate, usually more or less plumbeous on basal portion of culmen; mandible pale bluish gray (in life) basally, passing into dark gray or slaty ter- minally; iris brown; legs and feet brownish dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 121-147.5 (133.9); wing, 86-97 (90.5); tail, 44-50.5 (46.8); culmen, 16.5-21 (19); tarsus, 18-20 (18.8); middle toe, 14.5- 16.5 (15.7). Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but pileum more or less grayish, often bluish gray (similar to but considerably darker than color of back), abruptly contrasted with black of hindneck and upper back—very rarely glossy black, as in male; length (skins), 116-140 (128.8); wing, 85-92.5 (88.1); tail, 42-49.5 (46.8); culmen, 16.5- 19.5 (18.1); tarsus, 17-19 (18.3); middle toe, 15-17 (15.6).? Young.—Similar to adults (the sexes similarly distinguished), but black of pileum (in male) and hindneck duller, less sharply defined against bluish gray of back, and edges of greater wing-coverts and secondaries more or less brownish. Eastern United States and more southern British provinces; north «Twenty-six specimens. > Twenty-five specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas compare in average measurements as follows: | | . Locality, wang. Tail. |Culmen.| Tarsus. Middle MALES. Five adult males from lower South Carolina (4) and | GeOrgis (ile) Pema tate See ae ie eee ete a rae nine sale eroveriste | 88.7 46.3 ! 18.8 18.6 15.8 Eight adult males from southern Indiana and Illinois | (5), Kentucky (i;) pandod enmessees (2) /s2.2 << eitadi sisal i erooeall | 45. 8 | 18.6 18.8 15.4 Six adult males from Maryland, District of Columbia, | \ Per aN ITEM Ia eae oe ae se te cee as ae Se Ci 2 91.6| 46.3{ 19.2 18.7 15.9 Seven adult males from northen United States (Massa- ChusettstowMinmnesote))eaeee aeeee eee eee eae acre eeeeees | 92.3 48.8 | 19.4 | 19.1 15.6 FEMALES. One adult female from Texas (Giddings, breeding speci- TIVE ) ss, TE YE See eet Sees acl a ct oe inne aan etae teat tein stains | 86.1 44 | 18.5 18 15 Five adult females from lower South Carolina (4) and 58915 sat aliGl hss GeoreigG) {odes ts ee Ee oe HS Ne GRO OEE ee 2 18.2 15.4 Three adult females from southern Illinois (2) and Ten- | TIOSGEOs(1) saapmen aan ee sew ee SAE Le See Neen Ret err eene Wy OS Tel On 2a ales 18.3 15.8 Six adult females from Maryland and District of Colum- | | Tbtat) ott: rhb ieee hts Sb Ln Pedant i ethane ape bobegearl madd Mel 77 (oy 18281 anton Ten adult females from Massachusetts to Nebraska.....--- 88.9 46.6 18.4 18. 4 15.4 Iam not able to perceive any color differences, except apparently a very slightly darker tone of the gray of back, etc., in the specimens from southern Illinois and Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee, especially as compared with the northern series, those from Maryland to Georgia being in this respect intermediate. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 443 to New Brunswick (upper St. John River), and northern Ontario (Elmsdale, etc.) casually (4) to Keewatin (Fort Churchill); west to eastern edge of Great Plains (to about the ninety-seventh meridian in Texas); south to Georgia and Gulf States (except coast belt). [Sitta europaea] y. GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 440 (cites Sitta carolinensis Brisson, Orn., iii, 596; etc. ). [Sitta] carolinensis LATHAM, Index Orn., i, 1790, 262 (based on Sitta carolinensis Brisson, Orn., iii, 596; etc. ). Sitta carolinensis Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 10, pl. 2, fig. 8. —BoNAPARTE, Ann. Lye. N.Y., ii, 1826, 96; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 10; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 997,—LIcHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 17.—SwaInson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, p. xxxvii.—NvuTTAaLt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 581.— Aupvupon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 299; v, 1839, 473, pl. 152; Synopsis, 1839, 167; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 175, pl. 247,—RericHENBAcH, Handb., Abh., ii, 1853, 153, pl. 518, figs. 3563-4. — W oopHoUsE, in Sitgreaves’ Rep. Zufi and Col. R., 1853, 66, part (e. Texas).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 374; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 33, fig. 4; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 277; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 86.—Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 15, part (in synonymy ).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 125, 174 (Topeka, e. Kansas); Bull. Am. Mus., N. H., i, 1886, 261 (Massachusetts ).—TRIPPE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1872, 236 (lowa).—CovEs, Check List, 1873, no. 38; 2d ed., 1882, no. 57; Birds N. W., 1874, 23.—Barrp, BREweER, and Ripe- way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881; no. 51; Orn. Hlinois, i, 1889, 84.—Merrtam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 226 (Adirondacks, New York, breeding).—BATCHELDER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 109 (upper St. John, New Brunswick, breeding).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 353, part. —BICcKNELL, Auk, i, 1884, 135 (song, etc. ).—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 727.—CookE, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 276 (west to 97th merid.; San Angeloand Gainesville, Texas; Caddo, Indian Territory ).—Brck- nam, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 692 (San Antonio and Leon Springs, Texas, Dec. to Mar.).—Wuirr, Auk, x, 1893, 229 (Mackinac I., Michigan, July, Aug.).—Sanperson, Auk, xv, 1898, 145 (food, habits, etc. ).—Empopy, Birds, Madison Co., New York, 1901, 32 (resident).—Fleming, Auk, xiii, 1901, 44 (Elmsdaie, etc., n. Ontario, resident). —PresiE, North"Am. Fauna, No. 22, 1902, 128 (Fort Churchill, Keewatin).—WipMann, Auk, xix, 1902, 237 (Wequetonsing, Michigan, breeding).—Baitey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S8., 1902, 453. S[itta] carolinensis Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 25.—Cas- Anis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 93.—MAXIMILIAN, Journ. fir Orn., 1858, 106 (Pennsylvania, ete. ; descriptions; habits).—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 270, part.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 559, part. [Sitta] carolinensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 83. Sitta carolinensis, var. carolinensis BarrD, BREWER, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 114. Sitta carolinensis carolinensis Goopr, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 342. S[itta] carolinensis carolinensis HELLMAYR, Tierreich, 18. Lietf., Mar., 1903, 187. Sitta carolensis Covert, Annot. List Birds Washtenaw Co., Michigan, 1881, 175 (resident). Sitta melanocephala VverLvor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxi, 1819, 336; Gal. Ois., 1825, 280, pl. 171.—LeEsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 316 (cites Vieillot, Gal. Ois., pl. 171, but also Sitta canadensis Gmelin ). 444 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. SITTA CAROLINENSIS ATKINSI Scott. FLORIDA WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH, Similar to S. ¢. carolinensis, but slightly smaller (except feet), with (usually) relatively longer and more slender bill; gray of upper parts slightly darker,“ that on margins of wing-coverts and secondaries narrower; the black on inner web of two innermost secondaries (tertials) extending to the shaft; black postocular streak sometimes distinct; under parts duller or more grayish white, the sides and flanks strongly tinged with gray; adult female with the pileum usually glossy black, like hindneck and upper back, rarely distinctly grayish, never (7) conspicuously gray. Adult male.—Length (skins), 125-140.5 (130.2); wing, 85-92 (87.3); tail, 41-47 (44.6); culmen, 18-19.5 (18.5); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.4); mid- dle toe, 14-16.5 (15.6). ? Adult female.—Length (skins), 122.5-131 (126.8); wing, 82.5—-90 (86.3); culmen, 17-19 (18); tarsus, 17-18.5 (18); middle toe, 15-16.5 (15.7).? Florida and westward along Gulf coast to Mississippi (Bay St. Louis). ° Sitta carolinensis (not of Latham) ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 265 (e. Florida).—Bryer, Proc. Louisiana Soc. Nat., 1897-99 (1900), 43 Louisi- ana, resident). Sitta carolinensis atkinsi Scorr, Auk, vii, Apr., 1890, 118 (Tarpon Springs, Florida; coll. W. E. D. Scott).—American OrniITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Commirrer, Auk, viii, 1891, 87; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 727b.—Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 366 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breeding).—Rip@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 610. S[itta] carolinensis atkinsi HetuMayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 188. SITTA CAROLINENSIS ACULEATA (Cassin). SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH, Similar to S. ¢. carolinensis, but gray of back, etc., darker (about as in S. c. atkins’); black central areas of greater wing-coverts much less distinct; black areas on inner secondaries also much less distinct, as well as more restricted, that-on outer web of second tertial usually with posterior extremity acuminate-pointed instead of rounded; under parts more purely white; bill averaging longer and relatively more slender, and toes shorter; adult female with black of hindneck broken by dark gray tips to the feathers and concealed white spots. aScarcely, if at all, more so, however, than in examples of S. c. carolinensis from Tennessee to southern Indiana and Illinois. See footnote on page 442. ) > Ten specimens. ¢ A specimen from the locality mentioned, in the U. 8. National Museum collec- tion, is evidently referable to this form. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 445 Adult male.—Length (skins), 121-148.5 (1382.8); wing, 84.5-91 (87.3); tail, 4448.5 (46); culmen, 18.5-20 (19.2); tarsus, 17-18.5 (18.1); mid- dle toe, 14-15 (14.4).” Adult female.— Length (skins), 128-136 (132.6); wing, 85.5—89 (87); tail, 44-47 (45.5); culmen, 19.5-21 (19.8); tarsus, 18-19 (18.4); middle toe, 14.5-15.5 (14.9).? Pacific coast district, from northern Lower California to British Columbia; east to eastern base of Sierra Nevada, middle Oregon, and interior of British Columbia.° Sitta carolinensis (not of Latham) Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 155 (Columbia R.).—GaAmBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, 112, part (California).—HrErMANN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1852, 269 (California).—Woopnovtssg, Rep. Sitgreaves’s Expl. Zui and Col. R., 1853, 66, part (California).—NrwsBeErry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 79 (California; Oregon).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1888, 353, part (California) . S[itta] carolinensis GAmMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1847, 33, part (Cali- fornia). Sitta aculeata Cassty, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, Oct., 1856, 254 (California; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 375, part; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atl., pl. 33, fig. 3; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, ’ no. 278, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 86, part. —HrErRMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 56 (California).—Xanrus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—Coorrer and Suckuery, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 193 (Puget Sound, etc., Washington ).— Friner, Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1864 (1865), 425 (Fort Crook, California; habits).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vancouver I.).—Cooprr, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 17 (Cuyamaca Mts., San Diego Co., California); Orn. Cal., 1870, 54.—BenpireE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 112 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; descr. eggs). « Ten specimens. > Four specimens. ¢ Specimens from these more eastern localities are in reality intermediate between this smaller coast form and the larger S. c. nelsoni of the Rocky Mountain district, though on the whole, except in measurements, rather nearer the former. Compara- tive average measurements are as follows: 1 ] . Locality. | Wing. | Tail. eer Tarsus. | Mtoe. a Ee 5m | eeu —|— MALES. Ten adult males from California (west of Sierra Nevada)..) 87.3 46 19.2 18.1 14.4 Six adult males from Carson City, Nevada (3), and Fort WORT OLE OM (G)iaccos sc tae se oe ack ss cab en ceases tee wd 89.7 | 48 20.7 18. 2 14.8 Thirty adult males of S. c. nelsoni .....---...-----0-------+- QI 40|) sessile o 18 14.5 FEMALES. Four adult females from California (westofSierraNevada).) 87 | 45.5 19.8 18. 4 | 14.9 Two adult females from Carson City, Neyada.............- 89.2| 47.2] 20.5 18 | 15.7 One adult female from Fort Klamath, Oregon ...........-. 89 47.5 | 19.5 17.5 14.5 One adult female from Okanogan, British Columbia ...... 87 46 19: 18.5 | 15 Seven adult females of S. c. nelsoni..........---..------.-0- 90.9 45. 4 | 18.6 17.8 | 14.4 446 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sitta carolinensis, var. aculeata ey, Peevey and Ripeway, ‘Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 117, part, pl. 8, fig. 2.—Covxs, Birds, N. W., 1874, 24, part. [ Sitta anolenen ne Var. aculeata Cn ES, Tee N. Am. Birds, 1872, 83, part. Sitta carolinensis . . . var. aculeata Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 38a, part.— Hensuaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1876, 230 (Mount Whitney, Cali- fornia). Sitta carolinensis aculeata RrpGway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 173 (Sierra Nevada); vii, 1875, 12 (Carson City, Nevada); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 51a, part.—Covuers, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 134, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 58, part.—Muarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 163 (Fort Klamath, Oregon).—AMERICAN OrniTHoLoGists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 727a.—Emerson, Bull. 7, Calif. Ac. Sci., 1887, 424 (San Diego County) .— Antony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 246 (San Pedro Martir Mts.).—Fisuer (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 136 (Sierra Nevada, Panamint Mts., ete., s. e. California ).—GRINNELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 49 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident) . S[itta] c[arolinensis] aculeata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 271, part.— Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 453, part. S[itta] carolinensis aculeata HeNsHaw, Orn. Rep. ayiheclers Surv., 1879, 289 (Sierra Nevada to Columbia R. ).—Rimaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 559, part.—Hetimayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 188, part. Sitta carolinensis . . . (3. aculeata Rripaway, Orn. Fortieth Parallel, 1877, 415, part (Sierra Nevada).—Ripaway and Bexprne, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 401 (Marysville, Stockton, and Calaveras Co.,*California). Sitta carolinensis, 8. aculeata Rrpaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 65 (Cala- veras Co., California). SITTA CAROLINENSIS LAGUN£ Brewster. ST, LUCAS NUTHATCH. Similar to S. ¢. aculeata but smaller, and with black tips to outer rectrices averaging slightly, the white subterminal area decidedly, narrower. Adult male.—Length (skins), 122-132 (125.3); wing, 84.5-88 (86.7); tail, 43.5-45.5 (44.5); culmen, 17.5-19.5 (18.5); tarsus, 16-18 (17); middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.4). @ Adult female.—Length (skins), 118.5-129 (123.4); wing, 79.5-86 (83.4); tail, 39.5-46 (44.1); culmen, 17-19.5 (18.8); tarsus, 16-17 (16.5); middle toe, 12-13.5 (13). @ Cape St. Lucas district of Lower California (Sierra de la Laguna; Victoria Mountains). Sitta carolinensis aculeata . . . 2? (not S. aculeata Cassin) Bretpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 347 ( Victoria Mts., s. Lower California). Sitta eeinense aculeata AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 727a, part. S[itta] cLarolinensis] aculeata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 271, part. S[itta] carolinensis aculeata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 959, part. «Ten specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 447 Sitta carolinensis lagunex Brewster, Descr. seven supposed new species N. Am. Birds, Feb. 17, 1881, 149; Auk, viii, Apr., 1891, 149 (Sierra de la Laguna, s. Lower California; coll. W. Brewster); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 203 (Sierra de la Laguna, resident; crit. ). S[itta] carolinensis lagunae HetiMaAyr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 189. SITTA CAROLINENSIS NELSONI Mearns. ROCKY MOUNTAIN NUTHATCH, Similar to S. ¢. aculeata but larger, with stouter bill; underparts less purely white, more strongly shaded with gray on sides and flanks; white subterminal spaces on lateral rectrices larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 124-148 (131.4); wing, 88.5-95.5 (91.4); tail, 48-52 (48.1); culmen, 18-23 (19.8); tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe, 13-15 (14.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 117-134 (126.6); wing, 87-94 (90.9); tail, 48-51 (45.4); culmen, 17—20 (18.6); tarsus, 17—-18.5 (17.8); middle toe, 14-15.5 (14.4).? Mountain districts of western United States and British Columbia, east of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges, and northern Mexico; north to British Columbia, Alberta, and western Manitoba (Big Plain, Portage la Prairie; Red River Valley, etc.); east to eastern border of Great Plains (Omaha, Nebraska, Vermilion, South Dakota, ete.), and western Texas (to about the one hundredth meridian); south to States of Sonora, Chihuahua, and Coahuila, northern Mexico. Sitta carolinensis (not of Latham) GamBeEt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, 112, part (Rocky Mts. ).—Woopnouss, in Sitgreaves’s Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 66, part (w. Texas to Arizona).—ALLEeN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 148 (Colorado City, Colorado).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., Vili, 1883, 353, part (w. side Rocky Mts.).—(?)Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 298 (fom Green and Concho counties, w. Texas, resident).—Cooxkr, Bull. 37, Col. State Agric. Coll., 1897, 121 (Colorado, resident). Slitta] carolinensis GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1847, 33, part (Rocky Mts. ). Sitta aculeata (not of Cassin) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 375, part; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 33, fig. 3; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 278, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 86, part.—Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 78 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).—Cooprr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 74.— AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 195 (Colorado).—Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. for 1872 (1873), 672 (Lower Geyser Basin, Wyoming), 713. Sitta carolinensis, var. aculeata ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, no. 6, July, 1872, 161 (Mount Lincoln, Colorado); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 49 (Yellowstone and Musselshell rivers, Montana).—Ripaway, Bull. Essex \ Inst., v, 1873, 180 (Colorado).—Batrp, Brewer, and Rripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 117, part.—Covers, Birds, N. W., 1874, 24, part.—Trippr, in Coues’s Birds N. W., 1874, 230 (mountains of Colorado; habits). — — : = I «Thirty specimens, >Seven specimens, 448 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sitta carolinensis . . . var. aculeata Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 38a, part.— Yarrow and Hensuaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 8 (Wasatch Mts., Utah).—Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 40 (Utah), 73 (Fort Garland, Colorado, breeding), 100 (Arizona; New Mexico), 155 (Ari- zona); Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 178 (Colorado; Arizona). [Sitta carolinensis.] Var. aculeata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 83, part. Sitta carolinensis aculeata Cougs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 134, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 58, part.—Rimcway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 5la, part.—AcersporG, Auk, ii, 1885, 277 (s. e. South Dakota; ‘‘resident”’).— ey Auk, iii, 1886, 327 (Big Plain, Portage la Prairie, and along Red R., . Manitoba; summer resid. ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNIon, Cheek List, 1886, no. 727a, part.—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 276 (w. Manitoba; e. Nebraska; Vermilion, s. e. South Dakota; Fort Davis, w. Texas); Bull. 37, Col. Agric. Coll., 1897, 122 (Colorado, resident, breeding from 7,500 ft. to timber line).—Scorr (W. E. D.), Auk, v, 1888, 165 (s. Ari- zona, in mountains).—THomeson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 630 (Mani- toba, in oak woods; summer resid.; habits).—(?) Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 43 (e. side Cascade Range).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vy, 1893, 41 (El Pinito, Napolera, etc., n. Sonora).—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 776 (32 m. s. of Nogales, Sonora, June 19).—MeErri11, Auk, xy, 1898, 20 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, breeding).—(?) CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1900, 153 (interior British Columbia). Sitta carolinensis . . . 2. aculeata Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 415, part (Wasatch and Uinta Mts., Utah). Sitta carolinensis, £3. aculeata Ripaway, Field and Forest, ili, May, 1877, 196 (Colorado). : S[itta] cLarolinensis] aculeata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 271, part.— Baitey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S8., 1902, 453, part. S[itta] carolinensis aculeata RrpGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 559, part.— Hetimayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 188, part (northern Rocky Mts. ). Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, no. 1274, June 2, 1902, 918 (Huachuca Mts., Arizona; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ).—Batzey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 453, footnote. S[itta] carolinensis nelsoni HELLMAYR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 188. SITTA CAROLINENSIS MEXICANA Nelson and Palmer. MEXICAN NUTHATCH. Similar to S. c. nelsoni, but with relatively much smaller bill and coloration of under parts decidedly darker, especially the sides and flanks, only the throat and sides of head and neck bemg pure white, the other under parts grayish white or pale gray medially, deepening into deep bluish gray (slightly paler than back) on flanks. Adult male.—Length (skins), 124-136 (180.6); wing, 88.5-98.5 (91.8); tail, 44.5-53 (47.5); culmen, 16-19 (17.8); tarsus, 16.5-19 (17.6); mid- dle toe, 13-16 (14.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 128-135 (129.7); wing, 86.5-91.5 (89.2); tail, 42-48 (45.2); culmen, 16.5-19 (17.8); tarsus, 16.5-18 (17.3); middle toe, 13-15 (14.2).? a Twenty specimens. ») Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 449 South-central Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Orizaba, Jalapa, Las Vigas, etc.), Puebla (Mount Orizaba), Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe), Guerrero (Chilpancingo), Jalisco (Florencio, Jacala, Talpa, ete.), Zacatecas (Valparaiso, Plateado, Sierra Madre, ete.), Durango (EI Salto), southern Chihuahua” (Colonia Garcia, Sierra Madre, etc.), and Coahuila (Sierra Guadalupe), and Territory of Tepic (Santa Teresa). Nitta carolinensis (not of Latham) Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 293 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 300 (Cinco Sefiores, Oaxaca); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 373 (Oaxaea; crit.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 15, excl. syn. part (Jalapa; Oaxaca); Ibis, 1865, 310, part (Jalapa; Oaxaca; crit.).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 353, part (Mexico). [Sitta] carolinensis ScLateR ana Satvrin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 5. Sitta carolinensis (vel aculeata) SumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 544 (alpine reg., Moyoapam and Popocatapetl) . Sitta aculeata (not of Cassin) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 86, part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 60, excl. syn. part. Sitta carolinensis, var. aculeata BArRD, BREwrr, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 18¥4, 117, part (Mexico).—Covrs, Birds N. W., 1874, 230, part (in synonymy). Sitta carolinensis aculeata (not of Ridgway, 1874) Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 134, part (in synonymy).—AMERICAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 727a, part. S[itta] cLarolinensis] aculeata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 271, part. S{itta] carolinensis aculeata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 559, part. “Specimens from the localities named in Chihuahua compare in average measure- ments with others as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. |Culmen.,| Tarsus. eee MALES, | Ten adult males from eastern Mexico (Coahuila to northern | BESO) SEER eee ois tee cae ewe See ooee seme Cee tseind | 91.7 47.6 17.9 | 17.9 | 14.9 Ten adult males from western Mexico (north to Durango BIEIIeAMCHLECHS) yest se ct ee thee Re ees st oo sek Se |) 9193 “4723i 9 1778 17.4 14 Three adult males from southern Chihuahua ..........2-..) 93.3 47.3 18.5 17.3 | 14.5 Ten adult males (of S.c. nelsoni) from northern Chihuahua.) 92.2 47.6 19.1 1759) | 14.6 | | FEMALES. Two adult females from eastern Mexico (Coahuila and IEECTeAC I Pie steer ek een facne ode de 87.5 | 45 18 17.2] 14.2 Five adult females from western Mexico (Zacatecas to eDRRC MenweeCere ee aL ee eee bE eo wea Os ces coun | 89.9 45.3 V7 17.5 | 14.2 One adult female from southern Chihuahua (Colonia oa Re are Sy LY nite PG Nc OBI apse ote"), tee a as Six adult females (of S. c. nelsoni) from northern Chihua- hua (3), northern Sonora (2), and Arizona (1).......---.-- 91.2 45 | 18.3 17.9 14.3 As to coloration, the specimens from southern Chihuahua are decidedly nearer typical mexicana than to nelsoni. 10384—voL 3—03——-29 450 . BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sitta carolinensis mexicana Netson and Patmer (T.§8.), Auk, xi, Jan., 1894, 45 (Mount Orizaba, Puebla, Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 358 (Mount Orizaba, 9,000 ft.).—CHapmaN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 39 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.). S[itta] carolinensis mexicana HetimMayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 189. SITTA CANADENSIS Linnezus. RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH, Pileum uniform. black, with a faint bluish gloss; a broad white superciliary stripe (extending from sides of forehead to sides of nape, narrower anteriorly); below this a black stripe involving loral and upper portion of auricular regions and continued, more broadly, over sides of neck; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, middle pair of rectrices, wing-coverts, and tertials uniform bluish-gray or deep plumbeous; secondaries and primaries dull slate color, with gray edgings; rectrices (except middle pair) black, tipped with gray, the two or three outermost with a sub- terminal band (usually interrupted) or spot of white, both the gray and white most extensive on lateral rectrix; suborbital and lower por- tion of auricular regions and lower part of sides of neck white; chin and upper throat duller white, gradually deepening posteriorly through pale buff on lower throat to tawny-buff or dull ochraceous- buff on flanks, anal region, and shorter under tail-coverts, the longer under tail-coverts paler buff or buffy white, with concealed portion pale gray; maxilla black; mandible dusky terminally, pale grayish (pale bluish gray in life); iris brown; legs and feet horn color or dusky (in dried skins). Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage, but under parts more deeply colored (mostly ochraceous- buff, deeper on flanks) and black of head more glossy. Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but black of pileum and hindneck replaced by plumbeous (usually darker than but sometimes concolor with the color of the back), that of stripe on side of head dull black or slaty, and under parts averaging slightly paler. Young male.—Essentially like the adult male, but black of head much duller (without gloss) and less sharply defined. Young female.—Similar to the adult female, but gray of pileum duller and less sharply defined laterally, and under parts paler and duller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 100-116 (107); wing, 66.5-70 (68.2); tail, 35.5-89 (37.2); culmen, 13.5-17.5 (14.6); tarsus, 15-17 (16.1); mid- dle toe, 11-13 (12).¢ Adult male in spring and summer. «Twenty-two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 451 Adult female.—Length (skins), 94.5-111 (102.1); wing, 63-68 (65.2); tail, 33-37.5 (34.7); culmen, 12.5-14.5 (13.8); tarsus, 14.5-16.5 (15.8); middle toe, 11-12 (11.5).¢ Forest districts of northern North America and higher mountains of United States; north to Labrador (Natashguan Point), Keewatin (Repulse Bay, Echimamish, between York Factory and Fort Churchill, etc.), Yukon District (Log Cabin, junction of Lewes and Pelly rivers, etc.), and southern Alaska (Skagway); breeding southward to Massa- chusetts (Worcester, Plymouth, and Berkshire counties), New York (Oneida County), Pennsylvania (Sullivan County), northern Indiana (Carroll County), northern Illinois (Ogle County), central Iowa (Jas- per County), and along the higher Alleghenies to western North Car- olina (where breeding above 5,000 feet); in western United States breeding in spruce forests on higher mountains south to Colorado and the Sierra Nevada, in California; breeding also on Guadalupe Island, Lower California! In winter south to or near the Gulf coast and to New Mexico and Arizona, probably to northern Mexico. [Sitta] canadensis Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 177 (based on Sitta cana- densis Brisson, Orn. iii, 593, pl. 29, fig. 4).—Gmertin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 441.—Latnam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 262. Sitta canadensis Boppxrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783. 38 (ex Le Forchepot, du Canada Daubenton, Pl. Enl. 623, fig. 2).—Bonapartr, Am. Lyc., N. Y., ii, 1826, 96; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 10; Consp: Av., i, 1850, 227.—Nurra.t, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 583; 2d ed., 1840, i, 697.—AupuBoNn, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 24, pl. 105; Synopsis, 1839, mi Birds Am., oct. ed., iv 1842, =i) pl. 248.—Swarnson, Classif. Birds, 1837, 318.—OrnirHoLoGIcAL Commitrer, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, ise 193 (Columbia R. ).— TOWNSEND, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 155.—Gampet, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, 112 (California). —-MeG Ani Proc: sAc: Nate Sci. Phila., 1851, 215 (Texas).—Casor, Naumannia, ii, Heft iii, 1852, 66 (Lake Superior).—RercHEenspacn, Handb. Abh., ii, 1853, 152, pl. 513, figs. @ Sixteen specimens. Eastern, Rocky Mountain, and Pacific coast specimens ayerage, respectively, as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. Culmen.) Tarsus. eee | | . MALES. | Ten adult males from eastern United States..............-. 68 36.9 149 GRE 12 Eight adult males from Rocky Mountain district -........- 68 37.1 14.2 16.1 | Lee HOMMatwitm ales trom California, ...<...2-5..» Rhabdornis Reichenbach, Handb. Spee. Orn., Scansores, 1853, 16 (type, Meliphaga mystacalis Temminck). ¢ Tichodroma Mlliger, Prodromus Syst., 1811, 210 (type, Certhia muraria Linneeus). _ @ Climacteris Temminck, Man. d’Orn., 1820, p. Ixxxv (type, C. scandens Temminck). aye BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 461 b. Bill distinetly curved and much compressed; tail nearly as long as wing, grad- uated, the rectrices rigid and acuminate; basal phalanx of middle toe united to inner toe for more than half its length; upper parts conspicuously streaked, with brown or tawny hues prevailing; no red on wings nor white spots on inner webs of primaries nor white on rectrices. (Palearctic and Bunt as eee re ere ey Po nne Yee a A SI SS ie Sod Certhiine bb. Bill straight with extreme tip very slightly decurved, depressed; tail a little more than half as long as wing, even or very slightly rounded, the rectrices soft (normal), broad and rounded at tip; basal phalanx of middle toe united to inner toe only at base; upper parts plain gray, the wings blackish with bright rose red on remiges and primary coverts; inner webs of larger prima- ries with two large white spots and outer rectrices extensively white termi- Pee Gheisea remit) oat ste abe pee 2 AS Seas ee cette Tichodromine aa, Outer toe (without claw), not reaching beyond middle ot subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe not reaching to second (middle) joint of middle: toe; middle toe united to outer by all of its basal and half its subbasal phalanx; hallux with claw shorter than the digit. (Australian.).....-- Climacteriine @ To what extent, if any, examination of Salpornis and Rhabdornis in the present connection would necessitate modification of the above **key,” and in which division, if any, they would, respectively, be placed, can of course only be determined by someone who has the opportunity of studying them. Only the subfamily Certhiine is represented in America, this, according to the views expressed above, being represented by a single genus, Certhia, the characters of the subfamily are given more fully under the generic heading on page 462. The true Creepers (or Tree Creepers, as Professor Newton? prefers to designate the group) somewhat resemble the Nuthatches (Sittide) in their habits, but only climb upward, or at least in upright position, usually ascending the trunks of trees in spirals, flying from the top of one trunk to the base of another in their quest for insect food lodged in crevices of the bark. Like the Nuthatches and the Titmice (Paridze), they build a soft, more or less felted, nest in cavities of trees and lay a large number (5 to 9) of eggs of a white color speckled with reddish brown; but instead of placing the nest in a hole it is, usually at least, concealed behind loosened plates or strips of bark on the side of a dead tree. The single genus is peculiar to the temperate (chiefly the cold- temperate) portions of the northern hemisphere and contains few species—perhaps not more than three—though one of them (Certhia “In Climacteriinze the tail is much as in Tichodromine but relatively longer, being about two-thirds as long as the wing. The bill is compressed and curyed as in Certhiinze, but less so, especially as to curvature, and is relatively shorter. The coloration is plain (unstreaked) brown above, without red on wings, the remiges having a broad buff colored band across inner webs, as in Certhiine, the outer rectrices being broadly tipped with grayish. > Dictionary of Birds, pp. 112, 985. 462 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Jamiliaris Linneus) ranges nearly throughout the extensive area indi- ‘ated, and being therefore subjected to very diverse environments has become differentiated into a considerable number of subspecific forms, of which the Nearctic Region alone possesses at least six. Genus CERTHIA Linnzus. Certhia Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 118. (Type, by elimination, C. familiaris Linneeus. ) Certhius (emendation) OLPHE-GALLIARD, Orn. Eur. Oce., 1888, xxiii, 41. Small Certhiide with the tail nearly equal to or slightly longer than wing, graduated, the rectrices with rigid and acuminate tips, and with the plumage of upper parts conspicuously streaked. Bill variable as to relative length and degree of curvature, some- times decidedly shorter than head and nearly straight, sometimes much longer than head and strongly curved, always much compressed; gonys more or less concave, sometimes very decidedly so, occasionally (in shorter billed examples) nearly straight, shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; maxillary tomium without trace of subterminal notch. Nostril entirely exposed, overhung by a broad operculum, which anteriorly does not extend to anterior end of nasal fossa. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing moderate, rounded; eighth, seventh, and sixth, or eighth to fifth, primaries longest, the ninth not longer than fourth, sometimes not longer than third, the tenth less than half as long as ninth. Tail nearly or quite as long as wing, sometimes slightly longer, graduated, the rectrices with rigid and acuminate tips. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe without claw but shorter than middle toe with claw, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; outer toe much longer than inner toe, the former reach- ing beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the latter scarcely reaching to second (middle) joint of middle toe; hallux intermediate in length between outer and inner toes; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent for entire length to both lateral toes; claws long and strongly curved, that of the hallux equal to or longer than the digit. Coloration.—Above brownish, conspicuously streaked with darker and paler, the wings dusky varied with pale grayish or brownish, the inner webs of remiges (except outermost primaries) crossed by a broad band of buff or whitish; under parts plain white, pale’ gray, or pale brown, the posterior portions more or less tinged with tawny or rusty. Nidification.—Nest in cavities of trees or stumps (usually behind strips of loosened bark), of soft felted materials; eggs numerous (5 to 9), white, whitish speckled with reddish brown. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 463 Range.—More northern portions of northern hemisphere; south in the Nearctic region to high mountains of Nicaragua. (Two or three species, one of them circumpolar. ) KEY TO THE AMERICAN SUBSPECIES OF CERTHIA FAMILIARIS. a. Paler; under parts decidedly white (the flanks and under tail-coverts more or less tinged with buff); rump tawny. b. Upper parts paler, with darker ground color decidedly brown, and color of rump more ochraceous. (Northern Europe. ) Certhia familiaris familiaris (extralimital ).@ bb. Upper parts darker, with darker ground color more sooty, and color of rump more tawny. c. Larger (wing averaging more than 65 mm. in male, more than 62 in female). d. Browner above, with streaks more buffy, and less purely white beneath; smaller. especially the bill; adult male averaging wing 65.5, tail 63.7, exposed culmen 13.9; adult female, wing 62.9, tail 61.2, exposed culmen 12.9. (Eastern North America. )....Certhia familiaris americana (p. 464) dd. l.ess brownish above, with streaks purer or more grayish white, and more purely white beneath; larger, especially the bill; adult male averaging wing 66, tail 65.1, exposed culmen 16.4; adult female, wing 64.1, tail 63.6, exposed culmen 15.2. (Rocky Mountain district, from New Mexico TOL Cook inlletweAlasias)ee sss e = ee Certhia familiaris montana (p. 467) cc. Smaller (wing averaging less than 64 in male, less than 61 in female). d. Less tawny above, purer white beneath; larger (adult male averaging wing 63.5, tail 60.8, exposed culmen 16.2; adult female, wing 60.4, tail 57.2, exposed culmen 14.7). (Mountains of California to eastern British Colum- LS) eet yarn. Se Ere eee re Certhia familiaris zelotes (p. 468) dd. More tawny above, more buffy white below; smaller (adult male averag- ing wing 61.9, tail 61.2, exposed culmen 15.2; adult female, wing 60, tail 55.6, exposed culmen 12.9). (Pacific coast district, from northern California to southern Alaska.)..-Certhia familiaris occidentalis (p. 470) aa. Darker; under parts pale brownish gray (white only on chin and throat); rump chestnut. b. Browner, the streaks of upper parts narrower and more brownish or buffy, on amore sooty ground color. (Mountains of southern Mexico to Guatemala ). Certhia familiaris alticola (p. 471) bb. Less brownish, the streaks of upper parts more purely white, broader, on a clearer blackish ground color. (Mountains of northwestern Mexico and BOUUMEEMeATLZ Os) este Saree meee nae Certhia familiaris albescens (p. 472) @[(Certhia] familiaris Linneeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 118 (based on Fauna Suecica, 213, etc.); ed. 12, i, 1766, 184. The discrimination of the several European forms of this species has been only imperfectly done, and their synonymy is therefore involved in much uncertainty. Consequently, I shall not attempt to cite references which may or may not belong here. (See Hartert, Novit. Zool., iv, 1897, 136-139; Hellmayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 205-210.) 464 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CERTHIA FAMILIARIS AMERICANA (Bonaparte). BROWN CREEPER. Adults in spring and summer.—General color above sepia or bister brown (varying in intensity) relieved by conspicuous streaks of dull grayish white, these broader and less sharply defined on the back, the prevailing color of the lower back being pale brownish gray or grayish brown; rump russet or dull tawny-ochraceous, each feather with a concealed large roundish spot of white, the basal portion being deep slate color; upper tail-coverts pale raw umber brown, sometimes tipped with paler; tail pale grayish brown (nearly hair brown), some- times showing indistinct, or indications of, darker bars, the shafts of the rectrices pale yellowish brown or brownish yellow; lesser wing-coverts pale brownish gray; rest of wings mainly dark sepia brown or dusky, the middle coverts with terminal guttate spots of brownish buff or butfy whitish, the outer webs of greater coverts broadly tipped with whitish and broadly edged toward base with pale buffy grayish; alulee and (usually) primary coverts tipped with whitish; inner webs of ter- tials plain pale grayish brown; their outer webs dusky, tipped, and edged with dull whitish or pale grayish buff; middle portion of sec- ondaries crossed (on both webs) by a broad sharply defined band of pale buff or buffy white, their outer web broadly edged near tip with pale brownish gray, the tip, narrowly, of the same color; primaries crossed, obliquely, on both webs by a broad band of pale buff or buffy white, this band disappearing on two or three outermost quills, the innermost primaries also tipped and edged on subterminal portion of outer web with pale brownish or buffy gray; a dull whitish or pale brownish gray superciliary stripe; lores and auricular region dark sepia brown, the latter streaked with dull whitish; suborbital and malar regions and underparts plain dull white, the flanks and under tail-coverts more or less tinged with buff; maxilla brownish black with paler tomia; mandible pale-colored basally, dusky terminally; iris brown; legs and feet horn brownish (in dried skins). Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage and not always distinguishable, but usually more suffused with ochraceous or buffy, the pale wing-markings and the flanks and under tail-coverts more pronouncedly buff. Young.—Kssentially like adults, but streaks of upper parts broader and less sharply defined, more brownish, and underparts dull buffy whitish, with feathers of chest narrowly and faintly margined with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 120-1385 (127.7); wing, 62-68 (65.5); tail, 61-66 (63.7); exposed culmen, 12-15 (13.9); tarsus, 14.5-16 (15.1); middle toe, 10.5-11.5 (11); hind claw, 8-9 (8.5).“ «Thirteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 465 Adult female.—Length (skins), 117-132 (124.1); wing, 60-67 (62.9); tail 55-65 (61.2); exposed culmen, 12-15 (12.9); tarsus, 14.5-16 (15); middle toe, 10.5-11.5 (11.1); hind claw, 7-9 (7.8). a Eastern North America; north to Grand Menan, Ontario, Manitoba, etc. (probably to southern Labrador and southwestern shores of Hud- son Bay)? west to eastern portion of the Great Plains; breeding south- ward to Massachusetts, New York (Hamilton and Oneida counties), northern Indiana (Steuben and Dekalb counties), southeastern South Dakota, and southeastern Missouri, and along higher Allevhenies to mountains of North Carolina (above 4,000 feet); in winter southward to northern Florida and central Texas (Bexar and Kendall counties). Certhia familiaris (not of Linnzeus) Vreriior, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 70.—Wu1- son, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 122, pl. 7, fig. 1.—Bonaparre, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 182 4, 27; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 95.—NuvurraLt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 585.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 158, pl. 415; Synopsis, 1839, 72; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 109, pl. 115.—THompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, Sey iinrover in Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 66, part (Indian Bey Texas).—Wituis, Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia).—Covers, Check List, 1873, no. 42; 4 se 1882, no. 62; Birds N. W., 1874, 26, excl. syn. Pea Birds Col. Val., 1878, excl. syn. part.—Baaa, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879 183 (Hamilton oe New York, breeding; descr. nest and eggs ).—BrewstTeEr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 238 (New England breeding range ).—Gabow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 323 part. [Certhja] familiaris Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 84 part. , Clerthia] familiaris Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 273, part. Certhia fusca (not of Gmelin, 1788) Barron, Fragments Nat. Hist. Penn., 1799, 11 (Pennsylvania). Olerthia] familiaris var. fusca Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 250, in text. Certhia familiaris fusca AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNtoN Commitrer, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 126.—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 126 (Lou- isiana, in winter. ) a Beene specimens. Texas specimens (December to March) compare in average measurements with those from localities east of the Mississippi River, as follows: Ex- : Sle Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ee ee culmen.| ee - MALES. | 4 ] Ten adult males from east of Mississippi River....| 66 64 fete) | 15.2 | 11.1 8.6 Three adult males from Texas .............-..-..- 63.7 62.8 13.5 14.7 11 8.2 FEMALES. Ten adult females from east of Mississippi River. =| 68:7 61.4 13 15 et 7.6 seven adult females from Texas .........------..- he 61e' 59.1 12.6 14.8 Ti 8 | The Texan specimens average appreciably darker olive, and may possibly repre- sent a more southern breeding form, perhaps migrants from Missouri, ete. » Northern records for this form are singularly few 10384—voL 3—03——30 466 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Certhia americana BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 11; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 225.—REICHENBACH, Handb., i, 1853, 265, pl. 615, figs. 4102-4103.— Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 372, part (Pennsylvania; Illinois) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 275, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 89, part (Pennsylvania; Washington, D. C.; Liberty Co., Georgia; Illinois; Red River settlement).—Hamutin, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1865, 80 (Maine; hab- its). —DresseEr, I bis, 1865, 485 (Medina R., Texas).—McIuwrarrtu, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 88 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Snow, Birds, Kansas, 1873, 6.— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 8, fig. 11. CLerthia] americana Maximiiran, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 105 (Indiana and Mis- souri; descr., etc.). Certhia familiaris, var. americana Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 125, part. Clerthia] familiaris . . . var. americana Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 366 (Illinois). Clerthia] familiaris, var. americana NEtson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 96 (n. e. Illinois, Oct. 1 to May 10). Certhia familiaris americana Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, Oct., 1879, 199-209 (breeding habits); Auk, iii, 1886, 176 (mountains of w. North Caro- lina, breeding above 4,000 ft.; crit.).—AmerIcCAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 726, part.—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 261 (breeding in Massachusetts).—Sennerr, Auk, iv, 1887, 244 (Roan Mt., North Carolina, breeding at 4,500 ft. ).—Cook®r, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 275, part (dates, etc.; wintering from s. Wisconsin and s. Dakota south- ward ).—Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 86.—RatrH and Baae, Auk, vii, 1890, 232 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).—Dwieut, Auk, ix, 1892, 140 (North Mt., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 343 (San Antonio, Texas, migr.).—McBripg, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. for 1891 (1892), 167 (breeding in Steuben and Dekalb counties, n. e. Indiana).—GruNpDTVIG, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci., etc., x, 1894, 153 (Outagamie Co., Wisconsin, breeding).—McIuwrairn, Birds Ontario, 1894, 398 (resident).—WaAyYNB, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, winter).—BurLEr, Birds Indiana, 1897, 1128 (breeding in Steuben Co. and probably in Dekalb Co. ).—OsErHoLsER, Auk, xvi, 1899, 185 (crit. nom.).—Faxon and Horr- MANN, Birds Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, 1900, 13 (breeding in coniferous forests of Graylock Mt. ). Certhia familiaris americanus AMERICAN OrNiTHOLOGIsts’ UNton Commirresr, Auk, xvill, 1901, 308. C[erthia] familiaris americana Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 557.— Harrtert, Novit. Zool., iv, 1897, 139 (crit.).—Hetuimayr, Tierreich, 18. Lief., 1903, 211. Certhia rufa Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, 347 (ex Certhia rufa, etce., Bartram, Travels Florida, p. 289 bis). [Certhia] rufa Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 113 (crit. ). Certhia familiaris rufa Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ili, Aug. 24, 1880, 169; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 55.—(?) Brown (N.C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 35 (Boerne, Kendall Co., Texas, Jan. ).—AGErsBoreG, Auk, 1i, 1885, 277 (s.e. South Dakota, resident). Clerthia] familiaris rufa Ripeway, Bull. Il. State Labr. N. H., no. 4, 1881, 173 (Illinois). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 467 CERTHIA FAMILIARIS MONTANA Ridgway. ROCKY MOUNTAIN CREEPER, Similar to (. f. americana, but upper parts less brownish, the general color darker and clearer dusky, the whitish streaks whiter, grayish rather than buffy; superciliary stripe broader, purer white; under parts more purely white, with buff tinge on flanks and under tail-coverts less distinct; size larger, the bill relatively longer. Adult male.—Length (skins), 120-135 (128.5); wing, 63-67.5 (66); tail, 64-70 (65.1); exposed culmen, 15.5-17 (16.4); tarsus, 14.5-15.5 (15.2); middle toe, 11-11.5 (11.1); hind claw, 8—9 (8.6).@ Adult female.—Length (skins), 120-132 (124.5); wing, 61.5-66.5 (64.1); tail, 61.5-66 (63.6); exposed culmen, 13-15.5 (14.4); tarsus, 14.5-15.5 (15.2); middle toe, 10.5-11.5 (11); hind claw, 8-9 (8.4).? Rocky Mountain district, breeding from New Mexico (San Miguel County, upper Pecos River and Santa Fé Mountains, ete.) and central Arizona (Mount Graham, Mogollon Mountains, San Francisco Moun- tains, etc.) to Cook Inlet, Alaska; during migration, southeastern California (San Bernardino Mountains, May, September), and prob- ably into northern Chihuahua and Sonora. Certhia familiaris (not of Linnzeus) Woopnouss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuii and Col. R., 1853, 66, part (New Mexico; San Francisco Mts., Arizona).— Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 209 (New Mexico).—Covsgs, Check List, 1873, no. 42, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 62, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 26, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 145, part.—Trrepr, in Coues’ Birds N. W., 1874, 230 (mountains of Colorado, breeding near timber line ).—NELson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 356 (Utah).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 88 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding).—Ganow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 328, part (w. side Rocky Mts.?; Mexico?). [Certhia] familiaris Cours, Key N. Am.’ Birds, 1872, 84, part. Clerthia] familiaris Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 273, part. Certhia americana (not of Bonaparte) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 372, part (New Mexico); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 275, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 89 (New Mexico).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Kennerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, pt. iv, 1859, 26 (Pueblo Creek, New Mexico).—Covurs, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 97 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).—(?) Cooper, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 296 (upper Missouri R.). Certhia familiaris . . . var. americana Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 180 (Colorado).—HernsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 41 (Utah), 73 (Fort Garland, Colorado, breeding), 100 (Apache, Arizona, Sept. 1), 155 (Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 177 (Fort Gar- land, Colorado; Apache, Arizona; Mount Graham, Arizona, Aug. 3). Certhia familiaris, var. americana Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 125, part. Certhia familiaris . . . 8. americana Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 418, part (valleys of Truckee and Carson rivers, Nevada, winter; Wasatch and Uinta Mts., Utah, breeding in pine belt). “Ten specimens. > Fight specimens. 468 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Certhia familiaris, 8. americana Rrpaway, Field and Forest, May, 1877, 196 (Colorado). Certhia mexicana (not of Gloger) Cooprr, Am. Nat., ili, 1869, 74 (Montana). Certhia familiaris fusca (not Certhia fusca Barton) Ripa@way, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 32 (Wasatch Mts., Utah). [Certhia familiaris] montana Rripaway, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, July 8, 1882, 114 (Apache, Arizona; Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Certhia familiaris montana Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Oct., 1882, 257.— ALLEN and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 154 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, Apr. 7).—Merarns, Auk, vil, 1890, 262 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, breeding from 6,500 ft. upward).—Lowen, Auk, xi, 1894, 270 (Wet Mts., Colorado, breeding at 10,000 ft).—AmeErRicaAN OrnirHoLoGists’ UNION, Check List., 2d ed., 1895, no. 726 6.—Cooxs, Bull. 37, Col. State Agric. Coll., 1897, 121 (Colorado, resident; in winter, 7,000—9,000 ft.).—MeErRILL (J. C.), Auk, xv, 1898, 20 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, winter and spring).— Mrrcve i, Auk, xy, 1898, 311 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding from 7,000 ft. to timber line).—Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 80 (Hope and Tyonek, Cook Inlet, Alaska). C[erthia] familiaris montana Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 558, footnote.— Hartert, Novit. Zool., iv, 1897, 139 (crit. ).—Hrtimayr, Tierreich, 18. Lief., 1903, 211. Clerthia] flamiliaris] montana Osaoon, Auk, xviii, 1901, 183 (diagnosis; range) .— Baituey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 451. Certhia montana RetcHENow and Scuatow, Journ. fir Orn., 1884, 419 (reprint of orig. descr.). CERTHIA FAMILIARIS ZELOTES Osgood. CALIFORNIA CREEPER. Similar to C. 7. montana, but decidedly darker and browner above, with tawny of rump deeper and whitish streaks narrower, especially on pileum; superciliary stripe narrower, less purely white; under parts duller white; averaging devidedly smaller, except bill and feet. Adult male.—Length (skins), 120-131 (128.8); wing, 62-67 (63.5); tail, 58-64.5 (60.8); exposed culmen, 15-17 (16.2); tarsus, 14.5-15.5 (15.1); middle toe, 11-12 (11.3); hind claw, 7.5-9 (8.1).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 115-130 (122.1); wing, 58.5-63 (60.4); tail, 52.5-60 (57.2); exposed culmen, 14-17 (14.7); tarsus, 14.5- 15.5 (1479); middle toe, 10-11.5 (11); hind claw, 7-8 (7.6).? California, except northern coast district, through central Oregon (Portland, Fort Klamath, etc.) and Washington to central British Columbia (Nelson, Mount Lehman, Ducks, ete.), breeding southward to Mount Whitney, Tejon Mountains, and mountains of Los Angeles County; northward along or near coast to Marin County, California. Certhia familiaris (not of Linnzeus) WoopHouss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 66, part (California).—Nertson, Proc. Bost. Soc., N. i., xvii, 1875, 348 (California). [ Certhia] familiaris Cours, Key N. Amer. Birds, 1872, 84, part. «Ten specimens, > Eight specimens, Se a —~ - -« ' r > ; J BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIGA. 469 Clerthia] familiaris Hensuaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1879, 287 (e. slope Sierra Nevada).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 273, part. Certhia americana (not of Bonaparte) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 372, part (Sacramento Valley and Fort Tejon, California ); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 275, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 89, part (Fort Tejon and Fort Crook, California). —Newserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 79 (California; Des Chutes R., ete., Oregon ).—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 40 (California).—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon).—Bertprne, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 391 (Calaveras Co., California). Certhia familiaris . . . 2. americana RrpGway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 418, part (Sierra Nevada). Certhia familiaris, 8. americana Rrpaway and Betpine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 401 (Calaveras Co., California, breeding; Soda Springs, autumn; Marysville, Jan., Feb.; Stockton, Oct. 27). Certhia familiaris, var. americana Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 125, part. Certhia familiaris . . .var. americana HeNsHAw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 231 (Tejon Mts., California, Aug. ). Certhia mexicana (not of Gloger) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 373, in text (Fort Tejon, California; crit.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 276.— Frrtner, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 425 (Fort Crook, n. California; habits).—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 58, part (south to Santa Cruz in winter, to San Francisco in summer). Certhia familiaris mexicana RipGway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 169, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 55a, part. [Certhia familiaris.] Subsp. @. Certhia mexicana Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 326, part (Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon). Certhia faniliaris fusca (not Certhia fusca Barton) Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 172 (w. slope Sierra Nevada, July). Certhia familiaris occidentalis (not of Ridgway, 1882) Ripeway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Oct., 1882, 257, part.—Merritt, Auk, v, 1888, 362 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, breeding; habits).—Brewster, Auk, vy, 1888, 362 (Fort Klamath; crit.).—Fanniy, Check List. Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 43, part (e. side of Cascades).—Fisuer (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 136 (high s. Sierra Nevada).—AmertcaN OrnitHo.ocists’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 726c, part.—GRINNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 49 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident in carniferous belt ).—CHaApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.., iii, 1900, 153, part (Ducks, int. Brit. Columbia). C[erthia] familiaris occidentalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 558, foot- note, part. Certhia f{amiliaris] occidentalis Bartow, Condor, ii, 1900, 59 (Eldorado Co., California, breeding; descr. nest and eggs). Certhia familiaris zelotes Oscoop, Auk, xviii, Apr., 1901, 182 (Battle Creek, Tehama Co., California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).—Bartow, Condor, iii, 1901, 182 (Sierra Nevada, breeding from 3,700 ft. upward).—AMERICAN ORNI- rHoLocists’ Union Comurrrer, Auk, xviii, 1901, 308 (check list no. 726d) .— GrInnELu (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 70. C[erthia] f[amiliaris] zelotes Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. &., 1902, 452. Clerthia] familiaris zelotes Hetumayr, Tierreich, 18. Lief., 1903, 212. 470 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CERTHIA FAMILIARIS OCCIDENTALIS Ridgway. TAWNY CREEPER, Similar to C. f. zelotes, but browner and more suffused with tawny above; wing-markings more pronouncedly buff; under parts more buffy (about as in C. f. americana). Adult male.—Length (skins), 116-138 (128.3); wing, 60-64 (61.9);? tail, 55-67 (61.2);° exposed culmen, 14-16 (15.2);® tarsus, 14.5-16 (15.5);% middle toe, 11-12.5 (11.9); hind claw, 8-9.5 (8.8). 2 Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-130 (120.5);° wing, 58-62 (60);¢ tail, 53-59 (55.6);“ exposed culmen, 12.5-13.5 (12.9);° tarsus, 15-15.5 (15.3);° middle toe, 11.5-12.5 (11.9);¢ hind claw, 8-8.5 (8.2). ¢ Humid coast slope, from northern California (Marin County, March; Humboldt Bay, etc.) to southern Alaska (Sitka, Point Gustavus, etc.). Certhia familiaris (not of Linnzeus) OrnrrHoLoGIcAL Commitresr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 193 (Columbia R.).—TownsrEnp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1839, 155 (Columbia R.).—Couks, Check List, 1873, no. 42, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 62, part; Birds N. W:, 1874, 26, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 145, part.—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 323, part (Vancouver I.; British Columbia?). [Certhia] familiaris Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 84, part. Clerthia] familiaris Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 273, part. Certhia americana (not of Bonaparte) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 372, part (Fort Steilacoom, Washington); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 275, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 89, part (Simiahmoo and Fort Steilacoom, Washington ).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 235 (Vancouver I. ).— Cooprr and Suckuey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 192 (Fort Steilacoom, Washington; Oregon ).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 42 (Vancouver I. ). Certhia familiaris, var. americana, Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 125, part. Certhia familiaris mexicana (not Certhia mexicana Gloger) Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 169, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 55a, part. ? [Certhia familiaris] occidentalis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, July 8, 1882, 115 (Simiahmoo, Washington; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). Certhia familiaris occidentalis Rripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Oct., 1882, 257, part.—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 43, part (w. side Cas- cades, incl. Vancouver I.).—LAwreENcE (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 47 (Grays Harbor and East Humptulips, Washington; resident?).—PatmeEr (T. 8.), Auk, ix, 1892, 310 (Aberdeen, Washington, Aug. )—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- aists’ Unrton, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 726c, part.-—GRINNELL (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, .130 (Sitka, Alaska, breeding); Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 70.—CHApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1900, 153, part (coast British Columbia).—Oscoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 50 (Queen Charlotte Tslands).—Ratrupun (8. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 139 (Seattle, Washington, resident). « Three specimens. ¢ Four specimens. é Six specimens. > Kight specimens. d Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 471 C[erthia] familiaris occidentalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 558, foot- note, part.—Harrerr, Novit. Zool., iv, 1897, 139 (crit.).—Hrtumayr, Tier- reich, 18 Lief., 1903, 211. CLerthia] flamiliaris] occidentalis Osaoop, Auk., xviii, 1901, 183 (diagnosis; range ).—BarLry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 452. Certhia occidentalis RricHENow and Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 419 (reprint of orig. descr.). CERTHIA FAMILIARIS ALTICOLA Miller. MEXICAN CREEPER, Most like (. f. zelotes, among forms described above, but much darker and decidedly larger; white streaks of pileum, etc., narrower and more sharply defined; rump chestnut rather than tawny; under parts white only on chin and throat, the rest of under surface pale brownish gray, changing to buff on under tail-coverts, the flanks tinged with buff or rusty, sometimes with chestnut. Adult male.—Length (skins), 127-130 (129);¢ wing, 64.5-67 (66.1); tail, 57.5-64 (61.9);¢ exposed culmen, 13.5-15 (14.9);? tarsus, 15-16 (15.3);’ middle toe, 11-12.5 (11.9); hind claw, 8—9.5 (8.6).? Adult female.—Length (skin), 122;° wing, 57-69.5 (62);@ tail, 58;¢ exposed culmen, 13-15 (13.9);7 tarsus, 15-15.5 (15.2);° middle toe, 11-12.5 (11.6);% hind claw, 8-9 (8.5).¢ . Mountains of south-central Mexico, in States of Hidalgo (Tulalcingo; El Chico), Vera Cruz (Las Vegas; Jalapa; near Cordova), Puebla (Moent Orizaba), Mexico (Mount Popocatapetl), Michoacan(Nahuatzin), southeastern Jalisco (Sierra Madre; Zapotitlan), Oaxaca (Cinco Sefores; Cerro San Felipe), and Chiapas (San Cristobal), and high mountains of Guatemala (Hacienda Chancol; Volean de Fuego, 10,000 to 12,000 feet; Puebla Vieja; Totonicapam; near Chilasco); northern Nicaragua (Matagalpa) ?.” @ Five specimens. > Seven specimens. ¢One specimen. @ Four specimens. ¢ Three specimens. Two adult males from Guatemala and Chiapas compare in average measurements with five from southern Mexico (States of Oaxaca, Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Hidalgo), as follows: Ex- }* | Midale| Locality. Wing. | Tail posed | Tarsus. | “toe ae | /culmen.| eee en Five adult males from southern Mexico ......-..-- | 66.1 | 62.7 14,9 | 15.3 11.8 8.4 Two adult males from Chiapas and Guatemala -. s) 66.2 60.7 15 15.5 12 | 9.2 Iam not able to appreciate any color differences. f See Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1892, 325. 472 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. C[erthia] mexicana (not of Gmelin) Grocer, Handb. Nature. Vég. Eur., 1834, 381, footnote (ex Lichtenstein, manuscript ).@—ReErcHENBACH, Handb. Spec. Orn., i, 1853, 266, pl. 562, figs. 3841, 3842.—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 290 (Rancho de Suapam, near Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 297 (a Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 362 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 372 (Cinco Senores, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 15 (Jalapa).—Barirp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 373, in text, part (Mexico); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 83, fig. 2 (Mexico); Review Am. Birds, 1864, 90 (Mexico).—Satvry, Ibis, 1866, 190 (Volcan de Fuego, Totonicapam, and ridge above San Gerdnimo, Guate- mala).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc., N. H., i, 1869, 544 (alpine region of Moyoapam, Popocatapetl, and Orizaba).—Satvin and Gopmav, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, 1, 1879, 61 (Volean de Fuego, 10,200-12,000 ft.; near Totoni- capam, 10,000 ft.; Puebla Viejo, Vera Paz, 4,000 ft.; pine forests near Chilasco, 6,000 ft., ete. ). [Certhia] mexicana ScuATER and Satyry, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 5.—Ripe@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 116 (crit.). Certhia familiaris, var. mexicana Batrbd, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 128 (Mexico; Guatemala). [Certhia familiaris] var. mexicana Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 147, part (synonymy ). [ Certhia familiaris| Subsp. a. Certhia mexicana Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 326, part, excl. syn. part (Mexico). Certhia familiaris mexicana (not of Ridgway, 1880) Goons, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 312.—AmeErRIcAN OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 726a, part. C(erthia] familiaris mexicana Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 558, part. C[erthia] flamiliaris] mexicana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 273, part. Certhia familiaris alticola Miturr, Auk, xii, Apr., 1895, 186, part (to replace C. mexicana Gloger, preoccupied ).—AMERICAN OrniTHoLoatsts’ Unton, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 726a, part.—Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 358, Mount Orizaba, Vera Cruz, 11,000 ft.).—Rime@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 558, part.—OserHorser, Auk, xiii, 1896, 316 (description; synonymy; crit. ).— CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 39 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft. ). Clerthia] familiaris alticola Harrert, Novit. Zool., iv, 1897, 139 (crit. ).—HELL- MAYR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 212. CERTHIA FAMILIARIS ALBESCENS (Berlepsch), SIERRA MADRE CREEPER. Similar to C. f. alticola, but general color of upper parts clearer, or less brownish, sooty, with streaks broader and more decidedly white; under parts paler brownish gray; feet smaller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 117-128 (121.5); wing, 61-66 (63.6); tail, 57-64 (59.7); exposed culmen, 13.5-15 (14.2); tarsus, 14-15. (14.7); middle toe, 10-11.5 (10.8); hind claw, 7-8 (7.4).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 113-128 (120.8); wing, 58-65 (61.7); tail, 55-62.5 (59.4); exposed culmen, 11-14.5 (13.3); tarsus, 14-15 (14.6); middle toe, 10-11 (10.6); hind claw, 7-8 (7.4).? «Type in coll. Berlin Museum. » Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 473 Mountains of northwestern Mexico, in Territory of Tepic (Santa Teresa), and States of Jalisco (Guadalajara), Zacatecas (Sierra Madre), Durango (Ciudad Durango; El Salto), Chihuahua (Bravo; Pinos Altos; Mina Abundancia; Napolera; Chuchuichupa) and Sonora (32 miles south of Nogales), and southern Arizona (Santa Catalina, Santa Rita, Huachuca, and Chiricahua mountains, etc.). Certhia familiaris mexicana (not Certhia mexicana Gloger) Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Apr., 1882, 81 (Chiricahua Mts., s. Arizona); Auk, ii, 1885, 197 (Santa Rita Mts., s. Arizona).—Scorr, Auk, ii, 1885, 350 (Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona); v, 1888, 165 (Santa Catalina Mts.).—Axuuen, Auk, ii, 1885, 350, footnote (crit.); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 41 (Chuchuichupa and Napolera, n. w. Chihuahua, Dec., Jan. ).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 726a, part.—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 776 (32 m. s. of Nogales, Sonora, June 19). CLerthia] fLamiliaris] mexicana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 273, part. Clerthia] familiaris mexicana RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 558, part. Certhia mexicana albescens BERLEPSCH, Auk, v, Oct., 1888, 450 (Durango, Durango; coll. Count von Berlepsch). Certhia familiaris albescens OBERHOLSER, Auk, xiii, Oct., 1896, 315 (description; synonymy; crit. ).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton Commirtrer, Auk, xiy, 1897, 182 (Check List no. 726a).—Battrny (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 451. C[erthia] familiaris albescens Harterr, Novit. Zool., iv, 1897, 139 (crit. ).—HELL- MAYR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 212. Certhia familiaris alticola Miuuer, Auk, xii, Apr., 1895, 186, part.—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 726c, part (Arizona).— Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 558, part (Arizona). Family TROGLODYTID ®. THE WRENS. Very small to medium sized, slender-billed, ‘* ten-primaried,” acuti- plantar Oscines with the hallux (without claw) as long as longest lat- eral (outer)” toe, the basal phalanx of middle toe united for most of its length to outer toe and for at least half its length to inner toe, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, and the wing much rounded, with eighth to fourth (usually seventh, sixth, and fifth) primaries longest, the ninth never longer than third (often shorter than first, sometimes shorter than secondaries), the tenth well developed, at least half as long as ninth. Bill elongated and compressed, usually slender and more or less decurved terminally, sometimes slenderly straight-subulate, of varia- ble relative length, but exposed culmen never much longer than tar- sus” (usually much less), rarely’ almost wedge-shaped, with the @Except in genera Telmatodites and Cistothorus, in which the inner toe is slightly longer than the outer. > Longer than tarsus only in Catherpes. «In one genus ( Leucolepis) only. 474 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mesorhinium elevated and arched; maxillary tomium with or (usually) without subterminal notch. Nostril variable; usually longitudinal, in lower or lower anterior portion of nasal fossa and overhung by an operculum; sometimes roundish or broadly oval, in anterior end of nasal fossa and nonoperculate; occasionally surrounded by membrane and very rarely” very small, circular, and rimmed, in center of nasal fossa. Rictal bristles usually obsolete, but frequently obvious, with oneor two fairly well developed; latero-frontal feathers erect-declinate (never antrorse), without bristly tip. Wing rather short to very short, usually much concave beneath, much rounded; tenth (outer- most) primary well developed, at least half as long as ninth, always broad; ninth never longer than third, often shorter than first, some- times much shorter than secondaries; seventh to fourth (usually sev- enth, sixth, and fifth) longest. Tail extremely variable as to relative length, sometimes shorter than tarsus, sometimes slightly longer than wing, usually from about half to two-thirds as long as wing; always more or less rounded, sometimes graduated for more than one-third its length; rectrices soft and rounded at tip.’ Tarsus long (usually longer than exposed culmen, never very much shorter), the acrotar- sium always scutellate, the planta tarsi sometimes also more or less divided into segments, and the heel joint more or less distinctly scu- tellate behind; middle toe, with claw, always shorter than tarsus (sometimes very nearly as long); lateral toes usually of equal or very nearly equal length (when different the outer longer than the inner’), rarely conspicuously unequal, both usually reaching (without claws) to somewhat beyond middle (penultimate) joint of middle toe”? but never beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of the latter; basal pha- lanx of middle toe united for most (sometimes practically the whole) of its length to outer toe and for at least half its length to inner toe.° Coloration.— Brown or rufescent hues predominating, usually varied by bars of,dusky, sometimes streaked, speckled, or squamated; under parts white, gray, buffy, tawny, rufous, or sooty, or with two or more of these colors combined, rarely immaculate, usually more or less barred or streaked; the plumage never with red, yellow, green, nor blue, or other pure colors. Sexes alike, and young usually not materially, if at all, different in coloration from adults. “In the genus Leucolepis only. > Except, possibly, in Hylorchilus, of which I have not been able to examine a specimen with perfect tail, one lacking the rectrices altogether, while the other has but few of them and these much worn, those which remain being apparently acumi- nate, with the rather stiff but slender shaft slightly projecting. ¢ Except in genera Telmatodytes and Cistothorus. @In one genus, Salpinctes, the inner toe (without claw) falls short of this joint, while in two others, Catherpes and Hylorchilus, it reaches to but not beyond the joint. ¢In two genera, Telmatodytes and Cistothorus, the inner toe is united externally at base to the hallux. . BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIGA. 475 Osteological characters.“ —Anteorbital region narrow; descending process of nasal slender, the angle formed by this process and the pars plana rather open; maxillo-palatines acuminate posteriorly; costal process of sternum small, acuminate; coracoid with a small flange on the epicoracoidal portion; pelvis narrow anteriorly, with the ilia much inclined from the horizontal. Nidification.—Variable, but nest usually in cavities of trees or rocks, or about buildings, sometimes in trees, bushes, or among reeds or rushes, and more or less domed. Eggs usually numerous (6-11), variable as to color, usually (4) white or pinkish, speckled with reddish brown, or immaculate white; sometime nearly uniform brown or plain greenish blue. Range.—Palearctic, Nearctic, and Neotropical regions, but absent from the Galapagos archipelago ‘and Greater Antilles (including Bahamas); most numerously represented in the Neotropical Region. The relationships of this group are somewhat doubtful, but appear to be with the Mimide on the one hand and Certhiide on the other. Dr. Sharpe, in volume vi of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, page 180 (1881), ranks it as a subfamily (Troglodytine) of his so-called family Timeliidee, and makes it include the genus Cinclus. But Dr. Sharpe’s ‘‘Timeliide” are generally acknowledged to be a most artificial and heterogeneous assemblage, whatever may be the character of the true Timeliide if properly restricted. Among American and Palearctic forms the Troglodytide appear to be most nearly related, as stated above, to the Mimidee and Certhiidxe, between which they are intermediate in certain characters at least, but from both of which they are, as a group, undoubtedly distinct. They are also not very far removed from the Cinclidee. Superficially, at least, the Troglodytidz most resemble the Mimidee; but members of the two groups may always be readily distinguished from one another by the very different degree of cohesion between the anterior toes, however much alike they may be in other characters. In the structure of the foot, at least so far as regards the degree of cohesion between the anterior toes, the Mimide agree with the Turdide, while the Trog- lodytidz are in respect to that character more like the Certhiide and Paride. Professor Baird, in his Review of American Birds (p. 92), has stated the case very clearly as follows: In the Mimide? ** the basal joint of the outer lateral toe is united to the middle toe, sometimes only a part of it; and the inner toe is cleft almost to its very base, so as to be opposable to the hind toe, separate from the others. In the Trog- lodytidxe, on the contrary, the inner toe is united by half its basal joint to the middle toe, sometimes by the whole of this joint; and the @ From Notes on the Osteology of the Thrushes, Miminze, and Wrens, by Frederic A. Lucas, in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xi, 1888, 173-180, pl. 37. >Professor Baird includes the Mimide with the Turdide, 476 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. second joint of the outer toe enters wholly or partially into this union, instead of the basal joint only.” Notwithstanding the very great range of variation in details of external structure (which, however, affect chiefly the character of the nasal aperture, relative length of wing and tail and of lateral toes), the group is a very natural one and does not contain a single genus whose position in the group is in the least degree questionable. Much has been made of the alleged abnormal character of the planta tarsi in the genera Salpinctes, Catherpes, and ‘* Campylorhynchus” (f[Teleodytes), in which the postero-lateral plates of the tarsal covering (composing the planta tarsi), especially the outer one, are alleged to be ‘** broken up into a series of conspicuous scutella,’” these plates in ‘* normal” Troglodytide being continuous or undivided. After most careful examination of this character, however, I find that the alleged dis- tinction between the above-named genera and other members of the group does not, as a matter of fact, exist, the division of the outer (sometimes also the inner) plate of the planta tarsi appearing occa- sionally in many other genera besides those named, while in the latter it is of decidedly exceptional occurrence except in Salpinctes, in which the division is sometimes reduced to less than the lower half of the plates in question. Salpinctes and Catherpes, together with Llylorchilus, are, without doubt, ‘‘aberrant” members of the group in the extreme abbreviation of the lateral toes, especially the inner, but Telmatodytes and Cistothorus are equally if not more so in the cohesion of the hallux to the inner toe and in having the inner toe longer than the outer (instead of the reverse); but //eleodytes is so clearly a typical Wren that it may be considered one of the most generalized mem- bers of the family and therefore offering more difficulties in the way - of diagnosis than almost any other. The Wrens are birds of variable appearance and habits, though mostly agreeing in a dull brownish, more-or less barred, coloration, and semiterrestrial habits. Many are fine songsters, members of the genera [Teleodytes, Thryophilus, Thryothorus, Microcerculus, and Leu- colepis, being, in fact, songsters of the first order. The family is poorly represented in the Eastern Hemisphere, where only fifteen species, referable to five genera, are known, these restricted to Europe and the temperate parts of Asia, chiefly the latter. In America, however, it is numerously developed, especially within the Tropics, nearly one hundred and fifty species, belonging to fourteen genera, being known to occur there. KEY TO THE GENERA OF TROGLODYTID&. a. Tail at least half as long as wing, much longer than tarsus. b. Lateral toes longer, the inner reaching (without claw) to or beyond penultimate joint of middle toe, the outer reaching decidedly beyond. «See Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 50, 51. a a ae BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 477 c. Bill stouter, its depth at frontal anti: equal to nearly half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, the exposed culmen not more than one-fifth as long as wing; outer plate of planta tarsi very much wider than outer side of acrotarsium; end of inner toe (without claw) reaching nearly to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe_------.---- Cinnycerthia (extralimital) @ ec. Bill more slender, its depth at frontal antize decidedly less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, the exposed culmen more than one-fifth (usually more than one-fourth) as long as wing; outer plate of planta tarsi little, if any, wider than outer side of acrotarsium; end of inner toe (without claw) falling far short of middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe. d. Maxillary tomium without trace of subterminal notch, or else nostril dis- tinctly operculate;” nostril distinctly operculate, or else (in some species of Heleodytes) the bill without trace of notch and tail nearly as long as wing. : ‘ e. Wing nearly, sometimes more than, three times as long as tarsus; back con- spicuously streaked, banded, or otherwise variegated (at least beneath surface of plumage), or else head, neck, and under parts plain white. ¢ f. Smaller (wing not more than 57, tail not more than 50.5, usually much less), with bill and feet much weaker; inner toe more closely coher- ent to base of hallux than to base of middle toe.¢ g. Exposed culmen much shorter than middle toe (without claw); bill stouter, less decurved, its depth at latero-frontal antize equal to | nearly half (sometimes more than half) the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; tail graduated for more than one-third its length, the rectrices narrower, especially at tip; pileum streaked. ¢ Cistothorus (p. 480) gg. Exposed culmen equal to or longer than middle toe (without claw); bill more slender and decurved, its depth at latero-frontal antize less than one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; tail graduated for much less than one-third its length, the rectrices broader, especially at end; pileum not streaked. Telmatodytes (p. 486) ff. Larger (wing not less than 60, tail not less, usually much more, than 50), with bill and feet much stouter; inner toe more closely coherent - at base to middle toe than to hallux ---.....---- Heleodytes (p. 500) «Cinnycerthia Lesson, L’Echo du Monde Savant, année xi, 1844, col. 182 (type, C. unicolor Lesson=Limnornis unirufa Latresnaye) ; Cinnicerthia (emendation ) Sclater, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1855, 143.—Presbys Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 80 (type, Limnornis canifrons Lafresnaye). (Mountains of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru; _ three or four species. ) iu +The only exception I have been able to find in this group to complete absence of subterminal notch to the maxillary tomium is in some species of Pheugopedius, in which it is sometimes more or less indicated, but never distinct as in all the forms of the opposed group (dd), from which the very different nostrils constitute an easily recognized character. ¢Some of the’extralimital species of Heleodytes do not conform to these color char- acters, but they agree respecting relative length of wing and tarsus. @1¥n this character the genera Cistothorus and Telmatodytes differ from all other Troglodytide, which have the outer toe more closely coherent at the base to the middle toe than to the hallux. e Except in young and in adults of some South American species, a. | ; - . 478 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ee. Wing not more than two and a half times as long as tarsus; back uni- colored; head and neck never white. f. Maxillary tomium without trace of notch,@ or else nostril distinctly operculate; nostril distinctly operculate. g. Tail graduated for nearly one-third its length, or more; ninth primary much shorter than secondaries, the eighth not longer than third (usually not longer than second); nostril much narrower than the broad, more convex, more membraneous, and more decumbent operculum; bill and feet stouter; rump without concealed white Spotes oct See ea ee a ee eek eee See Pheugopedius (p. 527) gg. Tail graduated for much less than one-third its length (usually for less than one-fourth); ninth primary not conspicuously shorter than secondaries, or else exposed culmen longer than middle toe (with claw); eighth primary equal to or longer than fifth; nostril broader, nearly as wide as (sometimes wider than) the narrower, straighter (sometimes more or less arched), more corneous and excurrent, operculum; bill and feet weaker; rump with concealed white spots, or else ninth primary shorter than secondaries and tail shorter than combined length of tarsus and middle toe (with claw). h. Rectrices 12; tail not less than two-thirds as long as wing; hallux much shorter than middle toe (without claw). i. Tail decidedly longer than combined length of tarsus and middle toe (with claw), much more than two-thirds (usually more than three-fourths) as long as wing, or else ” bill stout-subulate, the culmen decidedly decurved terminally, the ninth primary shorter than secondaries, middle toe (without claw) not more than two-thirds as long as tarsus, and rump without concealed white spots. j. Hallux (without claw) decidedly longer than outer toe (with- out: claws) z42eo seers ee oes oeeee Thryothorus (p. 539) jj). Hallux (without claw) not longer than outer toe (without claw). k. Nostril narrower (not wider than its operculum), linear; bill lower at base and less tapering, its depth at latero-frontal antiz not greater than its width at same point and equal to very little more (usually much less) than one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; lateral rectrices spotted terminally with pale gray or otherwise irregularly marked hate ee cae ete eee ce Thryomanes (p. 548) kk. Nostril broader (as wide as or wider than its operculum), more or less ovate, cuneate, or guttate; bill higher at base, more tapering, its depth at latero-frontal antize equal to at least one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; lateral rectrices narrowly barred terminally. Troglodytes (p. 569) «The only exception to the absence of a subterminal notch to the maxillary tomium in this group is in some species of the genus Pheugopedius, in which it is sometimes more or less indicated, but is never so distinct as in all the forms of the opposed group (ff), in which the nonoperculate nostrils in combination with the notch afford an easily recognized distinctive character. >In Troglodytes, part (T. solstitialis and T. ochraceus). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 479 ui. Tail shorter than combined length of tarsus and middle toe (with claw), very little, if any, more than two-thirds as long as wing; bill slender-subulate, the culmen straight to near tip; ninth primary longer than secondaries; middle toe (without claw) more than two-thirds as long as tarsus; rump with concealed white spots (as in Thryothorus, Thryomanes, and most species of Troglodytes).........----- Olbiorchilus (p. 595) hh. Rectrices 10; tail less than two-thirds as long as wing; hallux nearly as long as middle toe (without claw) ----- Thryorchilus (p. 605) Jif. Maxillary tomium with a distinct subterminal notch; nostril non- operculate, small, roundish or oval, in lower anterior portion of nasal fossa, g. Tail only half as long as wing, not much longer than tarsus. Henicorhina (p. 607) gg. Tail much more than half as long as wing, at least half as long again as tarsus. h. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing; exposed culmen not longer than middle toe (without claw); wing less than 55 mm. Nannorchilus (p. 617) hh. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing (sometimes nearly as long), or else exposed culmen longer than middle toe (without claw); wing more than 55 mm ....-.._--- Thryophilus (p. 620) bb. Lateral toes very unequal in length, their ends (at base of claws) forming a very oblique line with the penultimate joint of the middle toe, the inner toe (without claw) not reaching as far as the latter. c. Tail at least two and a half times as long as tarsus, the latter less than one- third as long as wing; bill from rictus much less than half as long as wing; rectrices normal (firm-webbed and broadly rounded at end), not uniform in color. d. Hallux weaker (not thicker than anterior toes), shorter than outer toe; inner toe not reaching to subterminal joint of middle toe, the outer toe reaching to but little beyond; under parts of body whitish (sometimes flecked or barred with dusky); tail varied with grayish brown and black, crossed near tip by a broad band of pale cinnamon preceded by another aE RU eer ee FS FE dl OEE IS ee eR fe ed Salpinctes (p. 643) dd. Hallux stouter, equal in length to outer toe; inner toe reaching to subter- minal joint of middle toe, the outer toe reaching nearly to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe; under parts of body rufescent; tail cinnamon-rufous barred with black .......-....-..-- Catherpes (p. 693) cc. Tail not more than one and one-third times as long as tarsus, the latter nearly half as long as wing; bill from rictus more than half as long as wing; rectrices lax-webbed, subacuminate, uniform sooty--..Hylorchilus (p. 663) aa. Tail less than half as long as wing, shorter than tarsus. b. Mesorhinium normal; nostril in lower anterior portion of nasal fossa, without rim, broadly oval, or closed anteriorly by the very broad, convex, and decum- bent membraneous operculum. ........2..-.....---..- Microcerculus (p. 665) bb. Mesorhinium elevated and compressed; nostril in center of nasal fossa, small, COO TLE So abc 1ier (er: Ree A ee Re meaeee Cee ee ee ee a Leucolepis (p. 670) 480 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus CISTOTHORUS Cabanis. Cistothorus® CABANIS, Mus. Hein., 1, 1850, 77. (Type, Troglodytes stellaris Lich- tenstein. ) ; Very small Troglodytide (wing less than 50 mm.) resembling Telmatodytes, but with exposed culmen much shorter than middle toe (without claw), the bill stouter and less decurved (its depth at frontal antiz equal to nearly half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, or sometimes much more than half), tail graduated for more than one- third its length, and with the pileum, as well as back, streaked.” Bill much shorter than head, rather stout, its depth at latero-frontal anti decidedly more than one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla and about equal to its depth at same point; exposed cul- men decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw, nearly straight for most of its length, or gradually, though slightly, curved from base; gonys decidedly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight; maxillary tomium slightly concave, without trace of subter- minal notch. Nostril longitudinal, ovate or guttate (pointed anter- iorly), overhung by a distinct operculum, its posterior end in contact with feathering of nasal fossa. Rictal bristles absent. Wing short, rounded; eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, or seventh, sixth, and fifth longest, the eighth scarcely shorter, or eighth to fifth longest and equal; ninth shorter than third, sometimes shorter than first, about twice as long as tenth, or a little less. Tail nearly as long as wing (seven-eighths to seventeen-eighteenths aS long), graduated for one- third its length or more (for two-fifths its length in C. stedlaris and C. elegans), the rectrices rather narrow and slightly tapering terminally, but with tip broadly rounded. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw, two-fifths as long as wing, or more, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the planta tarsi booted; outer toe (without claw) reaching to, but not beyond, subterminal joint of middle toe, its claw falling much short of base of middle claw; inner toe (without claw) reaching to slightly beyond subterminal joint of middle toe; hallux (without claw) slightly longer than inner toe (without claw), but much thicker, its claw shorter than the digit (sometimes nearly as long); basal phalanx of middle toe coherent to outer toe for about two-thirds its length, to inner toe for slightly less; base of inner toe united exteriorly to base of hallux. Coloration.—Above brown, the back conspicuously streaked with black and white, the pileum also streaked,? at least with black; wings and tail variegated with black, mostly in form of bars; under parts buffy or pale tawny, paler (usually whitish) on throat and abdomen. Nidification (of C. stellaris).—Nest globular, with entrance a small hole in one side, composed of grass or sedge blades, attached to upright aquatic grasses or sedges; eggs immaculate white. @From “Cistschlipfer.”’ > Except in young and in adults of one or two South American species. 4 3 BIRDS Of NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 481 Range.—Temperate parts of continental America, from Manitoba to Patagonia. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CISTOTHORUS. @ a. Pileum distinctly streaked. b. No distinct superciliary stripe, the whole side of head being dull whitish, nar- rowly streaked with darker; rump immaculate, or else much less conspicu- ously streaked than back. c. Rump streaked or spotted with. black and white; wing longer, tail, bill, tarsi, and toes shorter (adult male averaging wing 45, tail 38.6, exposed culmen 10.5, tarsus 16.8, middle toe 11.2). (Eastern North America. ) Cistothorus stellaris (p. 482) ec. Rump immaculate brown; wing shorter, tail, bill, tarsi, and toes longer (adult male averaging wing 42.5, tail 40.2, culmen 11, tarsus 18, middle toe, 12.5). ( Cistothorus polyglottus. ) d. Darker, with whitish streaks on back narrower. (Brazil, etc.) Cistothorus polyglottus polyglottus (extralimital )? dd. Paler, with white streaks on back broader. e. More rufescent above, with white streaks on back broader; tail longer (44in male). (Isthmus of Panama.) Cistothorus polyglottus lucidus, adult (p. 486) ee. Grayer above, with white streaks on back narrower; tail shorter (58-42 inmale). (Eastern Mexico to Guatemala. ) Cistothorus polyglottus elegans, adult (p. 484) b. A distinet superciliary stripe of pale brownish buff or buffy white; rump very heavily streaked or blotched with black and streaked with whitish. (South- ern Brazil to Chile, Patagonia, and Falkland Islands. ) Cistothorus platensis (extralimital ) ¢ aa. Pileum plain brown. b. Smaller (wing not more than 43); no superciliary stripe. e. Pileum and hindneck light bistre; rump and upper tail-coverts deep rus- set-brown; flanks and under tail-coverts deep cinnamon-buff. Cistothorus polyglottus lucidus, young” (p. 486) @Only those forms which I have been able to examine in the present connection are included. b Thryothorus polyglottus Vieillot, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 59 (Para- guay; based on Jodo voz Azara, Apunt., ii, 29).—Cistothorus polyglottus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1871, 48, 414; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 105, part (Brazil, Paraguay); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 245, part.—Troglodytes omnisonus Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., iii, 1823, tab. to p. 724 (ex Lichtenstein, manu- script; based on Todo voz Azara, Apunt., ii, 29).—(?) Turdus interscapularis Nord- mann, in Erman’s Verz. Thiere. Pflanz., 1835, 13 (Brazil).—C[istothorus] interscapu- laris Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 78, footnote. ¢ [Sylvia] platensis Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 548 (based on Roitelet de Buenos Ayres Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 361; Pl. Enl., pl. 730, fig. 2); Hy/lemathrous platensis Maximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, 1851, 742; Thryothorus platensis Hart- laub, Index Azara’s Apunt., 10; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1871, 48, 414; Cistothorus pla- tensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 384; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 244.—T [hryothorus] eidouxi Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 221 (Brazil; based on Voy. Pole Sud., Ois., pl. 19, fig. 6).—Cistothorus fasciolatus Burmeister, Journ. fir Orn., 1860, 252. @The young of other forms of the genus not seen by me. 10384—voL 3—03 bl 482 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. cc. Pileum and hindneck broccoli brown; rump and upper tail-coverts wood brown; flanks and under tail-coverts pale wood brown. Cistothorus polyglottus elegans, young” (p. 485) bb. Larger (wing more than 45); a distinct buffy superciliary stripe. (Ecuador. ) Cistothorus brunneiceps (extralimital) ? CISTOTHORUS STELLARIS (Lichtenstein). SHORT-BILLED MARSH WREN. Adults in spring and summer.—Pileum streaked with black and light brown (between hair brown and raw umber), the black streaks usually much broader than the brown ones, except on forehead, which is sometimes uniform brown;° hindneck light brown (between hair brown and raw umber), sometimes indistinctly streaked with dusky; back and scapulars black, narrowly streaked with brownish white, some of the feathers edged with light brown, sometimes with outer webs mostly of the latter color or spotted with the same; rump light buffy brown or cinnamon-brown, more or less streaked or otherwise variegated, chiefly along median line, with black and whitish; upper tail-coverts light brown, barred with black and tipped with dull whitish; tail barred with black and light grayish brown in varying relative proportion; wing-coverts pale buffy brown, barred or trans- versely spotted with blackish; inner webs of tertials plain dusky, their outer webs black with marginal triangular spots of brownish buff or pale buffy brown; secondaries and primaries dusky, their outer webs with broad marginal spots of pale buffy brown or brownish buff, producing broad bands on closed wing; sides of head, including super- ciliary region, pale brownish buff or dull brownish white, indistinctly streaked with darker; malar region, chin, throat, breast, and abdomen white (slightly dull or buffy); chest, sides, flanks, and under tail- coverts cinnamon-bufl, paler on chest (where sometimes very faint), deeper on flanks and under tail-coverts; maxilla dusky, with paler tomia; mandible dull pale yellowish (light pinkish in life), more or less dusky terminally; legs and feet pale brownish (more pinkish in life). Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but more richly colored, especially the cinnamon-buff of the under parts, which sometimes shows a few dusky subterminal bars or spots and whitish terminal spots on flanks. «The young of other forms of the genus not seen by me. » Cistothorus brunneiceps Salvin, Ibis, fourth ser., v, Jan., 1881, 129, pl. 3, fig. 1 (Sical, Ecuador; coll. Salvin and Godman); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 247,—(?) Cistothorus «quatorialis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, Feb., 1871, 3 (Pichincha, Ecuador; coll. Vassar College Mus. ). c Frequently there is a large patch of uniform brown on the forehead; when the black largely predominates on the pileum the narrow pale streaks are sometimes dull brownish white. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 48é Adult male.—Length (skins), 92-105 (99.4); wing, 43-47 (45); tail, 36-41.5 (88.6); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 15-17.5 (16.8); middle toe, 10-12 (11.2).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 94—103.5 (97.5); wing, 41-45.5 (43); tail, 85-88 (36.8); exposed culmen, 9.5-10.5 (10.1); tarsus, 15.5-17 (16.4); middle toe, 10-12 (11).?” Troglodytes stellaris NauMANN, Vog. Deutschl., iii, 1823, tab. to p. 724 (Carolina; ex Lichtenstein, manuscript). T[roglodytes] stellaris Trrerrn, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 115 (Minnesota). [ Troglodytes] stellaris Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 190, no. 2603. C[istothorus] stellaris CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 77, footnote.—Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 97 (n. e. Illinois, breeding).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 280.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 556. Cistothorus stellaris Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 365; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 269; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 146.—ScLarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 22, part (United States).—Haypen, Trans. Am. Philos. Soe., xii, 1862, 163 (Council Bluffs, lowa; Big Sioux R.; Loup Fork of Platte R.).— ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 83 (Massachusetts; summer resid. ); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 167 (e. Florida, winter); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 260 (Massachussetts).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 288 (near New York City).—Covrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 20 (Fort Macon, North Carolina, Oct.); Check List, 1873, no. 68; 2d ed., 1882, no. 81; Birds N. W., 1874, 36; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 180.—Maynarp, Birds Florida, 1873, 43.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 6.—Bairp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 159, pl. 9, fig. 7; ili, 1874, 504 (Utah Lake, breed- ing).— Yarrow and Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Survey, 1874, 9 (Provo, Utah, breeding ).—HeEnsuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Survy., 1874, 41 (Provo, Utah); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 185 (do.).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 22 (deser. young); vii, 1882, 121 (Gulf Ham- mock, Florida, Noy.).—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 6 (Lewis Co., New York, Oct. 27); Auk, i, 1884, 59 (do. ).—Roserts and Benner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 13 (Grant Co., Minnesota).—SnHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 243.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 68; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 98.—SpELMAN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 118 (Rye Beach, New Hampshire, several, Aug.).—Battey (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vili, 1883, 38 (St. Simons I., Georgia, breeding).—Ror, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 179 (Cornwall-on-Hudson, breeding).—BIcKNeELt, Auk, i, 1884, 139 (song; song period).—AGrrspore, Auk, ii, 1885, 278 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding).—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 327 (w. Manitoba, summer resident ).—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 724.— Cooker, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 274 (breeding chiefly north of 40°, to w. Manitoba, w. to s. e. Dakota; dates of migr.); Bull. Col. State Agric. Coll., no. 56, 1900, 222 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1 spec., Apr. 14, 1889).—MEARNs, Auk, vii, 1890, 56 (Cornwall-on-Hudson, breeding).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 117 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, Sept. to Apr. 10; habits; remarks on plumage).—Hassrouck, Auk, vii, 1890, 291 (District Columbia, 1 spec., : May 9).—THompeson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 629 (Manitoba, sum- mer resident; habits; song; descr. nest).—Wooprurr, Auk, ix, 1892, 202 (Litchfield, Connecticut).—Sronr, Auk, xi, 1892, 204 (Cape May, New Jer- sey, Jan. 26-29).—Nenrimne, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 159.—Saun- «Twenty specimens. > Bight specimens. 484 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. pers, Biol. Rey. Ont., i, 1894, 51 (near Toronto, breeding; habits, song, etc.).—ALLEN (F. H.), Auk, xii, 1895, 89 (Stockbridge, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, summer resident).—Nasu, Auk, xiii, 1896, 347 (Toronto, Aug., June).—Butter, Birds Indiana, 1897, 1124 (breeding in northwestern coun- ties).—Knieut, Auk, xvi, 1898, 281 (near Bangor, Maine, breeding ).—Brykr, Trans. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900) , 42 (Louisiana, winter resident ).— Faxon and HorrmMann, Birds Berkshire Co., Mass., 1900, 13 (summer resi- dent).—PresiE, North Am. Fauna, no. 22, 1902, 128 (Norway House, Kee- watin, June 20).—Baitry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S.,-1902, 450. Cestothorus stellaris Trrepr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 236 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, Iowa, breeding). Thryothorus stellaris TurnBuuL, Birds E. Penna. and New Jersey, 1869, 27; Phila. ed., p. 20. Troglodytes brevirostris Nurrauy, Man. Birds E. U. 8. and Canada, i, 1832, 436 (e. Massachusetts; cites: ‘‘ Read in Acad. Nat.Sc. Phila. Transactions of the American Academy, vy, p. 98, witha figure ’’) ;@ 2d ed., i, 1840, 489.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 427; Synopsis, 1839, 77; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 188, pl. 124.—Bonapartr, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 11; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 222.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 312 (Wisconsin). Cistothorus brevirostris SCLATER and SALvVIN, Ibis, 1859, 8. CISTOTHORUS POLYGLOTTUS ELEGANS (Sclater and Salvin). GUATEMALAN MARSH WREN. Similar to C. stel/ar’s, but with shorter wing, longer tail, bill, tarsi, and toes, and paler, duller coloration, and with the rump immaculate brown. Adults in spring and summer.—Pileum and hindneck light broccoli brown, or hair brown, the former with a greater or less number of nar- row paler (sometimes whitish) streaks and broader blackish ones along sides of forehead and crown; back (interscapulars) dull black, broadly streaked with dull white, some of the feathers with more or less of light brown on outer webs; scapulars light brown, with more or less distinct mesial streaks of paler, and sometimes barred or spotted with dusky; rump plain light brown,’ the upper tail-coverts similar, but indistinctly. barred with dusky; tail light brown (varying from cinnamon to broc- coli), more or less broadly barred with black, the bars sometimes narrow and separated, oftener confluent along the median line of the rectrices, the inner webs uniform black or dusky, except terminal portion; wings pale brown, transversely spotted with black or dusky, this predominating on tertials; sides of head, including superciliary region, dull white or brownish white, finely and indistinctly streaked with grayish brown, the superciliary and auricular areas sometimes separated by an indistinct postocular streak of grayish brown; under parts dull white, passing on sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts into “The correct citation is: Mem. Am. Ac. Arts and Sciences, new ser., i, 1833, 98. » Varying from cinnamomeous wood brown, or almost cinnamon, in fresher plum- age, to isabella color or almost broccoli brown in more worn plumage. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 485 pale wood brown or dull brownish buff; maxilla black or dusky, with paler tomia; mandible dull whitish or pale brownish buffy (in dried skins); legs and feet pale brownish (in dried skins). Young.“—Pileum and hindneck plain dark hair brown or dull broe- coli brown; interscapulars dusky brown, with narrow and mostly indistinct shaft-streaks of whitish; rump and upper tail-coverts plain wood brown; otherwise essentially like adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 98-109 (104.3); wing, 4143.5 (42.5); tail, 38-42 (40.2); exposed culmen, 10.5-11.5 (11); tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe, 12-13 (12.5).? Adult female.—Length (skin), 105; wing, 42; tail, 39; exposed cul- men, 11.5; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 13.° Eastern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Orizaba; Jalapa), and south- ward through Chiapas (Palenque; Ocuilapa), highlands of Guatemala (Lake of Duefas; summit of Volean de Agua), and British Honduras (southern pine ridge). Cistothorus elegans ScLarEr and Satyr, Ibis, Ist ser., i, Jan., 1859, 8 (Lake of Duenas, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman); 1860, 30 fase Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 146 (Duefas; Orizaba, Vera Cruz).—Satyrin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, pl. 7, fig. 3. [ Cistothorus] elegans ScLaTeR and Satviy, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 7, part. C[istothorus] elegans Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 159. [ Cistothorus stellaris] b. elegans Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 36 (synonymy); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 180 uso.) i Pescibed from a specimen from Oc ae Gnene ao 143068, coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ). > Six specimens. eOne specimen, from Orizaba, Vera Cruz. Specimens from Vera Cruz (Orizaba and Jalapa) compare in average measurements with those from Chiapas (Palenque and Ocuilapa) as follows: Ex- | | ; ; Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ee culmen. | ; iwo adult males from Vers Crug. .--....2-2-.sccas---c---e0s 43.5 41 Te alta es 12.6 Hour adult males from Chiapas-.-:.2..2...+..----+----+- soe] 42 39.7 11 18 | 12.5 One adult male from British Honduras(southern pineridge).| 41.5 |.......- 10 Lz 12 The material examined is unfortunately scant, but such as it is seems to indicate subspecific difference between the birds from Vera Cruz, on the one hand, and those from Chiapas and Guatemala on the other. Comparing two of the former (an adult male and female) in worn breeding plumage with five of the latter in exactly similar condition, it is found that the two Vera Cruz birds have the pileum and hindneck dull blackish brown or dusky (except the central portion of the fore- head and extreme lower hindneck), while those from Chiapas and Guatemala have the same parts light grayish brown. The single Vera Cruz specimen (from Jalapa, April 15) in unworn plumage, however, has the pileum and hindneck light brown, except along lateral margin; but there is no Chiapas nor Guatemalan specimen in unworn plumage with which to compare it. 486 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cistothorus stellaris (not Troglodytes stellaris Naumann) Scuarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 22, part (Duefias).—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 545 (near Orizaba, Vera Cruz). Cistothorus polyglottus (not Thryothorus polyglottus Vieillot) Satvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 105, part (Orizaba; Lake of Duenas and summit of Volean de Agua, Guatemala).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 245, part (Duefias). C[istothorus] polyglottus Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 556, part. Cistothorus polyglottos CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 24 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; crit. ). CISTOTHORUS POLYGLOTTUS LUCIDUS Ridgway. PANAMA MARSH WREN. Similar to QO. p. elegans, but coloration brighter and more rufescent; adults with white streaks on back broader, more purely white; young with general color much more strongly rufescent (the rump and upper tail-coverts dull russet or cinnamon instead of wood brown, the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts cinnamon, or deep buffy cinnamon, in- stead of pale wood brown; tail longer. Adult male.—Length (skin), 106.5; wing, 42.5; tail, 44; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 17.5; middle toe, 12.5. Isthmus of Panama (Boquete, Chiriqui; Bugaba, Veragua). Cistothorus elegans (not of Salvin and Godman) Satyr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 182 (Bugaba, Veragua).—(?) ZeLepon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3. [Cistothorus] elegans ScuarER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 7, part (Veragua). Cistothorus polyglottus elegans Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan., 1902, 53 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 5,000 ft. alt. ). Cistothorus polyglottus (not Thryothorus polyglottus Vieillot) Sarvrn and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 105, part (Chirtqui, Veragua).—SHarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 245, part (in synonymy).—(?) ZELEDON, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 106 (do). CListothorus] polyglottus Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 557, part. Cistothorus polyglottus lucidus Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Nov. 30, 1903, 169 (Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). Genus TELMATODYTES Cabanis. Telmatodytes@ CABANIs, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 78. (Type, Certhia palustris Wilson.) Small Troglodytide (wing 40-50 mm.) with inner toe more united to hallux than to middle toe; exposed culmen equal to or longer than middle toe (without claw); depth of bill at frontal antiz less than one- third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; tail graduated for much less than one-third its length, and back streaked with black and white but pileum not streaked. Bill shorter than head, slender, much compressed for anterior half, a“réXuwa Marsehland.”’ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 487 its depth at latero-frontal antiz equal to not more than one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla and about equal to its width at same point; exposed culmen about equal to middle toe without claw, very much shorter than tarsus, gently curved for most of its length (straight only at base); gonys much shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight; maxillary tomium slightly but decidedly concave, without trace of subterminal notch. Nostril cuneate (pointed anteriorly), overhung by a rather broad operculum, its posterior end in contact with feathering of latero-frontal antize. Rictal bristles wanting. Wing moderate, much rounded; seventh and sixth prima- ries longest, the eighth and fifth very little shorter, or the eighth some- times equal to seventh; ninth slightly shorter than first, less than twice as long as tenth. ‘Tail nearly as long as wing (more than four- fifths as long), much rounded (but graduation less than one-fourth its length), the rectrices of uniform width throughout (or the lateral ones slightly broader terminally), their tip broadly rounded. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw, a little more than two-fifths as long as wing, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the planta tarsi booted; outer toe reaching to decidedly beyond subterminal phalanx of middle toe, its claws reaching about to base of middle claw; inner toe slightly longer than outer,” its claw slightly smaller than that of outer toe; hallux, without claw, as long as inner toe, without claw, but much thicker, its claw much shorter than the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe coherent to outer toe for about two-thirds its length (or a little less), to the inner for about half its length; base of hallux united exteriorly to base of inner toe to beyond point where the latter is united to middle toe.’ Coloration.—Above brown, the back streaked with black and white, wings and tail barred, more or less, with black or dusky, the pileum dusky, at least laterally; narrow superciliary stripe and under parts whitish, the latter brownish laterally, where sometimes barred with dusky. Nidification.—Nest globular, with entrance a small hole in one side, composed externally of blades of coarse grasses, rushes, etc., attached to several upright stalks of aquatic weeds or rushes. Eges profusely sprinkled with brown on a paler (sometimes whitish) ground, some- times so densely that the color appears almost uniform brown. Range.—Temperate North America. (Monotypic.) «The reverse of other genera except Cistothorus. >This character also is shared only by Cistothorus. 488 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF TELMATODYTES. a. Tail-coverts usually @ not distinctly, if at all, barred with darker. b. Darker and duller in color, the brown of upper parts less rufescent, the flanks, etc., pale broccoli brown, wood brown, or isabella color; smaller, except bill (adult male averaging, wing 50.6, tail 41.4, exposed culmen 14.7; adult female, wing 47.7, tail 38.7, exposed culmen 14.1). (Northeastern United SLATES) ee a et eens meee ee OR en Telmatodytes palustris palustris (p. 489) bb. Paler and brighter in color, the brown of upper parts more rufescent, the flanks, etc., deep cinnamon-buff or cinnamon; larger, except bill (adult male averaging, wing 52.3, tail 43.6, exposed culmen 14.4; adult female, wing 49.6, tail 40.2, exposed culmen 13.8). (Great plains and prairie districts of interior United States and British Provinces; in winter, south over greater part of Mexico and along Gulf coast to western Florida, occasionally to South Carolinaxiete>) i222 eee Telmatodytes palustris iliacus (p. 492) aa. Tail-coverts usually distinctly barred with darker. . b. Larger (wing averaging more than 50 in male, 49 or more in female; tail averag- ing more than 44 in male, more than 42 in female); coloration paler. c. Larger (adult male averaging, wing 54, tail 46.4, exposed culmen 14.2; adult female, wing 52, tail 49.8, exposed culmen, 13.5); coloration paler. (Rocky Mountain plateau district.)....-.-.- Telmatodytes palustris plesius (p. 494) ce. Smaller (adult male averaging, wing 50.7, tail 44.4, exposed culmen 13.4; adult female, wing 49, tail 42.7, exposed culmen 13); coloration darker. (Pacific coast district, California to British Columbia; Lower California and Sonoraamawanber eres sea ee Telmatodytes palustris paludicola (p. 496) bb. Smaller (wing averaging less than 49 in male, less than 45 in female; tail aver- aging less than 40 in male, less than 38 in female); coloration darker or grayer. c. General color above decidedly brown; interscapular region extensively black; sides and flanks deep brown; slightly larger (adult male averaging, wing more than 47, tail more than 39; adult female, wing more than 44, tail more than 36). d. Darker, with pileam extensively black, sometimes entirely so; brown of scapulars, etc., darker; sides and flanks (sometimes chest also) usually _more or less speckled with dusky; slightly larger (adult male averaging, wing 48.2, tail 39; adult female, wing 44.7, tail 37.8). (South Atlantic States, south to western Florida in winter.) Telmatodytes palustris mariane (p. 497) dd. Paler, with pileum mostly brown; brown of scapulars, etc., lighter and duller; under parts without specks; slightly smaller (adult male aver- aging, wing 47.4, tail 40.4; adult female, wing 44.7, tail 36.5). (Coast of Louisiana and Texas.)....- Telmatodytes palustris thryophilus (p. 498) cc. General color above grayish brown or olive, with the pileam mostly grayish brown or olive and the interscapular region largely (sometimes almost entirely) olive; sides and flanks light grayish brown or olive; slightly smaller (adult male averaging, wing 46.7, tail 38; adult female averaging, wing 43.5, tail 34.2). (Coast of South Carolina and Georgia and southward to Anastasia Island, Florida.) ...-.--- Telmatodytes palustris griseus (p. 499) “Ina very great majority of specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 489 TELMATODYTES PALUSTRIS PALUSTRIS (Wilson). LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN, Adults in spring and early summer.¢—Pileum dull black, more or less brownish medially, usually with a broad and distinct though never sharply defined median area of olive-brown or broccoli brown on forehead and crown, occasionally continued to the hindneck, dividing the blackish into two widely separated lateral broad stripes; hindneck mostly plain brown; back (interscapular area) black, streaked with white; scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain brown (varying from nearly broccoli brown to between raw umber and mars brown), the last sometimes faintly barred with darker; middle pair of rectrices brown, more or less distinctly barred with dusky, the remaining rectrices paler brown broadly and regularly barred with dull black, the inner webs blackish serrated along edges and barred entirely across near tip with pale brown; lesser and middle wing-coverts plain brown, the latter sometimes with a small terminal spot of pale brown or dull brownish white; greater coverts brown, more or less distinctly barred with dusky (the bars sometimes obsolete); outer webs of tertials mostly black, but this more or less deeply indented or serrated exteriorly with light brown; remiges otherwise dusky, the secondaries edged, or serrated along edge, with pale brown, the pri- maries similarly marked with still paler and more grayish brown or pale brownish gray; a narrow superciliary stripe of white, narrowly streaked with blackish, extending to sides of occiput; a brown or dusky postocular streak, varying in width and distinctness; loral and suborbital regions dull grayish white or brownish white, the auricular region (except upper margin) similar but more strongly tinged with brownish; malar region and under parts dull white, passing on sides and flanks into pale broccoli brown, wood brown, or isabella color, the chest usually faintly (rarely strongly) tinged with the same, the sides and flanks sometimes more or less speckled or indistinctly barred with darker brown or dusky; under tail-coverts brownish white or very pale brown, usually narrowly barred with brownish or dusky, some- times immaculate; maxilla blackish brown or dusky with paler tomia; mandible pale basally, more or less extensively dusky terminally; iris brown; legs and feet brownish (in dried skins). Adults in autumn and winter.—Similiar to the spring and early summer plumage, but colors deeper and richer, the brown of rump etc., more chestnut, that of sides and flanks deeper. Young.—-Essentially like adults, but pattern of coloration less dis- “In late summer the general coloration is, through fading and abrasion of the plumage, much duller, with the brown more grayish. In this condition the several subspecies are much alike, their distinctive coloration having, to a greater or less degree, become obliterated. 490 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tinct, the pileum and hindneck uniform dull blackish, the back very indistinctly, if at all, streaked, and the whitish superciliary stripe less distinct (sometimes nearly obsolete). Adult male.—Length (skins), 103-117.5 (110); wing, 48-54 (50.6); tail, 38.5-46.5 (41.4); exposed culmen, 14-15.5 (14.7); tarsus, 18.5-21 (20.9); middle toe, 11-14 (12.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 100.5-115.5 (106.1); wing, 44.5-52.5 (47.7); tail, 837-41.5 (88.7); exposed culmen, 13-15 (14.1); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.5); middle toe, 10.5-12.5 (11.7).? Northeastern United States, chiefly east of the Allegheny Moun- tains; north to Massachusetts and New York—probably to Ontario’— casually to New Brunswick; west to western New York and Pennsyl- vania; breeds southward to the Potomac Valley and Atlantic coast of Maryland and Virginia; in winter southward to North and South Carolina, occasionally to western Florida (Tarpon Springs, ete.), occasionally wintering in northern portions of its range. Certhia palustris Wrtson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 58, pl. 12, fig. 4 (e. Pennsylvania; coll. Peale’s Mus., no. 7282; ex Motacilla palustris, etc., Bartram, Travels, 291).—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 400. Troglodytes palustris BoNAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ili, 1824, 80; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 93.—AvupuBon, Orn. Biog., 1, 1831, 500, pl. 100; Synop- sis, 1839, 77; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 135, pl. 123.—Nurrau, Man. Orn. « Twenty-four specimens. > Kighteen specimens. Specimens from different localities (breeding birds or those taken during or near breeding season only) average, respectively, as follows: Ex- Vena Locality. Wing.| Tail. posed | Tarsus.| a culmen. : MALES. Ten adult males from eastern Massachusetts (7. p. disseptus Ban eS Wane eee secs oes Be ee ee one Jaa see eee ts aes 51.8] 42.1 14.6} 20 12.4 Four adult males from coast of New Jersey.....--.----.----- 49.1 40 14.4 19.5 11.7 Ten adult males from District of Columbia........-.---...- 49.9 41,2 15 20.4 12.9 FEMALES. Six adult females from eastern Massachusetts ...---..------ 49.5 39.9 | 14.2 19.6 11.8 Five adult females from coast of New Jersey....-.---..-.-.-- 45.9 37 14.3 19ST 11.7 Seven adult females from District of Columbia..........--- 47.5 39.3 13.9} 19.7 11.5 The five adult females from New Jersey are in greatly worn plumage, which accounts for the lower measurements of their wing and tail. I am not able to perceive the minutest difference in coloration between Massachu- setts birds and those from the District of Columbia, the only difference, apparently, consisting in the slightly larger average dimensions of the former. ¢I have not seen specimens from Ontario, norefrom any locality in Ohio or northern Indiana; consequently I am unable to state whether this form or 7. p. iliacus inhabits the area in question. Most likely, however, it is the present one, the range of 7. p. iliacus probably not beginning until the prairie districts of western Indiana and Illinois are reached. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 491 U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 439; 2d ed., i; 1840, 496.—Brewer, Journ. Bost. Soe. N. H., 1837, 437.—Prazopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 316.—PutNnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 208.—Rernuarpr, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Gothaab, Greenland, 1 spec., May, 1823).—Nrwron, Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 98. Thryothorus palustris Bonararre, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 11.—BuRnerrT, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1851, 116.—Turnsutt, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 27 (Phila. ed., 20). Cistothorus ( Telmatodytes) palustris Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 364, part (Carlisle, Pennsylvania).—Covrs and Prentiss, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1861 (1862), 410 (District of Columbia).—ALten, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 83 (Massachusetts). Cistothorus (Telmatodytes) palustris palustris Banas, Auk, xix, Oct., 1902, 351 (crit.; diagnosis). Cistothorus palustris Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 268, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 147, part (Carlisle, Pennsylvania; District of Columbia; W hit- field Co., Georgia). —Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 22, part (New York).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 283 (vicinity of New York City ).— Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 260 (Massachusetts).—CovEs, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 278 (New England).—Maynarp, Nat. Guide, 1870, 98; Birds Florida, 1873, 42, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 9, fig. 6—Amertcan OrnirHotoaists’ Unrton, Check List, 1886, no. 725, part.—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, 1, 1889, 99, part (in synonymy; description).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 117, part (Tarpon Springs, Florida, Dec., Jan.).—Faxon, Auk, vii, 1890, 408 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Nov. and Dec., 1889, and Jan. and Mar., 1890).—Srone, Auk, ix, 1892, 204 (Cape May, New Jersey, Jan.).—Nenriinc, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 157, part.—Bisnop, Auk, xi, 1894, 80 (descr. nest and eggs, etc. ).—Moore, Auk, xv, 1898, 192 (Fairville, New Brunswick, 1 spec., Oct. 3, 1895).—BarLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.8., 1902, 450, part, plate. CListothorus] palustris Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 556, part. [Cistothorus palustris] var. palustris BArrD, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 161, part. Cistothorus palustris palustris BANGs, Auk, xix, Oct., 1902, 352 (range). Telmatodytes palustris Cours, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 108 (South Caro- lina); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxiii, 1871, 19 (Fort Macon, North Carolina, Noy.) ; Check List, 1873, no. 51, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 79, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 34, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 178, part.—BrewstTeEr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 22 (deser. young).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 67, part.—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 256 (Lake George, New York, breeding).—BicKNELL, Auk, i, 1884, 138 (song period). [ Telmatodytes] palustris Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 87, part. T[elmatodytes] palustris Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 279, part. Thryothorus arundineus (not Troglodytes arundinaceus Vieillot, 1807) VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 58 (based on Certhia palustris Wilson. ) Telmatodytes arundinaceus (not Troglodytes arundinaceus Vieillot) Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 78, footnote. Troglodytes arundinaceus (not of Vieillot) Remnnarpr, Vid. Med. Nat. Forh. for 1853 (1854), 81 (Greenland); Journ. fur Orn., 1854, 438 (Greenland). [Telmatodytes] arundinaceus Herne and Reicrenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 48. Cistothorus (Telmatodyles) palustris dissaéptus Bancs, Auk, xix, Oct., 1902, 352 (Wayland, Massachusetts; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). Cistothorus palustris dissaéptus Banas, Auk, xix, Oct., 1902, 352 (range). 492 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The following citations Iam unable to properly place, on account of the absence of specimens from the localities referred to. Probably they all pertain to 7. p. palustris: Troglodytes palustris READ, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 399 (Ohio). Cistothorus palustris WHEATON, Ohio Agric. Rep., 1860, 365 (Ohio).—McIiwraira, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 87 (Hamilton, Ontario); Birds Ontario, 1884, 397 (breeding throughout). Telmatodytes palustris WHEATON, Rep. Birds Ohio, 1879, 232. TELMATODYTES PALUSTRIS ILIACUS Ridgway. PRAIRIE MARSH WREN. Similar to 7. p. palustris, but slightly larger and with the coloration much more rufescent, the brown of upper parts russet-brown to cinnamon-brown or russet, the flanks conspicuously deep cinnamon- buff or cinnamon. Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-127.5 (116.1); wing, 49.5-56 (52.3); tail, 40.5-46.5 (43.6); exposed culmen, 13-15.5 (14.4); tarsus, 19.5-22 (20.6); middle toe, 11.5-13.5 (12.4). ¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 97.5-119.5 (109); wing, 46.5-53.5 (49.6); tail, 37-45.5 (40.2); exposed culmen, 13-15.5 (18.8); tarsus, 18-20.5 (19.3); middle toe, 11.5-12.5 (12.1).? « Fifteen specimens. b Twenty specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas compare in average measurements as follows: Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Middle culmen. oe MALES. Nine adult males from Indiana, Illinois, and North Dakota. . 51.4 42.1 14.4 20.8 12SS One adult male from Texas (Corpus Christi, March).......- 51 44 14 20.5 12.5 Six adult malesfrom Jalisco (Ocotlan, December) .....-...- 53. 1 44.6 14,2 20. 1 12.5 FEMALES. Four adult females from Illinois and North Dakota ....--.- 49.9 38. 2 14 19. 2 ippat Eight adult females from western Florida (Tarpon Springs, January; (March) S252 see tos estas oe cee eee eee eee 48.9 39.3 13.9 19.5 12 One adult female from South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, October): -.osh. Non Sesees saeie te wisi a ee ee SEE Se 46.5 39.5 14 19.5 12 Three adult females from Vera Cruz (Jalapa, April) ...-..-- 49.8 41 1se2 18.5 12 One adult female from Zacatecas (Valparaiso, December) .-| 48 39.5 14 19 12 Three adult females from Jalisco (Ocotlan, December) ...-- 52.3 44.7 UeE7/ 19.5 12.3 Although the specimens from Jalisco average decidedly more in length of wing and tail than those from eastern Mexico and the United States they are precisely the same in coloration. Possibly they are migrants from the extreme western (more elevated) portions of the Great Plains region, where the dimensions may increase to approximately those of the Rocky Mountain and Great Basin form (7. p. plesius) without being accompanied by any change in coloration. 7" BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 493 Great Plains and prairie districts of central United States and south- central British Provinces; north to Alberta (South Edmonton) and, probably, to Manitoba; east to Illinois and western Indiana (Knox County, April 30); southward in winter over greater part of Mexico (except northwestern portion) as far as Vera Cruz (Jalapa), Zacatecas (Valparaiso), and eastern Jalisco (Ocotlan, December), and along Gulf coast of United States to western Florida (Tarpon Springs, January to March; Lake Trafford,“ February), casually to South Carolina (Mount Pleasant,“ October 22), North Carolina (Raleigh,“ August 5), and Virginia (Arlington,? April 29). Troglodytes palustris (not Certhia palustris Wilson) Swainson and RicnHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 319 (Rocky Mts., 55th parallel N. lat.).—Avupvu- BON, Orn, Biog., i, 1831, 500, part; Synopsis, 1839, 77, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 135, part.—Nurraui, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 439, part; 2d ed., i, 1840, 496, part.—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 312 (Wis- consin).—Kernnicort, Trans. Ils. Agric. Soc., i, 1855, 583 (Illinois).—Trippr, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 115 (Iowa). (?) Troglodytes palustris Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 290 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); Ibis 1859, 8 (Guatemala). Cistothorus ( Telmatodytes) palustris Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 364, part (Nebraska; Texas). Cistothorus palustris Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 268, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 147, part (mouth of Big Sioux R.).—Haypen, Trans. Am. Philos. Soe., xii, 1863, 163 (Council Bluffs, lowa; Big Sioux R.).—BLaK1s- TON, Ibis, 1862, 5 (Saskatchewan); 1863, 67 (near Fort Carlton, Saskatche- wan ).—Seron, Auk, iii, 1886, 327 (Winnipeg and Waterhen rivers, w. Man- itoba; Saskatchewan).—AMERICAN OrnirHoLoacists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 725, part.—Cookk, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 274.—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 99, part (excl. synonymy, part, and descr. ).—THompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 630 (Manitoba, summer resident ).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 117, part (Tarpon Springs, Florida, Dec., Jan.).—CHApPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1891, 327 (Corpus Christi, Texas, Mar., Apr. ).— NeHRLING, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 157, part.—Nurrine, Bull. Labr. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 279 (Chemawawin, lower Saskatche- wan ).—Bai.ry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 450, part (Man- itoba; e. Mexico). ? Cistothorus palustris SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 172 (City of Mexico). Clistothorus] palustris Nevson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 97 (n. e. Ilinois).— Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 556, part. [ Cistothorus palustris] var. palustris Bairp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 161, part. { Telmatodytes] palustris Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 87, part. «These specimens are not quite typical, the brown of the upper parts being darker and the pileum more dusky than in western and Mexican specimens, as are also some of those in the Florida series. The bright, ‘‘foxy’’ coloring of the flanks, ete., at once serves to separate them from true 7. palustris, and they seem to be decidedly referable to the interior form rather than that of the Atlantic coast district. Proba- bly they are migrants from the eastern margin of the range of the subspecies, where the coloration may naturally be expected to incline more or less toward that of the coast type. 494 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Telmatodytes palustris Ripaway, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 200, in text (Richland Co., Illinois); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 67, part.—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 51, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 79, nee Birds N. W., 1874, 35, part; Birds Jol. Val., 1878, 178, part; Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv. en iv, 1878, 555 (Chief Mountain Lake, North Dakota).—Merrriuu (J. C.), pe w S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 122 (Fort Brown, Texas, Dec. ).—Roserts and Benngr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 13 (Grant Co., Minnesota, breeding).—AGeErspore, Auk, i 1885, 278 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding). T( elmatodytes| palustris Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 279, part. Cistothorus palustris plesius OBERHOLSER, Auk, xiv, Apr., 1897, 188, part (South Edmonton, Alberta; Fort Brown, Texas).—CHApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 23 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton Com- MITTEE, Auk, xvi, 1899, 125, part.—Baneas, Auk, xix, 1902, 352, part (Jalapa). CListothorus] palustris] plesius Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.&%., 1902, 451, part. ; Cistothorus (Telmatodytes) palustris dissaéptus Banas, Auk, xix, Oct., 1902, 352, part (southern Manitoba). Telmatodytes palustris iliacus Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 110 (Wheatland, Knox Co., Indiana; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. es TELMATODYTES PALUSTRIS PLESIUS (Oberholser). WESTERN MARSH WREN. Very similar in coloration of upper parts to 7. p. zliacus, but the brown averaging paler and decidedly less rufescent; upper tail-coverts usually more or less distinctly barred with dusky, and middle rectrices more distinctly barred; color of flanks, etc., conspicuously different, being pale wood brown, pale isabella color, or pale broccoli brown instead of bright buffy cinnamon or tawny-butf, the under tail-coverts usually more or less distinctly barred; wing and tail averaging decid- edly longer (especially the tail), culmen averaging slightly shorter. Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-187 (121.3); wing, 50-57 (54); tail, 45-50.5 (46.4); exposed culmen, 13.5-15 (14.2); tarsus, 18.5-21 (20.1); middle toe, 11.5-13 (12.2).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 108-134.5 (114.9); wing, 48.5-57 (52); tail, 40.5-49 (44.8); exposed culmen, 13-14.5 (13.5); tarsus, 18.5-20.5 (19.5); middle toe, 11-12.5 (11.8).¢ Rocky Mountain plateau district of United States and British Columbia; north to eastern and central British Columbia (Okonogan; Ashcroft; Ducks; Caribo Road); west to middle Washington and Oregon (east of Cascade range), northeastern California (Fort Crook; Tule Lake, Eagle Lake, etc.); east to Utah and New Mexico (probably also to Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana), accidentally (7) to western Oklahoma (Beaver River, October 10); during migration southward to Cape district of Lower California (Miraflores; San José del Cabo), Sonora (Senoyta; Santa Cruz River; San Bernardino River), Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Chihuahua (Lake Polomus; Chuchuichupa), northern Tamaulipas (Nuevo Laredo), and Genes) fos. (San Antonio). aTen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 495 Troglodytes palustris (not Certhia palustris Wilson) GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, 113 (Rocky Mts. ).—Newserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 80, part (Rhett Lake, e. Oregon).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (New Mexico). Telmatodytes palustris Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Covrs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 34, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 178, part.—Rimeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 180 (Colorado).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 88 (San Juan Co., Colorado). [ Telmatodytes] palustris Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 87, part. Cistothorus palustris Cours, Ibis, 1865, 164, in text (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 78 (Fort Whipple).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 75, part.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 175 (Ogden, Utah).— Merriam, Sixth Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 673 (Fort Hall, Idaho); North Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 100 (San Francisco Mt. plateau, Arizona); no. 5, 1891, 107 (Near Shoshone Falls and Fort Hall, Idaho ).— Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 165 (Tucson, Arizona).—ArrwaterR, Auk, ix, 1892, 345 (San Antonio, Texas, migrant). C[istothorus] palustris HENSHAW, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’sSurv., 1879, 288 (w. Nevada). Cistothorus stellaris (not Troglodytes stellaris Naumann) ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 166 (Ogden, Utah). Cistothorus palustris var. paludicola (not of Baird) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc., N. H., ii, 1874, 268 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—BenpireE, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. He xix, 1877, 113 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, resident). Cistothorus palustris . . . var. paludicola HENSHAW, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 185 (excl. syn. part); Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1877, 1308 (Washoe Lake, Nevada, numerous in winter). Cistothorus palustris, B. paludicola Rrpaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 425, part (localities in Nevada and Utah). Cistothorus paludicola SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 242, part (Seemass Prairie and w. side Rocky Mts., British Columbia, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon). C[istothorus] palustris paludicola RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 556, part. Cistothorus palustris paludicola MERRILL (J. C.), Auk, v. 1888, 362 (Fort Klamath, e, Oregon, breeding, a few wintering); xv, 1898, 20 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, autumn).—CHapman, Auk, v. 1888, 400, part. —AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 16, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 725a, part.—Fanniy, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 43 (e. side of Cascade Range.—Fisuer, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 136 (Death Valley, ete., s. e. California; Ash Meadows, ete., Neyada).—Cooxke, Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 37, 1897, 121 (Colorado; summer resident up to 8,000 ft.).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1900, 152 (interior British Columbia). Cistothorus ( Telmatodytes) palustris paludicola Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593, part. Telmatodytes palustris . . . var. paludicola Y arrow and HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 9 (Provo R., Utah, breeding ).—HeEnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spee. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 41 (Utah, resident), 74 (Fort Garland, Colo- rado, breeding; descr. nest), 101 (New Mexico; Arizona). Telmatodytes palustris paludicola Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 12, 14 (Truckee Valley, ete., Nevada; Utah); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 67a, part.—BReEwsTER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 227 (Fort Walla Walla, Washington ).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 80, part.—ALLen and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 155 (Fountain, Colorado). Telmatodytes palustris, B. paludicola Ripaway, Field and Forest, iii, May, 1877, 196 (Colorado). : 496 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. T[elmatodytes] p[alustris] paludicola ? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 279, part. Cistothorus palustris plesius OBERHOLSER, Auk, xiv, Apr., 1897, 188 (Fort Win- gate, New Mexico; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.).—AMErIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Commirrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 125 (check list no. 725¢).—Cooxr, Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 56, 1900, 222 (South Park, Colorado, breeding).— 3REWSTER, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 202 (San José del Cabo, Lower California, autumn; crit. panes ak xix, 1902, 352, part (range) .—GRrIn- NELL, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 70. C[istothorus] p{alustris] plesius Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 5., 1902, 451, part. TELMATODYTES PALUSTRIS PALUDICOLA (Baird). CALIFORNIA MARSH WREN, Most like 7. p. palustris, but tail-coverts usually barred (especially the upper), middle rectrices more distinctly barred, flanks, ete., deeper brown, bill smaller, and tail decidedly longer; agreeing with 7. p. plesius in barred tail-coverts, more ieee barred tail, and rela- tively longer tail, but decidedly smaller and with coloration decidedly darker. Adult male.—Length (skins), 104.5-124 (112.6); wing, 47.5-53.5 (50.7); tail, 41-47.5 (44.4); exposed culmen, 12-14.5 (13.4); tarsus, 19-21 (20); middle toe, 11.5-13 (12.4).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 109.5-117.5 (112); wing, 47-52.5 (49); tail, 40.5-47.5 (42.7); exposed culmen, 12.5-13.5 (18); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19); middle toe, 11.5-12.5 (12.3).? Pacific coast district, from western British Columbia (Chilliwack): southward during migration to Cape district of Lower California (San José del Cabo) and northwestern Sonora (mouth of Colorado River). Troglodytes ee (not Certhia palustris Wilson) GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1846, 113 (California).—HrrrMmann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., il, aeeot ae (Sacramento Valley, California); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 41 (California).—Newsrrry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., vi, 1857, 80, part (California). Cistothorus (Telmatodytes) palustris Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 364, part (Shoalwater Bay, Washington; Sacramento Valley and Fort Tejon, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 268, part. Cistothorus palustris Xanvus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California ).—Cooprr and Sucktey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 190 (vicinity of Puget Sound, Washington.).—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 22, part (California).—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 75, part.—Anruony, Auk, iii, 1886, 171 (Washington Co., Oregon, summer resident).—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoacists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 725, part. Certhia palustris (not of Wilson) Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolwich, iv, 1864, 117 (British Columbia) . [ Telmatodytes | eee Cours, Revd . Am. Bee 1872, 87, part. «Ten specimens. b Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 497 Telmatodytes palustris Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 51, part; Birds Northwest, 1874, 34, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 178, part. Cistothorus palustris, var. paludicola Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Sept., 1864, 148 (Shoalwater Bay, Washington; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). [Cistothorus palustris] var. paludicola Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 161, part. Cistothorus palustris . . . var. paludicola Hensuaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1876, 232, Fort Tejon, California). Cistothorus palustris paludicola Goovk, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 314.— CuHapman, Auk, v, 1888, 400, part.—Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 357 (Grays Harbor, Washington).—Oserruotser, Auk, xiy, 1897, 193 (synon- ymy; descr.; crit.).—GRINNELL, Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 49 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident).—Rarasun (S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 139 (Seattle, Washington, resident).—FisHer (W. K.), Condor, iy, 1902, 135 (Crescent City, California).—Brewstrer, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 201 (San José del Cabo, San José del Rancho, and Santiago, Lower Cali- fornia, autumn and winter).—Banas, Auk, xix, 1902, 352 (range). Clistothorus] palustris paludicola Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 556, part. Clistothorus] p[alustris] paludicola Battery (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 450. Cistothorus ( Telmatodytes) palustris paludicola Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593, part. Telmatodytes palustris paludicola Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 170, 215, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 67a, part.—Covurs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 80, part. Telmatodytes palustris . . . 2 paludicola Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 425, part (in‘synonymy). Telmatodytes palustris, 8 paludicola Betpine and Rirpaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 403 (Stockton and Marysville, California). T[elmatodytes] palustris] paludicola Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 279, part. TELMATODYTES PALUSTRIS MARIAN (Scott). MARIAN’S MARSH WREN, Similar to 7. p. palustris, but smaller, and coloration much darker; pileum usually entirely black or with black largely predominating; white streaks of interscapular region narrower, sometimes almost obliterated; brown of scapulars, rump, ete., darker,” the upper tail- coverts (sometimes the whole rump) usually barred with dusky; sides «Asin T. p. palustris and other conspecific forms (except, apparently, 7. p. griseus) there is great variation in the hue of the brown, which is grayer (deep broccoli brown, verging toward olive) insummer, usually deep mummy brown to chestnut- brown in winter, but this variation is not entirely dependent on season, some mid- winter specimens (the types, for example), although in fresh plumage, having the brown of the same olive or broccoli hue seen in worn midsummer specimens. In view of the great constancy in the hue of the brown in other forms, when specimens of corresponding season are compared, it is difficult to understand the very great variation in the present form, as at present understood. I very strongly suspect that in reality two forms are involved in the question, but until additional southern localities are represented by series of specimens taken during the breeding season, it is scarcely possible to settle the matter. 10384—voL 3—03——32 498 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and flanks more extensively, and usually darker, brown than in 7. p. palustris, the chest often strongly shaded pale brown or brownish buff; frequently the chest or sides (or both) are speckled with dusky, and sometimes the sides and flanks are barred with darker. brown; under tail-coverts distinctly, often broadly, barred with brown or dusky; mandible usually dusky for much the greater part of its length. Adult male.—Length (skins), 100-113 (106.9); wing, 47.5-52 (48.2); tail, 37-48 (39.1); exposed culmen, 14-15.5 (14.4); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.8); middle toe, 11-12 (11.6).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 96.5-114.5 (105.3); wing, 40-48.5 (44.7); tail, 34.42 (89.1); exposed culmen, 13-14 (13.5); tarsus, 17.5- 20.5 (18.7); middle toe, 10.5-12 (11.2).? South Atlantic coast of United States, from North Carolina (Pea Island, Gull Island Shoal,’ Roanoke Island,¢ Bogue Bank) to South Carolina) near Charleston) and western Florida (Tarpon Springs, November to February; Anclote, February to April). Cistothorus mariane Scorr, Auk, v, Apr., 1888, 188 (Tarpon Springs, s. w. Florida; coll. W. E. D. Scott@); vii, 1890, 117 (Tarpon Springs to Cedar Keys; habits) ; ix, 1892, 214 (Caloosahatchie R., winter).—CHapMAN, Auk, v, 1888, 400.— Wayne, Auk, viii, 1891, 239 (Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, 1 spec., Dec. 16); xvi, 1899, 361 (Mount Pleasant, Apr. 16; crit.).—BrewstTer, Auk, x, 1893, 215-219 (crit.).—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOoGISTS’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 725.1.—Bisnop, Auk, xviii, 1901, 268 (Pea Island, North Caro- lina, Feb. 8).—Banes, Auk, xix, 1902, 353 (range). C[istothorus] p[alustris] mariane Brewster, Auk, x, July, 1893, 218, 219 (crit.). Cistothorus palustris mariane Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 610. Cistothorus palustris griseus (not of Brewster) Pearson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 250 (Top- sail Inlet, near Beaufort, North Carolina, Aug. 2; Gull Island, Pimlico Sound, North Carolina, breeding. ) TELMATODYTES PALUSTRIS THRYOPHILUS Oberholser. LOUISIANA MARSH WREN, Similar to 7. p. mariane, but paler and still smaller; pileum always extensively brown medially, often mostly brown; brown of scapulars, rump, ete., lighter, sometimes approaching broccoli brown or drab; upper tail-coverts unbarred, or with bars very indistinct; under parts never (7) speckled, but chest more or less strongly tinged with brown- ish buff, and sides and flanks extensively brown. Differing from T. p. palustris in decidedly smaller size, duller brown of upper parts, and more extensively brown under parts. Adult male.—Length (skins), 106-110 (107.7); wing, 47-48 (47.4); tail, 40-41 (40.4); exposed culmen, 12.5-14 (18.1); tarsus, 20-20.5 (20.1); middle toe, 13-14 (13.6).¢ « Fourteen specimens. «Type now in coll. Am. Mus. N. H. bSeven specimens. é Four specimens. ¢ Breeding at these localities. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 499 Adult female.—Length (skins), 97-102 (99.5); wing, 43-47 (44.7); tail, 35-388 (86.5); exposed culmen, 12-13.5 (12.8); tarsus, 18.5-19 (18.7); middle toe, 13.4 Coast district of Louisiana and Texas (Sabine, September). Cistothorus palustris (not Certhia palustris Wilson) Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 42 (Louisiana; resident). Telmatodytes palustris thryophilus OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Noy. 12, 1903, 149 (Sabine, Texas, Sept. 3; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). TELMATODYTES PALUSTRIS GRISEUS (Brewster). WORTHINGTON’S MARSH WREN, Most like 7. p. mariane, but much paler and grayer, with black of upper parts greatly reduced in extent; brown of upper parts grayish olive to slightly brownish olive; pileum usually mostly olive, with lateral portions, only, dusky, this sometimes nearly obsolete; inter- scapular region largely, sometimes entirely, olive, the white streaks sometimes véry few in number and confined to extreme upper back; upper tail-coverts often plain olive, but usually with more or less distinct darker bars; sides and flanks light grayish olive or hair brown, with or without darker bars. Adult male.—Length (skins), 99.5-109 (106.5); wing, 45-48 (46.7); tail, 37-40 (38); exposed culmen, 13.5-15.5 (14.4); tarsus, 19-20.5 (20); middle toe, 11.5-13 (12).’ Adult female.—Length (skins), 94.5-104 (99.1); wing, 48-44 (43.5): tail, 33-36.5 (84.2); exposed culmen, 13.5-14 (13.6); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.7); middle toe, 10.5-11.5 (11).¢ South Atlantic coast of United States, from southern South Caro- lina (Mount Pleasant; “@ near Charleston) to northern Florida (Anastasia Island).? Cistothorus palustris mariane (not C. mariane Scott) Brewster, Auk, vy, Oct., 1888, 432 (Sapelo I., Georgia). Cistothorus mariane (not of Scott) Wayne, Auk, viii, 1891, 239 (Mount Pleasant, South Carolina)—Ripaway, Auk, viii, 1891, 240 (near Charleston, South Carolina). Cistothorus palustris griseus Brewster, Auk, x, July, 1893, 216 (Sapelo I., Georgia; coll. W. Brewster).—American OrnitHovocists’ Unton, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 725b.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 610.—Wayne, Auk, xvi, 1899, 361 (Mount Pleasant, South Carolina; crit. ). Cistothorus griseus BANGs, Auk, xix, 1902, 353 (range). « Three specimens. ¢ Four specimens. USix specimens. ¢ Breeding in these localities. 500 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus HELEODYTES Cabanis. Campylorhynchus (not Campylirhynchus Megerle, 1821) Sprx, Ay. Bras., i, 1824, 77. (Type, C. scolopaceus Spix, = Turdus variegatus Gmelin. ) Kampylorhynchus Sprx, Ay. Bras., i, 1824, pl. 79. ‘* Kampilorhynchus, Lesson.”’ Feleodytes ® CABANIs, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 80. (Type, Furnarius griseus Swainson. ) Buglodutes BoNapartr, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 57. (Type, Purnarins griseus Swainson. ) : (?) Odontorhynchus PELZELN, Orn. Bras., i, 1868, 67. (Type, O. cinereus Pelzeln. ) Medium sized to rather large Troglodytidee (wing 63-85 mm.), with the nostril of variable form (small, roundish, nonoperculate, beveled into anterior end of nasal fossa, the latter otherwise covered with naked integument, longitudinal and operculated, or variously interniediate) and with the tail nearly as long as wing. Bill nearly as long as head, stout, more or less, though never strongly, decurved terminally; exposed culmen longer than middle toe (without claw), straight at base, but soon gradually and gently decurved, more strongly so terminally; gonys decidedly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight, or sometimes almost inappreciably concave terminally; maxillary tomium decidedly but not strongly concave, without trace of subterminal notch; depth of bill at frontal antix about equal to its width at same point. Nostril variable; sometimes small, roundish, nonoperculate, beveled into anterior end of nasal fossa, bordered behind and at least partly above by membrane, which separates for a considerable distance (equal at least to the length of the nostril) the nostril from feathering of the latero-frontal anti; sometimes longitudinal, narrowly pyriform, overhung by a prominent operculum, and in contact posteriorly with latero-frontal feathering. Rictal bristles obvious, though only one or two are well developed. Wing moderate or rather short, much rounded; seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest, the eighth and fourth but little shorter; ninth about as long as seconda- ries, less than twice as long as tenth. Tail nearly as long as wing, decidedly rounded, the rectrices with tip broadly rounded. Tarsus decidedly longer than exposed culmen, less than two-fifths as long as wing, stout, the acrotarsium very distinctly scutellate, the planta tarsi with both extremities scutellate, the heel joint also with distinct scu- tella; middle toe (without claw) about two-thirds as long as tarsus; lateral toes short, of nearly equal length, the inner (without claw) reaching to, the outer slightly beyond, middle (subterminal) joint of middle toe; hallux (without claw) slightly longer than outer toe (without claw), much stouter than anterior toes, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit; claws without lateral grooves; basal phalanx aéXo06, TO, Wiese, Bruch.”’ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5O] of middle toe coherent to outer toe for most of its length, to inner toe for nearly as much. Coloration.—A broad superciliary stripe of white or pale buffy, with a black or brown stripe below it on side of head; sides of head below this black or brown stripe and under parts white or buffy, with or without dusky spots or bars; upper parts brown, usually much variegated; whole head sometimes white; tail usually more or less banded. Nidification (at least of some species).—Nest very bulky, placed in thorny bushes (especially cacti), more or less flask shaped (the entrance at one end), composed of dried grasses, twigs, ete., lined with softer materials; eggs, 4-7, whitish or buffy, more or less speckled with reddish brown. PRange.— Southwestern United States to Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF HELEODYTES. a. Pileum and hindneck white; rest of upper parts uniform sooty brown. (Isthmus Rae CORLL teat ee aye ee ee ean ee ata ne Heleodytes albobrunneus (p. 503) aa, Pileum and hindneck not white; rest of upper parts more or less variegated, especially the wings, which are conspicuously banded. b. Under parts wholly immaculate white or buffy white. c. Larger (wing 86, tail 76, tarsus 29); middle rectrices barred with black and chestnut. (State of Chiapas, southwestern Mexico. ) Heleodytes chiapensis (p. 504) ec. Smaller (wing less than 80, tail less than 75, tarsus less than 28); middle rectrices plain black, or black barred or mottled with brownish gray. (Heleodytes capistratus. ) d. Middle rectrices barred with brownish gray. (Guatemala to Costa Rica. ) Heleodytes capistratus capistratus (p. 504) dd. Middle rectrices plain black, except at tips. (State of Chiapas, south- western Mexico.) ..-.-.--- Heleodytes capistratus nigricaudatus (p. 506) bb. Under parts not immaculate white; if immaculate the color not white, but dull fulyous. e. Hindneck plain rusty brown or cinnamon; under parts plain whitish, only the under tail-coverts conspicuously marked (spotted or barred) with dusky, the remaining portions immaculate or inconspicuously speckled. d. Pileam uniform black; postocular stripe black; under parts more or less distinetly speckled. (Southeastern Mexico. ) Heleodytes rufinucha, adults (p. 507) dd. Feathers of pileum margined with brown; postocular stripe brown; under parts (except under tail-coverts usually immaculate, never distinctly speckled). (Southwestern Mexico. ).-Heleodytes humilis, adults (p. 508) ee. Hindneck not rusty brown or cinnamon, but more or less distinctly streaked with dusky and whitish. d. Pileum uniform dull black. e. Under parts wholly immaculate; a broad postocular stripe of black; black bars on lateral rectrices much narrower than pale cinnamon or cinna- mon-whitish interspaces......------ Heleodytes gularis, young (p. 527) ee. Under parts not wholly immaculate; a narrow postocular streak of blackish; black bars on lateral rectrices not narrower than pale cinna- mon or grayish buffy interspaces. jf. Breast, etc., conspicuously spotted with dusky. Heleodytes jocosus, young (p. 525) bo BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. i. Breast not spotted. g. Posterior under parts dull fulvous, unbarred; chest more or less mottled or clouded with dusky.-Heleodytes zonatus, young (p. 510) gg. Posterior under parts pale dull buffy, broadly barred with dusky; chest immaculate........Heleodytes megalopterus, young (p. 514) dd. Pileam brown or gray, the feathers with more or less distinct dusky centers. e. Back banded or broadly barred with black and dull white or pale fulvous. jf. Posterior under parts tawny-buff or tawny-ochraceous. (Heleodytes zonatus, adults. ) g. Posterior under parts little, if at all, spotted or barred with black, usually immaculate (except under tail-coverts). h. Larger; adult male averaging, wing 83.1, tail 86.2, tarsus 26.3; adult female, wing 80.7, tail 82.9, tarsus 25.9. (Southeastern Mexico to HMondurash)\ sesso Heleodytes zonatus zonatus, adults (p. 510) hh. Smaller; adult male averaging, wing 76, tail 72.2, tarsus 23.7; adult female, wing 69.5, tail 64.8, tarsus 21.8. (Costa Rica. ) Heleodytes zonatus costaricensis, adults (p. 512) gg. Posterior under parts conspicuously banded or spotted with black. (State of Tabasco, and adjoining parts of Oaxaca, southeastern Mexico; northeastern Gautemala. Heleodytes zonatus restrictus, adults (p. 512) jf. Posterior under parts dull whitish, like anterior portions. g. Larger, darker, and less tinged with brown; bands on back, etc., nearly pure white; spots on under parts nearly black; adult male averaging, wing 91.4, tail 84.5, exposed culmen 22.2, tarsus 27.5; adult female, wing 85.9, tail 78.9, exposed culmen 18.7, tarsus 26.7. (Southwestern portion of Mexican plateau. ) Heleodytes megalopterus, adults (p. 513) gg. Smaller, paler, and more brownish; bands on back, ete., dull brown- ish white or pale brownish buff; spots on under parts grayish brown; adult male averaging, wing 88.6, tail 75.6, tarsus 27.3; adult female, wing 86.5, tail 75.5. (Southeastern portion of Mexican iplateau. jis. s.se5 Sese Heleodytes nelsoni, adults (p. 514) ce. Back streaked or spotted with whitish, the marking always more or less longitudinal, never regularly transverse. f. Throat streaked or spotted with blackish; back streaked or striped with white, the white streaks margined on each side by black. g. Pileum grayish brown or brownish gray (centers of feathers dis- tinetly dusky); under tail-coverts and flanks barred with black. (Yucatan .)) 222s eee Heleodytes guttatus, adults (p. 516) gg. Pileum sepia to chestnut-brown, the centers of feathers indistinctly dusky; flanks and under tail-coverts with roundish or cordate spots of blackish. (Heleodytes brunneicapillus. ) h. Tail more extensively banded, the lateral rectrices usually with white bands on whole of inner web; brown of pileum more rufescent; back usually broadly and conspicuously streaked with white. i. Posterior under parts deep cinnamon-buff; bill and feet smaller (adult male averaging, wing 84.3, tail 78.9, exposed culmen , 21.4, tarsus 27.5; adult female, wing 80.3, tail 75.4, exposed culmen 20.1, tarsus 26.3). (Southern Sonora. ) Heleodytes brunneicapillus brunneicapillus (p. 517) ii. Posterior under parts faintly tinged with buff; bill and feet larger. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 5038 j. Darker, with under parts more densely spotted and black streaks on back broader; adult male averaging, wing 84, tail 78, exposed culmen 23.2, tarsus 28.5. (Pacific coast, from San Diego County, California, to San Quentin, Lower California. ) Heleodytes brunneicapillus bryanti (p. 519) jj. Paler, with under parts less densely spotted and black streaks on back narrower; adult male averaging, wing 85.3, tail 77.5, exposed culmen 23.5, tarsus 29. (Cape district of Lower California.) 2--..- Heleodytes brunneicapillus affinis (p. 520) hh. Tail less banded, the inner web of lateral rectrices marked with white only toward ends, or very rarely barred for greater part of its length; brown of pileum duller (usually more nearly sepia than chestnut); back more irregularly and less conspicuously streaked. i. Smaller (adult male averaging, wing 85.1, tail 76.4, exposed cul- men 19.5, tarsus 27.2; adult female, wing 80.3, tail 74.1, exposed culmen 22.2, tarsus 26.1). (Central portion of Mexican plateau. ) Heleodytes brunneicapillus obscurus (p. 521) ii. Larger (adult male averaging, wing 86.7, tail 80.7, exposed cul- men 23.3, tarsus 28.3; adult female, wing 83.3, tail 78.7, exposed culmen 22.1, tarsus 27.6). (Northern portion of Mexican plateau and contiguous portion of United States, from Texas to southern California, southern Nevada, and southern italy?) es ane Heleodytes brenneicapillus couesi (p. 522 Jf. Throat immaculate white; back variegated with small guttate, tri- angular, or diamond-shaped spots of whitish and larger, more or less transverse, spots of black. g. Pileum dusky, the feathers narrowly margined with grayish brown; postocular stripe dusky; posterior under parts whitish, the under tail-coverts broadly barred with black; inner web of lateral rectrix mostly plain dusky. (Southeastern Mexico.) Heleodytes jocosus, adults (p. 524) gg. Pileum brown (mummy brown to dull seal brown), the feathers dusky centrally; postocular stripe brown; posterior under parts cinnamon-buff, the under tail-coverts without black bars (rarely with a few small black spots). (West-central Mexico, north to southern; Ohubiahuas)) sees asses aera Heleodytes gularis (p. 526) HELEODYTES ALBOBRUNNEUS Lawrence. WHITE-HEADED CACTUS WREN, Adult male.—Head, neck, and under parts, including axillars and under wing-coverts, immaculate white, the axillars and under wing- coverts sometimes clouded or indistinctly streaked with light grayish brown; outer side of thighs partly grayish brown; under tail-coyerts brownish white or pale brownish buff, more or less spotted, streaked, or clouded with grayish brown; upper parts (except pileum and hind- neck) uniform sooty brown (deep sepia); bill horn color, with paler tomia; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 175-190 (183.8); wing, 79-88 (83.7); tail, 72-84 (77.4); exposed culmen, 19-23 (20.6); tarsus, 25-26.5 (25.5); middle toe, 15.5-17.5 (16.7).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but pileum and hindneck @Six specimens, 504 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (or the former only) more or less streaked or clouded with light gray- ish brown; length (skins), 165-191 (178); wing, 78-85.5 (81.7); tail, 76-80 (78); exposed culmen, 21-21.5 (21.2); tarsus, 25; middle toe, 16-17 (16.5).¢ : Isthmus of Panama (Panama; El Real, Darien; Loma del Leon; San Pablo; Frijole Station), north to Veragua. Heleodytes albo-brunneus LAwRENcE, Ibis, Ist ser., iv, Jan., 1862, 10 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence). Heleodytes albobrunneus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 470 (Lion Hill).— Sciarer and Sanvry, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 344 (San Pablo, Panama Rees): [ Campylorhynchus] albobrunneus ScuaTER and Saryry, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 5, Campylorhynchus albibrunneus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 98 (Frijole Sta- tion, Panama R. R.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1880, 63 (Veragua; Frijole, Lion Hill, and San Pablo stations).—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 188. [ Donacobius] albobrunneus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 195, no. 2632. HELEODYTES CHIAPENSIS (Salvin and Godman). CHIAPAS CACTUS WREN, Apparently similar to /7, capistratus but larger, and with the four middle rectrices barred with black and chestnut. Adults.—Above chestnut, the pileum, hindneck, ana postocular stripe black; wings blackish, outwardly chestnut, lightly barred with black; elongated superciliary stripe and under parts of body white, the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts pale isabella color; under wing-coverts white; tail black, with a subterminal band of white, diminishing in width toward middle rectrices; four middle rectrices externally chest- nut, barred with black to the base; maxilla black, mandible pale, feet plumbeous; length, 195; wing, 86; tail, 76; bill to rictus, 35.5; tarsus, 29-° State of Chiapas, southern Mexico (Tonala). Messrs. Salvin and Godman compare this species with //. griseus and H. bicolor, of South America, and state that ‘‘from C. capistratus . . . the new bird is so different that comparison is unnecessary.” It is unfortunate they did not state in just what particulars of coloration it differs from the last-named species. Campylorhynchus chiapensis Satvin and GopMAN, Ibis, 6th ser., ili, Oct., 1891, 609 (Tonala, Chiapas, s. w. Mexico; coll. Salvin and Godman). HELEODYTES CAPISTRATUS CAPISTRATUS (Lesson). HOODED CACTUS WREN, Adults in summer.—Pileum uniform black; hindneck plain chestnut or dark cinnamon-rufous, becoming darker on nape, where adjoining black of pileum; back and scapulars dull chestnut or cinnamon-rufous, « Two specimens. > Free translation of the original description, in Latin, with measurements con- verted into millimeters. Hy PIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5O5 more or less variegated with irregular spots of blackish and streaks of whitish or pale rusty; rump dull cinnamon-rufous or cinnamon-browrf, streaked with whitish, the whitish streaks margined laterally with black; upper tail-coverts broadly barred with black, pale rusty, and whitish; tail black, the middle rectrices barred with light brownish gray, the others extensively white terminally (white broadest on lat- eral pair), the white terminal area on each rectrix clouded or irregu- ae spotted at terminal margin with brownish gray and dusky, the outermost rectrix with outer web broadly barred with white; wings black, broadly barred with pale rusty or cinnamon, the rusty color prevailing on tertials (except in very worn plumage), the spots on outer webs of primaries inclining to pale buff or (in worn and faded plumage) buffy white; a broad superciliary stripe of buffy white or pale buff; lores and a broad postocular stripe black; sides of head (below black loral and postocular stripe) and entire under parts, including un- der wing-coverts, pale buff or buffy white, deeper or more pronouncedly buff on flanks and under tail-coverts; outer posterior portion of thighs tinged or mottled with brown; maxilla black or dusky; mandible horn color, becoming paler on lower portion; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins). Adults in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but colors deeper, back uniform dull chestnut or cinnamon-chestnut, and upper tail-coverts more indistinctly barred. Young.—Similar to adults, but back conspicuously spotted (irregu- larly) with black and brownish buff, and posterior under parts not more pronouncedly buffy than other portions. Adult male.—Length (skins), 155-188 (170.3); wing, 72-79 (76.2); tail, 64-74 (67.9); expesed culmen, 20-25 (22.1); tarsus, 26—27.5 (26.2); middle toe, 16-18 (17.3).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 155-165 (162.3); wing, 68.5—75 (71.4); tail, 59-65 (60.9); exposed culmen, 20-22 (21); tarsus, 22-26 (28.8); middle toe, 15.5-18 (16.6).? a Nine specimens. »b Seven specimens. Specimens from different localities average, respectively, as follows: | | Ex- Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ease culmen. | ‘ Pay ra i ee MALES. | s j Three adult males from Honduras (San Pedro Sula)....---- 76 65.3 22 26 17 | | Three adult males from Nicaragua......-..---------.------- 76 70.7 | 22.3 26.5 Lie Three adult males from Costa Rica .................-------- | 76.7 67.7 | 22 26 17.7 FEMALES. Three adult females from Honduras (San Pedro Sula)...--- | 71.6 60.3 Tel ane 17 One adult female from Nicaragua................----------- 73 65 20 | «26 18 a Three adult females from Costa Rica............-.---------- 70.5 60 | 22.5 23.8 15. 506 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Guatemala (Savana Grande; Escuintla; Plain of Zacapa; Chuacus; frapiche Grande; Naranjo; Retalhuleu) through Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua to Costa Rica (Punta Arenas; San Mateo; Tarcoles; Bebedero; La Palma de Nicoya; Trojas; Volcan de Miravalles). Picolaptes capistrata Lesson, Rey. Zool., v, 1842, 174 (Realejo, Nicaragua).—Drs Mors, Icon., Orn., 1845-49, pl. 63. Clampylorhynchus] capistratus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 159.—Scuarer, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 264.—Satvin and Gopmav, Ibis, 1889, 335, in text (crit. ). Campylorhynchus capistratus ScuaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 17, part (Honduras; Escuintla, Guatemala).—ScuiaTEer and Sanyin, Ibis, 1859, 8 (Belize, British Honduras); Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).— Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 317 (Honduras, Pacific side).—Bartrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 104 (Savana Grande, Guatemala; Punta Arenas, Costa Rica).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1862, 92 (San Mateo, Costa Rica).— Boucarp, Ois. Guat., 1878, 29.—Satnvin, Ibis, 1866, 202 (Guatemala); Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 75 (Guatemala).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1880, 64 (Plain of Zacapa, Chuacus, Trapiche Grande, Savana Grande, Escuintla, Naranjo and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Acajutla and La Union, Salvador; Belize, British Honduras; San Pedro, etc., Honduras; Realejo and San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; Punta Arenas, San Mateo, and Bebedero, Costa Rica).—SHArprE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 191 (Guatemala; Realejo, Nicaragua; Costa Rica).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 389 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; crit.) ; vi, 1883, 381 (Sucuya, Nicara- gua; crit. ); xi, 1888, 538 (Costa Rica; crit.).—ZrLEpoN, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3; Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 (Tarcoles and San Mateo, Costa Rica).—Nurrine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 389 (La Palma, Costa Rica; habits; song); vi, 1883, 373 (San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; habits, song, etc.), 381 (Sucuy4; habits, etc. ).—CHERRIE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 518 (San Mateo and Tro- jas, Costa Rica; crit. ).—Unprrwoop, Ibis, 1896, 433 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).—Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 224 (Naranjo, Guatemala). [Campylorhynchus] capistratus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 192, no. 2641.—ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 5. Heleodytes capistratus CABANIs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 409, part (Costa Rica). Campylorhynchus rufinucha (not of Lafresnaye) SAtvin, Ibis, 1866, 191 (Chuacus, Montagua Valley, Guatemala). Campylorhynchus castaneus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 32, Aug. 6, 1888, 507 (Honduras; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). s HELEODYTES CAPISTRATUS NIGRICAUDATUS Nelson. BLACK-TAILED CACTUS WREN,. Similar to /Z. ¢. capistratus, but chestnut of upper parts darker (quite uniform over whole back, scapulars, and upper rump in speci- mens taken during February and March) and exposed portion of middle pair of rectrices plain black, except terminal portion.“ «Very rarely (in two out of eleven specimens) there are very faint indications of the brown bands always present in H. c. capistratus. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 507 ); wing, 73-77 (75.8); ); tarsus, 25-27 (26); Adult male.—Length (skins), 161-190 (177.1 tail, 63-71 (68); exposed culmen, 22-24 (22.9 middle toe, 16-18 (17).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 165-172 (167.4); wing, 70-72 (71.2); tail, 63-65 (64); exposed culmen, 20-22 (21); tarsus, 25; middle toe, 16.” Pacific coast of Chiapas (Huehuetan; San Benito), *‘ and thence into adjacent parts of Guatemala.” ¢ Heleodytes capistratus nigricaudatus Netson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 70 (San Benito, Chiapas, s. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. ). HELEODYTES RUFINUCHA (Lafresnaye). RUFOUS-NAPED CACTUS WREN, Somewhat like summer adults of /Z. capzstratus, but smaller, the back much less reddish brown, and always conspiciously variegated; superciliary stripe and under parts less buffy white; under parts always more or less speckled or flecked with dusky (at least on sides and flanks), and under tail-coverts barred with black. Adults (sexes alike). —Pileum uniform black, the occiput sometimes tinged with brown; hindneck mummy brown or dark russet; back, scapulars, and rump brown (varying from prouts brown to broccoli brown or drab), conspicuously variegated with white streaks (these narrower and linear on rump, broader, occasionaly spot-like, on back and scapulars), the white streaks margined laterally with black; upper tail-coverts brown (slightly paler than rump) more or less distinctly barred with black or dusky; two middle rectrices pale grayish brown, more or less distinctly barred with black, the black bars interrupted medially; rest of tail dull black, broadly tipped with white, this pass- ing into pale grayish brown terminally; outer webs of rectrices broadly barred or transversely spotted with white (this sometimes tinged with pale grayish brown); wings blackish, conspicuously banded and spotted with pale grayish brown and whitish, the spots on outer webs of primaries, primary coyerts, and alula, decidedly white or whitish; a broad superciliary stripe of white; a broad postocular stripe of black; lores grayish; sides of head (below lores and black postocular stripe) and under parts dull white, the flanks and anal region tinged with pale buffy grayish brown; under parts, except chin and throat, more or less speckled or flecked with dusky; “ under tail-coverts barred (usually irregularly) with black; bill black or dusky, the mandible paler basally, especially on under side; iris red; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins). ; @Six specimens. » Five specimens. ¢ Nelson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 70. @ There is usually a more or less distinct trace of a black submalar streak; occa- sionally this is quite distinct. é Dr. C. Sartorius, manuscript. 508 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young.—KEssentially like adults, but upper parts duller in color, with lighter markings less conspicuous; black of pileum duller, more slaty ; back, scapulars, and rump mixed dusky and dull brown, the streaks dull brownish buff (indistinct on rump); wing-bands buffy brown or cinnamon-brown; tail-coverts very indistinctly barred; superciliary stripe pale buffy. Adult male.—Length (skins), 164-174 (166.4); wing, 70-77 (73.7); tail, 64-70 (67); exposed culmen, 20-23 (22.2); tarsus, 24-26.5 (24.9); middle toe, 17-18 (17.4).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 148-160 (156.3); wing, 67-69 (67.9); tail, 58-65 (61.3); exposed culmen, 20.5—21 (20.9); tarsus, 22-93 (22.9); middle toe, 16-16.5 (16.1).? Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Mirador; Jalapa; Car- rizal; Antigua; Paso del Toro; Chichicaxtla), Puebla (Rinconada), and Oaxaca (Juquila; Playa Vicente). Campylorhynchus rufinucha LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., viii, 1845, 339 (Mexico).— Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 105, part (Mirador, Vera Cruz).—SAtyvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1889, 234 (Vera Cruz, Vera Cruz; crit.).—Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 224 (Rinconada, Puebla). [ Campylorhynchus] rufinucha Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 192, no. 2645.—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 5. Picolaptes rufinucha Lesson, Descr. Mamm. et Ois., 1847, 285 (Vera Cruz). Campylorhynchus capistratus (not Picolaptes capistrata Lesson) ScuaTEr, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 371 (Juquila and Playa Vicente, Oaxaca).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 64, part (Mexican localities).—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 191, part. HELEODYTES HUMILIS (Sclater). SCLATER’S CACTUS WREN. Similar to //. rufinucha, but smaller; chestnut of hindneck more extended, invading the pileum (sometimes covering whole pileum), the latter never black, but with center of feathers dusky,’ postocular stripe chestnut-brown instead of black; middle rectrices more broadly and conspicuously barred with dusky, and under parts usually immaculate.@ a Nine specimens. > Seven specimens. ¢ In fresh autumnal and winter plumage the chestnut margins to the feathers of the pileum are broader, greatly reducing (sometimes almost concealing) the dusky centers; in midsummer they become worn away, the pileum then being dusky or blackish, but always showing more or less distinct chestnut or rusty-brown margins to the feathers. @ Occasional specimens show more or less speckling on sides and flanks, or on the latter alone. In H. rufinucha the amount of speckling on the under parts is exceed- ingly variable, sometimes but little greater than in certain specimens of H. humilis. One specimen of HH. humilis, from El Limon, Guerrero, has the breast distinctly speckled. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 509 Adult male.—Length (skins), 142-167 (155.2); wing, 64-70 (67.4); tail, 53.5-63 (58); exposed culmen, 17.5-21.5 (19.8); tarsus, 21-24 (22.7); middle toe, 14.5-17 (15.8).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 137-159 (146); wing, 60-66 (62 a tail, 50-60 (54.3); exposed culmen, 17-20 (18.3); tarsus, 20-23.5 (21.8 middle toe, 14-16 (14.9).? Southwestern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Tehuantepec; Santa Efi- genia; Juchitan), Guerrero (Acapulco; Papayo; Rio Balsas; Mexcala; El Limon; El Rincon; Dos Caminos, Apipiluluca; Acahuitzotla), Michoacan (La Salada), and Colima (Rio de la Armeria). Campylorhynchus humilis Scuarer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 263 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). aa Review Am. Birds, 1864, 107, part (Colima, ‘‘Orizaba,’’ Vera Cruz).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 545 (Juchitan, Tehuantepec).—LawReEnce, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 267 (Mazatlan; Colima).—Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 13 (Santa Efigenia and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca).—Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 65 (San Juan del Rio, etc.).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 192. [Campylorhynchus] humilis Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 5 Heleodytes humilis rufus Netson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 69 (Acahuitzotla, Guerrero; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). « Twenty-four specimens. > Seventeen specimens. Specimens from different localities compare in average measurements as follows: “Ex- . Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed |Tarsus. para ‘culmen. | oe MALES. | Seven adult males from Oaxaca (Tehuantepee and Santa HEP CVIG) | Svc tac neaensececes cee ss ccs cee ce scssaesseeceeenses 67.8 59. 1 19.6 23. 4 15.9 Nine adult males from Guerrero (Acapulco, Papayo, etc)... 67 56.8 19.7 22.2 15.9 Five adult males from type locality of H. humilis rufus INGISOUMS: sees wieesieseis we cccaciteisis ctaon vieaeostiecicceeds cece secs 68.6 57.8 20.3 22.6 | 16.2 Three adult males from Michoacan (Rio Salada)........... 66.2 59 19.5 23 15 FEMALES, Four adult females from Oaxaca (Tehuantepee and Santa POMP CHIN) omctyeste fasts oo moe ee arouse esoGarsteeeecde woe 63.5 55. 2 17.9 22.6 14.9 Nine adult females from Guerrero (Acapulco, ete)........-- 62.4 53.8 18a al) Dae 15.1 Three adult females from type locality of H. humilis rufus | | ING GOK ters tom are eric accicccteniee a cceeentesteimaa see aaasts 63.7 55 19.3 22.2 15 One adult female from Michoacan (Rio Salada) ........-..-- 62.9 54.3 18.3 1.8 14.9 I am not able to discern any difference of coloration, except that those from Oaxaca seem to be very slightly paler than the others. The difference is so very slight, however, that I would not separate them on this character alone. The type of H. humilis rufus Nelson is in very fresh plumage, and is more uniform in the coloration of the upper parts than any other among the fifty-one specimens examined; but the seven other specimens from the same locality are quite indistin- guishable from those from other parts of Guerrero, Michoacan, and Colima. my) BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. HELEODYTES ZONATUS ZONATUS (Lesson). BANDED CACTUS WREN. Adults (sexes alike).—Feathers of pileum black centrally, broadly margined with pale brownish gray (smoke gray to buffy drab-gray), producing a more or less distinctly squamate appearance; hindneck broadly streaked with black and buffy white or very pale buff; back and scapulars broadly barred or banded with black and buffy white or pale tawny-buff, sometimes strongly suffused with the latter; rump and upper tail-coverts more or less pronouncedly tawny, more or less distinetly barred with black or dusky; middle rectrices pale grayish brown, with more or less distinct indications of black or dusky broad spots along or near margin, sometimes distinctly (though not continu- ously) banded, rarely immaculate; remaining rectrices black, their outer webs with distinct broad spots of paie grayish buff, or dull whitish, forming regular bands across the tail (interrupted by middle rectrices), their inner webs with corresponding spots, decreasing in size and distinctness toward the middle rectrices; wings black, nar- rowly banded with white or buffy, the black interspaces at least twice as wide as the whitish or buffy bands; a superciliary stripe of white or buffy white; a more or less distinct narrow postocular streak of dusky, or a broader one of light grayish brown streaked with black; suborbital, auricular, and malar regions white, the last narrowly streaked with black, the rest (especially malar region) usually with narrow squamate markings of the same; chin, throat, chest, and breast white, passing into dull tawny-ochraceous on abdomen, sides, flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts; throat, chest, and breast marked with rounded, ovate, cordate, or broadly guttate spots of black, the remaining (tawny) under parts usually immaculate, but occasionally with a few black spots or other markings on flanks, abdomen, or under tail-coverts; maxilla blackish or dusky horn color, with paler tomia; mandible dull buffy whitish or very pale buffy brownish (in dried skins); iris brown,” cinnamon-red,’ or gray; ¢ legs and feet pale yellowish horn color (in fad skins). Young.—Very different from adults; pileum uniform black; back and scapulars dull black marked with streaks or broad guttate spots of light brown (raw umber to wood brown), the rump and upper tail- coverts uniformly of the latter color; wings and tail as in adults but. the paler bands light brown or cinnamon instead of whitish; super- ciliary stripe dull brownish buff or pale isabella color; a black post- ocular streak; sides of head below eye and postocular streak, chin, throat, and chest, dull brownish white, sometimes mottled with sooty grayish; rest of under parts plain dull light cinnamon. «Dr. C. Sartorius, manuscript. % Prof. F. Sumichrast. ¢Rey. H. Th. Heyde, manuscript. a eS ee ee UL lll BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. BE Adult male.—Length (skin), 188-201 (195.6); wing, 80-89 (83.1); tail, 81-92 (86.2); exposed culmen, 20-22.5 (21.4); tarsus, 25-28 (26.3); middle toe, 17-19 (17.8).¢ Adult female.— Length (skins), 172-198 (188.1); wing, 75-85 (80.7); tail, 79-86 (82.9); exposed culmen, 19.5-23 (20.7); tarsus, 25-26.5 (25.9); middle toe, 16-18 (17.1).” Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova; Mirador; Jalapa; Motzorongo; Orizaba; Papantla; San Andres Tuxtla; Paso Nuevo; Misantla), Puebla (Mazatiopam; Metlaltoyuca; Rinconada), Oaxaca (Playa Vicente), and Chiapas (San Cristobal; San Vicente), and southward over parts of Guatemala (Duefias; Choctum; Alote- peque; Volcan de Fuego; Tactic) to Honduras.’ Picolaptes zonatus Lesson, Cent. Zool., Jan., 1831, 210, pl. 70 (‘*California’’).— LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., 1846, 94. C[ampylorhynchus] zonatus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 159.—Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 80 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1889, 235, in text (Misantla, Vera Cruz). [Campylorhynchus] zonatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 223.—Gray, Hand- list, i, 1869, 192, no. 2636.—ScLareR and Sarvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 5. Campylorhynchus zonaltus Scuater, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vili, 1856, 264 (Vera Cruz, Mexico); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 290 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 363 (Cordova) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 17 (Guatemala; Mexico) .— Savin and Scuarer, Ibis, 1860, 29 (Duefias, Guatemala; habits, descr. nest).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 104 (Mirador, Vera Cruz; Alotepeque and Choctum, Guatemala).—SumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 545 (hot and temp. regions, Vera Cruz).—Bovucarp, Ois. Rec. Guat., 1878, «Ten specimens from States of Vera Cruz and Puebla. Although a fairly large series of specimens from Guatemala have been examined, only one specimen in the lot has the sex determined; this, together with examples from several other localities, compares in measurements with the series of twenty specimens from Vera Cruz and Puebla (one male and two females only from the latter State), as follows: Ex- . Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. aagis culmen. ; MALES. | Ten adult males from Vera Cruz (9) and Puebla (1)-.--..--- | ss1| 86.2 21.4 26.3 17.8 One adult male from Chiapas (San Cristobal) -.....--------- 88 90 | oe a eo 18 One adult male from Guatemala (Togahay, Quiché) -..-.--- 73 100 Noses cen 26 16 Two adult males (J. =. costaricensis) from Costa Rica...--. 77 73.5 21.5 24 17.5 FEMALES. Ten adult females from Vera Cruz (8) and Puebla (2) ---..-- 80.7 82.9 20.7 25.9 17.1 One adult female from Chiapas (San Vicente).......-.---.-) Tete al rien 22 27 17 Three adult females (//. z. costaricensis) from Costa Rica...) 69.5) 64.8 19 21.8 15.3 Although the particular Guatemalan specimen measured is smaller even than specimens from Costa Rica (it is probably a female and not a male), I am not able to discover any differences of color between the rather large Guatemalan series and the still larger one from Mexico. » According to Count von Berlepsch, Auk, v, 1888, 449. rie BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 29.—SatviIn and GopmaAn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 68, part (Mex- ican and Guatemalan localities and references).—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 195, part.—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 75 (Guate- mala).—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 135 (Mazatiopam, Puebla; Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 22 (Jalapa; habits; song).—Lanrz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 224 (Rinconada, Puebla). Campylorhynchus nigriceps SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 461 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 18 (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz).—Bartrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 109. [Campylorhynchus] nigriceps Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 193, no. 2654. HELEODYTES ZONATUS COSTARICENSIS (Berlepsch). COSTA RICAN CACTUS WREN. Similar to /7Z. 2. zonatus, but smaller and darker (especially the tawny of posterior under parts), and with black spots of chest, etc., relatively larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 174-177 a 5.5); wing, 74-17 (76); tail, 69.5-74 (72.2); exposed Sa 8.5-22 (20.5); tarsus, 23-25 (23.7); middle toe, 17-18 (17.3) Adult female.—Length a 153-157 (155.7); wing, 69-70 (69.5); tail, 64.5-65 (64.8); exposed culmen, 18-20 (19); tarsus, 21—22.5 (21.8); middle toe, 15-16 (15.3).? Highlands of Costa Rica (Parita; Turrialba; Cervantes; Tucurriqui; Angostura; Cartago; Naranjo de Cartago; Jiménez). Campylorhynchus zonatus (not Picolaptes zonatus Latfresnaye) LAwReENcrE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 92 (Turrialba, Cervantes, and Tucurrique, Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 51 (San Mateo, Costa Rica; habits).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 68, part (Costa Rican localities and references).—SnHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 195, part C arita, Costa Rica).—ZrLEpon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105; Anales Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 (Jiménez, Naranjo Ae Cartago, Cartago, and Turrialba, Costa Rica). Campylorhynchus zonatus costaricensis BERLEPscH, Auk, v, Oct., 1888, 450 (Costa Rica; coll. Count von Berlepsch). HELEODYTES ZONATUS RESTRICTUS Nelson. TABASCO CACTUS WREN. Similar to //. 2. zonatus, but under parts much more numerously and extensively spotted with black, the spots extending, more or less, over the tawny posterior portions, in extreme examples the sides, flanks, and under tail-coyerts being heavily barred or transversely spotted with black. Adult male.—Length (skins), 198-217 (205.7); wing, 81-91 (88.5); tail, 82-93 (88.5); exposed culmen, 23-24 (23.7); tarsus, 26-28 (27); middle toe, 19-20 (19.2).? «Three specimens. b Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 513 Adult female.—Length (skins), 189-198 (190); wing, 85-87 (86); tail, 84-91 (88); exposed culmen, 22-24 (22.7); tarsus, 27-28 (27.5); middle toe, 17-18 (17.5).¢ Extreme southeastern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Guichicoy1) and Tabasco (Frontera; Teapa), and adjacent portion of eastern Guatemala.” Campylorhynchus zonatus (not Picolaptes zonatus Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 13 (Guichicovi, Oaxaca). Clampylorhynchus| zonatus SAtvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1889, 255, part, in text (Teapa, Tabasco). Feleodytes zonatus restrictus Neuson, Auk, xviii, Jan., 1901, 49 (Frontera, Tabasco; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). HELEODYTES MEGALOPTERUS (Lafresnaye). HUITZILAC CACTUS WREN, Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and nape dull black or dusky, the feathers margined terminally or tipped with pale grayish brown or buffy brown (broccoli brown, pale drab, or pale hair brown), producing distinct streaks or squamate markings;° hindneck broadly streaked with black and white; back, scapulars, and upper rump broadly banded with dull black and pale grayish buff or dull whitish; lower rump and upper tail-coverts pale buffy grayish brown, more narrowly banded or barred with blackish; middle pair of rectrices with inner web gray, more or less banded or transversely spotted (often indistinctly) toward base or margin with blackish; outer web of middle rectrices and both webs of all other rectrices black, broadly banded with white, this not reaching the shaft, and more or less tinged with pale grayish brown, especially on inner rectrices; wings blackish, broadly barred or banded with dull white; a superciliary stripe of dull buffy white; a narrow postocular streak of blackish; lores grayish; suborbital, malar, and auricular regions white or pale buffy, narrowly streaked with dusky; under parts dull white, more or less strongly tinged with brownish buff posteriorly, the throat, chest, breast, and abdomen marked with large, mostly roundish, spots of dull black or dusky, the flanks broadly barred or banded with the same, the under tail-coverts broadly barred or spotted; maxilla black or dusky, with paler tomia; “Four specimens. >There isa typical specimen, said to be from Guatemala (it has the usual *‘make”’ of skins from that country), but without definite locality, in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. ¢Tn fresh autumnal or early winter plumage the pale buffy, grayish brown color is more extended, the black showing as partly concealed central spots or broad streaks; in worn spring or summer plumage this paler color is much reduced in extent, and the general effect more streaked. In addition to the terminal or external margin of pale brownish the feathers often have a concealed spot or bar of the same color. — It may be further remarked that the coloris more grayish anteriorly (on the forehead), nrore buffy posteriorly (on the nape). 10384—voL 3—03——33 514 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mandible brownish white or pale brownish buff (in dried skins); legs and feet horn color (in dried skins). Young.—Very different in coloration from adults; pileum and nape plain slaty black; back and scapulars dusky, with large more or less guttate spots of brownish buff or pale wood brown; rump and upper tail-coverts plain light buffy grayish brown; lighter bands of wings and tail brownish buff or pale wood brown instead of whitish; super- ciliary stripe brownish buff, becoming very narrow (sometimes obso- lete) anteriorly; throat, chest, and breast immaculate, the last two strongly suffused with dull brownish buff; dusky bands on flanks and under tail-coverts much less distinct than in adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 181-193 (186.9); wings, 84-95 (91.5); tail, 80-89 (85.5); exposed culmen, 19.5-25 (22.1); tarsus, 27-28.5 (27.4); middle toe, 16-19 (17.4).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 171-187 (179.5); wing, 83-89.5 (85.9) tail, 77-84.5 (78.9); exposed culmen, 18-20 (18.7); tarsus, 26-97. (26.7); middle toe, 16-17.5 (16.4).? Southwestern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Morelos (Huitzilac), Michoacan (Patamban), and Mexico (Rio Frio; Mount Ixtaccihuatl; Ajusco; near City of Mexico). OU se Campylorhynchus megalopterus LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., viii, 1845, 339 (Mexico; type now in coll. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.; see Ridgway, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiii, 1888, 385).¢—Drs Murs, Icon. Orn., 1845-49, pl. 54.— Bonaparte, Consp. Ay. i, 1850, 223. Clampylorhynchus] megalopterus Gray, Gen. Birds, 1, 1847, 159. “LCampylorhynchus| megalopterus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 192, no. 2639. FHeleodytes alticolus Neuson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 68 (Huitzilac, Morelos; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ). ; HELEODYTES NELSONI Ridgway. GRAY CACTUS WREN, Similar to //. megalopterus, but smaller, paler, and browner, with spots on breast, etc., grayish brown instead of blackish. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum light grayish brown (broccoli brown « Nine specimens. > Kight specimens. ¢ At the time when I examined Lafresnaye’s types of this species no other speci- mens were extant, and the series of the allied form (H. nelsoni) was then too small for satisfactory comparison. My conclusion that Lafresnaye’s bird and that called C. megalopterus by Dr. Sclater and others (later erroneously identified by Professor Baird with C. pallescens Lafresnaye) represented the same species proves, in the light of additional material, to have been a mistake. Mr. Nelson, recognizing the dis- tinctness of the two forms, and accepting my identification of C. megaloplerus with the paler bird of the eastern side of the plateau, was thus unfortunately led to describe the wrong bird as new, his Heleodytes alticolus and Lafresnaye’s Campylo- rhynchus megalopterus unquestionably being the same form. i es BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. DLd to hair brown), the feathers with a central V-shaped or hastate spot of dusky; hindneck broadly streaked with dusky and dull white or brownish white; back and sc apulars ne banded with dusky and brownish white, the whitish bands more or less suffused with pale buffy brown; rump and upper tail-coverts a: buffy grayish brown or dull grayish buff, broadly barred or banded with dusky, the bars narrower and less distinct on rump; inner web of middle rectrices light brownish gray with broad dusky spots (more or less distinct) near margin; their outer webs light brownish gray broadly barred with black, the grayish interspaces becoming paler and more buffy exteriorly, especially toward base of tail; both webs of remaining rectrices dull blackish or dusky, with broad transverse spots of dull buffy white along margins, those on outer webs reaching nearly or quite to the shaft; w ings dull blackish, broadly barred or banded with pale brownish buff; a superciliary stripe of dull white: a narrow dusky postocular stripe; lores pale dull grayish; suborbital, malar. and auricular regions dull white, more or less streaked with dusky; under parts dull white, passing into pale brownish buffy on abdomen, anal region, under tail-coverts, and flanks, the more anterior portions sometimes strongly suffused with dull pale buff, especially laterally; throat, chest, and breast marked with large roundish or transversely cordate spots of grayish brown, these becoming more decidedly transverse on sides of breast and passing into ra transverse bars or bands of a darker hue (dusky) on sides and flanks; abdomen with smaller transverse spots or bars; under tail-coverts broadly barred with dusky; maxilla blackish or dusky, with paler tomia; mandible dull whitish or buffy (in dried skins); legs and feet pale brownish (in dried skins). Young. —* Differs from the adult in having the head [7. e. the pileum] uniform black, and the plumage spotted instead of barred, the back being varied with large ovate spots of brownish white or ochraceous brown; eyebrow and sides of face pale fulyous brown, the whole of the under surface also tinged with this shade; throat dull white. un- spotted; the breast and under pee ee with blackish brown, with a few blackish spots on the breast. Adult male.—Length (skins), 173-178 (176.3): wing, S88—90 (88.6): tail, 70-80 (73.6); exposed culmen, 20; tarsus, 27-28 (27.3): middle toe, 18.? Adult female.—Length (skins), 171-180 (175.5); Wing, 85-88 (86.5): tail, 74-77 (75.5); exposed culmen, 19; tarsus, 28; middle toe, 18-19 OnS.5),° Southeastern porn of Mexican plateau, in States of Vera Cruz, @Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1882, 200. Three specimens. ¢Two specimens, 516 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (Orizaba; Jalapa;” Jico),and Oaxaca (Llano Verde; La Parada; Mount Zempoaltepec). . Mexico (Valley of Mexico) ?? Campylorhynchus megalopterus (not of Lafresnaye) Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1858, 298 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 363 (‘‘Jalapa,’’¢ Vera Cruz), 371 (Llano Verde, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 17 (s. Mexico).—SHArpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 199 (La Parada, Oaxaca). Campylorhynchus pallescens (not of Lafresnaye) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 101 (Orizaba; ‘‘Jalapa’’“).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 544 (alpine reg. Orizaba, Vera Cruz).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1S 1880, 69. [ Campylorhynchus] pallescens ScuaveR and Sauvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 5. CLampylorhynchus] pallescens SAYIN and GopMAN, Ibis, 1889, 235, in text (‘‘ hills surrounding the Valley of Mexico’’). Heleodytes nelsoni Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 111 (Jalapa,@ Vera Cruz, s. e. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). HELEODYTES GUTTATUS (Gould). YUCATAN CACTUS WREN, Most like 7/7. brunneicapillus affinis, the under parts very similar, but under tail-coverts barred, instead of spotted, with black; pileum grayish brown, with feathers dusky centrally; general color of back much more grayish, the black streaks much broader; lateral rectrices broadly tipped with dull white, but not barred with white, except sometimes (on outermost rectrix only) toward end. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck grayish brown, each feather dusky centrally, producing a squamate appearance; general color of back, scapulars, and rump grayish brown or brownish gray, this broken by conspicuous, sharply defined broad white streaks, each margined along each side by a broad black streak; upper tail-coverts barred with black or dusky; middle rectrices pale grayish brown or brownish gray, broadly barred or banded with dusky; other rectrices dusky, broadly tipped with white, the white terminal area becoming pale brownish gray at tip, often forming a distinct narrow terminal band; outer web of lateral rectrix broadly barred or transversely spotted with white, these bars or spots becoming more grayish basally; outer webs of other rectrices broadly barred with black and pale brownish gray; wings conspicuously barred and spotted with brown- ish gray, white, and blackish; a broad superciliary stripe of white; lores grayish; a broad postocular streak of grayish brown; rest of sides of head, with under parts, white, the flanks and anal region tinged with brownish buff; auricular region finely (sometimes obsoletely) « Professor Sumichrast is of the opinion that Jalapa, as a locality for this species, is an error, the specimens so labeled probably coming from a higher altitude. )\ specimen said to be from the Valley of Mexico is precisely like Vera Cruz examples, NN alia y, - ~ 7 ' BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 517 streaked with brownish eray; a more or less distinct submalar streak of black: throat and chest with broad ovate streaks or oblong spots of black. the breast and abdomen with linear or elongate-guttate streaks of the same; sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts barred with blackish; maxilla brownish black or dusky with paler tomia; mandi- ble pale horn color (in dried skins); legs and feet horn color, Young.—Kssentially like adults, but back streaked with pale brown- ish buff on a wholly dusky ground; paler markings of wings and tail more buffy; postocular stre: alk blackish, and underparts more sparsely spotted, and without distinct bars on flanks. Adult male.—Length (skins), 172-198 (181); wing, a (74.1); tail, 64.5-77 (71.1); exposed culmen, 22-29 (25); tarsus, 25-27 (25.9); middle toe, 17-20 (18.5). Adult female.—Length (skins), 165-188 (175); wing, 70.5-7(2.5 (71.7); tail, 68-72.5 (70.3); exposed culmen, 22-27.5 (24.1); tarsus, 94-97 (25.4); middle toe, 18-19 (18.2).? Peninsula of Yucatan (Progreso; Merida; Temax; Celestin). Thryothorus guttatus Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1836, 89 (Mexico; coll. J. Gould). Campylorhynchus guttatus LAPRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., ix., 1846, 94,—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 108. wncE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 199 (Progreso and Celestin, Tae ene and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 68.—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 202. Clampylorhynchus] guttatus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 159. [Campylorhynchus] guttatus Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 223.—GRAY, Hand- list, i, 1869, 192, no. 2649.—Sciarer and Sarvry, Nom. ie Neotr., 1873, 5. HELEODYTES BRUNNEICAPILLUS BRUNNEICAPILLUS (Lafresnaye). GUAYMAS CACTUS WREN, Adults (seves alike).—Pileum and hindneck plain deep brown (vary- ing from sepia to vandyke), the feathers slightly darker centrally; back, scapulars, and rump paler and more grayish brown, more or less conspicuously variegated with white, usually in the form of gut- tate, cuneate, or linear streaks, these edged, at least in part, with dusky; upper tail-coverts and middle rectrices brownish gray, rather broadly, but more or less irregularly, barred with dusky, these BREE, bars sometimes much broken and confused; tail (except a Nine specimens. » Right specimens. ¢ There is a very great range of individual variation in both the general color of the back, which varies from almost prouts brown to hair brown, as well as in the form and extent of the whitish markings. The latter are often in the form of very conspicuous broad linear streaks; again they are present only as small guttate or drop-shaped spots. According to the material before me, these extreme variations are shown among specimens from any locality. 518 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. middle rectrices) mostly black, the lateral rectrices broadly barred with white, the rest crossed near tip by a broad subterminal bar or band of white; the outer webs of all except outermost pair broadly barred or banded basally with brownish gray;“ wing-coverts and tertials mainly grayish spotted with dusky and also more or less varied with whitish bars or streaks, especially on smaller coverts; alula, primary coverts, primaries, and secondaries (except tertials) dusky, their outer webs conspicuously spotted with white or brownish white; a broad, conspicuous, and sharply defined superciliary stripe of white, usually margined above by a narrow line of black; a broad brown postocular stripe occupying upper portion of auricular region, but extending beyond to side of neck; lores grayish; rest of sides of head white, or brownish white, the lower part of the auricular region streaked with black or dusky; chin, throat, and chest white, more or less heavily spotted (rarely broadly streaked) with black; breast white or buffy white, deepening into ochraceous-buff or cinnamon-buff on flanks, abdomen, and anal region, the whole surface marked with gut- tate or elliptical streaks or spots of black, these larger and broader (roundish or cordate) on flanks; under tail-coverts white or buffy with large cordate or roundish spots of black; maxilla dusky horn color with paler tomia; mandible light horn color (in dried skins); iris red; legs and feet light horn color (in dried skins). Young.—Essentially like adults, but paler markings of upper parts less sharply defined, pale brownish buff or dull brownish white; pileum and hindneck duller brown; outer webs of primaries and secondaries spotted with pinkish buff instead of white, and blackish spots on throat and chest much smaller, the former sometimes almost immaculate. Adult male. tail, 73-83.5 (78.9); exposed culmen, 20-23 (21.4); tarsus, 26.5-29 (27.5); middle toe, 17-19.5 (18.6).? : Adult female.—Length (skins), 173-189 (180.9); wing, 77—-83.5 (80.3) tail, 74-80 (75.4); exposed culmen, 18.5—23 (20.1); tarsus, 25-28 (26.3) middle toe, 17-19 (18.2).? Coast district of southern Sonora (Alamos; Batamotal; Camoa; (auaymas). . 5 9 “The white bars or bands on the outermost rectrices are interrupted at the shait, and usually those on opposite webs are alternate; that is, each white bar is opposite a black one on the opposite web. Sometimes there is only one distinct white bar (or transverse spot) on the inner web of the lateral rectrix, this near the end; again, the inner web of the second rectrix may show several more or less well-developed white bars. In fact, there is as great an amount of individual variation, without regard to locality, in the barring of the lateral rectrices as in the color and markings of the back. » Ten specimens. Length (skins), 174-198 (187); wing, 80-87.5 (84.3): a a Bk ~— Ae * Par es 8 og BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 519 Picolaptes brunneicapillus LAFRESNAYE, Mag. de Zool., 1835, 61, pl. 47 (‘* Cali- fornia;’’ type now in coll. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. @).—Herrrmann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1858, 263 (Guaymas, Sonora; habits; notes; descr. nest and eggs). Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., ix, 1846, 94.—Sciarer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 264, part (crit.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 17, part (in synonymy ).—Covrs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 156, part (in synonymy, etc.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 67, part (Guaymas).—Be.pine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 543 (Guay- mas).—Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899) , 223 (Florido, Sonora or Sinaloa. ?) [ Campylorhynchus] brunneicapillus ScuaTER and Satvrin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 5 part. CLampylorhynchus] brunneicapillus Rinaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 547, part (Guaymas ). i f{eleodytes] brunneicapillus Rrioaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 547, part (Guaymas). ? HELEODYTES BRUNNEICAPILLUS BRYANTI Anthony. BRYANT’S CACTUS WREN, Similar to //. b. brunneicapillus, but darker and browner above, with the back, scapulars, and rump always conspicuously streaked with white (as in //. >. affin/s), the white streaks margined laterally by a narrower streak of black; three lateral rectrices distinctly barred with white (as in //. b>. affinis); under parts more uniformly marked with black, the black spots on throat and chest usually either larger or more numerous, those of breast, abdomen, sides, etc., larger and broader (broadly guttate or sometimes almost circular); posterior under parts very slightly tinged with buff. Adult male.—Length (skins), 182-193 (187); wing, 80-88 (85.2); tail, 77-79 (77.7); exposed culmen, 23-24 (23.5); tarsus, 28-29.5 (28.8); middle toe, 18.5-19 (18.8).° Adult female.—Length (skin), 178; wing, 81; tail, 76; exposed cul- men, 24; tarsus, 27; middle toe, 19.7 Coast district of San Diego County, California and northern Lower California, as far southward as San Quentin;’ San Pedro Martir Mountains / “See Ridgway, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxiii, 1888, 383 (crit.). I have again care- fully examined and compared the type with an extensive series of specimens from various localities, and am more than ever convinced that it came from Guaymas, Sonora, or some locality not far distant. It agrees minutely in measurements and coloration with specimens from southern Sonora, and in both respects is very dif- ferent from all examples from any other part of the country. It certainly did not come from California. »T have not been able to find the locality mentioned on any map. ©Three specimens; two (one the type) from San Telmo, the other from San Diego. “@ One specimen, from San Telmo. € From San Quentin to San Fernando varying toward /H. b. afjinis, specimens from the latter locality being, according to Anthony (Auk, xi, 1894, 214), ‘rather nearer to affinis than bryanti.”’ 520 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Heleodytes brunneicapillus bryanti, ANrHony, Auk, xi, July, 1894, 211, 212 (San Telmo, Lower California; coll. A. W. Anthony); xii, 1895, 142 (s san. Fer- nando, Lower California; habits; notes).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGIStS’ UNION, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, 166, no. 713a.—Ripa@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 609.—Merarns, Auk, xix, 1902, 148, 145 (diagnosis; range). H{eleodytes| blrunneicapillus| bryanti Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 443. Cae een brunneicapillus (not of Lafresnaye) Batrp, ee Am. Birds, 1864, 99, part (San Diego, California).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., i, 1870, 61, part (San ines Cone Check List, 1873, no. 48, part; 2d ae 1882, no. 63, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 156, part (San Diego).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 132, part (San Diego).—Ripeaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 56, part.—Emerson, Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., no. 7, 1887, 480 (Poway Valley, San Diego Co., California). [ Campylorhynchus| brunneicapillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 85, part. Clampylorhynchus] brunneicapillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 275, part.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 547, part. (2?) Campylorhynchus affinis (not of Xantus?) AnrHony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 245 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California). HELEODYTES BRUNNEICAPILLUS AFFINIS (Xantus). ST. LUCAS CACTUS WREN. Most like //. b. bryanté but much paler, with under parts less heavily and more sparsely marked with black; color of pileum and hindneck more reddish brown (mummy brown to chestnut-brown), the feathers often with paler terminal small spots or streaks; all the rectrices, ex- cept middle pair, with distinct white bars on both webs; under parts more purely white (distinctly tinged with buff posteriorly only in fresh autumnal plumage), the black marking on lower parts of body broadly euttate, those on throat and chest but littie larger (never large and confluent as is often the case in other subspecies), but of different (irregular and variable) form. Adult male.—Length (skins), 172-197 (182.8); wing, 80. oe (85.3); tail, 72-81 (77.5); exposed culmen, 21—24.5 (23.5); tarsus, 27.5-30 (29); middle toe, 18-21 (19.7). ¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 170-190 (184.5); wing, 76-88 (81); tail, 71-79 (74.9); exposed culmen, 22-24 (23.1); tarsus, 27-30 (28.4); middle toe, 18-22 (19.4). ? Cape district of Lower California (Cape St. Lucas; San José del Cabo; La Paz; San Telmo Valley). Campylorhynchus affinis Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 298 (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Barrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 301, 303; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 100.—ScuaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 162 (‘‘California.’’)—E.uior, Hlustr. New and Unfig. Birds N. Am., i, 1869, pl. 4.—Coorrr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 62 (Cape St. Lucas).—Couks, Check List, 1873, no. 44; 2d ed., 1882, no. 64; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 154, footnote.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 153, pie 8, fig. 6.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 57.—Ber.pine, Proc. a Ten specimens. + Kight specimens. ga ie wt. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 521 U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 534 (Cape St. Lucas).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 714.—TowNsEnD (C. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 136 (Cape St. Lucas). —ANTHONY, Zoe, iv, 1893, 245 (San Telmo Valley, Lower California). [Campylorhynchus] affinis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 85. CLampylorhynchus] afinis Barr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 304, footnote (diagnosis).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 275.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 547. Heleodytes affinis AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Commrrrer, Auk, xi, Jan., 1894, 48.—Anrnony, Auk, xi, July, 1894, 210. H{eleodytes] affinis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 547. Heleodytes brunneicapillus affinis ANTHONY, Auk, xii, July, 1895, 280, in text (crit. ) .— American OrnirHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 7136; Auk, xiy, 1897, 131.—Mearns, Auk, xix, 1902, 142, 144 (diagnosis; range).— Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 197 (variations of plumage; habits). Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (not Picolaptes brunneicapillus Latresnaye ) Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 197 (La Paz, Lower California) . HELEODYTES BRUNNEICAPILLUS OBSCURUS Nelson. MEXICAN CACTUS WREN. Similar to ZL. b. brunneicapillus, but whitish markings of upper parts less conspicuous, much more rare linear, the general color duller and more grayish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 172-198 (186.2); wing, 82-90 (Spe): tail, 71.5-82 (76.4); exposed culmen, 19.5-25 (22.7); tarsus, 26-28 (27.2); middle toe, 17.5-20.5 (18.6). Adult female.—Length (skins), 169-188 (180.7); wing, 77-84 (80.3); tail, 71.5-77 (74.1); exposed culmen, 20-24 (29.2); tarsus, 25-27 (26.1); middle toe, 16.5-18.5 (17.8).” Central portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Durango (Durango), Zacatecas (Valparaiso; San Juan Capistrano), Jalisco (La Barea; Gua- dalajara; Zacoalco; Huejuquilla), Guanajuato (Tupataro), Mexico (Val- « Nineteen specimens. > Twelve specimens. Specimens from different localities average, respectively, as follows: ; f es eres ihe Middle Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus.) ~ toe | ; culmen. 5 I eee a aca . aEAlk MALES. Ten adult males from Zacatecas, Hidalgo, and Jalisco ..-... 85.9 77.3 22.5 27.4 18.4 Two adult males from Guanajuato.......---------+---++--+- | 82.7) 71.7 21 26.2 18.2 Four adult males from San Luis Potosi ......--------------- | 85 77.2 93.2} 27.5 18.5 Three adult males from southern Tamaulipas .....-.------- 83.8 75.7 23.5 26.8 19.7 FEMALES. } Seven adult females from Zacatecas, Hidalgo, and Jaliseo..| 80.9 74.9 | 22.1 25.9 17.7 Two adult females from San Luis Potosi ..-....------------- Rie ey 22 26.5 17.7 | | | Three adult females from southern Tamaulipas ....-------- 78 MOGs OT, Lo aeeOc | 18 | 599 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ley of Mexico), Hidalgo (Irolo; Tula), San Luis Potosi (Abualulco; La Posada; San Luis Potosi), and southern Tamaulipas (Jaumave). Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (not of Lafresnaye) ScuaTerR, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., viii, 1856, 264, part (monogr.).—Ducks, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 140 (Guanajuato ).—Covrs, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 156, part (in synonomy and range).—Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 67 part (Guanajuato; Valley of Mexico). [ Campylorhynchus] brunneicapillus ScLaTER and Satyr, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 5, part. a ClLampylorhynchus] brunneicapillus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 547, part (Guanajuato). Heleodytes brunneicapillus Jouy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 776 (Ahualulco, San Luis Potosi; habits).—AMERICAN OrnirHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, 295, no. 713, part (central Mexico). H{eleodytes] brunneicapillus Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 547, part (Guanajuato ). Heleodytes brunneicapillus obscurus Netson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, Mar. 24, 1898, 58 (Tula, Hidalgo; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Mearns, Auk, xix, 1902, 144, footnote. HELEODYTES BRUNNEICAPILLUS COUESI (Sharpe). CACTUS WREN. Similar to ZZ. b. brunneicapillus, but larger and with coloration paler, especially the buff of posterior under parts. Adult male.—Length (skins), 176-204 (192.6); wing, 80-92 (86.7); tail, 76-86 (80.7); exposed culmen, 20.5—26 (23.3); tarsus, 26.5-30 (28.3); middle toe, 18-20 (19.2). “ Adult female.—Length (skins), 162-198 (185.4); wing, 79-88 (83.3); tail, 70-84(78.7); exposed culmen, 19.5-24(22.1); tarsus, 25.5-29 (27.6); middle toe, 17.5-20 (18.8). “ « Twenty-nine specimens. Series from different geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: Ex- oe Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| Mid culmen. SEE eee —$—_$=—$——$—————————————— — —: — —— | ——_— — — ~ | | | MALES. | Ten adult males from Rio Grande Valley....-...----------- 85.5 ag 23.3 21.9 19.3 Ten adult males from Arizona and northern Sonora..----- 87.8 83. 1 20.6 28.6 19.1 Nine adult males from southern California and northern Lower Caliiorni acre cue pcemas tae ateee Bacetiniese ep eee 86.9 | 79.9 OS UTA oSaT | 19.2 FEMALES. | Ten adult females from Rio Grande Valley...--.------------ 83.4 74.9 | 22.2 27 18.8 Ten adult females from New Mexicoand Arizona....-..-.--- 83.4 80.1 | Ze 9))| eet 18.7 Nine adult females from southern California and northern Lower! Californian esses eee See ecee eee sees eee et 83. 2 77.6 22.3 | 27.6 18.9 I am not able to discover any color differences whatever, except that some examples from the coast district of California have the back more conspicuously streaked than others. The series from the coast district of southern California is, however, very unsatisfactory. ; BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 593 Desert region near southwestern border of United States, from lower Rio Grande Valley to southern California (Inyo, San Bernardino, Kern, Riverside, Orange, Los Angeles, and interior of San Diego, counties), and northern Lower California (Seven Wells); north to southern Utah (St. George; Beaverdam Mountains), and southern Nevada (Vegas Valley; Bitter Springs; between Virgin and Muddy rivers); south into northern Mexico (more northern portions of States of Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Chihuahua, and Sonora.“ Picolaptes brunneicapillus (not of Latresnaye) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., v, 1852, 114 (Texas).—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 327 (Texas).—Casstn, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1854, 156, pl. 25 Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Scuater, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vili, 1856, 264, part (monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 17, part (New Mexico).— . Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 335; Cat. N. Am. 3irds, 1859, no. 262; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Survy., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 18 (Ringgold Barracks, Texas; Monterey, Nuevo Leon; Fort Yuma, California); Review Am. Birds, 1864, 99, part (except locality San Diego).—HrrERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 41 (Colorado Desert, bet. Tejon Pass and Mojave R.; habits; descr. nest).—Dressrr, Ibis, 1865, 483 (Eagle Pass, Texas, n. e. to Nueces R.).—Covrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 77 (Arizona); 1868, 88 (do); Check List, 1873, no. 43; 2d ed., 1882, no. 63; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 156.—Butcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila: 1868, 149 (Laredo, Tex: = —Coorrer, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 183, in text (Fort Mojave, California); Orn. Cal., 1870, 61, part.—Merrram, Sixth Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr. for 1872, 1875, 713 (Utah).—Y arrow and Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 9 (St. George, s. Utah, Oct. ).—HENsHaw, ~ | Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 41 (St. ee Utah), 100 (Gila R., 92 Arizona; habits); 1876, 23 (near Kernville, California); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 178 (Nevada; St. George, Utah; localities in Arizona; s. w. New Mexico; habits).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 132, pl. 8, fig. 5; iii, 1874, 503 (s. Utah; s. Nevada).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vil, 1875, 35 (s. Newda Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 56.— ; SALviIn and Genie. Biol. Centr.-Am., eee i, 1880, 67, part.—HorrMan, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., 1881, 214 (s. Nevada).—HOotrer- } Horr, Orn. and Ool., vi, —, 11 (breeding habits , descr. nest and eggs, etc. ).— . American OrnrtHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 7135. —EVERMANN, | Auk, iii, 1886, 185 (Ventura Co., California, summer resid. )—Lrioyp, Auk, | iv, 1887, 297 (Tom Green Co., Texas, resident ).—Morcom, Bull. Ridew. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 54 (s. California).—Cookr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 270 (San Angelo and Tom Green counties, Texas).—Artrwater, Auk, Is F 1892, 342 (San Antonio, Texas, resident).—Nenriine, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 135, pl. 4, fig. 2,—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 41 (Oputo, n. Sonora). [Campylorhynchus] brunneicapillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 85, part.— ScLaTer and Satvrx, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 5, part. ———————- » aw @Specimens referable to the present form, or at least nearer to it than to J/. b. obscurus, haye been examined from the following Mexican localities: Tamaulipas.—Camargo; Nuevo Laredo. Nueva Leon.—Monterey; Rodriguez; Santa Catarina. Coahuila. —Sabinas. Chihuahua.—Casas Grandes. Sonora.—Hermosilla; Oposura. 524 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CLlampylorhynchus] brunneicapillus Barro, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 304, footnote (diagnosis ).—Couks, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 275, part.— Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 547, part. Camplorynchus brunneicapillus HENSHAW, List Birds Arizona, 1875, 155. Heleodytes brunneicapillus Fisner, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, May 31, 1893, 130 (Hesperia, Kern R., etc., California; Bitter Springs, Vegas Valley, and between Muddy and Virgin rivers, Nevada; Beaverdam Mts., s. w. Utah).— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNton Commitrer, Auk, xi, 1894, 48; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 713.—GRINNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 48 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident). HH eleodytes| brunneicapillus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 547, part. Heleodytes brunneicapillus brunneicapillus Mparns, Auk, xix, Apr., 1902, 141, in text (crit. ).—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, June 25, 1902, 68. Campylorhynchus couesi SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 196 (type locality not indicated; coll. Salvin & Godman ).—REICHENOW and ScHALow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 422 (reprint of original descr.) . Fleleodytes brunneicapillus couesi Mnarns, Auk, xix, Apr., re 143, 145 (diagnosis; range ).—BaiLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 442, footnote. Heleodytes brunneicapillus anthonyi Mearns, Auk, xix, ee 1902, 148, 145 (Adonde Siding, 8. P. R. R., ee coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—BarLry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 442, footnote. HELEODYTES JOCOSUS (Sclater). BOUCARD’S CACTUS WREN. Most like Z7. gularis, but pileum more dusky, under parts more purely white and more profusely spotted, the posterior portions but slightly if at all buffy, and lores dusky. Adults (sexes alike) in late winter, spring, and summer.—Pileum and nape dark sooty” (the hindneck sometimes brownish), the feathers margined, more or less distinctly, with sepia; extreme lower hindneck and ede of neck conspicuously streaked with black and white, the white streaks narrower on hindneck, much broader on sides of neck; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts brown (between broccoli and light bistre), the back and scapulars conspicuously variegated with black and white, mostly in form of large, usually transverse, irregular spots of the former and irregular (often triangular) streaks spots of the latter; rump similarly but less conspicuously vari- egated, the markings more or less concealed; upper tail-coverts barred with paler brown and dusky; middle pair of rectrices and outer web of next pair light grayish brown barred, more or less broadly, with dusky; outer webs of remaining rectrices black, broadly barred or transversely spotted with pale grayish brown, becom- ing dull whitish on outermost rectrix, the terminal darker space on each, however, grayish brown, instead of black; inner webs of all but middle pair of rectrices mostiy plain dusky, broadly tipped with grayish | brown, this preceded ie a broad, su burraina pa of dull a inane to sepia brown in worn preeanen specimens. \ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 595 white;“ wings brown, conspicuously variegated with broad bands of dusky, the interspaces between these dusky bands becoming buffy white or dull white on outermost primaries; a conspicuous, sharply defined superciliary stripe of white; lores and a broad postocular stripe dark sooty or dull blackish; suborbital, malar, and lower half (or more) of auricular regions, and under parts, white, slightly tinged with pale brownish buff on flanks; amore or less distinct submalar streak of black; chest (sometimes lower throat also), breast, sides, and abdomen more or less densely spotted with black, the spots more or less roundish, but varying to cordate or guttate form, those on sides of breast and on sides sometimes transverse; flanks with the spots distinctly trans- verse, sometimes forming regular broad bars; under tail-coverts spotted or barred with black; thighs pale brown, narrowly barred with darker brown or dusky; bill dusky horn color or blackish, becoming abruptly paler on lower basal half (more or less) of mandible; iris reddish brown;? legs and feet dark horn color in dried skins, dusky ash color in life.” Adults in autumn and early winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage but browner above, with the black and white markings obscured by partial concealment; brown margins to feathers of pileum broader, nearly concealing the blackish central spaces; nape uniform brown; superciliary stripe and posterior under parts more buffy white, especially the latter. ‘oung.—Essentially like adults, but pileum uniform sooty black; paler markings of back, ete., light brown (wood brown or cinnamon) instead of white; superciliary stripe obsolete from eye forward. the blackish of forehead and crown coming down to upper eyelid and lores; under parts duller whitish (more or less tinged with brownish or grayish), the spots smaller, less sharply defined, less deeply black. Adult male.—Length (skins), 160-177 (171.1); wing, 72. ort (74.7); tail, 67-71 (68.9); exposed culmen, 21-24 (23); tarsus, 22-25 (24.5); middle toe, 16-18 (16.9).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 160-165 (163); wing, 68-74 (71.1); tail, 61-68 (64.9); exposed culmen, 20-23 (22.4); tarsus, 22.5-25 (24.1); middle toe, 15.5-17 (16).° Southeastern Mexico, in States of Puebla (Chietla), Morelos (Cuer- nayaca), Oaxaca (Oaxaca; Dondominguello; Cinco Senores; Cuicatlan; Mitla; Cerro San Felipe), Guerrero (Chilpancingo; Tixtla; Gniltene), and Jalisco (Sierra Nevada). Campylorhynchus jocosus Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 371 (Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 17, pl. 3 (do. ).— Barirp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 106 (Oaxaca).—LaAawrencer, Bull. U.S. Nat. “Usually there are more or less distinet indications of one or two narrow white bands or bars anterior to this. ». Sumichrast, manuscript. © Ten specimens. 926 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 13 (Dondominguello, Oaxaca).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., ce i, 1880, 66.—SHaArRpPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 193.—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 75 bee Senores, Oaxaca) .— FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 135 (Chietla, Rees [ Campylorhynchus] jocosus ScLaTER and Satyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 5. HELEODYTES GULARIS (Sclater). SPOTTED CACTUS WREN. Adults (sewes alike).—Pileum and hindneck brown (between mummy brown and prouts brown), the feathers dusky beneath the surface, fading in midsummer plumage to paler and grayer brown (between hair brown and isabella color), especially on forehead; upper back or extreme lower hindneck black, each feather with a mesial streak of pale buff or buffy white; back and scapulars brown (much like color of pileum), variegated with whitish or pale buffy triangular spots (about three on each feather), these usually connected by a narrow (sometimes broad) mesial streak, the space between the whitish or buffy spots largely occupied by more or less transverse spots of blacks rump similar in coloration to back, but markings much less distinct; upper tail-coverts brown, broadly barred with dusky and female (sometimes indistinctly) barred with pale brownish buffy or whitish; four middle rectrices pale grayish brown, narrowly barred or trans- versely spotted with dusky; remaining rectrices with inner webs plain dusky, broadly tipped with dull white, this extensively clouded with pale grayish brown and sometimes more or less broken by irregular black markings,” their outer webs transversely spotted or broadly barred with black and pale buffy grayish brown; wings brown, con- spicuously variegated by transverse black spots or ae the inter- spaces paler and more buffy (sometimes partly whitish) on primaries and larger wing-coverts, the middle coverts with a small terminal tri- angular spot of white; a broad superciliary stripe of buff or buffy white, continued in broken streaks on sides of hindneck; a broad postocular stripe of dark brown, occupying upper half of auricular region; sides of neck broadly streaked with dark brown or blackish and buff or buffy white; suborbital and malar regions and lower half of auricular region white or buffy white, the latter usually finely streaked with dusky; a distinct submalar streak of black; under parts buffy white (more decidedly white in worn breeding plumage), pass- ing into cinnamon-buff on flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts, the buffy posterior portions barred with deeper cinnamon-buff or cin- namon-rufous; breast and sides marked with roundish, cordate or broadly guttate spots of black, these sometimes wanting on median ee aa of breast, ee extending over lower ange flanks and « Sometimes there are one or two pad ban or transverse spots eee to the terminal space, and separated from the latter by a black band or spot. Ss se BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. B27 under tail-coverts with larger and more transverse spots of black; bill dusky horn color, abruptly paler on lower basal half (or more) of mandible; legs and feet light brown (in dried skins). Young.—Very ditterent in coloration from adults; pileum uniform slaty black; back and scapulars broadly streaked with dull slaty blackish and pale bufty brown, but without other markings; upper tail-coverts plain brown (between wood brown and prouts brown); broad super- ciliary stripe brownish buff or pale wood brown; broad postocular stripe dull black or slate-black; under parts wholly immaculate. including even flanks and under tail-coverts, the buff of posterior por- tions duller than in adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 165-180 (172.9); wing, 70-74 (72.5): tail, 66-74 (70); exposed culmen, 18-21 (19.6); tarsus, Y3—-25 (24.2); middle toe, 16-18 (17).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 156-175 (166.3); wing, 69.5-74 (70.5): tail, 65-71 (68.3); exposed culmen, 17-21 (19.3); tarsus, 22-26 (23.8); middle toe, 15.5-18 (16.9).¢ West-central Mexico, in States of Jalisco (Sierra Nevada: Tonila: Bolafios; Volean de Colima), northern Michoacan (Uruapan), Durango (Chacala), Sinaloa (Plomosas), Sonora (western slope of Sierra Madre), Chihuahua (Mina Abundancia; El Carmen; near Batopilas; Bravo), and Queretaro (Jalpan), and Territory of Tepic (San Blasito), Campylorhynchus gularis Sctater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 462 (Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 17.—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 109.—Sa.yin and GopMay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 66.—SHARPE, Cat. uns Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 194, pl. 12, fig. pele, and GopMAN, Ibis, 1889, 235 eet ealeiharnccdais | gularis GRAY, Hand-list, i, 1869, 192, no. 2653.—ScLaTer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 5 Heleodytes gularis Newson, Auk, xv, Apr., 1898, 160 (s. Sinaloa; Nayarit Mts., Tepic; crit. ). CLampylorhynchus] gularis SArvin and GopMan, Ibis, 1889, 235, in text (w. slope of Sierra Madre, Sonora). Heleodytes occidentalis Neuson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 69 (Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). Heleodytes stridulus Neuson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, May 29, 1899, 30 (Sierra de Choix, n. e. Sinaloa; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.). Genus PHEUGOPEDIUS Cabanis. Pheugopedius » Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 79. (Type, Sphenura coraya © Lichtenstein, = Thryothorus genibarbis Swainson. ) Medium sized Troglodytide (wing 55-70 mm.) with lateral toes equal, the inner united more to middle toe than to hallux, tail gradu- ated for one- e-third its slength or more, minyeh pr imary much shorter then “Ten specimens. >From ‘ pevye, fliichten; wedzov, offenes Lend.” CNot Turdus coraya Gmelin, 528 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. secondaries, nostril narrower than the very broad operculum, and rump without concealed white spots. Bill shorter than head, stout, usually more or less subcuneate; exposed culmen longer than middle toe without claw, straight for at least the basal half, rather abruptly decurved terminally; gonys decidedly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight; maxillary tomium slightly concave, strongly but gradually deflexed basally, usually with a slight, sometimes distinct, indication of a sub- terminal notch; mandibular rami strongly bent. Nostril longitudinal, linear or slenderly fusiform, overhung by a broad, membraneous decum- bent operculum, its posterior end in contact with (sometimes partly covered by) feathers of the latero-frontal anti. Rictal bristles obvi- ous, but very short and inconspicuous, very rarely one or two of them well developed. Wing short and rounded; seventh to third, or sixth to fourth, primaries longest and nearly equal, the eighth not longer than third, sometimes shorter than second, the ninth shorter than secondaries (usually very much so) and less (usually much less) than twice as long as tenth. Tail about four-fifths as long to nearly as long as wing, graduated for one-third its length, or more, the rectrices broadly rounded at tip. Tarsus much longer than exposed culmen, a little more than one-third to two-fifths as long as wing, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the planta tarsi booted; middle toe, without claw, shorter than exposed culmen (sometimes nearly as long); outer toe slightly but distinctly longer than inner, reaching (without claw) nearly, sometimes quite, to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, its claw reaching to base of middle claw; inner toe (without claw) reaching to very slightly beyond middle (subterminal) joint of middle toe; hallux (without claw) about as long as outer toe (without claw), its claw decidedly shorter than the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe for nearly its entire length, to inner toe for nearly as far. Coloration.—Above plain brown, varying from grayish brown or hair brown to chestnut-brown, the pileum sometimes different in color from back, ete.; remiges usually narrowly and indistinctly barred with dusky; tail broadly barred with black and light brownish, some- times mostly black; under parts extremely variable in color, but never entirely black nor wholly white. Range.—Southern Mexico to southern Brazil and Bolivia. (Numer- ous species. ) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PHEUGOPEDIUS. a. Throat and tail uniform black (the last rarely with indications of brown bars). (CostagRicarande Nicaragua) esses eae Pheugopedius atrogularis (p. 530) aa. Throat at least partly white; tail barred with brown and black, or dusky. b. Under parts of body black, dusky, or brown, with or without whitish or pale brownish bars. ( Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris. ) c. Under parts of body black or dark grayish, more or less barred. ( Adults.) e, » - BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 529 d. Auricular region immaculate white, except upper margin; breast barred with white. (Interior of Colombia. ) Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris fasciato-ventris, adults (extralimital “) dd. Auricular region not immaculate white; breast plain black or dusky. e. Aurjcular region entirely black or dusky (sometimes finely streaked with whitish; flanks distinctly barred; brown of back, ete., lighter, duller; tail black, barred with pale brown. (Isthmus of Panama. ) Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris albigularis, adults (p. 551) ee. Auricular region partly white, flanks not distinctly, if at all, barred; brown of back, ete., darker and more castaneous; tail chestnut, barred with black. (Veragua, Chiriqui, and Costa Rica. ) Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris melanogaster, adults (p. 532) cc. Under parts of body plain brown. (Young. )? bb. Under parts of body neither black, dusky, nor brown. c. Throat streaked, spotted, or barred with black, or else the chest spotted. d. Chest tawny; throat white, barred with black, or black spotted with white; chest not spotted, or else the ground-color tawny. e. Chest plain tawny. f. Throat black, spotted with white; abdomen pale tawny or buffy. (Isthmus of Panama to Costa Rica. ) Pheugopedius hyperythrus, adults (p. 533) ff. Throat barred with black and white; abdomen white. (Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Tobago. ) Pheugopedius rutilus, adults (extralimital) ¢ ee, Chest spotted with black. (Province of Santa Marta, Colombia. ) Pheugopedius letus, adults (extralimital ¢) dd. Chest white, spotted or variously marked with white ordusky. (Pheugo- pedius maculipectus. ) e. Darker and browner, the back olive-brown or russet-brown, the flanks raw umber to russet. f. Paler, the back more olive-brown, the flanks raw umber; chest, etc., with black spots smaller; slightly smaller (adult male averaging wing 58.1, tail 47.7, exposed culmen 16.6, tarsus 22.1; adult female, wing 4.6, tail 46.9, exposed culmen 16.) (Southern Tamaulipas to Oaxaca. ) Pheugopedius maculipectus maculipectus (p. 554) ff. Darker, the back more russet-brown, the flanks russet; chest, ete., with black spots heavier; slightly larger (adult male averaging wing 60.9, tail 48.9, exposed AiiaeR 17.4; adult female, wing 56.6, tail 46.5, exposed culmen 16.8). (Eastern Oaxaca, Tabasco, and Chiapas to Efondumase)it p22 227: S22 eur ee oe umbrinus (p. 535) « Thryothorus fasciato-ventris Darna Rey. Feels vill, 1845, 337 pepe Gala bia; type now in coll. Bost. Soc. N. H.).—Thryothorus fasciativentris Sc later and Sal- vin, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 493 (Remedios and Neche, Colombia); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 90, part (Colombia); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 229, pl. 14, fig. 1 (Bogota).—Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 134, part (Bogota). bOnly that of P. f. albigularis seen by me. ¢Thryothorus rutilus Vieillot, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 55 (South America; coll. Paris Mus.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 238. — Pheugo- pedius rutilus Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 159, part.—T [hrvothorus] rutilans Swainson, Ornithological Drawings, pt. 2, 1884, pl. 15.—Troglodytes rutilans Léotaud, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 173. 4 Thryothorus litus Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., xii, Aug. 10, 1898, 160 ( Puebla Vieja, Santa Marta, Colombia, 8,000 ft. alt.; coll. IE. A. and O. Bangs). , 10384—voL 3—03——34 530 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ec. Paler and grayer, the back broccoli brown, the flanks grayish buff or pale wood-brown. (Yucatan and Campeche. ) Pheugopedius maculipectus cano-brunneus (p. 536) ce. Throat immaculate white (margined laterally with a more or less distinct submalar streak of black).¢ (Pheugopedius felix. ) d. Sides of head broadly and conspicuously streaked with black. (Mainland forms. ) e. Larger (wing 56.5-60 in male, 53.5-58.5 in female; coloration darker and more rufescent, the flanks bright tawny-ochraceous. ? f. Smaller, with relatively shorter tail (adult male averaging, wing 58.2, tail 56.2, exposed culmen 15.9, tarsus 21.4; adult female, wing 54.3, tail 52.3, culmen 15.5, tarsus 20). (Southwestern Mexico. ) Pheugopedius felix felix (p. 536) ff. Larger, with relatively longer tail (adult male averaging wing 59.1, tail 61.6, exposed culmen 16.2, tarsus 21.8; adult female, wing 56.5, tail 59.2, exposed culmen 15.7, tarsus 21.2). (South-central Mexico. ) Pheugopedius felix grandis (p. 537) ee. Smaller (wing 53-58 in male, 51-55 in female); coloration paler and grayer, the flanks grayish buff or clay color. (Western Mexico.) Pheugopedius felix pallidus (p. 538) = dd. Sides of head more lightly and .more sparsely streaked with black, some- times with streaks obsolete. (Tres Marias Islands forms.) e. Paler; upper parts and flanks averaging paler than in P. jf. pallidus. (Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias group. ) Pheugopedius felix lawrencei (p. 538) ee. Darker; upper parts and flanks as dark as average of P. f. pallidus. (Maria Magdalena Island, Tres Marias. ) Pheugopedius felix magdalene (p. 539) PHEUGOPEDIUS ATROGULARIS (Salvin). BLACK-THROATED WREN. Adult male.—Above plain dark chestnut-brown or vandyke brown, the pileum usually darker and duller, the upper tail-coverts with dusky bars (mostly concealed); tail black, the outer webs of rectrices usually showing traces of brownish bars, especially on basal portion; tertials dusky margined with chestnut-brown, the concealed portion of other wing-feathers also dusky; sides of head, chin, throat, and chest black, the auricular and superciliary regions more or less streaked with white; under parts of body, posterior to chest, plain mummy brown, the feathers dusky beneath surface; under tail-coverts black, barred with white and pale brown; maxilla black with paler tomia; mandible erayish (bluish gray in life 4); legs and feet grayish dusky or dark horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 132-146 (140); wing, 64-69 (66.3); tail, 49-55 (51); exposed culmen, 20; tarsus, 24-26 (25); middle toe, 15-16 (15.3).¢ «This sometimes obsolete. bP. f. grandis varies in coloration, the extremes closely matching P. f. felix and P. f. pallidus, respectively; but it may always be distinguished by its greater meas- urements. cThree specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 531 Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distinguish- able, but averaging a little lighter in color; length (skins), 127-140 (132); wing, 60-63 (61.5); tail, 47-51 (48.2); exposed culmen, 15-19 (18.8); tarsus, 22.5-23 (22.9); middle toe, 14-15 (14.8).¢ Costa Rica (Tucurrique; Pacuare; Jiménez) and Nicaragua (Grey- town; Rio Escondido). Thryothorus atrogularis SAuyrx, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 580 (Tucurrique, Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 483 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits).—Zrtepon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 (Pacuare; Jiménez). [ Thryothorus] atrogularis SCLATER and Satyix, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 7. Thryothorus atrigularis SAuvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 91, pl.6, fig. 4.—Suarpsr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 231 (Tucurrique). Pheugopedius atrogularis ? Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 180 (Grey- town, Nicaragua). Pheugopedius atrogularis LAwkENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 92 (Tucurrique, Costa Rica).—ZrLEpDEN, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3. [ Troglodytes| atrogularis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 190, no. 2590. PHEUGOPEDIUS FASCIATO-VENTRIS ALBIGULARIS (Sclater). PANAMA BLACK-BELLIED WREN. Similar to P. 7. fusctato-ventris,? but auricular region wholly dusky, under parts less extensively and less broadly barred with white, breast uniform black or dusky gray, and brown of upper parts darker. Adult male.—Above plain chestnut-brown, or between burnt umber and mummy brown, the pileum duller, especially on forehead, where sometimes inclining to grayish brown or dusky; upper tail-coverts usually narrowly barred (more or less distinctly) with black; tail black, narrowly barred on outer webs with light brown, the inner webs with indications of similar bars along edge; wings narrowly and indistinctly barred with dusky; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions entirely dusky, the last sometimes finely streaked with paler; a more or less distinct narrow superciliary line of white streaks; malar region, chin, throat, and chest uniform white; breast black or dusky gray, some of the feathers of lower portion usually with narrow and indistinct dull whitish bars; rest of under parts (except thighs) black or dusky gray narrowly barred with whitish, the bars becoming brownish on flanks; thighs brown, narrowly barred with dusky; maxilla black with whitish tomia; mandible pale grayish (in dried skins); iris brown; legs and feet black; length (skins), 148-153 (147.6); wing, 66-69 (67.3); tail, )2-54.5 (53.6); exposed culmen, 19-21.5 (19.9); tarsus, 22-25.5 (24.6); middle toe, 15.5-18 (16.3).° : Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but black of under parts averaging much duller (the color usually dusky grayish or brownish “Five specimens. >See footnote on page 529. eSeven specimens. 532 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. eray, sometimes tinged with light brown, and paler bars of posterior under parts light brown instead of whitish); length (skin), 147.5; wing, 64.5; tail, 55; exposed culmen, 18; tarsus, 23; middle toe, 15.5.4 Young.—Chest uniform light brownish gray; rest of under parts uniform light brown, the under tail-coverts barred with dusky. Isthmus of Panama (Aspinwall; Lion Hill; Panama; Paraiso Sta- tion) and along Caribbean coast of Colombia to Santa Marta. Cyphorinus albigularis ScLatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 76, pl. 88 (Panama; coll. Derby Mus., Liverpool); 1857, 4 (Panama). Thryothorus albigularis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 230 (Paraiso station, Panama R. R.). Thryothorus fasciatoventris albigularis Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900, 27 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.). Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris (not Thryothorus fasciato-ventris Latresnaye) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 134, part (Panama R. R.). Cyphorhinus fasciatoventris LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 320 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.). Thryothorus fasciatoventris SCLATER and Satyr, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864, 346 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.). [ Thryothorus| fasciato-ventris Barrp, Review Am. Birds, i, 1864, 121, part.— ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 7, part. Thryothorus fasciativentris SALViIN and GopMaAn, Biol.-Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 90, part (Panama and Lion Hil', Panama R. R.).—ZeELEpoN, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105, part (Panama). [ Troglodytes] fasciatoventris Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 189, no. 2585, part (Panama). PHEUGOPEDIUS FASCIATO-VENTRIS MELANOGASTER (Sharpe). ELACK-BELLIED WREN, Similar to P?. 7. albigularis, but slightly larger; upper parts darker and richer chestnut-brown (the back decidedly chestnut); tail more broadly barred, the bars chestnut instead of light brown; auricular region largely mixed with white on lower portion; under parts of body more extensively uniform black or dusky, only the lower abdo- men and under tail-coverts being distinctly barred, the bars on under tail-coverts light chestnut-brown instead ot white. Adult male.—Length (skins), 135.5-156.5 (146.5); wing, 67—71.5 (69.3); tail, 53.5-61 (57.2); exposed culmen, 18-20.5 (19.2); tarsus, 2495.5 (25.1); middle toe, 15.5-17 (16.5).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 122-152.5 (189.4); wing, 61.5-69 (65.2); tail, 52.5-56.5 (53.8); exposed culmen, 18.5-19 (18.8); tarsus, 99.5-24.5 (23.5); middle toe, 15.5-16.5 (15.9).° Veragua (Bugaba; Bibalé; Chitra) and Chiriqui (Divala) to Costa Rica (Pozo Azul de Pirris; Medellin; San Mateo). Thryothorus fasciatoventris (not of Lafresnaye) Satyr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 180 (Bugaba, Veragua) . “One specimen. » Bight specimens. ¢ Four specimens. 7—— + =”. 7, * or” ass ee rl =_— BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 533 Thryothorus fasciativentris SALVIN and GopMAn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 90, part (San Mateo, Costa Rica; Bugaba and Bibala, Veragua).—ZELEDoN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105, part (Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica). Pheugopedius fasciativentris Lawrencr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 92 (San Mateo, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 291 (Costa Rica).—ZELrpon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3. [ Troglodytes] fasciatoventris Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 189, no. 2585, fide Sharpe. @ Thryothorus melanogaster SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 230, pl. 14, fig. 2 (Bugaba, Veragua; coll. Brit. Mus.).—RericHenow and ScHatow, Journ. fur Orn., 1884, 429 (reprint of orig, descr. ).—CHeErrt®, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 521 (Pozo Azul de Pirris,Costa Rica; crit.); Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 11 (Palmar, Largasto, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica ).— Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 523 (descr. ). Thryothorus fasciativentris melanogaster BANGS, Auk, xviii, Oct., 1901, 368 (Divala, Chiriqui). Thryothorus fasciatoventris melanogaster BANGs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 53 (Bogaba, Veragua). PHEUGOPEDIUS HYPERYTHRUS (Salvin and Godman). TAWNY-BELLIED WREN. Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead and crown deep russet or mars brown, passing into lighter brown (between raw umber and bistre) on occiput and hindneck; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain olive-brown, the wings similar, but slightly browner; tail grayish brown, broadly barred or banded with black; pileum margined later- ally by a narrow line of black; beneath this a narrow superciliary streak of white; auricular, suborbital, and malar regions, chin, and throat black, the first three broadly streaked, the last two spotted, with white (this sometimes predominating on throat); rest of under parts plain tawny-ochraceous, deepest on chest, paler (sometimes pale tawny-buff) on abdomen, tinged with brown on flanks; under tail- coverts brownish white, broadly barred with black or dusky; maxilla dusky, with paler tomia; mandible grayish (bluish gray in life?); iris _brown;? legs and feet grayish dusky or horn color (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 109.5-131.5 (123); wing, 53.5-60.5 57.8); tail, 45-52 (49.5); exposed culmen, 15.5-17.5 (16.7); tarsus, 17.5-22 (20.8); middle toe, 13+18.5 (13.2).¢ Adult female.-_Length (skins), 120.5-1380 (125.2); wing, 54-56 (55); tail, 45.5-49.5 (47.5); exposed culmen, 15-16.5 (15.7); tarsus, 20.5-21.5 (21); middle toe, 12.5.” Isthmus of Panama (Paraiso Station; Panama), Veragua (Santa Fé; Calovevora; Santiago; Boquete de Chitra; Bugabi), Chiriqui (Boquete), and western Costa Rica (Lia Palma de Nicoya; Carrillos de Alajuela; Boruca; Térraba; Buenos Aires). “Specimens in British Museum ?; certainly not otherwise. DW. W. Brown, jr., manuscript on labels. ¢ Eight specimens. ¢ Two specimens. 5384 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Thryothorus rutilus (not of Vieillot) Lawrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 320 (Panama Rk. R.).—Sanviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 134 (Santa Fé and Santiago, Veragua); 1870, 181 (Boquete, Calovevora, and Bugaba, Veragua). [ Thryothorus] rutilus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 121, part.—Sciarer and Satyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 7, part (Veragua). Pheugopedius rutilus Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 135, part (Panama R. R.). Thryothorus hyperythrus SALvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig. 12, Apr., 1880, 91 (Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; coll. Salvin and Godman ).— SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 239 (Santiago, Veragua).—Ripe- way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iv, 1881, 334 (Carrillos de Alajuela, Costa Rica; crit. ).—ZELEDON, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 (La Palma de Puntarenas).—CHERRIE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 521 (Pacific side Costa Rica; crit.); Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 12 (Boruca, Térraba, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica; crit).—Baneas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, 111, 1902, 53 ( Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 4,500 ft. ). Thryothorus rutilus hyperythrus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, Sept. 5, 1882, 390 (La Palma de Nicoya, w. Costa Rica).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 23, in text. Thryophilus hyperythrus ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3. PHEUGOPEDIUS MACULIPECTUS MACULIPECTUS (Lafresnaye). SPOTTED-BREASTED WREN, Adults (sexes alike). —Pileum and hindneck plain russet or tawny- brown (varying from tawny-olive in worn summer plumage to russet- brown in fresher plumage); rest of upper parts plain light olive-brown or raw-umber;@ tail similar, but usually somewhat paler, sometimes slightly more tawny or rufescent, more or less distinctly barred with black or dusky; a sharply defined superciliary stripe of white, mar- gined above by a narrow line of black, along sides of pileum; a black or dusky postocular streak occupying upper portion of auricular region; lores grayish, sometimes forming a distinct streak between eye and bill; suborbital and malar regions and greater part of auricular region white, conspicuously streaked or otherwise marked with black; sides of neck olive-grayish, streaked with black and white anteriorly; chin, throat, chest, and abdomen white, thickly marked with irregular but mostly roundish spots of white, the chin and upper throat immaculate, but margined laterally by a black submalar streak; sides, flanks, and thighs plain light brown (varying from light raw-umber to light isabella color); under tail-coverts white, broadly barred with black or dusky; maxilla black, with paler tomia; mandible pale grayish (in dried skins); legs and feet grayish dusky or dusky horn color (in dried skins). Young.—Similar in coloration to adults, but anterior and median under parts duller white (usually more or less washed with pale brown- ish), with spots much smaller (sometimes streak-like), less sharply «The color is brighter or more decided in fresh plumage, less so in worn livery. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 535 defined, and dull grayish instead of black; markings on sides of head much less distinet; under tail-coverts light wood brownish, like flanks, etc., without bars or other markings. Adult male.—Length (skins), 120-133 (125.7); wing, 56-62.5 (58.1); tail, 45-51 (47.7); exposed culmen, 15.5-17.5 (16.6); tarsus, 21.5-22.5 29.1); middle toe, 13-15 (14).4 Adult female.—Lenegth (skins), 118-137 (124.4); wing, 52-60 (54.6); tail, 45-51.5 (46.9); exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 20-23 (21.4): middle toe, 13-15 (14.1).? Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jico; San Andres Tuxtla; Papantla; Coatepec; Tlacotalpam; Buena Vista; Pasa Nueva; Jalapa; Cordova; Orizaba), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Oaxaca (Teotal- cingo), and southern Tamaulipas (Alta Mira). Thryothorus maculipectus LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., viii, 1845, 338 (Mexico; _type now in coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.; see Ridgway, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Xxiii, 1888, 386).—ScLareEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 290 a Vera Cruz); 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 372 (Teotalcingo, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 21 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).—LaAwreEnce, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 13 (Guichicovi, Oaxaca).—Satyin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1880, 92, part (Mexican references and localities).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 237, part.—Ricnmonp, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Xvili, 1896, 632 (Alta Mira, s. Tamaulipas).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 23 (Jalapa; song). Rahejotkor us] maculipectus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 121, part.—SciaTer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 7, part. Tl hryothorus] maculipectus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 552. Pheugopedius maculipectus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Sept., 1864, 135, part (Mex- ico).—SumicHrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 545 (hot and temp. regions Vera Cruz). [ Troglodytes| maculipectus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 189, no. 2587, part. PHEUGOPEDIUS MACULIPECTUS UMBRINUS (Ridgway). GUATEMALAN SPOTTED-BREASTED WREN, Similar to 2. mm. maculipectus, but slightly larger and decidedly darker in color, the pileum chestnut-brown, bac k, ete., dark raw- umber brown, flanks raw-umber to russet, and black spotting of chest, etc., heavier. Adult male.—Length (skins), 120-139.5 (180.5); wing, 57.5-63 (60.9); tail, 45-52.5 (48.9); exposed culmen, 16.5-18-5 (17.4); tarsus, 21-22 (21.6); middle toe, 13-14.5 (13.9).‘ Adult female.—Length (skins), 122-130 (125.9); wing, 55-58 (56.6); tail, 44-49.5 (46.5); exposed culmen, 16.5-17 (16.8); tarsus, 20.5-23 (21.6); middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.1).¢ States of Chiapas (Hue huetan), Tabasco (Frontera; Teapa) and “Thirteen specimens. ¢Seventeen specimens. » Five specimens. ¢ Seven specimens. 536 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. astern Oaxaca (Santo Domingo), southeastern Mexico; Guatemala (Choctum; Cajabon; Savana Grande); British Honduras (Corosal); Honduras (San Pedro; San Pedro Sula; Truxillo; Segovia River; Santa Ana; Yaruca; Ceiba). Thryothorus maculipectus (not of Sclater) ScLater and Savi, Ibis, 1860, 30 (Vera Paz, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras ).— Bovucarp, Ois. Ree. Guatemala, 1878, 29.—Satvrn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 92, part (Choctum, Cajabon, and Savana Grande, Guatemala; Corosal, British Honduras; San Pedro, Honduras).—SHaArpPEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 237, part (Guatemala; Honduras). Pheugopedius maculipectus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 135, part (Cajabon, Vera Paz, Guatemala). [ Thryothorus| maculipectus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 121, part.—ScLATER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 7, part. Tlhryothorus| maculipectus umbrinus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 552 (Guatemala; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). Thryothorus maculipectus umbrinus Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 614; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 37, Aug. 6, 1888; 579 (Truxillo, Honduras), 585 (Segovia R., Honduras). PHEUGOPEDIUS MACULIPECTUS CANO-BRUNNEUS (Ridgway). YUCATAN SPOTTED-BREASTED WREN. Similar to P. m. maculipectus, but paler; color of pileum varying from light cinnamon-brown or russet to nearly isabella color, the back, ete., nearly broccoli brown, the flanks grayish buff or pale wood brown. Adult male.—Length (skins), 121-129.5 (125.9); wing, 53-58.5 (56.7); tail, 46.550 (48.4); exposed culmen, 16—-17.5(17); tarsus, 21-22.5 (21.7); middle toe, 12.5—-14 (138.3). Adult female.—Length (skin), 116; wing, 49; tail, 44; exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 14.4 Yucatan (Chichen Itza; La Vega; Tunkas; Temax); Campeche (Tokaltun); British Honduras (Orange Walk). T[hryothorus] maculipectus cano-brunneus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 552 (Temax, Yucatan, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). Thryothorus maculipectus canobrunneus RrpGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 614.—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 276 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; notes). PHEUGOPEDIUS FELIX FELIX (Sclater). HAPPY WREN, Adults (seres alike).—Pileum bright mars brown or deep russet, mareined laterally by a narrow line of black; rest of upper parts plain cinnamon-brown, the remiges and upper tail-coverts sometimes (but rarely 7) showing very indistinct narrow bars of dusky; tail cinnamon, more or less shaded or clouded with grayish brown, and more or less distinctly barred with dusky; a conspicuous and sharply defined « One specimen. _ 7, a: = | BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Dod superciliary stripe of white; a more or less distinct postocular streak or stripe of dusky; auricular, suborbital, and malar regions and sides of neck white conspicuously streaked with black; chin and throat white, margined laterally by a black submalar streak; chest and median under parts cream buff, deepening on sides and flanks into ochraceous- buff or dull tawny-ochraceous;” under tail-coverts pale ochraceous- buff, barred or transversely spotted with dusky; maxilla blackish, with paler tomia; mandible grayish (in dried skins); legs and feet grayish dusky or dark horn color (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 129-145 (134); wing, 56.5-60 (58.2) tail, 50.5-60 (56.2); exposed culmen, 15-16.5 (15.9); tarsus, 20.5-22. (21.4); middle toe, 138-14 (13.6).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 126.5-134 (128.6); wing, 58.5-55 (54.4); tail 50-56 (52.2); exposed culmen, 14-16 (15); tarsus, 19.5-21 (20.2); middle toe, 12-13.5 (12.5).° Southwestern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Juquila), Guerrero (El Rincon; Coquillo; Papayo; Ometepec; Acapulco; Acahuitzotla; Iguala), Michoacan,” and southeastern Jalisco (Tonila). 5 Thryothorus felix Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 3871 (Juquila, Oaxaca; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 20 (Oaxaca ).--Satvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 93, part, pl. 7, fig. 1.—SHArpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 232, part. [ Thryothorus] felix Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 121, part.—Sciarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 7, part. T(hryothorus] felix Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 552, part. Pheugopedius felix Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Sept., 1864, 126, part (descrip- tion, etc. ). [ Troglodytes] felic Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 190, no. 2592. [Thryothorus felix] a. felix Rripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, Jan., 1878, 11, part (diagnosis) . Thryothorus ruficeps (Lafresnaye, manuscript) Rrpaway, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiii, Mar., 1888, 387 (type said to be from Brazil, but probably from Oaxaca). , PHEUGOPEDIUS FELIX GRANDIS (Nelson). MORELOS WREN, Intermediate in coloration between P. f. felix and P. f. pallidus (nearer the former, however), but decidedly larger than either (except feet). “The Galak of the ee varies much ac soniae to condition of Ae plumage. In fresh plumage the color is deep, in worn plumage paler and duller. > Six specimens. « Three specimens. “No specimen seen by me, or recorded, from Michoacan; but since a portion of this State is interposed between the State of Guerrero and that portion of Jalisco in which the species is known to occur there can be no doubt of its occurrence in the coast district of Michoacan also. 538 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 137-147 (141.6); wing, 58.5-60 (59.1); tail, 58-64.5 (61.6); exposed culmen, 15-18 (16.2); tarsus, 21—22.5 (21.8); middle toe, 13-15 (15.6).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 183-140 (136.5); wing, 54.5-58.5 (56.5); tail, 59-59.5 (59.2); exposed culmen, 15.5-16 (15.7); tarsus, 20-22.5 (21.2); middle toe, 12.5-13 (12.7).? South-central Mexico, in State of Morelos (Yautepec; Puente de Ixtla). Thryothorus felix grandis Netson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 269 (Yautepec, More- los; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). PHEUGOPEDIUS FELIX PALLIDUS (Nelson). DURANGO WREN. Similar to ?. f. felix but smaller, with upper parts much less rufescent (pileum varying from deep cinnamon to nearly isabella color, back, ete., light olive-brown to nearly broccoli brown), lateral under parts averaging paler and duller (nearest pale clay color), and tail less distinctly barred with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 121-140 (129.9); wing, 538-58 (56.1); tail, 50.5-55 (53.9); exposed culmen, 14.5-17 (16); tarsus, 20.5-22 (21.3); middle toe, 13-15 (13.6).° Adult female. Tenetn (skins), 120-132 (128.8); wing, 51- tail, 46-53 (49.7); exposed culmen, 14-15 (14.8); tarsus, os 5 middle toe, 12.5-13 (12.8).7 Western Mexico, in States of Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Escuinapa), Durango (Chacala), and northwestern Michoacan (Los Reyes), and Territory of Tepic (Tepic; San Blas; Santiago). ~I (5: 1(2 = te 5D 21 [ Thryothorus] felix (not of Sclater) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 121, part.— Sciarer and Saryin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1878, 7, part. Thryothorus feliv LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., iii, 1874, 268, part (Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 93, part (Mazatlan).—Snarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 232, part (Mazatlan). T[hryothorus] felix Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 552, part. Pheugopedius felix Barro, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 126, part (Mazatlan). [Thryothorus felix] a. felix Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, Jan., 1878, 11, part (Mazatlan). Thryothorus felix pallidus Newtson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, May 29, 1899, 29 (Chacala, Durango; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). PHEUGOPEDIUS FELIX LAWRENCII (Ridgway). LAWRENCE’S WREN, Similar to P. 7. pallidus, but averaging decidedly paler, the back, etc., grayer, lateral under parts very much paler (pale buff or cream a@ Six specimens. ¢ Seven specimens. b'Two specimens. d Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 539 buff), and sides of head and neck much less strongly streaked with black (the suborbital and auricular regions sometimes almost wholly white). Adult male.—Length (skins), 132-146 (138.1); wing, 58-61 (59.7); tail, 54-58 (55.9); exposed culmen, 18; tarsus, 22-22.5 (22.1); middle toe, 14-15 (14.4).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 131-141 (135); wing, 54-58 (56.1); tail, 52-59 (54.7); exposed culmen, .6.5-18 (17); tarsus, 20-23 (21.3); middle toe, 138-14 (13.4).? Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias group, western Mexico. Thryothorus felix (not of Sclater) Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 278 (Tres Marias; habits).—LAawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 268, part (Tres Marias). Thryothorus felix, P lawrencii Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, Jan., 1878, 10 (Tres Marias Islands, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Sanviy, Ibis, 1878, 196 (crit.). Thryothorus lawrencti Satyix and Gopman, Biol. Centr. Am., Aves, i, 1880, 93.—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 232.—Nertson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 57 (Maria Madre I., Tres ona: habits; song; crit. ). T (hryothorus] lawrencti Ripaway, Man. N. on Birds, 1887, 552. Thryothorus felix lawrencii Fosrer, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 40, 1892, p. x. PHEUGOPEDIUS FELIX MAGDALENZ (Nelson). MAGDALENA ISLAND WREN, Similar to P. 7. dawrenci? in slight amount of streaking on side of head and neck, but otherwise similar in coloration to P..f. pallidus, or even darker than the average of that form. Adult male.—Length (skin), 135; wing, 56; tail, 54; exposed culmen, 18; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 13.¢ Maria Magdalena Island, Tres Marias group, western Mexico. Thryothorus lawrencii magdalene Newson, Proce. Biol. Soe. Wash., xii, Jan. 27, 1898, 11 (Maria Magdalena I., Tres Marias group, n. w. Mexico; coll. I Nat. Mus.); N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 58 (habits). Genus THRYOTHORUS Vieillot. Thriothorus VrEtuorT, Analyse, 1816, 45 (corrected to Thryothorus on p. 70).¢@ (Type, Troglodytes arundinaceus Vieillot, =Sylvia ludoviciana Latham. ) Thryothurus (emendation ?) Swarnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 319. Thryotorus (typographical error ?) Reicnensacn, Ay. Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 57. Hylemathrous MAxiMiLiaNn, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, 1830, 742, part. (To replace Thryothorus, © rejected on ground of inappropriateness. ) « Five specimens. bSeven specimens. ‘ ¢ One specimen (the type). d@ See Coues, Auk, xiii, 1896, 345. ¢The species included by Maximilian under Hylemathrous (or Thryothorus) belong, however, mostly to the genus Troglodytes. 540 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Medium-sized Troglodytidee (wing 52-57 mm.) resembling Pheuqo- pedius, but with tail graduated for much less than one-third its length; ninth primary not distinctly, if at ali, shorter than secondaries; nos- tril broader than the narrow, corneous and excurrent operculum; hallux (without claw) longer than outer toe (without claw), and with concealed white spots on rump. Bill shorter than head, slightly but decidedly decurved, compressed; exposed culmen much shorter than tarsus, about equal to middle toe without claw, straight basally, then gradually but decidedly decurved, or gradually curved from base; gonys decidedly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight or very faintly concave termi- nally; maxillary tomium faintly concave, without trace of subterminal notch; depth of bill at frontal antix greater than its width at same point. Nostril ovate or guttate, overhung by a narrow excurrent corneous operculum, its posterior end in contact with feathering of latero-frontal antizw. Rictal bristles obvious, two of them distinct. Wing rather short, rounded; seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries long- est, the fourth but little shorter and slightly longer than eighth, the ninth about equal to secondaries or slightly shorter and decidedly less than twice as long as tenth. Tail about four-fifths as long as wing, rounded, the rectrices broadly rounded at tip. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw, about two-fifths as long as wing and half as long as tail, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the planta tarsi booted (sometimes, however, with three or more divisions on the lower portion); lateral toes nearly equal (the outer almost inappreci- ably longer than the inner), both reaching (without claw) to just a little beyond second (subterminal) joint of middle toe, their claws fall- ing decidedly short of base of middle claw; hallux decidedly longer than outer toe, its claw much shorter than the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe coherent to outer toe for about two-thirds its length, to inner for more than half its length. Coloration.—Above rusty brown to grayish brown, the wings and tail narrowly barred with dusky, the rump with concealed roundish spots of white; a superciliary stripe and under parts buffy or ochraceous, the under tail-coverts barred with black. PRange.—Kastern United States and northeastern Mexico. (Mono- typic. ) Nidification.—Nest in cavities, usually of stump, logs, or trees; eges white, speckled with reddish brown. KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS. a. Wing and tail longer (adult male averaging not less than 61.1, tail 52.5; adult i female averaging not less than wing 56.9, tail 47.4); upper parts brighter colored (chestnut-brown or chestnut). }. Smaller (adult male averaging, wing 61.1, tail 52.5, exposed culmen 16.2, tarsus 22: adult female, wing 56.9, tail 47, exposed culmen 15.7, tarsus 20.8); colora- tion paler (back, ete., rusty brown or chesnut-brown, under parts buffy white BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 541 to tawny buff). (Eastern United States, except northern portion and peninsula of Florida, west to western Texas. ) Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus (p. 541 ) bb. Larger @ (adult male averaging) wing 62.6, tail 51.3, exposed culmen 18.5, tarsus 22.5; adult female, wing 58.5, tail 48.6, exposed culmen 17.5, tarsus 21.5); coloration darker, the back, etc., rich to dark chestnut, the under parts tawny clay color or tawny-ochraceous, often barred on sides or flanks with brown or dusky. (Peninsula of Florida.) . Thryothorus ludovicianus miamensis (}). 545) aa. Wing and tail shorter (adult male averaging, wing less than 59, tail less than 50; adult female averaging, wing less than 56, tail less than 47.4); upper parts duller colored (dull chestnut-brown to grayish brown). b. Darker and more richly colored, the upper parts dull chestnut-brown, the under parts deep clay color or tawny-ochraceous. (State of Nuevo Leon and adjacent parts of Coahuila and Tamaulipas, northeastern Mexico. ) Thryothorus ludovicianus berlandieri (}. 546) bb. Paler and duller colored, the upper parts more grayish brown, the under parts pale clay color to buffy white. (Lower Rio Grande Valley. ) Thryothorus ludovicianus lomitensis (p. 547) THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS LUDOVICIANUS (Latham). CAROLINA WREN. Adults in spring and summer.—Above plain rusty brown (nearly prouts-brown to chestnut-brown), duller on pileum (especially on forehead), brighter (light chestnut or rufous-chestnut) on rump and upper tail-coverts; rump with concealed roundish subterminal spots of white, the feathers dark slate color or blackish slate basally; wings and tail duller brown than back, narrowly (sometimes indistinctly) barred with dusky, the exterior rectrices and primaries with inter- spaces between dusky bars much paler (pale buffy or dull whitish, at least in part); middle wing-coverts and some of greater coverts usually with a small triangular terminal spot of white or pale buffy, margined (except terminally) with dusky; a sharply defined and con- spicuous superciliary stripe of white or buffy white, bordered above by a narrow black line along lateral margin of pileum and nape; a broad postocular stripe of rufous-brown occupying upper half (approximately) of auricular region, continued (sometimes brokenly) across side of neck; suborbital region and lower portion of auricular region dull white, buffy white, or pale buff, the feathers narrowly edged or margined with dusky, producing a more or less distinctly streaked or squamate effect; malar region, chin, and upper throat plain dull white; rest of under parts plain dull buffy white, more or less strongly tinged with buff on chest, sides, flanks, and anal region, or distinctly buff, deepest on flanks; under tail-coverts buffy whitish or pale buff, broadly barred with black; flanks (occasionally sides also) «Specimens provisionally referred here from northern Florida are smaller, instead of larger, than 7. /. Iudovicianus, but in coloration and larger bill agree with 7. /. miamensis. See footnote on p. 545. 542 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. very rarely barred with dusky brown; maxilla horn color or dusky, usually darker terminally; mandible pale horn color; iris brown; legs and feet brownish (in dried skins). — —_ Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but averaging decidedly brighter in color, the upper parts more decidedly rufescent (almost chestnut), triangular white marks at tip of middle and greater wing-coverts more distinct, superciliary stripe more buffy (sometimes decidedly butt), and under parts (except chin and throat) more strongly buffy, approaching tawny-buff or clay color on sides and flanks, the latter sometimes tinged with chestnut. . Young. —Very similar in coloration to spring and summer adults, but texture of plumage much looser; feathers of pileum indistinctly paler medially, and, sometimes, feathers of chest with indistinct dusky margins. Adult male. —Length (skins), 119-142 (130.5); wing, 54.5-64 (60.4); tail, 45.5-55.5 (50.6); exposed culmen, 15-18 (16.6); tarsus, 20-22.5 (21.5); middle toe, 14-16.5 (15.5).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 116-132 (126.3); wing, 55-59.5 (56.9); tail, 45.5-50.5 (47.4); exposed culmen, 14.5-17 (15.7); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.8); middle toe, 14-16.5 (15.7).? «Twenty-nine specimens. b Seventeen specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas compare in average measurements as follows: - | x= : Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Middle culmen. Ee eReeiueel spe phe sora Y aes ae | MALES. | Ten adult males from District of Columbia and Maryland... 61.1 517 16.9 21.4 15.5 Ten adult males from Mississippi Valley.-....-..-.---------- 61.2 51 16.4 21.5 15.6 Pwomdult malesmrom: Alabama see eccce. ewes = ace 61.5 §2.5 16.2 22 15.2 Ten agultanalestirom WOUISIAaNa =o -6-- ee -neee see oe 58.3 48.1 16.1 21.9 15.3 Menvaqduit 11a les trOonn Nex astecieee Coat eee eset eee es eiateieele le 6lhip 50.1 fel! 22.2 15.5 FEMALES. Ten adult females from District of Columbia, Maryland, aol WatrAbAN) sogsahseSae 5 Socbonabecosps ovoaeSosseoesoseods o7.7 47.1 15.6 20.9 15 Four adult females from Mississippi Valley -....---...---.-- | 55.8 47.4 16 20.6 15.1 One adult female from Alabama <2-< ~~ oo oes =e oe =e | ot 45.5 16 20 14 Seven adult females from Louisiana ......---.-------------- 56.7 46.1 15.9 2185 147, Tenladultaemelesrom LeExaSeeseecns seater eaeserelt 48 16.6 21.6 14.4 The coloration is very uniform throughout the range indicated above. Louisiana specimens (the shorter wing and tail of which may be to a large degreé explained by the fact that most of the specimens examined are in worn summer plumage) are very slightly darker above than others, but not so dark as specimens from northern Florida (provisionally referred to T. 1. miamensis). Those from Texas are asa rule closely similar to those from the Mississippi Valley and Atlantic States, though some of them, especially from the southwestern portions of the State, as might be expected, incline toward 7. /. berlandieri in the deeply colored under parts, ete. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. . 545 Eastern United States, except peninsula of Florida and lower Rio Grande Valley; north (breeding) to southeastern Massachusetts (Naushon), Biods Island (Middletown), Connecticut (Bridgeport; Ches- ter), Long Island, lower Hudson Valley (Spuyten-Duyvil; Inwood-on- Hudson), eastern and western Pennsylvania, Ohio (more rare in north- ern portion), Indiana (except extreme northwestern and east-central portions), Illinois (rare and local in northern portion), southern Lowa, etc., irregularly to inland Massachusetts (numerous records), New Hampshire (Rye Beach, accidental), western New York (Buffalo), Ontario (Mount Forest), southern Michigan (Washtenaw County), Wisconsin, and Minnesota (Reeds Creek); west to eastern Montana (divide between Powder and Tongue rivers; Lame Deer), middle Kansas, Oklahoma, and western Texas (as far as Valverde and Tom Green counties); breeding southward to extreme northern Florida (Santa Rosa County”) and westward along Gulf coast to Texas (except lower Rio Grande Valley and extreme western portions); resident throughout its range. [ Motacilla troglodytes] y GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 994 (based on Troglo- dyte dela Lowisiane Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 361; Roitelet, de la Louisiane, Daubenton, Pl. Enl., vi, pl. 730, fig. 1). [Sylvia] ludoviciana Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 548 (based on Troglodyte de la Louisiane Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v. 3861; Roitelet, de la Louisiane, Dauben- tons bmley vin plan tion A): Motacilla ludovisiana Turron, Syst. Nat., 1, 1806, 613 ee ludovicianus LicHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1825, 35.—Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 148. Troglodytes Liab BONAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 29; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 93.—Nurrart, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 429.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1841, 399, pl. 78; Synopsis, 1839, 74: Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 116, pl. 117.—Guiraup, Birds Long Is., 1844, 75.— Woopn#ouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 67 (Indian Territory; Texas).—Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 313 (Wiscon- sin).—Reap, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 399 ( (Ohio): —Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri). T[roglodytes| ludovicianus MAxXimILuian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 110 (lower Wabash). [ Troglodytes| ludovicianus Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 189, no. 2567. Thryothorus ludovicianus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List., 1838, 11; Compt. Rend., xxvili, 1854, 57; Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 41.—Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 265; Review, Bigs 123.—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 484 (San Antonio, Texas, resi Ann. Lye. i Y=. Villy! 1866,.283 (Long hope Bull. ie. Bonin Zool., ili, 1872, 125, 175 (Topeka, Kansas); Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 265 (Leavenworth, oo Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 260 ( eae records ).—Cours, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 19 (Fort Macon, North Carolina); Check en 1873, no. 47: 2d ed., 1882, no. 68.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i 1874, pl. 9, fig. 1.—Brewsrer, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875, fa (Ritchie Co., “Three specimens from Santa Rosa County, Florida (March), are typical 7. /. ludovicianus. 544 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. West Virginia; habits; song); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 21 (descr. young); Auk, xviii, 1901, 397 (Naushon, s. Massachusetts, breeding) .— Minot, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 76 (near Boston, July ).—BricKNeE Lt, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 129 (Riverdale, New York, 1 spec., autumn); iv, 1879, 183 (Spuyten-Duyvil, New York, breeding).—BreEwer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 198 (Lynn, Massachusetts, 1 spec., July 6); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 302 (New England records).—Purpir, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, oa 1879, 61 (Saybrook, Connecticut, 1 spec., Nov. 25).—JENcKs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 237 (Bristol, Rhode Island, 1 spec., Aug. 14, 1880).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 221, part.— Covert, List Birds Washtenaw Co., Michigan, 1881, 175 (rare straggler).— SpeLMAN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 54 (Rye Beach, New Hampshire, 1 spec., Aug. 7, 1880):—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 60; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 90.—Sanvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 77 (Reeds Creek, Minnesota).—NeEuHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 8 (Harris Co., Texas, resident); Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 141, pl. 26, fig. 6.—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 35 (Boerne, Kendall Co., Texas, resident ).—Saae, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 120 (Portland, Connecti- cut, 1 spec., Mar. 2); Auk, iii, 1886, 489 (East Hartford, Connecticut, 1 spece., Jan. 15-Mar. 18).—Cory, Auk, i, 1884, 91 (Brookline, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Nov. 4).—Dutcuer, Auk, ili, 1886, 442 (Old Westbury, Long Island, 1 spec., Jan. 30).—AmeErRIcAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 718.—Butter, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 37 (Franklin Co., Indiana, resident); Birds Indiana, 1897, 1115 (whole State except extreme n. w. and e.-centr. portion; common north to Vigo, Tippecanoe, Morgan, and Monroe counties).—Lioyp, Auk, iy, 1887, 297 (Spring Creek, Tom Green Co., Texas; winter resident; 1 pair May 6).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 271 (not migratory north of 38°).—-EverMaNn, Auk, vi, 1889, 29 (Carroll Co., Indiana, resident).—Hassrouck, Auk, vi, 1889, 240 (Leon and Satana rivers, etc., Eastland Co., Texas).—CHapman, Auk, vi, 1889, 305 (Englewood, New: Jersey; 3. specs., Sept. 20, 1885, and Apr. 24 and Sept. 22, 1886); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1891, 327 (Corpus Christi, Texas).—BarcHELperR, Auk, ix, 1892, 73 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Sept. 27, 1891; Brookline, Nov. 4, 1883; Lynn, July 6, 1878; Rye Beach, New Henaasnire: Aug. 7, 1880).—AtTrwaTER, Auk, ix, 1892, 343 (San Antonio, Texas, resident).—Homer, Auk, xi, 1894, 330 (Mercer Co., Pennsylvania, winter).—McIiwrairn, Birds Ontario, 1894, 392 (Mount Forest, 1 spec., Feb., 1891).—Utrey and Wa.tace, Proe. Ind. Ac. Sei., 1895, 158 (Wabash Co., Indiana, resident). —THorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 218 (divide between Powder and Tongue rivers, Montana, 1 spec., May; Lame Deer, ; Montana, 2 specs., Aug. ).—Savaae, Auk, xii, 1895, 314 (Buffalo, New York, L.spec., Nov. 5, 1894).—(?) Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breeding).—Taytor, Auk, xili, 1896, 84 (Bridgeport, Connecticut, breeding ).—ConkKLIn, Auk, xiv, 1897, 97 (Roslyn, Queens Co., New York, breeding; descr. song).—Foorr, Auk, xiv, 1897, 224 (Inwood-on-Hudson, New York, breeding).—Jacops, Auk, xv, 1898, 60 (fresh eggs Aug. 21, at Morgantown, West Virginia).—Brockway, Auk, xv, 1898, 192, 274 (Lyme, Connecticut, Dee. 17).—Hazarp, Auk, xvi, 1899, 80 (Peace Dale, Rhode Island, 1 spee.).—Srurrevant, Auk, xvi, 1899, 284 (Middletown, Rhode Island, breeding).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 42 (Louisiana, resident).—CuLark (J. N.), Auk, xix, 1902, 91 (Chester, Con- necticut, breeding).—Farweti, Auk, xix, 1902, 209 (Lake Forest, 30 m. north of Chicago, 1 spee., June, Aug., Oct., Nov., and Dec.).—Horrmann, Auk, xix, 1902, 292 (Belmont, Massachusetts, 1 spec., May 4, 1902).— Batvey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds. W. U. 8., 1902, 446. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 545 [ Thryothorus] ludovicianus Covers, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 86. T (hryothorus] ludovicianus CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 78.—NeExtson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 152 (Cook Co., Illinois, rare in summer).—Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 277, part.—Rinaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 550, part. Phryothorus ludovicianus Durrer, Auk, xx, 1903, 69 (Fall River, Massachusetts, Sept. 6, 1902). | Thryotorus] ludovicianus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 220. Thriothorus ludovicianus Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 361. Thryothorus ludovicianus, var. ludovicianus Bairp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 142. [Thryothorus ludovicianus] a. ludovicianus Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 29; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 168, footnote. Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus Goopr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 346. Thryophilus ludovicianus Boucarn, Cat. Avium, 1876, 160, no. 4869. Certhia caroliniana Witson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 61, pl. 12, fig. 5 (e. Pennsyl- vania; coll. Peale’s Mus., no. 7248; ex Motacilla caroliniana Bartram, Travels, p. 291).—BonapartE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 28.— JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 210. Troglodytes arundinaceus Vie1tuor, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 55, pl. 108, part (description and plate, but not account of habits). T(hriothorus] arundinaceus Lesson, Rey. Zool., 1840, 263, excl. syn. part. Thryothorus littoralis Vir1ttoT, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 56. T(hriothorus] louisiane Lesson, Rey. Zool., 1840, 264, part. THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS MIAMENSIS Ridgway. FLORIDA WREN, Most like 7. 7. berlandier?, but coloration still darker and richer, and size much greater (decidedly larger than any other form of the species); upper parts rich chestnut to dark chestnut, the superciliary stripe decidedly buffy (except in worn summer plumage); under parts (except chin and upper throat) deep clay color or tawny-ochra ceous, the flanks tinged with chestnut and (sometimes also the sides) barred with chestnut or dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 129.5-146.5 (139.8); wing, 61-66.5 (62.6); tail, 48.5-55.5 (51.3); exposed culmen, 18-19.5 (18.5); tarsus, 21.5-23.5 (22.5); middle toe, 14-16.5 (15.7).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 122-142.5 (131.3); wing, 56.5-60.5 (58.5); tail, 46-54.5 (48.6); exposed culmen, 15.5-19. (17.5); tarsus, 20.5-22.5 (21.5); middle toe, 14.5-16 (15.2).¢ Peninsula of Florida; north to Suwanee River, Gainesville, Palatka, etc.4 “This applies to Telmatodytes palustris! > Thirteen specimens. ¢ Twelve specimens. @Specimens from the Suwanee River and other localities in northern peninsular Florida are much smaller than typical 7. 1. miamensis, averaging even less than T, 1. ludovicianus, except bill and tarsus; but in coloration they are very much nearer the 10384—voL 3—03 Or ov 546 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Thryothorus ludovicianus (not Sylvia ludoviciana Latham) Aten, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 266 (e. Florida; ecrit.).—Batrp, BrREwEr, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 503 (Miami, Florida; crit.).—Maynarp, Birds Florida, 1881, 37, part. Thryothorus ludovicianus . . . var. miamensis RipGway, American Naturalist, ix, Aug., 1875, 469 (Miami R., s. e. Florida; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Thryothorus ludovicianus miamensis ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 89; Auk, vii, 1890, 115, 116 (Tarpon Springs, Micco, ete., Florida; crit.).— Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 170, 215; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 606; American OrnirHo.oaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 718a.—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 187 (Tarpon Springs, and southward); vii, 1890, 115 (Gulf coast s. Florida).—NernHriineG, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 146, in text (habits). T[hryothorus] lLudovicianus] miamiensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, Die T[hryothorus] ludovicianus miamensis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 550. Thryothorus miamensis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 222. Thryothorus ludovicianus miamiensis Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 69. THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS BERLANDIERI (Baird). BERLANDIER’S WREN, Similar to 7) 7. ludovictunus but slightly smaller, bill larger, upper parts duller brown, and under parts much deeper colored (usually deep clay color or approaching tawny-ochraceous, still deeper on flanks), the sides and flanks frequently barred with brown or dusky. former, and consequently I refer them to the Florida form. The only alternative would be to separate them subspecifically, since they differ materially from 7. 1. miamensis only in size, while they differ from 7. 1. ludovicianus both in size (wing, tail, and middle toe shorter, but bill longer) and coloration. Average measure- ments of specimens from the type locality of 7. /. miamensis, of birds from other parts of southern and central Florida, of a series from the Suwanee River, and of T. 1. ludovicianus, compare as follows: Ex- : Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed /Tarsus. Mids culmen. os MALES. Ten adult males of 7% Ul. ludovicianus from District of Columbiajand Maryland 2s. ss-cees sees e eee eee eae ans 61.1 51.7 16.9 21.4 15.5 Ten adult males of 7. 1. ludovicianus from Mississippi Valley.| 61.2 51 16.4 21.5 15.6 Eight adult males from Suwanee River, Florida.......-.-.-- 58.7 49,2 17.4 25 14.1 Ten adult males of T. 1. miamensis from southern and cen- tralebloridavexcept/Miamicsss-- erase oe ce ee ene aeaeeeeeeee 62.2 51 18.4 22.6 15.7 Three adult males of 7. 1. miamensis from Miami, Florida..| 64 52.3 19 22 15.5 FEMALES. Ten adult females of 7. l. ludovicianus from District of Columbiaete 348s se See oe ee eee eae a eee Sia 47.1 15.6 20.9 15 Four adult females of 7. 1. ludovicianus from Mississippi Walley 2.22 See aeet eae s Sheecencis oe tee mene eee ee eee 55.8 47.4 16 20.6 15.1 Seven adult females from Suwanee River, Florida........-.- | 59.8 48.3 16.3 21 14.3 Nine adult females of 7. l. miamensis from southern and central Mloridajexcept Miamilaeenssaseseeeeeeeeeeeeceneee 58.9 49 17.5 21.6 15.4 Three adult females of 7.1. miamensis from Miami, Florida. 57.6 47.3 17.3 21a 14.8 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 547 Adult male._Length (skins), 125.5-134.5 (129.6); wing, 55.5-61.5 (58.8); tail, 46.5-53 (48.8); patie oe 16-19 (17.7); tarsus, 20-22.5 (21.1); middle toe, 14-16 (14.8). @ Adult female.—Length (skins), 122-133.5 (125.8); wing, 54.5-57.5 (55.7); tail, 45-49 (47.1); exposed culmen, 16.5-18 (17.3); tarsus, 19-22.5 (20.3); middle toe, 13-15 (14.3). ? Northeastern Mexico, in States of Nuevo Leon (Monterey; Bo- quillo; Linares; Rodriguez; Montemorelos; Santa Catarina; Cerro de la Silla), western Tamaulipas (Ciudad Victoria), and northeastern Coahuila (Sabinas). Thriothorus berlandieri Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 362 (Boquillo, Nueyo Leon, n. e. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.; ex Couch, MS.); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 83, fig. 1. Thryothorus berlandieri Baird, Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 13 (Boquillo and San Diego, Nuevo Leon); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 266; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 124.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 9, fig. 1.—Satvin and Gopmany, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 94, part; Ibis, 1889, 236 (near Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 222, part. [Thryothorus ludovicianus.] Var. berlandieri Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 86. [Thryothorus ludovicianus.] b. berlandieri Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 29 (synonymy); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 169 (do.). Thryothorus ludovicianus . . . var. berlandieri Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 47a. Thryothorus ludovicianus, var. berlandieri Barro, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N Am. Birds, i, 1874, 144. Thryothorus ludovicianus berlandieri (not of Coues and Sennett, 1878) Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iti, Aug. 24, 1880, 170; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 60a, part.—Covugs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 70, part. TL hruothorus] lLudovicianus ] Ona Goer , Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 277. [ Troglodytes| berlandieri Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 189, no. 2571. (?) Thryothorus ludovicianus fat Sylvia ieeneiina Latham) Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 20 (‘‘Mexico’’). Thryothorus] ludovicianus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 550, part. THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS LOMITENSIS Sennett. LOMITA WREN, Similar to 7) /. berlandieri but still duller in color, with under parts paler; back, etc., usually dull grayish prouts brown or warm sepia, superciliary stripe pure white, the under parts pale clay color to nearly white (the sides and flanks frequently barred with brown as in T. 1. berlandier?). Adult male.—Length (skins), 123.5-137 (132.8); wing, 56-60 (58.4); tail, 46.5-52 (49.5); exposed culmen, 16.5-18.5 (17.3); tarsus, 20.5-23 (21.5); middle toe, 13.5-16.5 (15.1).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 112-134 (125); wing, 52-57.5 (54.1); tail, 43-48 (45.8); exposed culmen, 16-17.5 (16.5); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20. 2); muddle toe, 14.5-15 (4. 6).? \ a Ten specimens. > Seven specimens, ¢ Nine specimens, 548 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Lower Rio Grande Valley, in Texas (Lomita Ranch; Hidalgo; Brownsville; Grancano) and northern Tamaulipas (Matamoras; Camargo). Thryothorus ludovicianus, var. berlandieri (not Thriothorus berlandieri Baird) ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 109 (Fort Brown, Texas).—MERRILL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 121 (Fort Brown, Texas; descr. nest and eggs, etc. ) Thryothorus ludovicianus berlandiert Cours and SENNErtr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, no. 1, 1878, 8 (Hidalgo, Texas).—Sennert, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., v, 1879, 383 (Lomita, Texas; measurements, etc. ).—Covers, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 68, part. T[hryothorus] lLudovicianus] berlandiert Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 277, part. Thryothorus berlandiert SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 94, part.—SHarpek, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 222, part. Thryothorus ludovicianus lomitensis SENNETT, Auk, vii, Jan., 1890, 58 (Lomita Ranch, Hidalgo Co., Texas; coll. G. B. Sennett).—AmerrtIcaAN ORNITHOL- oaists’ Unton, Auk, vil, 1890, 64; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 718b.—Ruipe- way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 609. T[hryothorus] ludovicianus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 550, part. Genus THRYOMANES Selater. Thryomanes Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 22. (Type, Troglodytes bewickii Audubon. ) Small Troglodytide (wing 45-60 mm.) resembling 7Zhryothorus, but hallux (without claw) not longer than outer toe (without claw), bill much more slender and more depressed basally, and nostril much narrower. Bill slender, compressed anterior to nostrils, depressed basally, usually shorter than head; exposed culmen equal to or longer than middle toe without claw, gradually curved from base, the terminal portion more decidedly so; gonys decidedly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight throughout or faintly concave ter- minally, the tip of mandible faintly decurved; maxillary tomium faintly concave anterior to nostril, faintly convex posteriorly, without trace of subterminal notch; depth of bill at frontal antiz about equal to its width at same point. Nostril longitudinal, linear, or narrowly guttate or fusiform, overhung by a rather broad corneous excurrent operculum, its posterior end in contact with feathering of the latero- frontal anti. Rictal bristles obvious,” but only two or three distinct and these small. Wing short, rounded; eighth, seventh, and sixth or seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest, the ninth not longer than second, usually shorter, sometimes shorter than secondaries; tenth about half as long as ninth or a little more. Tail not less than four- fifths as long as wing, usually nearly as long, sometimes longer, much @Exceptin T. insularis, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 549 rounded, the rectrices broadly rounded at tip. Tarsus decidedly longer than exposed culmen, one-third to more than two-fifths” as long as wing, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the planta tarsi booted; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; outer toe slightly longer than inner, reaching (without claw) a little beyond second (subterminal) joint of middle toe, its claw falling short of base of middle claw, the inner toe reaching to but scarcely, if any, beyond subterminal joint of middle toe; hallux (without claw) about as long as outer toe (without claw) but much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than digit; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe for two. thirds its length or more, to inner toe for nearly as much. Coloration.—Above plain brown or brownish gray, the remiges narrowly and indistinctly (sometimes obsoletely) barred with dusky; middle rectrices gray or grayish brown narrowly barred with dusky, the remaining rectrices largely blackish or dusky with tip blotched with pale gray or whitish, or else (in 7. ¢nsularis) without uniform black or dusky on outer rectrices, their terminal portion irregularly marked with pale brownish gray and dusky; rump with concealed roundish spots of white; a conspicuous superciliary stripe and under parts whitish, the latter sometimes grayish or grayish brown laterally; under tail-coverts more or less barred with dusky. Nidification.—So far as known, the nest placed in cavities, usually in trees, stumps, or logs, or about buildings; eggs white, speckled with reddish brown. Range.—Lower Austral and Transition life-zones of North America, and greater part of Mexico, including Yucatan, Socorro Island, and Guadalupe Island. (Four species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THRYOMANES. a. Superciliary stripe sharply defined and conspicuous, white; inner webs of rectrices (except middle pair) black, broadly tipped with mottled gray and white. b. Larger (with relatively shorter wing and tail) with much larger bill (exposed culmen 17.5-19). (Yucatan and adjacent parts of Guatemala. ) Thryomanes albinucha (p. 551) bb. Smaller (with relatively longer wing and tail), with much smaller bill (exposed culmen 12-16). ce. Larger, with smaller bill and longer tail; tail 46-64 mm. (Thryomanes bewickii. ) d. Smaller (wing and tail averaging less than 55). e. Color of upper parts more reddish brown. f. Wing longer, bill and tarsus shorter; color of upper parts more chestnut brown;” adult male averaging, wing 54.1, tail 52.3, exposed culmen 13.4, tarsus 17.9; adult female averaging, wing 52.2, tail 51.5, exposed culmen 13.6, tarsus 17.4. (Eastern United States, chiefly south of CADE) cee Kees aa eek Oe Thryomanes bewickii bewickii (p. 552) “Tn the insular species, 7. brevicaudus and T. insularis. » It is of course necessary to compare specimens in corresponding seasonal plumage. Specimens in fresh autumnal plumage, or even those taken during winter, are much *‘warmer’’ brown than those taken in spring and summer, when the plumage is 550 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. J. Wing shorter, bill and tarsus longer; color of upper parts more grayish or olivaceous brown. g. Larger; adult male averaging, wing 53.5, tail 52.3, exposed culmen 15.2, tarsus 20.2; adult female averaging, wing 51.1, tail 50.4, exposed culmen 14.9, tarsus 19.7. (Coast district of Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia. ) Thryomanes bewickii calophonus (p. 566) gg. Smaller; adult male averaging, wing 51.9, tail 49.7, exposed culmen 14.7, tarsus 19.2; adult female averaging, wing 49.2, tail 48.1, exposed culmen 14.3, tarsus 18.9. (Middle coast district of Cali- TOFMIAA) ee See sees Thryomanes bewickii spilurus (p. 565) ee. Color of upper parts more grayish or olivaceous brown. jf. Bill shorter (exposed culmen averaging less than 15 in male, not more than 14.5 in female). g. Upper parts more decidedly brown; bill longer (exposed culmen averaging more than 14). h. Tail longer (averaging 51.5 in male, 49.7 in female); color of upper parts averaging more sooty brown. (California, except central coast and San Diego districts. ) Thryomanes bewickii drymoecus (p. 563) hh. Tail shorter (averaging 49.6 in male, 48.5 in female); color of upper parts averaging more rufescent brown. (Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands, California. ) Thryomanes bewickii nesophilus (}. 562) gg. Upper parts more grayish or olivaceous; bill shorter (exposed cul- men averaging not more than 14). h. Smaller (adult male averaging, wing 51, tail 52, exposed culmen 13, tarsus 19; adult female averaging, wing 49.5, tail 48.5, exposed culmen 12.7, tarsus 18). (Cerros Island, Lower California.) Thryomanes bewickii cerroensis (p. 562) i. Larger (adult male averaging, wing 52.6, tail 52.8, exposed cul- men 14, tarsus 19; adult female averaging, wing 49.8, tail 50, exposed culmen 13.4, tarsus 18.5). (Southern California, northern Lower California, and Santa Catalina Island. ) Thryomanes bewickii charienturus (p. 561) ff. Bill longer (exposed culmen averaging 15.3 in male, 15 in female). (San Clemente Island, California. ) ; Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys (p. 563) dd. Larger (wing and tail averaging more than 55). e. Color of upper parts more grayish or olivaceous brown. ai Darker. g. Smaller (adult male averaging, wing 55.8, tail 55.2, exposed culmen 13.9; adult female averaging, wing 55.5, tail 55, exposed culmen 14). (Southeastern Mexico.) ....--- Thryomanes bewickii bairdi (p. 559) gg. Larger (adult male averaging more than the above measurements). h. Wing and bill longer, tail and tarsus shorter (adult male averaging, wing 59.8, tail 56.5, exposed culmen 15.5, tarsus 19.9; adult female averaging, wing 56, tail 53, exposed culmen 15.5, tarsus 18.5); color of upper parts slightly warmer brown. (Western Mexicoi) i235 eee Se Soe ess Thryomanes bewickii percnus (p. 560) more or less faded and worn. In consequence of this seasonal difference the use of color-characters in the key becomes difficult, the summer plumage of the reddest form (7. bewickii) being really less reddish than the winter plumage of 7. b. spilurus and 7. b. calophonus, which are the most reddish brown of the western races. ¢ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 551 hh. Wing and bill shorter, tail and tarsus longer (adult male averag- ing, wing 58.2, tail 57.9, exposed culmen 14.6, tarsus 19.9; adult female averaging, wing 56.3, tail 56.3, exposed culmen 14.2, tarsus 19); color of upper parts slightly more olivaceous brown. (Central Mexico.) ....--- Thryomanes bewickii murinus (p. 559) Jf. Paler. (Northwestern Mexico and contiguous parts of southwestern United States, from southeastern California to western Texas, north to southern Nevada and Utah and southwestern Colorado. ) Thryomanes bewickii eremophilus (p. 557) ee. Color of upper parts more rufescent grayish brown. (Texas, except western portion, and northward to eastern Colorado and middle Heamsast) pee ee eee nas See oe Thryomanes bewickii cryptus (p. 555) ec. Smaller, with longer bill and shorter tail; tail 41-44.5 mm. (Guadalupe Island, Lower California. )..........-...- Thryomanes brevicaudus (p. 567) aa. Superciliary stripe not sharply defined, inconspicuous, pale buffy; inner webs of rectrices (except middle pair) grayish, narrowly and indistinctly barred with dusky, and without broad whitish or mottled grayish tips. (Socorro island, western Mexico: )==22222.42-22.22-..55- Thryomanes insularis (p. 568) THRYOMANES ALBINUCHA (Cabot), CABOT’S WREN, Very similar in coloration of upper parts to 7. bewichii spilurus and T. b. calophonus, but much larger, with relatively shorter wing and tail and longer bill, and under parts more buffy white, with flanks strongly brownish buff. Adults (sexes alike).—Ahbovye plain warm sepia or bistre brown, duller or grayer on pileum (especially the forehead), warmer or more red- dish brown (prouts brown) on rump, where the feathers have large concealed spots of white, their basal portion being dark slate color or blackish slate; lesser and middle wing-coyerts grayish brown, the latter with paler margins, sometimes with small terminal triangular spots or streaks of whitish; greater coverts and secondaries similar in color to back, indistinctly barred with darker (the bars sometimes obsolete on the former); primaries more broadly and distinctly barred with grayish dusky, the brown interspaces becoming paler (sometimes dull whitish) on exterior quills; middle pair of rectrices grayish brown, narrowly barred or otherwise marked with dusky; inner webs of remaining rectrices dusky, narrowly and _ indistinetly barred with blackish, their outer webs, except the two outermost, brown, more or less distinctly barred with dusky; four outermost rectrices (on each side) tipped with grayish, this much broader and mixed with white on the exterior rectrix, the second also with tip partly whitish; outer web of lateral rectrix broadly barred with white, the white bars and black interspaces about equal in width; next rectrix with several white spots on terminal third or more, the third more rarely, sometimes even the fourth, also spotted with white terminally; & conspicuous and sharply defined superciliary stripe of white, extend- 552 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ing to sides of neck, the posterior portion margined above by a narrow line of black; a broad postocular stripe of brown occupying upper half (approximately) of auricular region; suborbital region and lower part of auricular region white, the latter narrowly streaked with dusky, the former sometimes lle narrow dusky margins to the feathers; sides of neck brown, indistinctly streaked with white, some- times with black also; under parts white, passing into buffy grayish brown on sides and flanks, the latter deeper (inclining more or less to isabella color or wood brown) and sometimes indistinctly barred with darker; under tail-coverts white, broadly barred with black; maxilla blackish brown with paler tomia; mandible paler, becoming whitish basally; legs and feet deep horn brown. Adult male.— Length (skins), 122.5-138 (180.7); wing, 54-59 (57. 2)5 tail, 44.5-55.5 (49.2); exposed culmen, 18-19 (18.7); tarsus, 20-22.5 (21); middle toe, 12.5-15.5 (13.8).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 119.5-126 (123.2); wing, 53.5-58 (55.7); tail, 42-47 (44.9); exposed culmen, 17.5-19.5 (18.1); tarsus, 19-21.5 (20.4); middle toe, 13-14.5 (18.7).? Yucatan (Yalahao; Merida; Chichen-Itza; Puerto Morelos; La Vega) and adjacent portion of Guatemala (Sakluk, near Peten).° Troglodytes albinucha Casot, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1847, 258 (Yalahao, Yucatan; coll. Dr. S. Cabot).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 123. Thryothorus albinucha Barro, Review Am. Birds, Oct., 1864, 149 (crit. ).—Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 191 (crit.); 1874, 326 (crit.). Tisha. Ann: Lyc.-N. Ys 1869, 199 (Merida, Yucatan).—Satyin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 94, pl. 7, fig. 2.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 224.—CHap- MAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 276 (Chichen- a Yucatan). [Thryothorus] albinucha ScuaTER and Satyvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 7. T[hryothorus] albinucha Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 550. (?) Thryothorus petenicus SAtvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 187 (Sakluk, near Peten, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 125 (Sakluk). (2) [Troglodytes] petenicus Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 189, No. 2572. THRYOMANES BEWICKII BEWICKII (Audubon). BEWICK’S WREN, Adults in spring and summer.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, and smaller wing-coverts plain brown (between prouts brown and light bistre or broccoli brown, nearest to the first named), the rump more chestnut-brown, with concealed roundish spots of white, the feathers blackish slate basally; secondaries and greater wing-coverts @ Six specimens. > Four specimens. ¢ There is a possibility that the Guatemalan bird may be separable from that of Yucatan. Professor Baird compared the type of 7. petenicus with that of 7. albinucha (from Yalahao, Yucatan) and noted certain differences, which may or may not prove constant. (See Review of American Birds, 1864, 149.) ee a ee oe er ee eS ee Ce ee ee eee eee -— SS a! —- = BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 553 brown, the former distinctly, the latter indistinctly, barred with dusky; primaries dusky, their outer webs edged and spotted with pale brown- ish; upper tail-coverts and middle rectrices brownish gray, the latter distinctly, the former indistinctly, barred with dusky; a conspicuous and sharply defined superciliary stripe of white or buffy white extend- ing to sides of occiput, the anterior (supraloral) portion narrower and, usually, more grayish; a broad brown postocular stripe, occupying upper half (approximately) of auricular region; suborbital region and lower portion of auricular region grayish white, the latter more or less distinctly streaked with prowh n; under parts dull grayish white or very pale gray, becoming more decidedly white on abdomen, the sides and flanks more or less tinged with brown; under tail-coyerts dull white broadly barred with black; maxilla dusky horn color or black- ish with paler tomia; mandible pale horn color basally, more or less extensively dusky terminally; iris brown; legs and feet brownish or horn color. : Adults in autumn or winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage but more brightly colored, the upper parts more chestnut- brown, middle rectrices browner (broccoli brown to light bistre), sides and flanks more strongly tinged with brown, the under tail-coverts with ground color brownish white or pale buffy brown. Young.—Similar to adults, but ground color of middle rectrices brown, like back, etc., feathers of chest (sometimes throat also) more or less distinctly margined or edged with grayish or dusky, and under tail-coverts more brownish and less distinctly barred. Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-129 (113.2); wing, 51-57 (54.1); tail, 48-56 (52.3); exposed culmen, 12.5-14 (13.4); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.9); middle toe, 11.5-138 (12.4).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 113-129 (117); wing, 51-53.5 (52.2 tail, 48.5-53.5 (51.5); exposed culmen, 13-14.5 (13.6); tarsus, 1 7-18.5 oi ae middle toe, 11.5- 18 (12. 2) aTwenty specimens. bight specimens. Specimens from Atlantic States compare in average measurements with those from the Mississippi Valley as follows: Middle Locality. Wing. | Tail. E Sea Tarsus. fc |} culmen. = = Is io MALES. | Ten adult males from Atlantic States (District of Columbia | MEMOS EN) eet e eee Nios a o's dG au eon wane ecuse debuts se 54.8 53 13.4 18 12.6 Ten adult males from interior (Illinois to Tennessee) ....-. 53.4 51.5 13.4 17.8 12,2 FEMALES. | | i Six adult females from Atlantic States (Pennsylvania to | SUITE Cin PPE Rete ete Nan te | 62.4] 61.3} 18.7| 17.4 12 5 Two adult females from eastern Texas............--.....--- | 61.6| 52 | 13:5] . 17.5 12.7 554 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Eastern United States, chiefly south of 40°; north, locally, tosouthern and western Pennsylvania (Cumberland, Bedford, Susquehanna, Fulton, Clinton, and Beaver counties), southern New Jersey, southern Ohio, northern Indiana (north to Wabash, Tippecanoe, and Henry counties), southern Michigan (Washtenaw County), northern Illinois (Cook and Henderson counties), and central Minnesota—accidentally to New Hampshire (Alton); west to eastern border of the Great Plains (eastern Kansas, etc.); south to northern Florida (Wacissa River, winter and spring), and along the Gulf coast to eastern and central Texas“ (Waller County; Brazos, December). Troglodytes bewickii AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 96, pl. 18 (St. Francisville, Louisiana; type in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Synopsis, 1839, 74; Birds Am., oct. ed., 11, 1841, 120, pl. 118.—Nourratut, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 434; ed. 2, 1, 1840, 489, part.—Lesson, Rey. Zool., 1840, 264.—WoopHovseE, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 67 (Indian Territory). T(roglodytes] bewickii Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 158.—Trippr, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 115 (Minnesota, breeding). [ Troglodytes] bewickii Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 190, no. 2602, part. Thryothorus bewicki BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 11.—Assorr, Am. Nat., x, 1876, 237, 238 (New Jersey).—Loomis, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 211 (Chester Co., South Carolina, resident).—Covurs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 71.—Srong, Auk, viii, 1891, 245 (Wynnewood, New Jersey, 1 spec., Apr. 12, 1891).—Brimuey, Auk, x, 1893, 244 (Raleigh, North Caro- lina, winter). [ Thryotorus] bewicki Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 221. Thriothorus bewickii Barro, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 3638, part (Car- . lisle, Pennsylvania). Thryothorus bewickti Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 267, part.—Cours, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 108 (South Carolina); Am. Nat., x, 1876, 48 (mountains of Virginia, breeding); Check List, 1873, no. 48; Birds Northwest, 1874, 31, part.—TurnsuL., Birds E. Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 1869, 27; Philadelphia ed., p. 20.—(?) Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 6; 3d ed., 1875, 4 (Kansas).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 9, fig. 3.—LaNnapon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 4 (rare sum. resid.; Brook- ville, Indiana, 1 spec. ).—SHaArp#, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 225 (exel. references Dresser and Butcher).—Coverr, Annot. List Birds, Washtenaw Co., Michigan, 1881, 176 (1 spec., June 3, 1878).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 719.—Brewsrer, Auk, iii, 1886, 176 (Asheville, etc., w. North Carolina, breeding; habits; song).—Bur.er, Bull. Brooky. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 37 (Franklin Co., Indiana, summer resident); Birds Indiana, 1897, 1116 (north to Tippecanoe, Wabash, and Henry counties; resident north to Knox Co.; habits).—Cuapman, Auk, vy, 1888, 324 (Aiken, South Carolina, Noy. ).—Cooxe, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 719 (Gainesville, Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, s. Minnesota, etc.; wintering from s. Illinois southward ).—Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 92.—Loomis, Auk, vii, 1890, 130 (Oolenoy Valley, South Carolina, June, July); viii, 1891, 172 (Chester Co., South Carolina, resident), 333 (Ceesars Head, South Carolina, breed- ing).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 610.—Dury and Ke.1oaa, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., —, , 43 (near Cincinnati, Ohio, 3 specs., Apr. and May, « Apparently not breeding in the extreme southern parts of its range; nonmigratory over greater part of its range. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 555 1891).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 148.—WaAyNE, Auk, xil, 1895, 367 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, spring and winter ).—U.trey and WAL- Lack, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 158 (Wabash, Indiana, common summer resident).—Hap ey, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897, 196 (Richmond, Wayne Co., Indiana).—Dearsory, Prelim. List Birds Belknap and Merrimac counties, N. H., 1898, 32 (Alton, New Hampshire, 1 spec., Apr. 25, 1890).—Ruoaps, Auk, xvi, 1899, 313 (top of Tuscarora Mt., Fulton Co., Pennsylvania, breed- ing; Beaver, Pennsylvania, | spec., Apr. 27, 1898; Round Island, Pennsyl- vania, 2 specs., May 27, 1896). [Thryothorus] bewickii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 86. Thryothorus bewickii, var. bewickii Batrp, Review Am. Birds, Oct., 1864, 126.— Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 145. T[hryothorus] bewickii Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 367 (s. and centr. Illinois, resident); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 557.—NeEtson, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1876, 96, 152 (Chicago, Ilinois, rare, summer resident). T[hryothorus] bewicki Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 277. [ Thryothorus bewickit] a. bewickit Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 31. Thryothorus bewickii bewickii Gooner, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 346. [Thryomanes bewicki leucogaster] a. bewicki Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 169 (synonymy). Thryomanes bewicki Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, July, 1877, 60; iii, 1878, 163 (Mount Carmel, Illinois; habits); vii, 1882, 19 (Wheatland, Indiana, common), 253 (Arlington, Virginia, 1 spec., Apr. 10, 1882); Nom. Ne Am: Birds, 1881, no. 61. Thryomanes bewickii AMERICAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Unton Commitrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 124.—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soe. Nat. for 1897-1899 (1900), 42 (Louisiana, winter resident). Thryomanes bewickii bewickii OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, Nov. 19, 1898, 423 (monogr. ). T(elmatodytes] bewicki CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 78, footnote. [ Telmatodytes] bewicki HEINE and RercHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 48, part. THRYOMANES BEWICKII CRYPTUS Oberholser. TEXAN WREN. Similar to Z. }. bewickii but decidedly larger, tail relatively longer (averaging equal to or longer than wing instead of distinctly shorter), and coloration grayer above (broccoli brown to a more decided brown hue), and whiter beneath, with blackish bars on under tail-coverts much narrower. Adult male.—Length (skins), 121-135 (127.4); wing, 55-60 (57); tail, 54.5-60 (57.7); exposed culmen, 13.5—-14.5 (13.9); tarsus, 18.5—20 (18.8); middle toe, 12-12.5 (12.1).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 118-1838 (121.8); wing, 51-55.5 (53.2); tail, 50-57 (53.8); exposed culmen, 13-14.5 (13.7); tarsus, 18-20 (18.5); middle toe, 12-13 (12.4).“ Texas, except extreme western portion, northward to Oklahoma (Fort Reno), middle and southwestern Kansas, and eastern Colorado; south- «Ten specimens. 556 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ward through Mexican States of Tamaulipas (Santa Rosalia; Mier; Nuevo Laredo; Camargo; Soto la Maria) and Nuevo Leon (Rodriguez; China; Guyapuco). Thriothorus bewickii (not Troglodytes bewickii Audubon) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 363, part (Nuevo Leon; Santa Rosalia, Tamaulipas; Devils R. and Ringgold Barracks, Texas). Thryothorus bewickii Barry, Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 13, part (Guyapuco, Nuevo Leon; Santa Rosalia, Tamaulipas; Devils R., Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 267, part.—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 464 (San Antonio, Texas).—Burcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas). Thryothorus bewicki Cours and SenNeETT, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1898, 9 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas).—(?) Neurite, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 8 (Harris Co., Texas, resident). Troglodytes bewickii (not of Audubon) Herrmann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 41 (Fort Clark, Texas, breeding). [ Thryothorus] lewcogaster (not Troglodytes leucogastra Gould®) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 122 (diagnosis). [Thryothorus bewickii.] Var. leucogaster Bairp, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 126 (diagnosis). Thryothorus bewickii, var. leucogaster Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 127, excl. syn. (San Antonio and Ringgold Barracks, Texas; Santa Rosalia, Tamaulipas; Guyapuco, Nuevo Leon).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rimeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 147, part. Thryothorus bewickii leucogaster Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 72, part.— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Un1oN Committers, Auk, xiv, 1897, 131, part.—(?) Cooxg, Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 37, 1897, 120 (Fort Lyon, Pueblo, Bur- lington, and Loveland, Colorado); no. 44, 1898, 169 (Rouse Junction, Colo- rado, breeding; Colorado Springs, 1 spec., May 1, 1879). T{hryothorus] blewicki] leucogaster Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 278, part. Thryomanes bewicki var. leucogaster Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, Oct. 9, 1878, 121, excl. syn. part.—Merrityt (J. C.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 122 (Fort Brown, Texas: descr. nest and eggs and song). Thryomanes bewicki leucogaster Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 170, 215, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 61b, part.—Brown (N. €.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 35 (Boerne, Kendall Co., Texas, resident) .— (?) Becknam, Auk, ii, 1885, 140 (Pueblo, Colorado). Thryomanes bewickii leucogaster AMERICAN OrniTHoLoGists’ UNIoN CoMMITTEE, Auk, xvi, 1899, 124, part. T[hryomanes] blewickii] leucogaster Baitny (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 447, part. [Thryothorus bewickii] b. leucogaster Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 31, part (in synonomy ). [Thryomanes bewicki leucogaster] b. leucogaster Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 169, part (in synonymy). Thryothorus bairdi Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 95, part (Colorado; Rio Grande Valley; Tamaulipas; Nuevo Leon).—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 226, part (in synonymy ). «= Nannorchilus leucogaster, erroneously identified with the present bird by Pro- fessor Baird. See Coues, Auk, xiii, 1896, 345; American Ornithologists’ Union Com- mittee, Auk, xiv, 1897, 131; Oberholser, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxi. = eee To | | BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 557 Thryothorus bewickii bairdi (not Thryothorus bairdi Salvin and Godman) Goss, Auk, iii, 1886, 115 (s. w. Kansas; resident). Thryothorus bewickii bairdi Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354, part.—AMERICAN OrnirHovoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 7196., part.—Hancock, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 22 (near Corpus Christi, Texas, breeding; notes).—Cookr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 271 (s. w. Kansas).—HAsprovuck, Auk, vi, 1889, 240 (Eastland Co., Texas).— Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 611 (s. w. and middle Kansas; resident) .— Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 343 (San Antonio, Texas; resident; nesting habits).—Carrott, Auk, xvii, 1900, 348 (Refugio Co., Texas; resident). T[hryothorus] bewickit bairdi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 551, part. Thryothorus bewicki bairdii Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 297 (Tom Green and Concho counties, Texas; resident). Thryothorus bewicki murinus (not Thryothorus murinus Hartlaub) Rrpaway, Auk, iv, Oct., 1887, 350, part (crit. ).—BerckKHAM, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 691 (Corpus Christi, etc., Texas; habits). Thryomanes bewickii eryptus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, no. 1153, Noy. 19, 1898, 425 (San Antonio, Texas; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—AMERICAN OrnirHotocists’ Union Committee, Auk, xviii, 1901, 301 (check list no. 719¢) . T[hryomanes] b[ewickii] eryptus Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds We US:; 1902, 447. THRYOMANES BEWICKII EREMOPHILUS Oberholser. DESERT WREN. Similar to 7. b. eryptus, but decidedly grayer above (hair brown, approaching broccoli brown in some winter specimens); upper tail- coverts and middle rectrices clearer gray; under parts still whiter, the sides more faintly tinged with brownish gray, the under tail-coverts more purely white and narrowly barred with black; wing and tail slightly longer, bill decidedly longer, middle toe shorter. Adult male.—Length (skins), 120-136.5 (128.8); wing, 55.5-61 (57.7); tail, 55-64 (58.2); exposed culmen, 14-15 (14.8); tarsus, 18-19 (18.5); middle toe, 11-12 (11.4).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 114.5-129 (120.6); wing, 51.5-57.5 (54.7); tail, 51-59 (55.2); exposed culmen, 13.5-15.5 (14.3); tarsus, 17-19 (18.4); middle toe, 10-12 (11.3).* Extreme western portions of Texas (to central parts in winter) and westward through New Mexico and Arizona to desert region of south- eastern California (Resting Spring; White Mountains; Argus Moun- tains; Furnace Creek; Death Valley); north to southern Nevada (St. Thomas), southern Utah (Santa Clara; Toquerville; Washington; Iron City), and southwestern Colorado; south through States of Chihuahua, Durango (Durango City and Papasquiero, breeding), and Coahuila (Saltillo, April; Sabinas, breeding) to central Zacatecas (Valparaiso Mountains, December). Thriothorus bewickii (not Troglodytes bewickii Audubon ) Barrp, Rep. Pacifie R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 363, part (Los Nogales, Sonora). «Ten specimens. 558 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAI MUSEUM. Thryothorus bewickii Barrp, Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 13, part (Los Nogales); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 267, part.—Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 78 (Arizona).—HENsHAw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 101 (Apache, etc., Arizona). Thryothorus bewicki Cours, Ibis, 1865, 164, in text (Fort Whipple, Arizona). [ Thryothorus] leucogaster (not Troglodytes leucogastra Gould) Barrp, Review Am. Birus, Aug., 1864, 122, part (diagnonis). [Zhryothorus bewickii.] Var. leucogaster Baird, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 126, part (diagnosis). Troglodytes bewickii, var. leucogaster Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 127, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 147, part; iii, 1874, 504 (Toquerville, s. Utah). Thriothorus leucogaster Cooper, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 474, 479. Thryothorus bewickii . . . var. leucogaster Cours, Check List, 1878, no. 48a.— Yarrow and HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 9 (Iron City and Toquerville, s. Utah).—Hxrnsuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 41 (s. Utah). Thryothorus bewicki . . . var. leucogaster HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 155( Arizona); Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 183 (Iron City, Washington, and Toquerville, s. Utah; Camp Apache, Camp Crittenden, and Gila R., Arizona). Thryothorus bewicki, var. leucogaster Hensnaw, Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1875, pl. 1, fig. 1. [Thryothorus bewickii] b. leucogaster Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 31, part (in synonymy). Thryothorus bewicki leucogaster Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 52 (Fort Whipple to Grand Canyon, Arizona; habits; descr. nest and eggs); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 72, part. T[hryothorus] b[lewicki] leucogaster Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 278, part. Thryothorus bewickii leucogaster AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CoMMITTEE, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 131, part. Thryomanes bewicki leucogaster Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 169, excl. syn. part.— Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 82 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona). Thryomanes bewickii leucogaster AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, xvi, 1899, 124, part. T[hryomanes] b[ewickii] leucogaster Battny (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 447. Thryothorus bewickii, var. spilurus (not Troglodytes spilurus Vigors) Batrp, Re- view Am. Birds, 1864, 126, part (Los Nogales, Sonora). Thryothorus bairdi Sauvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 95, part (in synonymy ).—S#Harpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 226, part (in synonymy ). Thryothorus bewickii bairdi (not Thryothorus bairdi Salvin and Godman) Ripe- way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354, part.—AMERICAN ORNI- THOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 719b, part.—AntTHony, Auk, ix, 1892, 368 (Apache and Hachita, s. w.. New Mexico).—A ten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 41 (San Diego, n. w. Chihuahua).—Fisner (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 134 (Mojave Desert, Death Valley, Pana- mint Mts., ete., s. e. California; Ash Meadows, Pahrump Valley, and Vegas Valley, s. Nevada; Santa Clara Valley, s. Utah). T[hryothorus] bewickii bairdi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 551, part. Thryothorus bewicki murinus (not Thryothorus murinus Hartlaub) Ripeway, Auk, iv, Oct., 1887, 350, part (crit.). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 559 Thryothorus bewickii murinus Scorr, Auk, vy, 1888, 163 (Santa Catalina and Pinal Mts., Arizona, up to 6,000 ft.).—Aien, Auk, v, 1888, 163 (crit. ). Thryomanes bewickii eremophilus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxi, no. 1153, Nov. 19, 1897, 427 (Big Hatchet Mts., Grant Co., New Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). Thryomanes bewicki eremophilus GRINNELL, Check List Birds Calif., 1902, 69. THRYOMANES BEWICKII MURINUS (Hartlaub). HARTLAUB’S WREN. Similar to 7. b. baird’, but decidedly larger; coloration of upper parts darker and browner, and under tail-coverts more heavily barred. Adult male.—Length (skins), 121-138 (129.1); wing, 56-60 (58.2); tail, 54-60 (57.9); exposed culmen, 14-16 (14.6); tarsus, 19-21 (19.9); middle toe, 13-15 (13.8).@ Adult female.—Length (skins), 123-131 (126.3); wing, 56-57 (56.3); tail, 55-58 (56.3); exposed culmen, 13.5-15 (14.2); tarsus, 19; middle toe, 12.5-13 (12.8).? South-central Mexico, in States of Hidalgo (Tula; Real del Monte; Pachuca; Irolo*), Mexico (Tlalpam; Amecameca), Morelos (Tetela del Volcan), Tlaxcala (Apixaco), and San Luis Potosi (San Luis Potosi). Thryothorus murinus (not Troglodytes murinus Hartlaub, 1844) Harriavs, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., iv, 1852, 4 (Rio Frio, Mexico; coll. Bremen and Hamburg museums).—Bartrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 123. Thryothorus bewickii murinus Rrpeway, Auk, iv, Oct., 1887, 350, part (crit. ). Thryomanes bewickii murinus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, Nov. 19, 1898, 431 (monogr. ). (?) Thryothorus bewickii (not Troglodytes bewickii Audubon) Duaks, La Natura- leza, i, 1869, 139 (Guanajuato). [ Thryothorus] bewicki Scraver and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 7, part. Thryothorus bairdi Sarvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 95, part (Valley of Mexico; Guanajuato ?).—Smarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 226, part (in synonomy). THRYOMANES BEWICKII BAIRDI (Salvin and Godman). BAIRD’S WREN, Similar to 7. b. eremophilus, but smaller, darker, and browner. Adult male.—Length (skins), 123-126 (124.7); wing, 54-56 (55.8); tail, 54-56 (55.2); exposed culmen, 13.5-15 (13.9); tarsus, 18-20 (19); middle toe, 13.¢ « Kight specimens. > Three specimens. e A specimen from the locality mentioned, while agreeing in larger measurements with the present form, is much browner above than those representing other locali- ties mentioned, being exactly similar in coloration of the upper parts to T. b. bairdi; but Irolo is near the edge of the latter’s range, and the intermediate character of the specimen may thus be accounted for. d Four specimens. 560 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Lenegth (skins), 128-126 (124.5); wing, 55-56 (55.5); tail, 54-56 (55); exposed culmen, 13.5-14.5 (14); tarsus, 19-20 (19.5); middle toe, 13-13.5 (18.2).¢ . Southeastern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Tamazulapam; Oaxaca City), southwestern Vera Cruz (Perote; Maltrata), and southern Puebla (Chalchicomula; Tehuacan; Atlixco). Thryothorus bewickti (not Troglodytes bewickti Audubon) ScuatrEer, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 372 (Oaxaca). [ Thryothorus] bewickt ScLATER and Satyrin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 7, part. [ Telmatodytes| bewicki Herne and RetcuENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 48, part (Oaxaca). Thryothorus bewickii, var. leucogaster (not Troglodytes leucogastra Gould) LAWRENCE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 14 (Puente Colorado, Puebla). [Thryothorus bewickii] b. leucogaster Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 31, part (in synonymy ). Thryomanes bewicki leucogaster Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 169, part (in synonymy). Thryothorus bairdi SALvIn and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig. 12, Apr., 1880, 95, part (type from Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, s. w. Mexico; coll. Salvin and Godman).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 226, pl. 13, excel. syn. part (Puebla, Mexico). Thryothorus bewickii bairdi (not of Ridgway, 1885) FERRARI-PEREz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 136 (Puebla).—AmerRICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 7196, part. T(hryothorus] bewickii bairdi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 551, part. Thryomanes bewickii bairdi OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxi, Noy. 19, 1898, 433 (monogr. ). THRYOMANES BEWICKII PERCNUS Oberholser. JALISCO WREN. Similar to 7. 6. murinus, but wing and bill longer, tail and tarsus slightly shorter, and coloration averaging slightly darker. Adult male.—Length (skins), 123.5-139 (129); wing, 58-62 (60.1); tail, 54.5-58.5 (56.3); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.5); tarsus, 18-20 (19.1); middle toe, 12-14 (13.2).? Adult female. —Length (skins), 180-130.5 (130.2); wing, 54-58 (56); tail, 53; exposed culmen, 15.5; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe, 12-12.5 (12.2).¢ Western Mexico, in States of Jalisco (Etzatlan; Zapotlan; Ocotlan; Guadalajara; Tonila) and Zacatecas (Plateado); accidental in Puebla (Puente Colorado, August 3).° [ Thryothorus] bewicki (not Troglodytes bewickit Audubon) ScraTer and SALyIn, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 7, part. Thryothorus bewickii, var. leucogaster (not Troglodytes leucogastra Gould ) LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 268 (Guadalajara, Jalisco). «Two specimens. » Hight specimens. ¢ Puente Colorado is erroneously located by Mr. Oberholser in the State of Guerrero. = - --_- -™ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 561 Thryothorus bairdi Sauvixn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 95, part (Guadalajara; Puente Colorado, Puebla). T(hyrothorus] bewickii bairdi (not Thryothorus bairdi Salvin and Godman) Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 551, part (Guadalajara, Jalisco; see foot- _ note on page cited). Thryothorus bewickii spilurus (not Troglodytes spilurus Vigors) AMERICAN ORNI- THoLOGIstTs’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 719a, part (western Mexico). Thryomanes bewickii percnus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxi, no. 1153, Nov. 19, 1898, 429 (Etzatlan, Jalisco, s. w. Mexico; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). ! THRYOMANES BEWICKII CHARIENTURUS Oberholser. SAN DIEGO WREN. Similar to 7. 6. percnus, but decidedly smaller (except length of tarsus), and color of upper parts duller, or slightly olivaceous, brown. Adult male.—Length (skins), 112-128 (120.1); wing, 51-55 (52.7); tail, 50-55 (52.8); exposed culmen, 13-15 (14); tarsus, 18-20 (19); middle toe, 12-13 (12.4).¢ Adult jfemale.—Length (skins), 107-126 (115.3); wing, 46.5-52 (49.9); tail, 46-53 (50); exposed culmen, 12-14.5 (13.4); tarsus, 18-19 (18.5); middle toe, 11.5-13 (12.1).? Southern coast district of California, in Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties, and northern Lower California, as far southward as latitude 28°; Santa Catalina Island. Thryomanes bewicki spilurus (not Troglodytes spilurus Vigors) BeLpinG, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 528 (San Quentin Bay, Lower California). Thryothorus bewickii spilurus AMERICAN OrnirHovoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 719a, part.—(?) Evermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 185 (Ventura Co., California, resident ).—FisHer (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 134, part (San Bernardino, s. California).—ANTHONyY, Zoe, iv, 1898, 245 (San Pedro Martir « Fourteen specimens. » Thirteen specimens. Specimens from different localities compare in average measurements as follows: | Bx- lee Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed |Tarsus. mie culmen. : MALES. Four adult males from Los Angelesand Riverside counties, MAIO Ee so eas oe ee cnt. ote pues we toe cae mame 52.7 53.7 13.6 19.5 12.4 One adult male from San Diego County, California.......-.. 52 52 14 19 12 Three adult males from northern Lower California. ........ 54 53 14,2 18.8 12.3 Two adult males from San Quentin Bay, Lower California .| 52.2 D2. 2 13.7 18. 2 12.5 Four adult males from Santa Catalina Island, California... 51.9 51.7 14.7 19.5 12.6 FEMALES. Nine adult females from Los Angeles, Riverside, and San HErmerGsiO COMMUGSs = sane. enet et ces esaece nese cm acme eae 50.1 50. 2 13:1 18.5 Ok Two adult females from northern Lower California ........ 50.5 51 14.2 18.7 12 One adult female from San Quentin Bay........-.-.--..-..- 50 49 13 18.5 12 One adult female from Santa Catalina Island............... 47 47 14 18.5 12 10384—voL 3—03——36 562 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. , Mts., Lower California); Auk, xii, 1895, 148 (San Fernando, Lower Cali- fornia, breeding).—GRINNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 48 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident); Auk, xv, 1898, 236 (Santa Catalina Island, California, Dec.). T( hryothorus] bewickii spilurus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 551, part. Thryomanes bewickii charienturus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxi, no. 1153, Nov. 19, 1898, 435 (Nachoguero Valley, Lower California; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); xxii, 1900, 233 (Santa Catalina I.; crit.).—AmeErIcAN ORNI- TrHoLOGIsts’ Unron Commirrer, Auk, xviii, 1901, 307 (check list no. 719d). Tl hryomanes| blewickii] charienturus Baitny (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 447. Thryomanes bewicki charienturus GRINNELL, Check List Birds Calif., 1902, 69. THRYOMANES BEWICKII CERROENSIS (Anthony). CERROS ISLAND WREN. Similar to 7) }b. charienturus, but slightly smaller (the bill decidedly so) and coloration slightly paler and grayer. | Adult male.—Length (skin), 121; wing, 51; tail, 52; tarsus, 19; middle toe, 12.% Adult female.—Length (skins), 114-119 (116.5); wing, 48-51 (49.5); tail, 47-50 (48.5); exposed culmen, 12.5-13 (12.7); tarsus, 18; middle foes ioe8 Cerros Island, Lower California. Thryomanes bewicki spilurus (not Troglodytes spilurus Vigors) Brtprne, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 531 (Cerros I.). Thryothorus bewicki bairdi (not Thryothorus bairdi Salvin and Godman) Town- sEND (C. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 138 (Cerros I.). Thryothorus cerroensis ANtHoNY, Auk, xiv, Apr., 1897, 166 (Cerros I., Lower Yalifornia; coll. A. W. Anthony). Thryomanes bewickii cerroensis OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, Nov. 19, 1898, 445 (monogr. ). THRYOMANES BEWICKII NESOPHILUS Oberholser. SANTA CRUZ WREN, Similar to 7. 6. charienturus, but slightly browner (the flanks decid- edly so), tail shorter, and bill longer. Adult male.—WLength (skins), 114-126.5 (121.1); wing, 51.5-53.5 (52.5); tail, 46.5-51.5 (48.9); exposed culmen, 14.5-15.5 (15); tarsus, 19-19.5 (19.3); middle toe, 11.5-12.5 (12.2).°¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 115-119 (117); wing, 50-52 (51); tail, 48-49 (48.5); exposed culmen, 14.5; tarsus, 19.5-20 (19.7); middle toe, 11.5-19.5 (12).¢ a@QOne specimen, with tip of maxilla broken off. »>Two specimens. Two other specimens (including the type) examined, but these with sex undetermined. ¢ Five specimens. a Two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 563 Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands, Santa Barbara group, California. Thryothorus bewickii bairdi (not Thryothorus bairdi Salvin and Godman) Town- SEND (C. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 141 (Santa Cruz I., California). Thryomanes bewickii nesophilus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, no. 1153, Noy. 19, 1898, 442 (Santa Cruz I., Santa Barbara group, California; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; xxii, 1900, 234 (Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands; crit. ). Thryomanes nesophilus GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, June 25, 1902, 69. * Thryomanes bewickii spilurus (not Troglodytes spilurus Vigors) Baitey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.8., 1902, 446, part (Santa Cruz I.). THRYOMANES BEWICKII LEUCOPHRYS (Anthony). SAN CLEMENTE WREN. Nearest to 7. >. charienturus, but wing and bill decidedly longer and coloration much grayer, the upper parts clear hair brown instead of dark hair brown or brownish olive, brownish gray of flanks much paler, under tail-coverts less heavily barred, and white superciliary stripe usually broader. Adult male.—Length (skins), 120-132 (127.8); wing, 52-55.5 (53.8); tail, 51.5-54 (52.5); exposed culmen, 14-16 (15.3); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.3); middle toe, 12.5-13 (12.7).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 116-132 (120.5); wing, 49-54.5 (51.7); tail, 46-54 (48.9); exposed culmen, 13.5-16 (15); tarsus, 18.5-20.5 (19.6); middle toe, 12-13.5 (12.5).? San Clemente Island, Santa Barbara group, California. Thryothorus bewickit bairdi (not Thryothorus bairdi Salvinand Godman ) TowNnsEND (C. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 140 (San Clemente I., California). Thryothorus leucophrys’ ANTHONY, Auk, xii, Jan., 1895, 52 (San Clemente I., Santa Barbara group, California; coll. A. W. Anthony).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- aists’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 719.1.—Ripeaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 609.—GRINNELL (J.), Pub. no. 1, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1897, 21 (habits). Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys OBERRHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus,, xxi, Noy. 19, 1898, 4483 (monogr. ). Thryomanes leucophrys AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommMIrrer, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 125.—Bat.ey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.8., 1902, 448.— GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 69. THRYOMANES BEWICKII DRYMOECUS Oberholser. SACRAMENTO WREN, Nearest 7. b. charienturus, but upper parts decidedly browner, tail shorter, bill longer, and feet smaller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 108.5-127 (117.9); wing, 49-55 (52.1); tail, 48.5-55 (51.5); exposed culmen, 14.5-16 (14.9); tarsus, 17.5-19.5 (18.8); LG toe, 10.5-12.5 > 5).¢ @ Six specimens. _ b 2 Fiy € specimens. ¢ Ten specimens. 564 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Length (skins), 110.5-121 (115.7); wing, 49-51.5 (50.1); tail, 47-52.5 (49. 7); exposed culmen, 13.5-15 (14. 9); tarsus, 18.5-19.5 (18.9); middle toe, 11-12.5 (11.9).¢ Central California, including valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, west slope of Sierra Nevada, and east slope of Coast Range (at least in part), reaching to or near the coast in Monterey, San Luis Obispo, and Los Angeles’ counties; north to Shasta and Siskiyou counties; south to Kern County (Fort Tejon; Kernville; south fork of Kern River), occasionally to Los Angeles County (Pasadena; Santa Monica Mountains). [Thryothorus bewickii] spilurus (not Troglodytes spilurus Vigors) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 122, part. [ Thryothorus bewickii.] Var. spilurus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 126, part. Thryothorus bewickii, var. spilurus Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 126, part (Fort Tejon, California).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 147 part.—NeEtson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 357 (Nevada City, California).—Brnpire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 113 (Camp Harney, Oregon; descr. nest and eggs). Thryothorus bewickii . . . var. spilurus Cours, Check List, 1875, no. 48), part.— HensHAw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., ne 232 (Tejon Mts. and Walker Basin, s. e. California). [ Thr Spee bewickii] c. spilurus Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 31, part (in synonymy ). [ Thryothorus bewicki] y. spilurus Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 422 (Sacra- mento, California). Thryothorus bewicki spilurus HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 232 (Tejon Mts., Kernville, and Walker Basin, s. e. California).—CovEs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 73, part.—Townsenp (C. H.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 227 (Baird and base of Mount Shasta, n. California, resident). T[hryothorus] blewicki] spilurus ? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 278, part. Thryothorus bewickii spilurus Goopr, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 346, part.—AMERICAN OrniITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1887, no. 719a, part.— FisHer (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 154, part (Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Tejon and Temploa Mts., ete., California). T{hryothorus] bewickii spilurus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 551, part. Thryothorus spilurus Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 69, part.—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 225, part (Eldorado City, California). Thryomanes bewicki spilurus Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Oct., 1874, 170 (Sac- ramento, California, June); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1880, no. 61a, part. Thryomanes bewickii spilurus Battery (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.8., 1902, 446, part. Thryomanes bewicki, 2. spilurus Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, Apr., 1878, 65 (Calaveras Co., California, Jan.).—Br.pixe, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 402 (Marysville and Calaveras Co., California; Stockton). Thryomanes spilurus BeLpInG and Rineway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 391 (Calaveras Co., California). Thryomanes bewicki leucogaster c. spilurus Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 170, part (in synonymy). @ Four specimens. > The breeding bird of the greater part of Los Angeles County is, apparently, 7. 6. charienturus, but several iocalities are represented by the present form, probably as stragglers. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 565 Thryomanes bewickii drymecus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxi, no. 1153, Noy. 19, 1898, 437 (Baird, Shasta Co., California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Thryomanes bewicki drymoecus GRiNNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 68. Thriothorus bewickii (not Troglodytes bewickii Audubon) Barirp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 363, part (Fort Tejon, California).—Xanrus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon). Thryothorus bewickii Barry, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 267, part. THRYOMANES BEWICKII SPILURUS (Vigors). VIGORS’ WREN. Similar to 7. b. drymoecus, but smaller (except feet) and coloration decidedly browner (the back, etc., deep sepia to warm sepia). Adult male.—Length (skins), 117-126 (120); wing, 50-53.5 (51.9); tail, 47.5-53 (49.7); exposed culmen, 14-15.5 (14.7); tarsus, 18-20 (19.2); middle toe, 11.5-13.5 (12.1).% Adult female.—Length (skins), 108.5-121.5 (116.5); wing, 48-51.5 (49.2): tail, 46.5-49.5 (48.1); exposed culmen, 12.5-15 (14.3); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.9); middle toe, 11-13 (11.6).¢ Central coast district of California, in Sonoma, Marin,’ Contra Costa, Alameda, Santa Clara, San Francisco, San Mateo, and Santa Cruz counties and northern portion of Monterey County (shores of Mon- terey Bay). Troglodytes spilurus Vicors, Zool. Voy. ‘‘Blossom,’’ 1839, 18, pl. 4, fig. 1 (California; no locality mentioned, but probably either San Francisco or Monterey ). “—Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 222. T [roglodytes] spilurus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 185. [ Thryothorus bewickii] spilurus Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 122, part. [ Thryothorus bewickii.] Var. spilurus Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 126, part. Thryothorus bewickii, var. spilurus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 126, part (San Francisco and Petaluma, California).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 147, part. Thryothorus bewickii . . . var. spilurus Coves, Check List, 1875, no. 484, part. [Thryothorus bewickii] ¢. spilurus Coves, Birds Northwest, 1874, 31, part (in synonymy). Thryothorus bewicki spilurus Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 75, part. T [hryothorus] b[ewicki] spilurus ? Covers, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 278, part. Thryothorus bewickii spilurus Goong, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 346, part.—AmerIcAN OrniTHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 719a, part. T (hryothorus] béwickii spilurus RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 551, part. Thryothorus spilurus Coorer, Orn. Cal., 1870, 69, part.—Saarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 225, part (in synonymy). « Ten specimens. Specimens from Nicasio, Marin County, are, as a rule, quite as deeply colored as T. b. calophonus, in fact but for their different measurements (which are those of T. b. spilurus) would be referable to that form. One example trom Nicasio, in Mr. Brewster’s collection (no. 20068), is, on the other hand, grayer even than T. 4. dry- moecus and can only be regarded as abnormal. ¢See Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, 439. 566 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [ Thryomanes bewicki leucogaster] c. spilurus Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 170, part (in synonymy ). Thryomanes bewicki spilurus (not of Ridgway, 1874) Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 170, 215, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 6la, part.— GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 68. Thryomanes bewickii spilurus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, 438 (monogr. ).—AMERICAN OrniITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Committers, Auk, xvi, 1899, 124, part. Throymanes [sic] bewickii spilurus BATLEY (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 446, part. Troglodytes bewickii (not of Audubon) GamBet, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., iii 1846, 113 (at least in part; California). Thriothorus bewickii Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 363, part (Peta- luma, San Francisco, and Cosumnes R., California). Thryothorus bewickii Barry, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 267, part.—(?) ScLaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 22, part (California). Thryothorus bewickii var. Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 9, fig. 4 THRYOMANES BEWICKII CALOPHONUS Oberholser. SEATTLE WREN, Similar to 7. b. spilurus, but larger and color of upper parts and flanks averaging browner. ¢ Adult male.—Length (skins), 119-187.5 (126.8); wing, 51.5-55 (53.5); tail, 50.5-56 (52.3); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.2); tarsus, 19-21 (20.2); middle toe, 12-14 (12.8). ? Adult female.—Length (skins), 118.5-131 (124.6); wing, 49-53 (51.1); tail, 48-54 (50.4); exposed culmen, 14-15 (14.9); tarsus, 19-21 (19.7); middle toe, 11.5-14 (12.9). ? Pacific slope district of Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia;° north to southern portion of Vancouver Island and valley of Fraser River, slightly farther along coast of mainland. Troglodyltes bewickii (not of Audubon) Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 154 (Columbia R.).—Nurratu, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 489, part (Willamette R., Oregon).—Nerwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 80, part (w. Oregon). Thriothorus bewickii Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 363, part (Fort Steilacoom, Shoalwater Bay, and Fort Vancouver, Washington) .—CoopEr and Sucktey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 189 (Puget Sound, etc., Washington) . Thryothorus bewickii Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 267, part. Thryothorus bewicki Brown, Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vancouver I.). [ Thryothorus bewickii] spilurus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 122, part. Bisel bewicki.] Var. spire Bairp, Reyiew Am. Birds, 1864, 16, part. a Not more so, however, than specimens of T. b. aden fran Marin County, California, which in coloration are, asa rule, precisely similar to typical examples of the present form, though in measurements agreeing better with 7. 6. spilurus. »b Ten specimens. ¢ Specimens examined from Chilliwack, New Westminster, Westminster Junction, Mount Lehman, Agassiz, and Vancouver Island. ae poe ib" ~~ ee ee ie ite eh el a) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 567 Thryothorus bewickii, var. spilurus Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 126, part (Simiahmoo and Fort Steilacoom, Washington).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 147, part. Thryothorus bewickii . . . var. spilurus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 484, part. [Thryothorus bewickii] c. spilurus Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 31, part (in synonymy ). Thryothorus bewicki spilurus Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 73, part. T[hryothorus] blewicki] spilurus? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 278, part. Thryothorus bewickii spilurus Goopr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 346, part.—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 719a, part.— Antuony, Auk, iii, 1886, 171 (Washington Co., Oregon).—CHaApman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 152 (British Columbia, chiefly coastwise).— Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 483.—Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 357 (Grays Harbor, Washington, resident). T[hryothorus] bewickii spilurus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 551, part. Thryothorus spilurus Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 69, part.—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 225, part ( British Columbia).—Rinaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 609, part. [ Thryomanes bewicki leucogaster] ec. spilurus Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 170, part (in synonymy ). Thyromanes bewicki spilurus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 170, 215, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 61a, part. Thyromanes bewickii spilurus Koss, Auk, xvii, 1900, 357 (Cape Disappointment, Washington). Thryomanes bewickti calophonus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xxi, no. 1153, Nov. 19, 1898, 440 (South Park, King Co., Washington; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unrton Commirrer, Auk, xviii, 1901, 307 (check list no. 719¢).—RarueBun (S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 139 (Seattle, Washington, resident). [hryomanes] b[ewickii] calophonus Battey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 447. THRYOMANES BREVICAUDUS Ridgway. GUADALUPE WREN, Practically identical in coloration with 7! bewickii charienturus except tail (the middle rectrices of which are more narrowly and much less distinctly barred), but much smaller, tail relatively shorter, and bill much longer. Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-118 (114); wing, 48-48.5 (48.2); tail, 42-44.5 (43.2); exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 17.5-18 (17.7); middle toe, 12-12.5 (12.2).¢ Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Thryomanes brevicauda Rinaway, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., ii, no. 2, Apr. 1, 1876, 186 (Guadalupe I., Lower California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 60; Proc: U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 170, 215, 228; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 62.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Commitrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 125. @Two specimens, with sex undetermined, measure as follows. Their smaller dimensions indicate that they may be females: Length (skins), 111-114.5 (112.7); wing, 46-46.5 (46.2); tail, 41-43 (42); exposed culmen, 17; tarsus, 18-18.5 (18.2); middle toe, 11.5-12 (11.7). 568 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Thryothorus brevicaudus Rrpaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354.— AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 720.—Bryant, Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci., no. 6, 1877; ii, 1887, 312 (habits).—AnrHony, Condor, iii, 1901, 73 (said to be extinct!). T(hryothorus] brevicaudus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 551. Thryothorus brevicauda SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 227. Thryomanes brevicaudus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354.— OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, 448 (monogr. ). THRYOMANES INSULARIS (Lawrence). SOCORRO WREN. Adults (sexes alike).—Above deep brownish gray or hair brown, more decidedly brownish on rump, the feathers of pileum show- ing very indistinct darker centers, the scapulars and interscapulars with narrow obsolete dusky bars; rump with concealed roundish spots of white, the feathers dark slate color basally; upper tail- coverts narrowly, sometimes very distinctly, barred with dusky; middle rectrices grayish brown or brownish gray, barred with dusky, the remaining rectrices similar on outer webs, but lateral rectrices with paler bars broader and dull whitish; inner webs of rectrices (except middle pair) dusky brownish gray, showing very indistinct or obsolete narrow dusky bars, and narrowly edged with white, the exterior rectrix with one or more dull whitish bars or other shaped markings near tip; wings brownish gray narrowly barred with dusky, the five or six outermost primaries edged or serrated with whitish; a narrow and inconspicuous superciliary stripe and a narrow orbital ring dull white or pale brownish buffy, the lores similar but tinged with grayish; a broad postocular stripe of grayish brown or brownish gray, occupying upper portion of auricular region; rest of auricular region dull whitish indistinctly streaked with dusky; under parts dull white, or buffy white, shading on sides and flanks into pale grayish brown, the latter more brownish; under tail-coverts with a few small spots, flecks, or bars of dusky; maxilla dusky brown with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish, more or less dusky terminally; legs and feet dusky brownish. Young.—Sinilar to adults, but flanks and under tail-coverts immac- ulate pale buffy brown and feathers of breast and sides narrowly margined with dusky, producing a squamate effect. Adult male.—Length (skins), 106-118.5 (114); wing, 46.5-49 (47.7); tail, 40-46.5 (43.8); exposed culmen, 14-15.5 (15.1); tarsus, 19.5-21 (20); middle toe, 12-13 (12.6).¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 116; wing, 48; tail, 45; exposed cul- men, 15.5; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 13.? Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, western Mexico. Troglodytes insularis, Baird, MS., Lawrence,. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, Feb., 1871, 3 (Socorro I., Revillagigedo group, n. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. « Nine specimens. > One specimen. — = aa . ; ; ; ; : BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 569 Nat. Mus. ).—Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 299. —LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii., 1874, 268 (habits; song).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 99.—Ripaway, Nom.,N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 64.—TownsEnp (C. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 135.—AnrHony, Auk, xv, 1898, 317. T(roglodytes] insularis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 553. [ Troglodytes domesticus.] Subsp. y. Troglodytes insularis Suarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi., 1881, 251. Thryomanes insularis OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxi, Noy. 19, 1898, 446 (monogr. ). Genus TROGLODYTES Vieillot. Troglodytes Virituot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Am., Sept., ii, 1807, 52. (Type, 7. aédon Vieillot.@) Hylemathrous Maxrmittan, Beitriig. Naturg. Bras., iii, 1850, 742, part. (To replace Thryothorus, i. e., Thryothorus+- Troglodytes, rejected on ground of inappropriateness. @) Hylemothrous (emendation?) Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 191, no. 723. Anorthura Rennik, in Montague’s Orn. Dict., ed. 2, 1831, 570. (To replace Troglodytes, rejected on ground of inappropriateness. ?) Paulomagus Hower, Suppl. Birds Rhode Island, 1903, 22, footnote. (Type, Troglodytes aédon Vieillot. ) Small Troglodytide (wing 46-60 mm.) resembling 7hryomanes in having the hallux (without claw) not longer than outer toe (without claw), but in other characters more like Zhryothorus. Bill much shorter to a little longer than head, straight (or at least with only the tip very faintly decurved), gradually tapering, compressed anterior to nostrils, its depth at latero-frontal antiz equal to or (usually) greater than its width at same point; exposed culmen usually longer than middle toe without claw (shorter only in 7. aédon), straight basally (usually for most of its length), gradually and not very strongly decurved terminally; gonys decidedly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight, its base usually forming a dis- tinct, though slight, angle; maxillary tomium faintly concave anterior to nostril, without trace of subterminal notch. Nostril longitudinal, cuneate or guttate (pointed anteriorly), overhung by a distinct excur- rent corneous operculum, posteriorly in contact with feathering of latero-frontal antiz. Rietal bristles obsolete. Wing moderate, rounded; seventh and sixth (or eighth to fifth) primaries longest, the eighth and fifth never much shorter than seventh and sixth; ninth primary usually equal to or slightly longer than first (slightly shorter in T. brunnecollis), the tenth half as long as ninth or alittle more. Tail two-thirds to more than five-sixths as long as wing, much rounded or graduated, the rectrices rather narrow, with rounded tip. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw, less than one-third to considerably more than one-third as long as wing, the acrotarsium distinctly scutel- @See Oberholser, Auk, xix, 1902, 175, 176. bSee Newton, Dictionary of Birds, 1896, 1051, footnote; Oberholser, Auk, xix, 1902, 175, 176. 570 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSUEM. late, the planta tarsi booted; outer toe (without claw) reaching toa very little beyond second (subterminal) joint of middle toe, its claw falling a little short of base of middle claw; inner toe (without claw) reaching to but not beyond subterminal joint of middle toe; hallux (without claw) as long as outer toe (without claw), its claw much shorter than the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe for nearly its entire length, to inner toe for more than half (usually much the greater part) of its length. Coloration.—Above brown, the remiges and rectrices (sometimes back also) narrowly (sometimes indistinctly) barred with dusky; superciliary stripe (more or less distinct) and under parts whitish or cinnamomeous, the under tail-coverts usually (Sometimes flanks also) barred with black or dusky. Nidification.—Nest in cavities of stumps, logs, or trees, or about buildings, composed largely of dead twigs; eggs white or pinkish, profusely sprinkled with reddish brown. Range.—W hole of temperate and tropical America, except Greater Antilles, Guadalupe, and Revillagigedo islands, and Galapagos Archi- pelago. (Numerous species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF TROGLODYTES. a. Tail more than three-fourths as long as wing. b. Superciliary stripe indistinct, or at least not sharply defined; throat and chest not distinctly cinnamon or cinnamon-buff, or if approaching the latter color the flanks not distinctly barred. c. Larger (wing 56-60, tail 46-49, tarsus 20.5-22) ; under parts dull pinkish buff, the under tail-coverts very narrowly barred with dusky brown; rectrices and remiges obsoletely barred. (Clarion Island, northwestern Mexico. ) Troglodytes tanneri (p. 573) ce. Smaller (wing less than 56, tail usually much less than 46, tarsus usually less than 20);¢ under parts not dull pinkish buff; under tail-coverts broadly barred (except in some extralimital forms); rectrices and remiges dis- tinctly barred. d. Bill larger (exposed culmen 15.5-18); posterior upper parts russet, dis- tinetly different from grayish brown of pileum; median under parts pure white. (Cozumel Island, Yucatan.) ........-- Troglodytes beani (p. 573) dd. Bill smaller, éxposed culmen 11-15 (usually much less than 15); posterior upper parts not russet, or else the color not conspicuously different from brown of pileum; under parts not pure white medially. e. Tail relatively shorter (less than five-sixths as long as wing, 31-40, averag- ing less than 39); under tail-coverts with ground color mostly pale cinnamon. jf. Under parts mostly white, nearly pure on throat and abdomen; upper parts grayer; feet more slender (as in 7. aédon); wing relatively shorter, tail longer (averaging 50.5 and 38.2, respectively, in adult male). (Coast of Yucatan.) -.-..-.-- Troglodytes peninsularis (p. 574) “The only form in which the tail reaches 46 and the tarsus more than 20.5 mm. ‘is T. beani, which differs in other characters opposed to those of 7. tanneri. The tarsus sometimes measures 21 in T. musculus inquietus. er ‘ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 571 ff. Under parts mostly or largely pale buffy cinnamon (sometimes whitish on throat and abdomen); feet stouter; upper parts browner; wing relatively longer, tail shorter (averaging more than 50 and less than 38, respectively, in adult male). (Troglodytes musculus. ) g. Paler, the under parts distinctly whitish on throat and abdomen; larger (adult male averaging, wing 54, tail 37.6, exposed culmen 14.4, tarsus 19.7; adult female, wing 53.5, tail 38.5, exposed culmen : 14.5, tarsus 19.7). (Isthmus of Panama, north to Chiriqui. ) Troglodytes musoulus inquietus (p. 575) gg. Darker, the under parts almost entirely pale to deep buffy cinna- mon; smaller (measurements averaging decidedly less than the above). h. Larger (with relatively shorter tail) and slightly paler in color; adult male averaging, wing 51.1, tail 36.3, exposed culmen 13.2, tarsus 18.7; adult female, wing 47.8, tail 33.5, exposed culmen 13.5, tarsus 17.8. (Costa Rica to southern Honduras. ) Troglodytes musculus intermedius (p. 576) hh. Smaller (with relatively longer tail) and slightly deeper in color; adult male averaging, wing 48.6, tail 37, exposed culmen 12.9, tarsus 18; adult female, wing 48, tail 36.8, exposed culmen 12.3, tarsus 18. (Southern Mexico to Guatemala. ) | Troglodytes musculus hypaédon (p. 578) | ee. Tail relatively longer (five-sixths as long as wing, or more, 38-50, averag- . ing more than 40); under tail-coverts with ground color mostly white. ( Troglodytes aédon.) f. Browner above, the back rarely barred with dusky. (Eastern United States, south to southern Tamaulipas in winter. ) Troglodytes aédon aédon (p. 579) ff. Grayer above, the back usually barred with dusky. (Central and western temparate North America and greater part of Mexico. ) Troglodytes aédon parkmanii (p. 582) bb. Supercillary stripe distinct; throat and chest distinctly cinnamon or cinnamon- buff; flanks distinctly barred (except in young). c. Feathers of ramp with concealed spots of white; ground color of tail brown. ( Troglodytes brunneicollis. ) d. Deeper colored, the throat and chest decidedly cinnamomeous, the upper parts browner. e. Cinnamon of under parts paler, the lower abdomen more or less exten- sively whitish. (Southern Mexico, from States of Guerrero and Oaxaca northward to San Luis Potosi, Mexico, and Zacatecas. ) Troglodytes brunneicollis brunneicollis (p. 586) ee. Cinnamon of under parts deeper, covering whole abdomen. (Mount Zempoaltepec, Oaxaca.) ------ Troglodytes brunneicollis nitidus (p. 588) «Not having the time to study the South American relatives of this form, I fol- low Mr. Oberholser in reducing 7. inquietus, T. intermedius, and T. hypaédon to the rank of subspecies of 7. musculus; nevertheless, I have received the impression, from comparison of scant material it is true, that Mr. Oberholser has gone too far in reduc- ing the number of specific types, and that a better arrangement would be to consider T. inquietus as a subspecies of 7. striatulus, and T. intermedius as specifically distinct (1 have not been able to find intermediates). The nomenclature of the Central American forms would according to this arrangement be as follows: 7. striatulus inquietus, T. intermedius intermedius, and T. intermedius hypaédon. See Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvii, no. 1354, 1904, pp. 197-210. 512 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. dd. Paler, the throat and chest cinnamon-buff, the upper parts grayer. (North- ern Mexico, in States of Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Durango, Jalisco, and Zacatecas. ) Troglodytes brunneicollis cahooni (p. 588) ec. Feathers of rump without concealed white spots; ground color of tail gray. (Mountains of Santa Marta, Colombia.) Troglodytes monticola (extralimital) @ aa. Tail less than three-fourths as long as wing. b. Culmen not more than 14; under parts neither white nor rufous-cinnamon. c. Flanks heavily barred with dusky brown (except in young); throat and super- ciliary stripe tawny or tawny-ochraceous; tail 35 or more. (Highlands of Gruilatemial as) sees see ee eae eee sarees Troglodytes rufociliatus (p. 588) cc. Flanks very slightly if at all barred; throat and superciliary stripe ochra- ceous-buff; tail less than 35. d. Flanks without trace of bars; upper parts paler and duller brown; tarsus 17.5-18. (High mountains of Costa Rica and Chiriqui. ) Troglodytes ochraceus (p. 590) dd. Flanks barred with dusky; upper parts darker and brighter brown; tar- sus 19-20. (Ecuador; Peru?; Colombia?) Troglodytes solstitialis (extralimital) ? bb. Culmen 15 or more; under parts white (becoming rufescent laterally), rufous- cinnamon, or pale cinnamon. c. Under parts white, becoming rufescent or tawny on sides and flanks. d. Smaller (adult male averaging, wing 53, tail 38, exposed culmen 17, tarsus 18.2). (Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.) Troglodytes mesoleucus (p. 591) dd. Larger (adult male averaging, wing 59.2, tail 43.4, exposed culmen 17, tarsus 20.8). (Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. ) Troglodytes musicus (p. 591) cc. Under parts rufous-cinnamon or pale cinnamon. d. Larger (wing 53-59, exposed culmen 16-18). e. Tawny rufescent brown above; under tail-coverts plain cinnamon-rufous; pale cinnamon of under. parts deepening into cinnamon-rufous on flanks. (Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles. ) Troglodytes grenadensis (p. 592) ee. Deep grayish brown aboye; under tail-coverts tipped with white and broadly barred with black; pale cinnamon of under parts duller, but little deeper on flanks. (Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles. ) Troglodytes martinicensis (p. 593) dd. Smaller (wing 48-53.5, exposed culmen 15-16.5). e. Under parts deep rufous-cinnamon, the under tail-coverts spotted with black, but without white tip; brown of upper parts brighter, more chestnut. (Island of Dominica, Lesser Antilles. ) Troglodytes rufescens (p. 594) ee. Under parts buffy cinnamon, the under tail-coverts barred with black and broadly tipped with white; brown of upper parts duller. (Island of Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles.) ..Troglodytes guadeloupensis (p. 595) « Troglodytes monticola Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., xiii, Nov. 11, 1899, 106 (Paramo de Chiruqua, province of Santa Marta, Colombia, 15,000 ft. alt.; coll. KE. A. and O. Bangs; also Paramo de Macotama, 11,000-15,000 ft. alt.). » Troglodytes solstitialis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 550 (Matos and Pinipi, centr. Ecuador; coll. P. L. Selater); Seclater and Salvin, Exotie Orn., ii, 1867, 45, pl. 23, fig. 1;(?) Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1879, 493 (Antioquia, Colombia); Tacza- nowski, Orn. du Pérou, i, 1884, 521 (Maraynioe and Punamarca, centr. Peru); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 102, part; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 260, part. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 573 TROGLODYTES TANNERI Townsend. CLARION ISLAND WREN, Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain grayish brown (hair brown to broccoli brown), the rump and upper tail-covets more buffy brown (between broccoli brown and isabella color); tail and remiges (especi- ally secondaries) narrowly and indistinctly barred with slightly darker - brown; feathers of rump with concealed triangular spots of white; ninth primary narrowly edged with dull whitish, the eighth and “seventh primaries with outer web notched or serrated with the same on basal or subbasal portion; loral region, confluent with a narrow superciliary stripe, dull brownish white; a narrow postocular stripe of deep grayish brown; auricular region (except upper margin) pale brownish buffy, more or less streaked or clouded with pale grayish brown, the suborbital and malar regions similar but either immaculate or else faintly barred with pale grayish brown; under parts pale dull pinkish buff, deeper, and tinged with pale grayish brown, on sides and flanks; under tail-coverts narrowly but very distinctly barred with brown; maxilla dark brown or brownish black with paler tomia; mandible pale buffy brownish (flesh colored in life’), sometimes slightly darker terminally; legs and feet horn brownish (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 123-133 (128); wing, 58-60 (59.1); tail, 45-49 (47); exposed culmen, 16-17 (16.6); tarsus, 20.5-22 (21.6); middle toe, 13-14 (13.7).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 123-134 (128.5); wing, 56-59 (57.5); tail, 46-48 (46.7); exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 21-21.5 (21.1); middle toe, 13-15 (14.5).? Clarion Island, Revillagigedo group, western Mexico. Troglodytes tanneri TOWNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xili, no. 799, Sept. 9, 1890, 133 (Clarion I., Revillagigedo group, n. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).— Antuony, Auk, xv, 1898, 318 (descr. nest).—OBrRHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxvii, 1904, 208 (crit. ). TROGLODYTES BEANI Ridgway. COZUMEL WREN, Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain brown (decidedly warmer than broccoli brown) changing on rump and upper tail-coverts to chestnut- brown (mars brown), the back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts some- times showing faint narrow bars, or indications of bars, of a darker hue; the rump with concealed triangular or guttate whitish spots; wings and tail duller chestnut-brown, narrowly and indistinctly barred with dusky, the bars obsolete, or nearly so, on the coverts; an indis- tinct superciliary stripe of pale buffy brown, becoming whitish ante- @Six specimens. > Four specimens. 574 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. riorly, the lores also whitish; auricular region pale brownish, streaked with paler, darker along upper margin; under parts white, or brown- ish white, changing to pale buffy brown on sides and flanks, the latter sometimes very faintly barred; under tail-coverts pale buffy brown or cinnamon, tipped with dull white, and crossed by one or two narrow bars of blackish or dark brown; maxilla dark brown or blackish, with pale tomia; mandible pale brownish (flesh colored in life), sometimes darker terminally; legs and feet light brownish (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 116-130 (121); wing, 50-55.5 (52.7); tail, 40-48 (44.5); exposed culmen, 16-18 (16.7); tarsus, 20-21 (20.6); middle toe, 12-14 (13.3).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 118-125 (121); wing, 50-57 (538.1); tail, 42-45 (48.6); exposed culmen, 15.5-17 (16.5); tarsus, 19—-20.5 (19.9); middle toe, 13-15 (13.7).? Cozumel Island, Yucatan. Troglodytes beani Rrpaway, Descr. New Species Birds from Cozumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 1; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, iii, 1885, 21 (Cozumel I., Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 563 (full description ).— Savin, Ibis, 1888, 245 (crit.).—OserHoiser, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxvii, 1904, 208 (crit. ). T(voglodytes| beani Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 553. TROGLODYTES PENINSULARIS Nelson. MANGROVE WREN, Similar in coloration to 7: bean?, but much smaller and upper parts more grayish, with rump, etc., less rufescent; similar also to 7) aédon parkmanii, but upper parts more uniform and under parts paler, with chest and sides pale pinkish buffy, the flanks dull ochraceous-buffy, very indistinctly if atall barred; size slightly smaller, with billand feet larger. Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain broccoli brown, slightly grayer (more hair brown) anteriorly, more decidedly brown (cinnamomeous broccoli brown) on rump and upper tail-coverts, the latter more or less distinctly barred with darker; scapulars and interscapulars some- times with faint narrow bars of darker; feathers of rump with large concealed guttate spots of white, their basal portion slate color; tail brownish cinnamon or light cinnamon-brown, rather narrowly barred with dusky; wings intermediate in color between back and tail, the greater coverts and remiges barred with dusky, these bars broader on primaries, the brown interspaces paler (pale wood brown); tip of outermost middle coverts with a more or less distinct (sometimes very minute) median wedge-shaped or guttate mark of white; an indis- tinct superciliary streak of pale brownish buffy; auricular region pale erayish brown, narrowly and indistinctly streaked with paler; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and anterior portion of sides pale dull a Nine specimens. » Five specimens. — —s BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 575 pinkish buff or very pale cinnamon, deepening into pale cinnamome- ous wood brown or dull vinaceous-cinnamon on flanks, which are sometimes indistinctly barred with darker; breast and abdomen white; under tail-coverts white, suffused with pale cinnamon, and rather broadly barred with dusky brown; axillars and under wing-coverts ‘mmaculate brownish white; maxilla blackish brown with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish (in dried skins); legs and feet light horn color (in dried skins). Adult. male.—Length (skins), 106-112 (110); wing, 49-52 (50.5); tail, 36-41 (88.2); exposed culmen, 13.5-14 (13.9); tarsus, 18-19 (18.7); middle toe, 12-13 (12.7).” Coast of Yucatan (Progreso). Troglodytes peninsularis NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, Sept. 25, 1901, 174 (Progreso, Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—OserHo.ser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxvii, 1904, 208 (crit. ). TROGLODYTES MUSCULUS INQUIETUS (Baird). PANAMA HOUSE WREN. Similar in coloration of upper parts to 7. pen insularis, but anterior and lateral under parts more strongly brownish buffy, flanks distinctly barred with dusky, and bars on under tail-coverts broader and more blackish; larger, with shorter tail. Similar to T. musculus striatulus,? but upper parts slightly darker and browner and under parts more strongly brownish buffy. Adults (sexes alike).—Above deep broccoli brown, slightly more ru- fescent or more decidedly brown on rump and upper tail-coverts, the latter (sometimes rump also) barred with dusky; back and scapulars usually narrowly barred, more or less distinctly, with dusky; tail grayish cinnamon-brown, broadly barred with dusky; wings interme- diate in color between back and tail, the greater coverts narrowly, the remiges more broadly, barred with dusky (the brown interspaces, especially on primaries, paler brown); middle and lesser coverts with very indistinct (sometimes obsolete) narrow bars of darker grayish brown; an indistinct superciliary streak of pale brownish buff or brownish white; an indistinct grayish brown postocular streak (on upper portion of auricular region); suborbital and auricular regions (except upper portion of the latter) indistinctly streaked with light erayish brown and pale brownish buff or dull brownish white; malar region, chin, and throat buffy white or very pale brownish buff; chest and anterior portion of sides pale brownish buff, this deepening on flanks into grayish ochraceous-buff or light clay color, barred, more a¥our specimens. No females examined. > Thriothorus striatulus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1845, 338.—Troglodytes musculus striatulus Oberholser, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxvii, no. 1354, Jan. 23, 1904, 205 (crit.). (Highlands of Colombia.) 576 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. or less distinctly, with brown or dusky; breast and abdomen white; under tail-coverts white, more or less tinged or suffused with brownish buff, broadly barred with black or dusky; axillars and under wing- coverts very pale grayish buff, with narrow and indistinct concealed mesial streaks of pale grayish brown; maxilla dark brown or blackish, with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish (in dried skins); iris brown; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins). Young.—Essentially like adults, but flanks and under tail-coverts. plain buffy brown or cinnamon, and feathers of chest and anterior portion of sides narrowly margined with brownish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-116 (110); wing, 48-59 (54); tail, 33-39 (37.6); exposed culmen, 14-15 (14.4); tarsus, 18-21 (19.7); middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.3).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-113 (112); wing, 52-55 (53.5); tail, 38-39 (38.5); exposed culmen, 14-15 (14.5); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.7); middle toe, 13.5-14 (13.7).? Isthmus of Panama, from line of Panama Railway (Panama; Lion Hill Station) to Chiriqui (David; Boquete; Divala) and Veragua (Chitra; Calovevora). Southwestern Costa Rica? Troglodytes hypaédon (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vil, 1861, 188, 320 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Scuiarer and Saryin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 346 (Lion Hill). Troglodytes inquietus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Sept., 1864, 143 (Panama R. R.; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.; ex ‘‘ Lawrence, MSS.’’).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui); (?) ix, 1868, 93 (Costa Rica).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 26 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.); iii, 1902, 53 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 ft. alt.); Auk, xviii, 1901, 368 (Divala, Chiriqui). Troglodytes musculus inquietus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxvii, no, 1354, Jan. 23, 1904, 205 (crit.). Troglodytes tessellatus (not T. tecellata Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny) Satyr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 135 (David, Chiriqui; erit. ). Troglodytes furvus (not Motacilla furva Gmelin) Sarvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 101, part (David, Chiriqui; Chitra and Calovevora, Veragua; Obispo and Lion Hill, Panama R. R.). Troglodytes striatulus (not of Lafresnaye) Sarre, Cat.- Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 254, part (Panama, Lion Hill, Paraiso, and Colon, Panama R. R.; Chitra and Calovevora, Veragua). TROGLODYTES MUSCULUS INTERMEDIUS (Cabanis). COSTA RICAN HOUSE WREN, Similar to 7. m. énquietus, but upper parts decidedly browner and less distinctly barred (the bars on remiges and rectrices narrower), and under parts much deeper in color (pale buffy cinnamon or cinnamon- buff, paler, rarely approaching whitish, on abdomen or throat); decid- edly smaller. Adults in spring and summer.—Above warm sepia or bistre brown, «Ten specimens. b Two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Nie more rufescent (nearly prouts brown) on rump and upper tail-coverts, the latter narrowly barred with dusky; back and scapulars sometimes (rarely) with very indistinct narrow bars of darker; feathers of rump with large concealed roundish or guttate spots or streaks of white, their basal portion slate color; tail brown (varying from dull russet- brown or mars brown to a duller or more grayish hue), barred with dusky, the bars on middle rectrices usually broken or irregular; wings similar in color to tail, but slightly duller, the greater coverts and remiges barred with dusky, the brown oe es paler on outermost primaries; tip of outermost middle coverts usually with a minute mesial weaye-shaped spot or streak of whitish; a narrow and rather distinct but not sharply-defined superciliary streak of pale cinnamon- buff; a rather distinct broad postocular streak of brown on upper portion of auricular region; suborbital and auricular regions (except upper part of latter) indistinctly streaked with grayish brown and pale cinnamon-buff; malar region and under parts cinnamon-bufl or pale buffy cinnamon, paler on throat and abdomen (especially the latter) where sometimes inclining to white, deeper and more decidedly cinna- mon or cinnamon-brown on flanks, where sometimes indistinctly barred with darker brown or dusky; under tail-coverts light cinnamon, tipped with white or whitish, and broadly barred with black; axillars and under wing-coverts plain cinnamon-buff; maxilla dusky brown or blackish with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish (in dried skins); iris brown; legs and feet light horn brown (in dried skins). Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage but browner above and deeper colored beneath, the under parts deep cinnamon-buff. Young.—Essentially like adults, but under tail-coverts plain cin- namon or russet, pale superciliary and brown postocular streaks indistinct, and under parts duller brownish buffy (the throat, ete., tinged with grayish), and feathers of chest and sides of breast nar- rowly and very indistinctly margined with brownish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 101-114 (108); wing, 48-53 (51.1); tail, 32-38.5 (36.3); exposed culmen, 12-14 (13.2); tarsus, 17-19.5 (18.7); middle toe, 12-14 (13.3 Adult female.—Length (skins), 94-106 (100); wing, 45-49.5 (47.8); tail, 31-36 (83.5); exposed culmen, 13-14 (13.5); tarsus, 17.5-18 (17.8); middle toe, 12-13 (12.7).? Costa Rica (San José; Santa Maria de Dota; Monte Redondo; Bar- ranca; Cartago; Naranjo; Birris; Tucurrique), eastern Nicaragua (Chontales; Rio Escondido), and southern Honduras (Rio Segovia). Troglodytes intermedius CABANIs, Journ. fiir. Orn., villi, Nov., 1860, 407 (San José, Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus. ).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 142, part (San José, Costa Rica). —Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 93 (San José «Nine specimens. »bThree specimens. 10384—voL 3—03——37 578 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and Barranea, Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1878, 51 (San José, Cartago, and Naranjo, Costa Rica).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1880, 100, part.—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 252, part (Chontales, Nicaragua; Irazt distr., Tucurrique, Barranca, and San José, Costa Rica).—ZxE Epon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 106 (San José, Santa Maria de Dota, Monte Redondo, and Cartago, Costa Rica).—CuHerrigz, Auk, vili, 1891, 275 (localities in Costa Rica; habits; descr. nest and eggs; crit.; measurements, etc.).—Ricumonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 483 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits). [ Troglodyltes] intermedius Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 191, no. 2617. T [roglodytes] intermedius Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 554, part. Troglodytes furvus intermedius Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, Aug. 6, 1888, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras). Troglodytes musculus intermedius OBERHOLSER, Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxvii, no. 1354, Jan. 23, 1904, 205 (crit. ). Troglodytes inquietus (not of Baird) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 93 (Costa Rica). Troglodytes furvus (not Motacilla furva Gmelin) Zevepon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3. TROGLODYTES MUSCULUS HYPAEDON (Sclater). OAXACA HOUSE WREN. Similar to Z. m. ¢ntermedius, but upper parts deeper and more red- dish brown, under parts slightly deeper in color (especially on flanks), and size slightly smaller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 98-111 (105); wing, 47-54 (48.6); tail, . 35-40 (87); exposed culmen, 12.5-13.5 (12.9); tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe, 12-14 (12.4).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 100-113 (105.2); wing, 47-50 (48); tail, 34-40 (36.8); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.3); tarsus 18; middle toe, 12-13 (12.7).° «Twelve specimens. > Six specimens. Specimens from Yucatan compare in average measurements with those from Chia- pas as follows; average measurements of Costa Rican specimens (7° 7. intermedius) being given for further comparison: Ex- : Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus. pee culmen. | ae = 7 n =| MALES. | Nine adult males from Costa Rica (7. 7. intermedius) .-..---- ol. 1 36.3 12.8 18.7 | 13.3 Seven/adult niales from ‘Chiapass +22 2222----.--.2-ee-eee- a 50.5 37.8 19) 18.1 era Kive adultimalesiromeyucataneiscsss:saseeeeee cece eee neces 47.9 36 12.9 SIZES eee FEMALES, Three adult females from Costa Rica (7. 7. intermedius) -.--| 47.8 33.5 13 17.8 Dei) Four adulttemalesifiromiChiapas -. sesse sees eee sae eee 48.5 38 12.4 18 13 Two aduit females from Yucatan .........-. SEA Banter 48 36.8 1253 18 12.7 The difference in coloration between specimens from southern Mexico and those from Costa Rica is exceedingly slight and may prove inconstant. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 579 Southeastern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Totontepec; Capulalpam), Yucatan (Merida; La Vega), and Chiapas (Chicharras; Tapachula San Cristobal; Valley of Comitan), and Guatemala (Duefas; Panajachel; Quezaltenango; Coban; Retalhuleu). Troglodytes, sp.? SctatTEer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 372 (Mexico). Troglodytes aédon (not of Vieillot) Sctarer and Satnyin, Ibis, 1859, 9 (Duenas‘ Guatemala). (?) Troglodytes addon Bovucarn, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 29. (?) [Troglodytes] aédon Heine and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 47 (Duenas, Guatemala). Troglodytes hypaédon Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 128 (s. Mexico and Guatemala; coll. P. L. Selater); 1862, 18 (Totontepec and Capulalpam, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 23 (Oaxaca; Guatemala). Troglodytes musculus hypaédon OBERHOLSER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxvii, no. 1554, Jan. 23, 1904, 204 (crit. ). [ Troglodytes] tessellatus (not T. tecellata Latresnaye and D’Orbigny) ScLarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 7, part. Troglodytes intermedius (not of Cabanis) Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 142, part (Totontepec, Oaxaca; Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 199 (Merida, Yucatan).—Satyrn and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 100, part (Duefias, Panajachel, Quezaltenango, Coban, etc., Guate- mala).—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 252, part (Duefas, Retalhu- leu and Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Sxkryner, Condor, iii, 1901, 94 (Tapachula, Chiapas; habits, ete. ). T(roglodytes| intermedius RripGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 554, part. TROGLODYTES AEDON AEDON Vieillot. HOUSE WREN, Adults in spring and summer.—Above brown (nearest prouts brown), duller and grayer on pileum, where the feathers have the cen- tral portion indistinctly darker, brighter, or more rufescent on rump and upper tail-coverts; feathers of rump with concealed roundish spots of white, their basal portion dusky slate color; back and scapulars sometimes narrowly and indistinctly barred with dusky; upper tail- coverts narrowly barred (more or less distinctly) with dusky; tail, greater wing-coverts, and secondaries brown (approaching mars brown) narrowly barred with black; primaries dusky, their outer webs spotted with pale brown (becoming whitish on outermost quills), these spots in transverse series, forming regular broad bars; a narrow and indistinct superciliary streak of pale grayish brown or grayish butty; a broader postocular streak of deep brown on upper portion of auricular region; suborbital, malar, and auricular regions (except upper portion of the latter) very pale grayish buffy or dull brownish white, the last narrowly streaked with brown; chin, throat, and abdo- men dull white, the last sometimes more or less speckled with dusky; chest and sides of breast (sometimes throat also) very pale grayish brown or grayish buffy, passing into a deeper and more decidedly brown 580 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. hue on sides and flanks, which are more or less distinetly barred (nar- rowly) with darker brown or dusky; under tail-coverts dull white, more or less tinged or intermixed with rusty brown and irregularly | barred with black; maxilla dusky brown or blackish, with paler tomia; mandible paler brownish; iris brown; legs and feet light brownish (in dried skins). Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but coloration slightly deeper, the brown of upper parts sometimes approaching chestnut-brown. Young.—Kssentially hke adults, but flanks and under tail-coverts plain russet, or light russet-brown, and superciliary streak obsolete; chest sometimes (more rarely throat also) flecked with brown or dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 107-115 (111); wing, 49-53 (50.7); tail, 40-44 (42.2); exposed culmen, 11-13 (12.4); tarsus, 16.5-18.5 (17.7); middle toe, 11-13 (12).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 105-111 (109); wing, 47-53 (50.2); tail, 39-43 (41.3); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.2); tarsus, 17-18 (17.4); middle toe, 11.5-13 (12.2).? Eastern United States and Canada; north to New Brunswick (Grand Falls), Maine (Oxford County), Ontario (Hamilton, Muskoka, etc.), Michigan (Wequetonsing; Mackinac Island), etc. ; west to Indiana (Knox County) and Kentucky (Fulton County); wintering chiefly in the Gulf States, but extending through eastern Texas (Nueces Bay, December 1; Alice, October 5; Santa Rosa, September 27) to eastern Mexico (Alta Mira,” Tamaulipas, April 8). Troglodytes «don Vie1LLor, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 52, pl. 107 (North America; no special locality designated); Nouy. Dict. d’?Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 506.—Bonararte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 187; Ann. Lye. IN: SY? Pl,, 1826; 492-3 Geog2 and oe List, 1838, 11.—AupusBon, Orn. Biog., 1 i, 1831, 427; v, 1839, 470, pl. 83; Synopsis, 1839, 75; Birds Am., oct. ed tis eS 41 255. ple 205 Elon Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 312 (Wisconsin).—THompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 84.—Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 208 @vfiacsachmcetts) anes: MOND, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sel. Phila., 1856, 288 (Indiana).—VerrILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 149 (Oxford Co., Maine).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 138, part (Carlisle, Pennsylvania; District of Columbia; Macon, Georgia; Cape Florida, and Indian Key, Florida).—MclIiwratrn, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 88 (Hamil- ton, One) Be Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 149, part, pl. 9, fig. 5. —Lanapon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 4 (rare; common at Columbus). [ Troglodytes| «don Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 87. Troglodytes aedon Preasopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 314.—Nurraui, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 475.—Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 222.— Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 367, part (Pennsylvania; District of Columbia; Florida); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 270.—Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 49; Birds Northwest, 1874, 32, part.—ALten, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., i1, 1871, 265, excl. syn. part (e. Florida, winter); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 260 (Massachusetts). —Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ili, 1878, 21 (descr. young).—Covert, Birds Washtenaw Co., Mich., 1881, 176 (summer resident).—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 227 “Ten specimens. /’Sixspecimens. ¢ The only extralimital specimen seen by me. ai BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 581 (Lewis Co., New York, breeding). —Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 63; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 19 (Knox Co., Indiana ).—NEHR- ting, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 8 (Harris Co., Texas, in winter); Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 151.—BaTcHELDER, 3ull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 105 (Grand Falls, New Brunswick; 1 pair breeding).—BicKNELL, Auk, i, 1884, 1387 (song; song period).—Burier, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 37 (Franklin Co., Indiana, rare visitant; breeds 9 m. n. of . county line); Birds Indiana, 1897, 1119 (summer resid., except s. of Knox Co. ). —AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 721.— Faxon and ALLEN, Auk, v, 1888, 159 (Franconia, New Hampshire ).—Faxon, Auk, vi, 1889, 105 (Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, breeding ).—Prypar, Auk, vi, 1889, 316 (Fulton Co., Kentucky, ‘‘resident’’).—ReEeEpD, Auk, vi, 1889, 339 (deser. nest built inside of hornet’s nest).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 117 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and Key West, Florida, winter).—RaLpr and Baaa, Auk, vii, 1890, 232 (records disappearance of the species at Utica, New York, since 1887).—Wutre, Auk, x, 1893, 229 (Mackinac I., Michigan, breeding).—Utrey and Watvace, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sei., 1895, 158 (Wabash, Indiana, common summer resid. ).—Jupp, Yearbook Dept. Agric. for 1895 (1896), 416-418, fig. 109 (range, habits, food, etc. ).—Haptey, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897, 196 (Wayne Co., Indiana, common summer resid. ).—RIves, Auk, xv, 1898, 137 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 42 (Louisiana, winter resid. ).—FAXxoNn and Horrmann, Birds Berkshire Co., Mass., 1900, 14 (summer resident) .— Empopy, Birds Madison Co., N. Y., 1901, 32 (summer resident ).—FLEMING, Auk, xviii, 1901, 44 (Muskoka, etc., n. Ontario, common summer resi- dent).—Wipmann, Auk, xix, 1902, 237 (Wequetonsing, Michigan, breeding). [ Troglodytes] aédon ScLaTER and SALvIN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 7, part (Mexico). T{roglodytes] aédon Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 553.—ALLEN, Auk, v, 1888, 164 (crit. ). [ Troglodytes xdon]} var. xdon Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 148. [ Troglodytes aédon] «. aédon Rinaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 94. Troglodytes aédon aédon OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvii, no. 1354, Jan. 23, 1904, 201 (crit. ). Hylemathrous aedon CaBants, Journ. fir Orn., 1860, 407. Sylvia domestica WiLtson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 129, pl. 8, fig. 3 (ex Motacilla domes- tica, ete., Bartram, Travels, Ist Am. ed., i, 291).—Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 187. Troglodytes domestica Cours, Proc. Ae. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, 361. Troglodutes domesticus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 248.—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 74. T[roglodytes| domesticus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 278. [ Troglodytes domesticus parkmani] a. domesticus Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 171 4 (synonymy). Troglodytes fulvus ‘‘Bonap”’ [arte] Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 422, part. . Troglodytes furvus (not Motacilla furva Gmelin) Rrewarpson, List, 1837, 11.— . Gtiocer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 376. Troglodytes americanus (not Troglodytes americana Lesson, 1831¢) AupuBON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 452 (Eastport, Maine; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ); v, 1839, 469, pl. 179; Synopsis, 1839, 75; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 123, pl. 119.— Peasopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 316.—BonaParre, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 222.— Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 208.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., Troglodytes americana Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 400 (ex Cuvier, manuscript in Paris Mus.). As given by Lesson, the name is a pure nomen nudum; but it may have been elsewhere published, in connection with a description by Cuvier. The habitat is given as Cayenne. 582 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ix, 1858, 368; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 272; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 141.—VerRitx, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 149 (Oxford Co., Maine).—Law- RENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 283 (near New York City ).—Couss, Proce. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 278.—Turnpu.t, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 27; Phila. ed., p. 20. Troglodytes americana Brewer, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1837, 487. Traglodytes americanus THompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 85. Hylemathrous americanus CaBanis, Journ. fur Orn., 1860, 407. T[roglodytes] sylvestris (not of Gambel) Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 78. TROGLODYTES AEDON PARKMANII (Audubon). WESTERN HOUSE WREN, Similar to 7. a. aédon, but decidedly paler and grayer, with back and scapulars usually distinctly barred with dusky (very rarely with bars obsolescent), and size averaging slightly larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 98-180 (113); wing, 49.5-55.5 (52.6); tail, 838-50 (44.8); exposed culmen, 11.5-14 (13); tarsus, 15.5-18 (17.2); middle toe, 11—13.5 (12).@ Adult female.—Length (skins), 98-120 (111); wing, 48-54 (51); tail, 39.547 (44.2); exposed culmen, 11-13 (12.7); tarsus, 16-18.5 (17.2); middle toe, 10-13 (11.7).? “Forty-three specimens. »>Twenty-seven specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas compare in average measurements as follows: | Ex- | Middle Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus. foe culmen.) : MALES. Ten adult males from Pacific coast north of San Diego (COUT ya eee tot eee ay te Teepe 52.6 | 46.6 183 > || aGEC 11.9 Nine adult males from San Diego County, California..-..-.-. 52.9 45.7 13.3 17.2 11.8 Ten adult males from Rocky Mountains (Arizona to Mon- (SUID) es cee wisi cete a eee aioe cae raniee setace eee cmiee mabeeme its 53.1 44.8 13 17 12.2 BichmacdwiimalessrOmMRexas i= = se =eere-hesereeeeeeee eee eee 51.6 41.4 12.5 16.9 LD, Six adult males from Mississippi Valley ......-.-.---------- 5256 |)" 4256 IBY. 18 iba Hour admltemeles trom ViexiColss-sse-- sae eae eee eee eee 52.4 45, 2 13 18 12 FEMALES. Eight adult females from Pacific coast north of San Diego | County ree Bee soem ce ee eee ene CECE E Ee nee SOS toa! 1252 L629 a Five adult females from San Diego County, California ..... 538 | 45.7 12.8| 17.6 11.9 Seven adult females from Rocky Mountain district.......-- 51.2 44.8 125s) eS 11.8 Four adult females from Mississippi Valley....---.-----.---- 50.7 | 41 es eee 25h Three: adult femalesitirom/ Mexicoss -- se ee eeeeeeeoeeee eee | 50.2 2 12.3 40, 2 Siedler With a very large series (more than 250 specimens) for comparison I am unable to appreciate even the most minute average difference between specimens from the Pacific coast district and those from the interior (as far eastward as the eastern bor- der of the prairie districts of the Mississippi Valley), and consequently can find no reason for recognizing two forms. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 583 Western United States and Canada; north to British Columbia (Vancouver Island; Westminster; Westminster Junction; New West- minster: Mount Lehman; Ducks), Alberta (Rocky Mountains, lati- tude 55°) and Manitoba (Forks of Saskatchewan; Oak Point, latitude 50° 30’); eastward from Pacific coast to eastern border of the prairie districts of the upper Mississippi Valley (from Richland County, Illinois,“ northward); southern breeding limit not ascertained, but probably extending into northern Mexico; in winter nearly the whole of Mexico, as far south as States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Mirador; Las Vegas; Tlalcotalpam), Puebla (Huachinango; Metlaltoyuca; Tehua- ean”); Oaxaca (Huajuapam), Guerrero (Tlapa), and Michoacan (Zamora; Patzcuaro; Morelia‘). Troglodytes aédon (not of Vieillot) SwarNson and Ricuarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 316 (Rocky Mts., lat. 55°).—Scarter, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 41 (California).—Haypen, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xii, 1863, 163 (Valley of Missouri R.; Loup Fork of Platte R. ).—Ho pen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 196 (Colorado).—AL.EN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 125 (Topeka, Kansas), 154 (Fort Hays, Kansas), 148 (Cheyenne, Wyoming; Colorado City, Colorado), 155 (South Park, Colorado); Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 265, in text (Leavenworth), 270 (Fort Hays).—Snow, 3irds Kansas, 1873, 6.—Covrs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 32, part; Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 554 (Red R., North Dakota, and west to Missouri Coteau).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 82 (Tombstone, Ari- zona; crit.).—ALLEN and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 155 (Colorado Springs, Colorado; crit.).—BrckHAM, Auk, ii, 1885, 140 (Pueblo, Colorado).—Acerspora, Auk, ii, 1885, 278 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding ).— Cooxer, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 272 (n. to Oak Point, Manitoba, lat. 50° 30’; date of migration, ete. ).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 23 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; crit.), 39 (Las Vegas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft. ; crit. ). [ Troglodytes] aédon Scuarer and Satyr, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 7 (chiefly). T(roglodytes] aédon Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 97, 152 (n. e. Ilinois, breeding). Troglodytes «don Woonxovuss, Sitgreaves’ Rep. Expl. Zufi and Col. R., 1853, 67 (Indian Territory; Texas).—Kernnicorr, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soe., 1, 1855, 583 (Illinois).—Prarren, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soe., i, 1855, 603 (Illinois ).— 3arrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 367, part (Loup Fork of Platte).— Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri).—Trriepr, a The occurrence, as 2 common summer resident, of only this form at the locality mentioned, near the eastern border of Illinois, and of only T. a. aédon in Knox County, Indiana, less than forty miles to the eastward, may possibly be explained by the positively known fact that both are recent immigrants, neither having occurred at the places mentioned previous to about 1870, Thryomanes bewickii having until then been the only ‘‘ house wren”’ of that region. 7. a. aédon has come from the east or northeast, and 7. a. parkmanni from the west or northwest, until they haye practically met (or perhaps by the present time overlapped) in the lower Wabash Valley. » Possibly breeding, a specimen taken May 4 being in the collection of the Bio- logical Survey. ¢ Possibly breeding, a specimen in worn summer plumage (unfortunately not dated) being in the National Museum collection. 584 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1878, 236 (centr. and s. lowa).—Barirp, Brewer, and Rroaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 149, part (Missouri R.; Rocky Mts. ). T(roglodytes| «don Tripper, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 115 (Minnesota). Troglodytes fulvus ‘‘Bonap’’ [arte] Nurrautn, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 422, part (Pembina, North Dakota) . Troglodytes sylvestris GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ili, Oet., 1846, 113 (Cali- fornia; but name proposed as substitute for 7. americanus Audubon, pre- occupied) . Troglodites fulvuus (not Troglodytes fulvus Nuttall) OrNipHoLoGicaL CoMMITTER, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 193 (Columbia R.). Troglodytes fulvus Townsrenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vill, 1839, 154 (Colum- bia R.). T[roglodytes] americanus (not of Audubon) GAmBrEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ui, 1847, 33 (Californiz.). Troglodytes americanus HrerMann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, 1853, 263 (Cali- fornia); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv., 1859, 41 (California).—HEnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (New Mexico); xi, 1859, 107 (do.). Troglodytes parkmantt AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 310 (Columbia R.; type now in coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ); Synopsis, 1889, 75; Birds Am., oct. ed., 11, 1841, 133, pl. 122.—TownseEnp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1839, 154.—Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 483. Troglodytes parkmannit Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 222.—Batrrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 367; Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 13 (Chareco Escondido, Nuevo Leon); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 271; Rep. Ives’ Col. Exp., pt. v, 1861, 6; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 140.—Xanrtus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).—Cooprrer and SucK- LEY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 2, 1860, 191 (Puget Sound, ete; Washington) .—Buakiston, Ibis, 1862, 5 (Forks of Saskatchewan, breeding) ; 1863, 67 (Saskatchewan ).—Haypen, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xii, 1863, 163 (Rocky Mts. to Pacifie coast).—Cougs, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 78 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 421, (Vancouver I.)—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 71; Proc. Col. Ac. Sci., 1870, 75 (Colorado Valley, California).—Merrriam, Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. for 1872 (1873), 673 (North Fork, Idaho; Fort Ellis, Montana, ete.; descr. nest), 713 (Utah).—Benpirg, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 113 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; descr. nest). Troglodytes parkmani AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 196 (Colorado). Troglodytes parkmanii Srrvenson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sury., 1871, 464 (Green R., Wyoming). Troglodytes aédon parkmanii AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 721la.—Seron, Auk, iii, 1886, 327 (w. Manitoba, summer resident).— Merriuy (J. C.), Auk, v, 1888, 362 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon); xv, 1898, 19 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, breeding).—Brewsrer, Auk, v, 1888, 362 (Fort Klamath; crit. ).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 43 (both sides of Cascade range).—Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 343 (San Antonio, Texas, migrant ).——-GRINNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 48 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident).—RarHsun (S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 139 (Seattle, Washington, breeding).—Baitry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 448.—OsERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvii, 1904, 201 (crit. ). Troglodytcs aédon parkmanii ? Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 163 (s. Arizona). T(roglodytes} aédon parkmanii ALLEN, Auk, v, 1888, 164 (crit.).—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 609. [ Troglodytes aédon] b. parkmanii Ripaway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 94. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 585 Troglodyles aedon var. parkmani ALLEN, Am. Nat., vii 1873, 362.—Trippr, in Coues’ Birds Northwest, 1874, 231 (Colorado, up to 10,500 ft.; habits; notes). Troglodytes aédon . . . var. parkmani Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 155 (Arizona). Troglodytes aédon parkmani Roserts and Benner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 13 (Grant Co., Minnesota, breeding). —Hancock, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 179 (Woodlawn, Illinois).—AGerrsporG, Auk, ii, 1885, 278 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding).—Goss, Auk, ili, 1886, 115 (akancas, breeding ).— EverMann, Auk, iii, 1886, 185 ON, entura Co., California, resident).—Cnap- MAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.., ili, 1890, 152 ( Sane Columbia; crit.).—NEHAR- Linc, Our Native Birds, ete., i, 1893, 153, in text (habits).—GRrINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 69. Troglodytes domesticus parkmani Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 171; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 75.—Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 163 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon, breeding). T(roglodytes| dLomesticus] parkmani Cours, Key N Bae Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 278. [ Troglodyles «edon.} Var. parkmanni Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 87. Troglodytes aedon . . . var. parkmanni Covers, C ee List, 1873, no. 49a.—HEn- sHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 41 (Utah, resident), 57 (Denver, Colorado, May), 74 (Fort Garland, Colorado, breeding; descr. nest and eggs), 101 (New Mexico; Arizona); Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 184 (locali- ties in Utah, Colorado, and Arizona); Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1876, 232 (Santa Barbara, Fort Tejon, and Mount Whitney, California). Troglodytes «don . & . var. parkmanni Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Noy., 1873, 180 (Colorado). —Y Arrow and Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 8 (Utah). pe zdon, var. parkmanni Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 153.—ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 50 eee North Dees Troglodytes aédon, var. parkmanni Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 32.—-Cooper, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 79-81 (breeding habits). Troglodyltes «don, 6. parkmanni Ripaway, Field and Forest, iii, May, 1877, 196 (Colorado). [ Troglodytes aédon] 6. parkmanni Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 422 (locali- ties in Nevada and Utah; habits). Troglodytes aédon, B. parkmanni Beipinc and Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 403 (Stockton and Calaveras Co., California). Troglodytes aédon parkmanni Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 172 (Sacramento, California); vii, 1875, 12 (Carson City, Nevada), 14 (Truckee Valley, Nevada); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 170; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 63a.—Bertpinc, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 531 (Cerros I., Lower California), 535 (La Paz, ete., Lower California, winter). —CoALe, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 120 (Larned, Kansas). T[roglodytes] «don parkmanni Hensnaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1879, 288 (e. slope Sierra Nevada). T(rogledytes| aédon parkmanni Rinaway, Bull. Ils. State Labr. Nat. Hist., no. 4, 1881, 173 (Illinois). T[roglodytes] aédon parkmannii Riwaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 554. Troglodytes aédon parkmannii Beckuam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 691 (San Antonio, Corpus Christi, etc., Texas). [ Troglodytes domesticus.] Subsp. e@. Troglodyltes parkmanni Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi., 1881, 250. Troglodytes zedon, var. aztecus Barro, Review Am. Birds, Sept., 1864, 159 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). 586 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Troglodytes aztecus SuMIcHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 545 (near Orizaba). [ Troglodytes wadon] var. aztecus BatrrbD, Brewer, and Rirpa@way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 148. Troglodytes] aédon aztecus ALLEN, Auk, vy, Apr., 1888, 164 (diagnosis; crit. ).— Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 610. Troglodytes aédon aztecus CHAPMAN, Auk, v, 1888, 400.—Merarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 262 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 721b.—THompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 628 (Manitoba, abundant summer resident; habits).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 41 (Bavispe R., etc., Sonora).—FisHer (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 18938, 135 (localities in s. California).—ANTHoNy, Zoe, iv, 1893, 245 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California).—RicHmMonp and Knowuron, Auk, xi, 1894, 307 (s.-cent. Montana, breeding).—THoRNE, Auk, xii, 1895, 218 (Fort Keogh, Montana, breeding).—Merriam (F. A.), Auk, xili, 1896, 122 (Twin Oaks, San Diego Co., California; habits).— Cooker, Bull. 37, Col. Agric. Coll., 1897, 120 (Colorado; summer resident, breeding from plains to 10,000 ft.).—Bur er, Birds Indiana, 1897, 1121 (extreme n. w. counties).—Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 180 (Okanggan Co., Washington, breeding).—MurcHett, Auk, xv, 1898, 310 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding up to 10,000 ft.).—CouBraux, Ottawa Nat., 1900, 31 (s. Saskatchewan ).—Siutoway, Bull. Uniy. Mont., no. 3, Biol. ser., no. 1, 1901, 71 (Flathead Lake, Montana, breeding).— Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 201 (San José del Cabo, Triunfo, and San José del Rancho, Lower California, Sept. to Dec.; crit.).—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avi- fauna, no. 3, 1902, 69.—OBErRHOLsER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvii, 1904, 201 (Gril) T(roglodytes| alédon] aztecus Battery (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. %., 1902, 449. Troglodytes aédon mariane Scorr (W. FE. D.), Auk, ii, Oct., 1885, 351 (Pima Co., Arizona; coll. W. E. D. Scott @); v, 1888, 163 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona)- TROGLODYTES BRUNNEICOLLIS BRUNNEICOLLIS Sclater. BROWN-THROATED WREN, Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck broccoli brown, the feath- ers with slightly darker centers, producing an indistinctly squamate effect; rest of upper parts more decidedly brown, deepening into almost mars brown on rump and upper tail-coverts, the whole surface more or less distinctly barred with dusky; posterior part of rump with a few concealed spots of white; outermost primaries with outer webs notched or serrated with very pale buffy brown or brownish white; a broad but not sharply defined superciliary stripe of brownish buff, the lores similar in color but tinged with grayish brown; auricular region streaked with brownish buff and grayish brown, the upper margin darker, producing a narrow dusky postocular streak; malar and sub- orbital regions, chin, throat, chest, and upper breast buffy cinnamon or cinnamon-buff, the first two usually mottled or narrowly barred with grayish brown; lower median portion of breast paler cinnamon- buff, fading into nearly white on abdomen, the latter more or less «Types now in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE. AMERICA. 587 flecked or barred with dusky; sides and flanks buffy brown barred with dusky, sometimes with paler bars also; under tail-coverts pale buffy brown, tipped with white and barred with dusky; maxilla dark brown or brownish black, with paler tomia; mandible paler brown, still paler basally; legs and feet clear (usually light) horn brownish (in dried skins). Young.—Similar to adults but under parts more uniform, with sides and flanks very indistinctly, if at all, barred, the under tail-coverts very narrowly and faintly barred, and feathers of breast usually nar- rowly margined with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-116 (110); wing, 50-538 (51.2); tail, 40-44 (42.2); exposed culmen, 11.5-14 (12.6); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.4); middle toe, 12-14 (13.2).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 110-121 (113); wing, 49-52 (50.5); tail, 41-44 (42.5); exposed culmen, 12-13 (12.8); tarsus, 18-20 (18.9); middle toe, 12.5-13 (12.9).? Southern and central portions of Mexican plateau, from States of San Luis Potosi (near Jesus Maria), Hidalgo (Real del Monte; Apixaco), Mexico (City of Mexico; Amecameca; Popocatapetl; Salazar), and Zacatecas (Plateado; Monte Escobedo), southward through States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Morelos, Tlaxcala, and Michoacan to Oaxaca (La Parada; Cinco Sefiores; near Oaxaca City) and Guerrero (Chilpan- cingo; Omilteme). Troglodytes hyemalis (not T. hiemalis Vieillot) Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 290 (El Jacale, near Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico). (2?) Troglodytes aédon ? ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Troglodyltes brunneicollis ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1858, 297 (La Parada “ Y ’ ’ ’ ’ A779 Oaxaca; s. w. Mexico; coll. A. Sallé); 1859, 372 (Cinco Sefiores, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 23 (Cinco Sefiores; Jalapa).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 144 (La Parada; Orizaba, Vera Cruz).—SciaTer and Savin, Exotic Orn., pt. ili, 1867, 46, pl. 23, fig. 2.—Sumicnrast, Mem. Bost. Soe. N. H., i, 1869, 545 (alpine reg., Orizaba, 1,500-2,500 meters alt.).—SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 108, part (La Parada and Cinco Sefiores, Oaxaca; El Jacale, Jalapa, and alpine reg., Vera Cruz).— SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 261.—FrrrARI-PerEz, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 186 (Teziutlan, Puebla).—Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 358 (Mount Orizaba, Vera Cruz, 11,000 ft.).—CHApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 39 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.). [ Troglodytes] brunneicollis Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 138 (diagnosis).— Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 191, no. 2613.—ScLaTrer and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 7, part. T(roglodytes] brunneicollis SctatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, 18 (La Parada, Oaxaca).—Ripa@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 554. Troglodytes brunneicollis brunneicollis OpeRAOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvii, no. 1354, Jan. 23, 1904, 200 (crit. ). Hylemathrous brunneicollis CABANIs, Journ. fir Orn., 1860, 406. «Ten specimens. USix specimens. 588 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. TROGLODYTES BRUNNEICOLLIS NITIDUS Nelson. ZEMPOALTEPEC WREN. Similar to 7! b. brunnetcollis, but decidedly deeper in color, the under parts, even in faded midsummer plumage, deeper, and more extensively buffy cinnamon. Young with entire under parts buffy cinnamon, deepening into cinnamon-brown on flanks. Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-118 (111.5); wing, 50; tail, 40-42.5 (41.2); tarsus, 18-20 (19); middle toe, 12-13 (12.5). Dense humid forests of Mount Zempoaltepec, Oaxaca. Troglodytes brunneicollis nitidus Netson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Novy. 30, 1908, 158 (Mount Zempoaltepec, Oaxaca, 6,500 ft.; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ). TROGLODYTES BRUNNEICOLLIS CAHOONI (Brewster). CAHOON’S WREN, Similar to 7. b. brunneicollis, but paler, the chest, etc., dull cream buff (in midsummer) to pale cinnamon or cinnamon-buff (in winter), with flanks usually less heavily barred, the brown of upper parts orayer. Adult male.—Length (skins), 104-118 (111); wing, 49-54 (51.7); tail, 40-47 (48.7); exposed culmen, 12-14 (12.8); tarsus, 18-18.5 (18.1); middle toe, 12-13 (12.7).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 104-121 (113); wing, 48-52.5 (50); tail, 89.5-47 (42.4); exposed culmen, 12-14 (13); tarsus, 15.5-18 (17.6); middle toe, 11.5-13 (12.5).? Northern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Sonora (moun- tains near Oposura; Bavispe River), Chihuahua (Colonia Garcia; near Guadalupe Calvo; Pinos Altos; Bravo; Jesus Maria), Coahuila (Sierra Guadalupe), Nuevo Leon (Monterey), Tamaulipas (Miqui- huana), Durango (El Salto), and Jalisco (near Bolafios; Sierra Bolanos; Sierra Madre Nayarit). Troglodytes cahooni © Brewsrer, Auk, v, Jan., 1888, 94 (mountains near Oposura, Sonora, n. w. Mexico; coll. W. Brewster). Troglodytes brunneicollis cahooni OpeRHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxvii, no. 1354, Jan. 23, 1904, 200 (crit. ). TROGLODYTES RUFOCILIATUS Sharpe. RUFOUS-BROWED WREN, Adults (sexes alike). —Pileum and hindneck plain deep brown (between mummy brown and prouts brown); rest of upper parts simi- lar but more or less distinctly barred with dusky; outer webs of exte- «Two specimens; both have the tip of the maxilla broken off. > Ten specimens. e “To J. C. Cahoon, of Taunton, Mass.”’ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 589 rior primaries notched or serrated with brownish white or very pale brownish buff; middle and greater wing-coverts with a terminal spot of whitish or pale brownish buff; a conspicuous superciliary stripe of ochraceous-buff; a deep brown postocular streak; auricular region (except upper margin), suborbital, and malar regions, chin, throat, and chest, ochraceous-bufl, deepening on sides of throat and chest into tawny or tawny-ochraceous; breast and abdomen buff or pale ochraceous-buff; sides and flanks light brown (nearly raw umber) heavily barred with blackish, and pale brownish buffy (the latter on tips of feathers); under tail-coverts whitish, tinged with brown and irregularly barred with black; maxilla blackish with paler tomia; mandible blackish or dusky terminally, pale basally; legs and feet deep or dark horn color (in dried skins). Young.—Similar to adults, but back, scapulars, sides, and flanks less distinctly barred, and feathers of breast narrowly margined with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skin), 100; wing, 50; tail, 35; exposed cul- men, 11.5; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe, 14.“ Adult female.—Length (skin), 98; wing, 47; tail, 33; exposed cul- men, 13; tarsus, 16; middle toe, 13.? Highlands of Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego; Volcan de Santa Maria, near Quezaltenango) and Chiapas (San Cristobal). O7< Troglodytes brunneicollis (not of Selater, 1858) Savin and Sciarer, Ibis, 1860, 27: (Volean de Fuego, Guatemala).—Satyin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 108, part (Volcan de Fuego). [ Troglodytes] brunneicollis ScLaTteR and Satviy, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 7, part (Guatemala). [ Troglodytes brunneicollis.] Subsp. a. Troglodytes rufociliatus SHarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 262 (Chirostemon forest, Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, alt. 10,000 ft.; coll. Salvin and Godman). Trogiodytes rufociliatus RgicneNow and ScHarow, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1884, 430 (reprint of orig. descr. ).—OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvii, 1904, 200 (crit.). T(roglodytes] rufociliatus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 554. «One specimen, from Quezaltenango, in coll. G. 8. Miller. ’One specimen, trom San Cristobal, Chiapas. Another specimen, not sexed, but probably a male, and one trom Volcan de Santa Maria, Guatemala, measure, respec- tively, as follows. | | Ex- | | Locality. | Wing. | Tati | posed | Tarsus Coats | culmen | : ieee ee TE Os, se = 2 | | ——— One adult from San Cristobal, Chiapas ...............---... dy 39 | 13 | 18 | 13 One adult from Volean de Santa Maria, Guatemala.... 2... 50 S8il ceases 18 | 14 590 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. TROGLODYTES OCHRACEUS Ridgway. IRAZU WREN, Adults (sexes alike). —Above plain tawny brown (between mummy brown and russet), approaching deep russet on pileum, the rump with- out distinct concealed spots of paler; wing-coverts and secondaries similar in color to back, ete., the greater coverts sometimes with very faint, narrow bars of dark grayish, the secondaries with more distinct bars of dusky; primaries lighter and more buffy brown, more broadly and distinctly barred with dusky; tail more grayish brown, narrowly and more or less irregularly barred with dusky; a broad and conspic- uous superciliary stripe of ochraceous-buff or light tawny-ochraceous; a broad postocular streak, occupying upper portion of auricular region, tawny-brown; rest of auricular region, suborbital region, and malar region ochraceous-buff or light tawny-ochraceous, the chin and upper throat similar but slightly paler; lower throat and chest paler ochra- ceous-buff, passing into duller or more brownish buff on sides, the flanks deep brownish buff or wood brown; breast and abdomen buffy white, the lower abdomen more strongly tinged with buff; under tail- coverts brownish buff, tipped with buffy white and barred with dusky; maxilla dusky horn color, with paler tomia; mandible paler horn color, more or less extensively paler on lower basal portion; legs and feet pale yellowish brown (in dried skins). Young.—Similar to adults, but under tail-coverts immaculate brown- ish buff and feathers of chest very faintly margined at tips with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 95.5-101 (99); wing, 46-47.5 (46.8); tail, 30-33.5 (31.3)§ exposed culmen, 13.5-14 (13.8); tarsus, 17.5-18 (17.6); middle toe, 11-11.5 (11.3).¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 100; wing; 46; tail, 31.5; exposed culmen, 13.5; tarsus, 17.5; middle toe, 11.? High mountains of Costa Rica (Volcan de Irvazt) and Chiriqui (Boquete, Volean de Chiriqui, 4,000 to 4,500 feet). Troglodytes solstitiahs (not of Sclater) Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 102, part (Costa Rica; Colombia ?).—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v1, 1881, 260, part (Costa Rica; Antioquia, Colombia ?). Troglodytes(?) ochraceus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iv, sig. 21, Mar. 10, 1882, 334 ( Volcan de Irazii, Costa Rica, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). Troglodytes ochraceus ZeLepoN, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 106.—ReicHeNnow and ScHatow, Journ. fur Orn., 1884, 430 (reprint of orig. descr.).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool Club, i, 1902, 53 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 4,000 to 4,500 ft. alt.).—OBrrHotser, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxvil, 1904, 200 (crit. ). «Three specimens, from Boquete, Chiriqul. 6 One specimen, from Boquete. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 591 TROGLODYTES MESOLEUCUS (Sclater). SANTA LUCIA WREN, Adults (sexes alike).—Upper parts plain grayish brown or light sepia anteriorly, brightening posteriorly into russet-brown on rump and upper tail-coverts; rump with rather large roundish concealed spots of white, the feathers dark slate color basally; wings and tail brown, narrowly barred (except on smaller wing-coverts) with dusky, the bars broader on primaries and outermost rectrices; an indistinct superciliary stripe of pale buff or buffy whitish; lores and eyelids white; auricular region light brown, streaked with buffy whitish, its upper portion plain brown, producing a rather distinct postocular streak; malar region and under parts white, passing on sides of neck, sides, and flanks into cinnamon; under tail-coverts pale cinnamon or cinnamon-buff, broadly tipped with white and sparsely barred with dusky, at least on the longer coverts; axillars and under wing-coverts immaculate white; maxilla dusky brown, with paler tomia; mandible dull brownish yellow basally (in dried skins), more or less extensively dusky terminally; legs and feet brownish (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 103-104 (103.5); wing, 53; tail, 38; exposed culmen, 17; tarsus, 18—18.5 (18.2); middle toe, 13-14 (13.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 102-107 (104.5); wing, 52-54 (53); tail, 37.5-38.5 (38); exposed culmen, 17; tarsus, 18.5-19 (18.7); middle toe, 138-13.5 (13.2).? Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. Thryothorus mesoleucus SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 14 (Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1889, 395.—A..en, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166.—SHarpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 223.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 25; Birds W. I., 1889, 39; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 19, 120, 133. [ Thryothorus] mesoleucus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 7. Troglodytes mesoleucus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxvii, no. 1354, Jan. 23, 1904, 209 (crit. ). TROGLODYTES MUSICUS (Lawrence). ST, VINCENT WREN, Similar to 7? mesoleucus, but much larger (except bill), upper parts brighter brown, and lateral under parts brighter, or more extensively, cinnamon (the breast and abdomen often tinged with that color), the under tail-coverts deeper cinnamon, not distinctly, if at all, whitish at tips and with dusky bars reduced to spots (usually small), or often alto- gether absent. «'Two specimens. >Two specimens. Ten adults with sex undetermined measure as follows: Length (skins), 106-110.5 (108); wing, 47.5-53.5 (50.4); tail, 33.5-38 (36.3); exposed cul- men, 16-18 (17.2); tarsus, 17-18.5 (18.1); middle toe, 11.5-13.5 (12.5). 592 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young.—Similar to adults, but white of under parts more or less strongly suffused with cinnamon-buff, under tail-coverts immaculate cinnamon or tawny, and (sometimes at least) feathers of chest or throat very narrowly and faintly margined with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 117-137 (126.3); wing, 59-60 (59.2) tail, 40-45.5 (48.4); exposed culmen, 16-18 (17); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.8); middle toe, 14.5-15.5 (14.9).¢ Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. Thryothorus musicus LAwReNcrE, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, June 1878, 148 (St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles; coll. G. N. Lawrence); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 189, 486 (habits).—SHarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 223.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 24; Ibis, 1886, 472 (St. Vincent); Birds W. I., 1889, 18; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 120, 134. | Thryothorus] musicus Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 7 Troglodytes musicus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxvii, no. 1354, Jan. 23, 1904, 209 (crit. ). KC e se TROGLODYTES GRENADENSIS (Lawrence). GRENADA WREN, Similar in large size to 7. martinicensis, but upper parts much brighter, more tawny, brown, flanks deeper rufous-cinnamon or cin- namon-rufous, and under tail-coverts plain cinnamon-rufous; similar in coloration to 7. rufescens, but wing and bill longer and tail shorter, und coloration decidedly lighter; similar in coloration of upper parts to 7. mesoleucus, but without white on under parts. Adults (sexes alike).—Ahbove plain rufous-brown (between russet and mars brown), brighter (approaching burnt-umber) on rump and upper tail-coverts, duller on pileum; greater wing-coverts narrowly and rather indistinctly barred with dusky, the secondaries and tail nar- rowly and distinctly barred with blackish; primaries more broadly barred with blackish, their terminal portion plain dusky; a rather dis- tinct superciliary stripe of cinnamon-buff; lores and eyelids similar but more whitish; sides of head otherwise light cinnamon-buff, more or less (always indistinetly) flecked and eeeeed with brown, the upper portion of auricular region mostly brown, forming an indistinct postocular streak; chin and throat pale cinnamon-buff, deepening on chest into deep cinnamon-buff, the remaining under parts still deeper in color, the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts russet; under tail- coverts sometimes immaculate, usually with more or less distinct bars or spots of dusky on terminal portion of the longer feathers; maxilla dusky brown, with paler tomia; mandible dull light yellowish (in dried skins); legs and feet light brownish (in dried skins). Young.—Similar to adults, but feathers of chest very faintly mar- gined terminally with dusky, and under tail-coverts always immaculate. «Five specimens. I have not seen a specimen determined as female. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5938 Adult female.—Length (skin), 125; wing, 53; tail, 35.5; exposed culmen, 17; tarsus, 19; middle toe, 13.5.4 Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles. Thryothorus grenadensis LAwRreNcE, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, July, 1878, 161 (Grenada, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 268 (habits; descr. nest), 486.—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 228.—Cory, Auk., ili, 1886, 25; Birds W. I., 1889, 39; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 120, 134.—Wetts, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 611 (habits; descr. nest and eggs). [Thryothorus] grenadensis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 7. Troglodytes grenadensis OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxvii, no. 1354, Jan. ~ -23, 1904, 210 (crit. ). TROGLODYTES MARTINICENSIS (Sclater). MARTINIQUE WREN, Similar to 7. guadeloupensis, but larger (except tail, which is shorter) and color of upper parts much duller; similar in larger size to T. grenadensis, but wpper parts much duller, more grayish, brown, flanks paler cinnamon, and under tail-coverts barred with black and tipped with white. Adults (sexes alike).—Above brown (between prouts brown and sepia or bistre), darker (deep to dark sepia) on pileum, brighter on rump and upper tail-coverts, the back and scapulars usually narrowly, but indistinctly, barred with dusky; rump with a few guttate or wedge-shaped spots or streaks of white, the feathers dark slate color basally; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and tail narrowly barred with blackish.or dusky; primaries dusky, their outer webs spotted with cinnamon or dull brownish white; sides of head (including an indistinct superciliary stripe) and under parts buffy cinnamon, deeper and browner on flanks, which are sometimes faintly barred with darker; under tail-coverts tipped with paler (sometimes with white) and broadly barred with blackish or dusky; maxilla blackish brown or dusky horn color, with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish or dull yellowish (in dried skins); legs and feet brownish (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-117 (113.5); wing, 56-59 (57.8); tail, 838-40 (88.7); exposed culmen, 17-17.5 (17.2); tarsus, 20.5-21.5 (21); middle toe, 13.5-15 (14.3).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 105-108 (106.5); wing, 53; tail, 35.5; exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 19.5-20 (19.7); middle toe, 14.5.° Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles. a@QOne specimen (the type). The three other adults examined are not sexed. Their measurements are as follows: Length (skins), 110-112 (110.7); wing, 54-56.5 (55.2); tail, 38-39 (38.7); exposed culmen, 17-18 (17.5); tarsus, 20; middle toe, 14-14.5 (14.3). >Three specimens. ¢Two specimens. 10884—voL 3—03 co OO 594 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Thryothorus martinicensis ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 321 (Martinique, Lesser Antilles; coll. P. L. Sclater).—Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1, 1879, 352 (habits; crit. ), 486.—SHaArpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 228.— Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 23; iv, 1887, 95; Birds W. I., 1889, 37; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 120, 133. [ Thryothorus] martinicensis ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 7.-— Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 7 [ Troglodytes|] martinicensis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 191, no. 2619. Troglodytes martinicensis OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. NPAC: Mus., xxvii, 1904, 209 (crit. ). TROGLODYTES RUFESCENS (Lawrence). DOMINICAN WREN, Adults (sexes alike).—Ahove deep chestnut-brown (between burnt- umber and vandyke), the back and scapulars sometimes showing very indistinct narrow bars of darker; wing-coverts, secondaries, and tail rather duller chestnut-brown, narrowly barred with dusky; primaries dusky, their outer webs spotted or broadly barred with brown; an indistinct superciliary stripe of light russet or buffy cinnamon; rest of sides of head similar but more or less obscured by indistinct brownish streaking, the upper portion of the auricular region with brown pre- vailing; under parts deep buff-tawny, or between cinnamon and cina- mon-rufous, slightly paler on chin, throat, and center of abdomen, deeper (cinnamon-rufous) on flanks; under tail-coverts broadly barred with dusky; maxilla brownish black or dusky horn color, with paler tomia; mandible dull yellowish (in dried skins); legs and feet light brownish or horn color, Young.—Similar to adults, but upper parts darker and duller brown (vandyke), and feathers of under parts of body (especially the flanks) narrowly margined with dusky. Adult male. —Length (skins), 113-126 (120.6); wing, 51-52.5 (51.5); tail, 37.5-40 (38.8); exposed culmen, 15-16 (15.3); tarsus, 19.5-20 (i928); middle toe, 138-14.5 (13.8). ¢ Island of Dominica, Lesser Antilles. Thryothors rufescens LAwrEeNcE, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, Oct., 1877, 47 (Dominica, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 54 (Dominica; (descr. nest), 486, part (Dominica).—SHarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 228.—Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 24, part (Dominica); Birds W. I., 1889, 38; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 120, part (Dominica).— Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, 326 (Dominica). [ Thryothorus] rufescens Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 7, part (Dominica). Troglodytes rufescens OBERHOLSER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxvii, no. 1364, Jan. 23, 1904, 210 (crit. ). “Three specimens. No females seen by me, most of the specimens examined having sex undetermined. On n BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ’ - ~~ TROGLODYTES GUADELOUPENSIS (Cory). GUADELOUPE WREN, Similar to 7. rufescens, but duller in color, the upper parts less rufescent brown (nearer prouts brown or deep mummy brown than vandyke or burnt-umber), the under parts more buffy cinnamon; under tail-coverts tipped with white, and flanks usually more or less barred with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 100-127 (115);¢ wing, 50.5-53.5 (51.6)? tail, 36.5-42.5 (38.8);° exposed culmen, 15-16.5 (15.5):? tarsus, 17.5- 19 (18.3);% middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.5).¢ Adult fematle.- gth (skins), 101-117 (107); wing, 48-49 (48.5); tail, 39-39.5 (39); ened eles, 15-16 (15.3); tarsus, 18.5-19 (18.8); middle toe, 13-13.5 (13.3). Island of Guadeloupe Ganide Terre), Lesser Antilles. Thryothorus rufescens (not of Lawrence, 1877) Lawrence, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 453 (Guadeloupe), 486, part (Guadeloupe).—Cory, W. I., 1885, 7, part (Guadeloupe); Auk, iii, 1886, 24, part (Guadeloupe); Birds W. L., 1889, 38, part (Guadeloupe); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18, 120, part (Guade- loupe). [ Thryothorus] rufescens Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 7, part (Guadeloupe). Thryothorus guadeloupensis Cory, Auk, iii, July, 1886, 381 (Grande Terre, Guade- loupe, Lesser Antilles; coll. C. B. Cory); v, 1888, 157; Ibis, 1886, 474 (Grande Terre); Birds W. I., 1889, 286; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892; 18, 120, 133, 156. Troglodytes guadeloupensis ee Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxvii, no. 1354, Jan 23, 1904, 209 (crit. ). Genus OLBIORCHILUS Oberholser. Anorthura (not of Rennie, 18317) of AurHors. (?) Nannus BituperG, Synop. Faun Scand., i, pt. 2, 1828, 57. (Type, Motacilla troglodytes Linnzeus? 9. ) Olbiorchilus’ OBERHOLSER, Auk, xix, no. 2, April, 1902, 177. (Type, Motacilla troglodytes Linnzeus. ) Very small Troglodytide (wing less than 55 mm.) resembling Z7o- glodytes, but with the tail not more than two-thirds as long as wing and shorter than combined length of tarsus and middle toe (with claw), and with the bill fidede straight-subulate. “Seven specimens. » Four specimens. ¢Six specimens. ¢ Eight specimens. «Three specimens. f See Newton, Dictionary of Birds, 1896, 1051; Howe, Auk, xix, 1902, 89; Oberhol- ser, Auk, xix, 1902, 175 7 This work not seen by anyone in America, and there is doubt as to whether the author based the new name exclusively on M. troglodytes or, like Rennie in the case of Anorthura, merely gave the name Nannus as a substitute for Troglodytes. h From “ oAf10, felix; dpyidos, regulus.”’ 596 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bill shorter than head, very slender, straight-subulate, its basal depth and width about equal; exposed culmen shorter than middle toe without claw, straight to near extreme tip, where very slightly decurved; gonys decidedly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight; maxillary tomium nearly straight, without trace of subterminal notch. Nostril longitudinal, narrowly cuneate or guttate (pointed anteriorly), overhung by a distinct excurrent corneous operculum, posteriorly in contact with feathering of latero-frontal antix. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing short, rounded; seventh and sixth, or seventh, sixth, and fifth, primaries longest, the eighth equal to or slightly shorter than fifth; ninth equal to first or second, about twice as long as tenth or slightly less. Tail two-thirds as long as wing, much rounded, the rectrices relatively narrow, with rounded tip. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw, decidedly more than one-third as long as wing, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the planta tarsi booted; outer toe (without claw) reaching to slightly beyond second (subterminal) joint of middle toe, its claw falling short of base of middle claw; inner toe (without claw) reaching to, but not beyond, subterminal joint of middle toe; hallux (without claw) as long as outer toe (without claw) but much stouter, its claw sborter than the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe for nearly its entire length, to inner toe for half its length, or a little more. Coloration.— Above brown, more or less barred (sometimes narrowly and indistinctly) with dusky, at least on wings and tail; narrow super- ciliary stripe and under parts pale brownish, posteriorly more or less barred (irregularly) with dusky. Nidification.—Nest built among roots of upturned trees, in cavities of old logs, stumps, etc., among rocks, in thickets, or in lower part of dense evergreens, occasionally in buildings; domed or oven-shaped, with entrance in one side; composed of various materials, usually selected to correspond with its surroundings (externally of green moss, if in mossy places, ete.). Eggs white, usually speckled with reddish brown. Pange.—Colder portions of northern hemisphere. (Several species. ) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF OLBIORCHILUS. a. Smaller (wing 40-50, averaging much less than 50, exposed culmen 10-13). b. Bill smaller (exposed culmen 10-12.5, averaging less than 12); coloration darker. c. Duller in color; bill stouter. (Eastern North America. ) Olbiorchilus hiemalis hiemalis (p. 597) ce. Brighter and more rufescent in color; bill more slender. (Western United States and British Columbia; southern Alaska. ) Olbiorchilus hiemalis pacificus (p. 600) bb. Bill larger (exposed culmen 12-13, averaging more than 12); coloration paler. (Kadiak island. -Alaska.)/s5 25 sone Olbiorchilus hiemalis helleri (p. 602) aa. Larger (wing 48.5-55, averaging more than 50, exposed culmen 13-15), BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 597 6. Coloration paler, more tawny; slightly smaller (adult male averaging, wing 51.7, exposed culmen 14, tarsus 19.2; adult female, wing 50, exposed culmen 14.2, tarsus 19.2). (Unalaska Island, Aleutian chain, and St. George Island, Pribi- LO Re ee OUD Pane ai) tee oe eee at ee, Ee Olbiorchilus alascensis (p. 602) bb. Coloration darker, more sooty; slightly larger (adult male averaging, wing 54, exposed culmen 15, tarsus 20; adult female, wing 51, exposed culmen 15, tarsus 20). (Westernmost Aleutian Islands.) ..Olbiorchilus meligerus (p. 604) OLBIORCHILUS HIEMALIS HIEMALIS (Vieillot). WINTER WREN. Adults (sexes alike).—Above rufescent brown (between mummy brown and prouts brown), more strongly rufescent posteriorly, the back, scapulars, and rump more or less distinctly barred with dusky, often with more or less distinct whitish bars immediately succeeding the dusky ones; feathers of rump with concealed roundish spots of white, their basal portion dark slate color; tail light chestnut-brown or rufescent mars brown, narrowly (sometimes indistinctly) barred with dusky; wings similar in color to back, etc. (slightly less reddish than tail), more or less distinctly barred with dusky,the outermost primaries with dusky bars much broader and interspaces buffy or whitish; tip of middle coverts usually with a small mesial streak or spot of whitish; a narrow superciliary stripe of brownish buffy; a more or less distinct narrow postocular stripe of brown; suborbital and auricular regions brownish buffy, narrowly streaked (more or less distinctly) with brown; malar region, chin, throat, and chest (some- times median portion of breast, more rarely abdomen also) light wood brown or pale cinnamon, the feathers usually obsoletely paler mesially, the lower throat and chest sometimes speckled with dusky; rest of under parts more or less densely speckled or vermiculated with dusky ona pale wood brown or cinnamon ground-color, these markings heavier and more regularly transverse, on flanks; under tail-coverts clear rusty brown, barred with black and with a V-shaped subterminal mark of white; axillars and under wing-coverts pale grayish brown or dull grayish white, the former faintly barred terminally with darker, the latter more or less speckled with dusky; maxilla dusky brown or blackish, with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish; iris brown; legs and feet light brown (in dried skins). Young.—Kssentially like adults, but brown of back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts without bars, superciliary and postocular stripes indistinct, and under parts darker, with feathers more or less distinetly margined with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 87-92 (90); wing, 45-50 (47.6): tail, 28-32 (30.3); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.2); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.5); middle toe, 12-13 (12.8). “Ten specimens. 598 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Length (skins), 82-94 (89); wing, 40-47 (44.8); tail, 25-30 (27.8); exposed culmen, 10.5-12 (11.1); tarsus, 17-18 (17.8); middle toe, 11-13 (12). Eastern United States and Canada; north to Nova Seotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick (including Grand Manan), Quebec (Godbout), Ontario (north to Moose Factory), and Manitoba (east of Lake Winnipeg); breeding southward to Massachusetts (Lynn, Berk- shire County, ete.), New York (Lewis, Oneida, Madison, Tompkins, and Greene counties), Michigan (Mackinac Island; Wequetonsing), and Wisconsin (Outagamie County), more rarely to northern Indiana (Carroll County), and Illinois (Ogle County) and central Iowa, and through mountain districts of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia to western North Carolina (Black Mountains; Roan Mountain); wintering from near southern breeding limit to northern Florida and thence along Gulf coast to Texas (Bexar County). Sylvia troglodytes (not Motacilla troglodytes Linneeus) Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 139, pl. 8, fig. 6.—Bonapartsr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 187. [ Anorthura] troglodytes (not of Macgillivray ) Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 87. A[northura] troglodytes JoRDAN, Man. Vertebr. E. U.S., 4th ed., 1884, 55. Troglodytes hiemalis Vir1tuotT, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 514 (New York); Enc. Méth., ii, 1823, 470.—Prapopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 316.— STEJNEGER, Zeitschr. ges. Orn., 1, 1884, 11 (monogr.).—AmERICAN ORNITH- oLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 722.—BrewstrEr, Auk, iii, 1886, 176 (Black Mts., North Carolina, 5,000 to 6,000 ft. in summer); v, 1888, 389, 392 (Winchenden, Massachusetts, breeding).—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 327 (Mani- toba, e. of Lake Winnipeg; summer resident).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 260 (breeding at Lynn and on mountains of Berkshire Co., wiasaenaact tts).—Srnnerr, Auk, iv, 1887, 244 (Roan Mt., North Carolan breeding in balsam belt).—BrckHam, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 691 (Leon Springs, Bexar Co., Texas, 1 spec., Mar. 12).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 273 (breeding at Polo, Illinois, and in centr. Iowa).—Ever- MANN, Auk, vi, 1889, 29 (Carroll Co., Indiana; ‘‘breeds’’).—Faxon, Auk, v, 1889, 105 (Saddleback Mt., Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, breeding above 2,000 ft.).—THompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiiiy 1890, 629 (e. Manitoba, summer resident ).—Ratpu and Baaa, Auk, vil, 1890, 232 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).—Merriam (F. A.), Auk, vil, 1890, 407 (Lewis Co., New York, nesting in deciduous eet aoa ese and CHapmMaNn, Auk, viii, 1891, 137 alae R., Florida, 2 specimens).—Prrrs, Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Sci., as 1892, 203-207 (nidification); Auk, xv, 1898, 196 (Halifax, Nova Becta, oe . nest).—Dwianr, Auk, ix, 1892, 140 (North Mt., Pennsyl- vania, breeding) ; x, 1893, 14 (Prince Edward I., breeding).—Wutrkr, Auk, x, 1893, 229 (Mackinac I., Michigan, breeding) .—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, ipa Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida).— Batty, Auk, xiii, 1896, 296 (Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Rtvrs, Auk, xy, 1898, 137 (West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt).—D&rarBorN, Prelim. List Birds, Belknap and Merrimac counties, New Hampshire, 1898, 33 (breeding). T[roglodytes] hiemalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 555. « Nine specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 599 Troglodytes hyemalis Swarnson and RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1851, 318.— Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1858, 11; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 222.—Avpv- BON, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 480, pl. 360; Synopsis, 1839, 76; 3irds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 128, pl. 121.—NuvtTra.1, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 481.—Maximinian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 109 (Pennsylvania, ete. ).— Wits, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia) .— Bairp, Cat. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 275, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 144.— Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 23 (New York ).—DreEsseEr, Ibis, 1865, 485 (San Antonio, Texas).—McIiwrairx, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 88 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Trrpr, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 47 (Catskill Mts., New York, breed- ing).—Maynarp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871, 5 (habits); Birds Florida, 1873, 40.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1875, 6 (e. Kansas).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 9, fig. 9.—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 96. —GrunprtviG, Trans. Wisc. Ac. Sci., etc., X, 1894, 153 (Outagamie Co., Wisconsin, breeding). [ Troglodytes hyemalis] var. hyemalis Barren, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 149. T(roglodytes] hyemalis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 158.—Triprr, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 115 (Iowa; ‘‘ breeds’’). [ Troglodytes | hyemalis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 189, no. 2566, part. Troglodytes (Anorthura) hyemalis Barrn, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 369, part.—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 68. Anorthura hyemalis Cours and Prentiss, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1861 (1862), 410 (District of Columbia).—ALLEeN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 267 (e. Florida, rare in winter).—WIDMANN, Auk, xix, 1902, 237 (Wequetonsing, Michigan, breeding). Anorthura hiemalis SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 275.—AMERICAN OrnirHoLocists’ Unton Commirrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 125.—BEyYER, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 42 (Louisiana, winter resident ).—F axon and Horrmann, Birds Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, 1900, 15 (Greylock Mt., ete., breeding ).—Emsopy, Birds Madison Co., New York, 1901, 32 (resident). Anorthura troglodytes var. hyemalis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 351, in text; Birds Northwest, 1874, 33, part.—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 178 (Coosada, Alabama, winter).—KING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 195 (breeding near Ithaca, New York).—Mzrarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 34 (Rhinebeck, etc., lower Hudson R., winter). Anorthura troglodytes . . . var. hyemalis Covers, Check List, 1875, no. 50. Anorthura troglodytes hyemalis Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 176, part.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 65.—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 227 (Lewis Co., New York, breeding); Auk, ii, 1885, 113 (Godbout, Quebec, summer resid., 1 pair).—PearsALL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 244 (Grand Manan, New Brunswick; habits; descr. nest and eggs). —LANGILLE, Our Birds, ete., 1884, 281 (habits). A[northura] troglodytes hyemalis RipGway, Bull. Ill. State Labr. Nat. Hist., no. 4, May, 1881, 173 (Illinois). Anorthura troglodytes hiemalis Coves, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 76.—BREWSTER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vili, 1885, 119 (breeding near Lynn, e. Massachusetts ).— Knowtron, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 120 (breeding near Brandon, w. Vermont). A[northura] troglodytes hiemalis Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 278. [Anorthura troglodytes var. hyemalis] b. hyemalis Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 33, part (synonymy ). Troglodytes parvulus, var. hyemalis Barren, 3rEWeER, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 155.—Brewsrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 22 (descr. young). 600 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. T[reglodytes] parvulus . . . var. hyemalis Ripaway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 367 (Illinois). T[roglodytes| parvulus, var. hyemalis Nevson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 97 (n. e. Illinois, migrant; habits). Troglodytes parvulus hyemalis Goopr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 18838, 347. Troglodytes europxus (not of Vieillot) Bonaparrr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., , 1824, 188; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 93, 440.—Nourrati, Man. Orn. U.§. and Can., 1, 1832, 427. Olbiorchilus hiemalis hiemalis OBERHOLSER, Auk, xix, April, 1902, 178. Olbiorchilus hiemalis AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton Commitrer, Auk, xix, 1902, 329.—PresiE, North Am. Fauna, no. 22, 1902, 128 (Moose Factory). OLBIORCHILUS HIEMALIS PACIFI€US (Baird). WESTERN WINTER WREN, Similar to O. A. Aciemalis, but darker and more richly colored; brown of upper parts darker, more rusty, more uniform, the back, ete., much less distinctly barred, often quite uniform; color of throat, chest, etc., much deeper and brighter, more tawny-cinnamon or light russet; bill straighter and more Senier. Adult male.—Length (skins), 88-97 (92); wing, 44-49.5 (46.5); tail, 28-83.5 (80.3); exposed culmen, 10-12.5 (11.6); tarsus, 17-19.5 (18); middle toe; 11.5-13.5 (12.8).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 85-99 (2); wing, 43.5-47.5 (45.4); tail, 28-81 (29.7); exposed culmen, 10-12.5 (11.6); tarsus, 17-18.5 17.9); middle toe, -11.5-13.5 (12.5). Western North America; breeding from southern Coast Range in California northward to southern Alaska (Prince of Wales Island; Mitkof Island: Yakutat; Juneau; Farragut Bay; Howkan), eastward along northern border of United States to Montana (Java; Columbia Falls); southward in winter to southern California (Fort Tejon; San Buenaventura), western Nevada (Truckee Valley), and Colorado 4 Troglodites europexus (not Troglodytes europexus Vieillot) ORNITHOLOGICAL CoMMIT- TEE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 193 (Columbia R.). Troglodytes ( Anorthura) hyemalis (not T. hiemalis Vieillot) Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 369, part (Fort Steilacoom and Shoalwater Bay, Wash- ington; Columbia R.). Troglodytes hyemalis Barrp, Cat. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 273, part.—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 191 ea ae California).—Cooprr and Suckiery, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 191 (Coast Range and Fort eteder none W nk ee N, ee 1868, 421 (Vancouver I.).— Dati and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 280 (Sitka, Alaska).—Coorerr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 73 (?) Troglodytes hiemalis Cooxn, Bull. 37, Col. State Agric. Coll., 1897, 121 (Colo- rado; resident, breeding at 8,000 ft. ). Troglodytes hiemalis Stuuoway, Bull. Univ. Mont., No. 3, Biol. Ser., No. 1, 1901, 1 (Flathead Lake, ete., Montana, breeding). (?) Troglodytes (Anorthura) hyemalis Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 78. Anorthura troglodytes var. hyemalis Cours, Key, 1872, 351, part; Birds Northwest, 1874, 33, part. «Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 601 [Anorthura troglodytes var. hyemalis] b. hyemalis Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 33, part. Anorthura troglodytes hyemalis Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 176, part. (?) Anorthura parvulus . . . var. hyemalis Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 180 (Colorado). Anorthura parvulus, var. hyemalis Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 155, part. Troglodytes parvulus, var. hyemalis Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 504 (San Buenaventura, California, winter). (2?) Anorthura hiemalis Cooke, Bull. 56, Col. State Agric. Coll., 1900, 222 (Den- ver, Colorado, 1 spec., July 8). Troglodytes hyemalis, var. pacificus Batrp, Review Am. Birds, Sept., 1864, 145 (Simiahmoo, Washington; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 9, fig. 10. [ Troglodytes hyemalis] var. pacificus Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 149. T[roglodytes] hyemalis pacificus Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 12 (Carson City, Nevada, winter).—Hensnaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1879, 288 (Columbia R., both sides of Cascade range; habits). Troglodytes hyemalis pacificus GoopE, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 347. Troglodytes hiemalis pacificus StesNeGER, Zeitschr. ges. Orn., i, 1884, 12, part (monogr. ).—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 722a.—Coorrr, Auk, iy, 1887, 93 (Ventura Co., California, winter):—Mer- rut (J. C.), Auk, v, 1888, 362 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon, fall and winter; head e. fork Des Chutes R., alt. 5,600 ft., July 6); Auk, xv, 1898, 19 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, resident ).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 43 (resident ).—LAwreEnce (R. H.), Auk, xi, 1894, 181 (Wilsons Peak, s. Cali- fornia, Noy.).—GRINNELL (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, 130 (Sitka, Alaska, breed- ing); Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 48 (Los Angeles Co., California, Oct. to Jan.).—CHAPMAN, Bull, Am. Mus. N. H., ili, 1900, 152 (coast district, British Columbia). T(roglodytes] hiemalis pacificus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 555. Anorthura troglodytes pacificus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 170, 215; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 65a.—Coves, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 77. A[northura] troglodytes] pacificus ? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 279. [ Troglodytes hyemalis] (3. pacificus Ripaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 424 (lower Truckee Valley, Nevada, Dec.). Troglodytes hyemalis, 8. pacificus BELDING and RipG@way, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 403 (Calaveras Co., California, Jan.). Anorthura pacifica SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 274, pl. 16, fig. 1 (Vancouver I.). Anorthura hiemalis pacifica Rrpaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, June 30, 1883, 94.—OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, 421.—AMeERICAN ORNI- THOLOGISTS’ UNton ComMiITrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 125.—Bisnop, North Am. Fauna, no. 10, 1900, 92 (Glacier, Alaska, June).—OsGcoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 49 (Queen Charlotte Islands; habits).—Bartow, Condor, iii, 1901, 182 (Sierra Nevada, breeding).—Ratnevun (S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 139 (Seattle, Washington, resident). Olbiorchilus hiematlis pacificus OBERHOLSER, Auk, xix, Apr., 1902, 179.—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNton Commitrer, Auk, xix, 1902, 329.—Fisner (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 135 (Humboldt Bay and Crescent City, California).— Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.8., 1902, 449.—Knieur, Bull. Univ. Wyom. Agric. Exp. Sta., No. 55, 1902, 153 (Freezeout Mts., Wyoming, breeding). 60% BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. OLBIORCHILUS HIEMALIS HELLERI (Osgood). KADIAK WREN, Similar to O. h. pacificus, but decidedly larger, with feet smaller, tail relatively shorter, and coloration duller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 99-104 (101); wing, 49-49.5 (49.2); tail, 30-33 (381.5); ees culmen, 12.5-18 (12.7); tarsus, 16.5-17.5 (17); middle toe, 12-12.5 (12.2).¢ Kadiak Island, cre (resident). Troglodytes alascensis (not of Baird) Finscu, Abb. Nat. Ver. Brem., ili, 1872, 30 (Kadiak Island, Alaska).—Turnesr, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 181, part (Kadiak). Troglodytes hiemalis pacificus (not Troglodytes hyemalis var. pacificus Baird) STEJNEGER, Zeitschr. ges. Orn., i, 1884, 12 part (Kadiak).—Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 210, part (Kadiak).—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 664 (Kadiak; descr. young). Anorthura hiemalis helleri Osaoop, Auk, xviii, Apr., 1901, 181 (English Bay, near Kadiak Island, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Commirrer, Auk, xvii, 1901, 307 (check list no. 7226). Olbiorchilus hiemalis helleri OBpRHOLSER, Auk, xix, Apr., 1902, 179.—AMERICAN OrnITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommitTrer, Auk, xix, 1902, 329. OLBIORCHILUS ALASCENSIS (Baird). UNALASKA WREN, Similar to O. h. heller?, but much larger, with relatively longer bill, and coloration paler. Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain tawny-brown (between dark broc- coli brown and russet), duller on pileum, more rufescent on rump and upper tail-coverts, the latter sometimes narrowly and _ indistinctly barred with dusky;’ feathers of rump with concealed spots or streaks of white, their basal portion slate color; tail clear russet-brown, rather broadly barred with dusky; wings russet-brown barred with ee the outermost primaries with the dusky bars broader and the interspace es whitish; tertials margined terminally with pale rusty brown or cin- namon; tip of middle coverts (sometimes of greater coverts also) with asmall spot of white; a narrow and rather gerne t superciliary stripe of pale cinnamon-buff; a rather broad, more or less well defined, post- ocular stripe of brown, occupying upper part of auricular region; suborbital region and lower portion of auricular region cinnamon- buff, streaked (more or less distinctly) with brown; malar region, chin, throat, chest, breast, and upper abdomen buffy cinnamon or cinnamon- buff; ines abdomen similar, but paler and more or less speckled and barred with dusky; sides and flanks deeper cinnamon or light cinna- mon- oe Hod with dusky and whitish (the latter sometimes in a iT wo specimens. ney others, with sex undetermined, measure as follows: Wing, 45.5-47; tail, 30; exposed culmen, 12-12.5; tarsus, 17.5; middle toe, 12.5-13. Very rarely there are traces of darker ba on the rump also. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 603 form of spots rather than bars); under tail-coverts clear rusty brown or russet barred with black and tipped with white or with sagittate subterminal marks of white; maxilla blackish or dusky brown with paler tomia; mandible lighter brown; iris brown; legs and feet brownish. Young.—FEssentially like adults, but brown of upper parts more rufescent, flanks and under tail-coverts less distinctly barred (bars sometimes obsolete), and feathers of under parts more or less dis- tinctly margined with brown or dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 102-114 (110); wing, 50-54 (51.7); tail, 33-35 (34.1); exposed culmen, 13-15 (14); tarsus, 17-21 (19.5); middle toe, 13-15 (14.2).“ Adult female.—Length (skins), 99-113 (106); wing, 48.5-51.5 (50); tail, 31.5-33 (32.5); exposed culmen, 13-15 (14.2); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.2); middle toe, 12.5-15 (13.7).” St. George Island, Prybilof group, easternmost Aleutian islands (Unalaska; Akutan; Unga;* Amaknak°), and part of Alaska penin- sula (Belkofski‘). Troglodytes alascensis Bairp, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 315, pl. 30, fig. 3 (St. George Island, Prybilof group, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—DA Li and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 280 (St. George I.).— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pl. 9, fig. 8.— SresveceR, Zeitschr. ges. Orn., i, 1884, 11, part (monogr. ).— AMERICAN ORNI- THOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 723, part.—TuURNER, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 181, part, pl. 9, upper fig. (Unalaska; Unga I.; Alaska penin- sula at Belkofski).—Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 210 (St. George I.; Akutan; Unalaska; habits).—Ripewavy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 665 (Unalaska). T(roglodytes] alascensis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 555, part. [ Anorthura] alascensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 87. Anorthura alascensis Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 178, in text.—Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 170, 215, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 66, part. —SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 273 (Amaknak I., near Una- a Nine specimens. » Six specimens. Specimens from St. George Island compare in measurements with those from Unalaska as follows: | x- } ux iddle Locality. | wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ee culmen. Se MALES. | One adult male from St. George Island ........------------- oe 35. | 14 20 14 | | Right adult males from Unalaska Island.....-------------+: |} 61.4 34.1 | 14 19.1 14.2 } | | FEMALES. One adult female from St. George Island .....-.------------ | 51.5 as. i 15 20 13.5 Five adult females from Unalaska Island....-.------------- 49.7 32.6 | 14.1 19.1 13.8 | ¢Specimens from these localities not seen by me. 604 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. laska; excl. syn. part).—Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 146 (Iliuliuk and Chernofski, Unalaska).—NeELson, Cruise of ‘‘Corwin’’ in 1881 (1883), 61 (St. George I.; Unalaska; habits). —AmericaN OrnirHo.Loaists’ UNION CommittTrr, Auk, xvi, 1899, 125, part. —Patmer (W.), Avifauna Pribilof Is., 1899, 421 (St. George I.; habits; descr. nest and eggs). Anorthura troglodytes var. alascensis Cours, in Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 173. Anorthura troglodytes... var. alascensis Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 50a. [ Anorthura troglodytes var. hyemalis] ¢. alascensis Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 33, part (Synonymy ). A[northura] t[roglodytes| alascensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 279, part. Troglodytes hyematlis var. alascensis Datu, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, Apr., 1878, 26, (Amaknak I.; Unalaska I.; habits); v, 1874, 273, part (Prybilof Islands). [ Troglodytes hyemalis] var. alascensis Barrp, BREwER, and Rrpaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 149. Troglodytes parvulus, var. alascensis BAirD, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 157, part.—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 82 (St. George I.; descr. nest and eggs). Troglodytes parvulus alascensis Goopr, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 18838, 347. Olbiorchilus alascensis OBERHOLSER, Auk, xix, Apr., 1902, 178.—AMERICAN ORNI- THOLOGIsTSs’ UNrioN CommirrEk, Auk, xix, 1902, 330. OLBIORCHILUS MELIGERUS Oberholser. ATTU WREN. Similar to O. alascensis, but larger, and coloration much duller; brown of upper parts much duller and grayer, the pileum grayish sepia or dark hair brown, the rump, lower back, and posterior scapu- lars indistinctly barred with dusky; color of throat, chest, etc., pale isabella color, and posterior under parts more heavily barred and speckled with dusky, the markings darker than in QO. a/ascensis. Adult male.—Length (skins), 112-118 (115); wing, 53-55 (54); tail, 31-35 (34); exposed culmen, 15; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 15.4 Adult female.—Length (skin), 113; wing, 51; tail, 32; exposed culmen, 15; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 15.’ Islands of Attu, Amchitka, Atka, and Kiska, western end of Aleu- tian chain. Troglodytes hyemalis var. alascensis (not Troglodytes alascensis Baird) Dau, Proce. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, 1874, 273, part (Attu and Amchitka islands, western Aleutians). Trolodytes parvulus, var. alascensis Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 157, part. Troglodytes alascensis SvEJNEGER, Zeitschr. ges. Orn., i, 1884, 11, part.—TuRNER, Auk, ii, 1885, 157 (Nearer Islands, Aleutian chain, resident ).—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoacists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 723, part. T(roglodytes] alascensis RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 555, part. Anorthura alascensis Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ili, 1880, 170, 215, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 66, part. —SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 273, part (in synonymy ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton Com- MITTEE, Auk, xvi, 1899, 125, part. @ Four specimens. bOne specimen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 605 [Anorthurw troglodytes var. hyemalis] ¢. alascensis Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 33, part (in synonymy). A[northura] t{roglodytes] alascensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 279, part. Anorthura meligera OBERHOLSER, Auk, xvii, Jan., 1900, 25 (Attu I., western Aleutians; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Ammpican Ornituo.ocists’ Unton Com- mitrEer, Auk, xviii, 1901, 307 (check list no. 723.1). Olbiorchilus meligerus OBrRHOLSER, Auk, xix, Apr., 1902, 178.—AMERICAN ORNI- THOLOGISTS’ UnNton CommiTrrer, Auk, xix, 1902, 330. Genus THRYORCHILUS Oberholser. Thryorchilus © OBERHOLSER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxvii, no. 1354, Jan. 23, 1904, 198. (Type, Troglodytes browni Bangs. ) Small, very short-tailed, long-legged Troglodytide, resembling Lenicorhinaand Nannorchilus, but with only 10 instead of 12 rectrices, and with the nostril narrowly ovate, longitudinal, and distinctly oper- culate, as in 7roglodytes. Bill shorter than head, its depth at frontal antiz a little less than one-fourth the exposed culmen, the latter decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw; culmen straight for basal half or more, then gradually decurved to tip; gonys straight, its base forming a slight but distinct angle; maxillary tomium faintly concave, without trace of subterminal notch; nostril narrowly ovate or pyriform (its narrow end anteriorly), longitudinal, overhung by a conspicuous excurrent operculum. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing moderate in length, much rounded; seventh, sixth, and fifth, or sixth, fifth, and fourth primaries longest, the ninth much shorter than secondaries, the tenth (outer- most) decidedly more than half as long as ninth. Tail about two- thirds as long as wing, decidedly rounded, apparently consisting of only ten rectrices. Legs and feet stout, the tarsus nearly half as long as wing; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; outer toe longer than inner, reaching (without claw) to middle of sub- terminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner (without claw) reaching considerably beyond penultimate joint of middle toe; hallux as long as inner toe, or slightly longer, much stouter. Coloration.—Above tawny-brown, the remiges and rectrices barred with dusky, the primaries conspicuously edged with white; super- ciliary stripe and under parts grayish white or pale gray, the flanks and under tail-coverts light tawny-brown; sides of neck streaked with brown and whitish. Range.—High mountains of Chiriqui (Volean de Chiriqui, 10,000 to 10,500 feet). (Monotypic.) a‘ @pvor, juncus; dpxidos, regulus.”’ 606 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. THRYORCHILUS BROWNI (Bangs). BROWN’S WREN. Adults (sewes alike).—Ahbove plain mummy brown,” slightly duller on pileum, the rump approaching chestnut-brown; tail and secondaries dusky, rather broadly barred with light brown (usually deeper brown on tertials); primaries dusky, about six or seven of the outermost irregularly edged with white;? alule also edged with white, and pri- mary coverts narrowly tipped with white; a broad white superciliary stripe, extending to sides of nape; a broad postocular stripe, confluent with brown of hindneck; lores white, or grayish white, faintly mottled with gray; lower half (approximately) of auricular region and malar region grayish white, the feathers sometimes very faintly edged or margined with brown or dusky; sides of neck grayish white, the feathers edged with dusky brown, producing short and indistinct streaks; chin, throat, chest, breast, and abdomen dull white (the feathers with concealed bases blackish slate), the sides of lower throat and chest sometimes minutely flecked with brown; flanks and under tail-coverts light tawny-olive or russet; maxilla black with paler tomia; mandible pale basally, dusky terminally; legs and feet horn color. Young.—Similar to adults, but feathers of chest, breast, and upper abdomen distinctly margined with sooty brown, producing a squamate effect, those of the throat streaked or flecked with sooty; white super- ciliary stripe narrower, less purely white; white edgings to primaries broader, more conspicuous. @ Adult male.—Length (skins), 98-107 (100.7); wing, 45-51.5 (48.8); tail, 28-35.5 (31.1); exposed culmen, 13-14.5 (13.7); tarsus, 22.5-24.5 (23.5); middle toe, 14-15 (14.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 100.5; wing, 48; tail, 31.5; exposed culmen, 13.5; tarsus, 22.5; middle toe, 14.7 Volean de Chiriqui, Isthmus of Panama, at 10,000 to 10,500 feet altitude. Troglodytes brownt BANGs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 53 (Volean de Chiriqui, Colombia, alt. 10,000 ft.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs. ) Thryorchilus browni OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxvii, no. 1354, Jan. 23, 1904, 198 (crit. ). «The color much duller (nearly sepia or bistre, more sooty on pileum) in worn plumage. + This white edging to the primaries isa very striking feature in thissingular species, and a certain means of identification. ¢ The relative extent of the light and dark areas on the mandible varies greatly. @ These broad white edgings are occasionally broken by dusky spots, throwing the white into the form of very broad bands or transverse spots. ¢ Six specimens. J One specimen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 607 Genus HENICORHINA Selater and Salvin. Heterorhina (not of Westwood, 1845) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 94 115. (Type, Scytalopus prostheleucus Sclater. ) Henicorhina Sourarer and Sarviy, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 170 (substitute for Heterorhina Baird, preoccupied ). Very small Troglodytide (wing 49-60 mm.) most resembling Wann- orchilus, but with tail only half as long as wing, nostril opening through middle of nasal fossa, and coloration very different (sides of neck streaked with black and white). Bill shorter than head, nearly straight, moderately compressed anterior to nostrils, its depth at latero-frontal antize equal to or slightly less than its width at same point, and equal to one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, or less; exposed culmen longer than middle toe without claw, very much shorter than tarsus, very faintly if at all curved until near tip, where gradually decurved; gonys much shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; maxillary tomium straight or very faintly concave, distinctly notched suoterminally; rictus slightly deflexed. Nostril longitudinal, fusiform or elliptical, surrounded by membrane except in front. Rictal bristles obvious, two or three of them quite distinct. Wing short, much rounded, very con- cave beneath; seventh and sixth, or seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest; eighth intermediate between first and second; ninth very much shorter than secondaries, much less than twice as long as tenth. Tail very short, about half as long as wing, much rounded, the rectrices broadly rounded at tip. Tarsus very long (about half as long as wing), the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the planta tarsi booted; middle toe with claw much shorter than tarsus; outer toe (without claw) reaching to considerably beyond subterminal joint of middle toe, its claw not reaching to base of middle claw; inner toe slightly shorter than outer; hallux (without claw) as long as outer toe (without claw), but much thicker, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe for greater part of its length, to inner toe for more than half its length. Coloration.—Above brown, the wings and tail barred with black; pileum and hindneck (at least laterally) black; sides of head and neck black streaked with white, these streaks very conspicuous on sides of neck; under parts white, becoming gray on sides and brown on flanks, or else almost wholly gray. Young not essentially different from adults. Nidification.—Nest (of H. prostheleuca) ‘*formed of mosses inter- woven with great skill . . . lined with red feathers from the abdomen of Trogon mewicanus . . . suspended or rather fastened to the branches of shrubs, and so skillfully done . . . as to be readily mistaken for a bunch of moss.” 4 Range.—Southern Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, and Guiana. @Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, 1869, 545. 608 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF HENICORHINA. a. Breast, white. b. Pileum and hindneck uniform deep black; malar region unstreaked white; no black submalar streak. (Guiana, Venezuela, and upper Amazon basin. ) Henicorhina leucosticta (extralimital) @ bb. Pileum and hindneck brown or sooty grayish medially (more or less broadly ); malar region streaked with black; a black submalar streak. c. Remiges distinctly barred with black; white of under parts purer; white superciliary stripe broader. (Henicorhina prostheleuca.) ° d. Median portion of pileam and hindneck grayish brown or sooty grayish; brown of back, etc., duller; flanks duller brown (mummy brown or somewhat olivaceous); feet smaller (tarsus averaging 22.2 in male, 21.5 in female; middle toe 14.7 in male, 13.9 in female). (Southern Mexico to eastern Nicaragua. )-.--- Henicorhina prostheleuca prostheleuca (p. 610) dd. Median portion of pileum and hindneck more decidedly brown (some- times almost chestnut); back, ete., chestnut-brown or chestnut; flanks brighter brown (bright russet); feet larger (tarsus averaging 23.5 in male, 21.8 in female; middle toe averaging 16 in male, 14.8 in female). (Costa Rica to line of Panama Railway. ) Henicorhina prostheleuca pittieri (p. 612) cc. Remiges without distinct, if any, black bars; white of under parts duller; white superciliary stripe narrower. (Northern Ecuador. ) Henicorhina inornata (extralimital) ¢ aa. Breast gray (more or less deep). b. Breast deep ash gray or nearly slate-gray. ( Henicorhina leucophrys. ) c. Coloration darker, the pileum broadly black laterally, sometimes wholly black (usually black with median portion more or Jess brownish); back, ete., chestnut-brown or chestnut; flanks deep russet or chestnut. d. Pileum black, slightly if at all brownish medially; black postocular stripe broader, anteriorly extending beneath eye to lores. (Peru. ) Henicorhina leucophrys leucophrys (extralimital )@ « Cyphorhinus leucostictus Cabanis, Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Naturg., xiii, pt. i, 1847, 206, part (description from Guiana specimen; ex Troglodytes leucostictus Lichten- stein, manuscript, in Berlin Mus. ).—Heterorhina leucosticta Baird, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 117, part (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador).—Henicorhina leucosticta Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1880, 79, part (Guiana; Venezuela; Ecuador; Colombia ?); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 287 (Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Ecuador). » H. prostheleuca may possibly intergrade with TZ. leucosticta, but I have not seen any evidence that such is the case. The Panama example referred to the latter by Professor Baird (Review Am. Birds, p. 177), now before me, certainly does not show any inclination toward the characters of that form. ¢ Henicorhina inornata Hellmayr, Journ. fiir Orn., Oct., 19038, 528 (Lita, n. w. Heuador; coll. Zool. Mus. Monaco). @ Tr[oglodytes| leucophrys Tschudi, in Wiegmann’s Archiy. fur Naturg., x, pt. 1, 1844, 282 (Peru); Troglodytes leucophrys Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1847-49, 185.—Cyphorhinus leucophrys Cabanis, in Wiegmann’s Archiv. fur Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 206.—Heterorhina leucophrys Baird, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 118, part (in synonymy).-—Henicorhina leucophrys Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 80, part (in synonymy and locality Peru only); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 288, part (in synonymy ).—H[enicorhina] leucophrys leucophrys Hellmayr, Journ. fiir Orn., Oct., 1903, 531. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 609 dd. Pileum more or less distinctly brown medially, or else throat distinctly streaked with black; black postocular stripe broader, not extended anteriorly beneath eye. e. Back, ete., lighter chestnut-brown or rufous-brown; flanks deep russet, throat (usually) more distinctly streaked; bill larger (exposed culmen 14.5-16.5). (Costa Rica and Chiriqui. ) Henicorhina leucophrys collina (p. 615) ee. Back, ete., dark chestnut; flanks chestnut; throat indistinctly streaked; bill smaller (exposed culmen 13.5). (astern Guatemala. ) Henicorhina leucophrys castanea (p. 615) ce. Coloration paler, the pileam brown with narrow black late ral margin; back, etc., tawny-brown, russet, or rusty brown; flanks tawny-brown or light russet. d. Pileum dark sooty brown or sooty grayish broadly margined laterally with black. e. Pileum sooty brown; back brighter rusty brown; flanks brighter tawny- brown or russet. (Western Ecuador. ) Henicorhina leucophrys berlepschi (extralimital ) ee. Pileuam sooty grayish; back duller, more olive, brown; flanks duller tawny-brown or tawny-olive. (Western Guatemala and Chiapas. ) Henicorhina leucophrys capitalis (p. 615) dd. Pileum lighter brown (nearly concolor with back), very narrowly if at all margined laterally with black. e. Pileum, hindneck, and upper back tawny-brown or mummy brown. (Southeastern Mexico. ) ------ Henicorhina leucophrys mexicana (}). 616) ee. Pileum, hindneck, and upper back grayish brown. (Southwestern WIGS ACO) Woe sencanoasnpedcososs Henicorhina leucophrys festiva (p. 616) bb. Breast very pale gray (almost grayish white). (Henicorhina hilaris. ) ec. Lighter and more tawny brown aboye, the pileum and hindneck more olive brown; tail lighter brown, more broadly and regularly barred with dusky; bill smaller (exposed culmen 12.5-14). d. Smaller, except bill (wing 53.5, tail 28, tarsus 23); chest paler gray, throat tinged with buff, and abdomen more extensively suffused with buff. (western Ecuador.) ..--------- Henicorhina hilaris hilaris (extralimital )” dd. Larger, except bill (wing 56, tail 30, tarsus 29.5);¢ chest deeper gray, throat without buff tinge, and abdomen less extensively suffused with buff. (High mountains of Santa Marta, Colombia, 11,000 to 12,000 feet altitude: iso 2-335. 5225% Henicorhina hilaris anachoreta (extralimital)/ aHenicorhina leucophrys (not Troglodytes leucophrys Tschudi) Berlepsch and Taezanowski, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1883, 539 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; crit. ).— Henicorhina hilaris, part, Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, 284, part (specimen from Pedregal, w. Ecuador).—Henicorhina leucophrys berlepschi Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Noy. 30, 1903, 168 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). b Henicorhina hilaris Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1884, 284 (Cayandeled and Chaguarpata, w. Ecuador). A cotype of this form, received from Count von Berlepsch, is in the National Museum collection. eThe measurements given of H. h. hilaris and H. h. anachoreta are of a single adult male of each. d Henicorhina anachoreta Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, i, Dec. 27, 1899, 54 (Paramo de Chiruqua, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, 12,000 ft. alt.; coll. FE. A. and O. Bangs). 10384—voL 3—03 39 . 610 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. cc. Darker and duller brown above, the pileum and hindneck sooty brown; tail darker brown, more narrowly and less regularly barred with dusky; bill larger (exposed culmen 14-16). (Mountains of Santa Marta, Colombia, 3,000 to 8,000 feet altitude. )..-.-- Henicorhina hilaris bangsi (extralimital) 4 HENICORHINA PROSTHELEUCA PROSTHELEUCA (Scliater). SCLATER’S WOOD WREN. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum dull brown or grayish brown, becom- ing black laterally, the brown-tipped feathers black beneath exposed portion; back and scapulars uniform chestnut-brown, becoming bright chestnut on rump and upper tail-coverts; tail broadly barred with black and light chestnut or russet, the black bars usually the wider; remiges broadly barred with black and chestnut-brown or russet, the bars of nearly equal width on secondaries, the black bars broader on primaries, where the interspaces are paler and grayer brown; greater coverts blackish, with outer webs broadly edged with brownish (vary- ing from chestnut-brown to brownish gray), and often tipped with a small spot of white; middle coverts blackish, brownish, or grayish, also often with a small white spot at tip; lesser coverts brown or gray, with concealed portion dusky; a conspicuous narrow white superciliary stripe, somewhat broken by black edgings to the feathers; lores dusky; a broad postocular stripe of black, involving the upper half (approxi- mately) of auricular region; suborbital region and lower portion of auricular region streaked with black and white in varying relative amount; sides of neck black, with conspicuous guttate streaks of white; malar region white, the feathers usually narrowly margined with black; a more or less distinct narrow submalar streak of black: chin, throat, chest, and median portion of breast and abdomen white; sides of chest and breast gray; flanks russet or russet-brown; under tail-coverts light russet or cinnamon, with paler (sometimes whitish) tip, sometimes marked with a small subterminal spot of dusky; axillars and under wing-coverts grayish white or pale gray; Dill black, the mandible sometimes more brownish; iris brown;’ legs and feet brown or dusky in dried skins, dark plumbeous in life.? « FHenicorhina leucophrys (not Troglodytes leucophrys Tschudi) Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 160, 181 (Pueblo Viejo, San Francisco, Palomina, and San Miguel, Province of Santa Marta, Colombia); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, i, 1899, 83, 84 (erit.; deser.); Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 180 ( Valparaiso and El Libano, Santa Marta, Colombia).—Henicorhina hilaris bangsi Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Novy. 30, 1903, 168 (San Sebastian, Santa Marta, Colombia; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). It is possible that Troglodytes guttatus Hartlaub (Syst. Verz. d. Ges. Mus. Brem., 1844, 28), said to be from Colombia, may be this form, but I have not been able to consult the description. If it should prove to be the same, then, of course, the three forms would require to be called H. guttata guttata (for H. h. bangsi), HH. guttata anachoreta, and H. guttata hilaris, respectively. >Sumichrast, manuscript on label. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Ott Adult male.—Length (skins), 91-107 (103), wing, 51-58 (54.7); tail, 92.5-30.5 (27.7); exposed culmen, 14.5-16.5 (15.5); tarsus, 20-23.5 (22.2); middle toe, 13.5-15.5 (14.7).“ Adult female.—Length (skins), 90-104 (95); wing, 49.5-54 (51.2); tail, 21.5-27.5 (24.2); exposed culmen, 14-16 (14.5); tarsus, 19-24 (21.5); middle toe, 12.5-14.5 (13.9).? Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Papantla; Cordova; Orizaba; Mirador; Buena Vista; San Andres Tuxtla; Motzorongo; Papantla), Puebla (Teziutlan; Metlaltoyuca), Oaxaca (Llano Verde; Playa Vicente; Guichicovi; Santo Domingo), Tabasco (Teapa) and Campeche (Apazote), and southward through Guatemala and Honduras to eastern Nicaragua (Los Sabalos). = Scytalopus prostheleucus ScLatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856 (pub. Jan. 26, 1857), 290 (Cordova, Vera Cruz; coll. A. Sallé). Cyphorinus prostheleucus SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 64, 96 (s. Mexico); 1859, 363, 372 (Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 20 (Cordova; Choctum, Gua- temala).—Sarvin and Scrater, Ibis, 1860, 272 (Volcan de Agua, Guatemala), 397 (Choctum). Heterorhina prostheleuca Barry, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 116 (Choctum; Mirador, Vera Cruz).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 545, part (hot and temperate zones, Vera Cruz). Henicorhina prostheleuca SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 286, part (Cor- dova; Choctum).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 482 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits). [ Henicorhina] leucosticta (not Cyphorhinus leucostictus Cabanis) SCLATER and Sa- vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 6, part. «Nineteen specimens. » Twelve specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas compare in ayerage measurements as follows: ox - = Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed ‘Tarsus. Midgets eulmen. Sao MALES. Ten adult males from Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Oaxaca...--- 53.8 25.8 15.5 Boer 14.6 Three adult males from Tabasco (2) and Campeche (1) -..-) 54.7 26.8 16 21.2 14.7 Give adult males from Chiapas’... 2.0 02.2.---5.--- << es -<--ses| 56. 2 25.6 ee 21.7 15 One adult male from Honduras (Yaruca).........---------- BDI.) «2s 15.5 22 | 13.5 } FEMALES. . . - - } | se | - Eight adult females from Vera Cruz and Puebla.........-.- 51 24.7 14.3 21.6 13.7 Three adult females from Tabasco .......---...-------+++++- Sle Fale eon 145) 22] aes One adult female from Honduras ( Yaruca)...-..----.------ BO bese see 14.5 22.5 13.5 Chiapas specimens are quite identical with those from Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Oaxaca; Guatemalan examples (of which none of the nine specimens examined are sexed) are somewhat brighter colored above, the back more chestnut (but less so than in Costa Rican examples, JI. p. pittieri), though the pileum is grayish brown, as in Mexican specimens. 612 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Henicorhina leucosticta Boucarp, Cat. Ois. Guat., 1878, 29.—SALvrIn and GopMAN, 3iol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 79, part (Mexican and Guatemalan references and localities ).—FERRARI-PEeREz, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 136 (Teziut- lan, Puebla). Cyphorinus leucostictus LAWRENCE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 13 (Gui- chicovi, Oaxaca). HENICORHINA PROSTHELEUCA PITTIERI (Cherrie). PITTIER’S WOOD WREN, Similar to //. p. prostheleuca, but coloration darker and brighter, the back more chestnut, rump bright chestnut, pileum browner (some- times chestnut-brown), flanks bright brown (deep russet), and lower abdomen and anal region more decidedly tawny; feet larger (at least relatively). Adult male.—Length (skins), 88-100 (98); wing, 51-60 (56.5); tail, 24-28 (26.1); exposed culmen, 14-16 (14.8); tarsus, 22.5-24 (23.5); middle toe, 14-17 (16).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 95-105 (101); wing, 52-53.5 (52.8) tail, 23.5-25.5 (24.2); nocd culmen, 14-16 (14.8); tarsus, 21.5-2¢ (21.8); middle toe, 14.5-15 (14.8).? Costa Rica (Angostura; Turrialba; Tucurrique; Térraba; Jiménez; Boruca; Siguerres; San José; San Carlos; Orosi; Val; Talamanca) to Isthmus of Panama (Panama; Loma de Leon). se bo Cyphorinus prostheleucus (not Scytalopus prostheleucus Sclater) LAwrReNcr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 320 (Isthmus Panama). ~ Henicorhina prostheleuca SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 286, part (Costa Rica; Veragua).—CHErRRIE; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 518 (Costa Rica; erit.).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 55 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 5,700 ft. ). @Six specimens. > Three specimens. Specimens from the Isthmus of Panama are smaller than those from Costa Rica, their average measurements comparing as follows: Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus.) ~ ae. }culmen. pit MALES. | | | - . 2 > | - o£ ~ Sixvadulitamalesitrom'CostapRich sees epee assess een ecee 56.5 26.1 | 15.4 | 23253] 16 Two adult males from Isthmus of Panama.....-.-..-.------ lmeb Qa 255 | 15 | 23 «| 15 I can discern no difference in coloration. The Costa Rican series includes one (from Terraba) labeled, in Mr. Cherrie’s handwriting, ‘“‘Henicorhina pittieri Cher- rie;’’ this differs from three specimens (all belonging to the Field Columbian Museum) labeled by Mr. Cherrie as H. prostheleuca only in larger size and some- what lighter or more rufous hue of the color of the back, ete. A male from Tala- manca in the National Museum collection is quite as large (in some measurements even larger), while another from the same locality is decidedly smaller. Therefore it would seem that there is much individual variation in size. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 613 Cyphorinus leucostictus (not Cyphorhinus leucostictus Cabanis) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 320 (Isthmus Panama); ix, 1868, 92 (Angostura and Turrialba, Costa Rica). Microcerculus leucostictus SCLATER and SAuvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 345 (Panama). Thryothorus leucostictus Sauvixn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 134 (Santa Fé, Veragua). Heterorhina leucosticta Barrb, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 116, part (Panama). Henicorhina leucosticla SCLATER and SAtvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1868, 166 (Veragua).—Saxyin, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 181 (Boquete de Chitra and Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 51 (San Carlos and Orosi, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 79, part.—ZrLEDoN, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 (Jiménez and Angostura, Costa Rica). [ Henicorhina] leucosticta ScLaATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 6, part. Flenicorhina pittieri Coerriz, Exploracion Zoologica Costa Rica, i, Aves, 1893, 8 (Boruca and Térraba, s. w. Costa Rica; coll. Costa Rica Nat. Mus. ). HENICORHINA LEUCOPHRYS COLLINA (Bangs). CHIRIQUI WOOD WREN, Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck sooty black, the feathers (except those of lateral portions) usually” more or less distinctly tipped with sooty brown or sooty grayish, these brownish or sooty grayish tips sometimes so broad as to conceal the underlying black, thus giving the median portion of the pileum (broadly) a uniform sooty gray or brownish color; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain dark rufous-brown or chestnut-brown (between deep mummy brown and burnt-umber); tail duller brown, more or less distinctly barred with black; wings similar in color to back, etc., narrowly and rather indistinctly barred with black; a narrow superciliary stripe of broad white streaks; a broad postocular stripe of black, involving upper portion of auricular region; sides of head below eye and black post- ocular stripe broadly streaked with black and white, in nearly equal amount (the black sometimes predominating); sides of neck black, broadly streaked with white; chin and throat white, streaked with black or blackish slate; chest and breast plain slate-gray, the lower portion of the latter sometimes showing paler tips to feathers; abdomen very pale gray or grayish white, the feathers tipped with pale tawny, buffy, or whitish, and more or less distinctly barred with slate-gray;? flanks, “In a specimen (National Museum collection, no. 119898, adult female) from El Achiote, Costa Rica, in fresh plumage, the pileum is entirely black without trace of brown or sooty tips to the feathers. ®In the specimen from El Achiote, Costa Rica, previously referred to, not only the abdomen, but the median portion of the breast also is very distinctly, but irregularly barred with black. This specimen, although a female, is decidely larger than the males from Costa Rica (one from Jiménez, the other from the Volean de Irazt, and may represent a different form. All the Costa Rican specimens examined (only four in number, however), have the pileum decidedly blacker than the majority of Chiriqui examples. 614 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. posterior portion of sides, anal region, and under tail-coverts, deep russet, becoming paler and more ochraceous next to the pale grayish of abdomen; bill black, the lower basal portion of mandible somtimes slightly paler; legs and teet black or very dark horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 101-113 (107); wing, 51-59 (56.9); tail, 28.5- 34.5 (31.3); exposed culmen, 15-16.5 (15.9); tarsus, 21.5-27 (24.9); middle toe, 14-16 (15).¢ Adult female.—Usually (4) undistinguishable as to coloration from the adult male, but sometimes with streaks on throat obsolete; length (skins), 103-112 (108); wing, 50.5-58 (54.7); tail, 26.5-32.5 (28.7); exposed culmen, 14.5-16 (15.4); tarsus, 22-26.5 (24.8); middle toe, 14-15.5 (15).? Young.—KEssentially like adults, but pileum entirely dark warm- sepia or seal brown; chin and throat uniform pale gray, deepening on chest into sooty gray; auricular region dusky gray, narrowly streaked with white, the upper portion (postocular stripe) brownish black. Chiriqui (Boquete; Volean de Chiriqui), Veragua (Mina de Chorcha; Cordillera del Chucu; Chitra; Calobre; Calovevora), and Costa Rica (Jiménez; San-José; Santa Ana; La Palma de San José; Navarro de Cartago; Volean de Irazi; Volean de Poas; Volean de Miravalles; El Achiote). Heterorhina leucophrys (not Troglodytes leucopkrys Tschudi) Aird, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 118, part (description; San José, Costa Rica). Cyphorinus leucophrys LAwRENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 92 (San José, Costa Rica). Henicorhina leucophrys Satvtx, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 181 (Calovevora, Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu, and Mina de Chorcha, Veragua).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1878, 51 (Navarro, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 80, part (Costa Rican and Panama localities and references).—SnHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 288, part (Costa Rica; Veragua; Panama).—ZELEDoN, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1887, 105 (Santa Ana, La Palma de San José, and Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica).—Nuttinc, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 494 (Irazt, Costa Rica; habits).—CuHeErrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 518 (Volcan de Pois, Costa Rica; crit.).—UNpERwoop, Ibis, 1896, 433 (Volean de Miravalles, Costa Rica). [ Henicorhina] leucophrys ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 6, part. Henicorhina collina Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 55 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 6,000 ft. alt.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). H[enicorhina] leucophrys collina Hettmayr, Journ. fir Orn., Oct., 1903, 531. « Nine specimens, from Chiriqui. b Five specimens, from Chiriqui. The female from El Achiote, Costa Rica, meas- ures as follows: Wing, 60; tail, 32; culmen, 15.5; tarsus, 25; middle toe, 16.5. — BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 615 HENICORHINA LEUCOPHRYS CASTANEA Ridgway. CHESTNUT WOOD WREN, Similar to //. 7. collina, but much darker (the back, ete., dark chestnut and flanks deeper or brighter chestnut), throat less distinctly streaked with black, and bill smaller.¢ Guatemala (exact locality unknown, but probably some part of the Atlantic slope).? Heterorhina griseicollis (not Merulaxis griseicollis Latresnaye) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 117, part (spec. from Guatemala in Lawrence collection). Henicorhina leucophrys castanea Ripaway, Proe. Biol. Soe. Wash., xvi, Nov. 30 1905, 168 (eastern Guatemala; coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. ). ’ HENICORHINA LEUCOPHRYS CAPITALIS Nelson. GRAY-CROWNED WOOD WREN. Similar to //. 7. collina, but median portion of pileum grayish sooty, back, ete., duller brown (nearer mummy brown than chestnut-brown or burnt-umber), the color of upper back more olivaceous and less strongly or abruptly contrasted with color of hindneck; throat less distinctly streaked with black (streaks sometimes wanting, except laterally); bill smaller. Young.—Similar to adults, but entire pileum and hindneck uniform warm-sepia brown, only slightly different from color of back, ete.,and white streaks on side of head narrower and less distinct. Adult male.— Length (skins), 97-104 (101); wing, 56.5-57 (56.7): tail, 30-31 (30.3) exposed culmen, 14.5; tarsus, 22-23 (22.7); middle toe, 15-16 (15.3).° State of Chiapas, southern Mexico (Pinabete, Tumbala”) and western Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego; Volcan de Agua; Totonicapam). Cyphorinus prostheleucus (not Scytalopus prostheleucus Sclater) SALyin and ScLater, Ibis, 1860, 397 (Volcan de Agua, Guatemala). Heterorhina griseicollis (not Merulaxis griseicollis Latresnaye) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 117, part (Volean de Fuego). [ Henicorhina] leucophrys (not Troglodytes leucophrys Tschudi) ScLaTer and Sat- vIN, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 6, part (Guatemala). «This character may prove inconstant or unimportant; the single specimen exam- ined is of unknown sex, and the female of HZ. /. collina sometimes has the streaks on the throat obsolete. > Measurements of the type specimen are as follows: Wing, 54; tail, 27; exposed culmen, 13.5; tarsus, 24; middle toe, 15.5. ¢ Three specimens. 7 “The specimen from Tumbala, which is on the Atlantic slope, is in reality inter- mediate in coloration between true HH. /. capitalis (represented by specimens from Pinabete and the Volcan de Fuego, both of which are on the Pacific slope) and H, 1. castanea. 616 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Henicorhina leucophrys Boucarn, Liste Ois. Guat., 1878, 29.—Satvrin and Gop- AN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 80, part (Guatemalan localities and references).—SuHarPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 288, part (Guatemala). Henicorhina leucophrys capitalis Netson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 74 (Pinabete Chiapas, s. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). HENICORHINA LEUCOPHRYS MEXICANA (Nelson). MEXICAN WOOD WREN, Similar to //. /. cap/tal/s, but pileum and hindneck brown, nearly concolor with back, and brown of flanks much deeper and more rufescent (exactly as in 7/7. /. collina); smaller, with longer tarsus. Adult male.—Length (skins), 95-100 (98); wing, 51.5-55 (53.8); tail, 97-30 (28.2); exposed culmen, 13-14 (13.7); tarsus, 23.5-24 (23.8); middle toe, 15.4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 92-96 (94); wing, 51-54 (52.2); tail, 25-28.5 (26.5); exposed culmen, 12-14 (13); tarsus, 20-22.5 (20.9); middle toe, 13.5-15 (14.6). Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Moyoapam; Vera Cruz; Coatepec; Jico), Pueblo (Huachinango), and northern Oaxaca (Mount Zempoaltepec). Heterorhina griseicollis (not Merulaxis griseicollis Lafresnaye) Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 117, part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Henicorhina leucophrys (not Troglodytes leucophrys Tschudi) SAtvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am , Aves, i, 1879, 80, part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and Moyoapam, Vera Cruz).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 288, part (Jalapa). Henicorhina mexicana Newson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 73 (Jico, Vera Cruz; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Caapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 23 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; song). Hl[enicorhina] leucophrys mexicana NELson, Proce. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Nov. 30, 1903, 158, in text. HENICORHINA LEUCOPHRYS FESTIVA Nelson. GUERRERO WOOD WREN, Similar to ZZ. 7. mexicana, but brown of upper parts duller or less rufescent, the pileum and hindneck grayish brown, this color some- times extending over upper back. Adult male.—Length (skins), 93-108 (100); wing, 52.5-56 (54.3); tail, 26.5-32.5 (29.9); exposed culmen, 14-14.5 (14.3); tarsus, 22—-23.5 (22.5); middle toe, 13-14.5 (13.6).°¢ Southwestern Mexico, in States of Guerrero (Omilteme; Chilpan- cingo) and Michoacan (Mount. Tancitaro). Henicorhina leucophrys festiva NEtson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Novy. 30, 1903, 158 (Omilteme, Guerrero, s. w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). « Three specimens. > Four specimens. cSeven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 617 Genus NANNORCHILUS Ridgway. Uropsila @ (not Uropsilus Edwards, 1872) Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 155. (Type, Troglodytes leucogastra Gould. ) Hemiura (not Hemiurus Rudolphi,? 1809, nor Gervais, ¢ 1855) Ripaway, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, Aug. 6, 1888, 511 (substitute for Uropsila Sclater and Salvin, preoccupied ). Nannorchilus@ Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvii, Apr. 9, 1904, 102. (Type, Troglodytes leucogastra Gould. ) Very small Troglodytidee (wing between 45 and 54 mm.) resembling Troglodytes, but with bill distinctly notched, nostril small, roundish or broadly oval, nonoperculate, opening in lower anterior portion of nasal fossa, tail less than two-thirds as long as wing, and under parts pale gray or grayish white, the upper grayish brown. Bill shorter than head, straight, compressed beyond nostrils, its depth at latero-frontal antize equal to much less than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, decidedly greater than its width at same point; exposed culmen much shorter than tarsus (sometimes a little longer, sometimes a little shorter, than middle toe without claw), straight, or nearly so, for basal half (more or less) then gradually decurved terminally; gonys much shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight; maxillary tomium straight for most of its length but faintly decurved both terminally and basally, distinetly notched subterminally; rictus distinctly but gradually deflexed. Nos- tril small, longitudinally oval, nonoperculate, but with the naked membrane of nasal fossa surrounding it except on lower side. Rictal bristles obvious, two of them quite distinct. Wing short, much rounded; seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest and about equal; eighth shorter than fourth; ninth shorter than first, decidedly less than twice as long as tenth. Tail short, slightly more than three-fifths as long as wing, much rounded, the rectrices with broadly rounded tip. Tarsus much longer than exposed culmen or middle toe and claw, about two-fifths as long as wing, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the planta tarsi booted; outer toe (without claw) reaching to decidedly beyond subterminal joint of middle toe, its claw falling very slightly short of middle claw; inner toe slightly shorter than outer but reach- ing to a little beyond subterminal joint of middle toe; hallux (without claw) equal to outer toe (without claw), but much thicker, its claw much shorter than the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe for nearly or quite its entire length, to inner toe for more than half its length. Coloration.—Plain grayish brown above, the remiges very faintly, the rectrices more distinctly, barred with dusky; superciliary stripe «** Oupos, cauda, et wrAds, tenuis.” ¢ Exped. Castelnau, i, Mam., 1855, 101. »Entozoorum Hist. Nat., ii, 1809, i, 38. “ Na&vvos, dwarf; dpxidos, a wren. 618 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and under parts white, the latter tinged with gray (especially on sides of neck and breast), becoming pale brownish on flanks. Nidification.—Unknown. Range.—Southern Mexico (including Yucatan) and adjacent parts of Guatemala. (Monotypic.) KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF NANNORCHILUS LEUCOGASTER. a. Tail indistinetly barred; under tail-coverts pale brown, spotted, not barred with darker brown, or else the bars grayish brown, not blackish. >. Paler and more rufescent, the upper parts isabella color to brownish cinnamon. (Southwestern Mexico.)...-...--- Nannorchilus leucogaster pacificus (p. 619) bb. Darker, the upper parts deep russet-brown. (Chiapas and Tabasco to eastern Guatemala.) =eee 2 aaa eae Nannorchilus leucogaster musicus (p. 620) Intermediate in color between 6 and bb. (Southern Tamaulipas to Oaxaca. ) Nannorchilus leucogaster leucogaster (p. 618) aa. Tail distinetly barred with dusky; under tail-coverts whitish barred with dusky. (Yucatan and Campeche. )---.---- Nannorchilus leucogaster brachyurus (p. 620) NANNORCHILUS LEUCOGASTER LEUCOGASTER (Gould). GOULD’S WREN, Adults in spring and summer.—Above plain buffy gravish brown (between broccoli brown and dark isabella color), the rectrices and secondaries narrowly and very indistinctly barred with darker; outer- most primaries edged with pale buffy gray or grayish buffy; a broad and conspicuous superciliary stripe of white; a rather broad postocu- lar streak of brown, involving more or less of upper portion of auric- ular region; suborbital and auricular regions (except upper margin of latter) grayish white, the feathers very narrowly and rather indistinctly margined or edged with grayish brown; malar region, chin, throat, chest, breast, and abdomen grayish white, the throat and abdomen nearly pure white, the chest (especially laterally) faintly shaded with pale gray; sides and flanks pale butfy brown or isabella color; under tail-coverts similar but paler, tipped with whitish or very pale grayish buffy, and marked with a subterminal spot or bar of deeper isabella color; axillars and under wing-coverts dull white, tinged with grayish buffy; inner webs of remiges edged (not sharply) with pale dull buffy; maxilla horn color, with paler tomia; mandible pale brownish or dull pale yellowish (in dried skins); legs and feet pale horn color (in dried skins). Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but color of upper parts decidedly browner (cinnamon-brown or between russet and raw-umber). Young.—Similar in coloration to adults, but flanks much paler (dull buffy whitish or very pale brownish buffy), and under tail-coverts immaculate pale buffy brown or isabella color. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 619 Adult male.—Length (skins), 85-98 (93); wing, 48.5-52 (50.1); tail, 98.5-32 (30.1); exposed culmen, 12.5-14.5 (18.5); tarsus, 18-20 (18.9); middle toe, 11-12.5 (11.9).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 84-94 (90); wing, 45.5-48.5 (47); tail, 26.5-28.5 (27.5); exposed culmen, 12.5-13.5 (12.8); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.7); middle toe, 11-12 (11.5).? Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Pasa Nueva: Pueblo Viejo; Buena Vista), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca; Rinconada), Oaxaca (Playa Vicente; Tuxtepec), and southern Tamaulipas (Alta Mira). Troglodytes leucogastra GouLp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1836, 89 (Tamaulipas, n. e. Mexico; coll. Brit. Mus.).—BoNnapartrr, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, — Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 43. [ Uropsila] leucogastra Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1878, 7, 155. Uropsila leucogastra SAtvIn and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 78 (Tamaulipas; Playa Vicente, Oaxaca).--SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 285, pl. 17. Hemiura leucogastra Ricumonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, no. 1091, Aug. 12, 1896, 632 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).—AmerIcCAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ UNION Commirrer, Auk, xiv, 1897, 131, in text. Cyphorinus pusillus Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 372 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 20 (Playa Vicente). [ Cyphorhinus] pusillus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 193, no. 2670. Heterorhina pusilla Barry, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 119 (Oaxaca).— Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1876-77 (1879), 224 (Rinconada, Puebla). NANNORCHILUS LEUCOGASTER PACIFICUS (Nelson). COLIMA WREN. Similar to V. 7. leucogaster, but color of upper parts paler and decid- edly more rufescent (dull isabella color in spring and summer, brown- ish cinnamon in autumn and winter); wing and tail averaging slightly longer, tarsi and toes shorter. Adult male—Length (skins), 94-L01 (97); wing, 48-53.5 (50.3); tail, 30-35.5 (32.6); exposed culmen, 12.5-14 (13.1); tarsus, 17.5-19 (18.2); middle toe, 10.5-11.5 (11.3).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 91-100 (96); wing, 46.5-49.5 (48); tail, 28.5-31 (30.5); exposed culmen, 12.5-14 (13.1); tarsus, 18—-18.5 (18.1); middle toe, 10.5-11.5 (11).” Southwestern Mexico, in States of Colima (Manzanillo) and Guerrero (Acapulco; La Lagunilla; Tamarindo; Coyuca; Cayacal; Papayo). Hemiura pacifica Netson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 72 (Manzanillo, Colima, s. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). @ Eleven specimens. ¢Nine specimens. » Five specimens. ¢ Four specimens. 620 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. NANNORCHILUS LEUCOGASTER MUSICUS (Nelson). PALENQUE WREN. Similar to WV. 7. dewcogaster but decidedly darker, the upper parts (in spring and summer plumage“) deep russet brown (between raw- umber and prouts brown), the flanks deep isabella color or wood brown. Adult male.—Length (skins), 90-99 (94.5); wing, 50-52 (51); tail, 98-29.5 (28.7); exposed culmen, 13; tarsus, 18-19 (18.5); middle toe, Pill Ch s2).2 Southern ce. in States of Tabasco (Teapa) and Chiapas (Palenque) and adjacent parts of Guatemala. Hemiura leucogastra musica Seon Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Noy. 30, 1903, 159 (Teapa, Tabasco; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ). NANNORCHILUS LEUCOGASTER BRACHYURUS (Lawrence). TEMAX WREN. Similar to /7. /. /eucogastra, but bars on tail very much more distinet (both darker in color and more sharply defined), and under tail-coy- erts whitish distinctly barred with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 90-101 (96); wing, 46.5-52 (50.1); tail, 29.5-33 (81.5); exposed culmen, 13-14.5 (14); tarsus, 17.5-19.5 (18.9); middle toe, 11-12.5 (11.7 Adult female.—Length (skins), 87-97 (91); wing, 46-49.5 (47.9); tail, 25.5-30 (28.1); exposed culmen, 12-13.5 (13); tarsus, 17.5-19.5 (18.7); middle toe, 10.5-12 (11.2).° Yucatan (Temax; Chichen-Itza; Tunkas; Puerto Morelos) and Cam- peche (Apazote; Campeche). Troglodytes brachyurus Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iv, no. 2, June, 1887, 67 (Temax, Yucatan; coll. G. N. Lawrence. Hemiura brachyura CuHapMan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., villi, Dee. 11, 1896, 277 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan). Genus THRYOPHILUS Baird. Thryophilus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 127. (Type, Thryothorus rufalbus Lafresnaye. ) Medium sized to rather small Troglodytide (wing 51-76 mm.) resembling Pheugopedius, but with bill distinctly notched, and nostril small, roundish or oval, nonoperculate, opening into anterior end of nasal fossa. Bill usually shorter than head, compressed anterior to nostrils, its ae at latero-frontal antiz eral to wee less than half (sometimes «Two specimens, one from Tabasco the vine from Chiapas; an aa from Guate- mala (sex not determined and exact locality unknown) is precisely similar in coloration. > Ten specimens. ¢ Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 621 less than one-third) the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla and slightly greater than its width at same point; exposed culmen longer than middle toe without claw, but much shorter than tarsus, nearly straight or very faintly curved for most of its length, gradually but not strongly decurved terminally; gonys decidedly shorter than dis- tance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight; maxillary tomium dis- tinctly but not strongly concave, distinctly notched subterminally, the basal (rictal) portion distinctly, sometimes abruptly, deflexed. Nos- tril small, circular or oblong, opening in anterior end of nasal fossa, separated from feathering of latero-frontal antiz by naked membrane, which also extends along the upper edge of the nostril. Rictal bristles obvious, one to three being fairly well developed. Wing moderate, much rounded, very concave beneath; seventh to fourth primaries longest and nearly equal, or sixth and fifth slightly longer than seventh and fourth, sometimes (in 7) p/ewrostictus) the seventh and sixth longest; eighth of variable relative length (equaling the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth, respectively, in different species); ninth shorter than secondaries, decidedly less than twice as long as tenth. Tail two-thirds” to nine-tenths? as long as wing, much rounded (grad- uation sometimes equal to nearly one-third its length), the rectrices broadly rounded at tip. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw, much longer than exposed culmen, about two-fifths to one-third as long as wing, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the planta tarsi booted; outer toe slighly longer than inner, reaching (without claw) to decidedly beyond subterminal joint of middle toe, its claw falling short of base of middle claw; hallux (without claw) as long as outer toe (without claw) but decidedly stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe united to outer toe for most (sometimes all) of its length to inner toe for more than half its length. Coloration.—Above ranging from grayish brown to chestnut-rufous, the pileum and hindneck sometimes black; remiges and rectrices more or less distinctly barred with black or dusky, the back sometimes faintly barred; under parts more variable, the general color whitish, grayish brown, or rufous, sometimes barred, more or less, with black, the throat, chest, and breast striped with black and white in one species. Nidification.—The niditication of few species is known. = 7. pleuwros- tictus builds a retort-shaped nest of dry grasses, lined with hairs and plant down, **fixed horizontally around the stem of a bush, often at the fork of two branches,” and lays eggs ‘‘of a beautiful greenish blue color.”¢ 7. sinaloa also builds a nest ** partly suspended from “In T. thoracicus. ¢Sumicharst, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 14. bIn T. modestus. 622 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. branches and built of fine grass,”“ but the eggs are said to be~ “marked with specks of a brownish color.” 4 Range.—Tropical portions of Mexico and southward to southern Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. (Numerous species. ) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THRYOPHILUS. a, Pileum black. 6. Under parts tawny or chestnut. ( Thryophilus castaneus. ) c. Under parts tawny, distinctly barred with black, at least on sides. (Isthmus of Panama, north to Chiriqui.).._.- Thryophilus castaneus castaneus (p. 624) ce. Under parts bright chestnut or rufous-chestnut, indistinctly, if at all barred. (Eastern Costa Rica and Nicaragua. ) Thryophilus castaneus costaricensis (p. 625) }). Under parts white, barred with black or dusky. (Thryophilus nigricapillus. ) ce. Chin and throat immaculate white; bars of under parts narrower, duller black, or dusky; back, ete., lighter chestnut or chestnut-rufous. (Western Ecuador and Colombia. ) Thryophilus nigricapillus nigricapillus (extralimital) ? ce. Chin and throat barred with black or dusky, the bars of other under parts broader, more decidedly black; back, etc., darker chestnut. (Rio Truando, northwestern Colombia. )....---- Thryophilus nigricapillus schottii (p. 626) aa. Pileum not black. }. Pileum bright chestnut (margined laterally and anteriorly with black) concolor with back; under parts white, narrowly and regularly barred with black. (Isthmus of Panama to southwestern Costa Rica. ) Thryophilus semibadius (p. 627) 6b. Pileum not bright chestnut (if approaching chestnut not margined laterally and anteriorly with black, and under parts not barred with black); under parts not narrowly and regularly barred with black. c. Throat and chest striped with black or dark sooty gray, or (in some young examples) uniform sooty brown. (Eastern Nicaragua to Chiriqui and WeRaD UAE) Sia oe ice ako epee See Thryophilus thoracicus (p. 628) ce. Throat and chest neither striped nor uniform sooty. d. Sides and flanks broadly barred with blackish. (Thryophilus pleurostictus. ) e. Throat and median portion of chest and breast immaculate white. Jf. Duller brown above, the secondaries more distinctly barred; median under parts more narrowly white; larger (adult male averaging, wing 66.1, tail 53.9, exposed culmen 17.8; adult female, wing 61.3, tail 48.9, exposed culmen 16.7). (Southwestern Mexico, in States of Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas; Guatemala ?; Honduras ”). Thryophilus pleurostictus pleurostictus (p. 629) «Grayson, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 268. » Thryothorus nigricapillus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 84 (Nanegal, w. Ecua- dor; coll. P. L. Sclater).—[Thryophilus] nigricapillus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 7.—Thryophilus nigricapillus Selater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 493 ( Antioquia, Colombia); Salvinand Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 89, part; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 217, part (Nanegal, w. Ecuador; Santa Elena, Colombia).—[Troglodytes] nigricapillus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 189, no. 2569. I have not seen Colombian specimens from the localities cited, and therefore am not sure they are identical in characters with the Ecuadorean bird. — | | | | | BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 623 ff. More rufescent or cinnamomeous brown above, the secondaries less distinctly barred; median under parts more broadly white; smaller (adult male averaging, wing 64, tail 48.7, exposed culmen 17; adult female, wing 58.5, tail 44.2, exposed culmen 16). (Western Nicara- gua; western Costa Rica?) ....Thryophilus pleurostictus ravus (p. 631) ee. Throat and median portion of chest and breast barred, streaked, or other- wise marked with blackish. (Southern Mexico, in States of Morelos and PUepIAs) 22 e oe ee Thryophilus pleurostictus nisorius (p. 631) dd. Sides and flanks not barred. e. Under tail-coverts barred. Jf. Upper parts chestnut-rufous or brownish rufous. ( Thryophilus rufalbus. ) g. Blackish bars on tail much less than half as wide as the rufescent interspaces; sides and flanks grayish. (Guatemala; Honduras?) Thryophilus rufalbus rufalbus (p. 632) gg. Blackish bars on tail not less than half as wide as rufescent inter- spaces; sides and flanks fulvous brown. h. Larger and brighter colored (adult male averaging, wing 70.1, tail 52.1, exposed culmen 19.1, tarsus 24.3; adult female, wing 68, tail 50.5, exposed culmen 18.6, tarsus 23.4. (Eastern Nicaragua tLOLOOLOMIDIAN) pees ee Thyrophilus rufalbus castanonotus (p. 633) hh. Smaller and duller colored (adult male, wing 68, tail 50, exposed culmen 17.5, tarsus 23; adult female, wing 62, tail 45, exposed culmen. 16.5, tarsus 22.5). (Coast of Venezuela and adjacent portion of Colombia. ) Thryophilus rufalbus cumanensis (extralimital) @ ff. Upper parts grayish brown to russet brown. ( Thryophilus sinaloa. ) g. Browner above. h. Deep russet-brown above, becoming cinnamon-rufous or light chestnut on upper tail-coverts. (Southwestern Mexico, in State OlGuerreros Petes oe eee eee Thryophilus sinaloa russeus ( p 637) hh. Raw-umber brown above, becoming russet on upper tail-coverts. (Western Mexico, in States of Jalisco, Sinaloa, and southern Sonora, and Territory of Tepic. ) Thryophilus sinaloa sinaloa (p. 635) gg. Grayer above, the back, etc., broccoli brown, becoming cinnamome- ous wood brown on upper tail-coverts. (Northwestern Mexico, in States of Sonora, Chihuahua, and Durango. ) Thryophilus sinaloa cinereus (p. 636) ee. Under tail-coverts immaculate. jf. Remiges distinctly barred with blackish; under parts of body entirely buffy or tawny. g. Under parts tawny-ochraceous, deeper on flanks and under tail- coverts; pileum and back raw-umber brown. ( Thryophilus gal- braithii. ) @ Thryophilus rufalbus cumanensis Chapman, Auk, xiv, Oct., 1897, 363, 367 (ex Troglodytes cumanensis Lichtenstein, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 34; type, in coll. Berlin Mus., said by Cabanis, in Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 408, to be from Cartagena, Colombia). Although I have not seen specimens from Cartagena, those from Cumanacoa, Venezuela, mentioned by Mr. Chapman, as cited above, are certainly different from T. vr. castanonotus. 624 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. h. Slightly smaller and paler (adult male averaging, wing 64.4, tail 44.2, exposed culmen 17.9, tarsus 24.4; adult female, wing 61.7, tail 42, exposed culmen 17.4, tarsus 24.1). (sthmus of Panama and coast of Colombia to Cartagena. ) Thryophilus galbraithii galbraithii (p. 637) hh. Slightly larger and darker (adult male averaging, wing 66.5, tail 43.3, exposed culmen 18.3, tarsus 25.2; adult female, wing 62.4, tail, 42.1, exposed culmen 17.5, tarsus 24). (San Miguel Island, Gulf of Panama. ).---.- Thryophilus galbraithii conditus (p. 638) gg. Under parts pale buff, deeper buff or clay color on flanks and under tail-coverts; pileum and back light broccoli brown. (Coast of Colombia at mouth of Rio Magdalena. ) Thryophilus pallescens (extralimital)@ if. Remiges very indistinctly or obsoletely barred with a slightly darker shade than the ground color; under parts of body with buff or tawny (if present) confined to sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts. g. Smaller (wing 51.5-65, tail 44.5-56, exposed culmen 14.5-18.5, tarsus 22-25); above russet-brown (duller and more grayish on head); sides and flanks tawny-brown. (Thryophilus modestus. ) h. Intermediate in coloration. (Nicaragua and Costa Rica. ) Thryophilus modestus modestus (p. 639) hh. Representing extremes of coloration. i. Slightly paler and grayer above than the type. (Chiriqui to Panama Railway.)..----- Thryophilus modestus elutus (p. 640) vi, Slightly darker and browner than the type. (State of Chiapas, southern Mexico; Guatemala; Honduras ?) Thryophilus modestus pullus (p. 641) gg. Larger (wing 60-68, tail 47-54, exposed culmen 19-21, tarsus 25-27); above grayish olive, sides and flanks buffy grayish brown. (East- ern Costa Rica and Nicaragua. ).---- Thryophilus zeledoni (p. 642) THRYOPHILUS CASTANEUS CASTANEUS (Lawrence). BAY WREN,. Adults (sexes alike). —Pileum, nape, and upper part of sides of neck uniform black; lower hindneck and sides of neck, back, seapulars, rump, and lesser wing-coverts uniform clear bright chestnut, the upper tail-coverts similar but more or less distinctly barred with dusky; tail black, the middle rectrices and outer webs of other rec- trices barred with hght chestnut or russet; greater wing-coverts and remiges barred with black and light chestnut or russet, the bars of the two colors about equal in width; a narrow superciliary line, lores, sub- orbital region, auricular region, and malar region white, the suborbital region and anterior and upper portion of auricular region more or less streaked with dusky, with dusky or grayish black predominating; a « Thryophilus pallescens Lawrence, manuscript, on label. The type is from Barran- quilla, Colombia, and clearly represents a form distinct from 7. galbraithii, than which it is smaller and many shades paler. It may possibly have already been adequately described under some other name, but if so I fail to identify it. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 625 more or less distinct submalar streak of black, posteriorly confluent with black on side of neck; chin and upper throat white, posteriorly shading into buff on lower throat, this more or less gradually deepen- ing posteriorly into deep tawny on under parts of body, deepest on flanks, where the color inclines to chestnut-tawny or dark cinnamon- rufous; under tail-coverts and under parts of body more or less dis- tinctly barred with black or dusky, and median portion of chest, breast, and abdomen sometimes immaculate; maxilla black, with paler tomia; mandible pale grayish (light bluish gray in life’); iris reddish brown; legs and feet blackish or dark horn color. Young.—Sinilar to adults, but black of head and chestnut of upper parts slightly duller, and under parts indistinctly barred. Adult male.—Length (skins); 130-142 (138); wing, 68.5-70 (69.2); tail, 52.5-54.5 (53.1); exposed culmen, 20-20.5 (20.2); tarsus, 25-27 (25.6); middle toe, 16-17 (16.5).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 122-139 (132); wing, 63.5-T2 (66.5); tail, 48.5-56 (51.8); exposed culmen, 17-17.5 (17.2); tarsus, 24.5-25 (24.8); middle toe, 14.5-17 (15.5). ¢ Isthmus of Panama, from line of Panama Railway (Aspinwall; Lion Hill; Panama) north to Chiriqui and Veragua (Santiago). Thryothorus nigricapillus? (not of Sclater) LAwrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 293 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.). Thryothorus castaneus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, June, 1861, 321 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—ScLatTer and SALvin, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1864, 346 (Lion Hill).—Satnvin, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867, 184 (Santiago, Veragua). [ Thryothorus] castaneus BAirp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 123 (diagnosis). Thryophilus castaneus Batrp, Review Am. Birds, Sept., 1864, 133 (Panama R. R.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 88, part (Santiago, Veragua; Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—SuHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 216, excl. syn. part (Lion Hill).—Bancs, Proce. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 27 (Lion Hill). [Thryophilus| castaneus ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 6, part (Panama). Tl hryophilus] castaneus castaneus HELLMAYR, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch, Wien, 1901, 767, in text. Troglodytes castaneus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 190, no. 2596. THRYOPHILUS CASTANEUS COSTARICENSIS (Sharpe). COSTA RICAN BAY WREN, Similar to 7. ¢. castaneus, but slightly larger and much more richly colored, the back, etc., deeper chestnut, the under parts deep tawny- chestnut, more abruptly contrasted with white of throat, and without @ Heyde, manuscript. » Four specimens. ¢ Three specimens. 103884—voL 3—03———40 626 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. distinct bars except on under tail-coverts, even the latter sometimes indistinctly barred.@ Adult male. — Length (skins), 140-147 (148); wing, 65-71 (69.8); tail, 54-60 (55.8); exposed culmen, 19-20 (19.6); tarsus, 24-27 (25.7); mid- dle toe, 16-17.5 (16.8).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 183-147 (140); wing, 64-72 ( ye tail, 49-53 (51.5); exposed culmen, 17-20 (19); tarsus, 24-25 (24.8); middle toe, 15-18 (16).? Eastern Costa Rica(Pacuare; Jiménez; Limon; Rio Frio; Talamanca; San José; Angostura; Tucurrique; Rio Sucio) and Nicaragua (Grey- town; Los Saibalos; Rio Escondido). 2 Thryophilus castaneus (not Thryothorus castaneus Lawrence, 1861) LAwrReNncE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 93 (Pacuare and Angostura, Costa Rica).—FRanrTzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 291 (Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 51 (Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 88, part (Pacuare, Angostura, and Tucurrique, Costa Rica).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3.—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 398 (Los Sibalos, Nicaragua). [ Thryophilus| castaneus SCLATER and SALvIN, Nom. ! Av. Neotr., 1873, 6, part (Costa Rica). Thryophilus costaricensis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 217 (Costa Rica; coll. Brit. Mus. ).—RerrcHenow and ScHatow, Journ. fur Orn., 1884, 428 (reprint of orig. descr.).—ZELEDON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vili, 1885, 105; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 (Jiménez and Rio Sucio, Costa Rica).— Cuerriz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 519 (Costa Rica; Los Sdbalos, Nicaragua; crit.).—Rrcumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1898, 482 (Grey- town and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Rio Frio, Costa Rica; habits).—Satvin, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no vi, 1893, p. xxxii (Nicaragua). T [hryophilus] castaneus costaricensis HretuMayr, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1901, 767, in text. THRYOPHILUS NIGRICAPILLUS SCHOTTII (Eaird). SCHOTT’S WREN, Similar to 7. n. nigricapillus,’ but back, ete., darker chestnut and under parts more heavily or uniformly barred with black, the whole throat narrowly barred, instead of immaculate white. Adult (sexes alike).—Pileum, nape, and sides of neck uniform black; rest of upper parts bright chestnut, the wings and tail broadly barred with black (the bars narrower and less distinct on wing-coverts); a very narrow superciliary streak of white; suborbital region and upper anterior portion of auricular region black; posterior and lower por- tions of auricular region and malar region white, narrowly streaked with black; chin and throat white, narrowly and irregularly barred «Occasionally there are more or less distinct dusky bars on abdomen or sides, sometimes both; and there can be no question as to the intergradation of this form with the Panama type. 0 Six specimens. cSee page 622. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 627 with black; chest, breast, and abdomen white, regularly and broadly barred with black, the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts more broadly barred with black and pale chestnut or light rusty; maxilla dusky, with paler tomia; mandible pale; legs and feet dusky or horn color (in dried skins); length (skin), 140.5; wing, 63-66.5 (64.7);” tail, 49.5;” exposed culmen, 18;¢ tarsus, 24.5-25 (24.7);? middle toe, 14.5-16.5 (15.5).? Northwestern Colombia (Rio Truando, Isthmus of Panama; Antio- quia 4). Thryothorus nigricapillus (not of Sclater) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 193 (Rio Truando, Isthmus Panama). (2) Thryophilus nigricapillus SctaTeR and Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 493 (Antioquia, Colombia). Thryophilus nigricapillus Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 39, part (Truando, Isthmus Panama; Colombia ?).—Suarpsr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 217, part. [ Thryophilus] nigricapillus ScLATER and Satyrx, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1875, 7, part. [ Thryothorus] schottii Batrp, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 123 (diagnosis). Thryothorus schottii Batrp, Review Am. Birds, Sept., 1864, 1383 (Rio Truando, n. Colombia; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). THRYOPHILUS SEMiBADIUS (Salvin). SALVIN’S WREN. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform bright chestnut, the upper tail-coverts sometimes indistinctly barred with dusky; tail black with narrow, incomplete bars of pale rusty brown or brownish white, the inner webs (except of middle rectrices) mostly or wholly uniform blackish; wings dull black, the primaries duller, more brownish slaty; lesser coverts narrowly barred with rusty brown; middle and greater coverts barred with white; secondaries barred with light chestnut (sometimes with pale buffy brown); outer webs of primaries with small spots along edge, or serrated edging, of white or very pale brownish; a narrow, more or less interrupted, superciliary streak of white, mar- gined above by a narrow line of black; lores white, becoming grayish or dusky toward eye; auricular, suborbital, and malar regions and sides of neck white broadly streaked with black; chin and most of throat white; rest of under parts very regularly barred with white and black, the black bars narrower than the white ones anteriorily, broader on flanks and under tail-coverts, where the paler bars are more or less strongly pale rusty brown or tinged with the same; maxilla blackish with paler tomia; mandible pale yellowish or grayish (pale yellow in life“); iris chestnut; legs and feet black.° Adult male.—Length (skins), 133-138 (135.5); wing, 63-64 (63.5); “One specimen. -¢ Zeledon, manuscript. »Two specimens, neither with sex determined, 628 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tail, 49-50.5 (49.7); exposed culmen, 17-19 (18); tarsus, 24; middle toes 15-5 )eo Adult female.—Length (skins), 123-135 (127.7); wing, 62-65 (64); tail, 46.5-49 (47.5); exposed culmen, 17-18 (17.3); tarsus, 23-24 (23.3); middle toe, 15-16 (15.3).? Veragua (Bugaba; Bibalé) and southwestern Costa Rica (Pozo Azul > > de Pirris; Pozo Azul de Pital; Lagarto; Buenos Aires; Palmar; \ ope *. S . ay a) Cabagra; Pirris). Thryothorus semibadius SaAuvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 181 (Bugaba, Vera- gua; coll. Salvin and Godman), [ Thryophilus] semibadius Sctater and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 7. Thryophilus semibadius SALvIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, i, 1880, 88, pl. 6, fig. 3.—SHaArpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 216 (Bibald, Vera- gua).—ZELEDON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 (Pozo Azul de Pirris, s. w. Costa Rica).— CHeERRIE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 520 (crit.); Expl. Zool. Val. Rio Naranjo, 1893, 9 (Pozo Azul de Pital, s. w. Costa Rica); Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1898, 11 (Palmar, Lagarto, ‘eos Aires, and Cabagra, s. w. Costa Rica, 25 to 600 m.; crit. ). THRYOPHILUS THORACICUS (Salvin). STRIPED-BREASTED WREN. ; Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain brown (varying from olive-brown to nearly mummy brown), duller and more olivaceous on pileum, more rufescent (mummy brown to nearly russet-brown) on rump and upper tail-coverts; back and scapular sometimes showing very faint narrow bars of dusky; wingsand tail lighter and more grayish brown, broadly barred with black; a narrow white supercillary stripe, mar- gined above by a more or less distinct narrow line of black; auricular region and suborbital region white, streaked with black, the upper portion of the former uniform black, forming a more or less broad and distinct postocular stripe; sides of neck streaked black and white; throat, chest, and upper breast white, broadly streaked with black, the streaks narrower on throat; abdomen also sometimes similarly but more irregularly streaked; sides and flanks brown (varying from grayish olive to rusty brown or nearly russet), usually immaculate, but sometimes faintly and sparsely barred with dusky; under tail- coverts pale rusty or pale brownish buffy, barred with blackish; max- illa black or blackish brown, with paler tomia; mandible pale grayish (bluish gray in life?); iris brown; legs and feet horn color or dusky (in dried skins). Young.—Essentially like adults in coloration of upper parts, but under parts very different, the parts which are conspicuously streaked in adults beine deep brownish gray, indistinctly streaked with dull “Two specimens. > Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 629 whitish, or uniform deep olive, with only the sides of head and part of throat very narrowly streaked with whitish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 110-120 (115.3); wing, 57-59 (57.9); tail, 37.5-40 (38.6); exposed culmen, 15-18 (16.4); tarsus, 20-22 (21); middle toe, 13-15 (13.9).¢ Adult female.—Leneth (skins), LO7-115 (111.8); wing, 54-60 (56.6); tail, 37-39 (37.6); exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 13.? Eastern Nicaragua (Greytown; Los Sabalos; Rio Escondido) and Costa Rica (Rio Frio; Talamanca; Siguerres; Pacuare; Juiz; Jiménez; Turrialba; Tucurrique; Santa Rosa; San Carlos; Val; Cervantes) to Isthmus of Panama (Santiago, Veragua; Cascajal, Province of Coclé). Thryothorus thoracicus Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 580 (Tucurrique, Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman); 1867, 134 (Santiago, Veragua). Thryophilus thoracicus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 93 (Tucurrique and Santa Rosa, Costa Rica).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 51 (San Carlos, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 86, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2.—Snmarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 215.—ZEtEpon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 (Jiménez and Pacuare, Costa Rica).— Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 398 (Los Sibalos, Nicaragua) .— CuHerRIE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 520 (Costa Rica; crit.).—Ricumonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 483 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits). [ Thryophilus] thoracicus ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 7. [ Troglodytes] thoracicus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 190, no. 2591. Thryothorus brunneus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, Oct., 1865, 179 (Greytown, Nicaragua; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.;=young). THRYOPHILUS PLEUROSTICTUS PLEUROSTICTUS (Sclater). SCLATER’S BANDED WREN, Adults (sexes alike). —Above plain cinnamon-brown, duller (approach- ing broccoli brown) on pileum, brighter on rump, the upper tail-coverts deep cinnamon or russet; tail deep cinnamon or russet, barred, more or less regularly, with dusky; wings similar in color to back, the rem- eges barred with grayish dusky or dull blackish, the greater coverts less distinctly barred (bars sometimes obsolete); alula dusky, edged with white or whitish; outermost middle coverts sometimes with a whitish terminal spot and subterminal dusky bar; a conspicuous super- ciliary stripe of white; a broad postocular streak or stripe of brown; sides of neck broadly streaked with white and black; loral region pale grayish; suborbital region, malar region and auricular region (except upper portion) white, the last (sometimes the first also) narrowly streaked (more or less distinctly) with dusky; under parts white, the under tail-coverts, sides, and flanks broadly barred or banded with black, these markings sometimes more broken and irregular on ante- « Right specimens. b Five specimens. 630 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. rior portion of sides; flanks more or less tinged with brown; maxilla horn color or dusky brown, with paler tomia; mandible pale (lilaceous or pale pinkish gray in life;“ iris brown;% legs and feet light horn color. Young.—Similar to adults in coloration of upper parts, but under parts dull white medially, pale rusty brown laterally, without dusky bars or bands, but the lower throat indistinctly streaked or flecked with dusky, the chest mottled with the same; superciliary stripe much less distinct than in adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 130-154 (141); wing, 63-69.5 (66.1); tail, 49-58.5 (53.9); exposed culmen, 17-19 (17.8); tarsus, 20.5-24 (22.2); middle toe, 12-15 (13.9).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 125-144 (184); wing, 59.5-65.5 (61.3); tail, 46.5-54.5 (48.9); exposed culmen, 15-18 (16.7); tarsus, 20.5-22.5 (21.6); middle toe, 12-15 (18.7). ¢ Southeastern Mexico, in States of Guerrero (Apiluluca;” Rio Balsas”), Oaxaca (Chimalapa; Tapana; Santa Efigenia; Guichicovi; San Juan del Rio), and Chiapas; Guatemala (Vera Paz) ?; Salvador (Conchagua) ?; Honduras ¢ Thryothorus pleurostictus SCLATER, Ibis, ii, Jan., 1860, 30 (‘‘ Vera Paz,’’ Guatemala; coll. P. L. Selater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 21, pl. 4; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 551, part (Mexico; Guatemala).—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 13 (Tapana, Guichicovi, and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; habits; descr. eggs). [ Thryothorus] pleurostictus BairD, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 121 (diagnosis). “Sumichrast. > Nineteen specimens. ¢ Fourteen specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas compare in average measurements as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed |Tarsus.! M iddlg culmen. i MALES. | Two adult males from interior of Guerrero.........----.---- 68 57 75 21.5 1327, Three adult males from coast of Guerrero.........-.-------. | 66 54.5 18 22 13.5 TentadultimalestromsOaxacaey oe eee eee eee ae eee 66.1 53.2 17.9 2779) Tai Houradult males tromyChiapas s.e44--eessee4- os ee eee eae | 6552 53. 6 18 awl 14.7 FEMALES. Two adult females from interior of Guerrero..........-.-.--- hata 51,2 16.5 20.5 13.5 One adult females from coast of Guerrero........-.---.----- 64.5 50.5 17 21.5 14 HightadulttemalestiromskO sx aca sac sneer eae eee ee 60.8 48.4 16.9 Dead 13.2 HourladulttemallesftromiGhiapass.s2222-sse2 see eee 61 48.3 16.6 22, 15 Specimens from the interior of Guerrero (Rio Balsas and Apiluluca) show a decided approach in coloration toward 7. p. nisorius. “Specimens from these two localities show a decided approach in coloration to T. p. nisorius. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 631 Thryophilus pleurostictus SALViIN and GopmaAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 86, part (San Juan del Rio, ete., Oaxaca; Guatemala; Conchagua, Salvador ).— SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 213 (Tehuantepec; Honduras ).— ZELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 (Mexico). [Thryophilus] pleurostictus ScLarer and Saryrx, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 7, part. [ Troglodytes| pleurostictus Gray Hand-list, i, 1869, 189, no. 2570. THRYOPHILUS PLEUROSTICTUS NISORIUS (Cabanis). DEPPE’S BANDED WREN. Similar to 7: p. pleurostictus, but larger; under parts more exten- sively barred, the throat and chest more or less streaked with black; middle wing-coverts with a distinct terminal spot of white and a broad subterminal bar of black. Adult male.—Length (skin), 147.5; wing, 70; tail, 60; exposed cul- men, 18; tarsus, 21.5; middle toe, 13.5.4 Southern Mexico: Real Arriba (Puebla?)’; Puente de Ixtla, Morelan Thryothorus nisorius SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., xxxvii, 1869, 592, pl. 45 (Real Arriba [Puebla ?], Mexico; coll. Berlin Mus.; ex Troglodytes nisorius Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 34,=nomen nudum; see Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, o4)- [ Thryophilus] nisorius SCLATER and Satyvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 7. Thryophilus nisorius SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 87.— SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 214. THYROPHILUS PLEUROSTICTUS RAVUS Ridgway. NICARAGUAN BANDED WREN, Similar to 7. p. pleurostictus, but slightly smaller; upper parts decidedly more cinnamomeous or rufescent, the color more uniform from head to tail; remiges much less distinctly barred (bars sometimes obsolete on secondaries), and median under parts more extensively white. Adult male.—Length (skins), 123.5-127.5 (125.5); wing, 63-65 (64); tail, 48-50 (48.7); exposed culmen, 16.5-17.5 (17); tarsus, 21-23 (21.8); middle toe, 13-14 (13.5).4 Adult female. cea (skins), 113-121 (116.8); wing, 58-59 (58.5); tail, 42.5-45 (44.2); yer nosed culmen, 16; tarsus, 20.5-22 (21.2); mid- dle toe, 13-13.5 (13.2).° aOne specimen, from P REHOae Ixtla, Moment June 7, 1903 ua 185750, coll. U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.; Nelson and Goldman). Tam not sure that this specimen represents the true 7. nisorius, but it evidently comes very near that bird, if not actually the same. Judging from the description and colored plate given in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1869 (p. 541, pl. 45), the type of 7. nisorius differs from the specimen described above only in having the under parts more regularly banded. »T have not been able to find Real Arriba on any map of Mexico that I have had the opportunity of consulting. Mr. Nelson thinks it is probably in Puebla. ¢ Three specimens, from Nicaragua. O32 BULLETIN 50 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Western Nicaragua (San Juan del Sur; Sucuy4; Ometepe; Grenada; Corinto); western Costa Rica (Tempate; Bebedero: Punta Arenas; Gulf of Nicoya; Volcan de sid valles) ?@ 1 Thryothorus pleurostictus (not of Sclater, 1860) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 123, part (Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica). (?) Thryophilus pleurostictus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 92 (Guli of Nicoya, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 291 (Costa Rica).— Boucarp, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 51 (P ara Arenas, Costa Rica).— Satviy and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 86, part (Tempate and Bebedero, Costa Rica).—ZELEDoN, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3; Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., vili, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica). —UnprErwoop, Ibis, 1896, 433 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica). Thryophilus pleurostictus Sauvrx and GopMaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 86, part (Corinto and San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua).—Nutrina, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi., 1883, 373 (San Juan del Sur), 381 (Sucuya, Nicaragua) 391 [1884] (Ometepe, Nicaragua; song).—Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 224 (Grenada, Nicaragua). Thryophilus pleurostictus ScLatER and Satvry, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 7, part. Thryophilus pleurostictus ravus RrpGway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Noy. 30, 1903, 167 (San Juan del Sur, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). THRYOPHILUS RUFALBUS RUFALBUS (Lafresnaye). RUFOUS AND WHITE WREN. Adults (sewes alike). —Above plain light chestnut or deep cinnamon- rufous, the pileum slightly duller, especially on forehead; tail similar but slightly darker (more nearly chestnut), narrowly barred with dusky, the dusky bars less than one-fourth as wide as the chestnut interspaces, except on lateral rectrices, where less than half as wide; remiges narrowly barred with dusky, the bars much narrower and less distinct on secondaries; a rather narrow but sharply defined and very distinct superciliary stripe of white, its posterior extremity margined above with a very narrow line of dusky; a postocular stripe of chest- nut or rufous-brown (on upper portion of auricular region), confluent with the same color on side of neck; suborbital region, auricular region (except upper portion) and malar region white, the feathers more or less edged or streaked (narrowly) with dusky brown; ante- rior portion of sides of neck (post-auricular region) streaked black and white; a narrow submalar streak of black or blackish brown; under parts white, passing into pale grayish brown or brownish gray on sides and flanks, the under tail-coverts broadly barred or trans- versely spotted with blackish brown or brownish black, the bars or spots narrowly margined with rusty; maxilla horn color, with paler tomia; mandible pale yellowish gray (in dried skins); legs and feet pale horn color = dried skins); length (skins), 140-145 (142 .5); wing, a] han e not seen a Costa Rican specimen, and therefore cannot be sure the birds from that country are indistinguishable from those from Nicaragua. _—- BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 633 67-71 (69); tail, 56-55 (57); exposed culmen, 15-15 (16.7); tarsus, 23-24 (23.5); middle toe, 16-16.5 (16.2).“ Young.—Similar in color of upper parts to adults, but darker and duller, especially on pileum; superciliary stripe narrower, less sharply defined, brownish buffy; under parts dull grayish white meaialley , the chest sparsely flecked with dusky; lateral under parts dull grayish brown, tinged with rusty brown or chestnut; under tail-coverts pale rusty, barred with dusky. Hichlands of western Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego; Duenas; Savana Grande; San Diego; Escuintla, Retalhuleu; Coban); Honduras? Thriothorus rufalbus Larresnaye, Rey. Zool., viii, 1845, 337 (‘* Mexico;”’ type in coll. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.; see Ridgway, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxiii, 1888, 386). Thryothorus rufalbus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 221.—SciaTER and SALvin, Ibis, 1859, 8 (Duefnas, Guatemala). [Thryophilus] rufalbus Scuarer and Sarvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 6, part (Guatemala). Thryophilus rufalbus Satvix and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1880, 82, part (Volcan de Fuego, Duenas, Savana Grande, San Diego, Escuintla, Retal- huleu, and Coban, Guatemala).—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 212, part (Guatemala).—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 77 (Guate- mala).—Ripa@way, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxiii, 1888, 386 (remarks on type specimen ). T[hryophilus] rufalbus rufalbus Hetumayr, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1901, 767, in text. T[roglodytes] rufalbus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 158. [Thryothorus] poliopleura Bairp, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 122 (diagnosis). Thryophilus rufalbus, var. poliopleura Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 128 (Savana Grande, Guatemala; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). [ Troglodytes] poliopleurus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 190, no, 2599. Thryophilus rufalbus poliopleura Goopr, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 345. THRYOPHILUS RUFALBUS CASTANONOTUS Ridgway. CHESTNUT-BACKED WREN. Similar to 7. 7. rufalbus, but black bars on tail much broader, usually more than half as wide as the chestnut interspaces on middle rectrices, sometimes even wider; dusky bars on secondaries broader and darker in-color; dusky streaks on sides of head broader; sides and flanks tawny-brown instead of grayish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 130-162 (148.8); wing, 66-74 (70.1); tail, 48-57.5 (52.1); exposed culmen, 18-21 (19.1); tarsus, 23.5-26.0 (24.3); middle toe, 15.5-17 (16).” Adult Semale.—Length ( (skins), 129.5-148 (140.6); wing, 64-76 «Three specimens, including two of Lafresnaye’ s types; none of them with sex determined. > Ten specimens. 684 (Geo) BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tail, 46.5-57 (50.1); exposed culmen, 17-20 (18.5); tarsus, 99-95.5 (23.6); middle toe, 14-17 (16.1).¢ Nica ragua (Sucuya) and Costa Rica (Angostura; San José; San Mateo; Monte Redondo; Alajuela; Bebedero; Volcan de Irazti; Lagarto; Pozo Azul de Pirris; Guaitil; La Palma de Nicoya) to northern Colom- bia (Cacagualito; Bonda; Obispo; Massinga la Vega; Minca). Thryothorus rufalbus (not of Lafresnaye) SctaTEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 140 (David, Chiriqui); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 20, part (Santa Marta, Colom bia).—Casanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1860, 408 (Costa Rica).—LAwrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1863, 5 (Panama R. R.), 175 (David, Chiriqui).—SciaTer and Saryin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 345 (Panama R. R.).—FRANTzIUs, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 291 (San José, Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870 181 (Chitra, Castillo, and Calovevora, Veragua). [ Thryothorus] 7 als Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 122 (diagnosis). Thryophilus rufalbus, var. rufalbus Batrp, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 128, part (Panama R. R.; Costa Rica). Thryophilus rufalbus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 92 (San Mateo, Casta Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. simian Aves, i, 1880, 82, part (San José, Volean de Irazi, San Mateo, and Bebedero, Costa Rica; Dayid, Boquete de Chitra, Castillo, and Calovevora, Veragua; Panama R. R.; Obispo, Colom- bia).—SHarpsE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 212, part (Paraiso station, Panama R. R; Calobre, Veragua; Costa Rica).—ZrtEpon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3; Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viu, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica).— Nurrina, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 390 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; habits; song); vi, 1883, 381 (Sucuy, Nicaragua; habits; song). [ Thryophilus] rufalbus Scuarmr and ee Nom. Av., Neotr., 1873, 6, part. [ Troglodytes| rufalbus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 190, no, 2593. Thryophilus rufalbus rufalbus Goovr, Ball. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 345. Thryothorus longirostris (not Troglodytes longirostris Vaciiloey LAwrReENcE, Ann. ‘Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 320 (Panama R. R.). Thryophilus rufalbus castanonotus Ripaway, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxiii, Mar., 1888, 386, in text (Nicaragua to Colombia; type from Angostura, Costa Rica, in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).—ZeLepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 (Monte Redondo, Pozo Azul de Pirris, and Alajuela, Costa Rica).— CHERRIE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 519 (Costa Rica; crit.); Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 10 (Lagarto, Costa Rica).—ALuen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 179 (Cacagualito, Bonda, and Minca, Santa Marta, Colombia; crit. ).—Banes, Auk, xviii, 1901, 368 (Divala, Chiriqui). «@ Nine ee Specimens from different localities average, respectively, as follows: Ex- sa : Ieee esi | | y Locality. Wing. Tail. | posed | Tarsus. io | | eculmen, | i MALES. | . Four adult males from Nicaragua and Costa Rica ........-- | 69 48.2 18.7 | 24. | 16 1 | é rc ail = Two adul tmraiesiirom) Panam aes seen eee joe efile o4.7 | Leste Opel 16.2 RouradulimalesiiromiColomibigesssescceeeer cee eee eee | 70.4 54.6 | 19.2 2300 15.9 FEMALES. | Five adult females from Nicaragua and Costa Rica .....-..- 68 50.5 | LS 6st one 16.8 One/adult female fromuPanamass9= sees ee eee eee bem iley 52.5 1OMD tie Zoo 17 Three adult females from Colombia -.2.2.....2..2..--..-22: Gae8 3.5 | 13 23. 2 14.5 | | | RO ob BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 635 Thryophilus| rufalbus castanonotus HetuMAyr, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1901, 769, in text. ‘Thryothorus rufalbus castanonotus Ripaway, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 32, Aug. 6,4 1888, 508 (Angostura, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). THRYOPHILUS SINALOA SINALOA Baird. SINALOA WREN. Adults in spring and summer.—Pileum, hindneck, back, and scap- ulars, plain grayish tawny-brown (between raw-umber and broccoli brown but much nearer the former); rump and upper tail-coverts similar but more rufescent, inclining more or less toward russet; tail russet, rather broadly barred with dusky; wing-coverts similar in color to back, the greater with very indistinct bars of darker brown, some of the middle coverts usually with a small median streak or gut- tate spot of paler (dull whitish or brownish white) margined, in part, with dusky; remiges cinnamon-brown, narrowly barred with dusky, the outermost primaries with interspaces much paler (pale wood brownish); a rather narrow but sharply defined and conspicuous super- ciliary stripe of white or buffy white; a narrow postocular stripe of brown, occupying upper portion of auricular region; sides of neck broadly streaked with white and black, the black streaks narrower than the white and edged with brown; suborbital, malar, and auricular regions (except upper portion of latter) white, the last narrowly streaked with dusky, the first and second usually with very narrow dusky margins to the feathers; under parts dull white, the sides of chest more or less strongly shaded with pale brownish gray, this pass- ing into light brown (similar in hue to color of back but paler) on sides and flanks; under tail-coverts white, broadly barred with black, the black bars narrowly margined with pale rusty brown; maxilla horn color with paler tomia; mandible pale horn color (in dried skins); iris brown;? legs and feet pale horn color (in dried skins). Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but more brightly colored, the general color of upper parts more russet or cinnamon-brown, the flanks brighter cinnamon-brown or tawny-olive. Adults in autumn and winter. Young.—Essentially like adults in coloration, but under tail-coverts pale cinnamon, very indistinctly barred with darker, flanks paler and more decidedly cinnamon, whitish superciliary and brown postocular stripes less distinct, sides of neck streaked with brown and white (no black streaks), and white of under parts more or less obscured by indistinct tips or terminal margins of very pale buffy brown. “Although intended to be the first publication of the new form, the description here cited was not published until nearly six months after the briefer or more gen- eral one, without synonymy, in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., cited previously. » Grayson, manuscript. 636 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 118-137 (129); wing, 57.5-638 (61); tail, 43.5-51 (48.1); Saran culmen, 15.5-18 (16. 6): tarsus, 21-28 (21.9); middle toe, 13-16 (14.6).4 - Adult female.—Length (skins), 115-126 (120.5); wing, 54-56 (55.5); tail, 40.5-45 (43.1); exposed culmen, 15.5-16 (15.9); tarsus, 20-21 (20.6); middle toe, 13-15 (13.7).? Western Mexico, in States of Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Plomosas), Jalisco (Barranea Ibarra; Itzatlan; San Sebastian; Guadalajara; Las Palmas; Tuxpan) and Colima (Manzanillo; plains of Colima), and Territory of Tepic (Tepic; San Blas). [Thryothorus] sinaloa Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 122 eee Thryophilus sinaloa Barrp, Review Am. Birds, Sept., 18€4, 130 (Mazatlan, } Sina- loa; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, > 268 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Colima; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Sanvrn and Ssh GopMaNn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 83.—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 213.—Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 777 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco; habits). [ Thryophilus] sinaloa ScuarEerR and Sarvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 6 [ Troglodytes] sinaloa Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 190, no. 2598. THRYOPHILUS SINALOA CINEREUS Brewster. ASHY WREN, Similar to 7. s. s¢naloa, but decidedly paler and grayer, the general color of upper parts much nearer to broccoli brown than raw umber, the rump and upper tail-coverts between cinnamon and wood brown, the flanks wood brown or isabella color.¢ Adult male.—Length (skins), 124-131 (180); wing, 59.5-64.5 (61.6); tail, 46-50 (48.3); exposed culmen, 16-17.5 (16.6); tarsus, 21-29.5 (21.7); middle toe, 13.5-15 (14).¢ Adult female.—Length (skin), 119.5; wing, 57; tail, 42.5: exposed culmen, 15; tarsus, 21.5; middle toe, 14.¢ Northwestern Mexico, in States of Sonora (Alamos; Ysleta), Chi- huahua (Hacienda de San Rafael; Durasno; Batopilas), and Durango (Chacala). Thryophilus sinaloa cinereus Brewster, Descr. Sup. New Species Birds W. N Am. and Mex., Jan. 31, 1889, 96; Auk, vi, Apr., 1889, 96 (Alamos, Sonora, Mexico; coll. W. Brewster). «Ten specimens. > Four specimens. ¢ Several of the specimens examined show more or less speckling of dusky on the lower abdomen, a feature which I find in only one example of a much larger series of 7. s. sinaloa, and in that indicated but slightly. Two of the supposed characters of T. s. cinereus mentioned in the original description, stouter bill and grayer under parts, I am unable to verify. “Seven specimens. ¢One specimen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 637 THRYOPHILUS SINALOA RUSSEUS Nelson. RUSSET WREN. Similar to 7. 3. stnaloa, but coloration decidedly darker and richer, the back, etc., deep russet-brown, upper tail-coverts cinnamon-rufous or light chestnut, flanks between isabella color and raw-umber. Adult male.—Length (skins), 133-137 (135); wing, 62-64 (63.2); tail, 49-51 (50); exposed culmen, 16-16.5 (16.3); tarsus, 22-22.5 (22.3); middle toe, 14-14.5 (14.3). ¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 124-130 (127); wing, 55.5; tail, 41.5-42.5 (42); exposed culmen, 15.5-17 (16.2); tarsus, 20.5-21.5 (21); middle toe, 13-14.5 (13.7). 2 Southwestern Mexico, in State of Guerrero (Acahuitzotla). Thryophilus sinaloa russeus NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Novy. 30, 1903, 157 (Aeahuitzotla, Guerrero; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). THRYOPHILUS GALBRAITHII GALBRAITHII (Lawrence). GALBRAITH’S WREN., Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain brown (nearest raw-umber) duller (between raw-umber and broccoli brown) on pileum, brighter (nearly russet) on rump and upper tail-coverts; tail clear russet broadly barred with black; wings intermediate in color between color of back and tail, dis- tinctly barred with black, the greater coverts more narrowly and less distinctly barred, the middle and lesser coverts plain brown, or the former with very narrow and indistinct bars or faint, indications of bars; a rather narrow but distinct superciliary stripe of white; a rather narrow but distinct postocular stripe of grayish brown (broccoli), occupying upper portion of auricular region; lores, suborbital region, and auricular region (except upper portion) dull white, the last some- times narrowly and indistinctly streaked with grayish brown; malar region, chin, and upper throat (sometimes whole throat) white or buffy white; chest and breast light ochraceous-buff (sometimes decidedly paler, in worn plumage approaching buffy white), deepening on sides, flanks, lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts into deep tawny-buiff or tawny-ochraceous, the under tail-coverts without trace of bars or other markings; maxilla dusky horn color with paler tomia; mandible pale grayish horn color (in dried skins); legs and feet dusky brown or blackish (in dried skins). Young.—Very similar in coloration to adults, but bars on wings and tail duller black or dusky, brown postocular streak and white “Three specimens. > Two specimens. In one young example I find a single dusky spot near tip of the two longest coverts, 6388 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. superciliary stripe narrower, and sides of head and chest faintly sur- fused with grayish brown. Adult male.—Length (skins), 123-187 (129); wing, 60.5—-67 (64.-5); tail, 42-47 (44.2); exposed culmen, 17-19 (17.9); tarsus, 23-25 (24.4); middle toe, 14-16.5 (15.4).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 118-125 (121.8); wing, 60.5-64 (61.7); tail, 40.5-44 (42); exposed culmen, 15.5-19 (17.4); tarsus, 23.5—-25.5 (24.1); middle toe, 13.5-16 (15.2).? Northern Colombia (Cartagena; Turbo), including Isthmus of Pan- ama (Panama; Lion Hill Station; Paraiso Station). Thryothorus [undetermined] Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 193 (Turbo and Cartagena, Colombia) . Thryothorus albipectus (not of Cabanis) ScLarer and Sanviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 345 (Panama R. R.). Thryothorus galbraithii LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1861, 320 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence). [ Thryothorus] galbraithi Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 123 (diagnosis). Thryophilus galbraithi Batrp, Review Am. Birds, Sept., 1864, 131 (Turbo and Cartagena, Colombia; Panama R. R.).—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 208 (Paraiso Station and Panama, Panama R. R.).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 27 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R. ) [ Troglodytes] galbraitht Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 190, no. 2595. Thryophilus albipectus galbraithi Hetumayr, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1901, 744 (synonymy; crit. ). [ Thryophilus] leucotis (not Thriothorus leucotis Lafresnaye) ScLATER and SALvIN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 6, part (Panama). Thryophilus leucotis SAtyix and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 85, part.—OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxv, 1902, 67 (crit. ). THRYOPHILUS GALBRAITHII CONDITUS Bangs. SAN MIGUEL WREN, Similar to 7. /. deucot/s, but slightly larger (except length of tail) and slightly deeper colored. Adult male.—Length (skins), 122-131 (125); wing, 65.5-68.5 (66.5); tail, 42-44.5 (43.3); exposed culmen, 17.5-19 (18.3); tarsus, 25-25.5 (25.2); middle toe, 15-16.5 (16).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 123-127 (125); wing, 61-64 (62.4); tail, 41-44.5 (42.1); exposed culmen, 17-18 (17.5); tarsus, 23.5-24.5 (24); middle toe, 15-16 (15.6). San Miguel Island, Gulf of Panama. Thryophilus galbraithi (not Thryothorus galbraithii Lawrence) Banas, Auk, xviii, 1901, 30 (San Miguel I., Gulf of Panama; crit. ). Thryophilus galbraitht conditus Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iv, Mar. 16, 1903, 3 (San Miguel I., Gulf of Panama; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). « Hight specimens. ¢Three specimens. b Five specimens, ¢ Four specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 639 THRYOPHILUS MODESTUS MODESTUS (Cabanis). CABANIS’ WREN, Adults in spring and summer.—FPileum and hindneck plain dark brownish gray or grayish brown (between dark mouse gray and dark hair brown); back and scapular plain olive-brown, passing into russet- brown on rump and upper tail-coverts; tail russet or cinnamon-brown, more or less distinctly, and more or less broadly” barred with dusky; wings similar in color to back and scapulars, the remiges (at least the Peeondaries) indistinctly barred with dusky (the bars sometimes obso- lete); a rather narrow but very distinct superciliary stripe of white; a narrow postocular stripe of dusky brownish gray, occupying upper portion of auricular region; a loral streak of dusky gray; suborbital region and auricular region (except upper portion) dull white, the latter usually narrowly streaked (more or less distinctly) with grayish dusky; malar region, chin, throat, chest, breast, and upper abdomen white; sides of chest more or less nel washed with brownish gray or grayish brown, this passing posteriorly into buffy cinnamon on sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts, the latter without bars or other markings; abdomen usually more or less tinged with buff: maxilla dusky horn color or blackish, with paler tomia; mandible pale grayish in dried skins, bluish gray in life; iris chestnut,’ hazel,’ or chocolate; ¢ legs and feet bluish slate, with soles of toes yellow? in life, dusky horn color in dried skins. Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and -summer plumage, but pileum and hindneck browner, sometimes almost concolor with back. Young.—Similar in coloration to adults, but brown of upper parts slightly duller, fulvous of flanks and ere tail-coverts paler and duller, white of under parts duller, and white superciliary and dusky postocular stripes less distinct; iris slate-gray. Adult male.—Length (skins), 129-145 (185); wing, 58-61 (59.6); tail, 52-56 (53.6); exposed culmen, 15.5-18 (16.7); tarsus, 23.5—-24 (23.8); middle toe, 15. ¢ Adult female. ), 114-126 (122.6); wing, 51.5-58 (55.3); tail, 48-52 (50.4); exposed culmen, 14.5-16 (15.4); tarsus, eee 22.6); middle toe, 14-15 (14.3).¢ «There is a great amount of Samia: ul variation in the Gintine tness of fhe eee on the tail, as well as in the relative width of the dusky bars, which are sometimes nearly obsolete on the middle rectrices. > Cherrie, manuscript. © Zeledon, manuscript. @ Nine specimens, from Costa Rica. ¢ Kight specimens, from Costa Rica, 640 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Costa Rica (San José; San Mateo; Alajuela; Volcan de Irazt; Guiatil; Palmar; Lagarto; Boruca; Térraba; Navarro de Cartago; Cervantes de Cartago; Pozo Azul de Pirris; Buenos Aires) and Nicaragua. Thryothorus modestus CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., viii, Noy., 1860, 409 (San Oe Costa Rica; coll. Berlin ih eens Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, Suppl., n 129 (San José). [ Thryothorus] modestus Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 122 (diagnosis). Tiryophilus modestus BarrpD, Review Am. Birds, Sept., ee 131, part (San José, Costa Rica).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 92 (San José, Guiatil, and San Mateo, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. ae Orn., 1869, 291 (San José, Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 51 (San José, Cartago, and San Mateo, Costa Rica).—Sanyvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1880, 83, part (Costa Rican localities and references ).— Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 209, part (San José, Costa Rica).— ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3; Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 (Alajuela, San José, Navarro de Cartago, Cervantes de Cartago, and Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica).—Nurtrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 494 (Volcan de Irazi, Costa Rica), 499 (San José, Costa Rica; song).—CHeErrIgz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 520 (Costa Rica; crit.); Auk, viii, 1891, 275 (San José, Costa Rica; habits; song; descr. young); Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 10 (Palmar, Lagarto, Boruca, Térraba, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica, 25 to 300 m. alt. ). [Tiryophilus] modestus ScLaTeR and Sauvrx, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 6, part. [ Troglodytes| modestus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 190, no. 2594. T[hryophilus] modestus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 253 (diagnosis). THRYOPHILUS MODESTUS ELUTUS Bangs. PANAMA WREN, Similar to 7. m. modestus, but slightly duller and paler in color; wing and bill averaging longer, tail shorter.“ Adult mate. one Ganon 126-1387 (132); wing, 58.5-65 (61.4); tail, 46-54.5 (50); exposed culmen, 17—-18.5 (17.7); tarsus, 22-25 (2 3.8); middle toe, 13.5-14.5 (14.2).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 122-129.5 (124.6); wing, 55-58 (56.2); tail, 44.5-45.5 (45); soageed ciliaen. 15.5-16.5 (16); tarsus, 23-24 (23.5); pucia toe, 13.5-14.5 (14).° Isthmus of Panama, from line of Panama Railroad (Lion Hill Sta- tion) north to Chiriqui (Boquete; Pedregal; Divala) and Veragua (Bugaba). Thryothorus leucotis (not of Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vil, 1862, 320 (Panama R. R.). «Mr. Bangs mentions the ‘‘rather smaller’’ size as one of the characters of this form; but I find that, taking the average of nine adult males of each, only the length of the tail and middle toe is less than in 7. m. modestus, all other measurements, except that of tarsus, being greater. » Nine specimens. ¢ Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 641 Thryothorus modestus (not of Cabanis) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1863, 5, 483 (Panama R. R.).—Scrarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 346 (Panama R. R.).—Satyry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 181 (Bugaba, Veragua). Thryophilus modestus BArrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 131, part (Panama R. R.).— Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 83, part (Panama; 3ugaba, Veragua).—Smarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 209, part (in synonymy ).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 27 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.); Auk, xviii, 1901, 368 (Divala, Chiriqui). [ Thryophilus] modestus Scuarer and Saryin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 6, part. Thryophilus modestus elutus BANGs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 51 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). THRYOPHILUS MODESTUS PULLUS Ridgway. CHIAPAS WREN, Similar to 7. m, modestus, but more deeply colored, with middle rectrjces less distinctly barred;* wing and tail averaging shorter, bill longer. Adult male.—Length (skins), 131-138 (136); wing, 56-60 (57.6); tail, 50-56 (53); exposed culmen, 16-18 (17); tarsus, 23-24 (23.4); middle toe, 14-15 (14.8).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 125-130 (128); wings, 53-56 (54.3); tail, 46-50 (48.3); exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 23; middle toe, 14.¢ Extreme southwestern Mexico, in State of Chiapas (Chicharras; Yahalon; Tuxtla; Huehuetan; Tumbala); western Guatemala (Coban; Duefias; Volcan de Fuego; Savana Grande; Escuintla; Jacaltenango); Hondurus (San Pedro; San Pedro Sula) ?¢ Thryothorus felix? (not Thryothorus felix Sclater) Satvry and Scrater, Ibis, 1860, 397 (Escuintla, Guatemala) . Thryothorus albipectus (not of Cabanis) Scrarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 20, part (Escuintla, Guatemala). Thryophilus modestus (not Thryothorus modestus Cabanis) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 131, part (Duefias, Guatemala).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 83, part (Volcan de Fuego, Duefias, Savana Grande, and Escuintla, Guatemala; San Pedro, Honduras?).—Snarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 209, part (Vera Paz, Guatemala). [Thryophilus] modestus Sctarer and Saryin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 6, part (Guatemala). “In some specimens of 7. m. modestus the middle rectrices are as indistinctly barred as in the present form; but the individual variation with respect to this char- acter in the typical form is very considerable, whereas in the present one the nine specimens are practically alike. The form is not a very strongly characterized one, but the differences, though slight, are apparently constant, and on the whole are at least as great as in the case of the Panama form (7. m. elutus), which represents the opposite extreme as to coloration. » Five specimens. ¢ Three specimens. @ The single specimen from Hondurus (San Pedro Sula) is in such badly worn and faded plumage that its positive identification with either form is impracticable, 10384—voL 3—03 41 - 642 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Thryothorus modestus (not of Cabanis) Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 205 (Coban, Guate- mala).—SciaTer and SaLvin Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras). Fhryophilus modestus pullus RipGway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Noy. 30, 1903, 167 (Huehuetan, Chiapas; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.). THRYOPHILUS ZELEDONI Ridgway. ZELEDON’S WREN, Most like 7. modestus, but decidedly larger, with relatively larger bill and feet and shorter tail; coloration much grayer above, the flanks, etc., light olive-brown instead of fulvous. Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck plain dark brownish gray (dark mouse gray to olivaceous hair brown) changing gradually on back and scapulars into olive, the rump and upper tail-coverts similar but slightly lighter and inclining very slightly toward raw-umber; tail light grayish brown (prouts brown to hair brown) broadly barred with dull black; wings same color as back, the remiges narrowly and indis- tinctly barred with dusky, the greater coverts sometimes showing traces of faint bars; a rather narrow but sharply defined and conspicu- ous superciliary stripe of white; a narrow postocular stripe of dark brownish gray, occupying upper portion of auricular region; a loral streak of dusky gray; suborbital, malar, and auricular regions (except upper portion of latter) white, narrowly streaked (more ox less) with grayish dusky; chin, throat, and median under parts of body white, the chest more or less strongly shaded with gray, at least laterally; sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts light buffy olive or olivaceous wood brown, the last without bars or other markings; under wing- coverts white; maxilla blackish, with paler tomia; mandible pale gray- ish (pale bluish gray in life ?); eee and feet cee or horn color (bluish gray in life?). Adult male.—Length (skins), 182-148 (141); wing, 64-68 (65.4); tail, 50-54 (52.6); exposed culmen, 19-21 (20); tarsus, 25-27 (26); middle toe, 16-18 (17).4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 132-134 (133); wing, 60-63 (61.5); tail, 47-48 (47.5); exposed culmen, 19; tarsus, 25; middle toe, 17.” Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica( Pacuare, Talamanca) and Nicaragua (Greytown; Los Sabalos). Thryophilus zeledoni Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, Dec. 10, 1878, 252 (Tala- mancea, e. Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.; ex Lawrence MS.)—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 84.—SHarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 210.—ZrLepon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 (Pacuare, Costa Rica).—Nurtina, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 398 (Los Sibalos, Nicaragua).—CuHeErri£, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 520 (Costa Rica; crit.).—RicHmonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 18938, 483 (Greytown, Nicaragua). a Five specimens. bTwo specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 643 Genus SALPINCTES Cabanis. Salpinctes CaBanis, in Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1847 (i), 323. (Type, Troglodytes obsoletus Say.) Medium-sized Troglodytidx with inner toe (without claw) not reach- ing to penultimate joint of middle toe, planta tarsi more or less divided into segments (at least on inner side), the under parts mostly whitish (sometimes speckled or barred with dusky), and tail with a subterminal hand (interrupted by middle rectrices) of pale cinnamon. Bill shorter than head (sometimes nearly as long), slender, straight (except extreme tip); exposed culmen shorter than tarsus but longer than middle toe without claw, straight, or very nearly so, to near tip, where gradually but decidedly decurved; gonys decidedly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight or very faintly concave terminally; maxillary tomium with slight subterminal notch or indi- cation of one. Nostril longitudinal, guttate (the pointed end anterior), overhung by a distinct though rather narrow corneous excurrent operculum, its posterior end in contact with latero-frontal feathers. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing rather long, moderately rounded; eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, ninth about equal to third and about twice as long as tenth. Tail nearly three-fourths as long as wing, slightly rounded, the rectrices very broad. Tarsus equal to or longer than exposed culmen, more than one-fourth as long as wing, slender, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the planta tarsi more or less divided into segments, especially on inner side;“ middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; lateral toes of very unequal length, the inner (without claw) not reaching to middle (subterminal) joint of middle toe, the outer scarcely reaching to beyond this joint, its claw falling decidedly short of base of middle claw; hallux remark- ably slender (no thicker than anterior toes), its length (without claw) about equal to that of outer toe (without claw); basal phalanx of mid- dle toe adherent for entire length to outer toe, for more than half its length to inner toe. Coloration.—Above light grayish brown or brownish gray, becom- ing cinnamomeous on rump, more or less speckled or dotted with dusky and whitish; tail with a mottled terminal band, preceded by one of pale cinnamon, this by one of black, these all (except the first) interrupted by the median rectrices; under parts whitish, sometimes streaked, speckled, or barred with dusky. Range.—Western United States and southward through higher dis- tricts of Mexico and Central America to northern Costa Rica. (Four species ?) @These are sometimes (in very old birds?) obsolete for the upper half or more. 644 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SALPINCTES. a. Under parts only partially, if at all, streaked, spotted, or barred. b. Throat and chest more or less streaked (the streaks sometimes nearly obso- lete); upper parts with whitish specks or dots, at least on lower back and pos- terior scapulars. (Adults. ) c. Wing relatively longer, bill shorter (wing more than three and a half times as long as exposed culmen, averaging 69 or more in male, more than 67 in female; exposed culmen averaging less than 20 in male, less than 19 in female); coloration paler. d. Bill more slender. (Continental forms. ) e. Lafger (male averaging, wing 71.3, tail 53.9, exposed culmen 17.8, tarsus 21.2, middle toe 13.7; female, wing 69.4, tail 52.2, exposed culmen 17.5, tarsus 20.7, middle toe 13.4); coloration slightly paler. (Western United States, and north to British Columbia, south to central Mexico. ) Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus, adults (p. 645) ee. Smaller, with larger bill and feet (male averaging, wing 70.8, tail 50.2, exposed culmen 18.2, tarsus 21.5, middle toe 14.2; female, wing 68.8, tail 48.7, exposed culmen 17.8, tarsus 20.3, middle toe 14); coloration slightly darker. (Southern Mexico. ) Salpinctes obsoletus notius, adults (p. 648) dd. Bill stouter. (Island forms. ) e. Paler, the general color of upper parts light buffy brown; male, wing 71, tail 51, exposed culmen 20, tarsus 21.5, middle toe 14.5. (San Nicolas Island: California.) =ss2222 Salpinctes obsoletus pulverius, adults (p. 649) ee. Darker (coloration much as in S. 0. obsoletus); male averaging, wing 70.9, tail 55.7, exposed culmen 18.7, tarsus 21.2, middle toe 14.5. (San Benedicto Island, northwestern Mexico. ) Salpinctes obsoletus exsul, adults (p. 690) cc. Wing relatively shorter, bill longer (wing less than three and a half times as long as exposed culmen, averaging 67.2 in male, 65.1 in female; exposed culmen ayeraging 21 in male, 20.5 in female); coloration darker. (Guada- lupe Island, Lower California. ) Salpinctes obsoletus guadeloupensis, adults (p. 650) bb. Entire under parts immaculate; upper parts without any whitish dots or specks. (Young.@) c. Upper parts paler (pale cinnamon-brownish) very faintly, if at all, barred witht dusky2s 9s ss55554-0 me Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus, young (p. 645) ec. Upper parts darker (dull grayish brown), distinctly barred with dusky. Salpinctes obsoletus notius, young? (p. 648) Salpinctes obsoletus guadeloupensis, young? (p. 650) aa. Under parts wholly spotted or barred with dusky. b. Abdomen and flanks spotted. (High volcanoes of Salvador; Volcan de Mira- vallless\ Costa Ricaiy)\s-aee seasons seca eee eee Salpinctes guttatus (p. 653) bb. Abdomen and flanks barred or banded. c. Flanks barred with dark brown or dusky. (Department of Quiché, northern Guatemala.) 22228 20 pe ee aoe eee cee eee Salpinctes maculatus (p. 651) cc. Flanks and abdomen barred (more densely than in preceding ?) with black. ( Voleanel Viejo, Nicaragua: )\ ee -22 5: ese Salpinctes fasciatus (p. 693) «The young not seen of S. 0. pulverius, S. 0. exsul, S. 0. notius, and the three remaining Central American forms. >T have not been able to discover any color differences between the young of these two forms. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 645 SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS OBSOLETUS (Say). ROCK WREN, Adults (sewes alike).—Above grayish brown or brownish gray (averaging between hair brown and drab-gray”, changing on rump to yinaceous-cinnamon, most of the surface marked with small wedge- shaped spots or short streaks of dusky, terminated by a dot or speck of dull whitish;? middle rectrices grayish brown, barred (more or less distinctly) with dusky; remaining rectrices grayish brown, broadly tipped with cinnamon-buff and crossed by a broad subterminal band of black, the terminal buffy or cinnamomeous band more or less shaded with pale grayish brown and mottled or vermiculated terminally with darker, especially on outermost rectrix, which usually has one or more additional but narrower bands of black and buffy, especially on outer web;° a rather distinct but not sharply defined superciliary stripe of whitish; a broad postocular stripe of grayish brown, occupying upper portion (sometimes upper half) of auricular region; loral, suborbital, and malar regions and lower portion of auricular region dull white or brownish white, more or less mottled, streaked, or squamated with grayish brown; under parts dull white, passing into pale cinnamon- buff or pinkish vinaceous-buff on flanks, the anal region and under tail-coverts more or less strongly tinged with the same; throat and chest (sometimes breast also) usually more or less streaked with grayish brown or dusky;? under tail-coverts transversely spotted or barred with dusky; maxilla dark horn color, with paler tomia; mandible pale (pinkish gray or dull lilaceous in life), becoming more or less exten- sively dusky terminally; iris brown; legs and feet black or blackish brown. Young.—Similar to adults, but upper parts faintly and narrowly barred or vermiculated (instead of streaked) with dusky, and lacking any whitish dots or specks; cinnamomeous color of rump immaculate; under parts immaculate, the white purer. Adult male.—Length (skins), 133.5-154 (140.1); wing, 68-75 (71.3); tail, 50.5-59 (53.9); exposed culmen, 15.5-19.5 (17.8); tarsus, 18.5-23 (21.2); middle toe, 12.5-14.5 (13.7). ¢ “The color is usually browner in worn summer plumage, grayer in fresh autumn and winter plumage; but the variation is not entirely seasonal. The brownest specimens are broccoli brown or drab. > These markings most distinct on pileum, lower back, and hinder scapulars, often entirely wanting on the hindneck, and frequently obsolete elsewhere (at least the whitish dots), except on lower hack, ete. © Sometimes the outer web is barred for its entire length. “1am unable, fromm examination of specimens, to discover any correlation in the conspicuous variations in markings of the under parts in this subspecies with sex, locality, or season. ¢ Nineteen specimens (none from islands nor Lower California). 646 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Length (skins), 128.5-142.5 (185.8); wing, 67-79 (69.4); tail, 48.5-57.5 (52.2); exposed culmen, 16-19 (17.5); tarsus, 19-21.5 (20.7); middle toe, 12.5-14.5 (13.4). ¢ Western United States, northern and central Mexico, and parts of British Columbia; north to British Columbia (Vancouver Island; Bur- rard Inlet;@ Chilliwack;’ Ashcroft), northern Idaho (Fort Sherman), and Montana (Fort Shaw; Fort Keogh); eastward across Great Plains to eastern Nebraska (Dakota County), southern Iowa (Decatur County)?, western Kansas (Rooks and Ellis counties), middle Texas (Bexar and Kendall counties), etc.; south over northern and central Mexico to States of Zacatecas (Hacienda San Juan Capistrano), San Luis Potosi (mountains near Jesus Maria), middle Sonora, etc.; west to Pacific coast, including Farallon Islands, Santa Barbara group? (except San Nicolas Island) and Coronados group,’ and peninsula of Lower California. Troglodytes obsoletus Say, Long’s Exp. Rocky Mts., ii, 1823, 4 (South Platte, Colorado).—AvpusBon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 448, pl. 360; Synopsis, 1839, 73; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 113, pl. 116.—Woopuovwss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufi and Col., 1853, 66 (San Francisco Mts., Arizona).—HEERMANN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1853, 263 (mountains of California); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 41 (California; New Mexico; Texas).— Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 309 (New Mexico).—NrEwsBeErry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., vi, 1857, 80 (Klamath Lakes and Des Chutes R.., Oregon). « Kleven specimens (all from mainland). : Specimens from different localities, average, respectively, as follows: Ex- : Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed |Tarsus. ee culmen. ; MALES. Ten adult males from western Texas to Arizona, Nevada, aT GmOorthermiSon Olas see eon ne see ee eee ee Eee 71.5 53.5 18.1 20.8 13.7 Nine adult males from California ..../ ae Oa ee ee Bee eeoe re 54.2 17.5 21.6 13.6 Four adult males from San Benedicto Island (S. 0. exsul)...| 70.9 55.7 18.7 21.2 14.5 One adult male from Santa Cruz Island..........-..--.----- 74 54.5 18.5 21.5 14.5 Three adult males from San Clemente Island.............-- lao 55.3 18.2 20.7 14.8 FEMALES. Ten adult females from western Texas to Arizona, ete ....- 69.5 52.4 17.5 20.8 Tsai Oneadultiemale trom) Calitornigece- sat eeeeaeae case See eee 68.5 50 18 19.5 13.5 One adult female from San Benedicto Island (S. 0. exsul)...| 68 50 18.5 21 13.5 Four adult females from San Clemente Island.............. 68. 1 50 17 20.7 13.9 One adult female from Santa Cruz Island................--- 69 51 17.5 21 14 One adult female from La Paz, Lower California .........-. 69.5 51.5 17.5 20 13 The series of island specimens is much too small to permit of satisfactory compari- son with mainland examples. >Rare or casual at these coastwise localities; more common in southern portion of the interior. ‘Sufficient material from the various islands of these two groups may possibly result in the separation of additional island forms. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 647 Troglodytes obsoleta NuTTaLt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 435. Troglodites obsoletus ORNITHOLOGICAL Comairrer, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vil, 1837, 193. Myjiothera obsoleta BONAPARTE, Am. Orn., i, 1825, 6, pl. 1, fig. 2; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 73. -TowNsEnND, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1839, 154. Thryothorus obsoletus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 11; Rey. Zool., ii, 1839, 98. Salpinctes obsoletus CABANIS, in Wiegmann’s Archiv. fur Naturg., 1847 (i), 323.— Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 357; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, 264; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 18 (El Paso, Texas; Patos, Coa- huila, Mexico); Review Am. Birds, 1864, 110.—Scrarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 18 (‘‘Missouri’’ ).—HayDEN, Trans. Am. Philos. Soe., xii, 1862, 163 ( Bad Lands, Missouri R., etc. ).—Covugs, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 77 (Fort Whipple, Arizona) ; 1868, 83 (Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 45; 2d ed., 1882, no. 65; Birds N. W., 1874, 27; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 159.—Burcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas).— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vancouver I.).—Coorrr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 73, 183, 297 (upper Missouri R.); Orn. Cal., 1870, 64; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1870, 75 (Colorado R., California).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 148 (near Denver, Colorado), 161 (Mount Lincoln, Colorado), 166 (Ogden, Utah); A; Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 50 (Big Muddy and Bad Lands of Yel- lowstone, Montana; Little Missouri R., w. North Dakota).—HoLpEn, Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 195 (Sherman, Wyoming; habits).—Trippr, Proc. Bost. Soc., xv, 1872, 236 (Decatur Co., Iowa, Oct.; several); in Coues’ Birds N. W.,-1874, 230 (Colorado, up to 12,000 ft.; habits, ete.).—MerrriaM, e Sixth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1873, 673 (Ogden, Utah; habits).— Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 135, pl. 8, fig. 3; iii, 1874, 503 (Decatur Co., s. Towa).—Y arrow and HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 8 (Gunnison, Toquerville, etc., Utah).— Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 100 (New Mexico; Ari- zona), 155 (Arizona); Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 179 (localities in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; habits; descr. nest).—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 418 (localities in Nevada and Utah; habits); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 58.—Snow, Observer of Nature, iii, 1876 (Rooks Co., w. Kansas, July 5; Ellis Co., w. Kansas, Sept. 23).—BenpireE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 112 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; descr. nest and eggs).—Betprina, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 402 (Calaveras Co., Califor- nia, resident); v, 1883, 539 (La Paz, etc., Lower California, winter); (?) vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora).—Mzrvor, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 225 (Boulder Co., Colorado, up to 10,000 ft.; habits; notes).—SaLvrn and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 71, part (Coahuila; Lower California; , United States; British Columbia).—SHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, , 266.—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 35 (Boerne, Ken- : dall Co., Texas, 1 spec., Mar. 4).—AGERSBORG, Auk, ii, 1885, 277 (Dakota Co., Nebraska ).—AMERICAN OrnirHo.ocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 715.—EVERMANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 185 (Ventura Co., California; resident?).—Emerson, Bull. 7, Cal. Ac. Sci., 1887, 430 (Poway, San Diego Co., California) .—TowNsEeND (C. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 226 (Mount Shasta, ete., n. California; habits); xiii, 1890, 141 (Santa Cruz I.).—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., i, 1888, 49 (Farallon L., California; descr. nest and eggs; measurements).—Cookr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 270 (Decatur Co., Iowa; Kansas City, Missouri?; San Angelo, Texas, Sept. 10 to May 10); Bull. 37, Col. State Agric. Coll., 1897, 120 (breeding from plains to 12,000 ft.).—Crapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 152 648 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (Ashcroft, British Columbia, breeding; crit. ).—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 606 (w. and mid. Kansas).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 42 (Burrards Inlet, 1 spec.; common in interior).—LawreEnce (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 47 (Wishkah R. and East Humptulips R., Washington, June), 357 (Seattle, Washington, 1 spec., Nov. 15).—Arrwarter, Auk, ix, 1892, 342 (San Antonio, Texas, rare summer resident).—AntHony, Auk, x, 1893, 87 (near Portland, Oregon, 1 spec., May 21, 1885); Zoe, iv, 1893, 245 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California, breeding at 8,500 ft.).—NrnRirmNG, Our Native Birds, etc., i, 1893, 137.—FisHer (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 132 (localities in California and Nevada).—THorneg, Auk, xii, 1895, 218 (Fort Keogh, Montana, breeding in ‘‘bad lands’’).—GRINNELL, Pub. i, Pasa- dena Ac. Sci., 1897, 5 (Santa Barbara I.), 20 (San Clemente I.); Pub. ii, 1898, 48 (Los Angeles Co., California, resident); Auk, xv, 1898, 236 (Santa Catalina I., Dec.); Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 68.—MeErRILL (J. C.), Auk, xv, 1898, 19 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, breeding).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107 (Chilliwack, British Columbia, 1 spec., Noy., 1889; common in southern interior).—Bartow, Condor, li, 1900, 133 (Santa Clara Co., Cali- fornia, breeding).—OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, 233 (San Miguel I., California; crit.).—Mariiiarp, Condor, iii, 1901, 126 (San Benito Co., California, resident).—Sittoway, Bull. Univ. Mont., no. 3, Biol. ser., no. 1, 1901, 71 (Selish, Montana).—Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 199 (La Paz, Lower California, breeding).—Battry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 443, plate.—GrinnELL and Daacerr, Auk, xx, 1903, 33 (Coronados Islands, Lower California). Salpinctus obsoletus Stevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr. for 1870 _ (1871), 464 (Sweetwater R., Wyoming). ; Salpinetes [typographical error] obsoletus Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 713 (Utah). [Salpinctes]| obsoletus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 224.—SciaTEerR and SaLvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 6, part. [Salpinctes] obsoleta Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 85. S[alpinctes] obsoletus Henshaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1879, 287 (e. slope Sierra Nevada; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 275.—Ripeaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 548, part. [ Cyphorhinus] obsoletus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 194, no. 2673. SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS NOTIUS Ridgway. MEXICAN ROCK WREN, Similar to S. 0. obsoletus, but smaller (except bill and feet); young much darker, with dusky bars or vermiculations much heavier.@ Adult male.—Length (skins), 127.5-128.5 (127.8); wing, 69-72.5 (70.8); tail, 47.5-52.5 (50.2); exposed culmen, 17.5-18.5 (18.2); tarsus, 91.5; middle toe, 14-14.5 (14.2). Adult female.—Length (skins), 123.5-181.5 (128); wing, 68—70.5 (68.8); tail, 48.5-49 (48.7); exposed culmen, 17.5-18.5 (17.8); tarsus, 20-20.5 (20.3); middle toe, 18.5-14.5 (14).? « Although the coloration of the adults does not differ, that I can see, from that of S. 0. obsoletus the young are quite as dark as those of S. 0. guadeloupensis; in fact seem to be quite identical in coloration with the latter. 5 Three specimens. 4 _ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 649 Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Mexico, Hidalgo (Tula; Real del Monte), Puebla (Esperanza), Oaxaca (Mitla; Cacoprieto; Oaxaca City), Guerrero (Tixtla), Jalisco (Huejuquilla; Guadalajara; Atemajac), Guanajuato, southwestern Durango (Durango City), south- ern Sonora (Alamos), and Federal District (Tlalpam). S[alpinctes] obsoletus (not Troglodytes obsoletus Say) CABANts, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 79 (Mexico).—Covgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 275, part.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 548, part. Salpinctes obsoletus ScuaverR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 371 (Oaxaca).—Batrp, Reyiew Am. Birds, 1864, 110, part (Mexico).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 135, part (Mexico ).—Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 159, part.—LAwRENCE, Bull. U. §. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 13 (Cacoprieto, Oaxaca).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 71, part (Guanajuato; Mexico; Oaxaca).—SnHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 266, part (Puebla; Mexico).—AmeErican OrnirHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 715, part. [ Salpinctes] obsoletus ScLareR and Satyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 6, part. Salpinctes obsoletus notius Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Noy. 30, 1903, 168 (Tlalpam, Federal District, Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Norr.—The name 7roglodytes latifasciatus Lichtenstein (Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 2“), has usually been cited as a synonym of Sa/pinctes obsoletus, and if really intended for this species would of course be available for the present form; but the very brief description certainly does not afford sufficient reason for such identification, and therefore, in the absence of any type specimen (which, according to Salvin and Godman, seems to have disappeared), I am unable to discover the slightest excuse for adopting the name in question. In fact, it would have been better had the majority of the new names of this much-cited paper been ignored, as the reward for the author’s carelessness. SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS PULVERIUS Grinnell. SAN NICOLAS ROCK WREN, Similar to S. 0. obsoletus, but with larger and relatively stouter bill and much paler, more buffy coloration (general color of wpper parts, in summer plumage, pale buffy broccoli brown or pale grayish wood brown). Adult male.—Length (skin), 136.5; wing, 71; tail, 51; exposed cul- men, 20; tarsus, 21.5; middle toe, 14.5.” “1 have not been able to refer to the original paper, but in the reprint in Journ. fiir Orn., 1863 (p. 57), the name is given as Jatisfasciatus, not latifasciatus, as usually cited. >bOnespecimen, thetype. Mr. Grinnell gives average measurements of eight speci- mens (sexes not separated) as follows (his figures being converted into millimeters): Length (before skinning?), 152.4; wing, 69.8; tail, 55.1; culmen (exposed?), 18.3; depth of bill at nostril, 4.3; tarsus, 21.6. 650 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. San Nicolas Island, Santa Barbara group, California. Salpinetes obsoletus (not Troglodytes obsoletus Say) GRINNELL (J.), Pub., i, Pasa- dena Ac. Sci., 1897, 10 (San Nicolas I., California; descr. nest and eggs). Salpinctes obsoletus pulveri ius GRINNELL (J Ae Auk, xv, July, 1898, 238 (San Nico- “tas I., California; type now in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—Barey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds N. U. S., 1902, 448, footnote. Salpinctes pulverius GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, June 25, 1902, 68. , SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS EXSUL Ridgway. SAN BENEDICTO ROCK WREN, Similar in coloration to S. 0. obsoletus, but with lateral rectrices more numerously barred with cinnamon-buff (the outermost with one to two distinct buff bands on inner web and three to four on outer); wing averaging shorter, tail longer, bill and feet larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 1387.5-146 (141.6); wing, 67.5-73 (70.9); tail, 58-62 (55.7); exposed culmen, 18-19 (18.7); tarsus, 20.5-22.5 (21.2); middle toe, 18.5-15.5 (14.5).¢ 5 Adult female.—Length (skin), 144.5; wing, 68; tail, 50; exposed culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 13.5.? Island of San Benedicto, Revillagigedo group, off northwestern Mexico. Salpinctes obsoletus (not Troglodytes obsoletus Say) Townsrenp (C. H.), Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 135 (San Benedicto I., n. w. Mexico).—AnrHony, Auk, xv, 1898, 315 (San Benedicto I.). Salpinctes obsoletus exsul Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Novy. 30, 1903, 169 (San Benedicto I., n. w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS GUADELOUPENSIS Ridgway. GUADALUPE ROCK WREN, Similar to S. 0. obsoletus, but decidedly darker, wing and tail shorter, bill longer and stouter, and tarsi longer; young with upper parts much darker and more heavily barred or vermiculated. Adult male.—Length (skins), 180-146 (136}; wing, 65-68 (67.2); tail, 47.5-53 (50.2); exposed culmen, 19-22.5 (21); tarsus, 20.5-23 (21.8); middle toe, 12.5-14.5 (13.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 123-137 (130); wing, 63.5—-68 (65.1); tail, 45.5-53 (48.6); exposed culmen, 19-22.5 (20.5); tarsus, 21-22 (21.3); middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.3).¢ Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Salpinctes obsoletus guadeloupensis Rrpaway, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., ii, no. 2, Apr. 1, 1876, 185 (Guadalupe I., Lower California; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). Salpinctes guadalupensis Rrpaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, July, 1877, 60, 61. Salpinctes obsoletus guadalupensis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 169, 215, 228; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 58a. « Four specimens. ¢ Ten specimens. > One specimen. @ Nine specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 651 Salpinctes guadelupensis Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 268. Salpinctes guadeloupensis AMERICAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 716.—Bryant (W. E.), Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci., no. 6, 1887, 308 (habits; meas- urements; descr. nest and eggs).—Townsenp (C. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 188 (Guadalupe I.). S[alpinctes] guadeloupensis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 548. SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS NEGLECTUS Nelson. CHANCOL ROCK WREN, Similar to S. 0. notius, but still smaller (except bill and feet), and coloration darker, with under parts usually” thickly speckled (not streaked, except on throat) with dusky, and dusky streaks or specks and white dots on upper parts larger, the latter pure white; axillars and under wing-coverts spotted with dusky. Adult male.—Length (skins), 130.5-145 (136.7); wing, 68-72 (69.1); tail, 48.5-52 (49.7); exposed culmen, 16.5-20.5 (18.1); tarsus, 20.5- 92.5 (21.8); middle toe, 13.5-15.5 (14.8).? Adult female.—Length (skin), 135; wing, 64; tail, 46.5; tarsus, 21; middle toe, 14.5.° 1 Western (also central and southern ?) Guatemala (Hacienda Chancol; Volcan de Santa Maria; Nenton) and adjoining parts of Chiapas (Juquipilas).@ Salpinctes obsoletus (not Troglodytes obsoletus Say) SAtvin and Sciarer, Ibis, 1860, 30 (Guatemala).—Coves, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 159, part (Guatemala).— SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 71, part (Quezaltenango, Salami, Rabinal, Quiché, and Jupiapa, @Guatemala).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- aists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 715, part (Guatemala). [Salpinctes] obsoletus ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 6, part (Guatemala). S[alpinctes] obsoletus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 548, part (Guatemala). Salpinctes obsoletus neglectus Netson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 70 (Hacienda Chan- col, 10,000 ft., w. Guatemala; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). SALPINCTES MACULATUS Ridgway. f SPOTTED ROCK WREN, F Much darker than any of the forms of S. odsoletus, with upper parts more coarsely and heavily variegated (even the rump conspicu- ously spotted with dusky and whitish), and with under parts every- where thickly spotted or barred with dusky. “In six out of seven specimens examined. > Five specimens. ¢ One specimen. @4The following localities, cited in the Biologia Centrali-Americana, may or may not) pertain to this form: Salamd side of Cuesta de Chuacus; Summit of Cuesta de Cachil; Cachil; Quezaltenango; Rabinal; Jutiapa. €Possibly S. maculatus. fType No. 150904, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., adult male, Toyabaj, department of Quiché, northern Guatemala, May 7, 1892; Heyde and Lux. 652 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars deep brownish mouse gray or dark drab-gray, streaked with black and sparsely speckled with white, the white apical specks very minute on pileum, nearly absent from greater part of back, larger on lower back and pos- terior scapulars; rump dark fawn color, the feathers with conspicuous roundish terminal spots of white and with two or more larger transverse spots of black; upper tail-coverts paler fawn color, broadly barred with black and with a roundish or triangular white terminal spot; middle rectrices grayish brown, rather broadly barred with dusky; other rectrices similar, but dusky bars less distinct, crossed by an interrupted” subterminal band of cinnamon-buff or deep pinkish buff, this immediately preceded by a broader and continuous but rather irregular band of black; outermost rectrix with an additional black and buff band on inner web, the outer web with four large buff spots; wings vermiculated with grayish brown and dusky, the smaller coy- erts speckled with black and white; under parts white, the sides and flanks tinged with pale fawn color; throat and chest thickly marked with large spots of dusky, more or less transverse, varying from tri- angular to transverse diamond-shaped and subrounded; breast, abdo- men, and anterior portion of sides thickly marked with similar but smaller and more decidedly transverse spots, the flanks with regular transverse bars of dusky brown; under tail-coverts broadly barred with black; axillars and under wing-coverts broadly barred with dusky; bill horn color, the mandible paler basally; iris ‘‘ dark black;”? legs and feet dusky brown; length (skin), 124; wing, 69.5; tail, 48; exposed culmen, 20; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe, 14.5.¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but under parts more tinged with brownish buff (strongly so on flanks) and the spots and bars more brownish dusky; length (skin), 124.5; wing, 68; tail, 46.5; exposed culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe, 14.7 North-central Guatemala (Toyabaj, department of Quiché). This very strongly characterized form (as compared with the differ- ent forms of S. obsoletus) seems, as nearly as I am able to judge from descriptions, to be intermediate in coloration between S. guttatus of Salvador and S. fasciatus of Nicaragua. Without specimens for com- parison, however, I can do no more than describe it, and call attention to the need of very careful study of these Central American rock wrens, which at present seem to involye anomalies in geographic range, while our knowledge of their relationship to one another is extremely unsatisfactory. Salpinctes maculatus Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Nov. 30, 1903, 169 (Toyabaj, department of Quiché, Guatemala; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). « Each rectrix has the buff ot opposite webs separated by a blackish shaft-streak. 6 Heyde and Lux, manuscript. ¢ One specimen (the type). d@One specimen (no. 150905, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Toyabaj, Quiché, Guatemala, Mar. 18, 1892; Heyde and Lux). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 653 SALPINCTES GUTTATUS Salvin and Godman. SALVADOR ROCK WREN, Allied to S. obsoletus, but above slightly darker, whole abdomen distinctly spotted, and bill longer; total length, 139.7; wing, 68.6; tail, 49.5; bill from rictus, 22.9; tarsus, 21.6.4 Volean de San Miguel, Salvador, 4,000 feet altitude; Volcan de Con- chagua, Salvador’; Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica?’ (?) Salpinctes obsoletus (not Troglodytes obsoletus Say) Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 71, part (Volcan de Conchagua, Salvador, 4,000 ft.). Salpinctes guttatus Satvix and GopMan, Ibis, sixth ser., iii, Oct, 1891, 609 (Vol- can de San Miguel, Salvador, 4,000 ft. alt.; coll. Salvin and Godman). (2?) Salpinctes guttatus UNpDERWooD, Ibis, 1896, 433 (Volcan de Mirayalles, Costa Rica). ? SALPINCTES FASCIATUS Salvin and Godman. NICARAGUAN ROCK WREN, Similar to the preceding [S. guttatus| and body beneath densely but not heavily spotted, the feathers with a single distinct subapical band of black, their base also black; bill long; total length, 139.7; wing, 66; tail, 47; bill from rictus, 25.4; tarsus, 24.1.°¢ Volean el Viejo, Nicaragua, at 6,500 feet altitude. Salpinctes fasciatus SALViN and GopMan, Ibis, sixth ser., ili, Oct., 1891, 610 (Vol can el Viejo, Nicaragua, at 6,500 ft. alt.; coll. Salvin and Godman). Genus CATHERPES Baird. Catherpes Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 356. (Type, Thryothorus mexicanus Swainson. ) Medium-sized Troglodytide with inner toe (without claw) reaching to but not beyond penultimate joint of middle toe, tail nearly three times as long as tarsus (the latter less than one-third as long as wing), ninth primary not shorter than secondaries, and tail rufous distantly barred with black. Bill about as long as head, very slender, very faintly decuryed or nearly straight; exposed culmen equal to tarsus or slightly longer, practically straight for most of its length or very gradually (almost inappreciably) decurved for terminal half, the tip, however, decidedly « Free translation of the original description, with measurements (in inches and tenths) converted to millimeters. >It would be very remarkable should the bird from the Volean de Miravalles, Costa Rica, be really the same as that from the Volcan de San Miguel in Salvador, especially since the evidently distinct form from the Volcan el Viejo in Nicaragua (S. fasciatus) comes between. I strongly suspect the distinctness of the Costa Rican birds, and suggest the desirability of careful reexamination and comparison. ¢ Free translation of the original description, with measurements (in inches and tenths) converted into millimeters. 654 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. decurved; maxillary tomium faintly concave, more decidedly so termi- nally, where without trace of notch; gonys much shorter than dis- tance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight or almost inappreciably concave terminally; depth of bill at frontal antize less than its width at same point. Nostril longitudinal, linear, with a distinct corneous excurrent operculum, its posterior end nearly or quite in contact with latero-frontal feathering. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing moderate or rather long; seventh and sixth primaries longest, the eighth and fifth but little shorter; ninth about equal to first and nearly twice as long as tenth. Tail about six-sevenths as long as wing, nearly three times as long as tarsus, slightly rounded, or nearly even with lateral pair of rectrices considerably shorter than the rest. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe with claw, the acrotarsium distinctly scutel- late, the planta tarsi sometimes with several divisions, obvious only on close inspection; lateral toes of unequal length, the inner (without claw) reaching only to middle (subterminal) joint of middle toe, the outer (without claw) reaching to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, its claw reaching to base of middle claw; hallux (without claw) slightly shorter than outer toe, slightly longer than inner, its claw much shorter than the digit; all the claws grooved on both sides (as in Hylorchilus); basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe for entire length, to inner toe for most of its length. Coloration.—Above grayish brown, becoming more rusty poste- riorly, the tail cinnamon-rufous, crossed by distant bars of black; back, etc., more or less speckled or dotted with dusky and whitish; chin, throat, and chest white; rest of under parts rusty, more or less speckled or dotted with whitish and dusky. Nidification.—Nest in holes, usually among rocks, sometimes in buildings; eggs white, speckled with reddish brown. Range.—Arid portions of western United States and Mexico. (Monotypic.) KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF CATHERPES MEXICANUS. a. Darker, the general color of upper parts sepia brown (tinged with chestnut on back and rump), the abdomen, ete., rich chestnut; black bars on tail broader. b. Larger and darker; adult male averaging, wing 68, tail 56, exposed culmen 23.9, tarsus 20; adult female, wing 63.1, tail 53.2, exposed culmen 21.6, tarsus 19.2. (Southern and central parts of Mexican plateau. ) Catherpes mexicanus mexicanus (p. 655) bb. Smaller and paler; adult male averaging, wing 58.1, tail 51.6, exposed culmen 20.5, tarsus 18.6; adult female, wing 56.2, tail 47.8, exposed culmen 20, tarsus 17.7. (California, except southeastern and extreme southern por- tions: \U 7-03 en eae hae See soe Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus (p. 659) aa. Paler, the general color of upper parts light grayish brown (more rufescent on back and rump), the abdomen, etc., lighter chestnut; black bars on tail narrower. > Pr BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 655 b. Larger; adult male averaging, wing 63.5, tail 54, exposed culmen 25.6, tarsus 19.6; adult female, wing 60.5, tail 51.3, exposed culmen 21.7, tarsus 18.5. (Northeastern and east-central portion of Mexican plateau. ) sees mexicanus albifrons (p. 657) bb. Smaller; adult male averaging, wing 58.2, tail 50.5, exposed culmen 20, tarsus 17.7; adult female, wing 57.2, tail 49.5, cenured culmen 18.3, tarsus 17.3. (Colorado, Utah, Nevada, southeastern California, and parts of Arizona. ) Catherpes mexicanus conspersus (p. 658) Variously intermediate between the two smaller northern and two larger southern forms, as characterized above. (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern California, Lower California, Sonora, and Chihuahua. )-Catherpes mexicanus polioptilus (p. 660) CATHERPES MEXICANUS MEXICANUS (Swainson). MEXICAN CANYON WREN. Adults (sexes alike).— Above, deep sepia or bistre brown, the back. scapulars, and rump (especially the last) more chestnut-brown or van- dyke, the whole surface (except wings) more or less distinctly vermicu- lated with dusky and more or less profusely dotted or flecked with white;” upper tail-coverts chestnut with a subterminal small, blackish spot of dusky, and usually one of whitish, often with additional indis- tinct narrow, blackish bars, very rarely wholly immaculate; tail cleat ‘chestnut or deep cinnamon-rufous, crossed (on both webs) by distant narrow bars? of black, these much broader on the lateral than on the middle rectrices; malar and suborbital regions, lower half (approxi- mately) of auricular region, chin, throat, and upper chest immaculate white; rest of under parts rich chestnut, fading anteriorly (on lower chest) into pale cinnamon-rufous, the deeper colored (chestnut) por- tion more or less distinctly barred or speckled with black and dotted or flecked with white;* maxilla dusky horn color, with paler tomia; mandible dull whitish (in dried skins) basally, becoming grayish or dusky terminally; iris brown; legs and feet blackish or dark brown. Young.—Similar to adults, but upper parts more coarsely vermicu- lated with dusky and with few if any white specks or dots; chestnut of abdomen, etc., duller, immaculate, or with very indistinct narrow dusky bars, mostly on flanks. Adult mate. — (skins), 138-156 6 (147.9); wing, 64.5-72 (68); aThere i is Bercak indiv neal variation in fee amount or extent of this white dotting or speckling, which rarely is so sparse as to be nearly absent. Occasionally the white markings take the form of short streaks, but usually they are more or less roundish in form. >There is great individual variation in the width of these black bars, those on the middle rectrices varying (on different specimens) from less than one millimeter to nearly two millimeters in width, those on the lateral rectrices from about one and a half to three millimeters. ¢The white speckling sometimes obsolete, especially in worn summer plumage. 656 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tail, 53-60.5 (56); exposed culmen, 23—-24.5 (28.9); tarsus, 19.5—21 (20); middle toe, 14.5-17 (15.9).@ Adult female.—Length (skins), 133-147.5 (138.1); wing, 60-66 (63.1); tail, 51-55.5 (53.2); exposed culmen, 19.5—23 (21.6); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.2); middle toe, 14-15.5 (14.7).? Central and southern portions of Mexican plateau, in States of southern Chihuahua (Batopilas), Durango (Chacala), Michoacan (La Salada; Patzcuaro), Jalisco (Ocotlan; San Sebastian; Zapotlan; Bolatios; Guadalajara; Huejuquilla), Morelos (Puente de Ixtla), Hidalgo (Real del Monte), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Guanajuato, Vera Cruz (Jico; Chichicaxtla; Orizaba; Mirador), Puebla (Atlixco), Oaxaca (Tama- zulapam; Cuicatlan; Santo Domingo; La Parada; Santa Efigenia; Tehuantepec; Mount Zempoaltepec), and Colima (Rio de Coahuyana), and Territory of Tepic (Tepic). Thryothorus mexicanus Swanson, Zool. Illustr., 2d ser., i, 1829, pl. 11 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo). Troglodytes mexicanus LICHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2; Journ. fur Orn., 1863, 57 (reprint). T(roglodytes] mexicanus GRAY, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 159. Salpinctes mexicanus CABANIS, Wiegmann’s Archiy. fiir Naturg., 1847 (i), 324.— SciaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 212 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1858, 297 (Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds,.1862, 18 (Mexico). S[alpinctes] mexicanus CaBANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 78. [Salpinctes] mexicanus Henk and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 48. Catherpes mexicanus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 356, part (in syn- onymy); Review Am. Birds, 1864, 111, part (Mirador, Vera Cruz; Rio de Coahuyana, Colima).—Scuiater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 172 (City of Mexico).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 545 (temperate re- gion, Vera Cruz).—Ducks, La Naturaleza, i, 1869, 139 (Guanajuato; Guada- lajara, Jalisco).—LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 268 (Tepie; Guadalajara).—Satvry and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 72, part (Mexican localities and references).—SHarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 280 (Puebla).—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 76.—AMERIcAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 717, part (Mexico). [ Catherpes] mexicanus ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 6, part. Clatherpes| mexicanus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 276, part. —Ripe- way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 549, part. [ Catherpes mexicanus] var. mexicanus Ripaway, Am. Nat., vil, Oct., 1878, 605 (diagnosis).—Bartrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 138. Catherpes mexicanus mexicanus OBERHOLSER, Auk, xx, Apr., 1903, 196 (diagnosis; range). [ Cyphorhinus] mexicanus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 194, no. 2674. (?) Troglodytes murarius LICHTENSTEIN, Preis- Verz. Mex. Voég., 1831, 2 (Yautepec, Morelos; coll. Berlin Mus.);¢ Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 57 (reprint). (?)Salpinctes murarius LicHTENSTEIN, Nom. Mus. Berol., 1854, 35. Thriothorus guttulatus LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., ii, 1839, 99 (Mexico). “Fourteen specimens. > Seven specimens. ¢Probably an Indian artefact, the blue tail of some other bird (perhaps Sialia) being substituted for that of Catherpes. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 657 CATHERPES MEXICANUS ALBIFRONS (Giraud). GIRAUD’S CANYON WREN, Similar in size to C. m. mexicanus (the bill averaging even longer), but coloration much paler, the general color of upper parts more grayish brown, chestnut of abdomen, etc., paler, and black bars on tail averaging narrower. Adult male.—Length (skins), 130-149 (141.2); wing, 62-65 (638.5); tail, 52-56 (53.7); exposed culmen, 24.5—26 (25.6); tarsus, 19-20 (19.6); middle toe, 14-15 (14.4). 4 Adult female.—Length (skins), 124-142 (132); wing, 58-64 (60.5); tail, 49-55 (51.3); exposed culmen, 20-24 (21.7); tarsus, 18-19 (18.5); middle toe, 13-14 (13.5). ? Northeastern and north-central portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Nuevo Leon (Monterey; Santa Catarina; Sierre Madre), Coahuila (Patos), San Luis Potosi,’ eastern Zacatecas,° and Aguas Calientes (Aguas Calientes), and southwestern Texas near mouth of Pecos River (Langtry); probably also eastern Chihuahua. Catherpes mexicanus (not Thryothorus mexicanus Swainson) Barrp, Rep. Pacifie R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 356, part (Patos, Coahuila; Nuevo Leon); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Sury., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 13 (Coahuila; Nuevo Leon; habits; song); Review Am. Birds, 1864, 111, part (Nuevo Leon).—Satyin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 72, part (in synonymy ).—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 280, part (in synonymy).—AMERICAN ORNI- THoLoGIsts’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 717, part. [Catherpes] mexicanus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 86, part.—Sciarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 6, part. C(atherpes] mexicanus RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 549, part. [ Catherpes mexicanus] var. mexicanus Batrp, Brewer, and Ripe@way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 138, part. Certhia albifrons Giraup, Sixteen Species Texan Birds, 1841, pl. 13 (‘‘Texas;”’ type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).@ Troglodytes albifrons Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 327 (‘‘Texas’’). Catherpes mexicanus albifrons Newtson, Auk, xv, April, 1898, 160 (crit.; ‘‘ Lower Rio Grande, in Texas;’’ ‘‘Tamaulipas;’? Nuevo Leon; ‘Isthmus of Te- huantepec’’¢).—AmeERICAN OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ UNION Commirrer, Auk, xvi, “Four specimens. » Five specimens. ¢No specimens seen from the States mentioned, which, however, are necessarily included within the range of the former. “The type is a young bird with bill broken off. I have not been able to match it exactly, but it seems to be referable to the present form, as Mr. Oberholser has already stated. €I do not know Mr. Nelson’s reasons for including the lower Rio Grande Valley, Tamauiipas, and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in the range of thisform. It certainly does not occur in the last-named locality, where only typical C. mexicanus is found. The only specimens I have seen are from Langtry, southwestern Texas, near the mouth of the Pecos River, and from the States of Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, and Aguas Calientes, in northeastern and north-central Mexico. Mr. Nelson’s remarks would imply that these birds are migratory; on the contrary, they remain the year round even in the extreme northern parts of the range of the genus, in Nevada, Utah, and Colorado. , 10384—voL 3—03 ——42 658 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1899, 124.—Barttey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 445.— OBERHOLSER, Auk, xx, 1903, 196 (diagnosis; range; crit.). Catherpes mexicanus conspersus (not of Ridgway) AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 717a, part (Aguas Calientes). C[atherpes] m[exicanus] conspersus Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 445, part (Aguas Calientes). CATHERPES MEXICANUS CONSPERSUS Ridgway. CANYON WREN. Similar in coloration to C. m. albifrons but decidedly paler and much smaller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 124-139 (129.4); wing, 56.5-61.5 (59.7); tail, 51-54 (52.4); exposed culmen, 19-22.5 (20.5); tarsus, 17.5-18.5 (18.1); middle toe, 12-13.5 (12.8).¢ Rage eee (skins), 118-131 (124.2); wine, 55-60.5 tail, 46-55 (49.5); exposed culmen; 17-20 (18.3); farana al 17-17.5 middle toe, 12-12.5 (12.2).? Central arid district of western United States, from Wyoming and Colorado to Nevada, and southward into Arizona (Tucson, mountains near Gila River, Fort Verde, Prescott, Cochise, Pima County, Pinal County, Huachuca Mountains, etc.) and southeastern California (Fort Tejon; Panamint Mountains). (57.2); (17.3); T roglodytes mexicanus (not Thryothorus mexicanus Swainson ) Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1854, 173, part [pl. 30]. Catherpes mexicanus Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 356, part (Fort Tejon, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 263, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 111, part (Fort Tejon).—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon).—ALen, Buli. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 148 (Gar- den of Gods, Colorado; notes), 175 (Colorado City); Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 404 (do.).—ArKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 196 (Colorado, winter).— Merriam, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. for 1872 (1873), 713 (Utah).—Covuss, Check List, 1873, no. 46, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 28, part.—Satvin and GopmaNn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 72, part (in synonymy). Catherpes mexicanus, var. conspersus Ripaway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1875, 603 (Fort Churchill, Nevada; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.; deser.; crit.; habits); Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 172 (Salt Lake City, Utah), 180 (Colorado).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 139; ii, 1874, 503 (Col- orado; Utah; crit.). a@Six specimens. Specimens from Arizona, which I am unable to distinguish from typical examples of this form, average as follows: Two adult males: Length (skins), 123-124 (123.5); wing, 57-59.5 (58.2); tail, 50-51 (50.5); exposed culmen, 19-21 (20); tarsus, 17.5-18 (17.7); middle toe, 13-14 (1375); Six adult females: Length (skins), 115-134 (124.2); wing, 56-59 (57.2): tail, 47-51 (49.2); exposed culmen, 17-19 (18.5); tarsus, 16.5-18 (17.5); middle toe, 12-13.5 (13). >The figure is too poor for certain identification, and the locality of the specimen figured not given. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 659 Catherpes mexicanus . . . var conspersus Cours, Check List, 1873, App. p. 125.— Yarrow and Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 9 (Toquer- ville, Utah; habits; notes).—Hrnsuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 41 (Utah, resident); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 181, part (Toquerville, Utah; Colorado; habits). [Catherpes mexicanus.] . conspersus Rrpaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 420 (Nevada and Utah, resident; habits; song). Catherpes mexicanus, 2. conspersus RipGway, Field and Forest, iii, May, 1877, 196 (Colorado). : Catherpes mexicanus conspersus RrpGway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan. 1875, 10, 20 (Carson City and East Humboldt Mts., Nevada); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 59a, part.—Coves, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 164, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 67, part.—Mrnot, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 181 (Manitou, Colorado; descr. nest and eggs), 225 (habits, etc. ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- qists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 717a, part.—Neruruine, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 139, part, pl. 9.—FisHEer (A. K.), North American Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 133 (Panamint Mts., ete., s. e. California).—Cooxsr; Bull. 37. Col. Agric. Coll., 1897, 120 (Colorado, resident).—Grinnew (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 68 (s. e. California; desert ranges east of Sierra Nevada).—OserHo.ser, Auk, xx, 1903, 198 (diagnosis; range). Clatherpes] m[exicanus] conspersus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 276, part.—Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.§., 1902, 445, part, pl. C[atherpes] mexicanus conspersus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 549, part. Catherpes mexicanus . . . var. Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am, Birds, i, 1874, pl. 8, fig. 4.4 CATHERPES MEXICANUS PUNCTULATUS Ridgway. DOTTED CANYON WREN. Similar in small size to C. m. conspersus, but decidedly darker (inter- mediate in coloration between C. m. mexicanus and C. m. albifrons). Adult male.—Length (skins), 120-137 (130.6); wing, 55.5-62.5 (59.4); tail, 47.5-54.5 (51.6); exposed culmen, 19-21.5 (20.5); tarsus, 17.5-19 (18.6); middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.4).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 118-129 (125); wing, 56-56.5 (56.2); tail, 46.5-50 (47.8); exposed culmen, 20°; tarsus, 17-18 (17.7); middle toe, 13-14 (13.5).@ California, except southeastern and extreme scuthern portions; north to Butte, Shasta, and Napa counties, south to western portion of Riverside County (Elsinore), and northern part of Kern County (Kernville). Troglodytes mexicanus (not Thryothorus mexicanus Swainson) HEERMANN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1853, 263 (Cosumnes and Calaveras rivers, Cali- fornia); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 41 (do. ).—Cassry, Ilustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1854, 173, part (Cosumnes and Calaveras rivers, Cali- fornia). «The specimen figured is the type of C. m. conspersus, from Nevada, and not from Mexico, as erroneously stated in the text. +Seven specimens. ¢One specimen. @ Three specimens. mS —,* 660 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Catherpes mexicanus CoorEr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 66 (San Joaquin Valley; Calaveras and Cosumnes rivers). Catherpes mexicanus var. conspersus (not of Ridgway) HENnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1876, 231 (Walker’s Basin, s. California). Catherpes mexicanus, 3. conspersus Ripaway and Beuprne, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 402 (Murphys, Calaveras Co., California, Feb., Mar.). Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Cours, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 164, part; Check List, 2d ed. 1882, no. 67, part.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 59a, part.—AmericaNn OrnitHoLocists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 717a, part.— Townsenp (C. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 226 (Baird and Mount Shasta, n. California; habits; notes). Cotherpes conspersus BrLpina and Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 391 (Calaveras Co., California). Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, Sept. 5, 1882, 343 (Forest Hill, Placer Co., California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 257.—RerrcHENow and Scuatow, Journ. fur Orn., 1884, 422 (reprint of orig. descr.).—AmERICAN OrniTHo.ocaists’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 7176, part. —GRINNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 48 (Los Angeles Co., California; resident); Pacific Coast Avi- fauna, no. 3, 1902, 68 (Mount Diabolo, Mount St. Helena, and w. slope Sierra Nevada).—Fisner (W. K.), Condor, 11, 1900, 1388 (Mount St. Helena, Napa Co., California).—Bartow, Condor, ii, 1900, 183 (near Berryessa, Santa Clara Co.; resident).—Maiiirarp, Condor, iii, 1901, 126 (San Benito Co., California, resident).—OBrrRHo.LsER, Auk, xx, 1903, 197 (diagnosis; range). Clatherpes] m[exicanus] punctulatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 276.—Bai.ey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S8., 1902, 445, part. C[atherpes] mexicanus punctulatus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 549, foot- note, in text. CATHERPES MEXICANUS POLIOPTILUS Oberholser. INTERMEDIATE CANYON WREN,. Variously intermediate in size and coloration between C. m. con- spersus on the one hand and C. m. mexicanus and C. m. albifrons on the other, specimens from Texas and New Mexico connecting the first and last named being slightly paler, those from Arizona, southern California, Lower California, Sonora, and Chihuahua, connecting the first and second, being darker. Measurements vary as follows: SPECIMENS FROM TEXAS AND NEW MEXICO. Adult male.—Length (skins), 131-140 (136.3); wing, 60-67 (62.7); tail, 50.5-58 (55.1); exposed culmen, 20-22 (21); tarsus, 18-20.5 (19.1); middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.5). (Six specimens. ) Adult female.—Length (skins), 128-141 (131.8); wing, 58—63.5 (60.1); tail, 50.5-55. (52.1); exposed culmen, 19-19.5 (19.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.8); middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.2). (Six specimens.) SPECIMENS FROM ARIZONA. @ Adult male.—Length (skins), 119-134 (126.3); wing, 57-63 (60.1); tail, 49-56 (52.1): exposed culmen, 19-21 (20.1); tarsus, 16.5-19 (17.8); middle toe, 12.5-14 (18.2). (Ten specimens.) « A considerable number of Arizona specimens, which I am unable to distinguish from C. m. conspersus, are excluded here. ia BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 661 Adult female.—ULength (skins), 120-126 (123); wing, 58-60 (59); tail, 49-50 (49.5); exposed culmen, 19; tarsus, 17-18 (17.5); middle toe, 13-14 (13.5). (Two specimens). SPECIMENS FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. @ Adult male. —Length (skins), 121-131 (127.7); wing, 58.5-61 (59.8); tail, 50-52 (51); exposed culmen, 20-22.5 (21.2); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.8); middle toe, 13. (Three specimens. ) Adult female.—Length (skin), 128; wing, 57.5; tail, 49; exposed culmen, 20.5; tarsus, 17; middle toe, 13. (One specimen. ) SPECIMENS FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA. ? Adult male.—Length (skins), 120-131 (125.5); wing, 58.5-59.5 (59); tail, 51; exposed culmen, 20-22 (21); tarsus, 17.5-18 (17.7); middle toe, 13-13.5 (13.2). (Two specimens.) Adult female.—Length (skin), 122; wing, 56; tail, 49; exposed cul- men, 18.5; tarsus, 16; middle toe, 12.5. (One specimen. ) SPECIMENS FROM SONORA. © Adult male.—Length (skins), 122-132 oe 8.2); wing, 60-64 (61.4); tail, 50-52.5 (51.4); exposed culmen, 18.5-22 (20.7); tarsus, 18-20 (19); middle toe, 13.5-15 (14.1). (Five specimens. ) Adult female.—Length (skins), 125.5-128 (126.6); wing, 56—60 (58.5); tail, 47.5-51.5 (49.3); exposed culmen, 16.5—20 (18.3); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.7); middle toe, 13-14 (13.5). (Five specimens.) SPECIMENS FROM CHIHUAHUA.@ Adult male.—Length (skins), 125-139 (131.6); wing, 60.5-64 (62.3); tail, 49.5-53 (50.9); exposed culmen, 21.5-22 (21.8); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.6); middle toe, 13-15 (14.2). (Seven specimens.) Adult female.—Length. (skin), 132.5; wing, 56; tail, 49; exposed culmen, 21; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 14. (One specimen.) Southwestern border of United States, from Texas we to Stephens, Eastland, Bosque, and Bexar counties) through New Mexico and Arizona to southern California (San Bernar aaah and San Diego coun- ties), and southward into Lower California (to the Cape district), Sonora (near Oposura, Pachica, Alamos, ete.) and Chihuahua (Bravo, Jesus Maria, Hacienda San Rafael, Batopilas, ete.). This is not a clearly detined form, like the others here recognized, but rather a variable series of intermediates: segregated for nomen- clatural convenience. Examples from Arizona and southward to @San Bernardino and San Diego counties. > Cape St. Lucas district. . ¢ Mostly from Alamos, in the southern part, there being besides only one male from Oposura, and two females, one from Oposura, the other from Pachuca. @ All but two (these from Batopilas) being from Hacienda San Rafael. 662 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. southern Sonora are intergrades between C. m. mexicanus and C. m. conspersus, gradually becoming larger and darker to the southward. The average coloration of this intermediate series is almost identical with that of C. m. punctulatus, and many specimens from Arizona have consequently been erroneously identified with that form. At the same time, occurring with these darker birds, sometimes apparently in the same locality, are individuals which seem to be in every way absolutely typical C. m. conspersus. 'Texan specimens are appreciably paler than the average of those from Arizona, as should be the case when the adjacent forms on each side are light colored, C. m. albifrons being but little if any darker than C. m. conspersus. The series of specimens from the Cape district of Lower California is very small and therefore unsatisfactory for comparison, but there seems to be no difference between them and those from southern California and Arizona. Troglodytes mexicanus (not Thryothorus mexicanus Swainson) Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1854, 173, part (‘‘New Mexico,’’ i. e., Arizona). Catherpes mexicanus Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 356, part (Bill Williams Fork, Arizona); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 263, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 111, part (New Mexico).—KeEnnrErRLy, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 26 (Bill Williams Fork).—Dressrr, Ibis, 1865, 484 (San Antonio, Texas).—Covrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 77 (Ari- zona); Check List, 1873, no. 46, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 28, part.—Coorkrr, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 17, in text (Cajon Valley, San Bernardino Co., Cali- fornia).—BatTcHELDER, Auk, ii, 1885, 233, in text (Las Vegas, New Mexico; habits; notes).—ALLeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 41 (Pachica, Sonora). [ Catherpes| mexicanus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 86, part.—ScLaTer and Satyin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 6, part. Catherpes mexicanus, var. conspersus BAtRD, BrEwrER, and Rrpeaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 139, part. Catherpes mexicanus . . . var. conspersus HrensHAaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 101 (Apache, Arizona; headwaters Gila R., New Mexico), 155 (Arizona); Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 181, part (Camp Apache, mountains near Gila R., and Black R., Arizona; New Mexico; habits). Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Covuks, Birds Col. Val., 1878, 164, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 67, part.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 59a, part.— 3ROWN (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 35 (Boerne, Kendall Co., Texas, resident ).—BrEtpr1nea, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 535 (La Paz, ete., Lower California) ; vi, 1883, 543 (Guaymas, Sonora).—Scorr(W. E. D.), Auk, li, 1885, 350 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, breeding; habits; song); v, 1888, 162 (s. Arizona, resident up to 5,000 ft.; descr. nest, etc. ).—AMERICAN ORNI- THOLoGIsts’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 717a, part.—Brcxuam, Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 690 (Leon Springs, Texas; habits; song).—HasBrouck, Auk, vi, 1889, 240 (Meridian, Bosque Co., Texas).—AtTrwarter, Auk, ix, 1892, 342 (San Antonio, Texas).—Srone and Reasn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 29 (Otero Co., New Mexico). Clatherpes| m[exicanus] conspersus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 276, ' part.—Barry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 445, part. Clatherpes] mexicanus conspersus Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 549, part. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 663 Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus (not of Ridgway) AnrHony, Zoe, iv, 1895, 245 (San Pedro, Martir Mts., Lower California) Auk, xii, 1895, 143 (San Fer- nando, Lower California).—AMERICAN OrnitHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 7176, part (Lower California).—Brewsrer, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 200 (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California). C[atherpes] m[exicanus] punctulatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 276, part.—Batrtry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 445, part. Catherpes mexicanus polioptilus OBERHOLSER, Auk, xx, Apr., 1903, 197 (Deer Mt., Chisos Mts., w. Texas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Genus HYLORCHILUS Nelson. Hylorchilus¢ Nexson, Auk, xiv, no. 1, Jan., 1897, 71. (Type, Catherpes sumi- chrasti Lawrence. ) Large Troglodytide (exposed culmen more that 25 mm., tarsus more than 30 mm.) with the inner toe (without claw) reaching to but not beyond penultimate joint of middle toe, tail less than twice as long as tarsus (the latter nearly half as long as wing), ninth primary much shorter than secondaries, and the tail uniform blackish brown. Bill very long, straight; exposed culmen more than two-fifths as long as wing, nearly or quite as long as tarsus, straight to near tip where gently decurved; gonys decidedly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight, its base very slightly prominent; depth of bill at frontal antize equal to its width at same point; maxillary tomium without subterminal notch. Nostril obliquely longitudinal (its pos- terior end higher than anterior), narrowly guttate or fusiform, over- hung by a distinct, corneous, excurrent operculum. Rictal bristles obsolete; feathers of latero-frontal antize advancing nearly to posterior end of nostril. Wing short, excessively rounded, extremely concave beneath; fifth, fourth, third, and second primaries longest, the sixth searcely longer than first, seventh about equal to first, eighth not longer than secondaries, ninth very much shorter than secondaries, and tenth two-thirds as Jong as ninth. Tail less than twice as long as tarsus, the rectrices rather loose-webbed, apparently acuminate at tip with the stiffened though slender shaft somewhat projecting.’ Tarsus very long (nearly half as long as wing, equal to or longer than exposed cul- men), the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, but planta tarsi on both sides booted; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; lateral toes very unequal in length, the inner (without claw) reaching only to middle (subterminal) joint of middle toe, the outer reaching to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, its claw reaching to base of middle claw; hallux (without claw) shorter than outer, but some- what longer than inner toe (without claw), its claw much shorter than @From“rAy, forest; dxidos, wren. » Of the two specimens examined (the only ones known) only one has any of the rectrices remaining, and this has only five, most of these with the ends broken off; consequently I am unable to properly describe this portion of the bird’s anatomy. 664 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the digit; all the claws grooved on each side; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe to beyond basal phalanx of the latter, to inner toe for more than half its basal phalanx. : | Coloration.—Uniform deep vandyke brown above, darkening into sooty posteriorly and on wings; beneath deepening from pale wood brown on throat through tawny-brown to sooty, the abdomen with a few white specks. PRange.—Mountains of Vera Cruz, southeastern Mexico. (Mono- typic.) HYLORCHILUS SUMICHRASTI (Lawrence). SUMICHRAST’S WREN, Adults (sexes alike ?).—Pileum, hindneck and back uniform deep vandyke brown or mummy brown, gradually deepening into dark sooty brown on rump, upper tail-coverts, wings, and tail, the wings with very indistinct narrow edgings of somewhat brighter brown, these edgings broken by dusky marks, observable only on very close inspection; chin and throat pale wood brown or isabella color, gradu- ally deepening into raw-umber brown or light vandyke brown on chest, this gradually becoming darker posteriorly, the abdomen, sides, and flanks deep mummy brown, shading into uniform dark sooty brown or seal brown on thighs; chest showing very faint indications of darker bars; abdomen sparsely marked with minute dots of white, these partly encircled with dusky and intermixed with indistinct small spots or bars of dusky; axillars and under wing-coverts plain bistre brown; bill brownish black, becoming whitish on under side of mandible, especially on the rami; iris brown;% legs and feet black- ish brown. Adult male ?’.—Length (skin), 147;° wing, 64-68 (66); exposed culmen, 26.5—28 (27.2); depth of bill at frontal antie, 5.5; tarsus, 29- 31 (80); middle toe, 22-23 (22.5).¢ Adult female?’.—Length (skin), 150; wing, 64; tail, 44; exposed culmen, 27; tarsus, 31.5; middle toe, 22.5. Mountains of southeastern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Mato Bejuco; Motzorongo). Catherpes sumichrasti LAWRENCE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Dec. 5, 1871, 233 (Mato Bejuco, Vera Cruz; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 74.—SHaArpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 283. «Sumichrast, manuscript. > One of the specimens (the type) is not sexed, but being larger than the other is probably a male. ¢ One specimen. aT wo specimens. ¢ No. 142878, U. 8. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey Coll.), Motzorongo, Vera Cruz, March 5, 1894; Nelson and Goldman. This specimen is doubtfully determined by the collectors as male; but being so much smaller than the other, except in length of tarsus, there is reason to justify the suspicion that it may be a female. et 9 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 665 C[atherpes] sumichrasti Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 549. Hylorchilus sumichrasti Netsoxn, Auk, xiy, Jan., 1897, 72 (Motzorongo, Vera Cruz, 800 to 1,200 ft.; measurements; habits). Genus MICROCERCULUS Selater. Microcerculus Scuatrer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 19. (Type, Turdus bambla Bod- daert.) (See Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 113; diagnosis). Small Troglodytide (wing 50-60 mm.) most resembling //en/co- rhina, but with tail much less than half as long as wing, bill much longer (exposed culmen nearly one-third as long as wing’), with tip of maxilla more strongly and abruptly decurved, lateral toes reaching only to subterminal joint of middle toe, and sides of neck plain brown or gray. Bill about as long as head, straight, with tip of maxilla almost abruptly decurved, depressed at base, its depth at latero-frontal antic equal to nearly or quite one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, but less than its width at same point; exposed culmen equal to or longer than middle toe without claw but shorter than tarsus, straight, or nearly so, to near tip, where rather abruptly decurved; gonys much shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight or almost imperceptibly convex, its base rather prominent from narrow- ness of mandibular rami; maxillary tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched subterminally, the rictus decidedly and rather abruptly deflexed. Nostral mostly closed by the broad, convex overhanging (decumbent) membraneous operculum, but open posteriorly (against feathering of latero-frontal antiz, from contraction of the operculum at its posterior end.” Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing short, very concave beneath, much rounded; seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest; eighth about equal to third; ninth shorter than secondaries, less than twice as long as tenth. Tail excessively short, less than three-eighths to a little more than two-fifths as long as wing, not much longer (some- times shorter) than tarsus, much rounded or graduated, the rectrices rounded or subacuminate at tip. Tarsus long and slender, decidedly (sometimes much) longer than exposed culmen, nearly two-fifths as long as wing, the acrotarsum distinctly scutellate, the planta tarsi booted; middle toe (with claw) shorter than tarsus; outer toe (without claw) reaching to or slightly beyond subterminal joint of middle toe, its claw falling far short of base of middle claw; inner toe equal to or “The form of the nostril in this genus is thus accurately described by Salvin (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 70, 71): The nostril is partially covered by a mem- brane, which, being convex along its unattached lower edge, meets the lower margin of the nasal cavity toward its anterior end, leaving the posterior end open and comma-shaped, the tail of the comma extending anteriorly. No septum or division is seen externally, but by raising the valvular membrane it appears. This septum, however, is perfectly free and unattached to the membrane of the nostril [operculum] and does not adhere to it as Prof. Baird states (with doubt). The perfect nostril never appears double. (See Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 113, 114.) 666 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. slightly shorter than outer; hallux (without claw) slightly shorter than outer toe (without claw), its claw decidedly shorter than the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe for greater part (sometimes nearly all) of its length, to inner toe for about two-thirds of its Jength. Coloration. —Above brown, usually barred or squamated with dusky, the remiges and rectrices uniform dusky; sometimes a white bar across greater wing-coverts; under parts grayish, becoming brown on sides, flanks, and posterior parts, more or less barred or squamated (espe- cially on lateral and posterior portions) with dusky. Range.—Southern Mexico to Guiana and eastern Ecuador. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MICROCERCULUS. @ a. Backand scapulars plain brown, without dusky margins to the feathers. (Adults. ) b. Ground color of chest and breast brownish gray or grayish brown. c. Brownish gray of breast, etc., uniform, or with extremely faint brownish bars: (Isthmustot Panama) aesee2ee Microcerculus luscinia, adults (p. 669) ce. Brownish gray of breast, etc., not uniform, but varied with dusky or dusky and whitish. d. Brownish gray of breast with V-shaped marks of dusky; flanks darker brown, uniform. (Eastern Costa Rica. ) Microcerculus daulias, adults (p. 668) dd. Grayish brown of breast with V-shaped and irregular marks of white and dusky; flanks lighter brown, faintly barred with dusky. (Coast of Ven- ezuela.) seman: leer Microcerculus pectoralis, adults (extralimital)? bb. Ground color of chest and breast white (barred with dark grayish brown). (Province of Santa Marta, northeast Colombia. ) Microcerculus corrasus, adults (extralimital) ¢ aa. Back and scapulars marked with crescentic bars, or terminal margins, of dusky. (Young.) 6. Chin and throat brownish gray, not very different from rest of under parts. ((Guaitem allay) ae se eee eee ee ea Microcerculus philomela, young (p. 667) bb. Chin and throat dull white. c. Throat spotted with brown; median portion of chest.and breast pale buffy grayish, conspicuously marked with spots and crescentic bars of dusky. Microcerculus daulias, young (p. 668) cc. Throat immaculate dull white; whole chest and breast nearly uniform brownish wera yout eee creme Microcerculus luscinia, young (p. 670) “Including two allied extralimital species. > Microcerculus pectoralis Richmond [in Robinson and Richmond] Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, no. 1247, Oct. 3, 1901, 178 (La Guaira, Venezuela; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ¢ Microcerculus marginatus (not Heterocnemis marginatus Sclater) Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, 1899, 107 (Chirua, Santa Marta, Colombia); Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 180 (Onaca, Santa Marta).—Microcerculus corrasus Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Mar. 31, 1902, 87 (Chirua, Santa Marta, Colombia, 7,000 ft. alt.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). This form is closely allied to Microcerculus squamulatus Sclater and Salvin (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 37, pl. 6), of northwestern Venezuela, and may possibly be the same. @T have not seen the adult of this species, which appears to be undescribed, and hence can not include it in the key. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 667 MICROCERCULUS PHILOMELA (Salvin). NIGHTINGALE WREN, Young ?—Above deep sooty brown or sepia, brighter (dark mummy brown) on back and scapulars, the feathers narrowly margined with dusky, producing a rather distinct squamate appearance, these dusky margins becoming less distinct (sometimes obsolete) on lower rump and upper tail-coverts; tail uniform dark sooty brown or brownish black; lesser and middle wing-coverts dark sooty brown or dusky, with a broad subterminal crescentic bar of lighter brown, this paler on the middle coverts, on some of which the color lightens medially into a rather distinct small spot near tip of shaft; greater coverts dusky, broadly edged with sepia brown, each with a small subtermi- nal median spot of whitish or pale brownish buff; remiges dark sooty brown or dusky, the secondaries very indistinctly edged with some- what lighter sooty, the longer primaries indistinctly edged (in part at least) with a more grayish hue; sides of head, chin, and throat dull brownish gray, each feather of throat margined with sooty brown and with a partly concealed central or basal spot of the same; chest, breast, and upper abdomen similar, but with the sooty brown margin and central space broader and darker; sides, flanks, under tail-coverts, and thighs sepia or bistre brown, more or less distinctly but irregularly barred with dusky, especially on flanks; bill blackish, the mandible more brownish basally; legs and feet dusky brown (in dried skins); length (skins), 99-103.5 (101.2); wing, 55-57.5 (56.2); exposed culmen, 17.5-18 (17.7); tarsus, 20-21 (20.5); middle toe, 15-15.5 (15.2).¢ If Lam right in supposing the birds described above to be in imma- ture plumage, the adults of this form, like those of J/. dau/ias and M. luscinia, are probably plain brown above and with more gray on the under parts. Highlands of Guatemala (Choctum; Chisec; forests above Lanquin; forests between Cajabon and San Luis). Cyphorhinus philomela Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 202 (Vera Paz, Gua- temala; coll. O. Salvin); Ibis, 1861, 352 (Choctum, Guatemala).—Sc.arer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, Suppl. no. 120 (Chisec, Guatemala). [Cyphorhinus] philomela Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 193, no. 2663. Microcerculus philomela Batrp, Review Am. Birds, Aug., 1864, 114 part (Vera Paz).—Saxvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 76, pl. 5, fig. 3 (Choctum, forests above Lanquin, and forests between Cahabon and San Luis, Guatemala).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 297 (Vera Paz, Guatemala). [ Microcerculus] philomela Sciater and Sarvry, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 6. «Two specimens, neither of them with sex determined. 668 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. MICROCERCULUS DAULIAS Ridgway. TALAMANCA NIGHTINGALE WREN, Similar to JZ. philomela, but larger and more rufescent brown. Adult.—Above plain rich brown (between mummy and vandyke), the pileum duller or less ruddy, the feathers of the forehead very narrowly and indistinctly margined with darker, those of the lower back with very narrow terminal margins of dusky (probably indicating recent molt from immature plumage); upper tail-coverts with a very small and indistinct subterminal transverse spot or bar of dusky; tail uniform dark sooty brown or blackish brown; lesser and middle wing- coverts mummy brown, with an indistinct central area of a more gray- ish hue, the middle coverts with an indistinct subterminal shaft-streak of dusky; greater coverts dusky, broadly edged with brown, showing very faint narrow bars of dusky, some of them with a minute and very indistinct terminal spot of pale brown; remiges blackish brown, very faintly edged and barred with lighter, or more decided, brown, the primaries indistinctly edged with dull grayish; sides of head, inelud- ing loral, suborbital, auricular, and malar regions plain brownish gray, the chin and throat similar but paler (pale drab-gray);_chest, median portion of breast, and upper abdomen deeper brownish gray, the feathers with a V-shaped subterminal mark of dusky, these mark- ings smaller, more sagittate (spot-like) on chest, larger and distinctly V-shaped on breast and upper abdomen; sides, flanks, under tail-coverts, thighs, and lower abdomen deep mummy brown, the sides intermixed with brownish gray and with indistinct dusky shaft-streaks; bill black, the under portion of mandible (except terminally) dull brownish white (in dried skin); legs and feet blackish brown; length (skin), 113; wing, 59; tail, 21; exposed culmen, 18; tarsus, 24; middle toe, 16.4 Young.—Similar to the adult, but brown of upper parts broken by dusky crescentic terminal bars and central spots to feathers of pileum, and dusky terminal and subterminal bars to feathers of back, scapu- lars, and rump; lesser wing-coverts distinctly barred with dusky; middle coverts with a narrow blackish terminal bar, immediately pre- ceded by a broader subterminal bar of light brown, this margined anteriorly by a narrow bar of dusky; greater coverts similarly but less distinctly marked; under parts very differently colored from adult, the whole surface (except chin and upper throat) strongly suffused with mummy brown, except along median line, the throat and chest regularly and distinetly barred with dusky, the sides and flanks also regularly but less distinctly barred, the median portion of breast and “One specimen (type of M. orpheus), from Pacuare, eastern Costa Rica; Juan Cooper. (No. 115037, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ) —* ~~ -— — BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA, ( upper abdomen with broader, more spot-like bars; length (skin), 105; wing, 61; tail, 23; exposed culmen, 18; tarsus, 23; middle toe, 16.“ Eastern Costa Rica (Pacuare, Talamanca). Microcerculus luscinia (not of Salvin) Zetepon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3; Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1888, 105 (Pacuare). Microcerculus daulias RipGway, Proc. U. S., Nat. Mus., x, sig. 32, Aug. 6, 1888, 508 (Talamanca, Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1888, 105. Microcerculus orpheus Ripaway, Proc. U.S an Mus., xi, sig. 384, Sept. 20, 1889, 29 (Pacuare,? Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1888, 105. MICROCERCULUS LUSCINIA Salvin. PANAMA NIGHTINGALE WREN, Similar to JZ. daulias, but smaller, with under parts darker and much more uniform. Adult male.—Above plain deep vandyke brown (or between van- dyke and mummy), becoming duller on pileum, where the feathers are usually indistinctly margined with dusky; tail and remiges uniform brownish black or blackish brown, the tertials more or less distinctly edged with vandyke brown; wing-coverts blackish brown or dusky, broadly margined with light vandyke or mummy brown; sides of head, including loral, suborbital, auricular, and malar regions, plain brownish gray; chin and upper throat very pale plain brownish gray or dull grayish white; lower throat more decidedly gray, deepening on chest, breast, and upper abdomen into brownish mouse gray, the feathers more or less distinctly margined with brown, sometimes very _ faintly mottled or barred with brown or deeper gray; sides, flanks, thighs, under tail-coverts, and lower abdomen plain deep vandyke or mummy brown; bill black, the under side of mandible (except termi- nally) pale colored; legs and feet black or blackish brown; length (skins), 101-106.5 (103.5); wing, 58.5-59.5 (59.1); tail, 23.5-24.5 (24); exposed culmen, 17-18 (17.5); tarsus, 22.5-24.5 (23.5); middle toe, 14.5-15 (14.7).° Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, and perhaps not always distinguishable, but the single specimen examined is more strongly suffused with brown on the chest, breast, and upper abdomen, where the gray is largely overlaid with a superficial wash of mummy brown; «One specimen (type of M. daulias), from Talamanca, eastern Costa Rica; José C. Zeledon. (No. 68287, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ) » Probably from some point on the Pacuare River, which is on the Atlantic side. In the original description the locality was erroneously ascribed to the Pacifie side, ¢ Three specimens, 670 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. length (skin), 112; wing, 57.5; tail (much worn), 16.5; exposed eul- men, 17.5; tarsus, 22; middle toe, 16.5.4 Young female.—Similar to adults, but brown of upper parts rather lighter and duller; dusky margins to feathers of pileum more disinct; scapulars and interscapulars also with narrow terminal margins of dusky; middle and greater wing-coverts with very small terminal spots of light buffy brown; brown of flanks, ete., lighter than in adults and indistinctly barred with dusky; gray of breast, etc., paler and broken by light-brown tips to the feathers. Isthmus of Panama, from Panama Railroad to Chiriqui (Boquete), Veragua (Santa Fé; Santiago), and southwestern Costa Rica (Boruca). Cyphorinus bambla? (not Formicarius bambla Boddaert) LAawrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 320 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.). Cyphorinus philomela (not of Salvin) LAwrencr, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 467 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.). Microcerculus philomela Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 114, part (Panama R. R.). Microcerculus luscinia Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1866, 69, 71; 1867, 134 (Santa Fé and Santiago, Veragua).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 1, 1880, 77, pl. 5, fig. 4.—Suarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 298.— Ripe@way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 609 (‘‘Burica,”’ 7. e., Boruca, s. w. Costa Rica; descr. female; crit.).—CHERRIE, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 6 (Boruca; descr.); Expl. Zool. Val. Rio Naranjo, 1893, 9 ( Boruca; descriptions). [ Microcerculus] luscinia ScLaTER and Saryin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 6. Microcerculus acentetus Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ili, Jan. 30, 1902, 56 (Boquete, south slope Volean de Chiriqui, 5,000 ft. alt.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). Genus LEUCOLEPIS Reichenbach. Cyphorhinus® (not Cyphorhina Lesson, 1843 ¢) CaBanis, in Wiegmann’s Archiy. fir Naturg., x, pt. i, 1844, 282. (Type, C. thoracicus Tschudi. ) Cyphorinus (emendation) Scuarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 19. Leucolepis RetcHENBACH, Avium Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 57 (type, Formicarius musicus Boddaert). Leucolepia (typographical error) RrcumMonp, Auk, xix, Jan., 1902, 92, in text. Small or medium sized Troglodytide (wing, 58-70 mm.) with wedge-shaped compressed bill, the mesorhinium strongly elevated and arched; mandibular rami equal to or longer than gonys, strongly bent and deflexed basally; nostril small, circular, rimmed, opening through center of nasal fossa, and tail little, if any, more than half as long as wing. , Bill nearly as long as head, wedge-shaped, compressed, its depth at latero-frontal antiz: equal to much more than one-third (sometimes “One specimen, from Panama. b“*yvO@os gibba, €iv nasus.”’ ¢ Cyphorhina Lesson, L’Echo du Monde Savant, ser. 2, vii, June 15, 1843, col. 1068. (Type, Podargus papuensis Quoy and Gaimard. ) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 671 one-half) the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, nearly double its width at same point; culmen (from base) equal to or longer than middle toe without claw, the basal portion (mesorhinium) elevated and strongly decurved posteriorly or arched, the remaining portion straight to near tip, where slightly decurved; gonys much shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, straight, ascending terminally, prominent basally; mandibular rami (unfeathered portion) equal to or longer than gonys, strongly bent and deflexed posteriorly; maxillary tomium straight, more or less distinctly notched subtermi- nally, the rictus very strongly, but not abruptly, deflexed. Nostril very small, circular, rimmed, in central portion of nasal fossa. Rictal bristles obvious but very short; frontal feathers erect, distinct, but without bristly tip. Wing short, very concave beneath, much rounded; seventh, sixth, and fifth primaries longest; eighth equal to or longer than fourth; ninth shorter than first (sometimes shorter than secondaries), not more (sometimes less) than twice as long as tenth. Tail about half as long as wing, much rounded, the rectrices broadly rounded at tip. Tarsus much longer than culmen, about two- fifths as long as wing, or less, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the planta tarsi booted; middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus (sometimes nearly as long); outer toe (without claw) reaching to slightly beyond subterminal joint of middle toe, its claw falling far short of base of middle claw; inner toe slightly shorter than outer; hallux (without claw) as long as outer toe (without claw), its claw much shorter than the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to both lateral toes for much the greater part of its length. Coloration.—Above brown, the remiges and rectrices usually barred with dusky; beneath pale brownish or grayish, the throat tawny or rufous-chestnut, the flanks and under tail-coverts brown: sides of neck sometimes streaked with black and white.@ fange.—Southern Honduras to Amazon Valley and western Ecuador. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF LEUCOLEPIS. a. Remiges and rectrices without blackish bars. b. Lighter colored; above deep brown (between mummy and sepia); under parts of body russet-brown, becoming paler, more cinnamomeous, medially. ( East- PEMD ee ae ee, Soot See Saas soe A Leucolepis thoracicus (extralimital) ? «The single Central American species and its nearer South American allies have no black nor white streaks on side of neck, which is bright chestnut or chestnut- rufous, like auricular and malar regions, throat and chest. > Cyphorhinus thoracicus Tschudi, Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Natiirg., 1844, 282; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 294. The U. $8. National Museum possesses one of Tschudi’s original specimens, an adult in good condition. 672 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bb. Darker; above dark sooty brown, under parts of body dark sooty brown lat- erally, becoming dark chestnut medially. (Cauca Valley, Colombia. ) Leucolepis dichrous (extralimital)@ aa. Remiges and rectrices distinctly barred with black. 6. Auricular region chestnut, like throat and chest; no buffy or cinnamon stripe along side of occiput and nape. c. Forehead sooty or sepia brown, like rest of pileum; auricular region wholly chestnut. d. Under parts of body deep tawny-brown or chestnut-brown. e. Darker; under parts of body deep chestnut-brown or mummy-brown; back more chestnut-brown. (Western Ecuador. ) Leucolepis pheocephalus (extralimital) ? The U. 8. National Museum possesses a specimen of this form from Guayaquil. ee. Paler; under parts of body tawny-brown; back more olive-brown. (Cauca Valley, northwestern Colombia. ) Leucolepis brunnescens (extralimital) ¢ dd. Under parts of body grayish brown, becoming deep brown on flanks. (Isthmus of Panama to southern Honduras. ) - Leucolepis lawrencii (p. 673) ce. Forehead chestnut; auricular region with a dusky-brown streak along upper margin. (Eastern Peru and adjacent parts of Bolivia. ) Leucolepis medulator (extralimital )¢ bb. Auricular region brown, margined above by a broad stripe of cinnamon-buff. (Eastern Ecuador; eastern Peru ?)-.---.---- Leucolepis salvini (extralimital) ¢ The forms characterized above fall into four groups, which probably represent specific types, the others differing in minor particulars and therefore doubtless representing geographic forms or subspecies. « Cyphorinus dichrous Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 492, pl. 41 (Remedios, Province of Antioquia, Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 294. I have not seen this form. b Cyphorinus phxocephalus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 291 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador; coll. P. L. Sclater); Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Orn., pl. 22; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 292. ¢ Cyphorinus brunnescens Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 293 (Remedios, Province of Antioquia, Colombia; coll. Salvin and Godman). This form I have not seen. One of the supposed characters given in the original description fails in the light of a specimen of L. phxocephalus, from Guayaquil, which has the primary coverts barred. The form seems to be a connectant between L. pheocephalus and L. lawrencii. @ Thryothorus modulator D’ Orbigny, Voy. Amér. Mérid., Ois., 1839, 230 (Bolivia).— Cyphorinus modulator Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 63; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 291, pl. 18, fig. 2.—Sarochalinus rufogularis Des Murs, in Castel- nau’s Voy., 1855, 49, pl. 17, fig. 2. This form I have not seen. ¢ Cyphorinus salvini Sharpe,,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 292, pl. 18, fig. 1 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador; coll. Brit. Mus. ). The U. S. National Museum possesses the skin of a young but full-grown bird from the headwaters of the Huallaga River, eastern Peru, which seems to be referable to this species, haying the brown auriculars and conspicuous buffy stripe along side of occiput and nape, as described and figured by Sharpe. Without comparison with 4 young example of L, salvini, however, the identification is uncertain. i ee BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 673 According to this view of their relationships their nomenclature would be as follows: 1. Leucolepis thoracicus. a. Leucolepis thoracicus thoracicus. b. Leucolepis thoracicus dichrous. 2. Leucolepis pheocephalus. a. Leucolepis phxocephalus phxocephalus. b. Leucolepis phxocephalus brunnescens. c. Leucolepis pheocephalus lawrencii. 3. Leucolepis modulator, . Leucolepis salvini. = LEUCOLEPIS LAWRENCII (Sclater). LAWRENCE’S MUSICIAN WREN, Adult male.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain rich warm-sepia brown, sometimes with very indis- tinct narrow bars of dusky, especially on back; wings and tail rather lighter or clearer brown (the secondaries sometimes decidedly more rufescent), the remiges and rectrices distinctly barred with black, the greater wing-coverts more narrowly (sometimes very indistinctly) barred with dusky; auricular, suborbital, and malar regions, throat, chest, and anterior portion of sides of neck, uniform bright chestnut or ferruginous-chestnut, the whole chin“ and supraloral region some- times also of this color;’ sides of neck (except near auricular region) and sides of chest and breast lighter brown than upper parts, becom- ing darker and richer (nearly mummy brown) on flanks; median portion of breast and abdomen brownish gray; under tail-coverts deep russet or russet-brown, sometimes with darker bars and paler tips; bill black or dusky, the under side of mandible more or less exten- sively light colored; iris brown; legs and feet dark brownish; length (skins), 105-128 (135.6); wing, 62.5-67.5 (65.2); tail, 29.5-33.5 (81.3); culmen, from base, 18.5-20.5 (19.6); tarsus, 22.5-25.5 (24.2); middle toe, 15.5-18.5 (17.2).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the male, and not always distinguishable, but averaging slightly lighter brown above and with median under parts paler (sometimes pale buffy gray or grayish buff); length (skins), 110.5-222 (113.6); wing, 59-66 (62.4); tail, 26.5-33 (29.7); culmen, «Usually, but by no means always, the chin is dusky, at least laterally, as are also the anterior portion of the malar region and the anterior margin of the auricular region. Sometimes the chestnut not only occupies the supraloral region, but extends, narrowly, over the eyes, and sometimes the forehead is more or less strongly tinged with chestnut. ¢ Six specimens. 10884—voL 3—03——43 674 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSDIUM. - from base, 17-19.5 (18.3); tarsus, 21-24 (22.9); middle toe, 16-19 (17.2).4 Young.—Similar to adults, but texture of plumage much more lax, blackish bars on wings and tail more irregular and less sharply defined, and back and scapulars always (?¢) narrowly barred with dusky. Isthmus of Panama (Chepo; Lion Hill; Panama; Nata-Coclé), east- ern Costa Rica (Talamanca; Valza; Angostura; Pacuare; Matina), eastern Nicaragua (Los Sabalos; Santo Domingo, Chontales’), and southeastern Honduras (Segovia River). Cyphorhinus cantans (not Turdus cantans Gmelin) Lawrences, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 293 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.). Cyphorinus lawrenctti LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 1863, 5 (Lion Hill Station, Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence; ex Sclater, manuscript) .— Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 113 (Lion Hill).—Sciarer and Satvyin, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 345 (Lion Hill); Exotic Orn., pt. ili, 1867, 41, pl. 21 (Chepo, Isthmus Panama); Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873, 6.—Satvi1n and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 75 (Angostura and Valza, Costa Rica; Lion Hill and Chepo, Panama R. R.).—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 294 (Panama; Chepo).—Nutrinec, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 398 (Los Sdbalos, Nicaragua; habits). [ Cyphorinus] lawrencii ScLaTER and Sauvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 6. Cyphorinus lawrencei LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 92 (Angostura, Costa Rica) .—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 3; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105; Anal. Mus. Nac., Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 (Pacuare and Matina, Costa Rica). [ Cyphorhinus] lawrencei Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 193, no. 2660. Cyphorhinus lawrenctti Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 585 (Segovia River, Honduras).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 27 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.). (2?) Cyphorinus richardsoni Sauvry, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. vi, Mar. 1, 1893, p. xxxii (Santo Domingo, Chontales, Nicaragua; coll. Salvin and Godman); Ibis, sixth ser., v, Apr., 1893, 263 (do.).? @Ten specimens. Specimens from difierent localities compare in average measurements as follows: | | Culmen, : Locality. Wing. | Tail. from | Tarsus. Middle base. E MALES. \ Five adult males from Isthmus of Panama .....-....--.---- | 64.9 31.1 | 19.5 23.9 | 17 One adult male from eastern Costa Rica (Talamanca) ...--- 66.5 | 32.5 | 20 25.5 18 FEMALES. Six adult females from Isthmus of Panama......-.-.--.---- | 62.8| 29.5 ‘ 18.1 23 17.3 Three adult females from eastern Costa Rica (Talamanea, 2) | and Nicarasuar Gos Sabaloswi)sse sera eeeee ee oer eee 62.8 | 30.5 19.5 23.3 17.3 One adult female from southern Honduras (Segovia R.) ...... | OO valine 29, 17 21 16 ®In view of the fact that specimens from Los Sdbalos on the San Juan River and from the Segovia River, Honduras, are not distinguishable from Panama specimens, that some specimens from the Isthmus of Panama have the supraloral region chest- nut, and that the range of individual variation in shades of color is considerable among specimens from any one locality, I feel reasonably sure that the supposed new form from Chontales, named Cyphorhinus richardsoni by Salvin and Godman, was based on an individual or seasonal variation of the present bird. ———s ee BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 675 Family CINCLIDZ. THE DIPPERS. Aquatic, slender-billed, *ten-primaried” acutiplantar Oscines, with plump body, short tail, short and very concave wings; rather long booted tarsi; plumage very compact, soft, and underlaid with down, and feathers of the anterior portion of the head short and dense, with- out the usual bristly tips, even the rictal bristles being absent. Bill much shorter than head, slender, much compressed; culmen nearly straight for most of its length, more or less concave subbasally, the tip rather abruptly decurved; gonys nearly straight, ascending terminally, its base forming a distinct angle decidedly anterior to anterior end of nostril; tomia nearly straight, that of the maxilla dis- tinctly notched subterminally, both being sometimes indistinctly ser- rate or nicked for terminal half (except in South American species only?). Nostril very narrow, longitudinal, opening as a narrow slit in the lower edge of the nasal fossee, overhung by a broad membrane- ous operculum; feathering of lores and frontal anti not bristly, but soft and dense, the latter advancing on sides of the maxilla to about the middle of the nasal fosse. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing short, very concave beneath, with tip comparatively long and _ stiff, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than two-thirds the length of the tarsus; ninth, eighth, and seventh, or eighth, seventh, and sixth, primaries longest, the ninth sometimes nearly equal to eighth, sometimes shorter than fifth, the tenth much less than half, sometimes less than one-third, as long as ninth. Tail decidedly more than half as long as wing, even or slightly rounded, the rectrices broad and rounded at tip. Tarsus décidedly longer than middle toe with claw, more than one-third as long as wing, the acrotarsium booted, except extreme lower portion; lateral toes equal in length, reaching to penultimate joint of middle toe, their claws falling short of base of middle claw; hallux about as long as lateral toes, but much stouter, its claw much shorter than the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe with its basal half united to outer toe, a little less to inner toe; claw of middle toe with its inner edge more or less produced, some- times slightly nicked or pectinate. Head, neck, and body covered with down; plumage very dense though soft. Coloration.—Colors plain, gray or brown predominating, this never relieved by bars or other conspicuous markings, though parts of the plumage are sometimes squamately marked with darker margins to the feathers; throat and breast, pileum, or part of back sometimes white; sexes alike, but young different in color from adults, being much paler below. Nidiyication.—Nest a bulky oven-shaped mass of green moss with opening in one side, placed among rocks near waterfalls, usually in contact with their spray. Eggs immaculate white. 676 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Pange.—Mountain districts of Palearctic Region and western Amer- ica (Alaska to Argentina). ; The Dippers are apparently allied to both the Thrushes and the Wrens, perhaps more nearly to the latter, to which they bear a closer resemblance in their abbreviated form and the character of their nest and eggs, though they differ in their booted tarsi (in which they agree with the Thrushes), more pointed wing, and other characters. In their aquatic habits and covering of down they differ from all other Passerine birds. They are found only in mountainous or hilly districts, where they frequent swift, rocky streams, in which they seek their food, consist- ing of water insects and the spawn of fishes. They are at home in the water, under which they propel themselves by motion of their wings; in short, they fly through the water as readily as through the air. Their nest is a domed structure, usually placed behind or near a water- fall, covered with moss, and kept green by the spray which constantly moistens it. The distribution of the family is peculiar. It occurs in Europe and temperate Asia, through western North America, and thence south- ward through the Andes Mountains to the southern. part of South America. Only one genus is recognized, six species of which (nearly one-half of those known) are found in America, all of them peculiar. Genus CINCLUS Borkhausen. Cinclus BorKHAUSEN, Deutsche Fauna, i, 1797, 300. (Type, C. hydrophilus Bork- hausen, =Sturnus cinclus Linneeus. ) Aquatilis Monracun, Orn. Dict., Suppl. Cat., 1818, 2. (Type, Cinclus aquaticus Bechstein. ) Hydrobata Vreituor, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., i, 1816, 219. (Type, H. albicollis Vieillot. ) Hydrichlad Bitupere, Synop. Faunze Scand., i, pt. 2, 1828, 75. (Type, Sturnus cinclus Linneeus. ) The characters of this genus are those of the Family Cinclide, as given on page 675. KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CINCLUS. a. No white on inner webs of remiges. (North American species. ) b. Under parts not white. c. Under parts plain slate-gray or ash gray, or with feathers narrowly margined at tips with whitish. — d. Head and neck distinctly brown; upper parts slate color, under parts slate- eray. 5 e. Darker, with head and neck deep sepia brown. (Mountains of Mexico and Guatemala.) ......--.. Cinclus mexicanus mexicanus, adults (p. 677) ee. Paler, with head and neck grayish brown. (Mountains of western North America, from New Mexico, Arizona, and California to Alaska. ) Cinclus mexicanus unicolor, adults (p. 679) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 677 dd. Wead and neck not brown, but nearly concolor with rest of plumage; upper parts slate-gray, under parts ash gray. (Highlands of Costa Rica AMG PICU), © 2 oe 2 Asa ee Cinclus ardesiacus, adults (p. 681) ec. Under parts mottled with whitish or pale rusty. d. Under parts mottled with whitish, the throat mostly (sometimes entirely) C2 a a ae ea Cinclus mexicanus unicolor, young (p. 679) dd. Under parts mottled with pale rusty, cinnamon or fawn color, the throat without white. --.-.5. J... Cinclus mexicanus mexicanus, young (p. 678) bb. Under parts white (becoming light gray on sides and flanks) . Cinclus ardesiacus, young (p. 682) aa. Inner webs of remiges with a large white patch. (South American species. ) 6. Head mostly white; no rufous. c. Under parts of body slate color or sooty; no white on back (except concealed streaks) . d. General color brownish slate. (Mountains of Santa Marta, Colombia. ) Cinclus rivularis (extralimital )@ dd. General color very dark brownish sooty. (Mountains of Bolivia and ROL) eee eet eee a eee eee Se Cinclus leucocephalus (extralimital)? cc. Under parts of body white, except sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts; back with a white patch. (Mountains of Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. ) Cinclus leuconotus (extralimital) ¢ bb. No white on head; throat rufous. (Mountains of Argentina. ) Cinclus schulzi (extralimital )@ CINCLUS MEXICANUS MEXICANUS Swainson MEXICAN DIPPER. Adults in spring and summer.—Head and neck plain sepia brown, darker on the pileum, paler on chin and throat; rest of plumage (except larger wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices) plain dull slate color, the under parts slightly paler and more brownish, anteriorly gradually merging into the brown of foreneck; greater wing-coverts, alula, primary coverts, remiges, and rectrices dull blackish slate or dusky margined with slate color; larger under wing-coverts, longer under tail-coverts, and (at least in more early spring specimens) feathers of lower abdomen and posterior flanks margined terminally with grayish white or brownish white; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet light horn brownish (in dried skins). @Cinclus rivularis Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, Nov. 11, 1899, 105 (Chirua, province of Santa Marta, Colombia, 7,000 feet alt.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). » Cinclus leucocephalus Tschudi, in Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1844, 279.— Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 60.—Salvin, Ibis, 1867, 121 (monogr. ).—Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 321. ¢ Cinclus leuconotus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 274 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 10, pl. 2.—Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 60.—Salvin, Ibis, 1867, 122 (monogr.).—Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 320. @ Cinclus schulzi Cabanis, Ornith. Centralb., vii, 1882, 182 (Cerro Vayo de Tucu- man, Argentina; coll. Berlin Mus.?); Journ. fir Orn., 1883, 102, pl. 2, fig. 8. —Sclater and Hudson, Argentine Orn., i, 1888, 11, pl. 2. 678 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but feathers of nearly all under parts more or less distinctly (always narrowly) margined with whitish, the larger wing-coverts and tertials (sometimes also secondaries, innermost primaries, and rec- trices) also narrowly margined at tips with white, a narrow whitish mark on each eyelid, and the bill horn brownish. Young in jirst autumn and winter.—Very similar to adults of cor- responding season and perhaps not always distinguishable, but usu- ally (7) with the whitish markings more distinct. Young (first plumage).—Similar to autumnal and winter adults, but under parts strongly suffused or indistinctly streaked with cinnamon- buff or fawn color, and without whitish terminal margins to the feathers; brown of head and neck (especially on chin and throat) less pronounced; larger wing-coverts, narrowly tipped with light brownish gray instead of whitish, and white terminal margins of remiges much narrower, sometimes obsolete. Adult male (?).—Length (skins), 160-178 (177); wing, 87-92 (90); tail, 48-52 (49.3); exposed culmen, 17-18 (17.5); tarsus, 28-31 (29.3); middle toe, 20-22.5 (21.5).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 157-174 (165); wing, 82-89 (86); tail, 43-50 (46.7); exposed culmen, 16-17 (16.2); tarsus, 28-29 (28.6); middle toe, 19.5-21 (20).? Mountains of Mexico and Guatemala northward to States of Sonora (Chuchuichupa) and Chihuahua (Barranca, Jesus Maria, etc.). High- lands of Costa Rica? Cinclus mexicanus SwAINson, Philos. Mag., new ser., li, May, 1827, 368 (Temas- caltepec, Mexico; coll. Bullock Mus.).—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 362 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 10, part (in syno- nymy).—Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 60, part (Jalapa).—Satvin, Ibis, 1867, 120, part (monogr.).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 544 (temperate and alpine regions Vera Cruz, 1,000 to 2,500 meters ).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 25, part (Mexico).—Batrp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 56, part (Mexico; Guatemala).—Covurs, Birds N. W., 1874, 10, part (Mexico; in synonymy); Birds Col. Val., 1878, 89, part (do.).— Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 44 (Tierra Fria and Temiscaltepec, Mexico; Oaxaca; Jalapa, etc., Vera Cruz; ridge above Toto- nicapam, Guatemala).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 317, part (Mexico; Guatemala).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 701, part (Mexico; Guatemala) .—(?) Cuerrie, Auk, viii, 1891, 895 (moun- tains of Costa Rica; common ¢ ).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 41 (Chuchuichapa, Sonora). Cinclus mexicanus? SAVIN, Ibis, 1866, 190 (ridge above Totonicapam, Guatemala, 10,000 ft. alt.) . «Three specimens; one with sex not determined (from Jalapa, Vera Cruz; no. 39749, coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). bSix specimens, from Chihuahua (Barranca, Jesus Maria) and Sonora (Chuchui- chupa) . ¢No Costa Rican specimens seen by me. Possibly they represent a different form. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 679 [ Cinelus] mexicanus ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 3. C[inelus] mexicanus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 255, part (Mexico; Guatemala) ; 5th ed., i, 1903, 260, part.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 538, part (Mexico; Guatemala). [ Cinclus mevicanus] var. mexicanus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 56, part. [Hydrobata] mexicana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 267, no. 3905, part. CINCLUS MEXICANUS UNICOLOR (Bonaparte). AMERICAN DIPPER. Similar to C. m. mexicanus, but paler, with color of head and neck decidelly less brown; young with under parts very much paler, exten- sively suffused or mottled with buffy white or very pale cinnamon- buff, the chin and throat mainly (sometimes entirely) white or buffy white; under wing-coverts with much more white (mostly of this color). Adult male.—Length (skins), 155-192 (173); wing, 83-100 (90.9); tail, 43-56 (49.1); exposed culmen, 16-19 (17.3); tarsus, 25-81 (28.8); prdals toe, 18-23.5 (21.3).¢ Adult female. Length (skins), 148-182 (166.9); wing, T9-92 (89.1) tail, 41-55 (46.7); exposed culmen, 16-18 (17.2); tarsus, 26-3 30 (27.9); middle toe, 18.5-22 (19.9).? Mountains of western North America, from Rocky Mountains (includ- ing Black Hills of South Dakota) to the Pacific coast, and from the «Twenty-two specimens. bTwenty-five specimens. Series from different geographic areas average respectively as follows: 1 Locality. Wing. | Tee eee Tarsus. aaa culmen. ee = Stine - =r _ ea/fets an ie MALES. | Nine adultimsales from Califormia ....-.....- 0c. .ceccesneces 89.5 | 47.9 | 17.4 29.3 21.3 Three adult males from Vancouver Island and southern RIE Siem ener en ee ns ae NE ta os Soe 86.3 | 49 Tz, 2 28.3 21 Four adult males from Alaska (north and west of peninsula) 89.7, 48.8 16.7 28 20.2 Six adult males from Rocky Mountains (Montana to New PUR REKTAO eee afar Ae ee sala Soah win ona Sa nu oee se acwbewsan | 96.1) 51.5 | Nien 30.3 22.3 FEMALES. | Ten adult females from California ...............-...2------ ARPES ae a 17 27.7 19.8 One adult female from Nevada. ..... 2... ..ce ces cencecseeces 83 44 16 26.5 20 One adult female from eastern Oregon (Fort Klamath)..... 89 52 16.5 28 21 One adult female from British Columbia.................... S4 48 17:5 28 20 Four adult females from Alaska (north and west of penin- BE eee ee teen nich fais ao nastscnuns deena esuceeecane 86.5 | 47.6 17.5 28 20.1 Eight adult females from Rocky Mountains (Montana to ema esac Fa Lak ie Sa 88.5} 47.6 17.4] 28.4] 21.2 I have not been able to satisfy myself as to any difference in colorafion, though possibly those from the Pacific coast (which are smaller than those from the Rocky Mountain district) are slightly darker, with the head and neck less distine tly brownish. 680 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mexican boundary (western Texas to southern California), and north- ern Lower California to northern Alaska. (Resident throughout, even in Alaskan localities.) Cinclus pallasii (not of Temminck) Bonaparts, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 439; Zool. Journ., ii, 1827, 52; Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 173, pl. 16, fig. 1. Cinclus Inexicanus (not of Swainson, 1827) Sctarrpr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 10, part (New Mexico).—Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 60, part.—Sanvin, Ibis, 1867, 120, part (monogr.).—Covrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, xviii, 1866, 66 (Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 19; 2d ed., 1882, no. 30; Birds N. W., 1874, 10; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 89; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 552 (Chief Mountain Lake, Montana).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 25.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 148 (Colorado City), 161 (Mount Lincoln, Colorado), 166 (Ogden, Utah), 174 (Utah; Colorado ).— Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 671, 713 (Ogden, Utah; Mystic Lake, Montana; habits; descr. nest); Auk, xi, 1894, 258 (20 m. s. of Monterey, California; several pairs, Mar. ).—Daut, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1873 (Unalaska I., Alaska).-—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 56, pl. 5, fig. 1—Yarrow and HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 6 (Provo, etc., Utah; habits).—HEnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 40 (Utah; resident), 98 (White Mts., Arizona; Tulerosa, New Mexico), 155 (Arizona); Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 227 (Mount Whitney, California); Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 159 (Provo R., Utah, White Mts., Arizona, Diamond Creek, New Mexico, and El Paso Co., Colorado; habits).—Ripeaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 406 (localities in Nevada and Utah; habits); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 19.—Brupine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 397 (Calaveras Co., California; habits).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 39 (deser. young); vii, 1882, 76 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona; habits).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 44, part. —Mz1nor, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 224 (Boulder Co., Colorado; habits; descr. nest).—SHaARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 317, part.—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 86 (San Juan Co., Colorado, resident; habits).—Wuuitams, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 118 (Gold Run, Montana; descr. nest).—Turner, Auk, ii, 1885, 157 (Nearer Islands, Alaska, 1 spec., Aug.).—BaTcHELDER, Auk, ii, 1885, 234 (Las Vegas, New Mexico; habits).—AmeErIcaN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 701.—Townsenp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 225 (McCloud R., ete., California; habits).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val>, 1888, 264 (Nebraska, ‘‘abundant in Otoe Co.;’’@ Black Hills, Dakota); Bull. 37, Col. State Agric. Coll., 1897, 118 (Colorado, 8,000 ft. upward in summer); Bull. 44, 1898, 169 (Boulder, Clear Creek, etc., Colorado, and upward to 11,500 ft.).—Brnprre, Auk, vi, 1889, 75 (descr. peculiar nest from Boulder, Colorado).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 151 (Ducks, British Columbia ).—F anni, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 42.—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 72.—MurcHeti, Auk, xv, 1898, 310 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding chiefly above 8,000 ft. ).—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 6, 1900, 58 (Kowak Valley, Alaska); Condor, ili, 1901, 22 (Kadiak), 23 (lak Lake, Prince William Sound).—BisHor, North Am. Fauna, no. 10, 1900, 92 (Glacier and Unalaska, Alaska).—OsGoop, North «Otoe County, Nebraska, is in the extreme eastern portion of the State, bordering the Missouri River; it is in the prairie region, a country different as possible from that inhabited by the present species. It therefore seems almost certain that an error has been made in the record cited. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 681 Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 80 (near Hope, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska).— Baruey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. 8., 1902, 432. [ Cinclus] mexicanus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 77. C[inclus] mexicanus Hexsnuaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1879, 287 (e. slope Sierra Nevada; habits).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 255, part; 5th ed., i, 1903, 260, part.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 538, part. [ Cinclus mexicanus] var. mexicanus Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 56, part. Cinclus mexicana ALLEN, Am. Nat., v, 1872, 396. Hydrobata mexicana Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 229; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 164.—Hernry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—XaAnrtus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 190 (Fort Tejon, California).—Coorrer and Suckiry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 175 (localities in Washington; habits; descr. nest).—Buaxisron, Ibis, 1863, 60 (Athabasca R.).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).—Da i and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., = eee 277 (Nulato, Alaska, Jan., Feb., Mar.).—AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1872, 194 (Sherman, Wyoming). [ Hydrobata] mexicana Gray, Hand-list, = 1869, 267, no. 3905, part. Oinclus unicolor BoNAPARTE, Zool. Journ., 11, 1827, 52, in text eet Athabasca, Athabasca “); Geog. and Comp. ie ie 18; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 252. H[ydrobata] unicolor Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 215. Cinclus americanus SWAINSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 173 (Rocky Mts., British America).—Nutrratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 569.—AvupDUBON, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 493; v, 1839, 303, pls. 370, 435: Synopsis, 1839, 86; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 182, pl. i eee, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, 114 (Rocky Mts. ).—McCatt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1851, 216 (Texas).—HrrerMann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1853, 264 (California; habits); Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., x, 1859, 44 (n. California; Tejon Pass, s. California).—Hernry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 310 (New Mexico).—Newserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., vi, 1857, 80 (Cascade Mts., Oregon; habits). C[inclus] americanus GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1847, 48 (Rocky Mts.). Cinclus mortont Townsend, Narrative, Apr., 1839, 339 (‘‘near Fort McLoughlin, on the n. w. coast of America, in latitude about 49° N.;’’ cites Audubon’s Birds of America, iv, pl. 435). Cinclus townsendi ‘‘Audubon’”’ Townsenp, Narrative, Apr., 1839, 340 (vicinity of Fort Vancouver, Washington). CINCLUS ARDESIACUS Salvin. COSTA RICAN DIPPER. Similar to C. mexicanus, but smaller, with general color lighter and clearer gray, head less brown, and young with under parts mostly white. Adults (sexes alike). —Pileum and loral region brownish slate color; rest of upper parts plain slate-gray, gradually shading on hindneck into the darker and browner color of pileum; larger wing-coverts, «* Tnhabits near the Rocky mountains, on the Athapescow Lake, probably [also] northeastern Asia.”’ 682 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. remiges, and rectrices dull blackish slate or slate-black, margined with slate-gray (these edgings obsolete on primaries and rectrices in worn plumage); sides of head similar in color to pileum, but slightly paler, relieved by a whitish mark on each eyelid; malar region, chin, and throat plain light brownish gray (drab-gray), gradually darkening above into the deeper color of auriculars, etc., posteriorly changing gradually into the clear light gray (nearly no. 6) of the under parts, of which the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts are slightly darker (nearly as dark as upper parts), the longer under tail-coverts indis- tinctly tipped with pale brownish or dull brownish white; bill black in breeding season, more brownish at other seasons; iris brown; legs and feet pale brownish (in dried skins).@ Young.—Color of upper parts as in adults, but pileum gray, like back, etc, and larger (middle and greater) wing-coverts and tertials narrowly tipped with whitish; under parts dull white (the feathers pale gray beneath the surface), the sides and flanks pale gray; bill horn brownish, with basal half of mandible paler; legs and feet pale brown- ish yellow (in dried skins). Adult male.—Length (skins), 148-178 (162.7); wing, 81-88 (85); tail, 39-47.5 (44.5); exposed culmen, 16.5-17 (16.7); tarsus, 30-382 (31.2); middle toe, 21.5-22 (21.7).° . Adult female.—Length (skins), 149-161 (154); wing, 79-85 (81); tail, 40-45 (42.2); exposed culmen, 17-18 (17.5); tarsus, 29.5-31 (30.6); middle toe, 20.5-22 (21.3).¢ Mountains of Costa Rica (Dota Mountains), Chiriqui (Volean de Chiriqui; Boquete), and Veragua (Cordillera de Tolé). Cinclus ardesiacus SALVIN, Ibis, 2d ser., ili, Jan., 1867, 121, pl. 2 (Cordillera de Tolé, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 134 (Cordillera de Tolé; crit.).—LAwreEnce, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 92 (Dota Mts., Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 290 (Dota Mts.).— Satyrin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 45.—SHarprE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, 1881, 319.—ZrLepon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 2; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 (Santa Maria de Dota).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 51 ( Volean de Chiriqui, 4,000 to 7,500 ft., and Boquete, Chiriqui). [Cinclus] ardesiacus ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 3. Clinclus] ardesiacus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 538. [Cinclus mexicanus] var. ardesiacus Batrp, BREWrER, and Ripeaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 56. ; | Hydrobata] ardesiaca Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 267, no. 3911. «In one specimen, from Boquete, Chiriqui, the legs and feet are black, the color being pale brownish, as usual, in six other skins obtained at the same time in the same locality. bThree specimens. eSix specimens. _ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 683 Family CHAM.HIDZ. THE WREN-TITS. Small sub-terrestrial ‘‘ten-primaried” acutiplantar Oscines with the bill much shorter than middle toe without claw, compressed, and strongly curved above; nostrils exposed, operculate; rictal bristles distinct; tarsus much longer than middle toe and claw (nearly twice as long as middle toe without claw); wing short (little more than twice as long as tarsus), excessively rounded, the ninth primary very much shorter than secondaries, the eighth about equal to the first; tail much longer than wing, graduated for more than one-third its length; plumage very lax, of plain uniform colors. Bill much shorter than head (length from rictus about equal to mid- dle toe without claw), its greatest depth equal to a little less than half the length of the exposed culmen, its width at base decidedly greater than its depth, but in middle portion (at anterior end of nasal fossee) the width much less than the depth; culmen strongly curved; mavxil- lary tomium faintly concave for anterior half, without perceptible subterminal notch; gonys faintly convex, its basal angle directly beneath the anterior end of the nasal fossxe; nasal fosse very large, reaching more than one-third the distance from frontal anti to tip of maxilla, entirely unfeathered; nostrils large, occupying lower and lower-anterior portion of nasal fossee, overhung by a broad, convex operculum which (as in Certhiidee) does not reach to anterior end of nasal fosse. Rictal bristles well developed, the latero-frontal bristles less so, although the longer ones reach quite to the anterior end of the nostrils; feathers of chin and upper throat terminated by distinct though fine bristles. Wing rather short, very much rounded; fifth, fourth, and third primaries longest, the tenth about half as long as eighth, the latter about as long as secondaries, the ninth very much shorter. Tail much longer than wing, graduated for nearly half its length, but the two middle pairs of rectrices about equal in length, the third pair but little shorter; rectrices rather narrow, of nearly equal but slightly increasing width to the rounded tip. Tarsus very long (nearly half as long as wing, about one-third as long as tail); acrotarsium encroaching but little on outer side of tarsus, divided into eight segments, of which the third, fourth, and fifth, from above, are much the longest, each being about equal in length to the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; middle toe, without claw, more than half as long as tarsus, its basal phalanx adherent for half its length to outer toe, for slightly less to inner toe; outer toe slightly longer than inner, its claw scarcely reaching to base of middle claw, that of the inner toe falling decidedly short; hallux about equal in length to inner toe but much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit. 684 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Coloration.—Plain olive or olive-brown above, sometimes becoming grayish on head; beneath buffy or cinnamomeous, obsoletely streaked anteriorly with grayish; plumage very lax, the pileum subcrested. Nidification.—Nest in low bushes, of the usual open or cup-shaped type, lined with hairs; eges (8 to 5) plain pale blue. Range.—California and coast of Oregon. (Monotypic.) Although the characters of the single genus which constitutes this family are in the main intermediate between those of the Paride and 'Troglodytide they are not all so, and there can be no question that it isan isolated type and should, to have consistent rank with other Oscine groups, be regarded as a distinct family. This is clearly the case so far as American and European groups are concerned; but it is possible that some so-called ‘‘Timeliine” form of central or south- ern Asia may be found to be nearly related. The osteological structure of Chamea has been carefully studied both by Dr. Shufeldt“ and Mr. Lucas,’ and they agree that of the sey- eral genera belonging to the Paride and Troglodytide with which they compared it, ° Chamea comes nearest in its osteological charac- ters to Psaltriparus. Mr. Lucas summarizes the results of his inves- tigations as follows: Craniologically Chamea is much like Psaltriparus, and in those points in which Psaltriparus differs from Parus, by just so much does it approach Chama. This bird has an open interorbital septum, a large cardiform vacuity at the exit of the olfactory nerves, no maxillo-premaxillary nor cranio-facial hinge, elongate ellip- tical narial openings, and the external process of the nasal continued but a short distance along the premaxillary. All these characters, save the last, are found in the Wrens as well as in Psaltriparus, and probably in numberless other Passeres and simply illustrate the great similarity of structure obtaining in the order. In the Wrens, the external process of the nasal runs nearly the entire length of the narial opening, there is usually a small, laminar lachrymal present, and the maxillo-palatines have a peculiar hamate form and are nonpneumatic. In Chama, as in the Paridx, the maxillo-palatines are pneumatic although the shape of these processes differs in the two groups. The shoulder’ girdle of Chama is extremely feeble, the keel of the sternum being lower than in Psaltriparus minimus, and the wing much shorter than in Parus carolinensis. The distinctions between the shoulder girdle of Chamexa and the Titmice are teleo- logical rather than morphological, and this is equally true of the same parts in the Wrens and Titmice, the Wrens being narrow-chested, weak-armed birds, while the Tits are sturdy, full-chested, and strong-armed. Like the Wrens Chama has the ridge running upward from the coracoid almost «On the position of Chama in the System. By R.W. Shufeldt: Journ. of Morph., iii, no. 3, 475-502. (See Allen, The Auk, vii, 1890, 278.) b Notes on the Osteology of the Paridee, Sitta, and Chama. By Frederic A. Lucas, Assistant Curator of the Department of Comparative Anatomy. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 337-345, pl. 27. ¢Dr. Shufeldt included in his comparison also the genera Certhia, Regulus, Poliop- tila, and Accentor. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 685 obsolete, and this is a point of some value, its presence or absence apparently haying nothing to do with power of flight. The coracoid of Chamxa seems unusually long, but the length is apparent, and not real, being due to the smaller size of the associated parts. The sacrum of Chama, like that of the Paridie, is broad and deeply pitted, but here similarity between the pelvic girdles of the two ceases. Viewed from above the pelvis of Chama is anteriorly narrow and posteriorly con- tracted, as in Wrens, possessing the characteristic angular aspect peculiar to the pelvis of that group. Viewed laterally the dorsal outline of the pelvis is alike decurved in Chamzxa and the Wrens, the dorsal outline of the pelvis in the Paride—as in the Thrushes—being much straighter. ; The renal fosse in Chama ave shaped as in the Wrens, being more sharply trian- gular than in the Paride. In proportionate length of hind limb Chamza surpasses any of the Wrens and greatly exceeds any Titmouse. The tibia and tarsus of Chama are as long as the corresponding bones in Campy- lorhynchus, and but for the shorter femur of Chama the hind limbs of the two birds would be of the same length, although Campylorhynchus is almost one-half the longer of the two, and certainly four times as heavy. In the arrangement of the phalangeal articular facets Chamewa is wren-like, the second and fourth being in the same plane, while in Paridx the second is above the fourth. Chama is characterized by a considerable development of the pro-cnemial ridge, this probably bearing some relation to its ground-haunting habits; still the amount of development of the pro and ectocnemial ridges is variable, both among the Wrens and Tits. It appears, then, that in its cranial characters Chamxa is much like Psaltriparus, while the shoulder girdle is slightly and the pelvic girdle decidedly wren-like. Dr. Shufeldt’s conclusion that Chama finds its nearest relative in Psaltriparus was therefore more correct than my own, that Chama belonged with the Wrens, and I can only say that at the time I ventured this opinion Psaltriparus was not available. On the other hand, none of the characters shown in the skeleton of Chamxa seems sufficient to warrant placing the genus either with the Wrens or Tits, but rather bear out the intermediate position indicated in the name of Wren-Tit. The Wren-Tits consist of a single monotypic genus peculiar to the Pacific coast district of the United States. The single species is a small terrestrial bird, living in the dense scrub or ‘* chapparal” of hill- sides and lower mountain slopes, building its open-topped nest on or near the ground and laying three to five eggs of a uniform greenish blue color. The male is said to have a very sweet trilling song. The Chameide have long had the distinction of being the only family of Passerine birds peculiar to the continent of North America, or Nearctic Region. Genus CHAMAZA Gambel. Chamzxa % GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, Feb., 1847, 154. (Type, C. fas- ciata Gambel.) (See also Gambel, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Sept., 1847, 286; Ann. and Mag. N. H., xx, 1847, 441, 442; Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, Dec., 1847, 34.) Chamoea (emendation) Bonararte, Compt. Rend., xxxi, 1850, 479. a** Xawai, on the ground,” 686 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The characters of this genus are given in detail under the heading of Family Chameeide, on page 683. But one species is known, this differentiated into several more gr less strongly marked forms in dif ferent climatological areas of its range. KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF CHAMZ#A FASCIATA. a. Darker, the back, etc., sepia brown or sooty, the under parts ruddy cinnamon. b. Darker, the back dark sepia brown or sooty, the under parts deeper vinaceous- cinnamon or fawn color. (Coast of Oregon and northern California, from Yaquina Bay to Humboldt Bay.) -._.......--- Chamea fasciata phea (p. 689) bb. Paler, the back clearer sepia brown, the under parts lighter vinaceous-cinna- mon. (Central coast district of California, in Marin, San Francisco, San Mateo, and Santa Clara counties. )........--- Chamea fasciata rufula (p. 688) aa. Paler, the back, ete., more grayish brown, the under parts pale buffy cinnamon, pale vinaceous-cinnamon, or pale grayish buff. ). Darker, the back, etc., browner, the cinnamomeous color of under parts deeper. (Central interior district of California along southern and eastern shores of San Francisco Bay and up the lower Sacramento Valley as far as Sacramento. ) Chamea fasciata fasciata (p. 686) bb. Paler, the back, etc., grayer, the cinnamomeous color of under parts paler and grayer or more buffy. (Interior districts of California, except lower Sac- ramento Valley and vicinity of San Francisco Bay, and southern coast dis- trict, including adjoining part of Lower California. ) Chamea fasciata henshawi (p. 689) CHAMEA FASCIATA FASCIATA Gambel. WREN-TIT, Adults (sexes alike) in spring and summer.—Above plain brownish olive, the pileum, hindneck, remiges, and rectrices slightly grayer, the last often showing very faint indications of darker transverse bars; sides of head and neck paler grayish olive than pileum and hindneck, the lores considerably paler (sometimes dull whitish) anteriorly; under parts pale buffy cinnamon or dull vinaceous-buff, deepening into drab or buffy drab on sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts, the throat and chest sometimes very faintly streaked with the same; bill horn color, the mandible slightly paler; iris white; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins). Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, and not always distinguishable, but usually with the general color of under parts slightly more vinaceous. Young.—Similar to adults but texture of plumage looser, color of pileum and hindneck less grayish (concolor with that of back) and that of under parts duller and grayer. 3 Adult male.—Length (skins), 145-162 (153); wing, 56-59 (57.9); tail, 77.5-85 (82); culmen, 11-12 (11.6); tarsus, 24.5-26 (25.1); middle toe, 138-15 (13.7).¢ «Ten specimens. ARIE at ree ap (GR re TS OP IT ; cre * Oe eS ge a eee Se ee en oe ye ae ee BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 687 Adult female.—Length (skins), 137-159 (146.5); wing, 54-59 (56.2); tail, 73.5-85 (77.8); culmen, 10.5-11.5 (10.9); tarsus, 24-26 (24.9); middle toe, 13-14.5 (13.7).@ Eastern and southern shores of San Francisco Bay and lower Sac- ramento Valley, in Santa Clara, Alameda, Contra Costa, Solano ?,? San Joaquin, Sacramento, and Yolo ?,? counties, California; accidental in Marin County (Nicasio, December 14, 1896). Parus fasciatus GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, Aug., 1845, 265 (Califor- nia; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.¢). Clhamxa] fasciata GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, Dee., 1847, 34 (habits, deser.; notes, etc.).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 262, part.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 566, part. Chamea fasciata GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, Feb., 1847, 154; Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, pl. 8, fig. 3.—(?) Hermann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1853, 264, part (no definite locality ).—Cassry, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1853, 39, part (pl. 7¢ ?).—Bairp Review Am. Birds, 1864, 76, part (‘‘Sacramento Valley’’).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 39, part.— Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 26, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 39, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 108, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 84, part.—BrLpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 402, part (Stockton, resident; song).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 35, part; Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 14, part (synonymy).—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 742, part.—Oscoon, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., xiii, 1899, 41, part (crit.).—(?) Mariurarp, Condor, iii, 1901, 126 (San Benito Co., California, resident ¢).—BaiLey (Florence M. ) Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 459, part. [ Chama] fasciata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 79, part. [ Chamea fasciata] var. fasciata Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, June 5, 1882, 14, part (diagnosis). «Ten specimens. > No specimens of Chamxa seen by me from these two counties. In none of Dr. Gambel’s articles in which this species is mentioned is there the faintest clue to the locality where he discovered the bird. The only one of Dr. Gambel’s specimens extant (assuming that he preserved more than one) is, so far as I have been able to discover, the one in the National Museum collection. This was given to Professor Baird by Dr. T. B. Wilson, of Philadelphia, who received it from Dr. Gambel; hence, it may safely be accepted as the type. This Gambel specimen belongs unquestionably to the form which inhabits the restricted area about the south- ern and eastern shores of San Francisco Bay and the lower Sacramento Valley, and therefore is not, as supposed by Mr. Osgood, the same form as C. f. henshawi, whose error in this respect led Mr. Grinnell to redescribe the form under the name C. f. intermedia. Since the above was written I have received from Mr. Grinnell his type of C. /. intermedia and compared it carefully with Gambel’s type of C. fasciata. The two are very nearly alike, but Gambel’s type is a little paler, a difference which may result from fading, since it is a very old specimen. Compared with typical specimens of C. f. rufula, the type of C. f. intermedia is not only paler but very much less brownish. @ The plate is very deeply colored, and may have been made from an example of C. f. phea or C. f. rufula. € May be C. f. henshawi. 688 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Chamaea fasciata CaBanis, Wiegmann’s Archiy. fiir Naturg., 1848, i, 102.— Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 370, part (Sacramento Valley); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 274, part.—HrrrmMann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 43, part. Chamea fasciata Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 332. Chama fasciata intermedia GRINNELL, Condor, ii, July, 1900, 86 (Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., California; coll. J. Grinnell); Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 71, part (excl. Marin and Sonoma counties).—ALLEn, Auk, xviii, 1901, 178 (reprint of original descr. ).—BatLry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 459, footnote. CHAMAA FASCIATA RUFULA Ridgway. RUDDY WREN-TIT. Similar to C. f. fasciata, but more richly colored, the general color of under parts deep pinkish cinnamon or dull vinaceous-cinnamon, the upper parts darker and browner (back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bistre or sepia). Adult male.—Length (skins), 147-161 (157); wing, 56-60 (57.6); tail, 76-85 (81); culmen, 10-12 (11.4); tarsus, 25-26.5 (25.6); middle toe, 14-15 (14.2).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 147-161 (154); wing, 54-57.5 (55.6); tail, 76-82.5 (79.4); culmen, 11-11.5 (11.2); tarsus, 24-27 (25); middle toe, 18-14.5 (13.6).7 Vicinity of San Francisco Bay, on west slope of Coast Range, in Mendocino, Marin, San Francisco, San Mateo, and Santa Clara coun- ties (probably also in Sonoma and southern portion of Humboldt counties),’ California. Chama fasciata (not of Gambel) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 370, part (Santa Clara, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 274, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 76, part (Santa Clara).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 39, part.—Couegs, Check List, 1873, no. 26, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 39, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 108, part. —Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 84, part, pl. 6, fig. 8 (Santa Clara).—Ripeaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 35, part; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 14, part (in synonymy ).—AmeErRICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 742, part.—Marmuiarp, Condor, ii, 1900, 67 (Marin Co., California, resident). [Chamexa] fasciata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 79, part. C[hamxa] fasciata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 262, part.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 566, part. «The specimens, which are stillin the National Museum collection, are referable to this form. They are doubtless from the lower portion of the Sacramento Valley, probably from near Sacramento or Stockton. >See last paragraph of footnote on p. —. ¢ Eleven specimens. @ Ten specimens. e A specimen from Humboldt Bay, Humboldt County, isintermediate between the present form and ©. f. phxa, but nearer the latter. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 689 [Chama fasciata] var. fasciata Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, June 5, 1882, 14, part (diagnosis). Chamea fasciata pha, part, Osaoon, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., xiii, May 29, 1899, 42 (Niecasio, Marin Co.; Santa Clara; Santa Cruz Mts. ?).—AmErIcAN ORNI- tHoLoaists’ Union Commirrer, Auk, xviii, 1901, 308, part (Marin Co. ).— GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 8, 1902, 71, part (Mendocino Co.). C[hamexa] flasciata] pha Batiry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 460, part (Marin Co. ). Chama fasciata intermedia (not of Grinnell, 1900) GrinneLi, Pacific Coast A vi- fauna, no. 38, 1902, 71, part (Marin and Sonoma counties). Chama fasciata rufula Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 109 (Nicasio, Marin Co., California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). CHAMZZA FASCIATA PHZEA Osgood. DUSKY WREN-TIT. Similar to C. 7. rufula, but still darker, the back, ete., deep sepia brown, the pileum and hindneck nearly clove brown, the general color of under parts deep vinaceous-cinnamon or fawn color, with streaks on throat and chest broader (those on throat nearly black). Adult male.—Length (skins), 145-155 (147.5); wing, 57-59 (57.9); tail, 75-80 (78); culmen, 11-12 (11.4); tarsus, 25-26 (25.2); middle toe, 14-15 (14.2).¢ Adult female. 10.5; tarsus, 28.5; middle toe, 14.5.? Coast district of Oregon (Yaquina Bay) and northern California from mouth of Columbia River to Humboldt Bay.¢ Length (skin), 142; wing, 58; tail, 79.5; calmen, Chama fasciata (not of Gambel) Townsenp (C. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 229 (Humboldt Bay, n. California; song). Chama fasciata phea Oscoon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, May 29, 1899, 42 (type from Newport, Yaquina Bay, Oregon; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. )—Amer- ICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron Commirter, Auk, xviii, 1901, 308, part (check list no. 742b).—GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 71.—FisHER (W. K.), Condor, iv, 1902, 185 (Humboldt and Del Norte counties). Clhamxa] flasciata] phea Battery (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 460, part. CHAMAZA FASCIATA HENSHAWI Ridgway. PALLID WREN-TIT. Similar to C. 7. fasciata, but decidedly paler, the back, scapulars, rump, etc., grayish brown (deep hair brown), the pileum and hind- neck brownish gray (nearly mouse gray or deep smoke gray), and gen- eral color of under parts varying from very pale grayish buff to buffy @ Four specimens. »One specimen. ¢The single specimen examined from Humboldt Bay inclines toward the Nieasio form (C.f. rufula), but is decidedly nearer to C. f. phea. 10884—voL 3—03 44 690 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ecru-drab or pale vinaceous-buff,? fading to nearly white on lower abdomen. Adult male.—Length (skins), 140.5-164.5 (150.5); wing, 57.5-63 (60.7); tail, 73-90.5 (82.4); culmen, 10-11.5 (10.8); tarsus, 23.5-26.5 (25.1); middle toe, 11.5-14.5 (13.4).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 135-154 (146.3); wing, 55-58.5 (56.7); tail, 72-87 (79.4); culmen, 10-12 (10.8); tarsus, 22-26 (24.3); middle toe, 12-14 (13).° Interior valleys and foothills and southern coast district of Califor- nia, from eastern slope of the Coast Range in Napa and Lake counties (Mount St. Helena and Highland Park), northward to Shasta County (Baird), and southward through Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys and western foothills of Sierra Nevada to Kern County (Walkers Basin, Fort Tejon, etc.), thence southward through southern coast district to northwestern Lower Calivornia (Tecate, Nachoguero Valley, «There is considerable variation in the color of the under parts, according to locality, and some in different specimens from the same place; but considering the very great geographic range of the present form compared with that of any other of the species, the coloration is remarkably uniform. Examples from Butte County are quite as pale and gray beneath as those from Walkers Basin (the type locality), but occasional specimens from the southern coast district are nearly as deeply colored beneath as true C. fasciata. » Thirty-four specimens. ¢ Twenty-four specimens. Specimens from different portions of the State compare in average measurements as follows: Locality. Wing. | Tail. |Culmen. Tarsus.| Mi MALES. | Four adult males from San Bernardino County.....-------- 60.1] 83.9 11 25.9 | 13.5 Nine adult males from San Diego County............--....- 60 82.7 10.6 25 hoes Two adult males from San Luis Obispo County ....--.------ 60.7] 85 } 11.5 25.7 13.7 Five adult males from Los Angeles County ................- 58.4 81.5 ae: 25.6 13.6 Two adult males from Lower California (Tecate and Na- chosuero: Vielley) essracccaoaw oc tower Coes chm ee Eee las oes 60.7 78.2 10.5 25.2 13.5 Twelve adult males from Shasta, Butte, Tehama, and EI- dorado:counitiess <..seesee eee Nae oe eee ee aoe see Sate 58.9 82.4 | 10.9 24.6 13.4 FEMALES. One adult female (type) from Kern County (Walkers Basin) . 58 85.5 | 11 23 13 Two adult females from San Bernardino County..-.......--- 58. 2 79 | 11 25.5 13.2 One adult female from Riverside County .......-........... 56 80.5 | 10 25 13.5 Six adult females from San Diego County..................- 56.6 80.1 11 23.9 12.6 Seven adult females from Los Angeles County............-- 57.1 80.6 10.8 24.5 13.1 Seven adult females from Shasta, Butte, and Eldorado GOUNUIES 3. A. 5.25 See lds SRR Cee ee eer cies ie ee ener 56.7 79.4 10.8 24.3 13 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 691 etc.) and northwestward at least to San Luis Obispo County (Paso Robles).“ Chamea fasciata (not of Gambel) Herrmann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1853, 264, part, at least.—Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1853, 39, part.— Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Port Tejon). —Bairp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 76, part (Fort Tejon; San Diego).—Coorrr, Am. Nat., 1869, 185, in text (Cajon Pass); Orn. Cal., 1870, 39, part (San Diego aks foothills of Sierra Nevada).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 84, part.—Nrtson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xviii, 1875, 356 (Nevada, California).—Brtpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ss 1879, 402, part (Calaveras Co.; Marysville; song).—Evermann, Auk, iii, "1886, 186 (Ventura Co. ).—Emerson, Bull. 7, Calif. Ac. Sci., 1887, 431 (Poway Valley, San Diego Co. ).—Osaoon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, 1899, 41, part (crit. ).—FisHER (W. K.), Condor, ii, 1900, 138 (Mount St. Helena, Napa Co.; crit. ).—BatLey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.8., 1902, 459, part. Chamexa fasciata fasciata GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, June 25, 1902, 71, part. Chamoea fasciata Hensnaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1876, 228 (Tejon Mts. and Walkers Basin, Kern Co. ). Chamea fasciata henshawi Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, June 5, 1882, 15 (Walkers Basin, Kern Co., s. California; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 257.—RrrcHEeNow and ScHatrow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 420 (reprint of orig. deser. ).—AMeErRICAN OrNiITHOLOGIStTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 742a.—TownsEenpD (C. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 229 (lower McCloud R. and Baird, Shasta Co.).—Anrnony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 246 (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California).—Fisuer (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 140 (Kernville; San Bernardino; Walkers Basin; Kaweah R. bet. San Simeon and Carpentaria; Santa Paula; San Diego Co. ).—MErRIAM (F. A.), Auk, xiii, 1896, 122 (Twin Oaks, San Diego Co.; habits; song).— GRINNELL, pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 50 (Los Angeles Co., resident). [Chamexa fasciata.] Var. henshawi Reoar Ay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 14 (diagnosis and synonymy ). Cl[hamexa] flasciata] henshawi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 262. C[hamxa] fasciata henshawi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 566. Chamexa flasciata] henshawi ieee Condor, iv, 1902, 95 (Santa Barbara; nesting in tree). Family SYLVIIDZ. THE WARBLERS. Very small to large (wing 48-98 mm.) ** ten-primaried,” dentirostral, acutiplantar Oscines with nostrils longitudinal and operculated (usually exposed) and with the young not spotted. The above very unsatisfactory diagnosis is the best I am able to devise for the group known as Sylviidee. The group is an exceedingly a@Specimens are wanting in the material examined from the group of counties between San Luis Obispo and Santa Cruz, 692 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. polymorphic one and without doubt requires subdivision into two or more; but the species are very numerous and the working out of the problem would require far more time than is at my disposal for the purpose. The relatively few American forms belong to two groups, one of which (Polioptilinze), consisting of a single genus, is peculiar to Amer- ica, while the other includes two genera, one of which (Regulus) is circumpolar and the other (Acanthopneuste) Palearctic but included in the American fauna on account of the occurrence of a single Siberian species in western Alaska. Limiting a description of the family char- acters to the American forms, they may be given as follows: Bill much shorter than head, slender, rather broad and depressed at base, where its width is decidedly less than half the length of exposed culmen but greater than its depth; culmen distinctly, almost sharply, ridged (at least basally), straight to near tip of maxilla, where gradu- ally but decidedly decurved; commissure straight or nearly so, the maxillary tomium distinctly notched immediately behind the dis- tinctly but minutely uncinate tip of the maxilla; gonys slightly convex or nearly straight, ascending terminally, its base anterior to nostril or at least not posterior to anterior end of nostril. Nostril at least partly exposed, longitudinal, operculate, sometimes partly covered by antrorse bristly plumules of the frontal antiz. Rictal bristles distinct. Wings rather long but with rounded tip; eighth, seventh, and sixth, or eighth to fifth, primaries longest, the ninth longer than third, some- times longer than fifth, the tenth much less than half as long as ninth, usually less than one-third as long, often scarcely longer than primary coverts. Tail variable as to relative length but usually decidedly shorter than wing (longer only in subfamily Polioptiline), even, emar- ginate, slightly double-rounded, or (in Polioptilinee) much rounded, the rectrices usually broad and rounded at tip but sometimes (in genera with shorter and emarginate tail) somewhat pointed. Tarsus much longer than middle toe with claw, often nearly (sometimes quite) twice as long as middle toe without claw, the acrotarsium booted or scutel- late, or intermediate with respect to this character; lateral toes about equal in length (the outer sometimes slightly longer than inner), their claws, especially the outer, sometimes reaching to or beyond base of middle claw but usually falling short; hallux about as long as lateral toes but much stouter, its strongly arched claw shorter than the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent for most of its length to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe. Coloration.—Above plain olive, olive-green, brown, or bluish gray (wings and tail, sometimes crown also, black and lateral rectrices partly white in Polioptila, the crown with a yellow, orange, or red patch in Regulus); under parts whitish, yellowish, or pale grayish; sexes ry ee Hers BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 693 usually alike or nearly so and young not materially different from adults, except sometimes in Leegu/us and Polioptiline. Range.—Northern Hemisphere in general and greater part of Neo- tropical Region, but most numerously represented in the Palearctic Region. (Numerous genera and species. ) The above diagnosis is based on the forms included under the Sylviide by Mr. Seebohm,“ together with the genera Pegulus and Polioptila, which I am unable to separate satisfactorily. Certainly there is less structural difference between Regulus and Reguloides on the one hand than between the latter and Sylva on the other, Acan- thopneuste and other intermediate genera leading directly from Regulus toward Sylvia; consequently I can see no reason for separating eg- ulus from the Sylviide, much less for referring it to the Paride, as has been done by some authors.” As to the exclusively American genus Polioptila, 1 am stiJl in doubt whether it snould be placed among the Sylviide. Its refer- ence to the family Muscicapide has been suggested by two authors,” to the Mimide by another;% the latter disposal of it I at one time favored, but after carefully reconsidering the question I am con- vineed that there is no group to which it can properly be referred unless to the Sylviide, the only alternative being the recognition of a separate family (Polioptilide). The only American groups with which any member of the Sylviide (as here defined) are likely to be confounded are the Paride, Turdide, Mniotiltide, and Vireonide. From the first the Sylviidee differ in more slender and notched bill, sharply ridged culmen, longitudinal and operculate (usually exposed) nostrils,’ distinct rictal bristles, less coherent toes, etc.; from the second by the unspotted plumage of the young; from the third by the obvious (though sometimes minute) tenth primary, this being rudimentary and concealed in Mniotiltide; and from the fourth by the different structure of the toes, while the species of Sylviidee which most resemble certain Vireonidx moreover have the acrotarsium booted. Of the so-called subfamilies defined below, the Phylloscopinx are so nearly peculiar to the Old World that only a single species, of northeastern Asia, occurs in western Alaska, no other portion of the American continent having a representative of the group. The sub- «Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 1-145. » For example, Gadow, in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 79-86, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1883, 451, 492, and Hellmayr, Tierreich, 18, Lief., 1903, 7-15. ¢Sharpe, Cat. Birds, 3rit. Mus., x, 1885, 440, and Selater, Argentine Ornithology, i, 1888, 12. d Stejneger, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 504. elf the nostrils are hidden by feathers in Sylviidee the tarsi are booted (e. g. Regulus). 694 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. family Sylviine is entirely Paleearctic, and includes such well-known European birds as the Blackeap (Sylvia atricapilla), Whitethroat (Sylvia cinerea), Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus phragmitris), Reed Warbler (A. arundinaceus), Grasshopper Warbler (Locustella nexvia), ete. The so-called Regulinee (which I am unable to separate from the Phylloscopine) are circumpolar and much more limited in its mem- bers, which are less than a dozen in number of species, belonging to a single genus, and about equally divided between the Nearctic and Palearctic regions. The Potioptiline are almost equally circum- scribed, but of much more limited range, being peculiar to the warmer parts of America. KEY TO THE AMERICAN SUBFAMILIES OF SYLVIIDA. a. Acrotarsium booted (in American species) ; tail much shorter than wing, even or emarginate, the rectrices subacuminate at tip; color of upper parts more or less olive or olive-green; tail without black.......-..-.--------- Phylloscopine. aa. Acrotarsium scutellate; tail about as long as wing, much rounded, the rectrices broadly rounded at tip; color of upper parts bluish gray or grayish blue (rarely brownish in young), sometimes with pileum black; tail mostly black. Polioptiline. As stated above, I am unable to separate the genus Regulus from the Phylloscopine, at least by external structural characters, which are very closely identical with those of Feguloides, the latter being in fact intermediate between Pegulus and Acanthopneuste. It is true that Reg- ulus cristatus and other species of the genus have a very peculiar mod- ification in the character of the antrorse latero-frontal plumules, one of which is much larger than the rest and projects over the nostril; but L. calendula does not possess this peculiar feather, the latero-frontal plumules differing from those of Peguloides and Acanthopneuste in no essential respect, so far as I am able to discover. Genus ACANTHOPNEUSTE Blasius. Acanthopneuste BuAstus, Naumannia, 1858, 313. (Type, Phyllopneuste borealis Blasius. ) Small, plainly colored Sylviidee with booted acrotarsium and exposed nostrils, and with exposed culmen equal to or longer than middle toe without claw. Bill more than half as long as head (exposed culmen equal to or longer than middle toe without claw), broader than deep at base; culmen straight to near tip where decidedly decurved, the tip of the maxilla minutely uncinate; gonys faintly convex or nearly straight, about as long as distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. Nostril exposed, longitudinal, narrow, distinctly operculate. Rictal bristles long, very distinct; latero-frontal feathers erect or semiantrorse, with distinct bristly tip. Wing rather long and pointed; eighth, or eighth BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 695 and seventh primaries longest, the ninth shorter than sixth, sometimes shorter than fifth; tenth primary minute, narrow, and pointed, not more than one-third as long as ninth, sometimes shorter than primary coverts; wing-tip two-thirds as long as tarsus to nearly as long. Tail about as long as wing from bend to end of secondaries, even, slightly emarginate or slightly double-rounded, the rectrices with extreme tip subacuminate. Tarsus decidedly less than one-third as long as wing, much longer than middle toe with claw, the acrotarsium completely booted;% outer toe slightly longer than inner, its claw reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux shorter than outer toe, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe adher- ent for most of its length to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe. Coloration.—Plain olive or olive-greenish above, the occiput some- times with a median stripe or patch of pale olive-yellowish; a pale yellowish or dull whitish superciliary stripe; under parts whitish, more or less tinged with pale yellow, especially on under wing and tail coverts. Sexes alike and young not materially different from adults. Nidification.—Nest on or near ground, semidomed or oven-shaped, composed of mosses, fine grasses, etc. Eggs white, speckled with pale brownish red. Range.—Palearctic Region, chiefly the eastern portion, breeding far northward or at high altitudes. One species extending into west- ern Alaska. I restrict this genus to the group of species constituting the Acan- thopneustee of Seebohm.? Mr. Seebohm placed them in the genus Phylloscopus,¢ as have other authorities; but, apart from other differ- ences, the species of Acanthopneuste (like those of Reguloides) have the acrotarsium completely booted, those of Phyllopseuste having it scutellate, at least on the inner side. From Reguloides,” Acanthop- «Except for the extreme lower portion where, as in all Oscines having booted tarsi, there are two or three distinct divisions. bCat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 38. ¢The correct generic name is Phyllopseuste, the synonymy of the genus being as follows: Phyllopseuste Meyer, Vog. Lifl. u. Estl., 1815, 122. (Type, by elimination, Mota- cilla sibilatrix Bechstein.) (Given only in plural form. ) Phyllopseustes (emendation) Gloger, Hand-und Hilfsb. Naturg., 1842, 514. Phyllopseuste (emendation) Meves, Journ. fiir Orn., 1875, 429. Philloscopus Boie, Isis, 1826, 972. (Type, Motacilla trochilus Linnzeus.) Sibilatrix Kaup, Naturl. Syst., 1829, 98. (Type, Motacilla sibilatrix Linneus. ) Phyllopneuste (misprint) Boie, Isis, 1828, 321.—Brehm, Vig. Deutschl., 1831, 423. @ Reguloides Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, pt. i, 1847, 442. (Type, Regulus modestus Gould; Motacilla superciliosa Gmelin. )—Phyllobasileus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 38. (Type, Motacilla proregulus Pallas; in reality, intended to replace Regu- loides, which is rejected on grounds of purism. ) 696 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. neuste differs in relatively much larger bill and longer tail and some- what different style of coloration, the species of /teguloides having two broad whitish wing-bars, some of them having the rump pale yellow and some the inner webs of outermost rectrices white. ACANTHOPNEUSTE BOREALIS KENNICOTTI (Baird). ALASKAN WILLOW WARBLER. Similar to_A. b. borealis,“ but smaller; color of upper parts decidedly grayer (at least in spring and summer plumage), and under parts less strongly tinged with yellow. Adults in spring and summer.—Above plain light grayish olive, becoming more greenish olive on rump and upper tail-coverts; outer- most greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped (on outer webs) with whitish; a narrow superciliary stripe of dull primrose yellow or very pale buffy yellow; a dusky loral streak, broader and darker next to ante- rior angle of eye; upper portion of auricular region deep grayish olive, forming a broad postocular stripe; suborbital, malar, and lower half, or more, of auricular region very pale primrose yellowish or dull yellowish white, more or less clouded with pale grayish olive; under parts very pale dull primrose yellowish or dull yellowish white, shad- ing into pale grayish olive on sides and flanks; axillars and under wing-coverts pale primrose yellow terminally, pale grayish basally, the carpo-metacarpal feathers olivaceous margined with pale yellow- ish; thighs light grayish olive (paler on inner side); maxilla dark brown with paler tomia; mandible pale brown (in dried skins), more or less dusky terminally (sometimes for terminal half); legs and feet clear brownish(in dried skins), the toes rather darker than tarsi. Adults in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but more richly colored, the upper parts bright, slightly greenish, olive, the under parts and superciliary stripe pale buffy yel- low or naples yellowish. a Phyllopneuste borealis Blasius, Naumannia, 1858, 313 (Okhotsk Sea, N. lat. 59° 387, E. long. 147° 30’, Sept. 15); Taczanowski, Orn. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 26; David and Oustatet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 271; Stejneger, Naturen, 1882, 182 (Bering Island) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 71 (Bering Island ).—Sylvia (Phyllopneuste) borealis Nau- mann, Vog. Deutschl., xiii, 1860, 69, pl. 375, fig. 1.—Phylloscopus borealis Blyth, Ibis, 1867, 28; Collett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 43-47 (Norway; biography) ; Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 40 (excl. syn. Phyllopneuste kennicotti Baird) ; Blakiston, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 56.—Phyllopseustes borealis Meves, Journ. fiir Orn., 1875, 429; Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 302 (Petropaulovsk, Bering I., and Copper I., Kamchatka; synonymy, crit., etc.) .—Acanthopneuste borealis Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 636 (Suruga, Japan).—Phylloscopus sylvi- cultrix Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, 53 (Amoy, China).—Phyllopneuste sylvicultrix Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, 807.—[ Sylvia] sylvicultrix Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 216, no. 3054.—Sylvia flavescens Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1860, 349 (Batchian, Moluccas).—Phylloscopus hylebata Swinhoe, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxix, 1860, 265 (Amoy, China). ‘ w) ES Sd = BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 697 Length (skins), L00-115 (110); wing, 60-65 (62); tail, 43.5-47.5 (44.9); exposed culmen, 9-.5 (9.2); tarsus, 18-19 (18.7); middle toe, 9-11 (10.2).¢ Western Alaska (St. Michael, Nushagak, Alloknagik River, Kowak River, etc.); migrating in winter to Southeastern Asia, but by what route and to what countries not yet determined.’ Phyllopneuste kennicotti Barry, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 313, pl. 30, fig. 2 (St. Michael, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). Ph{yllopseustes] borealis kennicotti SrrineGER, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 303, in text. [ Phyllopneuste| borealis (not of Blasius) Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 77. Phyllopneuste borealis Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 20.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 70, pl. 5, fig. 5. Phylloscopus borealis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 215; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 34.—Srrsoum, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v, 1881, 40, part (in synonymy ).—Cougs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 32.—NeE.son, Cruise ‘‘Cor- win’”’ in 1881 (1883), 60 (St. Michael, Alaska). P{hylloscopus] borealis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 259, part. Phyllopseustes borealis SrrsNeGER, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 302, part (Alaskan references, etc. ).—AMERICAN OrNiITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 747, part.—TownsEnp (C. H.), Auk, iv, 1887, 13 (Kowak R., Alaska).—GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avifauna, i, 1900, 60 (Kowak R.; habits).— McGreeaor, Condor, iv, 1902, 144 (Signal Cairn, Norton Sound; habits). P[hyllopseustes] borealis Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 567, part.—Covgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., i, 1903, 261, part. (?) Phylloscopus trochilus (not Motacilla trechilus Linnzeus?) PLEsKr, Ornitho- graphia Rossica, ii, pt. 2, 1889, 229 (Bering Sea). ¢ «Seven specimens, none of them with sex determined. These Alaskan specimens, compared with series of both sexes from eastern Asia, compare in average measurements as follows: —~— — —e——__—- iaoaeeks el | § | | | Ex- * : Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. wie | | culmen.| : | = ae | | Seven adults (sex not determined) from Alaska......--.---| 62 | 44.9 52a 11S 10.2 Six adult males from Eastern Asia ................-..------- | 68.5 50.9 9.5| 19.1 10.1 Five adult females from Eastern Asia...................---- GSP 7 45.4 9.6] 18.6 9.6 \ All the Asiatic males measured are from the Commander Islands and Petropauloysk, Kamchatka; the females are from China, Burma, Siam, Philippines, etc., and possi- bly include some specimens belonging to the Alaskan form, taken as migrants. The smallest Asiatic specimens are from Chance Island, Siam (wing 60, tail 43) , and Kow- loon, China (wing 63.5, tail 45). +The range of A. b. borealis is as follows: Breeding in arctic districts of the Palearctic Region, from Finmark to Kamchatka (including Commander Islands), and in subalpine districts of southeastern Siberia and Mongolia; migrating southward through China (coastwise), Japan, and Formosa to the Philippines, Malay Archipelago, Malacca, Tenasserim, and South Andaman Islands; accidental in Heligoland. ¢Specimen in the St. Petersburg Academy museum (no. 10861) collected by Wos- nessensky in Bering Sea August 24, 1843. 698 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus REGULUS Cuvier. Regulus Cuvier, Leg. d’ Anat. Comp., i, 1799-1800, tab. ii. (Type, Motacilla regulus Linnzeus. ) Corthylio® Casants, Journ. fiir Orn., i, Jan., 1853, 83. (Type, Motacilla calendula Linnzeus. ) Very small Sylviide (wing less than 60 mm.) with slender, booted tarsi, tail much shorter than wing, emarginate, the adult males with a patch of bright yellow, orange or scarlet on crown. Bill small and slender, the exposed culmen much shorter than mid- dle toe without claw, depressed at base, where its width considerably exceeds its depth; culmen straight to near tip, where obviously decurved, the maxillary tomium distinctly notched subterminally. Nostril longitudinal, overhung by a distinct operculum, partly covered by antrorse latero-frontal plumules of which one (in most species) is strongly developed, reaching considerably beyond nostrils. Rictal bristles well developed. Wing rather long, but rounded at tip; seventh and sixth primaries longest, the eighth and fifth but little shorter and nearly equal, the ninth shorter than fourth (sometimes not longer than third), the tenth about one-third to much more than one-third (but less than one-half) as long as ninth; wing-tip about equal to middle toe with claw, or shorter. Tail about three-fourths as long as wing or a little more, distinctly emarginate, the rectrices becoming somewhat broader terminally, with pointed tip. Tarsus long and slender, about one-third as long as wing, much longer than middle toe with claw, the acrotarsium booted; lateral toes about equal (or the outer very slightly longer than the inner), their claws not reaching to base of middle claw; hallux about as long as lateral toes but much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe for most of its length, to inner toe for about half its length. Coloration. —Plain olive, olive-grayish or olive-greenish above, the wings dusky with pale edgings and two whitish bands; crown with a concealed patch of orange or scarlet in adult males, this in most species margined with yellow and inclosed between two stripes of black (usually united on forehead); adult females also with black and yellow on crown (except in 2. calendula). Young similar to adults but without black, yellow, orange or red on crown. Nidification.—Nest very bulky, usually more or less pensile, attached to small twigs in spruce or other coniferous trees, composed of delicate plant fibers, mosses, and various soft materials. Eggs 5 to 10, whitish or buffy, minutely freckled with brown (sometimes apparently immaculate). a “Von KopSvdAos, 0, nom. prop.= Regulus. ”’ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 699 Range.—Northern Hemisphere, breeding in more northern or higher coniferous forests. (About fifteen species and subspecies. ) In all features of external structure this genus comes so very close to Reguloides” that Ican not understand why it should ever have been placed among the Paridee, as has been done by Mr. Seebohm, Dr. Gadow, and others. The surprising feature of the case is that in scarcely a single character does it agree with the diagnoses of the Paridee (or Parine) of the authors who thus misplace it. For example, Mr. Seebohm, in comparing? his ‘** Subfamily Parine” (i.e. Paridee + Pan- urus + Regulus + Accenter + Certhiidee + Sittidee + Troglodytide!) with the ‘‘Turdine” (Turdide) and ‘‘Sylviine” (Sylviide) says: ‘*From both these subfamilies they are distinguished by their conical bills with no dental notch. From the former they are further distin- guished by their scutellated tarsi, and from the latter by their single moult.” Now, Regulus does not agree in any of these respects, except possibly in the matter of molt, regarding which I possess no definite information,’ having, as it does, a distinctly notched bill and typically ‘*booted” tarsi. The single feather covering the nostril in the typical species of Regulus has often been mentioned, and Oates” attaches so much importance to this feather that he raises the genus to family rank, forgetting, or perhaps being unaware, as does Dr. Gadow‘’ also, that one species of Regulus (R. calendula) does not possess this feather; that is to say, the latero-frontal bristly plumules are equally developed instead of a single one, on each side, being much larger than the rest. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF REGULUS. a. A whitish superciliary stripe; pileum with a more or less distinct stripe of black or dusky along each side. b. Black crown-stripes broad, connected anteriorly, inclosing a patch of yellow, yellow and orange, or red. (Adults. ) c. Forehead and lores whitish confluent with a broad superciliary stripe of the same color; no black postocular stripe; crown-patch not orange margined with yellow in males, wholly yellow in females. (Regulus satrapa.) d. Coloration grayer above; wing and tail longer, bill stouter. (Eastern North PCI CAM ieee yt ee aie ise aye Ne a8 Regulus satrapa satrapa (p. 700) dd. Coloration more oliyaceous above; wing and tail shorter, bill more slender. (Western North America, from Kadiak, Alaska, to Oaxaca, southern WIGRICOn) ee sere Sat ese eee sic ele Regulus satrapa olivaceus (p. 702) aSee page 695, footnote. » History of British Birds and their Eggs, i, 1885, 451. ¢Though Oates, in Birds of British India (i, 344), mentions ‘‘the single moult.”’ 4 Birds of Britith India, i, 344. He says: ‘‘ These birds possess a character which suffices to separate them from all other Passeres, viz, a stiff, small, and perfect feather over each nostril. This character is sufficiently important, in my opinion, to render it desirable to elevate the Goldcrests to the rank of a family.’’ . €Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vili, 1883, 79. 700 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. cc. Forehead and lores black; whitish superciliary stripes connected across the anterior portion of crown; a black postocularstripe; crown-patch vermilion red. (Pennsylvania; extinct?)-....- Regulus curvierii, adult male (p. 704) bb. Black (or dusky) crown-stripes narrower, not connected anteriorly, the whole space between them brownish gray..Regulus satrapa and subspecies, young. aa. No superciliary stripe; pileum without any black or dusky lateral stripe (a red patch in center of pileum in adult males). (Regulus calendula.) b. Paler, with longer wing and shorter bill (wing averaging more than 58 in male, more than 56 in female; exposed culmen usually less than 8.7). (North _America in general, breeding northward and along higher mountains south- ward:"south-to) Mexico!) 2. ss seecsece Regulus calendula calendula (p. 705) bb. Darker, with shorter wing and longer bill (wing averaging less than 57 in males, less than 55 in females; exposed culmen usually more than 8.7). c. Male averaging, wing 56.5, exposed culmen 8.7, tarsus 18.7; female, wing 54.5, culmen 8.7, tarsus 18.1. (Pacific coast, from California to southern HAS ey) heen ps etre ete Oe ee aye el oe Regulus calendula grinnelli (p. 709) cc. Male averaging, wing 54.6, exposed culmen 9.8, tarsus 19.8; female, wing 50, exposed culmen 10, tarsus 20. (Guadalupe Island, Lower California. ) Regulus calendula obscurus (p. 710) REGULUS SATRAPA SATRAPA Lichtenstein. GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET, Adult male in spring and summer.—Anterior portion of forehead and broad superciliary stripe dull white or pale gray; within this a broad V-shaped mark of black, inclosing a narrower one of yellow, within which is a large patch of bright orange or cadmium orange, occupying center of crown and projecting over occiput; occiput (beneath posterior portion of orange-colored crest), hindneck, and upper back mouse gray; rest of back grayish olive, changing gradu- ally into brighter or more greenish olive on rump and upper tail- coverts; wings and tail dusky with light yellowish olive or olive- yellow edgings, the middle and greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with pale olive-yellow or yellowish white; secondaries crossed by a basal (concealed) band of pale yellow, immediately succeeded by an exposed one of dusky; an indistinct, or at least not sharply defined, dusky loral and postocular streak, and, usually, a similar rictal streak; rest of sides of head, together with under parts, plain dull olive-whitish, the sides and flanks faintly tinged with more yellowish olive; bill black; iris brown; Jegs and feet deep brown (in dried skins), with soles of toes yellowish. Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage but more brightly colored, the upper parts more decid- edly olivaceous, the under parts strongly suffused with pale buffy olive. Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but orange crown-patch entirely replaced by canary yellow. Young, jirst plumage (sexes alike).—Pileum brownish gray or gray- ish olive, margined laterally with a rather indistinct line of black; BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 701 otherwise similar to adults, but hindneck concolor with back, ete., the color more brownish olive, and texture of plumage much looser. Adult male.—Length (skins), 93-101.5 (97); wing, 56.5-60 (58.4); tail, 42-46.5 (44.2); exposed culmen, 6-8.5 (7.5); tarsus, 16.5-17.5 (17.2); middle toe, 8-9.5 (8.9).@ Adult female.—Length (skins), 90-101 (96); wing, 55-58 (56.4); tail, 41.5-45 (42.7); exposed culmen, 7—8.5 (7.8); tarsus, 16-17 (16.5); middle toe, 8-9 (8.5).@ North America east of Rocky Mountains; north to Labrador (as far as Aillik), Keewatin (lower Echimamish), etc.; breeding southward to Massachusetts (Berkshire and Plymouth counties), central New York (Oneida County), northern Michigan (Mackinac Island), northern Min- nesota (7), etc., and along Allegheny Mountains to western North Carolina (in spruce belt); wintering southward to northern Florida, and westward along Gulf coast to south-central Texas. Regulus cristatus Vre1ttor, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 50, pl. 106 (new name for Motacilla regulus Linnzeus®).—Bonararrer, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., iv, 1824, 187; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 91.—Nurratit, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 420.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 476, pl. 186.—SrEsNEGER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 30 (crit. ). Sylvia regulus (not Motacilla regulus Linnzeus) Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 126, pl. 8, fig. 2. Regulus] satrapa Licutenstern, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 35 (North America; ex Parus satrapa Illiger, manuscript). Regulus satrapa BoNAPARtE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 19; Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 291.—AvupuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 82; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 165, pl. 132.—WoopuHousk, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 67, part (Indian Territory; Texas).—BAprxker, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 33, pl. 1, fig. 8 (Labrador; fig. of egg).—Bartrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 227, part (Carlisle, Pennsylvania; District of Columbia); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 162, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 65, part (Sherborn, Massachu- setts; Carlisle; Liberty Co., Georgia). —Wuuuis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 476 (San Antonio, Texas, winter).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 260 (Jacksonville, Florida, Jan.); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 261 (mountains of Berkshire Co., Massachusetts; breeding?).—Maynarp, Birds Florida, 1872, 25.— Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 22, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 34; Birds N. W., 1874, 16, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 96, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 73, part, pl. 5, fig. 8—IDyerrsout, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 78, part (breeding habits, etc. ).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 19 (deser. young); Auk, ili, 1886, 177 (Black Mts., w. North Carolina, breeding in spruce belt); vy, 1888, 337-344 (Winchendon, Worcester Co., Massachusetts, breeding; descr. nesting habits, nest and eggs, etc. ).—Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 96 (Bangor, Maine, breed- «Ten specimens. ‘Since Vieillot’s account relates only incidentally to the European species (R. regulus), both his description and plate being of the American species, it is a serious question whether the name Regulus cristatus should not be used for the latter, as has been suggested by Newton (Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1871, 457, footnote) and claimed by Stejneger (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 30). { 702 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ing; deser. nest and eggs).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 33; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 75.—Brown (N. C.), Proc. Portl. Soc. N. H., 1882, 5 (Portland, Maine, breeding).—Ganow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 82, part (in synonymy).—BicKNELL, Auk, i, 1884, 134 (song).—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, no. 748.—Srennert, Auk, iv, 1887, 245 (Roan Mt., North Carolina, breeding at 6,000 ft.).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Valley, 1888, 279 (localities and dates; Concho Co., Texas, and s. e. Texas, in winter; breeding in n. Minnesota?).—Faxon, Auk, vi, 1889, 105 (Graylock Mt., Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, breeding above 2,200 ft.).— Raupu and Baca, Auk, vii, 1890, 232 (Oneida Co., New York, resident, breeding).—Brewster and Cuapman, Auk, viii, 1891, 137 (Suwanee R., n. w. Florida, Mar.).—Dwianr, Auk, ix, 1892, 140 (North Mt. and Lycom- ingCo., Pennsylvania, breeding); x, 1893, 14 (Prince Edward I., breeding).— Wuirr, Auk, x, 1889, 229 (Mackinac I., Michigan, breeding).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 100, pl. 7.—CHApBouRNE, Aul, xiii, 1896, 346 (Plymouth Co., Massachusetts, breeding).—DEArRBorN, Prelim. List Birds Belknap and Merrimac Cos., New Hampshire, 1898, 33 (breeding ).—BrEyYEr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 43 (Louisiana, winter resid. ).— Faxon and HorrmMann, Birds Berkshire Co., Mass., 1900, 12 (breeding in spruce belt of Saddle Mt. and Hoosac plateau).—BiceLow, Auk, xix, 1902, 30 (Labrador, in spruce woods, n. to Aillik).—Presie, North Am. Fauna, no. 22, 1902, 129 (lower Echimamish, Kewatin, June).—Baiuey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 463. R[egulus] satrapa CaBants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 34.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 260.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 567. Reg({ulus] satrapa Casants, Journ. fir Orn., 1858, 111 (description, ete. ). [Regulus] satrapa Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 78, part.—Sciarer and SAL- vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 4, part. Regulus satrapus McIuwrarra, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 85 (Hamilton, On- tario).—Tripprr, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 115. Regulus] satrapa satrapa Hetimayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar., 1903, 12. Regulus igineapillus satrapa ERLANGER, Journ. fiir Orn., April, 1899, 284. Regulus tricolor Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 420 (based on Sylvia regulus Wilson).—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 476.—Praxpopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., i, 1839, 314.—THompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 84. (?) Regulus americanus Grruarvt, Naumannia, iii, 1853, 38 (no description; e. Florida; Georgia; Tennessee). ‘* Regulus requloides JARpiNE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 127.” Regulus mystaceus ViettLot, Faune Frang., 1822, 231, part. (See Degland Orn. Eur., i, 1849, 307; Newton, ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1871, 457, footnote. ) REGULUS SATRAPA OLIVACEUS Baird. WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET. Similar to 2. s. satrapa, but wing and tail decidedly shorter, bill more slender, and olive of upper parts brighter, more greenish. Adult male.—Length (skins), 90-100 (93.7); wing, 53-57 (54.9); tail, 38.5-42.5 (40.8); exposed culmen, 6.5-8 (7); tarsus, 15.5-18 (17.3); middle toe, 8-9 (8.5). ¢ “Seventeen specimens, ee ee ee eee a eS ee le ATA eH To a IRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 703 Adult female.—Length (skins), 90-95 (92.9); wing, 52.5-55 (53.5); tail, 38-42 ae exposed culmen, 7-9 (7.9); tarsus, 16-18 (16.8); Sidi toe, 8-9 (8.6).¢ Western ecth America, from Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, southward in winter over highlands of Mexico to elevated dis- tricts of Guatemala; breeding from Colorado (near timber line), eastern Oregon (mountains near Fort Klamath), Sierra Nevada (south to Mount Whitney), Mount Shasta, ete., northward to Kenai Peninsula and Kadiak Island, Alaska. Regulus cristatus (not of Vieillot) Townsenp, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., viii, 1839, 154 (Columbia R.). Regulus satrapa (not of Lichtenstein) Woopnousr, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zui and Col. R., 1853, 67, part (New Mexico).—HeEnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (New eee xi, 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— (?) ScuaTer, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 212 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1860, 25 (Orizaba).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 227, part (Fort Stei- lacoom, Washington); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 162, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 65, part (Simiahmoo and Steilacoom, Washington; Fort Crook, n. California).—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 235 (Vancouver I.).—Coorrer and Sucxiery, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 11, 1860, 174 (Puget Sound, ete., Washington; resident).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolw., 1864, 114 (British Columbia).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver I.).—Daut and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 277, part (Sitka; Kadiak).—Coorrr, Am. Nat., ili, 1869, 32 (Montana); Orn. Cal., 1870, 32 (Sierra Nevada, 7,000 ft., Sept.).—Arken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 195 (Colorado).—Rmeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1878, 179 (Colo- rado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 410 (West Humboidt Mts., Nevada, Sept.).—IneErsott, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 78, part (breeding habits, etc. ).—HeEnsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 154 (Ari- zona); List Birds Arizona, 1875, 154.—Brnpire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 111 (Camp Harney, Oregon, Noy.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 48 part (Orizaba; Tierra Fria, near City of Mex- «Ten specimens. Specimens from different localities average, respectively, as follows: | 1 5 Locality. | Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus.) | Sse culmen. . MALES. | Four adult males from Puget Sound, Washington ........-. | 55. 2 40.1 6.8 L743 8.3 Four adult males from Sitka district, Alaska .........-.-.-- | 54.3] 40 dea 17.6 8.3 Two adult males from Kenai Peninsula, Alaska ............ 54.5 39.7 Fe 17.5 8.5 Four adult males from Kadiak, Alaska ..........-......-..- | 55.5 10.6 7 17.2 | 8.7 Mhreee.duitmsa) Csitrom: IMOntanae. 2. niin =. pence cane cecccuces 54.5 40.5 | 7 16.6 | 8.5 Two adult males from southern Mexico .......-.---- Aitaeioe 56. 2 41.2 | 7. OMlelgee 8.7 | FEMALES. f | Two adult females from California...............-...ceeeene 54.2 41 7.5 16.7 | 8.7 Three adult females from Washington................--.---- 53.3 40.1 | 7.6 Low | 8.6 Three adult females from British Columbia ...............- 68.5 38.5 8.3 16.5 | 8.5 neat semale trom Sitka so.c< 5. deb eee e oe ceeen woe nese 53.5 40 8.5 17 9 One adult female from Kenai Peninsula.................... 58 39.5 | 8 17.5 | 8.5 704 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ico; near Los Encuentros, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Brtpine, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 399 (Stockton, California, Oct., Nov.; Big Trees and Moran’s, Calaveras Co., July).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 244 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding at 11,500 ft.).—Ganow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vili, 1883, 82 part (w. side Rocky Mts.; Vancouver I.; British Colum- bia).—Cooxg, Bull. 37, Col. State Agric. Coll., 1897, 123 (summer resid. in Colorado, breeding near timber-line). [ Regulus] satrapa ScuatTer and Satvin, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 4, part. Regulus satrapus Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 66 (Arizona ?). [ Regulus satrapa] variety olivaceus Bairp, Review Am. Birds, July, 1864, 65, in text under R. satrapa (Simiahmoo, Washington; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Regulus satrapa olivaceus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 168; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 38a; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 665 (Kadiak, Alaska).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 35.—AMERICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 748a.—Townsrenp (C. H.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 230 (Mount Shasta, at timber-line, in July ).— Merrity, Auk, v, 1888, 364 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, fall and winter; breeding in mountains above 5,500 ft. ); xv, 1898, 21 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, resident ).— Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 44 (west of Cascade range).— LAWRENCE (R. H.), Auk, x, 1892, 47 (Grays Harbor, Washington, resid.) .— Fisoer (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 18938, 143 (San Luis Obispo, Cal- ifornia, Nov.).—GRINNELL (J.), Auk, xv, 1895, 130 (Sitka, breeding); Check List Calif. Birds, 1902, 72 (California range).—CHapMman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1900, 153 (coast British Columbia); xvi, 1902, 246 (Homer, Cook Inlet, Alaska).—BrisHop, North Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 93 (Glacier, Alaska).—Oscoop, N. Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 80 (Cook Inlet, Alaska).— Bartow, Condor, iii, 1901, 183 (Sierra Nevada, breeding from 3,700 ft. upward). Regulus] s[atrapa] olivaceus ? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 260. Regulus] slatrapa] olivaceus Battery (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S., 1902, 464. Regulus] satrapa olivaceus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 568. R[egulus] satrapa olivaceus HELLMAYR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., Mar. 1903, 12. Regulus satrapa aztecus (Lawrence, manuscript) Rripaway Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 591, in text (City of Mexico; coll. G. N. Lawrence) ; ed. 2, 1896, 612.— Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 359 (Mount Orizaba). REGULUS CUVIERII Audubon. CUVIER’S KINGLET, Much like 72. satrapa, but forehead and a broad stripe across lores and behind eye black; crown-patch in male entirely vermilion red, without yellow border; length about 4.25, exposed culmen about .33, tarsus .75. ‘*Fatland Ford, on the Schuylkill River,” Pennsylvania. (Only one specimen known to have been obtained, this by Audubon, on June 8, 1812.) ‘Bill short, straight, subulate, very slender, compressed, with inflected edges; upper mandible nearly straight in its dorsal outline, the edges slightly notched close upon the slightly declinate acute tip; lower mandible straight, acute. Nostrils basal, elliptical, half closed above by a membrane, covered over by the feathers. The whole form slender, Legs rather long; tarsus slender, much compressed, longer BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 705 than the middle toe, covered anteriorly with a few indistinct scutella; toes scutellate, the lateral ones nearly equal and free; hind toe stouter; claws weak, compressed, arched, acute. ‘Plumage very loose and tufty. Bristles at the base of the bill, a small decomposed feather covering the nostril. Wings of ordinary length, the third and fourth primaries longest. Tail of 12 feathers, emarginate. ‘Bill black. Iris hazel. Feet yellowish brown. The general color of the upper parts is dull grayish olive. Forehead, lores, and a line behind the eye, black. A semilunar band of the same on the top of the head, the middle space vermilion. Wings and tail dusky, edged with greenish yellow. Secondary coverts tipped with grayish white. Under parts grayish white. ‘Length, 44 inches; extent of wings, 6; bill along the ridge nearly one-third, along the gap nearly one-half; tarsus, three-fourths.” (Audubon’s original description. ) Regulus cuvierti AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 288, pl. 55 (Fatland Ford, on Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania, June 8, 1812; type lost); Synopsis, 1839, 82; Birds Am., oct. ed., ii, 1841, 163, pl. 131.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., i, 1832, 416.—AMERICAN OrnitrHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, 333, ‘‘ Hypothetical List,’’ no. 26. R[egulus] cuvierii Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 175.—Hetimayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 12. Regulus cuvieri Barro, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 228; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 163; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 66.—Bairp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 75, pl. 5, fig. 7.—Rip@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 32.—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vill, 1883, 82, footnote.— AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, 397, ‘“* Hypothetical List,’”’ no. 26. R[egulus] cuvieri Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 568. Clorthylio] cuviert Cananis, Journ. fur Orn., 1853, 83, footnote. [Sylvia] cuvieri Gray, Hand-list, 1, 1869, 216, no. 3070. REGULUS CALENDULA CALENDULA (Linnezus). RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. Adult male in spring and summer.—Above plain grayish olive anteriorly, gradually assuming a more decided olive hue on back, the rump and upper tail-coverts more greenish olive; a large, concealed fan- or wedge-shaped patch of clear vermilion red (rarely varying to orange-red or salmon color) beginning at center of crown and over- lapping occiput; wings and tail dusky, with light yellowish olive or olive-yellow edgings, the middle wing-coverts narrowly tipped with pale grayish olive, the greater coverts more broadly tipped with dull white (forming two bands across wing), the tertials broadly edged with dull whitish; secondaries crossed by a basal broad band of blackish, partly concealed by greater coverts; a broad whitish orbital ring, inter- rupted on upper eyelid, the eyelids themselves black; loral region pale grayish; sides of head otherwise grayish olive, like sides of pileum, 10384—voL 3—03——45 706 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. on auricular region gradually fading downward and passing into pale grayish buffy on chin, throat, and chest, the remaining under parts similar but more yellowish, especially on flanks, the abdomen and under tail-coverts olive-whitish; bill and iris dark brown; legs and feet clear or dusky brown (in dried skins). Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage but more decidedly olivaceous above, more olive-bufly below. Adult female. patch. Young, first plumage (sexes alike).—Similar to the adult female, but upper parts browner (nearly hair brown), wing-bands tinged with brownish buffy, under parts less yellowish, and texture of plumage more lax. Adult male.—Length (skins), 99-106 (102); wing, 56.5-61.5 (58.9); tail, 40.5-45 (42.8); exposed culmen, 7—9.5 (8.6); tarsus, 18-20 (19); middle toe, 910.5 (9.6).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 93-104 (100); wing, 54-58 (56.1); tail, 40.5-44 (42.2); exposed culmen, 7.5-9.5 (8.7); tarsus, 17.5-19.5 (18.7); middle toe, 9-10 (9.4).¢ Similar to the adult male, but without the red crown- @Ten specimens from eastern United States. Specimens from different geographic areas compare in average measurements as follows: 4 —_—— — 2 - = —— — | : | Ex- | NTic a“ Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed |Tarsus. Mid ole culmen. 5 MALES. | Ten adult males from eastern United States ............-.-- 58.9 42.8 8.6 19 9.6 Four adult males from interior of Alaska ....-..-------.---- ee DSSS 44.7 §.1 19 9 - ~ . | Ten adult males from Rocky Mountains (Wyoming to So- | Nora/and.@hilwahwe)\ sos -eeeere cassoe ces -eeset cose meee 60.5 45.7 4] 18.7 9.1 Tenvadultmales tromi@aliforniay 2 esas -ee eee 59.8 45.2 8.4] 18.8 9.3 FEMALES. Ten adult females from eastern United States ...-.........- 56.1 42.2 8.7 18.7 9.4 Ten adult females from Rocky Mountains (Wyoming to Chihuahvayandl Sonora) pseveen easter eect ee es bY ie 43.5 ae 18.4 8.9 Nine adult females from California ......-....--.....---.--- | - 56.7 42.7 8.1 18.7 9.2 | | Besides being larger, specimens from the Rocky Mountain district, especially those from Chihuahua, are paler and grayer than those from other portions of the continent; but California examples are nearly as large and are quite as dark as those from the East. It is possibly one or more subspecies may be made out, but with the material examined I am not able to do so satisfactorily. (See Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 208. ) Since the above was written Mr. Joseph Grinnell has described a supposed new form of this species breeding in the mountains of southern California, which may or may not be the same as these large gray Rocky Mountain birds; but I have not seen specimens of Mr. Grinnell’s bird (Regulus calendula cineraceus Grinnell, Condor, vi, no. 1, Jan., 1904, 25; type from Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., California, in coll. J. Grinnell), and therefore am not prepared to express a decided opinion as to its status. a a a ~ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 707 North America in general, in wooded districts, north to the limit of tree growth, in Labrador, northern Keewatin (Repulse Bay), Mac- kenzie, Yukon, and Alaska (to valley of Kowak River); breeding southward to Quebee (Lennoxville: Anticosti Island), northern Mich- igan (Mackinac Island), and high mountains of New Mexico (upper Pecos River), Arizona (White Mountains; Mogollon Mountains), and northern California (Mount Shasta), ete.; in winter southward en- tirely across United States, and over whole of Mexico to highlands of Guatemala (ridge - above Totonicapam). Accidental in Greenland (Nenortalik, 1 specimen, 1860). [ Motacilla] calendula Lixnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 337 (based on Calendula pennsylvanica Brisson, Orn., iii, 584).—Forsrer, Philos. Trans., |xii, 1772, 407 (Hudson Bay).—Gmne ttn, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 994. Motacilla . . . calendula Forster, Philos. Trans., ]xii, 1772, 407 (Severn R.). [Sylvia] calendula LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 549.—Gray, Hand-List, i, 1869, 216, no. 3068. Sylvia calendula Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 83, pl. 5, fig. 3. Regulus calendula Licutensten, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 35.—Bonapartre, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1826, 91; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 19.—Nurraty, Man. Orn. iees: fend Can., 7 1832, 415.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 546, pl. 195; Synopsis, 1839, 83; Birds Am., oct. ed., i1, 1841, 168, pl. 183:—GAmBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ili, 1846, 115 (California; Rocky Mts. ).—WoopHovtssr, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 67 (Indian Territory; Texas; New Mexico).—Hewnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 309 (New Mexico); xi, 1859, 106 (do.).—SctareEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 202 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1858, 300 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 362 (Jalapa), 371 (Talea, Oaxaca); 1864, 172 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 11 (California).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 226; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 161; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 9 (Espiaand Boca Grande, n. Mexico); Review Am. Birds, 1864, 66.—ScLaTEeR and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 8 (ridge oe e Totonicapam, Guatemala).—XANrTUs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 190 (Fort Tejon, California).—Wzutuis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia).—KEnNeRLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 24 (Aztee Mts. and Bill Williams Fork, Arizona, Jan., Feb.).—HrerMAnn, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 43 (throughout California; Pima Village, Arizona).—Cooprr and Suck ey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 174 (Washington, winter).—ReEINHARDT, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Nenortalik, Greenland, 1 spec.).—Coves, Ibis, 1865, 163; Check List, 1873, no. 21; 2d ed. 1882, no. 33; Birds N. W., 1874, 15; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 92; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., iv, 1878, 553 (descr. nest ).— Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 476 (San Antonio, ete., Tex ay —Wtez, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., x, 1866, 267 (Labrador).—Burcuer, Pad Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. , xx, 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas ).—Dattand Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 276, part (Nulato, Alaska; habits).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal., 1870, 33.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 260 (e. Florida, winter).—STEeveENson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1871, 463 (Little Sandy and Green R., Wyoming).—Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. for 1872 (1873), 672 (Lower Geyser Basin and Snake R., Wyoming, Aug., Sept. ).—Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 179 (Colorado); vii, 1875, 12 (Carson City, Nevada, winter), 17 (Truckee Valley, Nevada, winter), 32 (Wahsatch Mts., Utah, breeding); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 409 (Nevada); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 30; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 76; Auk, vii, 1890, 292 (deser. yellow-crowned specimen ).— 7O8 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 75, pl. 5, fig. 9.—Yarrow and HeEnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 7 (North Creek, Utah, Sept.).—Hrnsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 40 (Utah, resident), 57 (Denver, Colorado, May), 72 (Fort Garland, Colorado, breeding at 10,000 ft.; descr. nest and eggs), 98 (White Mts., Ari- zona; breeding ?), 155 (Arizona); Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 164 (North Creek, Utah, Sept. 26; Fort Garland, Pagosa, and Sangre de Cristo, Colorado, May, June, Aug., Sept.; Tierra Amarillo, New Mexico, Sept.; Mount Graham and Camp Apache, Arizona, Sept., Oct.; habits; song); Auk, ii, 1885, 331 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, breeding).—INGErsoLL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 77 (breeding habits; descr. nestand eggs).—BENDIRE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 111 (Blue Mts., Oregon, breeding at 6,500 ft.) .— Scorr (W. E. D.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 91 (Lake Co., Colorado; descr. nest and eggs).—Srennert, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., vy, 1879, 375 (Lomita Ranch, Texas, Apr. 11-May 13; measurements) .—SALVIN and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 49 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; La Parada and Talea, Oaxaca; City of Mexico; ridge above Totonicapam, Guate- mala ?).—Minor, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 225 (mountains of Colo- rado, breeding from 9,000 ft. to timber line).—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 87 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding at 7,500 to 10,500 ft.; deser. nest and eggs and young).—Merritt, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 204 (Big Horn Mts., Montana, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 79 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, Mar.); Proc. Bost. Soe. N.H., xxii, 1883, 369 (Anticosti I., July); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,xli, 1902, 208 (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California, winter; crit.).—Gapow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viii, 1883, 85 (Repulse Bay, etc. ).—CHAMBERLAIN, Auk, i, 1884, 90 (Lennoxville, Quebec, breeding; descr. nestand eggs ).—BICKNELL, Auk, i, 1884, 134 (song; song period).—Brckuam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vill, 1885, 625-628 (crit. on plumage of sexes).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List 1886, no. 749.—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 133 (Teziutlan and Garita de Tlaxcalor, Puebla, Noy. )—Townsenp (C. H.), Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 230 (Mount Shasta, California; breed- ing ?).—Cooxr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 279 (dates, ete.; winters from s. Illinois and Kansas southward); Bull. 37, Col. Agric. Coll., 1897, 125 (Colorado; breeding from 7,000 ft. to timber line). —Swrysurne, Auk, vil, 1890, 97 (White Mts., Arizona, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—MEArNs, Auk, vii, 1890, 263 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, breeding).—THompson, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 632 (Manitoba, migrant; song).—ANTHony, Auk, ix, 1892, 368 (s. w. New Mexico, migr.).—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 775 (Soledad, San Luis Potisi, Nov. 27).—NkExHR.LING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 98.—FisHer (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 18938, 142 (localitiesin s. California and Nevada).—Topp, Auk, x, 1893, 206 (District of Columbia, Dee. 5, 1892).—Wurrr, Auk, x, 1893, 229 (Mackinac I., Michigan, breeding).—CHapmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 22 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 38 (Las Vegas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-1899 (1900), 43 (Louisiana, winter resid. ).—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, i, 1900, 61 (Kowak R., Alaska, June).—Buisnop, North Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 93 (Log Cabin, Bennett, Lake Lebarge, etc., Alaska).— Oscoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 80 (Fort Kenai, Alaska).—PREBLE, North Am. Fauna, no. 22, 1902, 129 (Norway House, ete., Kewatin, June). Regulus] calendula GamBen, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1847, 36 (Rocky Mts. ; California).—Hensnaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler’s Sury., 1879, 287 (e. slope Sierra Nevada, summer; song).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 259.—Ripe@way, Man. N. Am, Birds, 1887, 568. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 709 [ Regulus] calendula Scuarer and Saryix, Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 4. Regulus calundula Couns, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila,, 1861, 219 ( Rivolet, Labrador). Regulus calendulus Bonararrs, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 186.—Pera- Bopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 314.—Tnompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 84.—GouLp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 290 (Loch Lomondside, Scotland, accidental ).—Covurs, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 66 (Fort Whipple, Arizona; ga a oi a ARD, Birds Florida, 1872, 27.—A.vEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 161 (Mount Lincoln, Colorado; breeding), 166 (Ogden, Utah, Sept. ees pk, in Coues’ Birds N. W., 1874, 229 (mountains of Colorado, breeding from 9,500 ft. to timber line; habits). Regulus} calendula calendula Ripaway, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Sury. Terr., ii, no. 2, Apr. 1, 1876, 184.—Hetumayr, Tierreich, 18, Lief., 1903, 14. Regulus calendula calendula GRiNNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna no. 3, June 25, 1902, 72.—Baiuny (H. F.), Condor, iv, 1902, 81 (Kenai, Alaska, breeding; descr. nest and eggs). [ Reguloides| calendula BoNaparrr, Consp, Ay., i, 1850, 292. Ph{yllobasileus| calendula CaBantis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 33. [ Phyllobasileus] calendula Heixnand Reicnenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 24. CLorthylio] calendula Canants, Journ. fiir Orn., i, 1853, 83, footnote. [ Parus] griseus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1010 (‘‘Greenland;’’ based on Parus griseus vertice rubra Muller, Zool., Synopsis, ii, pt. 2, 539). Regulus rubineus Vie1itu0t, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 49, pls. 104, 105 (new name for Motacilla calendula Linnzeus).—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 421. (2?) Regulus calendula cineraceus GRINNELL (J.), Condor, yi, no. 1, Jan., 1904, 25 (Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., California; coll. J. Grinnell). 4; Crimson-crowned Titmouse Latham, REGULUS CALENDULA GRINNELLI Palmer. SITKA RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. Similar to 72. ¢. calendula, but with shorter wing, larger bill, and decidedly darker coloration. Adult male.—Length (skins), 92-105 (98); wing, 55.5-57 (56.5); tail, 41.5-44.5 (42.9); exposed culmen, 8—-9.5 (8.7); tarsus 18-19 (18.7 middle toe, 8.5-L10 (9.3).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 96-110 (98); wing, 53.5-56 (54.5); tail, 40-44 (41.8); exposed culmen, 8—9.5 (8.7); tarsus, 17.5-18.5 (18.1); middle toe, 9-10 (9.3). Pacific Coast district, breeding from British Columbia to head of Lynn Canal (Skagway, ete.) and Yakutat Bay (probably to Prince William Sound), Alaska; occasionally migrating southward in winter to middle California (San Mateo and Monterey counties). Regulus calendula (not Motacilla calendula Linnveus) Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Van- couver I.).—Datui and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 276, part (Sitka, Alaska).—CnHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., ili, 1890, 154, part (British Columbia; erit.).—Fannry, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 44, part.—(?) Korst, Auk, xvii, 1900, 357 (Cape Disappointment, Wash- ington, resident). @Six specimens. » Four specimens. 710 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Regulus calendula grinnelli PatmEr (W.), Auk, xiv, Oct., 1897, 399 (Sitka, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).—GrRinne.u (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, 130 (Sitka, breeding) ; Condor, iii, 1901, 48 (Pescadero Creek Canyon, San Mateo Co., California, Nov.; crit.); Pacifie Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 72.—BisHop, North Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 93 (Skagway, Haines, Glacier, and Sitka, Alaska) .— Oscoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 50 (Queen Charlotte Islands).— AMERICAN OrnitTHOLOoGIstTS’ Unron Commirrer, Auk, xviii, 1901, 308 (check list no. 749a). R[egulus] calendula grinnelli HetuMayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 15. REGULUS CALENDULA OBSCURUS Ridgway. DUSKY KINGLET. Similar to R. c. grinnell/, but still darker; red crown-patch more pinkish red; wing shorter, bill and feet larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 99-101 (100); wing, 53.5-56 (54.6); tail, 41-48.5 (42.2); exposed culmen, 10-10.5 (10.1); tarsus, 19.5-20 (19.8); middle toe, 9-10 (9.5).” Adult female.—Length (skin), 99.5; wing, 50; tail, 389; exposed cul- men, 10; tarsus, 20; middle toe, 9.5.? Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Regulus calendula obscurus Ripaway, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., ii, no. 2, Apr. 1, 1876, 184 (Guadalupe I., Lower California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). R[egulus] calendula obscurus Hetimayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 15. Regulus obscurus Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, July, 187/, 59, 61; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 31.—AMERiCAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 750.—Bryant, Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci., no. 6, 1877, 314 (habits; deser. song, nest, eggs, etc. ). "R[egulus] obscurus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 568. Genus POLIOPTILA Scelater. Culicivora (not of Swainson, 1827¢) Swarnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1857, 243. (Type, C. atricapilla Swainson, = Sylvia leucogastra Maximilian. ) Polioptila Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 11. (Type, Motacilla cerulea Linnzeus. ) : Very small Sylviide (7) (wing not more than 55 mm.) with tail equal to or longer than wing and rounded, acrotarsium distinctly seu- tellate, color plain bluish gray aboye and white or pale gray beneath, the tail black with more or less of white on outermost rectrices. Bill decidedly shorter than head, slender, depressed and rather broad at base, where its depth is only about half its width; exposed culmen longer than middle toe without claw, nearly straight for basal half or more, rather abruptly decurved terminally, the tip of « Four specimens. 4 One specimen. ¢ Culicivora Swainson, Zool. Journ., iii, no. 11, Dee., 1827, 359. (Type, Musc.capa stenura Temminck.) (Tyrannidee. ) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 711 the maxilla minutely uncinate; maxillary tomium faintly concave or nearly straight, distinctly notched subterminally; gonys straight or very faintly convex, about as long as distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, Nostril wholly exposed, rather large, longitudinal, distinctly operculate. Rictal bristles well developed; latero-frontal plumules short, erect, not bristly pointed. Wing moderate, rather rounded at tip; eighth, seventh and sixth primaries longest and nearly equal, ninth about equal to fourth, tenth less than half as long as ninth. Tail about as long as wing (sometimes a little shorter or somewhat longer), much rounded, the rectrices rather narrow, with broadly rounded tip. Tarsus long and slender, about one-third as long as wing, twice as long as middle toe without claw, the acrotarsium dis- tinctly scutellate; lateral toes about equal, their claws reaching to base of middle claw; hallux (without claw) about as lone as lateral toes (without claws), its claw decidedly shorter than the digit. Coloration. Above plain gray or bluish gray, the pileum some- times black, or partly black, in adult males; tail black with more or less of white on outermost rectrices; under parts white or pale gray. Female duller in color than male (never with black on pileum), the young essentially like adult females. Nidification.—Nest attached to branches of trees, deeply cup-shaped, compact, composed of plant fibers, spiders’ webs, mosses, and other soft materials the outside often ‘‘stuccoed” or ornamented with small bright-colored lichens. Eggs pale greenish blue or bluish white speckled with reddish brown. Range.—Tropical and warm-temperate portions of America, except Galapagos Archipelago and greater part of West Indies; north to and including Lower Austral life-zone of United States; Bahamas; Cuba. (About twenty species and subspecies. ) The following key to the species and subspecies of this genus includes several South American forms which are closely related to one of the Mexican species, though in reality not so much so as has very generally been supposed. I must frankly admit the uncertainty which I feel concerning the Central American forms, not only with regard to the number which should be recognized, but also as to their relationship toward one another. At least five times as many speci- mens as I have been able to examine would be necessary to enable one to feel any considerable confidence in the results reached after careful study; ten times as many specimens would, of course, be better. The present treatment of these Central American forms is, therefore, to be considered as tentative. Of only one thing do I feel quite certain: That is, that I believe, more strongly than ever, that those authors are mistaken who contend that 77. négriceps Baird occurs in any part of South America. I have been unable to trace it southward of the State of Oaxaca, in southern Mexicoys except for a single specimen in oe Dm 719 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the National Museum collection said to have been taken on the ‘* Pacifie coast of Central America”—a locality too indefinite to be considered ina case of this kind. Both the Bogota black-capped form (P. n7gri- ceps anteocularis Hellmayr) and the Venezuelan form (2. plumbiceps Lawrence) have by the latest authority on the genus“ been synonymized with P. négriceps; but Iam prepared to prove that, at least so far as the latter is concerned, this isan error. Comparison of an ample series of adult females of P. plumbiceps with an equally good one of the same sex of P. nigriceps shows that the two forms are very distinct, the female of P. plumbiceps having invariably the conspicuous dusky (sometimes nearly black) postocular patch of P. /ewcogastra, a charac- ter never seen in P. nigriceps. Of LP. anteocularis I have not been able to see a female; but I feel reasonably sure that its affinities will also be found to be with P. dewcogastra rather than with 2. nigriceps. P. nigriceps is of very uniform character throughout its range, which extends from southern Sonora to Oaxaca, in western Mexico; but from Oaxaca and Yucatan southward to the Isthmus of Panama all the forms of this genus are involved in much uncertainty. 2. albi- ventris is apparently confined to Yucatan; this is, normally, a form without any white on lores or about the eye, in this respect agreeing with P. ni/griceps; but some specimens show more or less of white on the lores and behind or above the eye, thus suggesting intergradation or hybridization with 7. albilor’s or P. superciliaris, both of which occur in the adjacent territory of Guatemala. Under the names of P. albiloris and P. bilineata, two quite easily recognized forms have in each case been included; under that of /. a/bcloris a smaller and shorter-tailed form, having a black line across the white lores, occur- ring in western Nicaragua and Costa Rica; and under that of 2. dclin- eata, (1) a form resembling the last mentioned in coloration, except that it has no black line on the white lores, and with a distinct white superciliary stripe, besides having the tail still shorter, and (2) a smaller, much shorter tailed, darker colored bird having the same pattern of head markings. The last mentioned, which is 72. super- ciliar’s Lawrence, extends, apparently without variation, from tbe Panama Railroad to Guatemala; the other, which is probably 2. bc/in- cata (Bonaparte), extends from Chiriqui to the province of Santa Marta, Colombia, thus overlapping for a short distance the range of P. superciliaris, within which occur two other forms—/. a/biloris in Guatemala and P. bairdi in western Nicaragua and Costa Rica. It will thus be seen that the case is much complicated, and that it would not be advisable in the present state of our knowledge to attempt to distinguish certain of these forms as subspecies rather than species, but much better to leave the final adjustment of their relationships to some one who may be able to examine a satisfactory amount of material. « Hellmayr, in Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 25, 26. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 713 KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF POLIOPTILA. a. Tail rounded or slightly graduated, the lateral retrices more than six-sevenths as long as middle pair; rectrices broader. b. Outermost rectrix with more than terminal half white. c. Head with more or less of black. d. Black of head confined to a narrow U-shaped mark, extending across fore- head and along sides of crown. e. Forehead and crown within U-shaped black mark bluish gray, not dis- tinctly glossed. ( Polioptila cerulea. ) f. Paler, the under parts white, or grayish white, shaded with pale bluish gray on sides. g. Larger (male averaging, wing more than 49, tail more than 50, tarsus more than 17). h. Black at base of lateral rectrix more restricted, usually concealed by under tail-coverts; bluish gray of upper parts slightly clearer and bluer; averaging, wing 52.1, tail 50.3, exposed culmen 9.9, tarsus 17.2. (Eastern United States, south in winter to Baha- mas, Cuba, and Guatemala. ) Polioptila cerulea cerulea, adult male (p. 716) hh. Black at base of lateral rectrix, more extended, showing beyond longest under tail-coverts; bhuish gray of upper parts slightly duller; adult male averaging, wing 49.9, tail 51.7, exposed cul- men 10.2, tarsus 17.3. (Southwestern United States; western Mexico in winter. ) - Polioptila cerulea obscura, adult male (p. 720) gg. Smaller, except bill (male averaging, wing 47.5, tail 46.5, exposed culmen 10.3, tarsus 16.3). (Southeastern Mexico to Guatemala. ) Polioptila cerulea mexicana, adult male (p. 722) Jf. Darker, the under parts light bluish gray, only the abdomen, anal region and under tail-coverts white. (Bahamas; Cozumel Island and adjacent coast of Yucatan. ) Polioptila cerulea cesiogastra, adult male (p. 723) ee. Forehead and crown, within the U-shaped black mark, blackish slate, distinctly glossed with greenish blue. (States of Oaxaca and Chia- pas, southeastern Mexico. )----.- Polioptila nelsoni, adult male (p. 724) dd. Black of head covering at least greater part of pileum. . Lores at least partly white. f. Superciliary region black (sometimes a white spot or streak above pos- terior angle of eye, but this, if present, not confluent with white of lores). g. Lores entirely white; larger (wing averaging 49, tail 52.6). (Oaxaca TOP Guatemala.) 32: ee ese Polioptila albiloris, adult male (p. 725) gg. Lores not entirely white (a black line crossing from rictus to ante- rior angle of eye); smaller (wing averaging 47.5, tail 46.8). (Western Nicaragua and Costa Rica. ) Polioptila bairdi, adult male (p. 726) Jf. Superciliary region white (no black on lores). g. Larger (wing averaging 49, tail 45); back, ete., paler gray, under parts more purely white, and tertials edged with white. (Veragua to Province of Santa Marta, Colombia. ) Polioptila bilineata, adult male (p. 726) gg. Smaller (wing averaging 46.6, tail 39.7); back, ete., darker gray, under parts strongly shaded with gray, and tertials edged with pale gray. (Isthmus of Panama to Guatemala. ) Polioptila superciliaris superciliaris, adult male (p. 727) "14 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ee. Lores (normally) entirely black. ¢ f. Wing shorter (averaging 45.3); under parts entirely pure white, or with sides very faintly tinged with very pale bluish gray. (Yucatan. ) Polioptila albiventris, adult male (p. 729) ff. Wing longer (averaging 48 or more); white of under, parts strongly shaded on chest and sides with pale bluish gray. g. Gray of upper parts paler (as in P. albiventris and P. albiloris). (Western Mexico, from Oaxaca to Sonora. ) Polioptila nigriceps, adult male (p. 729) gg. Gray of upper parts darker. , h. Tail averaging shorter than wing (wing averaging 48.3, tail 47.8); chest more strongly shaded with gray. (Venezuela. ) Polioptila plumbiceps, adult male (extralimital) ? h. Tail averaging longer than wing; chest more faintly shaded with gray. i. Wing averaging 51.3, tail 52.5; less white on lateral rectrices. (Central Colombia. ) ponorils anteocularis, adult male (extralimital) ¢ «Sometimes, a eran only in winter Cee only in immature) specimens there is more or less admixture of whitish or pale gray on the lores. In some exam- ples of P. albiventris there is a more or less marked indication of a white postocular or supra-auricular streak, possibly indicating intermixture or intergradation with P. albiloris or P. superciliaris. b Polioptila plumbiceps Lawrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvii, 1865, 37 ( Ven- ezuela; coll. G. N. Lawrence;=young male); Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 681 (Margarita I., Venezuela; crit.); Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 685 (La Guayra, Venezuela); Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1901, 178 (coast of Venezuela); Clark (A. H.), Auk, xix, 1902, 266 (Mar- garita I.; deser. nest and eggs).—Polioptila nigriceps (not of Baird) Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 52, part (Venezuela); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 447 (Caracas and Cumans, Venezuela); Berlepsch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 9 (localities in Venezuela; excl. syn. anteocularis Hellmayr).— P{olioptila] nigriceps migmicee Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 538, part (Venezuela); Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 25, part (Venezuela).— P[olioptila] eceonre (not sylvia leucogastra Masnailien Rian Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 387, 388, 389, part ( Venezuela).—Polioptila leucogastra Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 51 (Car- upano, Venezuela) .— Polioptila sclateri Sharpe: Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 449 (Venezuela; coll. Brit. Mus. ). The resemblance of the female of this form to that of P. lewcogastra shows it to be much more nearly related to the latter than to P. nigriceps. ¢ Polioptila leucogastra (not Sylvia leucogastra Maximilian) Selater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1855, 12, part (Colombia); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 387, 388, 389, part (Bogota). ae olioptila nigriceps (not of Baird) Salvin and Godman, elk Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 52, part (Colombia); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 447, part (Bones Colombia).—P [olioptila] nigriceps nigriceps Hellmay _ Tierreich, 18 Lief., March, 1903, 25, part (Bogota).—[ Polioptila nigriceps| anteocularis Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., vii, no. 3, meee 8, 1900, 537, in text (Bogota).—P[olioptila] nigriceps anteocularis Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., vil, no. 8, Dee. 8, 1900, 538 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. Berlin Mus. and Tring Mus. ). According to Simons the adult male of this form has the iris ‘‘ bright chrome yellow,’’ that of the female being ‘‘ vellowish’’ (Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, 116). Ihave not seen the female, and therefore can not say whether, like those of P. plumbiceps and P. leucogastra it differs from that of P. nigriceps in having the post- ocular region blackish, or not. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 715 i. Wing averaging 48.4, tail 52.4; more white on lateral rectrices. (Eastern Brazil. ) Polioptila leucogastra, adult male (extralimital) @ ec. Head without any black. ? d. Gray of pileam not darkening toward auricular region. e. No white superciliary stripe; tail longer (averaging more than 43). J. Auricular region with at least upper half pale gray, not conspicuously different from darker gray of occiput, and fading gradually into paler gray or grayish white of lower portion. g. Bill smaller (exposed culmen averaging less than 10.5); outermost primary much smaller, much less than half as long as next (ninth). h. Larger, with smaller bill (wing averaging more than 50, exposed culmen less than 10). i. Black at base of lateral rectrices more restricted; gray of upper parts clearer, white of under parts less grayish. Polioptila cerulea cerulea adult female (p. 717) vi. Black at base of lateral rectrices more extended; gray of upper parts duller, white of under parts grayer. Polioptila cerulea obscura, adult female (p. 720) hh. Smaller, with larger bill (wing averaging less than 48, culmen averaging 10 or more). 7. Smaller and paler (in coloration like P. ¢. cwrulea); wing averag- ing 45.3, tail 43.5, tarsus 16.5. Polioptila cerulea mexicana, adult female (p. 722) uv. Larger and darker; wing averaging 47 or more, tail more than 50, tarsus 17 or more. j. Upper parts bluer slate-gray; under parts pale bluish gray (white only on abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts) . Polioptila cerulea cesiogastra, adult female (p. 723) jj. Upper parts duller slate-gray; under parts white medially. Polioptila nelsoni, adult female (p. 724) gg. Bill larger (exposed culmen averaging more than 11); outermost primary much larger, at least half as long as the next (ninth). Polioptila nigriceps, adult female (p. 729) Jf. Auricular region white, or grayish white, abruptly and strongly con- trasted with a dusky postocular streak, above which is a narrow white or whitish streak. aS[ylvia] leucogastra Maximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, pt. 2, 1831, 710 (Province of Bahia, e. Brazil; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. ).—Polioptila leucogastra Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 12, part (Bahia; Montevideo?); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 446 (Bahia and Pernambuco, Brazil).—P[olioptila] leucogastra Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 387, 388, 389, part (Bahia; crit.); Hell- mayr, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 586, in text (crit.); viii, 1901, 360 (diagnosis); Tier- reich, 18 Lief., 1903, 25.—Culicivora atricapilla Swainson, Zool. Illustr., new ser., ii, 1831, pl. 57 (no locality mentioned).—[Culicivora] dumicola (not Sylvia dumicola Vieillot) Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 316, part; C[ulicivora] dumicola Cabanis Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 34. ’In the adult females of P. lewcogastra and P. plumbiceps (probably also P. anteocu- laris, which, however, I have not seen) the deep slate-gray or slate color of the pileam gradually darkens into nearly black on the upper portion of the auricular region: but there is no distinct, sharply defined black mark or ‘‘ hood”? as in section ¢. 716 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. g. Tail longer (averaging 48). Polioptila albiloris, adult female (p. 725) Polioptila albiventris?, adult female (p. 729) @ gg. ‘Tail shorter (averaging 43) --Polioptila bairdi, adult female (p. 726) ee. A white superciliary stripe. f. Larger (wing 45.5-47.5, tail 42-43.5). g. Much paler, the upper parts clear bluish gray or plumbeous, the under parts mostly white. -Polioptila bilineata, adult female (p. 726) gy. Much darker, the upper parts slate color (nearly slate-black on pileum ), the under parts french gray or cinereous, white only on abdomen, hinder flanks, anal region, and under _ tail-coverts. (Highlands of Costa Rica. ). Polioptila superciliaris magna, adult female (p. 728) ff Smaller (wing 41.5-44, tail 36.5-40). (Coloration nearly as in P. s. magna, but not quite so dark.) Polioptila superciliaris supercilicris, adult female (p. 727) dd. Gray of pileum darkening postero-laterally into blackish slate or nearly black next to upper margin of auricular region, producing a conspicuous dusky postocular patch. e. Wing and tail shorter ( wing 45.7, tail 45.1); less white on lateral rectrices. Polioptila plumbiceps, adult female (extralimital) ? ee. Wing and tail longer (wing averaging 46.5, tail 48.7); more white on lat- eral rectrices2-. 22 Polioptila leucogastra, adult female (extralimital) ¢ bb. Outermost rectrix with much less than terminal fourth white. ce. Outermost rectrix with outer web wholly white, except basal third (more or less); paler, the gray of upper parts bluish slate-gray or plumbeous, the under parts grayish white or very pale gray. (Southern Texas to southern California, ete., and northern Mexico.) .....--- Polioptila plumbea “” (p. 731) ce. Outermost rectrix, with outer web, merely edged with white; darker, the gray of upper parts deep slate-gray or slate color, the under parts light gray. (Coast district of California and northern Lower California. ) Polioptila californica” (p. 734) aa. Tail very much graduated, the lateral rectrices only about half as long as middle Foauritestoae (CU aa) terse age Seay myn een eae cee en eer Polioptila lembeyei © (p. 735) POLIOPTILA CAZERULEA CAZERULEA (Linneus). BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER, Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck plain bluish gray or grayish blue,’ the back, secapulars, rump, and lesser wing-coverts slightly “1 can not distinguish the supposed female of P. albiventris from that of P. albiloris, both coloration and dimensions appearing quite the same. The only specimen examined is from Progreso, Yucatan, from which locality all males examined are P. albiventris; but it is not impossible the specimen in question may in reality be an example of P. albiloris which has straggled from its usual habitat. » See footnote » on p. 714. ¢See footnote ¢ on p. 714. “Adult males of these two species have the pileum glossy blue-black, as in P. nigriceps, P. albiventris, ete. ¢ The adult male (adult female also?) of this species has a curved black line bor- dering upper and posterior margin of the auricular region. / The color is not nearly approximated by any in the author’s Nomenclature of Colors; it is intermediate between plambeous and azure blue, as there represented. - BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. CAG paler and less bluish; anterior portion of forehead and sides of fore- head and crown black, forming a conspicuous U-shaped mark; wings dull slate color with pale gray edgings, these much broader and much paler gray (sometimes whitish) on tertials; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the lateral rectrices extensively white, with blackish shafts, the white occupying the whole of the exposed portion of both webs on the outermost rectrix, extending more nearly to base on outer web than on inner, the second rectrix with terminal half (approximately) white, the third broadly tipped with white; sides of head (including lores, superciliary stripe, and auricular region) pale bluish gray or grayish blue, becoming paler below; a white orbital ring; under parts white, the throat, chest, and sides, especially the chest, faintly shaded with pale bluish gray; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet black or dusky; length (skins), 100-112 (107.3); wing, 49-54.5 (52.1); tail, 48-54 (50.3); exposed culmen, 9-11 (9.9); tarsus, 16.5—-L8 (17.2); middle toe, 8.5-9 (8.9). Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but gray of upper parts less bluish (between plumbeous and slate-gray), and without the U-shaped mark on forehead and sides of crown; length (skins), 102-112 (106.1); wing, 50-52 (50.9); tail, 47.5-54 (50); exposed culmen, 9-10.5 (9.7); tarsus, 16-18 (17.2); middle toe, 8.5—9 (8.9).? Similar to the adult female. Young male in first autumn and winter. but gray of upper parts more bluish. Young female in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult female, but gray of upper parts duller (light mouse gray). Young, first plumage.—Similar to the young female in first autumn and winter, but gray of upper parts paler and more brownish (nearly smoke gray), and texture of plumage much looser. Eastern United States; north (breeding) to New Jersey (Bridgeton), « Twenty-four specimens. » Thirteen specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: : zs Ex Middle Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed *) Tarsus. | ° in culmen. <= = = s = | 2 = MALES. Nine adult males from Maryland and District of Columbia. 52.1 50. 6 9.9 17.5 9 One adult male from Florida (April 4) ..................... | 50 50 10 17.5 9 Fouradult males from Mississippiand Louisiana (breeding).. 50.7) 9 48.5 10.1 16.9 8.7 es ‘ ‘ . 3 = | s Nine adu!t males from Tennessee to Illinois and Indiana. . 52.8 | 50.7 9.8 17.1 8.9 One adult male from Texas (San Antonio, June) ........... 53 50.5 10 16.5 8.5 FEMALES. | Nine adult females from Maryland and District of Columbia. 50.9] 49.4 9.7 17.3 9 Two adult females from Illinois and Tennessee .........--. 50.5 | 50.7 10 1722 Soy One adult female from Louisiana (March 31)...........-... 52 | 58 10.5 17.5 9 | One adult female from Texas (San Antonio, March 29)..... 50 | 51.5 9 16 8.5 718 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. southeastern and southwestern Pennsylvania (Washington, Allegheny, and Perry counties), southern Ontario, southern Michigan (Washtenaw County), northern Illinois, southern Iowa (Decatur and Mahaska counties) and eastern Nebraska, occasionally or accidentally to Long Island, Connecticut, Rhode Island (Providence), Massachusetts (Cage Cod, Falmouth, Magnolia, etc.), Maine (Portland), northern Michigan (Mackinac Island), and Minnesota (Minneapolis); breeding southward to Florida, Louisiana, and southern Texas (Brownsville, ete.); winter- ing in Florida and other Gulf States and southward to Bahamas, Cuba, and eastern Mexico to Yucatan and Guatemala. [ Motacilla] cxrulea LINN mus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 337 (based on Motacilla parva cerulea Edwards, Gleanings Nat, ue 115,194; ple 302). | Motacilla] caerulea GMELIN, Syst. Nat., Lap bane 1788, 992. [Sylvia] cerulea Laraam, Index Orn., 1790, 540. Muscicapa coerulea WILs8on, ee Orn., ii, 1810, 164, pl. 18, fig. 5.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 431, pl. 8 M[uscicapa] ceerulea Soe Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 172 (refers it to genus Sylvia) . Culicivora cerulea JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 304.—AupuBon, Birds Am., oct. ed., i, 1840, 244, pl. 75.—Woopnouss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1858, 67 (Indian Territory; Texas). Culicivora cxrulea D’ ORBIGNY, we La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1838, 76.— Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306 (Cuba). C'[ulicivora] cxrulea Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1848, 176. [ Culicivora] caerulea BoNAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 316.—Herxe and Rercu- ENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 24. Culicivora caerulea GuNDLACH, Journ. fir Orn., 1861, 407 (Cuba). C[ulicivora] coerulea CABANIS, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 84 (North America; Jalapa®). Culicivora coerulea GUNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 471 (Cuba). Polioptila cerulea ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 11 (monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 12.—Haypen, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xii, 1863, 164 (Bald I., Ne- braska; Fort Riley, Kansas).—Batrp, Review an Birds, 1864, 74, part. (2) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1866, 69 (Fortune I. and Inagua, Bahamas).— ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1871, 261 (e. Floridain winter); iii, 1872, 124 ees Kansas); Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 269 (Topeka); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., , 1886, 261 (Massachusetts records).—Tripre, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, ae 236 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, s. lowa, breeding).—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 23, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 101, part. —Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 6 (e. Kansas).—Batirp, Brewer, and Rripeaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 78, part, pl. 6, fig. 5.—Brewster, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875, 132 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia; habits; song); Bull. Nutt. Orn. clan. il, 1878, 19 (deser. young).—Derane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 45 (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Noy. 18, 1877); v, 1880, 47 (Magnolia, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Aug. 27, 1879).—Purpir, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 20 (Wau- regan, Connecticut, 2 spees.; Providence, Rhode Island, 1 spec., May 23; near Providence, 1 spec., June 24).—Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 146 (Falmouth, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Dec. !); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 301 (New England records).—Sennetr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 6 (Brownsville, Texas, breeding).—MERRILL (J. cpp Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 120 eee Brown, Texas, =) breeding) a a rerio BD c. mexicana. CSP Pe Sra ar ry ee ee BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 719 Witurams, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 182 (Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1 spec.).—Brown (N. C.), Bull, Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 236 (Cape Eliza- beth, Maine; 1 spec. summer 1878 and 1 Aug. 29, 1880); Proc. Portl. Soc. N. H., 1882, 5 (same); Auk, xiii, 1896, 264 (near Portland, Maine; 1 spec., Apr. 18, 1896).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 50, part.—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 52, part; Auk, iii, 1886, 25, part, 501 (Grand Cayman); Birds W. I., 1889, 37, part; Cat. W. I. 3irds, 1892, 120, part.¢—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 27, part; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 73.—Berter, Auk, vi, 1881, 126 (Fort Hamilton, Long Island, 1 spec., Oct. 11, 1879).—Covert, Annot. List. Birds Washtenaw Co., Mich., 1881, 174 (common summer resid. ).—NenriinG, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 7 (Houston, Texas, breeding); Our Native 3irds, etc., i, 1893, 92,-pl. 6.— Sacer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 179 (Portland, Connecticut, 1 spec., May 11, 1883); Auk, iii, 1886, 487 (East Hartford, Connecticut, 1 spec., May i 1886). _ Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 442 INCE (N. T.), Auk, ii, 1885, 272 (Far Rockaway, Long Island, 1 spec., Apr. 18, 1874).—Srron, Auk, ii, 1885, 334 (Toronto, Guiana, 1 spec., May 9, 1885) .— AMERICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 751, part. —Dwient, Auk, vy, 1888, 324 (Montauk Point, Long Island, 1 spec., Sept. 2, 1885).— Cooker, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 281 (Mississippi Valley range, and dates of migr.).—EverMann, Auk, vi, 1889, 29 (Carroll Co., Indiana, summer resid.).—Cuapman, Auk, vi, 1889, 305 (near Piermont, New York, 1 spec. ); 3ull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv 1892, 312 (near Trinidad, Cuba).—Scorr(W. E. D.), Auk, vii, 1890, 119 (‘Tarpon Springs, Florida, breeding); ix, 1892, 214 (Caloosa- hatehie R., Florida, breeding).—Mutter, Auk, vii, 1890, 229 (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Oct. 9, 1899).—Arrwarer, Auk, ix, 1892, 344 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding). pry Hite, Auk, x, 1893, 229(Mackinacl., Siiahiean 2 specs., Sept. 22, 1889).—Durcner, Auk, x, 1893, 277 (Canarsie, Long Island, 1 spec., 1849).—Sronz, Auk, xi, 1894, 140 (Bridgeton, New Jersey, breeding; Atlantic City and Denisville, New Jersey, rare in spring).—McItwrairn, Birds Ontario, 1894, 404 (s. Ontario, sammer resid.).—U trey and WALLACE, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sei., 1895, 159 (Wabash, Indiana, common summer resid. ).— Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 366 (Wacissa R., Florida, breeding ).—HaDLeEy, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897, 197 (Wayne Co., Indiana, rare summer resid.) .— Beyer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-1899 (1900), 43 (Louisiana, summer resid. ).—Isuam, Auk, xix, 1902, 91 (Central Park, ee York City, May 22, 1901).—Bartey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 465.—ALLEN (F. H.), Auk, xx, 1903, 69 (West Manchester, eae 1 spec., Nov. 16, 1902). Polioptila caeruiea Barrp, na mele R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 380, part; Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 13, part (Tamaulipas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 282, eet oe a, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 324 (Cuba); 1872, 409 (Cuba). Polioptila cerulea Cours, Birds N. W., 1874, 17, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 36, part. [ Polioptila] cxrulea Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 237, no. 3433.—Covrs, Key. N. Am. Birds, 1872, 78, part.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 6, part. [ Polioptila] cerulea Scuarer and SAtyvin, Nom. me, Neotr., 1873, 4, part. P[olioptila] cerulea Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 261, part. P{olioptila] cxrulea Newson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 95, 152 (n. e. Illinois, common migr., a few breeding).—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 569, part. ee @Without having seen specimens from aa the islands enumerated, I can not, of course, designate these. 720 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. P{olioptila] caerulea caerulea HELLMAYR, Novyit. Zool., vii, Dec., 1900, 535; Tier- reich, 18 Lief., 1903, 20. [ Motacilla] cana GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 973 (Louisiana; based on Figuier cendré a& gorge cendrée Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., v, 319; Grey-throated Warbler Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 411). [Sylvia] cana Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 543. POLIOPTILA CAH RULEA OBSCURA Ridgway. WESTERN GNATCATCHER. Similar to 2. ¢. eerulea, but gray of upper parts slightly duller and and black at base of inner web of outermost rectrix more extended, usually showing beyond tip of under tail-coverts. Adult male.—Length (skins), 103-115 (107.9); wing, 48-51.5 (49.9); tail, 49.5-55.5 (51.7); exposed culmen, 9.5-11 (10.2); tarsus, 16-18 (17.3); middle toe, 8.5—-9 (8.6).“ Adult female.—Length (skins), 97-112 (105.3); wing, 47-51.5 (48.5 tail, 47-54 (50.4); exposed culmen, 9—-10.5 (9.1); tarsus, 16.5-18.5 (17.5 middle toe, 8—9 (8.6).? Southwestern United States and contiguous parts of northern Mexico, from western Texas (west of Pecos River) to California; northward to Colorado (regularly to El Paso County, accidentally to Denver), southern Utah (Beaverdam; Santa Clara Valley), southern Nevada (Mount Magruder), and interior of northern California (Napa, Tehama, Shasta, Siskiyou, and Placer counties); southward to Cape St. Lucas (in winter only?) and through Mexican States of Chihuahua, Sonora, and Sinaloa (near Mazatlan; Culiacan) to Colima (Plains of Colima, January). Muscicapa cerulea (not Motacilla cerulea Linneeus) GamBet, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., i, 1847, 88 (California) . Culicivora cxrulia GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1847, 156 (California). aSeventeen specimens. b Eleven specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average, respectively, as follows: Locality. | Wing. | Tail. ‘ions Tarsus. Mi | culmen. : | MALES. Eight adult males from western Texas to southern Utah, | API ZOU A CLC ee cee eee ae ee sakes een te | 50.2] 52.3| 9.9] 17.5 .6 Three adult males from Cape district, Lower California. - st} 49,2 50.7 | 10.5} 17.5 8.5 Two adult males from southern California (San Diego | | Gotinity) eee ioe, he ee ee oe Be ee | 50 50.7 10.5 | 16.2 8.5 Three adult males from northern California ....-.-.------- ag 49.6 SLD 10.4 17.5 8.5 FEMALES. Six adult females from New Mexico and Arizona.......-..-- | 48.9 51.5 9.8 17.5 8.6 One adult female from Cape district, Lower California. .... | 50 52 10 17 8.5 Three adult females from southern California and northern | hower Californias anon ce ee tee eee ea oe eee mire ss | 47.3 48 10 17.3 8.8 fy =a* i i ae ee 7 e Fag oe te BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. T24 Culicivora cerulea Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., vii, 1855 309 (New Mexico). Polioptila cerulea XAntus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei., Phila., xi, 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California). —Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 380, part (Fort Thorn, New Mexico; Colorado R. and Fort Tejon, California; Organ Mts., w. Texas); Review Am. Birds, 1864, 74, part (Yreka, Marysville, San Diego, etc., California; Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, etc. ); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 282, part; Rep. U. 8S. and Mex. Bound. Sury., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 13, part (Organ Mts., Texas).—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 2, 1859, 39 (California).—Covrs, Ibis, 1865, 538 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1866, 66 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 23, part; 2d ed. 1882, no. 36, part; Birds N.W., 1874, 17, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 101, part.—Burcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., xx, 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas).—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 35.—Ripe@way, Bull. Essex. Inst., vy, 1873, 179 (Colorado); 1874, 172 (Sacramento Valley); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 409 (w. foothills, Sierra Nevada); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 27, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 1874, 78, part; iii, 1874, 501 (Placer Co., San Buenaventura, and hear San Francisco, California; El Paso Co., Colorado).—HeEnsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheelers’s Surv., 1874, 99 (Arizona); 1876, 228 (Fort Tejon, California); Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 166 (s. of Camp Apache, San Pedro, and Camp Bowie, Arizona; Aguazul, New Mexico).—LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nt H., ii, 1874, 267 (Mazatlan; Tonila, Jalisco).—BELDING, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 399 (Calaveras Co., Stockton, etec., California); v, 1883, 534 (Cape St. Lucas), 543 (Guaymas, Sonora).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 77 (Chiricahua Mts., Tombstone, Cienega Station, Tucson, and Santa Rita Mts., Arizona).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, no. 751, part.—SrepHens, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 56 (San Bernardino Valley, California).—Townsenp (C. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 230 (Baird and Red Bluff, n. California).—(?) Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 298 (Tom Green and Concho counties, w. Texas, summer resid. ).—Scort, Auk, v, 1888, 166 (s. Arizona, resid.).—(?) Cooker, Bull. 37, Col. Agric. Coll., 1897, 124 (north to El Paso Co., Colorado, breeding from plains to 7,000 ft.); Bull. 44, 1898, 169 (Denver, Colorado, 1 spec.). P{olioptila] cxrulea Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 569, part. Polioptila cerulea HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 99 (San Pedro and s. of Apache, Arizona), 155 (Arizona).—BELDING, Proc. Us st Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 346 (Laguna Mts., Lower California). P[olioptila] cerulea Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 261, part. P{olioptila] czrulea obscura Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, sig. 34, Mar. 21, 1883, 535, footnote (San José de] Cabo, Lower California, Apr. 17; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ).—Hetimayr, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 535 (crit. ); Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 20. Polioptila exrulea obscura AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiTrer, Auk, vii, 1890, 64; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 75la.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 612.—Fisuer (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 143 (localities in s. California; Mount Magruder, s. Nevada; Santa Clara Valley and Beaverdam Mts., s. Utah; descr. nest).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Ni EL, y, 1893, 42 (n. e. Sonora and n. w. Chihuahua, Sept., Noy. ).—Jouy, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 775 (Guaymas, Sonora, Feb. ).—Merriam (F. A), Auk, xiii, 1896, 123 (Twin Oaks, San Diego Co., California; habits).— GRINNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 50 (Los Angeles Co., Cali- fornia, resident); Check List Calif. Birds, 1902, 72 (California range).— Bartow, Condor, ii, 1900, 133 (near Mount Hamilton, Santa Clara Co., Cali- fornia, Apr.).—Fisner (W. K.), Condor, ii, 1900, 188 (Mount St. Helena, 10384—voL 3—03 46 (22 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Napa Co., California). —CHAamBERLIN, Condor, iii, 1901, 33-36, figs. 1-3 (Vallecito, California; nesting habits; descr. nest and eggs, illustrated) .— Maruurarp, Condor, iii, 1901, 127 (Paicines, San Benito Co., California, resid. ).—OBERHOLSER, Auk, xix, 1902, 301 (w. of Pecos R., w. Texas).— Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 209 (Cape district, Lower California, resid. from coast to top of highest mountains; crit.; descr. nest and eggs). P{olioptila] c[Lerulea] obscura Battery (Florence M.), Handb. Birds, W. U.S., 1902, 466. POLIOPTILA CA®RULEA MEXICANA (Bonaparte). MEXICAN GNATCATCHER. Similar in coloration to 2. ¢. cerulea but decidedly smaller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 100-107 (103.38); wing, 45-50 (47.5); tail, 45-48 (46.3); exposed culmen, 9.5-11 (10.3); tarsus, 15-17 (16.8); middle toe, 8-9.5 (8.6).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 101-103 (102); wing, 42.5-48 (45.3); tail, 41-45.5 (48.5); exposed culmen, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 16-17 (16.5); middle toe, 8-9 (8.5).? Southeastern Mexico, in States of San Luis Potosi (Valles), Vera Cruz (Minatitlan; Tlalcotalpan), Oaxaca (near Tehuantepec; Santa Efigenia; Oaxaca), Chiapas (Huehuetan; Palenque), Tabasco (Monte- cristo), Campeche (Campeche), and Yucatan; Guatemala (in winter only 4). (?) Clulicivora] coerulea Capants, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 34, part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). (?) Polioptila caerulea ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Polioptila caerulea Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 380, part. Polioptila cerulea Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 74, part.—LAwrENcE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1870, 199 (n. Yucatan); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 12 (Santa Efigenia, Juchitan, Tehuantepec, and Oaxaca).—Barrp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 78, part.—SaLvin and GopMAn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1880, 50 part.—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 61 (Mexico; Guatemala).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 442, part.—AMERICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 751, part.— CuapmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 276 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan). P{olioptila] cerulea Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 569. [ Polioptila] cerulea ScLaTeR and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 4, part. Culicivora mexicana BONAPARTE, Consp. Ay., 1, 1850, 316. [ Culicivora] mexicana Herne and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 24. Polioptila mexicana ScuatTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 363 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 373 (Oaxaca); (?) Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 12 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).— (?) SctaTeR and Satvry, Ibis, 1859, 9 (Duefas and Volcan de Fuego, 14,000 it., Guatemala).—Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 202. [ Polioptila] mexicana Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 287, no. 3439. Polioptila coerulea mexicana Netson, Auk, xv, Apr., 1898, 160 (lowlands of Vera Cruz, s. to e. Chiapas; crit.; descr. ). P{olioptila] caerulea mexicana Hetimayr, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 535 (s. Mexico; Yucatan’); Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 21. (2?) Polioptila SciatEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 298 (Cordova, Vera Cruz). « Twelve specimens. b Five specimens. eee eS ae Se BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 723 POLIOPTILA CAZRULEA CAESIOGASTRA Ridgway. BAHAMA GNATCATCHER. Similar to P. c. cerulea but darker, especially the under parts, which are mostly pale bluish gray, only the abdomen and under tail-coverts being white. Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-115 (111.7); wing, 4752.5 (49.5); tail, 50-54 (51.9); exposed culmen, 9.5-11.5 (10.5); tarsus, 17-18 (17.7); middle toe, 8.5-9 (8.8).” Adult female.—Length (skins), 105-112 (108.3); wing, 44.5-48.5 (47); tail, 49-52 (50.6); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.4); tarsus, 1/—18.5 (17.5); middle toe, 8.5-9.5 (9).? Resident in Bahamas (islands of Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Little Abaco, and Inagua) and on island of Cozumel and adjacent coast of Yucatan (Merida). Polioptila czrulea (not Motacilla cerulea Linnzeus) Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 52, part; Auk, iii, 1886, 23, part; Birds W. I., 1889, 37, part.—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 442, part.—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vili, 1885, 561 (Cozumel); Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco I., Bahamas).—Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 350 (Abaco), 351 (Inagua). [ Polioptila] cxrulea Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 6, part. P[olioptila] cxrulea cesiogaster Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 569 (New Providence I., Bahamas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).—HELLMAyR, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 535 (crit.); Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 21. Polioptila cxrulea cxsiogaster Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 614; Auk, viii, 1891, 335 (New Providence I., Bahamas ).—NORTHRUP, Auk, viii, 1891, 67 (Andros I., Bahamas).—Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 157; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 120, 127, 156 (Bahamas).—Banes, Auk, xvii, 1900, 289 (New Providence).—Bonnore, Ibis, 1903, 277 (Little Abaco I.). Polioptila cxsiogaster? Savin, Ibis, 1888, 245 (Cozumel I.; crit.). «Twelve specimens from Bahamas. b Seven specimens from Bahamas. Specimens from different islands average, respectively, as follows: Ex- ees Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed laa aoe /culmen.| [a MALES. Eight adult males from Abaco.......-.--------------------- 50. 2 52.7 | 10.8 17.6 | 8.8 Four adult males from New Providence....-.-...---------- 48 | 650.4 9.9 17.7 | 8.7 } Seven adult males from Cozumel and Yueatan.....-....--- 47.6 | 48.9 | 10.4 17.5 8.7 FEMALES. Four adult females from Abaco........--.-.-.------+------- 47.5 50. 7 | 10.5 17.6 | 9.1 Three adult females from New Providence....-.....---.---- 46.3} 60.5 10.2 1708 8.7 One adult female from Inagua........-..------------------- | 46 | 46 11 18 9 One adult female from Cozumel....-..-..--.---------------- 47.5 | 17.5 9 49 | 11 | | Cozumel specimens are slightly darker above, especially on the pileum, and may prove to be separable from the Bahama birds. 724 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. POLIOPTILA NELSONI Ridgway. NELSON’S GNATCATCHER. Similar to P. cxerulea cestogastra, but much larger and very much darker in coloration. Adult male in summer.—Pileum dark bluish slate color, becoming blue-black and distinctly glossed on forehead, but showing in certain lights a more positively black U-shaped mark bounding frontal region as in the forms of 2. cerulea; hindneck, back, scapulars, lesser wing- coverts, and rump, uniform bluish slate color; wings (except lesser coverts) brownish slate color, with slate-colored or slate-gray edgings; 4 upper tail-coverts and tail black, the outermost rectrix with outer web white, except basally, the inner web with about terminal half white, the second rectrix with considerably less of white, the third white for about 10 mm. from tip; a narrow white orbital ring, the sides of the head otherwise, including lores, bluish slate color or bluish slate-gray; under parts pale bluish gray (nearly cinereous) becoming white on abdomen and anal region; bill black, the mandible indistinctly paler (more grayish) basally; legs and feet brownish black (in dried skin); length (skin), 107; wing, 49; tail (decidely worn at tip), 50; exposed culmen, 11; tarsus, 16; middle toe, 8.5. Adult female in winter.—Pileum and hindneck plain slate color; back, secapulars, wing-coverts, and rump slightly paler (between slate color and slate-gray); remiges dark brownish slate with pale-gray edgings, the tertails broadly edged with dull whitish; upper tail- coverts and tail black, the outermost rectrix mostly white (inner web with basal third, or more, black), next with about terminal half of inner web, considerably more of outer web, white, third with outer web broadly tipped and edged for most of its length with white, the fourth with a small white tip; sides of head paler gray than upper parts, relieved by a conspicuous white orbital ring; under parts white medially, pale bluish gray laterally, the chest faintly shaded with pale bluish gray; maxilla black; mandible blackish terminally, the basal half, or more, pale grayish; legs and feet grayish black (in dried skins); length (skin), 108; wing, 47.5; tail, 52; exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17; middle toe, 9.? States of Oaxaca (Oaxaca City) and Chiapas (Comitlan), southeastern Mexico. Polioptila nelsoni Rripaway, Proce. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 109 (Oaxaca City, Oaxaca; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ) «Tertials are much worn, so that any white or pale-colored edgings which may have existed in fresh plumage have quite disappeared. > Description and measurements from no. 142692, coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. (Biological Survey collection), Comitlan, Chiapas, Dec. 10, 1895; Nelson and Goldman. This specimen I am unable to refer to any other form, and therefore place it here, though with some doubt. It was identified as P. cerulea mexicana by Mr. Nelson, but is much too large for that form and besides is too dark in coloration of the upper parts. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. (25 POLIOPTILA ALBILORIS Sclater and Salvin. : WHITE-LORED GNATCATCHER. Adult male.—Pileum, together with upper half (more or less) of auricular region, uniform glossy blue-black; whole loral region, eye- lids, a small spot or short streak above posterior angle of eye, sub- orbital and malar regions and lower portion of auricular region, together with under parts, white, passing into pale bluish gray on sides and flanks, the chest faintly shaded with the same; hindneck, back, seapulars, rump, and wing-coverts, uniform bluish gray (between plumbeous and slate-gray); remiges dull or brownish slate color edged with pale gray, the tertials very broadly and conspicuously edged with white; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the outermost rectrix with outer web white, except extreme base, the inner web with about terminal two-thirds white, the next with nearly as much white on outer web but only about terminal half of inner web white, the third with tip white for about 10 to 15 mm., the fourth often with a distinct white tip; maxilla black, the mandible grayish with dusky tip; iris brown; legs and feet dusky in dried skins, plumbeous in life;“ length (skins), 105-115 (110.2); wing, 48-51 (49); tail, 49-56 (52.6); exposed culmen, 11.5-12 (11.6); tarsus, 17.5-18 (17.7); middle toe, 9-9.5 (9.4).? Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but back of head replaced by slate color, and gray of back, etc., duller (slate-gray); length (skins), 102-106 (103.7); wing, 44-47 (45.6); tail, 47.5-49 (48); exposed cul- men, 11-12 (11.2); tarsus, 17-18 (17.2); middle toe, 9.° Guatemala (Chuacus) to Oaxaca (Santa Efigenia; Tehuantepec; Cui- cuitlan; Huilotepec; Tapana). Polioptila albiloris ScuareR and Sauyiy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 298 (Nota- gua Valley, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman); Ibis, 1860, 397 (do.); Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 4.—Owen, Ibis, 1861, 61, pl. 2, fig. 3, egg (Choacus, Guatemala; descr. nest and eggs).—Bartrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 70, part (in synonymy).—LawreEnce, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 12 (Santa Efigenia and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1879, 53, part, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2 (Chuacus, Guatemala; Santa Efigenia and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca).—SnHarpk, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 454 (Tehuantepec, Mexico; Chuacus, Guatemala; La Union, Salvador). [ Polioptila] albiloris Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 237, no. 3440.—Sciarer and Sat- vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 4. P(olioptila] albiloris Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 387, 388, 389, part (Santa Efigenia and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Guatemala); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 569, part (Tehuantepec; Guatemala; Salvador ?).—HeEtuMayr, Noyvit. Zool., vii, 1900, 536, in text, part (crit.); Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 28. @ According to Sumichrast. ¢ Four specimens. » Four specimens, from Oaxaca. 726 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. POLIOPTILA BAIRDI Ridgway. NICARAGUAN GNATCATCHER, Similar to P. albiloris, but wing and tail shorter, especially the latter; adult male with loral region partly black, usually as a spot at anterior angle of eye or a streak from anterior angle of eye to, or nearly to, base of maxilla. Adult male.—Length (skins), 105-108 (106); wing, 46-50 (47.5); tail, 45-49 (46.8); exposed culmen, 11.5-12.5 (11.9); tarsus, 17-18 (17.5); middle toe, 9-9.5 (9.2).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 106; wing, 43.5-46.5 (45); tail, 42.5— 44 (43.5); exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 17-17.5 (17.3); middle toe, rom (953) s0 Western Nicaragua (Realejo; San Juan del Sur; Sucuyé; Grenada) and Costa Rica (Liberia; Volcan de Miravalles; Cartago 7?) Polioptila albiloris (not of Sclater and Salvin) Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 70, part (description; Grenada and Realejo, Nicaragua).—Satvrn and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 53, part (Grenada and Realejo, Nica- ragua).—Nutrine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 373 (San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua) .—ZE.LEpoN, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 (Liberia and Cartago, Costa Rica). P(olioptila] albiloris Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 387, 388, 389, part (Realejo, Nicaragua); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 569, part (Nicaragua).— (?) Hetimayr, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 536, in text, part (crit.); Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 28, part (Nicaragua; Miravalles, Costa Rica). Polioptila bilineata (not Culicivora bilineata Bonaparte) Nurrina, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 380, part (Sucuyd, Nicaragua). P{olioptila] leucogastra (not Sylvia leucogastra Maximilian) Rrpaway, Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 387, in text, 388, part (Grenada, Nicaragua). P{olioptila] albilora Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 388, in text, part (Realejo, Nicaragua) . Polioptila bairdi Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 110 (San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). POLIOPTILA BILINEATA (Bonaparte). BONAPARTE’S GNATCATCHER, Similar to P. bairdi, but with loral region entirely white, confluent with a broad superciliary streak (as in P. superciliaris); wing averag- ing longer, tail decidedly shorter, and feet smaller.’ Similar in head- pattern to P. superciliaris, but bird decidedly larger and coloration much paler, the gray of back, etc., and white of under parts being as in P. albiloris and P. bairdi. Adult male.—Length (skins), 100; wing, 48-50 (49); tail, 42-44 (43); exposed culmen, 11.5-12 (11.8); tarsus, 15-16.5 (15.8); middle toe, 8-9 (8.3). a Six specimens. > Three specimens. ¢ These differences of proportions are very obvious in adult males (especially as to the both relatively and absolutely shorter tail), less so in females. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Tat Adult female.—Length (skins), 95-104 (98.3); wing, 45.5-47 (46.3); tail, 42-48.5 (42.8); exposed culmen, 11-12.5 (11.7); tarsus, 16.5-18 (17); middle toe, 99.5 (9.2).% Veragua (Chitra) to Caribbean coast of Province of Santa Marta, Colombia (Bonda; Santa Marta). (?) [Culicivora] bilineata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 316 (Cartagena, Colom- bia; coll. Berlin Mus.; ex Cabanis, manuscript).? (?) Polioptila bilineata SciaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 12 (Cartagena ).— Sanvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 52, part.» —SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 452, part. © (?) P[olioptila] bilineata Hevimayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 27, part (n. coast Colombia). Polioptila bilineata Barr, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 72.—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 144 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 181 (Bonda, Santa Marta). (?) [Polioptila] bilineata SciaTer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 4, part. The following citations pertain to South American localities, and may or may not represent the true P. bilineata: Polioptila bilineata SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 273 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador ).—SaALvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 52, part (Colombia; Ecuador).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 452, part (Babahoyo, Esmeraldas, Guayaquil, and Puna I., w. Ecuador; Pacasmayo, Peru).—TaczANowsKI and BerruepscH, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 71 ( Yaguachi, Ecuador ).—SALVADORI and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xy, no. 357, 1899, 3 (Babahoyo, Savana de Guayaquil, Vinces, and Puntilla de Santa Elena, w. Ecuador).—GooDFELLow, This, 1901, 312 (Santo Domingo, w. Ecuador, 1,000 ft. ). P[olioptila] bilineata Heiumayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 27, part (w. Ecuador; n. Peru). [Culicivora] bilineata Herve and Rercnenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 24 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador). Polioptila albilora (not P. albiloris Sclater and Salvin) TaczaANowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 319 (Tumbez, Peru). Polioptila albiloris TACZANOWSKET, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 223 (Pacasmayo, n. Peru); Orn. de Pérou, i, 1884, 452 (Guadalupe, Tumbez, Lechugal, and Pacasmayo, Peru). POLIOPTILA SUPERCILIARIS SUPERCILIARIS Lawrence. LAWRENCE'S GNATCATCHER, Similar to P. bilineata but decidedly smaller, with tail relatively shorter, feet weaker, and coloration much darker; gray of back, ete., dark bluish slate-gray, almost slate color; white of under parts strongly shaded laterally and across chest with pale bluish gray. «Three specimens. b Whether Bonaparte’s type really represents this form or P. superciliaris can only be determined by examination of the type. My assumption that it probably belongs here is based on the locality. ¢ Without examination of specimens it is of course impossible to say which of the localities designated, if any, relate to the present form. 728 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 95-101 (99); wing, 45-47.5 (46.6); tail, 38-41 (39.7); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 15.5-16.5 (16.1); middle toe, 8.5-9.5 (8.8).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 90-100 (92.9); wing, 41.5-44 (48.1); tail, 36.5-49.5 (38.8); exposed culmen, 11.5-12 (11.8); tarsus, 15-17 (16.2); middle toe, 8.5—-9 (8.8).? Isthmus of Panama (line of Panama Railroad) to Guatemala (Chisec). Polioptila superciliaris LAwRENcE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, June, 1861, 304, 322 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence); viii, 1865, 179 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 92 (Angostura, Atiro, and Guiatil, Costa Rica).—Batrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 71 (Isthmus of Panama).—ScuatTer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 344 (Panama; crit.).—Satyin, Ibis, 1866, 190 (Chisec, Guatemala); (?) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 182 ( Veragua). [ Polioptila] superciliaris Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 237, no. 3436. Polioptila bilineata (not Culicivora bilineata Bonaparte?) Boucarp, Ois. Guat., 1878, 29 (Guatemala); (?) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 439 (Progreso, Yucatan ).— Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1879, 52, part (Chisee, Guatemala; La Union, Salvador; Punta Arenas, Turrialba, Angostura, Atirro, and Guaitil, Costa Rica; Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Nurrrne, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 387 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica); vi, 1883, 380, part (Sucuyd, Nicaragua).—ZELEDoN, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 2; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 105; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 105 ( Angostura, Costa Rica).—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 387 (crit.) ; x, 1888, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—SnHarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 452, part (Chisec, Guatemala; Turrialba and Punta Arenas, Costa Rica; Bugaba, Chiriqui; Panama, Lion Hill, and Chepo, Isthmus Panama).—RicH- MOND, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 18938, 482 (Rio Escondido and Greytown, Nicaragua).—CuHERrRIE, Expl. Zool., Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 3 (Boruca. Tér- raba, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica). [ Polioptila] bilineata ScuareR and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 4. P[olioptila] bilineata Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 387, 388, 389 (Panama; Veragua; Costa Rica; Nicaragua; Guatemala; ‘‘ Venezuela’’); ¢ Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 570.—HeEtuMayr, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 536, in text; vili, 1901, 360 (crit.); Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 27, part. POLIOPTILA SUPERCILIARIS MAGNA Ridgway. CARTAGO GNATCATCHER, Similar to P. s. superciliosa, but decidedly larger (except length of tarsus); the wing much longer; coloration darker; the pileum in adult female nearly slate-black, the under parts pale gray (between french gray and pale cinereous), only the abdomen, hinder flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts being white. «Seven specimens. +’ Ten specimens. ¢The supposed Venezuelan specimen is probably from the Isthmus of Panama. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 729 Adult female.—Length (skin), 106; wing, 47.5; tail, 43; exposed culmen, 12.5; tarsus, 16.5; middle toe, 9.5. Highlands of Costa Rica (Cartago). Polioptila superciliaris magna Rripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 110 (Cartago, Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). POLIOPTILA ALBIVENTRIS Lawrence. YUCATAN GNATCATCHER, Similar to P. nigriceps, but smaller; gray of upper parts slightly paler; under parts more purely white, with gray tinge to chest and sides much less distinct (the former sometimes quite wanting), and with much more white on lateral rectrices; adult female with a narrow super- ciliary stripe of white.¢ Adult male.—Length (skins), 100-111 (105.2); wing, 43-46 (45.3); tail, 45-50 (48.2); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.4); tarsus, 16.5-18 (17.6); middle toe, 8.5-9 (8.8).? Adult female.—Length (skin), 108; wing, 44; tail, 48; exposed cul- men, 12; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe, 9.° Yucatan (Temax; Progreso). (?) Polioptila bilineata (not Culicivora bilineata Bonaparte?) Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 439 (Progreso, Yucatan).—Satvry, Ibis, 1888, 246 (Cozu- mel I., Yucatan; crit. ). Polioptila albiventris LAwRENcE, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, no. 9, Dec., 1885, 273 (Temax, Yucatan; coll. G. N. Lawrence). P{[olioptila] albiventris Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 569.—HeELuMayr, Tier- reich, 18 Lief., 1903, 24. POLIOPTILA NIGRICEPS Baird. BAIRD’S GNATCATCHER. Adult male in spring and summer.—Entire pileum, including nape, lores,’ and upper half (more or less) of auricular region, uniform glossy blue-black; hindneck, back, scapulars, lesser and middle wing- coverts, and rump, uniform bluish gray (between plumbeous and slate- gray); wings (except lesser and middle coverts) dusky brownish slate “In the adult male of this form there is sometimes an indication of a white super- ciliary streak. > Six specimens. ¢ One specimen. @ Occasionally there is a narrow loral streak, or indication of one, possibly the result of incomplete change from winter to summer plumage; a narrow white orbital ring is also sometimes indicated, this being characteristic of the winter plumage. 730 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. color, the greater coverts broadly edged with gray (like color of back), the remiges more narrowly edged with paler gray, the tertials very broadly edged with white;% upper tail-coverts and tail black, the outer- most rectrix with most of its outer web and nearly terminal two- thirds of inner web white, the next with white on outer web extending about as far toward base as white on inner web of exterior rectrix, that on inner web occupying less than terminal half, the third broadly tipped with white, which follows edge of outer web for a greater or less distance toward base (sometimes nearly to base, but usually not farther than middle portion); sides of head (below the black pileum) and under parts white, the chest faintly shaded with pale bluish gray, passing into decided: light bluish gray on sides; bill black, the basal portion of mandible paler and more grayish; iris brown; legs and feet dusky. Adult male in autumn and winter (= P. restricta Brewster ’).— Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but black of pileum restricted to the forehead and crown (sometimes to the anterior por- tion of the latter), often intermixed with slate-gray feathers; lores more or less intermixed with pale gray or grayish white; upper por- tion of auricular region gray, like hindneck, the lower portion less purely white than in the summer plumage; eyelids white, forming a more or less distinct though incomplete orbital ring; gray of back, etc., rather duller. Adult female.—Above plain slate-gray (much less bluish than in adult male), the pileum slightly darker than back; otherwise like the adult male, but dusky color of remiges paler and browner. Young male in first autumn and winter.—Similar to the adult female, but upper parts more bluish gray. Young, first plumage.—Similar to adult female, but gray of upper parts replaced by pale grayish brown or brownish gray, and texture of plumage different. Adult male.—Length (skins), 108-114 (108.4); wing, 46.5-50 (48); tail, 47-53.5 (50.6); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.3); tarsus, 17-19 (18.2); middle toe, 8.5-9.5 (9.2).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 104-109 (107.5); wing, 44-48 (45.6); «These white edgings indistinct or obsolete in worn midsummer plumage. b All specimens examined corresponding in character to P. restricta were taken in February and March, one taken March 19 having the black of the pileum extend- ing as far backward as in P. nigriceps. All specimens corresponding to P. nigriceps were taken in May, June, July, and August, that taken during the last-named month having already assumed the white eyelids and many gray or whitish feathers on the lores. Females of the two supposed forms are quite indistinguishable from one another. ¢ Kighteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. (81 tail, 45.5-50.5 (49.4); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.1); tarsus, 18-19 (18.2); middle toe, 8.5-9.5 (9).4 Western Mexico, from southern Sonora (Alamos; Culiacan) to Oaxaca (Tehuantepec; Santa Efigenia; Puerto Angel; Huilotepec; Tapana; Cuicatlan; Quiotepec); Pacific coast of Central America.’ Polioptila nigriceps Barry, Review Am. Birds, July, 1864, 69 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.).—Lawrencr, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1874, 267 (Mazatlan; Tepic); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 13 (Tapana, Santa Efigenia, and Quiotepec, Oaxaca).—Satyi1n and GopMaAn, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1880, 52, part (Mazatlan; Tepic; Tapana, Santa Efigenia, and Quiotepec, Oaxaca; La Union, Salvador (?) ).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 447, part (La Union, Salvador ¢).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 105 (crit.). [ Polioptila] nigriceps Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 237, no. 3443. P(olioptila] nigriceps Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 387 (crit., range, etc.); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 570. P[olioptila] nigriceps nigriceps HELLMAYR, Novit. Zool., vii, Dec., 1900, 538, part (Mexico); viii, 1901, 358, 360, part (Mazatlan; Tepic; Oaxaca; Tehuantepec; Salvador?); Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 25, part (Mazatlan; Tepic; Oaxaca; Tehuantepec; Salvador ?). Polioptila nigriceps restricta BREwstER, Descr. Sup. New Birds from Western N. Am. and Mex., Jan. 31, 1889, 97 (Alamos, s. Sonora; coll. W. Brewster); Auk, vi, Apr., 1889, 97. P{olioptila] nigriceps restricta HELLMAYR, Noyit. Zool., vii, 1900, 538, part (‘‘Sud”’ Mexico); viii, 1901, 358; Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 26. POLIOPTILA PLUMBEA (Baird). PLUMBEOUS GNATCATCHER, Adult male in spring and summer.—Pileum, down to and usually including lores (at least the upper portion’) and upper margin of «Four specimens. Specimens from different localities average, separately, as follows: Ex- jane Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. N pode | culmen. a s : —| | MALES. | i Nine adult males from Sonora (= P. restricta Brewster) ....| 48.1 51.2 | 11.2 18.4 | 9.1 Four adult males from Sinaloa and Tepic.................-. | 48 50.7 11.1 18.4 91 Rive awl mMales tFOM OFXACH. 2. tc. S occ eecse rece creer cence 47.5 49.6 11.6 17.8 | 9.2 FEMALES. Pywoaqcuit temalesifrom Sonora —-...- . 5225+ -.c.5-sscacceses 46.2 | 48.9 10.7 Lo 8.7 Two adult females from Sinaloa and Tepic ...........-..---- 45.5 48.7 11.5 18.7 | 9.2 6A specimen in National Museum collection, without definite locality, collected by Capt. J. M. Dow. ¢The specimen described is probably P. nigriceps; the others enumerated are almost certainly not that form. @ Costa Rica also cited. ¢The lores are sometimes wholly uniform black, rarely entirely white, this varia- tion apparently depending neither on season nor age. (32 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. auricular region, uniform glossy black with a faint greenish blue luster; rest of upper parts uniform bluish slate-gray or plumbeous; wings dull or brownish slate color with pale gray edgings; upper tail- coverts and tail black, the outermost rectrix with outer web white, except basally, the inner web broadly tipped (for about 5-10 mm.) with white, the second more narrowly tipped with white and with outer web narrowly edged with the same; eyelids sometimes (usually 4) partly white, but never (?) forming a continuous orbital ring; sides of head (below the black pileum) and under parts grayish white, becom- ing pure white on abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts; max- illa black; mandible blackish terminally, dusky grayish basally (in dried skins); iris brown; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins). Adult male in autumn and winter.—Similar to the spring and sum- mer plumage but black feathers of pileum more or less tipped with slate-gray. Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck plain slate-gray; back, scapu- lars, lesser wing-coverts, and rump more brownish gray varying to hair-brown; otherwise similar to the adult male. Young female, first plumage.—‘* Crown pale cinereous; rest of upper parts faded brown. The wings are uniform with the back, but all the primaries and secondaries have a broad white edging on their outer webs. The tail is dull black, with white areas on the outer rectrices corresponding in extent and purity with those of the adult. Beneath, pale ashy white.” Adult male.—Length (skins), 95-110 (102.4); wing, 45-48.5 (46.3); tail, 47-53.5 (50.1); exposed culmen, 8.5-10 (9.1); tarsus, 16-18.5 (17.2); middle toe, 8-9.5 (8.6).? Adult female.—Length (skins), 98-107 (103.2); wing, 44-47.5 (46.2); tail, 47.5-53 (49.7); exposed culmen, 8.5-10 (8.8); tarsus, 16.5-18 (17.7); middle toe, 8—9 (8.6).¢ a Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 78. 3 > Twenty-three specimens. ¢ Kleven specimens. Specimens from different geographic areas average, separately, as follows: Ex- leva Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus.) Middle culmen. q MALES. Six adult males from southern Texas and Tamaulipas. ..-.-. 46.8 51.3 952 17.4 8.7 Ten adult males from Arizona and Sonora.........--------- 45.8 50.4 8.9 16S 7 8.3 One adult male from San Diego County, California -........ 47 50 9.5 18 9 Six adult males from Cape district, Lower California .....-- 46.5 48.6 9.3 17.6 9 FEMALES. | One adult female from Tamaulipas ..................-.---.. 45 48 9 17.5 9 Hight adult femalesifromvArizonas.soss-ceenesueeeeeeececese 45, 2 50.4 8.5 UE? 8.6 Three adult females from Cape district ....................- 46.2 48 9.5 end, 8.7 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 733 Southwestern United States and adjacent parts of northern Mexico, from the upper Rio Grande Valley to the Colorado Valley, thence southward through Lower California (except more northern portion of Pacific side) to Cape St. Lucas and Margarita Island,’ north to southern Nevada (Vegas Valley, Bunkerville, ete.) and Inyo County, south- eastern California, west to eastern Riverside County, California (Palm Springs); south to Tamaulipas (Jaumave, breeding), Nuevo Leon (Rod- riguez, January), Chihuahua, and Sonora (Batamotal, April 20; Senoyta, January). Culicivora atrigapilla (not of Swainson) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., v, 1852, 124 (Texas).—Bairp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 328 (Texas).— HEERMANN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1853, 262, part (Fort Yuma, Cali- fornia ).—CassIn, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1854, pl. 27 (Texas; Mexico). - Culicivora mexicana (not of Bonaparte) Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., ete., 1854, 163, 164 (Texas). Culicivora plumbea Bairp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, June, 1854, 118 (Bill Williams R., Arizona; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.;=young male). Polioptila plumbea Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 382; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 283; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), pl. 33, fig. 1; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 14 (Boca Grande, Mexico); Rep. Ives’ Colorado Exp., pt. v, 1861, 6; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 74.—Kernnerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 3, 1859, 26, pl. 33, fig. 2 (Bill Williams Fork; Camp 113).—HeEnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mex- ico).—Cougs, Ibis, 1865, 538, in text (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 66 (Bill Williams R., Fort Yuma, Fort Mojave, Colorado Chiquito, ete.) ; Check List, 1873, no. 25; 2d ed., 1882, no. 38; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 105.— CooprEr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 474, 479 (Fort Mojave); Orn. Cal., 1870, 37.— Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 80, pl. 6, fig. 6.— HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 155 (Arizona).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 102 (crit.; synonymy); vii, 1882, 77 (Tucson, Camp Lowell, and near Yuma, Arizona; habits; crit.; descr. nest and eggs); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 210 (La Paz, Lower California, Mar., Apr.).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 28.—BeEupine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 534 (Cape St. Lucas).—SHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 450.—AmeErRICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 752.— Morcom, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 56 (Yuma, Arizona, breed- ing).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 166 (near Tucson, and in valley of San Pedro R., Arizona, resident; remarks on plumage).—Jounson, Auk, iv, 1889, 280 (Palm Springs, San Diego Co., California, 8 specs., Apr.).—Townsenp (C. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 137 (Cape St. Lucas, Apr. 7; La Paz, Mar. 14; Concepcion Bay, Mar. 19).—SrepHens, Auk, vii, 1890, 296, 297 (Colorado «The only specimens examined from Margarita Island (two in number) very likely represent a different form; both have decidedly shorter wings and longer bills than specimens from the mainland of Lower California; they have the upper parts decidedly darker, the dull slate color of the pileum contrasting abruptly and strongly with the dull white of the loral region; there is, apparently, a distinct whitish crescentic mark immediately behind the dark grayish auricular region, a feature which I have not been able to find in any specimen of true P. plumbea. Both speci- mens were skinned from alcohol; one is an immature male, the other probably an adult female. Should the bird from Margarita Island prove to be distinct, I propose for it the name Polioptila margarite. 734 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Desert, winter).—NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 96.—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 42 (Oputo, n. Sonora).—FisHEr (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 144 (Resting Spring, s. e. California; Vegas Valley and Bunkerville, s. Nevada).—Battry (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U.S. 1902, 466.—GrINNELL, Check List Calif. Birds, 1902, 73 (California range). [ Polioptila] plumbea Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 79. P{olioptila] plumbea Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 261.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 570.—HeEuitMayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1908, 22. Polioptila melanura LAwRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1858, 168 (Ring- gold Barracks, Texas; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 382, part (Rio Grande Valley; Fort Yuma); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859; no. 284, part; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 301, 304 (Cape St. Lucas); Review Am. Birds, 1864, 68, part (Cape St. Lucas; Fort Yuma).— HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 2, 1859, 39 (Fort Yuma and junction Gila and Colorado rivers; habits; notes).—Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 66 (Pima villages, etc., Arizona) ; Check List, 1873, no. 24, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 37, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 106, part.—Cooprr, Orn. Col., 1870, 37, part (Fort Mojave, California).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 81, part; iii, 1874, 502, part ( Arizona).— HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Sury., 1874, 155 (Arizona). P{olioptila] melanura Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 261, part. POLIOPTILA CALIFORNICA Brewster. BLACK-TAILED GNATCATCHER, Similar to ?. plumbea, but much darker, and with still less white on lateral rectrices. Adult male.—Entire pileum uniform glossy blue-black; hindneck, back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and rump uniform slate color; wings (except lesser coverts) dull brownish slate with paler edgings; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the two outermost rectrices margined at tip with white, the exterior one with outer web edged with white; sides of head, below black pileum, and under parts pale gray (between no. 7 and no. 8), becoming white on center of abdomen and anal region; maxilla black; mandible blackish terminally, grayish basally; iris brown; legs and feet dusky; length (skins), 96-106 (102.6); wing, 44,5-47 (45.9); tail, 49-50.5 (49.6); exposed culmen, 9-9.5 (9.1); tarsus, 17-18 (17.4); middle toe, 9.¢ Adult female.—No black on pileum; above slate color (duller than in adult male), becoming more olive (sometimes decidedly olive) on back, scapulars, and rnmp; otherwise like adult male; length (skins), 95-105 (100); wing, 44.5-47.5 (45.8); tail, 48-51 (49.7); exposed cul- men, 9-9.5 (9.2); tarsus, 18; middle toe, 9.? Southern California, west and north of Colorado Desert, and Pacific coast district of northern Lower California; north to Ventura County, a Five specimens. > Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 735 south to Santa Rosalia Bay and San Fernando (breeding); east (in winter only?) to the Colorado River (Fort Yuma). Culicivora atricapilla (not of Swainson) HrErMann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., li, 1853, 262, part (San Diego, California). Polioptila melanura (not of Lawrence) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Sury., ix, 1858, 382, part (San Diego, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 284; Birds N. Am., 1860, 382, part; Review Am. Birds, 1864, 68, part (San Diego).— HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, 39, part (San Diego ).—Cooprr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 184 (Cajon Pass, California); Orn. Cal., i, 1870, 37, part (San Diego and north in Sierra Nevada to 39°; Santa Catalina I., Oct. ).— Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 284, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 37, part; Birds Col. Val., 1878, 106, part.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 81, part, pl. 6, fig. 7; iii, 1874, 502, part (San Buenaventura, California) . P{olioptila] melanura Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d. ed., 1884, 261, part. (2?) Poliptila (typographical error) melanura Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vy, 1883, 529 (Santa Rosalia Bay, Lower California). Polioptila californica Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, Apr., 1881, 103 ( River- side, San Bernandino Co., California; coll. W. Brewster).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 29.—SHarps, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 451.— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 753.—Morcom, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 57 (San Bernardino Co., California ).— Benpire, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 548 (descr. nest and eggs).—NrEHR- Linc, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 97.—FisHer (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 144 (Reche Canyon, near San Bernardino, California). —ANrTHONY, Auk, xii, 1895, 143 (San Fernando, Lower California, breeding ).—GRINNELL, (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 50 (Los Angeles Co., California, resi- dent); Check List Calif. Birds, 1902, 73 (California range ).—Swarrn, Condor, iv, 1902, 86 (descr. winter plumage).—Bar.ey (Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 466. P[olioptila] californica Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 570.—HELLMAyR, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 23. POLIOPTILA LEMBEYEI (Gundlach). CUBAN GNATCATCHER, Adult male.—Above uniform slate-gray; wings dull blackish slate or slate-black with pale gray edgings, these broader and paler on tertials; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the outermost rectrix with terminal two-thirds (approximately) of outer web and between terminal third and half of inner web white, the next with less of white, the third broadly tipped with white; a narrow orbital ring of white; loral, auricular, suborbital, and malar regions and under parts very pale gray or grayish white, becoming pure white on abdomen; a curved black line beginning near posterior angle of eye and extending thence backward and downward, between the deep gray of occiput and hind- neck and pale gray of auricular region; maxilla black; mandible gray- ish (pale bluish gray in life?) basally, blackish terminally; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 100-108 (103.5); wing, 40- 736 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 43.5 (41.4); tail, 47-52 (50); exposed culmen, 10-10.5 (10.1); tarsus, 15-16.5 (15.6); middle toe, 8-9 (8.4).¢ Adult female (?).—Similar to the adult male, but gray of upper parts duller and slightly brownish, and black line behind auricular region narrower, less distinct; length (skins), 95-109 (102); wing, 39.5-40 (39.7); tail, 48-49 (48.5); exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 16; middle toe, 8.5-9 (8.7).? Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. Culicivora lembeyei GunpdLACH, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1858, 273 (eastern Cuba).—A.precnt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 211 (crit.). C[ulicivora] lembeyei LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1858, 276 (crit. ). [ Culicivora] lembeyii Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306. [ Polioptila] lembeyei Gunpuacn, Journ. fir Orn., ix, Sept., 1861, 324; Repert. Fiico. Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 231. Polioptila lembeyei GunpLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 410 (habits; deser. nest and eggs); Orn. Cubana, 1873, 61.—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 120, 129. [ Polioptila] lembeyei Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 237, no. 3441. P(olioptila lembeyei] Hetumayr, Tierreich, 18 Lief., 1903, 19. [ Polioptila] lembeyii Barrp, Review Am. Birds, 1864, 68. Polioptila lembeyi Batrp, BREwrER, and Rripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 78.—Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 22; Birds W. I., 1889, 36; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 18.—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x, 1885, 444.—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 312 (near Trinidad, Cuba). P{olioptila] lembeyi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 571. @ Four specimens. 6 Two specimens, neither of them sexed, and possibly both immature males. ADDENDA. (Including corrections.) Page 5: To citations of Motacilla alba add: SEEBOHM and Brown, Ibis, 1876, 125 (lower Petchora, Russia; habits).—SrEsonm, Ibis, 1878, 343 (valley of Yenesei, to lat. 713° and Berjussa, Siberia; crit.; habits); 1882, 216 (Astrakhan, summer); 1884, 346 (Great Liakoff I., Siberia).—Inrsy, Ibis, 1879, 344 (Alora, Spain, breeding).—Scut ty, Ibis, 1881, 451 (Gilgit, n. India; crit. ).— BrpputpH, Ibis, 1882, 280 (Gilgit).—Rerp, Ibis, 1885, 244 (Morocco).—MeEape- Watpo, Ibis, 1893, 190 (Canary Islands).—PrARson and BipweE tu, Ibis, 1894, 230 (n. Norway, breeding).—Prarson, Ibis, 1896, 208 (Russian Lapland; descr. eggs); 214 (Gobista R., Kolguev).—Poruam, Ibis, 1897, 94 (Yeneseisk and Golchika, Sibe- ria; Kharbarova, Ugor Straits; descr. nest and eggs); 1898, 499 (Yenesei R., breed- ing).—WirHeERBY, Ibis, 1903, 528 (Fars, s. w. Persia). Page 7: To citations of Motacilla ocularis add: Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 192 (La Paz, Lower California). Page 8: To synonymy of Budytes flavus alascensis add: Budytes flavus leucostriatus (not Budytes leucostriatus Homeyer) GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 1, 1900, 57 (coast of Kotzebue Sound, Kowak delta, etc., Alaska; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—McGreaor, Condor, iv, 1902, 143 (Golofnin Bay, Alaska, June; habits; notes). ° Budytes flavus alascensis Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 105 (St. Michael, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Amerrican ORNITHOLO- cists’ Unron Commirrer, Auk, xxi, 1904, 417. Page 12: To citations of Anthus pensilvanicus add: Patmer, Avifauna Pribilof Islands, 1899, 421 (1 spec., Aug. 15, 1868).—BrewsreEr, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 193 (Cape St. Lucas district, common winter resid. ). Page 17: To citations of Anthus cervinus add: Von Hevea in, Ibis, 1872, 61 (Waigats and Nikolskaja, n. Russia).—SrEBonm and Brown, Ibis, 1876, 122 (lower Petchora, Russia; habits).—Srrsoum, Ibis, 1878, 342 (Koorayika R., valley of Yenesei R., and Tschuski Land, Siberia; crit.; breeding habits).—Bipputpna, Ibis, 1882, 280 (Gilgit, n. India).—Prarson and Brpwe 1, Ibis, 1894, 230 (n. Norway; breeding habits).—Prarson, Ibis, 1896, 208 (Russian Lap- land; habits; descr. eggs), 214 (Kolguev; habits; descr. eggs), 219 (Novaya Zemlya).— Porxam, Ibis, 1897, 94 (Yenesei R.; descr. nest and eggs); 1898, 500 (Yenesei R. ).— Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 193 (La Paz, Lower California).— Wirnersy, Ibis, 1903, 528 (Fars, s. w. Persia). Page 19: To citations of Anthus pratensis add: Sresoum and Browy, Ibis, 1876, 12 (lower Petchora, Russia; habits).—Drxon, Ibis, 1885, 83 (St. Kilda; breeding).—Rerp, Ibis, 1885, 244 (Moroeco).—Prarson and Brip- WELL, Ibis, 1894, 230 (n. Norway; breeding).—Prarson, Ibis, 1896, 208 (Russian Lapland; deser. eggs and young). 10384—voL 3—03——-47 ~J 738 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Page 22: To citations of Anthus spraguei add: Kyieut, Bull. Univ. Wyom. Agric. Ex. Sta., no. 55, 1902, 150 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1 spec., Apr. 24, 1888). Page 26, footnote: The earliest publication of A/lopochelidon to be cited as follows: Alopochelidon Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 106. (Type, Hirundo fucata Temminck.) Page 27, footnote: The earliest publication of Orochelidon and Diplochelidon to be cited as follows: Orochelidon Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 106. (Type, Petrochelidon murina Cassin, = Hirundo cinerea Gmelin?) Diplochelidon Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 106. (Type, Hirundo melanoleuca Maximilian. ) Page 34: To citations of Progne subis add: NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 336, pl. 18, figs. 2, 3.—Knicut, Bull. Univ. Wyom. Agric. Ex. Sta., no. 55, 1902, 138 (e. Wyoming, summer res. ). Page 34; To citations of Progne purpurea add: WoopHoutsg, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 65 (Indian Terri- tory; Texas.) Page 40: To citations of Progne dominicensis add: FEILDEN, Ibis, 1889, 483 (Barbados).—BownisH, Auk, xx, 1903, 15 (Porto Rico; habits). Page 42: Torange of Progne chalybea,add: Guerrero (Egido Nuevo). Page 44: To citations of Progne modesta add: SnopGrass and HELLER, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., v, 1904, 347 (range, measurements, etc. ). Page 48: To breeding range of Petrochelidon lunifronslunifrons add: Jalisco (Lia Barea). Page 50: To synonomy of Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons add: H{irundo] fulva GamBeEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1847, 31 (California). Page 50: To citations of Petrochelidon pyrrhonota add: Gipson, Ibis, 1885, 277 (Paisandu, Uruguay; descr. nest and eggs). Page 51: To citation of Petrochelidon lunifrons tachina add: AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron CommiTrez, Auk, xxi, 1904, 415 (check list no. 612a). Page 52: To breeding range of Petrochelidon lunifrons melanogaster add: Puebla (Atlixco). Page 52: To synonymy of Petrochelidon lunifrons melanogaster add: Petrochelidon lunifrons melanogastra AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, xxi, July, 1904, 415. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 739 Page 54: To citations of Petrochelidon fulva add: Bonaparret, Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 82. Page 55: To citations of /’trochelidon fulva add: BowptisH, Auk, xx, 1903, 15 (Porto Rico; habits). Page 59: To breeding range of Stelgidopteryx serripennis add: Michoacan (Los Reyes). Some of the specimens from this locality are intermediate between S. serripennis and S. salvini; therefore, the latter (see p. 62) should stand as Stelgidopteryx serripennis salvini. The specimen from Jalisco (La Barca) (see p. 62) is also intermediate, though in coloration much nearer S. s. salvini. Page 61: To citations of Stelgidopteryx serripennis add: Empopy, Bull. Dept. Geol. and N. H. Colgate Univ., 1901, 27 (Madison Co., New York, rare, May, June). Page 63: To synonomy of Stelgidopteryx salvini add: Stelgidopteryx salvini RipaGway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 107 (Duefias, Guatemala; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). Page 71: To citations of Atticora cyanoleuca add: LénnBerG, Ibis, 1903, 456 (San Luis, Bolivia). Page 75: To citations of Cotyle riparia add: WoopHouss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 65 (Indian Terri- tory; New Mexico). Page 75: To citations of Cotile riparia add: Savin, Ibis, 1888, 257 (Cozumel I.). Page 75: Line 16 from top, for ‘*‘ Cuba” read California. In line 17, for GUNDLACH read CaBants, and in line 18, insert after (Cuba); GuNp- LACH, Journ. fiir Orn. Page 76: To citations of Clivicola riparia add: Be.prnG, Distr. Land Birds Pacific District, 1890, 194 (breeding at Santa Cruz and in Contra Costa and Alameda counties, California). Page 80: To citations of irundo rustica add: SHarPeE and Wyatt, Monogr. Hirundinide, 1894, 213, pls. 36, 37, 38. Page 81: To winter range of irundo erythrogastra add Chili (San- tiago and Arica, according to Philippi, Zool. Gart., xxxix, 1898, 19, and Aculen, according to Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nae. Chili, xv, 1902, 25); and to breeding range add Puebla (Atlixco). Page 82: In line 13 from top, for Nurrine read Rrpeway. Page 82: To citations of iruwndo erythrogaster add: Satyr, Ibis, 1888, 256 (Cozumel and Ruatan islands, Yucatan).—SNopGRaAss and Hetuter, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., v, 1904, 348 (Charles, Chatham, and Hood islands, Galapagos). 740 ‘BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Page 82: To citations of H/iérundo erythrogastra add: FEILDEN, Ibis, 1889, 483 (Barbados).—Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 317 (Curagao).—Bon- HOTE, Ibis, 1903, 287 (Green Cay, Bahamas). Page 83: In line 14 from top, for GunpLAcH read CaBanis, and for 1855 read 1856. In line 26, for 98 read 97. In line 27, for 487 read 271. In line 28, for 1878 read 1879. In line 34, for 1869 read 1870. Page 84: To citations of rundo erythrogastra palmeri add: McGrecor, Condor, iv, 1902, 143 (Amaknak I., Cape Denbigh, and Golofnin Bay, Alaska). Page 84: To citations of (4) irundo tytlert add: BERLEPSCH and SToLzMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1892, 398 (Callao, Peru). Page 89: To citations of Zachycineta bicolor add: Bonaparte, Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 82.—McGreaor, Condor, iv, 1902, 143 (Cape Denbigh, Alaska, Aug. 8). Page 89: In first line, for BLanp read WrixIs, and in line 30, after (Cuba) insert GunpLaAcn, Journ. fiir Orn. Page 90: In line beginning with Hirundo prasina for 1831 read 1830. Page 92: To citations of Zachycineta albilinea add: See Ibis, 1888, 257 (Meco and Holbox islands, Yucatan). Page 94: To citations of Zachycineta thalassina add: Bonaparte, Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 82. Page 94: To range of Zachycineta thalassina thalassina add: Micho- acan (Patamban). Page 97, after [/irundo thallassina add: HA [irundo] thallassina GAmBet Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 31 (California). Page 100: To citations of Callichelidon cyaneoviridis add: Bonnors, Ibis, 1903, 287 (New Providence, Bahamas; habits). Page 100: The earliest citation of Lamprochelidon is Lamprochelidon Ripaway, Proce. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 106. (Type, Hirundo euchrysea Gosse. ) Page 103: To citations of (irundo sclateri add: Curisty, Ibis, 1897, 322 (La Vega, Santo Demingo). Page 108: To citations of Ampelis garrulus add: SwinuHok, Ibis, 1874, 445 (Chefoo, China).—SrEsoum and Brown, Ibis, 1876, 219 (lower Petchora, Russia; habits; crit.).—PopHam, Ibis, 1898, 501 (Yenesei R., Siberia). Page 111: To southward range of Ampelis cedrorum add: Panama (Chiriqui), according to Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, no. 309, 1899, 3: BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 741 Page 112: To citations of Ampelis cedrorum add: Savin, Ibis, 1888, 255 (Cozumel I.). Page 127: To citations of Dulus dominicus add: SALLt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 232 (Santo Domingo).—Caristy, Ibis, 1897, 322 (Santo Domingo; habits). Page 138: To citations of Vireo calidris add: (?) Satvry, Ibis, 1888, 253 (Cozumel I.). Page 141: To citations of Vireo calidris add: FEILDEN, Ibis, 1889, 483 (Barbados). Page 148: In synonymy of Vireosylva calidris barbatula add: Vireo calidris Bonnorr, Ibis, 1903, 287 (Green Cay, Bahamas; habits). Page 150: In line 3 from bottom, for 484 read 6. In line 8 from bottom, cancel 1878, 158 (Porto Rico). Page 150: To citations of Vireo olivaceus add: Savin, Ibis, 1888, 253 (Ruatan and Bonacca islands, Honduras); 1890, 84 (e. Mexico, British Honduras, and Bay islands, breeding). Page 150: To citations of Véreosylvia olivacea add: Layarp, Ibis, 1873, 377 (Para, Brazil; food). Page 150: Add to synonymy: [ Phyllomanes] olivaceus Heine and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 38. Page 152: Add to citations of Vireo philadelphicus: Savin, Ibis, 1888, 254 (Cozumel I.). Page 155: Add to citations of Vireo gilvus: ScauLrzr, Summer Birds Centr. Texas, 1902, 20. Page 156: To winter range of Vireosylva gilva swainsonii add Guatemala; specimen in collection of American Museum of Natural History, according to Frank M. Chapman, in letter to Prof. W. W. Cooke. Page 156: To southward range of Vireosylva gilva swainsonii add: Michoacan (Zamora, January; Los Reyes, February; La Salada, March) and Guerrero (El Limon, April 1; El Rincon, May 8). Page 157: To synonymy of Vireosylvia gilva swainsonii add: [Phyllomanes] gilvus Heine and Reicnenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 38 (Oaxaca). Page 158: The first published description of Vireosylva gilva brew- ster? is to be cited as-follows: Vireosylva gilva brewsteri Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 108 (Bravo, Chihuahua; coll. William Brewster). Page 160: To synonymy add: Vireosylva josephx costaricensis Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 107 (San José, Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ). 749 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Page 164: To winter range of Lanivireo flavifrons add: Bahamas, according to Moore, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 242, and Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, 173, 288. Page 165: In line 8 from top, for GuNDLACH read Capants. In line 9, after (Cuba) insert: GuNbLACcH, Journ. fiir Orn. Page 165: To citations of Vireo flavifrons add: Bonnorte, Ibis, 1903, 288 (Mangrove Cay, Andros I., Bahamas). Page 166: To synonymy of Lanivireo flavifrons add: [ Phyllomanes] flavifrons Heine and ReicHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 38 (Mexico). Page 169: To synonymy of Lanivireo solitarius solitarius add: [ Phyllomanes] solitarius Herne and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 38 (Mexico). Page 171: To winter range of Lanivireo solitarius plumbeus add: Michoacan (Lia Salada, March 20; near Ahuacan, March 25) and Guerrero (El Limon, April 2). Page 173: To winter range of Lanivireo solitarius cassinii add: Michoacan (Zamora, Jan. 24; Patamban, Jan. 30). Page 174: To citations of Vireo solitarius (under Lanivireo solitarius cassini) add: Knicut, Bull. Univ. Wyom. Agric. Ex. Sta., no. 55, 1902, 144 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming). Page 181: To citations of Vireo bairdi add: Sauvin, Ibis, 1888, 254 (Cozumel I.). Page 184: In line 10 from top of synonomy, for GuNDLACH read Capants. In line 11, for 484 read 404, and after (Cuba) insert: GuND- LACH, Journ. fiir Orn. In line 13, after 1862 insert 42. Page 187: To synonymy of Vireosylva flavoviridis flavoviridis add: [ Phyllomanes] flavoviridis HEINE and ReicHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 38 (Guatemala). Page 190: To citations of Vireo crassirostris add: Bonnorts, Ibis, 1903, 287 (New Providence I.; Bahamas; habits; crit. ). Page 194: To citations of Vireo ochraceus add: Sarvin, Ibis, 1888, 255 (Holbox and Mugeres islands, Yucatan; Ruatan Island, Honduras; crit. ). Page 196: To synonymy of Vireo huttoni huttoni add: Vireo houttoni Bonaparte, Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 60, footnote. Page 197: Add to synonymy of Vireo huttont mexicanus: Vireo huttoni mexicanus Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 107 (Mount Orizaba, Puebla, s. e. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 7438 Page 199: Add to synonymy of Vireo huttoni cognatus: Vireo huttoni cognatus Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 107 (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California; coll. William Brewster). An additional subspecies of Vireo hutton? has been described since the pages of the present volume pertaining to the Vireonidz were printed. If tenable it should probably stand as— VIREO HUTTONI MAILLIARDORUM (Grinnell) SANTA CRUZ ISLAND VIREO. **CHARACTERS.—Similar to Vireo huttont of the mainland of Cali- fornia, but slightly inferior in size with especially smaller bill; colo- ration darker, more leaden olive above and a little more buffy yellow below posteriorly.” (Original diagnosis.) Vireo mailliardorum GRINNELL (J.), Condor, vy, no. 6, Noy., 1903, 157 (Friars Harbor, Santa Cruz I., California; coll. J. Grinnell). Page 201: To range of Vireo hypochryseus hypochryseus add: Micho- acan (Los Reyes). Page 205: To localities in Guerrero add: El Limon, April 1; Tec- pan, April 15; Dos Arroyos, May 4. The Guerrero mentioned as a locality in Tamaulipas is in Nuevo Leon. Page 206: To citations of Vireo bellii add: Knieuat, Bull. Univ. Wyom. Agric. Exp. Sta., no. 55, 1902, 144 (Freezeout Mts., e. Wyoming). Page 208: Add to synonymy: Vireo bellii arizone Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 108 (Tucson, Arizona; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Page 216, footnote: To the synonymy of the extralimital species of Pachysylvia add: Pachysylvia flavipes Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, June 25, 1903, 101. Pachysylvia griseipes Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, June 25, 1903, 101. Pachysylvia acuticauda Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, June 25, 1903, 101. Page 218: To citation of Sylvicola decurtata BONAPARTE add: (Guatemala; type in coll. Velasquez). Page 218: To citation of Pachysylvia decurtata add: OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, 1903, 101. Page 219: To synonymy add: Pachysylvia ochraceiceps OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, June 25, 1903. 104, part. 744 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Page 220: To synonymy of Pachysylvia ochraceiceps pallidipectus add: Pachysylvia ochraceiceps OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, June 25, 1903, 104, part. Pachysylvia ochraceiceps pallidipectus Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 108 (Angostura, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). Page 221: To synonymy of Pachysylvia aurantiifrons aurantiifrons add: Pachysylvia aurantiifrons OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 101. Page 221: To synonymy of Pachysylvia viridiflava add: Pachysylvia viridiflava OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, June 25, 1903, 101. Page 224: To synonymy of Vireolanius pulchellus viridiceps add: Vireolanius pulchellus viridiceps Ripa@way, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 108 (Panama City, Panama; coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.) Page 225: The specimen described as the ‘‘adult female (7)” of Vireolanius melitophrys, but which I have suggested, in footnote ¢, may represent ‘‘a paler arid region (table-land) form,” has been dupli- cated by an adult female collected at Huitzilac, State of Morelos, by Messrs. Nelson and Goldman, of the U.S. Biological Survey. Mr. Nelson is quite sure these two specimens, together with a young male from Huitzilac, represent a previously undescribed form, which he has described as— VIREOLANIUS MELITOPHRYS GOLDMANI Nelson. GOLDMAN’S SHRIKE-VIREO. Similar to Vireolanius melitophrys melitophrys,, but larger, with shorter bill; coloration paler and duller, the pileum and hindneck light brownish gray (nearly mouse gray) merging gradually into the olive- green cf the back, instead of clear slate-gray, abruptly defined poste- riorly; broad postocular stripe slate color instead of black; black submalar streak heavier; band across chest paler chestnut-rufous, not continued along sides, which are pale cinnamon-buffy anteriorly, pass- ing into olive-gray on flanks. Young male.—Pileum and hindneck light brownish gray, tinged with cinnamon; superciliary stripe light ochraceous instead of yellow; under parts of body (except narrow median stripe of whitish) dull buff or pale cinnamon-buff. (Otherwise much like adult female.) Adult female.—Length (skins), 170-173 (171.5); wing, 83-84 (83.5); tail, 72-73 (72.5); exposed culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 25; middle toe, 15-15.5 (15.2). ‘Oak forest on south slope of the mountains bordering south side « Two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 745 of Valley of Mexico, in States of Mexico and Morelos (7000 to 9000 feet). (Nelson. ) Vireolanius melitophrys (not of Bonaparte) Satyry and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1883, 209, part (Valley of Mexico).—Rineway, Birds North and Mid. America, iii, 1904, 225, part (supposed female from Valley of Mexico). Vireolanius melitophrys goldmani NEtson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Noy. 30, 1903, 115 (Huitzilac, Morelos, s. Mexico; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.). Page 229: To synonymy of Cyclarhis flaviventris flaviventris add: C[yclorrhis] flaviventris Bonarpartr, Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 60, footnote. Page 232: To citations of Cyclorhis flavipectus subflavescens add: Ber.epscu, Ibis, 1888, 91 (Costa Rica; Veragua). A species of this genus not seen by me is CYCLARHIS COIBZ Hartert. COIBA ISLAND PEPPER-SHRIKE, ‘**Nearest to C. insularis, Ridgw., from Cozumel Island off Yucatan, but much more yellow on the breast and sides of body. Differs from C. flaviventris in its shorter wings, more brownish crown, back, wings, and tail, darker sides of chest, and creamy-white middle of abdomen and under tail-coverts, also in the darker cheeks and ear-coverts. ‘* Differs from C. flavipectus in the much more brownish crown and back, wings, and tail, much darker ashy ear-coverts, much less bright yellow throat and chest, and much smaller creamy-white area on the abdomen. ** Hab. Coiba Island, off Panama.” (Original description.) Cyclorhis coibe Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xii, no. Ixxxiv, Dec. 30, 1901, 33 (Coiba I., Bay of Panama; coll. Tring Mus. ). Page 246: To citations of Lantus ludovicianus migrans add: Empopy, Bull. Dept. Geol. and N. H. Colgate Uniy.; 1901, 28 (Madison Co., New York, breeding).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron Committers, Auk, xxi, 1904, 416 (check list no. 622e). Page 249: Insert in synonymy: Lanius mexicanus Breum, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 148 (deser.), this canceling the citation of page 148 in the other citation of Brehm. Page 252: To synonymy of Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi add: Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 108 (San Clemente I., California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unron Committers, Auk, xxi, 1904, 416 (check list no. 622d). Page 260: To citations of Corvus corax add: Hartina, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1871, 112 (Beechy I., Barrow Straits; crit.).— Feiipen, Ibis, 1877, 405 (Cape Lupton, lat. 81° 44” N.; Polaris Bay; Dobbin Bay; Smiths Sound).—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 426 (St. Michael, Alaska; habits). 746 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Page 263: In citation of Corvus cacalotl BONAPARTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 115, instead of Mexico read Guatemala; crit. Page 267: For Corvus americanus americanus Audubon read Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm, and on page 268 insert the following references: Corvus brachyrhynchos Bream (C. L.), Beitr. zur Vogelkunde, ii, 1822, 56 (see Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, 1903, 125).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- cists’ Unton CommiTtrEr, Auk, xxi, 1904, 413. Page 269: After third line from top insert: [ Corone] americana Heine and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 120. Page 269: For Corvus americanus pascuus Coues read Corvus bra- chyrhynchos pascuus (Coues), and in synonymy, on page 270, insert: Corvus brachyrhynchos pascuus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, xxi, July, 1904, 414. Page 270: For Corvus americanus hesperis read Corvus brachyrhyn- chos hesperis. Page 272: To citations of Corvus americanus hesperis add: ANDERSON and GRINNELL (J.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 10 (n. California). Page 272: For Corvus americanus caurinus read Corvus brachyrhyn- chos caurinus. Page 273: To synonymy of Corvus americanus caurinus add: [Corone|] caurina Herne and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 120 (Vancouver I.). Page 275: To synonymy of Corvus ossifragus add: [ Corone] ossifraga HEINE and RreicHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 120. Page 276: To synonymy of Corvus mexicanus add: [ Corone] mexicana Herne and ReicHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 120 (Mazatlan). Page 278: To synonymy of Corvus nasicus add: [ Microcorax] nasicus HEINE and REICHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 120. Page 279: To citation of Corvus leucognaphalus add: Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 168 (Porto Rico; habits; iris bright red). Page 279: To synonymy of Corvus leucognaphalus add: Corax crucirestra Lepru, Voy. Tenériffe, etc., ii, 1810, 204, in text (Porto Rico; coll. Paris Mus. ). Page 279: To citation of Corvus leucognaphalus under C. l. erythr- ophthalmus add: Curisty, Ibis, 1897, 327 (Yuna R., Santo Domingo; habits). Page 283: To citations of Picicorvus columbianus add: Goss, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci., xi, 1889, 61 (Mitchell Co., Kansas, 1 spec., Aug. 13, 1888). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. T47 ’ Page 287, footnote: To synonymy add: Pica pica pica Hartert, Vog. PalaéGarkt. Fauna, i, Noy., 1903, 19 (monogr.). P } 5 > Page 291: To synonymy add: Pica pica hudsonius Harrert, Vig. Palaéarkt. Fauna, i, Noy., 1903, 21 (crit. ). Page 292: To synonymy of Pica nuttall: add: Pica pica nutalli Harrerr, Vog. Palaéarkt. Fauna, i, Noy., 1903, 22 (crit. ). Page 295: To citation of Cyanurus bullocki Bonavarte add: Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 6. Page 296: To synonymy of Calocitta formosa formosa add: [ Calocitta] formosa. Heine and Rercnuenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 118 (Mexico). Page 305: To citations of Cyanocoraw affinis add: Goons, Fifth and Sixth Ann. Rep. Curators Mus. Wesleyan Uniy., 1877, 19 (Costa Rica). Page 311: To citations of Xanthura luxuo:a add: Savin, Ibis, 1888, 265 (Cozumel I.; crit. ). Page 315: To citations of Cyanolyca yucatanica add: Satvin, Ibis, 1888, 265 (Meco and Mugeres islands, Yucatan). Page 315: To citation of Cyanocitta germana SCLATER and SALVIN add, after Feb. 15: (pub. June 1). Page 315: Add to synonymy: [Cyanolyca] yucatanica Herne and ReicnEendw, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 117. Page 316: To synonymy add: [Cyanolyca] beecheyi Herne and ReicnEenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 117 (‘‘Honduras’’ ). Page 318: To synonomy of Cissolopha melanocyanea add: [Cyanolyca] melanocyanea Heinz and ReicHEenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 117 (‘‘Mexico’’). Page 319: In the Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cyanolyca, change matter belonging to first 7 and dd to read as follows: d. Pileum black, dark purplish blue, or greenish slate color; adults with a white or light blue band across anterior portion of crown and along lateral border of pileum; chest black. e. Black purplish blue; black of chest changing gradually into purplish blue of breast, ete.; throat pale purplish blue or silvery white. f. A band of light purplish blue across fore part of crown and thence backward to end of auricular region; posterior part of crown, occiput, and hindneck, black. (Highlands of Costa Rica, Chiriqui, and Veragua. ) Cyanolyca argentigula, adults (p. 319) ff. No light purplish blue on pileum, which, together with hindneck, is dull purplish blue, like back, ete. Cyanolyca argentigula, young (p. 319) 748 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ee. Back dull greenish blue; black of chest abruptly defined against the dull greenish blue of breast, etc.; throat pure white. jf. White band along side of crown and occiput confluent (or nearly so) posteriorly with white throat-patch; crown, occiput, and hindneck black. (Mountains of Guerrero, southwestern Mexico. ) Cyanolyca mirabilis, adults (p. 748) ff. White band along side of crown and occiput terminating at end of auricular region; crown, occiput, and hindneck dull greenish or bluish slate color (practically concolor with back). Cyanolyca mirabilis, young (p. 748) dd. Pileum grayish purplish blue, concolor with back; neither adults nor young with a white or light blue band across fore part or along side of crown; chest grayish purplish blue, slightly dusky next to the pale grayish blue throat-patch. (Southeastern Mexico. ) Cyanolyca nana (p. 320) Page 320: Interpolate, after Cyanolyca argentiqula: CYANOLYCA MIRABILIS Nelson. OMILTEME JAY. Adults (sewes alike).—Head, neck, and chest black, abruptly defined posteriorly; a narrow and very sharply defined band of white across anterior part of crown, continued backward at extremities in a stripe along each side of crownand occiput, deflected downward immediately behind auricular region, across sides of neck, nearly or quite“ to the large patch of pure white covering entire throat; rest of plumage uni- form dull grayish greenish blue,? the under surface of remiges and rectrices slaty black, their shafts deep black; bill, legs, and feet black. Young.—Similar to adults, but crown, occiput, and hindneck dull greenish or bluish slate color, only slightly darker than and practically concolor with the color of back, etc.; white stripe on side of crown and occiput not continued (at least not distinctly so) across side of neck; under parts of body slate color, more bluish on breast, the black of chest much narrower and Jess sharply defined posteriorly than in adults. Adult male.—Length (skins), 138-147 (142); wing, 104.5-109 (107.2); tail, 109-116 (113.3); exposed culmen, 2223.5 (22.8); depth of bill at nostrils, 9; tarsus, 32-33.5 (32.8); middle toe, 18.° Adult female.—Length (skins), 120-185 (127.5); wing, 101-102 (101.5); tail, 105-109 (107); exposed culmen, 21; depth of bill at nos- trils, 8; tarsus, 31; middle toe, 16.5-17 (16.7). ¢ Mountains of southwestern Mexico, in State of Guerrero (Omilteme). Cyanolyca mirabilis Newtson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Nov. 30, 1903, 154 (Omilteme, Guerrero, s. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). « Mr. Nelson informs me that in life and before skinning this stripe and the white throat-patch are really confluent; in the skins examined they appear not quite so. » The color decidedly darker and duller than the china blue of my Nomenclature of Colors. ; ¢ Three specimens. d Two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 749 Page 321: To synonymy of Cyanolyca nana add: gs : Jy Mm) ¥y ¥ [ Garrulina] nana Heine and ReicnEnow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 117. Page 323: To synonymy of Cyanolyca mitrata add: [Cyanolyca] ornata Herne and Reicaznow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 117 (Mexico). Page 323: To synonymy of genus Ap/helocoma add: Garrulina Gray, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, 148 (ex Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., iv ser., i, no. 2, 1854, 113, nomen nudum). (Type, Cyanocorax unicolor Du Bus. ) Seiberocitta Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., i, 1903, 499. (Type, Pica sieberii Wagler. ) Page 326: Cancel last two paragraphs of Key to the Species and Sub- g parag ’ species of Aphelocoma and substitute the following: a. Color lighter blue (cobalt or cerulean). (Aphelocoma unicolor.) b. Smaller, with the blue of a cobalt hue; wing of adult male averaging 161.5, tail 153.5. (Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Mexico. ) Aphelocoma unicolor unicolor (p. 344) bb. Larger, with the blue of a cerulean hue; wing of adult male averaging 167, tail 157.5. (Highlands of Chiapas and Guatemala. ) Aphelocoma unicolor celestis (p. 345) aa. Color darker blue (dark smalt or cyanine). (Wing of adult male averaging 164.8, tail 168.7.) (Southwestern Mexico, in mountains of Guerrero. ) Aphelocoma guerrerensis (p. 749) Page 329: To citation of Aphelocoma californica BONAPARTE, Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, add: p. 6. Page 344: To synonymy of Aphelocoma unicolor unicolor add: [Garrulina] unicolor Hetne and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 117 (Mexico). Page 345: To synonymy of Aphelocoma unicolor calestis add: Aphelocoma unicolor ceelestis RipGway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 108 (San Cristobal, Chiapas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ). Page 345: A recently discovered species, allied to the A. unzcolor, is APHELOCOMA GUERRERENSIS Nelson. GUERRERO JAY. Similar to A. wnicolor unicolor, but much larger and darker. Adults (sexes alike).—Uniform glossy purplish grayish blue,¢ the remiges and rectrices with black shafts, their under surface slaty black; bill, legs, and feet black. Adult male.—Length (skins), 332-353 (845); wing, 158-168 (164.8); tail, 160-173 (168.7); exposed culmen, 29-31 (30); tarsus, 40-42.5 (41.4); middle toe, 23.5-25 (24.4).? . @The color can not be nearly matched by any shown in my Nomenclature of Colors; it comes nearest to cyanine blue, but in the best light appears lighter and more violet. >Six specimens. 750 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES “NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Length (skins), 334-350 (342); wing, 166; tail, 168-169 (168.5); exposed culmen, 28-29 (28.5); tarsus, 41.5-42 (41.7); middle toe, 23-23.5 (23.2). ¢ Mountains of southwestern Mexico, in State of Guerrero (Omilteme), Aphelocoma guerrerensis NEtson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Noy. 30, 1903, 154 (Omilteme, Guerrero; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Page 345: To synonymy of genus Cyanocitta add: Stellerocitta Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., i, 1903, 495. (Type, Corvus stelleri Gmelin. ) In The Condor, iv, 1902, 41-44, there is a paper by Mr. Walter K. Fisher on the North American forms of Cyanocitta stelleri (except C. s. diademata), accompanied by a map showing clearly the geographic range of each form together with areas of intergradation. The reader is referred to this paper, not only for special information on the species and its geographic variations but also as a model of the very best type of technical ornithology. Page 353: Citation of Cyanocitta stelleri litoralis Maynard to be corrected as follows: Cyanocitta stelleri litoralis MAYNARD, Ornithologist and Oologist, xiv, no. 4, Apr., 1889, 59 (Vancouver I., British Columbia; coll. F. B. Webster). Page 355: To citations of Cyanocitta stellert carbonacea add: ANDREws and GRINNELL (J.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 9 (Siskiyou Mts., California; habits; crit.). Page 357: To citation of Cyanura stellert under Cyanocitta stellert annectens add: Brakiston, Ibis, 1862, 8 (Rocky Mts., n. w. Canada). Page 362: To synonymy of Cyanocitta stelleri azteca add: [ Lophocorax] diadematus Hetne and RetcHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 116 (Mexico). Page 364: To synonymy of Cyanocitta stelleri coronata add: [Cyanocitta] galeata HeInrE and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 116 (‘‘Bogota’’ ). Page 364: For genus Perisoreus BONAPARTE read Cractes BILLBERG, and insert the following reference: Cractes BrutBERG, Synopt. Faunz Scand., i, pt. ii, 1828, 14. (Type, Corvus infaustus Linneeus. ) Page 866: For Perisoreus canadensis canadensis read Cractes cana- densis canadensis. Page 368: For Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus Ridgway read Cractes canadensis nigricapillus (Ridgway). @ 'Two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 751 Page 369: For Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons Ridgway read Cractes canadensis fumifrons (Ridgway). Page 370: For Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Baird read Cractes canadensis capitalis (Baird). Page 372: For Perisoreus obscurus obscurus read Cractes obscurus ODSCUTUS. Page 373: For VPerisoreus obscurus griseus Ridgway read Cractes chscurus griseus (Ridgway). Page 383: To citations of Parus bicolor add: NEa#RLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 106, pl. 5, fig. 2. Page 384: To synonymy add: [ Baeolophus] bicolor Herne and RercHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 56 (Georgia). Page 387: To citations of /arus atricristatus add: NeaRuina, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 108. Page 388: To citations of Parus nornatus add: NEa#RLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 111, part. Page 389: To synonymy of Beolophus inornatus restrictus add: Bezolophus inornatus restrictus RipGway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 109 (Oakland, California; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ).—AMERICAN ORNITHOL- oaists’ Union Commirrer, Auk, xxi, 1904, 418 (check list no. 733c). Page 390: To synonymy of Beolophus inornatus murinus add: Bzolophus inornatus murinus Rrpaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 109 (Nachoguero Valley, n. Lower California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Page 391: To synonymy of Beolophus inornatus griseus add: Parus inornatus (not of Gambel) Nenrumc, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 111, part (chiefly ). Page 393: To synonymy of Beolophus wollweberi wollweberi add: [ Lophophanes] galeatus Hetwe and ReicHEnow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 55 (Mexico). Page 394: To citations of Parus wollweberi add: NeuwRruiinG, Our Native Birds, i, 1898, 113. Page 399: To citations of Parus atricapillus add: NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 114, pl. 21, fig. 2. Page 399: To synonymy add: [ Poecile] atricapilla HEINE and ReicHEnow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 56. Page 402: To citation of Parus atricapillus turneri add: AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Commirrer, Auk, xxi, 1904, 418 (check list no. 735c). (52 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Page 405: To citations of Parus carolinensis add: NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 116. Page 405: To synonymy add: [ Poecile] carolinensis Hrinr and ReicHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 56 (Illinois) . Page 408: To synonymy of Parus sclateri add: [ Poecile] meridionalis HEINE and ReicHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 56 (La Parada, Oaxaca). Page 410: To citations of Parus gambeli add: NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 113. Page 417: To citation of Parus rufescens TowNsEND [etec.] add: Narrative, 1839, 337. Page 418: Between second and third lines, from top, insert: Parus rufescens rufescens ANDERSON and GRINNELL (J.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Jan. 17, 1903, 13 (Siskiyou Mts., n. California; crit. ). Page 422: To citations of Auriparus flaviceps add: NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 122, pl. 32, fig. 4. Page 428: To synonymy of Psaltriparus melanotis melanotis add: [ Psaltrites] melanotis Heine and ReicHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 55 (Capulacapa; La Parada, Oaxaca). Page 430: To citation of Psaltriparus melanotis lloydi add: AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron CommiTtrer, Auk, xxi, 1904, 419. Page 432: To citations of Psaltriparus plumbeus add: NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 121. Page 433: To citation of Parus minimus Townsenp add: Narra- tive, 1839, 337. Page 433: To citations of Psaltriparus minimus add: Newruine, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 119, pl. 8.—ANpERsoN and GRINNELL (J.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 13 (Siskiyou Mts., n. California; crit. ). Page 434: To synonymy of Psaltriparus minimus minimus add: [ Psaltrites] minimus Herne and RE1cHENOw, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1882, 55. Page 435: To synonymy of Psaltriparus minimus saturatus add: Psaltriparus minimus saturatus Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Sept. 30, 1903, 109 (Mount Vernon, Washington; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Page 443: To citations of S’tta carolinensis add: NEuRLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 125, pl. 21, fig. 5. Page 453: To citations of S’tta canadensis add: NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 127. Page 455: To citations of Sitta pusilla add: NeEwR.iina, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 128. -~I Or eo BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Page 458: To citations of S7ttu pygmexa add: NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 129. Page 466: To citations of Certhia familiaris americana add: NEHRLING, Our Native Birds, i, 1893, 130. Page 472: An earlier reference to Certhia mexicana is: 4 Certhia mexicana GLOGER, Abiind. der Vogel, 1833, 154, in text (Mexico). Page 472: To citations of Certhia mexicana add: (?) Satvrn and Gopman, Ibis., 1892, 325 (Matagalpa, Nicaragua; crit.). The Nicaraguan bird is most likely a distinct form, however. Pages 483, 484: To citations of Cistothorus stellaris add: Cours, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Sury., iv, 1874, 555 (Pembina and Mouse R. North Dakota).—LaNGiLLe, Our Birds, ete., 1884, 284 (habits; notes).—Kwnient, Bull. Univ. Wyom. Agric. Exp. Sta., no. 55, 1902, 154 (Cheyenne, Wyoming; 1 spec. ). Page 486: Citation of 7elmatodytes CABANIS, Mus. Hein.,. ete., to be oD “ ’ corrected as follows: Telmatodytes CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 78, footnote. (Type, ‘* Thryoth. arundinaceus Vieill.,’’ i. e. Thryothorus arundineus Vieillot, = Certhia palustris Wilson). : Page 491: To citations of Zelmatodytes palustris add: LANGILLE, Our Birds, ete., 1884, 392 (habits). Page 494: To citation of Zelmatodytes palustris iliacus add: AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unron Commitrer, Auk, xxi, 1904, 418 (check list no. 725d). Page 495: To citations of C’stothorus palustris add: Knicnt, Bull. Univ. Wyom. Agric. Exp. Sta., no. 55, 1902, 154 (Lake Como and Yellowstone R., Wyoming). Page 498: to synonymy add: Telmatodytes palustris mariane AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CoMMITTER, Auk, xxi, 1904, 418. Page 499: To the range of Zelmatodytes palustris thryophilus add: Northwestern Florida (Choctawatchee Bay, east of Pensacola, April 18). Page 503, end of fourth paragraph: For brennetcapillus read brunne?- capillus. Page 519: In a paper entitled The Status of the Southern Cali- fornia Cactus Wren, published several months after the matter on Lelcodytes in the present volume was written, in The Condor, vi, 1904, pp. 17-19, My. Harry S. Swarth assigns all the Cactus Wrens from southern California to //eleodytes brunnetcapillus or IT. b. couesi. His conclusion that the alleged subspecies 7/. >. wnthony? is untenable is, in my opinion correct, the same conclusion having been reached by 10384—voL 3—03 +8 754 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. me (see p. 522, footnote and p. 524 of the present volume); but he is surely in error in doubting the validity of //. 6. bryanté and I think also in claiming that only one form occurs in southern California. Mr. Swarth’s California material apparently did not contain a specimen from the coast district (or any other portion ?) of San Diego County, to which //. 6. bryanti (not typical, however) is restricted in its Cali- fornia range. Page 524: To citations of Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi add: Srone and Rean, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 29 (Otero Co., New Mexico, etc. ).—Swarrn, Condor, vi, 1904, 19, in text (s. California, Arizona, ete.; crit.).— AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTs’ UNION Commirrer, Auk, xxi, 1904, 417. Page 529, footnote: To citations of Zhryothorus fasciativentris add: Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 522 (Bogota, Colombia; description of type). Page 546: To citations of Thryothorus ludovicianus miamensis add: Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, special ed., i, plate facing p- 142. Page 558: To citation of Zhryomanes bewichii leucogaster add: Srone and Resn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 29 (Otero Co., New Mexico). Page 694: Add the following, inadvertently omitted: KEY TO THE GENERA OF SYLVIIDA., a. Acrotarsium bocted; tail much shorter than wings, even or emarginate, the rec- trices subacuminate at tip; color of upper parts more or less olive or olive-green, the tail without black. ( Phylloscopinz. ) b. Nostrils exposed; exposed culmen equal to or longer than middle toe without claw; tarsus decidedly less than one-third as long as wing; outermost (tenth) primary minute, not more (sometimes much less) than one-third as long as ninth; adult males without a red or orange crown-patch. Acanthopneuste (p. 694) bb. Nostrils concealed by antrorse latero-frontal plumules or by a single well- developed small feather; exposed culmen much shorter than middle toe without claw; tarsus about one-third as long as wing; outermost (tenth) primary well developed, one-third or more as long as ninth; adult males with a red, orange, or orange-yellow crown-patch .....---- Regulus (p. 698) aa. Acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; tail about as long as wing (sometimes longer), much rounded, the rectrices broadly rounded at tip; color of upper parts bluish gray or grayish blue (rarely brownish, but not olive, in young), the tail partly black and white; pileum glossy black in adult males of some species. (Roliomilings) Maser ce ys ee aes se eS ne ae ee eee Polioptila (p. 710) Page 697: To synonymy add: Acanthopneuste borealis AMERICAN ORNrITHOLOGISTS’ Unton Commitrer, Auk, Xvi, July, 1904, 419, part. Page 700, end of first paragraph: For eurvierti read cuvieri?. Page 710: To citation of Regulus calendula obscurus add: AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Commitrerk, Auk, xxi, 1904, 419. DERG es [The black-faced letters indicate family generic or specific headings. ] A. Page. Acadian Chickadee............ eeneeaas ace 415 PAP RNTULE NUS Semen ele a tien alt ercrete me taetarcta erste 424, 425 MLVCOLUIATIS) ccna ce eeee= ssh 424 FACUNTNOPUECUStE & 52 cws ws aiciccsivece wees 694, 695, 754 2 porealisey. 2. as ehi eee 696, 754 porealiss. 3. =... 697 kennicotti......- 696 PACH DUI COs BVisiccnsinine = cleicaieicn oeisiesietetesieseiciers 314 PC COMO sia ate crsislaislaac’s/ajcie'ale'd ele’ oislers e/sleloieis stele 684 acentetus, Microcerculus.................-- 670 PAYEE Sore Seca ane sicbinis se leas ects ee es 21s 425 INCLANOLISE! Seeor Lee Oeste ees 428 MIT Reeser, ses ete nceee acaeae 432 IMD Ee ccaeee emesis see ween 432 AGRO DISS ecoat em acic clinic sec ceae sense cates 76 BCULCAUA SLUR cs sara sane os, 0ce a0 445, 446, 447, 449 earolinensis.. 440, 444, 446, 448, 449 Beeston ese 446, 448 var .. 446, 447, 448, 449 (Veliicssece. ees 449 HEULCHUGS we VIO PNILUS Soci econ oc caniee nine 216 PAChYySVIViai sana ciecacieee 216, 743 sedon> Hylemathrous’s. 2222. .<.0. ccs cess 581 PTO PIOMYVCeSy esse he esc. See ce see 569, 580 aédon, Troglodytes........... 571, 579, 581, 583, 587 BEGOM ee sc os 571, 579, 581, 583 ON te oetiaeneee sere 581 eedon;, Droplodytes: 5252 0.2 .ss.0..ss5< 580, 583, 584 MAO VAPSose ee weee el 581 SPOT AURA TE ern e cn coe R sicion haat eistanieieiciestenk 377 PAPI HLIRGUB oe peeare «fe iciacceisicicetahie cate ecicetee 425 ILE AAT OUIS stare state cieteielcteiee.cisicie 427 PUB PITT ALO PSIS Se wie eciac 2 cie siscclnic sss bic cise Sere 424 ACURA B LOSE Baie fC Po ccMcacecckcocce 376, 377 PALE LOSS ae Ree eB ek Seo eect 375, 420, 425 HAMIGE DISS comcse serie on eset os 421, 423 MOV Te ceGceed ssc cceestecease ne es 430 MelMOLISUUIUG S256 ren teielc 428 minimus ealifornicus ........ 434, 436 VU 83 ee eae eee = 436 THLUONUSK a siete e eee 434, 435 VMI Deusen ces soca e eee ee a 432 SHMCATI Coe chee cae coe cee oes ues 430 Pe PIU AUS some oases ee nai cei ciectde 6 koe 420 zequalis, Stelgidopteryx ruficollis .......... 651 sequatorialis, Vistothorus..:........-......- 482 affinis, Campylorhynchus................ 520, 521 OEUVRES oe ote rer ate ote aie arate Stel ore meee ara 256 GVONOCOlE Ra ances te cc nes tones 303, 805 affinis 304 Page. aitinis;, Heleodytes'ss2ssesss-e2s-c cece eeteee 521 brunneicapillus......... 503, 519, 520, 521 Poeeila ccs asdcctecs soos eee eee 396 apilis) MaMivs!cioneeczescseseeceee sees 132, 146, 147 PAarus CaroliInensis --s---esce et eee eee 406 (Poecile) carolinensis.......-.- 406 Penthestes carolinensis ..........- 395, 406 Phyllomanessscvcssceecccsn aca ne eae 132 Mhamnophilus22ssee--ses eee eee ee 132 WiTCO 32 Sho oe aes Sa ao eee 146 Chiviveeees cose cee seams 147 Vireosylva,chivils sc sasacccss-c. cose 132, 147 Wireosylvidi aus scasccueces cee oeeeee 132, 133 A STOGLOME Ssca5an cso sec eeeaten ete oe eee 10 Sprapuell /ccwccsvostes cee costes 21 dlascensis; Anorthurarssecesteasese. seen 603, 604 troglodytes ....... 604, 605 Var sccee 604 var. hye- malis ec .. 604, 605 BuGytesilavusr-cssseccemacnece 8, 737 Olbiorehilus ............. 597, 602, 604 Panus|Ginctusssasc-2scne secs se 412 Penthestes cinctus......:.... 396, 411 Poecilaobtectawe...su2------- 412 Troglodytes+. =>. <<. cceecce 602, 603, 604 hyemalis var....-- 604 PAarvulus: copes esse 604 Veli enea 604 AlSake J@Y ..csscascecace anne nemaueessesciies 369 Avaskan Chickadee as. sqssssccesees eoceee 411 Willow Warblerscccssceen sceeee 696 Yellow Waptaillc:2-.65255-5-2 ee be A atid ay AT DOLE Renee cence ao cece re testeaneewce 10 PONSTIENSISHSociia seuccaeceeece eeecec 22 CAM PeStliS\=. .)| “americanus, Cincluss=:c--s eee. eee eee 681 Troplodiviess. assess see 657 COLONG tic siss odes beeen eee 269 albigula shurund Ose seces-emseeeees sete es: Tidea\ Corvus .. 258, 268, 270, 271, 276, 277, 278 nlbigulariss (Cy phorinus!sas--sac-ecneeces ee 532 americanus. 258, 267, 269, 270 Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris 529, Bl seme crecteere 268 a31 | Viale eee 268 hryOUOLUsie-eeceeeee eee eeee 5382 i lemathrousteceesseo-seeeee 582 fasciato-ventris.. 532 anius!.eos24 se sccsecessese se 243 A piines whim Oss ceierse stetseee ceils Seer 91, 92 boreailisisacsseseeee eee 240 Ivridoprocneiss-caseessscee 85, 86, 87, 90 Regullusio.52 se cee ncaa eee 702 Petrochelidons seccaetscncies aetsc 91 Troglodytesjssses-eeeeee 581, 582, 584 Machvycinetanassecsteo seer eee 92° | @Amnochelidon ssssececeseee nee eee nee eeee 44 albiloray Polioptilarcess-eeaceneeoecreseee GOB 7D TIE ACT CliG ee eee ees eee 103 albiloris, Polioptila....-. MS ila Oweeonte Ose tal PATO DCLISs cosas scans tae cet meeeeceee ee ener 104, 113 albinucha, Thryomanes=...5-c.c-2-<.c<- 549, 551 AMericana, so ccsseeece see eee eee eee 112 Thryothoruse 422. s-ise see 552 CaroliMensis: 2. -sjs-cenecesseeereee 112 Troglodiytes=s-Jceecss see ces 552 Cedrorumyeesaseeecers 105, 106, 109, 111, 112 albipectus;Dhryothorusn: osc ee cere ec 638-641 PaArrM lassie acs Seoseec ee Ree eee 108 albivientrisHmran GO rsa. calteisiascice sale 40, 36, 87 garrulust=ees-se- 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111 IridoOprocn emer sesiaseeceeesere 86 Bisiisoscemclecessincesetacee 111 PICA Ao rose cas ea koe nelsonone cases 287 JAPODLCA ssa s caw cman o-ee seeiseereses 105 Polioptilaz. sss. 714, 716, 729 JAPONICUS cena anceenemetee erect eee 105 Tachycinetas.s..--¢-< cise si se oa= 2387 Suttataeseecssece 610 A NEnissVATCOL seh oce eee ecrccieseriemsicee cette 192 lnbleyutesoagaaoune 609 CYASSITOSELIS!Sa-e peers ase eles 1:78; 192" andicola,;Orochelidon! 2.....s--+-seseees-ee= 27 ANIEMAOVAPCOS. ohacies Sates Mcacsee eee ese 192 | annectens, Cyanocitta stelleri....... 347, 357, 358 AlOpOoCheHGOnes see ee esac eieoe eects 26, 738 Cyanura stelleri var ........... 358 MMCEPS wAMUMU Sees ee nen sere neeseeecaeoes 20 | annexus, Beolophus wollweberi ..-.-..--- 381, 393 alticola, Certhia familiaris...... 463, 471, 472, 473 Parsi ac ac cccce sooo ee ee 394 Lanivireo solitarius ........ 163516951760 |) Anomalocordxas-s]-- scence sere eee eee 256 Wireo solitarius: —se-cosc2-s sic ) ‘concolor; CyanocoraX:.-.--2. «-c>2 see eee 344 JAMBICANEG oc ce ee see nee acie 54 MTU 0} Seeecee-eeciaeciae cee 44 WSESSCT So Sa cistele ce eeicatsieeciocee 50 PrOgner ii hace neues ee ee ccs 44 Swainsoms eeenseeeeeosee sees 51 SUDISMVALeecee eee eee eee 44 Climacteriimeses Sehaost cc os bacoce oe eee 461 | conditus, Thryophilus galbraithii ....... 624, 638 Clim@eteris: So o22sseccieacecssseec-msaee. 377. 460) | Conirostrumormatum =... -- ----seee ecco eee 422 Clivicolay:cige sane joe ease see aaeee 24° 25,72 | conspersus, Catherpes .-.-..-..----2.-.c---0 660 CULOP CAs. aieyee hase wheel oe slejaierstarejsrocte 76 mexicanus....... 655, 658, PIPALia js. asenaeeteseee eee weet 75, 76 659, 660, 662 GCiMereah ceneeesaeeacee cee 76 Bexepec 659, 660 MaxXimiignissseerckecese ss 76 WEN boSoo 658, Coahuila Clift Swallowieneeesesee eee neeee 56 | 659, 660, 662 CobanitS wallow es.c-c- eee see areca cee eeceee G6NNCOOkin Cyanopoliusie.nemececteteerie tee 286 Cobamensis) Vireosylviaiecssceseseesoneeeees 153m) Rcorallinostris sey pherpesee-. eee eee 439 ccelestis, Aphelocoma unicolor...... 326, $45; 749 | Coraxics ote sewcie cee coninicticteemeereecceecesee 256 765 INDEX. Page. Page. MC OVEERMCTUCATOSUNH s a1 c/suise ciel u vis wm etene ceem WAGs COLVUS COLAx CATILYOTUS cite en clave tame anes 261 SOONER COU VUSi te ace cicia's ace ecms scanciw ene 256, | B Carmivorus scc.ce5sesse sees 264 257, 260, 263, 264 | VAP. CAMNLVOLUS)<..-.-2scn5 261, 264 VEL MLL. VCS sierieta ciate sicte aistaiais aie octet 260, 264 | ¥/ CHM OUIB\ str cha antm eles == 261, 264 SCI DON es PY RC TM ULL EN = a) 'niain vain win ic\= miele ieie apy ainiie mate 527 | clarionensis ........... 257, 264, 265 PETITES pete ma clea ca owaciavie.ca cents oee 527 Var: 1IULOrAliS: caso ees cuca 260 coronata, Cyanocitta:.....5.. 2.25.5 362, 363, 364 MODIS secs hos aa oe ooeee 261 SlCILeTI. csancacccence 347, BiMOpIWIS Foo. o2. coon eee 263 359, 361, 862, 363, 364 principalis .... 257, 259, 260, 261, 262 CVAUTA Toe sc caiscen's Sole setestemeee 363 RID AUUS As ooo) ncls sp oe soca re 263 Bieler vari o. scmecnense 364 SIDUMALUS seen nee acces 257, PRINTING Oke. ccine.c see hacks ceetectee De; Oe 259, 260, 251, 262, 263, 264, 265 NGS eee snin oe ow slce shoe sects 363 WALD Ss mintsin ster siste ace Sa es 260, 264 COLON ATUS, CYANOCOLaX .... 2... .ccecncaccce 360, 363 COLON Cece smears ote wiminle nine wiatoioveiwiny aise. 268 Cvenogarrulus).c.... 2. ose ee =k -lee oct are 345, 349, 351 O@YaNuUnis ese sca = sone serene 363 ceryptoleucus............. 257, 265, 266, 267 stelleri var. macrolo- CV GR US ese oe ene eee pee aeienees 286 DENIS (Giarecmeeniret cers 364 Gominicensis’ -sss2-- 700, 704, 705 Crassirostris;Cyanocittareaassseece sees SLOVolde) | Cll er Sakein Pl Ob sates eerie eer eee 704 Cyanurusiasscaneace sae eeneeee 315 | cyanea, Aphelocoma ...-.-------.--- 324, 326, 327 WWaMIVINC Os asjeneneeee ee eer ee 190 | eyaneoviridis, Calichelidon .......--.....-- 100 WATCOW cease cease neces Soee 190 Callichelidom=.5-.---.--2-< 99, 100 crassirostris ...... 178, 189, 191 FEirun GO rece saceeeeeerae 98, 100 Creeper, Brow: Sas2- oscssocee cee Beeeiene 464 (Callichelidon)...- 100 Calilornia msssaocse soca cee eee es 468 Machycinetassssaacee seas 100 Mexd Cal Racer ce aeciees = eemceeccrisees 4d eyaneusGarrulust a. eec see erences 326 Rocky Mountain sccmescce a seceee 467 PARUSee cee tease user ceeacenins 379 Sierra, Madre ssaaecesssee cose eescee 472 || cyanicollis, Cyanocitta -:-....-----.-.-- <=: 323 TA WIN .o sso cas soaccee Sec aeen asses 44.0) | Gyanishesisaeceescece secs emote eacea eae tte 379, 395 Creepers seciss la aceasta cciles nessa eereeclostreroete 459 | cyanocapilla, Xanthoura luxuosa....-..-.-..-. 311 Crested Titmouse taceecsscece ea cnaa ce eceaet 383 XaMthUTas sea encac assesses 311 cristata, ‘Cyanocitta------ ---- 346, 349, 350, 351, 3538 | cyanocapillus, Cyanocorax.....-...--....... 308 Cristaita) eens. 346, 847, 350, 351 Cyanurus): -\25-5s02-- anaes 311 (Cayeholbbes) Soogéses qoaddasnoososaS 349,351 | eyanocephala, Gymnocitta............----- 285 PiGa LISS Se se eeace tae eee 349 G@vmnokitta ..:--....22-+--- 285 Cristatus i Conwlusmaesesee seas ena eee 345, 349, 351 Nueifraga <2scscecnc i Secees 285 Cyan coraxss-cese tenses eeeeee 3494" (Oyanocephalus s-c-=-s2esees 2 = ese 283 Cyanogarrulusiteess see aceecseceee 350 eyanocephalus .....- 284, 285, 286 Cyanurus)3-.2sea-ce se ouseeee ee 349, 351 Wiediis.2 325 Jess etic es 286 Garruls’) ca 95-scsece eee eeaee 349 | eyanoecephalus, Gymnokitta.............--- 284 Waniuss jos ose nee ease sa se ee eee 234 Gymnorhinus.::-...----- 283, 284 Lophophanesizascessseeeeeeeces 378, 380 Psilorhimulseeececee eae ele 285 ; i -¢ eyanochlora, Pica INDEX. 767 Page. | Page. Setnbae cern boc otuib sce man cas 853 | Cyanocitta ultramarina................-. 343, 344 eas thoes can eacsae 256, 324, 345, 346 var. arizon#....... 341 GFP CNWUCUIBs: ao sec eee ona ease 320 var. couchi........ 343 WER CDU eres ecetiee am eae aerclnn 315, 316 | Var. s0rdida =. --.-- 339 PEERCUELIES. caee oer ns eos wep 316 var. ultramarina.. 344 WEGGHOU Ion oacieo sete n sacha wa 316 | WItramMarinvs: enon eee wees sane 343 PECCHEVlin Ca~ ~-seeree see tame 316 | UNnicolor® .2.-222ss5 eneee eee a $44, 345 CHIITOMICH aks wat nine ase ese 328, 329, WOOUNMOUREGIRo oes sae ae eae ee 234 MeO see ee eee = ree coe soe wnecitcs 2933 | eremophilus, Thryomanes bewickii. 551, 557, 559 LU GOL ere ee cose oe cee te ctess 73 | erythrocephalus, Parus..........-.-.------- 425 Map GeHeltG Giese = =a ose cease sae =~ 27,738 erythrogaster, Chelidon........-...--..---- 82, 85 IPPEeT, -AMICTICHD =. 221-4. n ace nee = =< 679 iru Oe eee seen 77, 81 Central’ American’.-2...<---2--<2--- 681 horreorum a, 82 MexaGnneeees Sans saaaclcon nyoeceees 677 | erythrogastra, Chelidon.............--..... 82 ARID POURS See ee eee ale sears <4 Sarees. 675 Minrundol----2-s-5- 78, 80, 82, 84, 85 dissaéptus, Cistothorus palustris. ........--- 491 Hirundo rustica-222----- = 83 (Telmatodytes) pa- erythrophthalmus, Corvus ......----------- 279 ; MUSES esters.c 1-2-1 491, 494 leucognaphalus 258, EGTA CS LICR EITM OO le 2c clcicio em pia siete cielo = 31, 43, 80 279 MOTs Secor ssa moce es siiee 85 | erythropygia, Hirundo........-.....-.-..-- 76 LO DMO eee eaceens ceo seeeace ss 31430 senebrysed, HunUn OO cee aaa einen == 100, 740 Ghalypear.s sc ee=s 31 Lamprochelidon............---- 101 SYRIA ne aos see eae eee teste Boies | MCUnO sea wh ICA ceciccensae a eeceee eee eee e 287 Mroplodyter S.-Sccisecc nee e cee 581 Piptaes csc see ee ee eee eee tee 425 domesticus, Troglodytes...................- 581 RAD RT Ges se ee ee eee eee eee 72,76 domesticus, park- Sittay.-4. s-2-5 pore eee 439 MAMI es .<2 5s 581 | Gittaras eee. wee oe eee eee 455 mlOMINI Ch, PANSLTAS. . .cem ewe snc as wee one 125,127 | Sittasya..2 cee eos oke=ce saeewe eee 443 MOMINICAN WEN 6 oe. oocencw oa saia = os nine, ts sie 594 | europaeus, Lanius borealis .......---------- 235 dominicana, Vireosylvia calidris.........-. 141 Mroclodyiessacs --osas-e see cee 600 War eeeee 141 | europea, Clivicola......-.--------++++++++++ 76 MomMinicensis: COrVUSss... csscse-~ = 2 eee - 279 | European Chimney Swallow ....-.--------- 79 HirnnilO Messe ese 88, 39, 43,103 | evura, Parus hudsonicus ..................- 414 euchrysea, var... 100,103 (Peecile) hudsonicus........-- 414 Merv ia. cce ee a ive ISO MeExCUpILOL MOANIWIS) occ eh eek cece eee cae aa 234 Progne.... 30,31, 37, 88, 39, 40, 41, 43 FOTIA WA Olea eee 235 (subis var?) ......---- 40 | execubitorides, Collurio ludovicianus. .... 248, 250 TANBET Ae eset nana = 127 Coll yrio nv. 2ee were tes eae 250 WCNC US DULIS Soe). Sosy occ sine 25-5 = - 126, 127 aniiises sessed e oe 237, 239, 249, 250 Donacobius albobrunneus..............--.. 504 ludovicianus ........ 236, WIpeOGANVORAWICD = -c cc hc sce cw.cce edn eic 659 245, 246, 247, 248, 249 drymoecus, Thryomanes bewicki.........-.-. 565 ludovicianus b ...-.- 245 bewickii... 550, 563, 565 excubi- ae GOT RE=VINCQee asin 6 ca ustnee wont oases 225 toridesib?-2.-<-.2- 247 OTD BO Soe ss ea alee aks ore ees sav nls Sarno 125 | excubitorides, Lanius.................... 244, 247 OTTER i i = hen, Cn et a Resa ttats 125 | excubitoroides, Collurio ......-.--. 244, 247, 249, 250 GOMINILS Wa ak coe eae eae 126, 127 | ludovicianus .... 247,250 TUTICHAIN 8 oe tees Woe paar eae es we 126,127 B.... 247,250 OUIIAN ODN seb cave eee Pees ae cen 127 | var . 244, 245, dumicola, Culicivora...... Seat adedenctanee 715 247, 250 She OE RSG serene enc ee cree 715 var. ex- SS ATATIET WV DOR a 2/0 vt no ie eae wea werco eter 538 cubitoroides b.. 245, DUA VD PGi 5 cnn yo oe ee aenewate a bictene 710 247,520 10384—voL 3—03——49 770 INDEX. Page Page. excubitoroides, Collyrio.............. 2371, 24452470) Haviventris iCyClarisimencsesssescsenececeeee 229 Thamitishea seen sees 244, 247, 249 Cyclorhisie.os.25s-s225e cee 229, 232 ludovicianus. ....-. 248 Cy Cloris casacneses- cece eceseee 229 excubitroides) Vanities .o ee ee eee eee 244, 250 Cy.clommhishe-ceee eect ee eae 745. CXIMUS VATeOlamiis a: es eeemectece eee 223) | Haviviri dis sVAReOmeeere en aetneeenee ee mee 146, 150 exsul, Salpinctes obsoletus ..........---. 644,650 | flavoviridis, Phyllomanes................ 146, 742 F. WileCO Saasneeeneee eee eee 146, 147 familiaris, Certhia ....... 463, 465, 467, 468, 469, 470 Tey era Bo familinvis 463 Wiresosylvaenessceeeeeeeeeeeene 132 ALISSSoeeeeaeee ce Saha ate o fasciata(Chamedesese- 2 eee cee 687, 688, 689, 691 ae é Sve eh igh i a Wareosyilyidiess- see -neeee 145, 147, 150 TASCLATA Reco ease eee 686, 691 a Z ie apilis’se. cece nce ese 146 Walisccsomsenices 687, 689 pica © flavoviridis var.... 146 Ghamlea eee sseae -pesseicccinseceeites 688 e a‘ Hays Buy testosseteceeaeeee eee nena 8,10 @hamoegnssreceses se ceese ease see 691 Hinundo 7 HaVUS Le tace cc ticeee see eee 8 roe ae A aC ORT Re ie MeN a Be|| Lora ya silbieh hyn anoasoansconcececodarceodaas 350 MOotacill aye sca ee eestor aeroere 6 s nae: 2 : : Chickadee 2-25 aceoreeonecease 406 fasciativentris, Pheugopedius .............. 5383 Co 269 TLHryOtHOruse? cen sess D 29527088 c || Wl). eV aie dient att atic area seeean armas fasciatoventris, Cyphorhinus 532 Sa gee ee ipa ae BECON Sea Seek aire tn omen stra : White-breasted Nuthateh.......... 444 Mhnyovhorusieezeesrseese -eOSeA DoS : i: Wien occcccesech cone tases eee 545 Proglodytessecosese sees 0O2.Da5 s d t s e floridana, Aphelocoma.............-...---- 327 fasciato-ventris, Pheugopedius -....-. 528, 525, 532 . : floridana var. wood- fasciato-ven- : : 5 3 houseivaleessseee 327 MOR reas ou? Corone 270 DMhryothorusesscee sees ae O20 NDoae & Gee T Oak tio ea ae 2 ie ts Cyanocittaj. oo. 2s snseccees ane 327, 336 TASCIO TUS MBUGYLesseeest eee ee eee eee ne eee 8 : 3 te P 687 Propgnie|Subisesa-s cece see e eee 35 LAR RRL IE MATE TERE oe | floridanus, Corvus......-..----.-- 269, 327, 330, 336 SaAlpIMChes ae ee sec\seeete erate 644, 653 : 2 Z VOT esata acjn cuerescetaee 269 fasciolatus, Cistoshoruse-c-s-e-seeee ses - eee 481 aenicnmne 269. 280 felix PPheueOpeGiUssscecee cet ees aetee DSO} 53745885 [evi cri) yay tat ei i Men ern ats dest aah es tenia X 5 Dieses 269 TOlix eee ee eee 530, 586 ae 269 ThinyOthoLuseeerseceeeecee: 587, 538, 589, 641 iE ee eR B : var. Corvus. 269 Pelitxe aster ciecee meets 537, 5388 - IPUPIVOLUS e.-c0 cate 269 Troglodytes se sas sso cene see create ee 537 A : a 5 Cyanocitta soc. -ssee esses 327 festiva, Henicorhina leucophrys........- 609. 616 . ; : Cy aNOCOraxk se aemeeacteeeoeee 327 MISCUS Ieee a n/lm seresrcece Bee Nati cic ace ee ae 234 : : Cyanunus ses. Seco cece eae 327 SHV CIO We sass aes sens tae hoa oe eee ewan 273 ‘ Garmilusss o22 oe cose sues 327, 330 Hava MBUdy tess se eee ees aonereeetac ce 8,10 5 ‘ Me Parus (Bzeolophus) bicolor..... 384 Mota Cillasssen see see eee aces ere eee 7,8,10 i ; (Lophophanes) bicolor.. 384 fiaveola-eMotacillayseessesee sees eens eee 8 : flavescens, Motacilla 8 BOOS RIS oe ase eee Es = 3 et COTES Newt as, Gar eee florincola, Cyanocitta cristata... 346, 348, 350, 351 Sylviaios oun ceesace se nseaee sees 696 Sea f é ; fluviatilis; | Cotyleszseecm aac ane eceiseee eres 76 Vireo crassirostris .... 178,190, 191, 192 : ‘ Flycatcher, Golden-throated ............-.- 166 flaviceps,; AMgithalus) ...--........0...s-<- 421, 423 Gneer 184 Anthoscopus flaviceps ..........- ADDN ||. As PTS Sires rg Rca gia ae i eae 5 : Red-eye: oossc2 sac. atasece nee 149 AUITIPATUS'=-\sinersincics eacesleeee Se 422, 423 : Ply catchers, Sillkkyee cc sce eeseeeericiecerects 113 HaVvICepSaaceeeene cc 420, 422 Pe F E Kornmicaniusibamblas-sccce os asencasereeeee 670 PAroides tec . < sock sees ae 307, 308, 310, 311 fuliginosus, Psilorhinus morio....-...---- 298, 300 melanogaster: -..-+2.+-se-e soos 353 PVH UCCIODINicee eee heeeiee ena. eenme ce metet 54 SOLOIGUBS acca sas 9. 0tus was 749 Western........-- 702 TT Heats cae dd awe ans oe areas 749 | Golden-throat Flycatcher .................- 166 TUUICOLOL ese aneenes ae eee tae =e 74911] (Golden, VirGO).-= 77 OLS Gs so taseriae couse on nek te 619 SEDODICH . ecene oe teeta aon 77 hiemalis, Anorthura ..........-.-------«- 599-601 JAVONICH cs cceic ter eens = seen 76, 77 troglodytes............ 599 jugularis---- 5.046. n es ~<== =>" 58 OlpIoréenilus 2... aoe de wae =m 600 JGUCOREStEN oo. occease ones ens a6 90 hiemalis....-. 596, 597, 600 leucorastraicsscase hudsomius; Corvusie ee. eceen eerie 286, 289 puella Pa. 5c ecece sect care «sass 77 Ricapicaasss-cesoseseae eae er 747 PULPUTES se -.-l ee 28°34, 35:36, 37443. || Huitzilac'Cactus Wien ~ <2. 2. se-cee cies 513 PyIThonoOtay. 2 se. eseeseee sas sees 50,51 | humilis, Camphylorhynehus............--- 509 Tepublicamaee-ru-cewecceecee ete = 49 | Meleodyitesasaasissscre ecsaeees 501, 508 TIpAria ee cee eee 774 | huttomi, Vireo..-2--25--e52-2° 178, 195, 196, 197, 212 @MTETiCAN Aes eeee ec sce aee 76 Muftonies seeeeeenss 179, 195,196, 197 TULA oe ee ater taser semec cen 83, 85 (amivireo)Weeeseesece aise 196 PU COllist assess cesses cee see a cee 58, 64 Wireosvilivias- ese eeiee eee eer 197 THfocollanisteeseeeheceee vececeaeee AGG hUttOniP VTC Os er acnect cee secceetiesias 196, 197 WP as wae sens a2 sive Sicielss 2 318 €xcCubitoroides) yes. eee 244,247, 249 joseph wViTreOsee ses sace ae ser «dente soseee see esce S71) montanelllus,cAmthus=eeecses- ce seeeecenecee 20 miamensis) hry oOthorusi.--e-eeee sone sees 546 | CHOntANUS MEALS selene ase eeee coe eee 409, 410 ludovicianus... 541, 542, COND Soooosecencascsoes 409 545.546, | smonvicola; Progplodytes----cen-coeces nee oe 572 VaTe (54655 monticoluss Cichlopsiccscecsecesenoeeeee eine 10 miamiensis, Thryothorus ludovicianus..... 546 smontierl, Minundoysscteccssseseee eaeeeeee V7 Microcercwlusiasesccese-ceereicee cose ATG; 4791665) |) Morelos WiteMler secre ci ecieeeine ec eee eres 537 ACentetus: sce ssaeeeeeee eee 670) || (MOTION Corvus sss ceesen ass eee eee aes 299 GOLTEISUS apse cern ecmie cls oo 666 PICS Ses alee siaia ate ee 299, 300,301, 302 dawliasMsayasccteceses 666, 668, 669 PstlOrbinusisseceeecreeeceeae 298, 299, 300 leucosticilseees seep eee 613 morio.... 298, 299,.300,.301, 302 lUSCINI ay 55s Fs -cecscee 666566956770), |; mortomiy, CimGlUs| case ecet ce me nan ameter sie 681 MATSINAUS eee Oe eee eee 66s Mota cilllaeerec secs sence passes ear emesee Ds eaidapll: OTpHeusis poste eee 668, €69 alban aca. Se eee se kaa eee 23, 4,056 MeCtoralistssaseccr cece esses 666 SubspsOCuIanisjsss-eseceeeese 7 philomelaysses-ec see 666, 667, 670 Vall whe Speen teseeeeeaate ai Squamulatis/ sees eee sees 666 albeola.. 226 ss ae wc stase ose ae eeees 5 Microchelidontesea- eseereraecer een eee 67 AMUNEDSIS] sed Sanam emesis 3 tibialis Ss oc cece secicace 68 baicalensis var. temporalis -...-- 7 MI GTOCOTER A hates sseeeles ooeeiien selena ee 256, 257 Dlakistomisssscce eee asem sere eee ae 3 JAMAICCNSIS ees meee eee ae 277 brachyrhynehos)s....2ss-s-s05s- 6 leucognaphalusisessas-teene sae 279 CBCrUNC a. sae emcee eee ners 718 NASICUSH Reh oes eee 746 (hacleinesanacucecsddsoe 710-718, 720, 723 SOlUILARIUS seen eee nee eee 276 culendullayeessseaceciensenee 698-707, 709 Micropodid ert. .se-ceecetiesteete ee ene 24 CaliGris| ee eeccen eee eee 139,141, 143 microrhynchosCotylexess-seceee eee en oe 76 CANA soe Ses eet aes ake ee ees 720 micrus, Vireo noveboracensis .....-- 178, 186, 187 GOLVICHISReeacercisecriaecenseeeees 6 migrans, Lanius ludovicianus.... 236, 248, 246, 249 GOTWIN 8 seek seeeeesoe eee 17 TUNING, ACRE GU Baan eee ee 432 ChYrysOgastralssen-niencseas ee eee 8 Psallitrian sxe soars scene ere a eps oe 433, 435 CINEREA pete ace ae eas ta tetorcte 5 minimus, Aegithalos minimus .........-. 434, 435 Tasciata ss. 252 eee oe as eae 6 Parus) sce tienes assets 431, 438, 434, 435 Meare cree eee sneer eee eee 7, 8,10 Poecilassassec eee nek eee cece ee 433 Vulgaris) = cseanscu sees & Psaltriparus ... 426, 431, 433, 434, 435, 684 HaVieOlate secrete a saat teers & minimus. 426, 432, 434, 435 HAV ESCONS sac kc sconce eceeceei 8 Psalltrites: ea 8 lace acoso eee 752 funya sree sssseeese easier 576, 578, 585 minor; Sittaea.2 jo. eee nee ee eee 455 PoOuldies Se see saeceeee eee 8 CarOlinensisi-oes-eeeeeeeeeeeeee 455 Pularis $e .S- ee ocamemine seein 6 MIN Uta ITU Oj yee eee eee eee eee 71 hudsonicass-cseeseees eee Sees 15 INDEX. 781 Page Page Motacilla kamtschatica ...................- 8 | mana, Cyanolyca......... 318, 319, 320, 321, 324, 748 NGUCOD UCL Gae mia cacd fee ecte a ticke aaa 3 Gannnlingyy yas sae ora ne sees ie 719 longicauda ......... San cereeheases 3. (DNAs) Cy amOClite - o. ce ihc ese wesw ae hanes 321 MO WOTS ar tcf tars. a ntcretwre ota (araesmaee moles 6 CYSNOGDYaX..5- etn nec aeoeee 321, 322 NGO VIM MS tect. on ceeds s weiaces 543 CYAMuUrus'..3. cose oe sea een eee ee 321 MUP CUSE CUR seck ec ene ae aoe ees 3,7 WANED 33S as0.5c hodacems Fev eee mee. 179, 204 TAT OL ctrs oc cmiae ss eens ee sete Gs Natimonrchiluss. soos scceskomsdcecesesoeee 479, 617 PNIOIANO DC a= Leakis.cee cam tase cisee 2,é lewcopaster=. 28 eso eeee es 556 MIOPIEC Uwe ae awa ad esac ee ee enes 8 brachyurus ... 618,620 OCTIMELISS 8 oo. aih2u Soca oes. aoe es 3,6,7 leucogaster ...-.- 618 MOTORERULUISt coset ao eee ete 695 musicus .-.... 618, 620 MEP UNMIS arcs crane ts aime eee 698-701 pacificus...... 618, 619 Seplentrionalis:< . ....< sed ees Ga GINGEINUS. oe orate terol rar iteacie arnt arp scien eer oe 595 SION SETI Kee. Cet se belo ete ciasie G9D)t -MaASicus;) COrVUS).. 2.55. s-c sce 257, 258, 277, 278 RITPOrCudO see. ccretat nese tense atts 695 Microeorax: 522523. -2cs,..s noe ee 746 BVVESUTIS\ ne ceene sche qemicee Gnlimatterert, Amithusse-cce asso o- citdae fee oe =e - il MOC MIN Sites oie anole toms ea 695,697. | nerlecta »Motacilas~ssa.0ss-acseasmees oo 8 PLORVOGYLCS Ss. ca nian sosece cee 595,598 neglectus, Parus (Poecile) rufescens ....... 418 Wiaeectsaces eee aa 43 TUfescens!ti2+ sss seee ee 418, 419 SRNR TORI eee crisis ore eircom coin asetaictan are 152 Bienes eete 418 MOUNTAIN ChiCKAdee. 2/272. 2... ccccseces 408 Penthestes rufescens ......... 397,418 SVAIRGOP Seti nto sioe ie once en icamects we 169 | nelsoni, Heleodytes:..:..22...:....:. 502, 514, 516 MITVITATIOR COTUNIA oso 5 = cine ce ok oreo aicis aie sos 460 Rolioptilaims-cseccneee eee 713, 715, 724 ANULATIUSH Seu pPINCLeS. ope ccecen ove cece cece 656 Sitta carolinensis -.. 440,445, 447, 448, 449 TrOCIOU fesse a= == sce eee ee 6567 | Nelson’s'Gnatcatcher- 42-022 = cecusces sae 724 mnuiring,, hetrochelidon <2 5.24/55. <6. sec5< amine Diao | UNCOCN CGO -a2 weiss = oboscds coe eeiccees eee 27,67 murinus, Beeolophus inornatus.. 381, 389,390, 751 tbiglissos-- 8. scenes weno 67,68 Thryomanes bewickii........- SolFOb9 Te Neochloer asses nao eo eee ae 129, 130, 211 Mhryopsphoruss=--ss5snec.2~ 597, 558, 599 PIEVIPCUMIs= sos: es oc cee ta owe se 212 bewicki....... 657;'595;509 os) TNC OCOLYS=.. 222 c= oss ss wmo oe cas teswceeeae meee 11 Dewickil <.o-5.. usc 559 Spragilel 2.5 2.223 5% oss oe eteee bees 21 Mroeslodytes 22 2: .-~ eras emans a 405, 752 MCAUMOWiosete ciate attra ni ras ea ccas 6 18 | CIICUH Sy oe cern on Oe Satetaca tenes =~ 481 | poliocoelia, Bombyciphora................. 109 Sivilivi ea waeiss see seers etc naete o 481 | poliopleura, Thryophilus rufalbus ......... 633 PHT VOUNONUS sae tesa ttiasecs secee 481 VARS nce 633 plesius, Cistothorus palustris. ...........- 494, 496 PHTVOUOLUS) seesaw sce e et 633 Telmatodytes palustris........-- 488,494 | poliopleurus, Troglodytes ..........-..-.---- 633 pleurostictus, Thryophilus ....... 6210622631682. |) OllOptil ars. cares mene soon ss 684, 710, 722, 754 pleurostictus 622, 629 Sl bilOnas soon needs ee 726, 727 MARVOURONUN seems fe ase aes 630 albiloris ...... 713, 714, 716, 725, 726, 727 MroelOGy tessa saseen se eee 631 elbiventris:25-4-c--. 42s - 714, 716, 729 MITMMHER A GKCOUIAS. oo o2 oc emen nese n-ne 432 ANTCOCUIBTIS. hoon oe eee Nae 714, 715 GuwmligivOTasscea. fess ra ee cae ee se - 733 PSLRA ees. surat c aajeeete «a 713, 716, 726 RAMU VIVEO tance cl wea nce came cae 171 bilineata...... 713, 716, 726, 727, 728, 729 Solitariseeece Seciccceo 172 cerulea .....1. 713, 718, 719, 721, 722, 723 Vellaset cae. Lrdylv2 ceerulea ...... 713, 715, 716, 720 ROMO PUA) sss —c cee 716, 731, 733, 734 ceesiogastra .....- 713, 715, 723 PRINT cee a aniia = at eealea te aaialel= 431 mexicana. 713, 715, 718, 722, 724 WITEOSVihviniesecteee = seco aests os 171 obscura .. 713,715, 720, 721, 722 Plant peOuUs BUSH=Oit eo. so. .nc 555-6 sn5- === 430 cresioraster).s2..~0.25 ss-cmeane 723 Gnatcatchers-.-.2--6s 722-5. 731 CahifOMmicne === eee anes 716, 734,735 a WINGO cat uveeeaaescie caw eens 170 Cosnulleaiasaet- aes eee eas 719, 721, 722 plumbeus, Aegithalos............-.--...--- 432 MERICAN A Asses eo oeee 722 DSAIIGENEO tise concer eae ence e 171 lembeyeis.s--. sees coos =e LO AOD nou solitarius ..... 163, 170, 172 lembeyi <. aos-cecs cote seen eeme 736 VAM core 172 lemibeviiy 2... 2< escscteeessse a 736 NUN parce netstat ae seein eee 432 leucogastra............ 714, 715, 716, 726 Psaltriparus).-.--ss—5 425, 430, 431, 432 MIB AME ee eae prectee ieee ciate 733 2) ee 432 MIelANUTAL eo cost oecesen on 734, 735 TAUPO ee eaten 432 MEXICANS os sec ces cee eeee- oe es 722 Walbcoon = 432 melsontis0 4s eee ee ae 718, 715, 724 SUBSps BaaVileOta- cn. eiase ces 172 nigriceps...... 714, 715, 716, 729, 730, 731 WHITCOR CS oe ae sett oe saccwecnes 171 anteocularis......... 712,714 ‘ SOlitariug: os 0 sa ecscces 172 Nignceps- ss. 714, 731 WR ee ate ere se 171 TESELICTRS aseeen eee 731 plumbiceps, Hylophilus.....5.............. 218 DluMbeRt es. ac ss. ee 716, 731, 733, 734 Bolioptilay.ce.-c2e--2e= >= 714, 715, 716 PIM bICePS.s. 6 sees se eee 714, 715, 716 IPGUATRUS PHPUCUSIS © <.0ic.o--loces eases cos aoc 670 YEStriCta ofan cacs cea cieescncaacnes 730 PREG ieee tecasacin emai a cine Stems cinisfajsin'a = atereia’ 394 SCIRtENI eke... 2 cova ee eere 714 RTT ete ee eae esate tase ais 396 SUpPeCIIATIS.~...2a%s's oe 714, 727, 728 SUMICH DUA Saco ae- wee ees ee 399 MACNA. o-cks 716, 728, 729 CAROLMTENSIS C=. oes see an eee alac nem 405 superciliaris . 713, 716, 727 NCL ne ent a iam ein armen SO6r Poloptilinw:.. 2: cecx ween cteen i eoee 376, 694, 754 STIBGECONBS teens 0 een awa 396 | polioptilus, Catherpes mexicanus ... 655, 660, 663 OUGCC Iie hes oa ce rosa 596: | poly lottus; ‘Cistothorns...~...- 2. - o~ nn oe 481, 486 IO VLMOUIR a eels hoe et emma secretes 427 polyglottus........ 481 DTS eee oe ee ee eee aeem enc 433 MHrvouhorusiesewaccesseucse 481, 486 OURO an teense wsieaebaccs ye. onsale OOH Porta RAGhN Grows.2 =. soc eee nas eee cme 278 HIGRCONKIBE oc ass ~ seve swears s 412 | potosina, Aphelocoma sieberii .. 325, 340, 341, 342 TULESCONS (oes cme e a meme wasicce ies «ess 4180) Prairie Marsh) Wien c-csesseuecceseceeeaenad 492 RUDITIOR teas, ener in ete ie caaie sa S06) } resis HAPOMCO cco ocean nna emokubne nee 90 ST DUNIGUS ttc oe seers oe eNotes a S00: |) pratensis; Alaude). oo oe.c eva nnena sees 10, 17,19 SIDMICKORM yO GMOs ies Cees cee = aatn'o's 396 PUES ones weed seen = 11,17, 18, 19,115 ORO Bc ette dence on hen nee ta eee dae 394 LOiUMOMIpPtera <.5 565 .v-~asecdasese 19 GUNICADIUG Medi put enone es bo 899, 751 DONC Miae ewer e rina a akon te cers 19 HUPICA DUNNE ae eda aie cee nes wm S990 IM DravOruIM tA NCOs s 396 | Slender-billed Nuthatch ................... 444 POCCHe Eons s spac ccs cliocensmeceees 396 | Small White-eyed Vireo. ...-. eee 186 sibmicrorhynchos, Poecila ..........-...... BIG ESOCOLLONWIEI i= 52 soe ent ween ee Ue eee eee 568 SUE) 9) ch Ie ee en nee eS 342 | solitaria, Lanivireo solitaria, var........... 174 PAPHELOCOMA. saan as se ce nee ae cece 339 Muscicapae-essces- 167, 168, 170, 174, 175 Oy anoelttsea. «cacao oc waters setcceecer ee 339 WVAneOSVLVidiss cases seek eee 169, 174,175 CV ENTUNR ES ees macsla e/a a'ssctclate cia’ Soo FOLLe SOlitariUs,COLVUS:.24-5-.25 eee see eee eee 257, 276 sieberii, Aphelocoma........... aoa 325, 339, 343 SATUS SS os saat ae eee ee erates 169 sieberii. 325, 338, 339, 340, 343 [antivineO!: «-=-.2see== 163, 167, 169, 174 WyanOcornme cas son. seco wccacteses 338 solitarius s2..<. 25-2... 163, BiCH Pere eek oeioe 2 338, 339, 341, 749 166, 167, 169, 172 BIBMONOCMIE Meas occ sor Seeeaaes aSacees sueek 749 WEI eseunes 169 DICHEN BURY st as ssceesaccses cae ccecn cad oscee 3388 Microcgrax ee eset ss eee ew ae 276 Picrra Madre Creeper — 2A cos casacccscecece 472 IPhylomanes e422) sae soon ean 742 INSYARGS Ways: toe ease cee ncccee as 355 Vireo... 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 174,175 BELG VMN LV CALGHEIS ince ot eas cesses see. 118 (Tanivireo) is. 2. - a see 169 SILVENU-LULOMUCG UBY 2. ss ceca swine sctawecse es 319 SOlIitaNIUN acon ch stew se ee 169 SoU OFHe LULU are oe Sean hee ve ch naiscees 40))|" Solitary -Virediesso. ee o-oo ee eee eee ees 167 WWiteilassg so ecsoe ces. See sacs ece es 635 | solstitialis, Troglodytes..............- 478, 572, 590 singloa, Dhuryophilus sce o 2-22 t. 22-8 G2 625; 6300 || SOQb% Cave sscaticeccesaeep aces. tee eee 300 sinaloa Peano. S 623, 635,636 | sordida, Aphelocoma..................... 339, 341 (THT VOUIONUS Se. . eco seaeste ee ences. 636 Cyanoaltte, -.2... 2. 228 339, 340, 341, 343 TTOPIOGYLORS << esc wossagoocesoccs eee 636 ultramarina, var....... 339 SIGTAIGE 25 1 Sia) g 00 GS EN pe py 30,40 | sordidus, Cyanogarrulus ............-.-.... 339 UOTE PUN ONWTIN: CORBR oat ou acne seals oa mujo osc 263 GryAnUrOR 2 5.< oc eyoeee ose wee 339 RITA GOPVUB ccs 2. ens ook sn ok 56 ke 261, 263, 265 Garrohuswst coc cene ees 339, 340, 341, 343 CONOR) cea ccadannchen tance 257, Vireo hypochryseus ........... 179, 202 259, 260, 261, 262, 262, 264,265 | speciosa, Xanthoura luxuosa.... 306,310,311,312 RLLGUSMBIE PANU S ain. cuenis © oc nn ce oe naa = 481 PESUMGS oe oe ema esa ke eae ere = 701, 702 Codhyileblint. oie gepen seocsbem Iapecceee 696 | TROP IOC Y LES oat elas ni ciatale ote snip =) (mints = =~ 598 SviplCOluiGeCULiat@en—ne-jcie= area meno 218 sylvicola Muscicapa ...--....---...--------- 166 sylvicultrix, Phyllopneuste ........-.------ 696 PDL OSCOMUS cece setae mei ia-= 696 Sylivlarace seine ae. one n= aon 696 Seiya Cl resets re cre arian ae winless imp 376, 691 BVIVIPATURS cen w..cene- san cerns ---sisesnccnn 375 5 iy Tabasco Cactus Wren......-. SoRYe dereaterne me a 512 tachina, Petrocheledon lunifrons. .....-..--- 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52 ITAGIIV GIN Obie spose Sa teiel wen ie amo ate 24, 28, 92, 98 ALDINE este seems ssscr esse 92 BIDIVENINISt eens eccce wesc 87 PICOlOV scan peepee cea aeeav cen 89, 90 cyaneoviridis ....-- pee Ee 100 SYSLOG Bibs eiaie Gee ees aioe =e 98 TOUBOULUOIS weet ca sacar ate< Soa 87 Page. Tacnycineta meyeni ...........-.-.+--+---- 87 BCIQtEY =. 2 tans eee see es ase ham 103 thalassinh sce. osece-s 93, 94, 95, 97, 98 brachyptera.....-. 93, 98 lepidasus sess. 93, 95, 98 thalassina.......-. 93, 95 thalassinus ....- Seedy Setennee 95, 97 Tachycinetes bicolor .......--..-----.------ 90 THIGH LM PUNO’: os scae sans ovine ene ano 76 taitensis; Hinundo:. <>. ---.2.-..5-.-- uct ane 76 TAIAMANCR IBY: ce ~ =c.c226 505.0000 asem ens ~a = 304 Nightingale Wren.......-.-.--- 665 Tanagra dominica..........-.----.-----=- 125, 127 GOonTIMICeNSINe see. oe ae ee 27 guianensis -.-.-....-5..2--=------=- 226 MAN CPM. ao. eae oan = on Heel 127 tanner, Troplodytes=-co.-s.<--0=6--===~- 570, 573 Tawny-bellied Wren ......-..-.-.---------- 533 CrEGDCl anes se ceesn ss sence seem ne ae 470 -crowned Pachysylvia.....---------- 218 tecellata, Troglodytes..-.-.....--.-...... 576, 579 Tehuantepec Green Jay ....---.------------ 309 Telmatodytes-...--......- 473, 474, 476, 477, 486, 753 ATUNCINAGEUS ss 2o—5 aoe saree 491 bewikice 2-2. en1--s=ses- = 000, DOU PHIUSURIS) = see oe = 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 545 PTISCUS = a2 s2- coe 488, 499 iliacus .. 488, 490, 492, 494 marian .... 488, 497, 753 paludicola .......-.- 488, 495, 496, 497 B. paludicola..... 495, 497 var. paludicola.... 495 palustris. 488, 489,492,497 PIGSIUS = -=--s==—5 488, 494 thryophilus - 488, 498, 499 MOMIBV Lens esate = eae = casio een ance ne nin 620 temporalis, Motacilla baicalensis, var--.--- 7 TENUITOSHIS AT bh US= sa set oceania 20 tessellatus, Troglodytes..-............--.- 576,579 Mexani Chickadee meas eese eee eeeeea= sae =e 406 STEM hates mie See Sie wine atare aletetetaia ata 337 Werle cree ae ener naw one rarer 555 texana, Aphelocoma...........----.----- 325, 337 MOXASTVNEO con ocean oath acne eee <= ae 206 texensis, Beolophus bicolor. ..--...------ 386, 387 Parus (Baeolophus) bicolor....-... 386 DIGG Gree eo eee ew eae eee 386 thalassina; Herse....:..--....-.-2-. ses eoene 94, 97 Hirundos.=~.J-- ss. 92, 94, 96, 97, 98, 740 Petrachelidon.:-.-22-+---see 581 IgbdE MOY a Aaa oeneemadssescenes 633, 634 Subsp. yy. Troglo- MUTESCELISGERe eRe EEE eee ene 572, 594 dytes insularis... 569 rufociliatus ............. 572, 588, 589 Subsp. a. Troglo- Sinaloac es Sa oe eee eee 636 dytesparkmanni. 585 SOlShibialisi ese eee 478, 572, 590 CULOPMUS oe. = oss tases sees s 600 Sspilurus*seso= 558, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565 TASCIATOVEMUMS =e seeee eee 5382 Stellarissccecoe ences 480, 483, 486, 495 Tex eae ee eee ee en eerene 537 SETI ShUlustee eae eee eee 571, 576 HU VUISE eee era seciice ieee see 584 IN GUehUse ese eee 571 TUEV US oscaele da cee e eee 576, 578, 581 SVIVEStLISM aan mas eee ee 582, 584 intermedius: -.-.=-..-<- 578 tannenin. eso eee eee ee 570, 573 galbraithie. ost ecemeceeacee 638 tecellataie 5582 cee ses 576, 579 grenadensis...-......... 572,592, 593 tessellatusiee sees: Gee eee 576, 579 guadeloupensis ..........-.- 572, 595 ENOLACICUS scene Hessen ee eee 629 SULA Cee reo ener ea 610 | troglodytes, Anorthura .............-..-..- 598 Iniemmallise see" eeeecis 587, 598, 599, 600 Motacelllamesssecceeeteeee 572, 595, 598 PAcihCUs =. eneeeee 601, 602 | Si ivitat te ect ee inet renee 598 YEMEN Stee eee ees eee eee BV MnioyalNa bane Tosa ane Seewaedceondaueescecs sone 473 var. alascensis....-.. 604 MrogzOn MeXICHMUS eases sees -e aeons 607 hyemalis(-2225- 599 FTES yi STO COL Re oe ate am ool ate) telat whatcha 256 pacificus..----....--- COIS trotted a Mitm Ouse eee ceenes ese eee eee eee 318 Bo paciicuse =. - oa. GOI eturcosan@yan Oly career ees ena =e eae 318 var. pacificus. ..-.. GOL G02 Fr ides oe eee he ote ee ay eee 113 hypaédon..--2-- 22... .... oflo7163079 imnindussbamblasessesssseeeceee esse eee eee 665 ANSUATISe esemetericileee eases 568, 569 CANTAINS dc Se sso oe eee eee Seenene 674 intermedius ......... 571, 577, 578, 579 COLAY As nccscsate cee ceeee cscs eee 527 hypaédon .....-.- 571 PATTULUS. ee ssee chee ee eee eee 108 intermedius .... 571,578 Mispaniolensis®se-e.e asses eee ee eee 139 IN QUICUIS! emer ceme reece 571, 576, 578 ANTETSCAPULANIS te os eeee see eee eee 481 leucogastra .....- 556, 558, 560, 617, 619 Vihaleegiabehespedacode cocsosesscasods 500 leucophrys... 608, 609, 610, 614, 615, 616 WANE TSI eae aoe ae ee eee 139 leUCOSHICtISGEze meee castes eee 608 turneri, Parus (Poecile) atricapillus -.....- 402 LONLINOSHMIS Sones eee eee 634 Penthestes atricapillus.......... 395, 402 NuUGOVICIANUS es-a-ee=se == ee 543 fVDLCA GAZZOlA sae nse e eee eeensad eee eee 256 maculipectusts-—sases-see ase" 535 Mya NUS CYT AON US ae eee == eee eee es 242 martinicensis -.......... 572,593,594 | tytleri, Chelidon .........-.---------------- 85 MESOlCUCUS ees see eee eee 972,591 i Eta OF eee ee eee ne 77, 78, 84, 85 MEXICANS! = se — esse se 656, 658, 659, 662 es IMOGEeSHUS! =< <-eeeeaseses sosscuSs 640 U. MONICOl acest eee eee e ae 5725 ultramaring: eseeec css ssee eee eee eee 342 MUTATUIS See ee ye oe eae 656 Aphelocoma.... 325,389, 341, 348, 344 MMUTINUS Reece ce ase = nce 559 G@yanocitta ras -eeseeeeees ae 343, 344 MUSCUIUSHeee se seesese eS aes 71 ultramarina var... 344 hypacdon-=-5 oe oeSs 5790) Ultramarine dayessaes cesses sseees= ee 343 InGMietuss O70h belo so, 576 0) eULGrAIM ANNs beeece) = ye eiee see ee eee eee 339 intermedius .. 571, 576,578 COLVUSisese= 330, 333, 339, 341, 343, 344 Striatuluseeqseeeecee 575 Cyanocittge-peces ee eeoee eer 343 IMMSICUSzeese enema cece 572, 591, 592 Cyanocoraxsss--on-so25- eee 333, 339 NIPTIC AUS saejorteieesleee eee 622 CYaANULUsss eee eee sees 348, 344 INDEX. Page. TULTAINATINS; GAITUINS!. cote sc ce succes 330, 339 umbrinus, Pheugopedius maculipectus ... 529, 535, 536 | unalaschkensis, Hirundo ................-- S4 erythrogastra .... 84 WMaIASKe Weiss saa. sce n mae eee a oe 602 ungava, Parus hudsonicus ................- 414 unicolor, Aphelocoma.....-.-. 326, 339, 344, 345, 749 unicolor.. 326, 344, 345, 749 CinGlUS 2 ic evestes ot coe cndacdcaae 681 mexicanus ......... 676, 677, 679 Ciniyeerthiac ss oecc-oca0~= steseee 477 Cyanocitta oes cee te eee 344, 345 CyanQCoraikgn=s.sca-co-b cee 344, 345, 749 CY ANUTUS sent cece seen ease wees 344 Garniilin aes ete dra seeso eae 749 | PL VGNODate toa aes aaa Sea 681 WMICOLONER GY .asasc oss secisene oo eeee ne ce 344 AAMT Ala NOMNIG srs oases ek ccae seeees 477 WIRGIEN CR. 2 aninaccsccaec des ccc oeew seco cee 346 TUNCRLA tower Sait tn ec c eae tee asees 305 WON DSU etoe emer weenie se sate mene tence cee 617 TEUCOSRSH Aas soceasewcat eee ses ames 619 UROpsilust een cate ste ce coceeiee acces tees ete 617 WTOP y gis lis Cole mss. nc ceeys- macececae at 64 WObVL eres saan cee ee rae reece 64 Stelgidopteryx =.¢-..--5-.+ oa. 64, 65 rufieolliss: 22. 57, 58, 62, 63, 65 \Wic Vaillanti. Cyamopolius...<-<. .-oo22 costes ene 286 WEIR ICH, csccccnacaacece pani te mc cen ces 287 | Bitte catcea. scene suas en. abso eee 453 WaTlepatis. PUrdus 62-2 ..cc8 seca s ee 500 | VANIIS SVEN DANII (sae Jenne oe eee See oens 379 Welter Onuz VATCOL. = sc kmee tema coarse. 187 Vera PAZ VITCO 256-0. ee eae cccee clea oss 166 vera, boecile gtbinca 2o-==2.csscce<+o-- =~ 396 | NiGLGEN AR co nes cee oe cewace co cewesecenne 420 ODDO tea tacisee ae mere ceeimeriae seoaie 422 Vermivora brevipennis ,................-..- 218 VErsiCOlor) HiITUNGO 220.2 ces ecen eee ae 35 verticalis, Vireolanius pulchellus........ 222,224 vespertina, Hirundo bicolor, var.......-..- 90 vicinior, Vireo. ........--....-..- 179, 202, 203, 204 WHE OMe SV AML eee eles cmniece ae eee 565 Vinaceous-throated Pipit...............-..- 15 | MIGIRCER WOECTODIS «<0 5 thee oo Coase cede ae 35 MUNGO). eess tear ectcadcue cee 35 MIOMMCELISY GOLVLISt Cie nae crc ae Cac ost cute. 256 WYENOCOLAK sere ss tasee eet 303, 304 Violet-green Swallow....-.........-..---.-- 95 MEXICAN sso. ce cn 93 MINEHENT CLOnibsccen - eee ete So Ae oe ee Sates 166 PAEEVOUUIR Sead = SC) Rie ects tne See ee 139 MAVCU ee ck Me ace eo ucceed 176, 129, 130, 212, 213 ROU vesee eno os ae oe ree eee ek eee 146 GILG ere eae ee he sec cine eae can deacons 192 ATIGI AeMRc ca detece boven, decane ke 192 altiloqua barbatula ................-. 139 GltHOqnUS.. sce csescns >= 3s nce esos 139, 142 var. barbatulos.........<.. 148 GIDBULONOUUS = a8 ae ao ema ce hice as ome 159 SUTEUULUS Ss tae ewe ue 159 SA TIC OM UIA caus tect iecn coe aa nab atee 196 SPPFOSIMANS: .eseteiso. cevaswmseooesess 192 197 | Page, WVITCOMATIZOUD oatdee ac acksnen ein were eeeee 207 AUN Capa a2 5o0 ones wcwaee can awesmees 182 GiNGAPULUR Eee toe eee as wos 177, 181, 182 BURL PCUMIS ae koe sa ae een ee 139 Daan ee: Cote en Sk ee sonra 177, 180, 181 BRITO San es oe eee ek Sie re oe 180 Barbados: 260 seus eee ee eee nee 140 DOXMAUGIE. <2 asc on een een ee eoe 143 SUT AE ee eben oe ones 132 Belize eee ace nates sono eee os Saree 134 (BEIM Sib ae oes cinaae wie onae ose ede ee 204 DOW esses. Se ces ese wate 206, 207, 208 DiSUNUS-ses oe oe a ea 208 Weis tes Ase etc. 176, 179, 205, 206, 207, 208 ONIZOWUL Sot seein 180, 207, 208, 743 DelMil o34.-5 So deo 180, 204, 206 MeqINIsSS hea 180, 206, 207 DPUsWlus! ess aecec an eee 208, 209 Berm Ga se.e aan ore aa eee ee re 185 DELMUCIANUSS > sass cen see eames oe 186 IBIB.CK-Ca ped sed- eave sees se eee Isl RAWISKEIEQ~sitccce oa scuess eis 141 MOROLENSIS!Soecee noe eee ec ee 150 IBrOWD-CApPeG =. ase ee eae ee ee 159 CALIGTIS! S522 < seers es 139, 140, 141, 143, 741 Darbatulaseess-e-- 139, 140, 142, 143 Be Veiparbainlaveet= cee a. 140 DarbDaculusies yes: o en eeee se 143 GeV. CAMGOS yo. ae eee 139 GOmmiCanay as. o. eee ene 142 COntairix: 22S. co. cen cew aseee endo eee oe 185 COMMIGLID Nes = sins aed ee 177, 179, 199, 200 Carmiol soe. ceeos meso aee ee cee eedsee 199 Garmiol’s Shrikesc so-so spe eee ae 224 CASSIN ee eo ooo ean aa a stenae ae 174, 175 CASSIS 3 cece roma te cee ena 174,175 GBSSiN NS soe Sa ee aa ee as a eas 172 Chiapas sserese te ceioeceaeene 159 Chihuahuan Warbling .............. 158 Qhiniquiys s.2 ccs scone cea nee eee 161 Chivine. - 139 Gwinhoe’s ..----------<*+--22"-"°°° 6 bogotensis ...--------+-+++---7- 150 NUHihe Lee cece oa nea nae 4 calidris .....------------- 139,140,141 | Wagtailsand Pipits....------------+-++707-° 1 barbadense..-.-------- 141 | warbler, Alaskan Willow -------------++--- 696 var. barbadense ...---- TS1e |, Warblers). ss22ss-es-ee ees o= snares 691 barbatula....---------- 142 | Warbling Vireo ....-------------220-¢ 207077" 153 var. barbatulus....-.--- 142 Chihuahuan -.....--------- 158 var. calidris...-.------- 139 Western ..----------------- 155 dominicana...--------- 141 | Waxwing, Bohemian .--.----------+-+----->- 105 yar. dominicana ...---- 141 Gedarsecessoeese sees eases 109 canescens ..----------+20527777° 144 | Waxwings ..---------c2ees-oeesece 103, 104, 113 Chivil cs scecee ceees- === === 132 | Western Crow.-----------2-----20ttr rn 270 cobanensis..-.------------------ 153 Gnateatcher ..-.------------++---- 720 flavifrons ...-------------°---"°- 166 Golden-crowned Kinglet --.------- 702 flavo-viridis ...----------------- 146 House Wren ...--------2-+-22"°°7" 582 flavoviridis...------------ 145, 147, 150 Marsh Wren...---------------°777" 494 var. flavoviridis.... 146 Martin 2..222.<--<-s--0s0>--<80~= 35 frenata ...----s-------200%---°"° 140 Warbling Vireo --.---------------- 155 Pilyais--s~-e>--=5--- == 155, 157 Winter Wren ...---------------++-- 600 yar. joseph ....---- 134, 159, 160 White-breasted Nuthatch .-.----------++---- 441 swainsoni .....----------- 158 Florida......---- 444 B swainsoni....----------- 158 «eyed Vire0. ...-----------27-2-7727 °°" 183 var. swainsoni ..---------- 157 Vireo, Small ....--------------- 186 SilVUsee cee enna 155 -headed Cactus Wren .--------------- 503 var, gilvus ....----------- 155 Jaiy.c ence -as-ss--2-n-seeoeer= 370 var. swainsoni ....--.---- 187 -lored Gnateatcher....--------------- 725 grandior....----------++----007" 143 -naped Nuthatch....----------++-+->- 459 WuttONil .-.<-.6----6- -+--22 04-65 197 Palm Chat.-..----------+-+--- 127 viresCeMS ...-------------222°7°° 132 -necked Raven..-.-----------+2+**777* 265 joseph ....-----+---+++-+200" 160, 161 -rumped Shrike ...-----+++++++++-*>*- 246 magister....------------+520570° 135 -thighed Swallow .-----+----++++577*> 67 olivacea ....--------------+-°° 139, 150 -tipped Brown Jay ----------++----->* 301 var. Chivi ....-.-------- 132 Wastall: -.0<:2--s---<<4-5--=="=7 === t olivaceus ...--------++--*---°°"" 150. | wiedi, Cyanocephalus..------+-++-++-++7-*" 286 var. olivaceus .-....--- 150 | Willow Warbler, Alaskan ......------+-+--- 696 philadelphica ..-.------------ 151,152 | Winter Wren .....-----------+--2s7s5s0r5e" 597 philadelphicus. .....----------- 152 Western. ....-----e-e-eeeeeees 600 S00 INDEX. Page. Page. wollweberi, Aphelocoma sieberii-........-- Bye (be\iks ol { QoyavbanKs Epa Be dcensaocagoeuaoade= 573 340, 341, 342 DeppéisiBandedens-ce-eacee eee eee 631 BPOlLOphUSMas sean eee eee 380 Deserts seen ier cece pas 557 wollweberi.. 381, 392, 393 Domini Canes e eee secre eee eee 594 THophophanes=-c2.sc-e-se- --- 393, 394 Dotted Canyons eee eessee see eee ee 659 PATS sees ee ooo eee eee Odo; OOS Duran goss eee ee eee eae ese 538 - (Lopophanes) ....-...- 393, 394 PIOrid Bie cat cece escent ee eee 545 Wollweber’s Titmouse. 2222-4252 ose eee 392 Galbraith’ Ss eee eosceemceeeen eee 637 woodhousei, Aphelocoma ...-...----- 354, 335, 337 Giraudss:Canvyonies-ceeeee see eraeeee 657 Horidandesce-se- 334 Goulds. os. cesee eee eee eee 618 Vialscren sa o8d Gray-crowned Wood .........-.----- 615 yar. wood- Grenada 2 oa ak ea aa eee ee 592 housei b. 334 Guadalup ey ee Set ss eee eee ae oes 567 Cyanocittiarercc- ne eect eee 334 Rock S23 passscee soaeess 650 californica var.... 334 Guadeloupe i224 c62 sc eeen seers 595 floridana var....-. 334 Guatemalan Marshi 2222-25522 484 woodhouseii, Aphelocoma..- 324, 333, 335, 336, 337 Spotted-breasted....... 535 Cyanocittaees-sacs-seee 334, 335, 337 Guayimas Cactusrta.)- cesarean ee 517 CYANUrUSs Los 532 seeeieceeeee 335 Guerrero WOOG sete esc eee nee aee 616 Woodhouse’s!\Jiavaeer secure eeeecesc eee er 333 LSD DY set Mates ace eee bis caie eee 536 woodhousii, Aphelocoma .................. 334 Hartlaub stiis. seesectnecee eee eee 559 floridana sess ee 384 HoodediCactusis--2-+---os- seers 504 Cyanocitta) sas. ete ee eee 334 House ..... SL Sa haan ree ee 579 Horidanaasaceeseeee 334 itz aei Cactus) --eesseeeee ee eee 513 Varessses 334 Intermediate Canyon .........-..... 660 Wood Wren, Chestnut........-. Sut Sees 615 TPA ZU 222 sisinsiceawcosen see eee 590 @hiriqui)s ss. ss5- cee 613 JRlISCO ee perce ce ccee ne eee eee 560 Gray-Crowmnedy. 32. dace sce secs 615 Kadigks .-ccest ache aie seer 602 Guerrero’ .< 2 ieealsesceee oe eice 616 WA WIENCE!S(= . ssceiaceeen ee eee eee 538 Mexicanest a oaccc cee eemereas 616 Milsician-esesseccseeeee 673 Pittlersvas 32. dee wee eee 612 WOmIits ce . Cissolopha ese eee ee ee a 815 mXce CYS DOCIULae cee eee eae 315 Rein Ocitah sees ee Somes cee i aoe 305 Cyanolyca ....--------++++--+-- am TAK MOsa sees aces tee aes oceans 308 Manthura...-----------.0----+- 315 xanthocoelia, Bombyciphora.........------ 112 Yukon Chickadee. ...-..-..---- 402 Ma DHOCOLYSi see sos seen sac enema 11 Zz PReaTpHOUNa ee se ee tee sas eee ee ences os 305 > guatemalensis.........---.-.--- O11. |) ZaCateCaS UBYi o-2--- 2 ae i) : 2 pa aay) ai PY i 1a r. hse dees ie at { Al hy il re aly ale oe ae my eho aule aa ui ; = , Alea ; ‘ y ; : tl ce i 1 ie 4 p Se “Vn sit nh watt : ih Wel, Dy ie i i Pi i? hy i i r Mal ell x i haa Ce \ rae p wh Neer, he ion Fy f cy reeN ey 5 es ‘ nit t A i\ i Lm / i Aer i at i ha fr a a f Bk Aleit { } f 2 iy a | vL i La aT } i ; ; Pe ae wy ny TC Ea } ‘ ae ih at ‘ Me | rf ; vA S ili vata i | en ; pag ie Hes a ne i 4 i Cer Biel 14 Pipes rien Ay wut pre 1 f : ot, Fatt Wah ede yy \aa Pi ie ke “air Me ; tore Ravel COA ian } ns i , i i a ti! 148 Ue ‘ j ae f et OP aa ey i wie iat ir F, nari Le yr ; Ay! pte tk’ Une ties Negi Gi “id sie . ‘is . 7 a : os bola aie Oe ae eM i tae a Was nr vi sale oe ee aca yn t ey eee i AS ut g HNa Ahab! t sda) Hy OS line pede u ny Wt | my Wi MES ve) LL neath oe ee ae i we Rete ind n i nih ivy ) aMerti aa! pd f hie in i" any Mi a p - a meas Vl ; Hace i Pi ih CAA U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. | 1. MOTACILLA alba. / : | ) : eit 45912 2. BUDYTES alascensis. 3. ANTHUS pensilvanicus. 5. CINCLUS mexicanus. 4. Anthus (NEOCORYS) spragueii. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. Il 1561 1. PROGNE subis. 2. PETROCHELIDON lunifrons. 90463 3. STELGIDOPTERYX serripennis. 4. NEOCHELIDON tibialis. 30714 * =D 5. NOTIOCHELIDON pileata. 6. PYGOCHELIDON cyanoleuca. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. Ill F 1. HIRUNDO erythrogaster. 2. RIPARIA riparia. 3. CALLICHELIDON cyaneoviridis. << Se = ult ~ 133522 4. IRIDOPROCNE bicolor. 5. TACHYCINETA lepida. f 42447 6. LAMPROCHELIDON sclateri. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. IV 1. AMPELIS garrulus. 2. PTILOGONYS cinereus. 3. Ptilogonys (SPHENOTELUS) caudatus. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. V > 1. PHAINOPEPLA nitens. 3. DULUS dominicus. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. VI | a 988 PLAZ 2. VIREOSYLVA gilva. 4. VIREO noveboracensis. : A 39347 \ ee a es » U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. IX 3. PSILORHINUS morio. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. X I. CALOCITTA formosa. — BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. XI U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM “euessejq-ues YHdOTISSIO ‘I ep U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. XII 1. CYANOCORAX zeledoni. wae ae ms MY Vig er t (7 a 4 S i ty Ip ¢ f & acme roroeorgtt 64898 BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. XIII U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM x itive w Sy" 3. PERISOREUS canadensis. 2 a os Z See 5 die A eat te | We a ea en en Ds lan oe a we U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. XIV 3. XANTHOURA luxuosa. eK inl da hay U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 7. PSALTRIPARUS minimus. 8. AURIPARUS flaviceps. BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. XVI 3. BAEOLOPHUS inornatus. 40742 ~~ 4. BAEOLOPHUS wollweberi. 5. LOPHOPHANES cristatus. BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. XVII U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM | , *snzajosqo SFLONId TVS °9 SCS *slupuar-ojelosey SHIGAdOONAHd ‘Ss © “ysesyoiuNs SATIHOYOTAH “Z ‘snyjideoiauunsq $32 AG0313H “v Ss 6r60E S . t U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. XVIII 3. TROGLODYTES aédon. 4. THRYORCHILUS browni. 5. OLBIORCHILUS hiemalis. 6. THRYOPHILUS rufalbus. Wy K/ —s es — 177385 is 8. HENICORHINA prostheleuca. 7. NANNORCHILUS leucogaster. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 3, PL. XIX 5. ACANTHOPNEUSTE borealis. i. TELMATODYTES palustris. 2. CISTOTHORUS stellaris. 7. Regulus (CORTHYLIO) calendula. 4. LEUCOLEPIS lawrencii. 8. POLIOPTILA czrulea. ih ia eat ae a aK —— oe . Aa